Dinika amin'ny Wikipedia:Dinika tsy miteny malagasy

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'''This is the discussion page for people who cannot communicate or who are not fluent in Malagasy language.'''
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== Inauguration ==

Bonjour,&lt;br /&gt;
Alors, pour inaugurer dignement le bistro malgache, j'offre une tournée générale : [[rano]] pour tout le monde :)&lt;br /&gt;
-- [[User:Alno|AlNo]] [[User talk:Alno|(resaho)]] 20 Oktobra 2008 à 14:42 (UTC)

Goededag,

I don't speak malgache (if I'm correct), but in english or in simple french I can come a long way. [[Utilisateur:Carsrac|Carsrac]] 20 Oktobra 2008 à 16:23 (UTC)
:So you're welcome, as everyone helping a bit here :)
:-- [[User:Alno|AlNo]] [[User talk:Alno|(resaho)]] 20 Oktobra 2008 à 16:35 (UTC)

Manahoana hianao:

American aho, kanefa nipetraka sy niasa tany Madagasikara aho.  Izany hoe, mahaihay amin'ny teny-Gasy aho, are mety mandikateny amin'ny Wikipedia raha ilaina.

jhoganson@boradstripe.net

Manao ahoana!
Allemand aho dia za koa nipetraka tany Madagasikara dia mahay kely ny teny gasy. Misy namako gasy koa dia mety manao fanamarinana izy ireo. 
Afaka manampy anareo aho!
Mahay ny teny anglisy sy frantsay (sy allemand :) )koa aho!
:-- [[user:YanniK.93|YanniK.]] [[User talk:YanniK.93|(resaho)]] 23. Septembra 2011 amin'ny 20:50 ora (Alameina)

== &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Daty}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; ==

Ce modèle est à (re)concevoir sur cette wikipedia. La copie du modèle en français génère un peu trop d'erreurs.

Amicalement, 

[[Utilisateur:Jagwar|Jagwar]] 10 Novambra 2008 à 11:03 (UTC)

== L'habillage de mg.wp ==

Avis aux visiteurs :

Je fais une proposition pour changer le style [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css|monobook]] sur wikipedia.
Je propose la mienne ([[User:Jagwar/monobook.css|à voir ici ]]).

[[Mpikambana:Jagwar|Jagwar]]  •&lt;small&gt; ''[[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Jagwar|(hiresaka)]]'' &lt;/small&gt; 17 Janoary 2009 à 21:17 (UTC)


[[Sokajy:Pejy ny fikambanana]]

== 1.000 è atteint ==

Tratrako androany ny 1 000 takekala teto @ wikipedia malagasy, Androany 15 Aprily 2009

La wikipédia malgache a atteint les 1 000 articles aujourd'hui 15 Aprily 2009 à 11h04 heure de Tana

&lt;small&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border:1px solid #FF0000;padding:1px 3px;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;[[Mpikambana:Jagwar|&lt;font color=&quot;#0000FF&quot;&gt;Jagwar]]  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jagwar|grr...]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15 Aprily 2009 à 08:09 (UTC)
:Je ne peux que féliciter ceux qui ont créé tous ces articles : bravo !
:-- [[User:Alno|AlNo]] [[User talk:Alno|(resaho)]] 15 Aprily 2009 à 16:09 (UTC)

== general request sent ==

I made a general request to give bot flag for bot which doesn't have this flag here. --&lt;small&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border:1px solid #74CC66;padding:1px 3px;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;[[Mpikambana:Jagwar|&lt;font color=&quot;#CC6666&quot;&gt;Jagwar]]  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jagwar|grr...]] [mailto:rado_du_92(at)hotmail.fr |]&lt;/sup&gt; 15 Novambra 2009 à 14:57 (UTC)
=== Message ===
Hello,
	
Many bots doesn't have the bot flag on mg.wikipedia. Indeed, the 48 robots that are categorized as such (which excludes the robots that have no user page), only 20 are classified as bots on wikipedia malagasy. That's why I'm requesting here, to give them an official bot flag. If you have another questions about this request, you may ask them [http://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/user_talk:Jagwar in my home wiki]
--&lt;small&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border:1px solid #FF0000;padding:1px 3px;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Jagwar|&lt;font color=&quot;#0000FF&quot;&gt;Jagwar]]  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jagwar|交談]] [http://mg.wikipedia.org homewiki]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:53, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

: {{not done}}. Your wiki allows global bots, and the bots are probably global bots doing interwiki only. If you wish to give them local flags, you should discuss it and file a request on [[SRB]]. [[User:Laaknor|Laaknor]] 16:24, 16 November 2009 (UTC)
:: OK, thank you! --&lt;small&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border:1px solid #FF0000;padding:1px 3px;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;[[User:Jagwar|&lt;font color=&quot;#0000FF&quot;&gt;Jagwar]]  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jagwar|交談]] [http://mg.wikipedia.org homewiki]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:59, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

== Multilingual Challenge ==

{| class=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:2px double; color:#009900; background-color:#CCFFCC;&quot;
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'''Filazana mahakasika ny [[:en:Wikipedia:GLAM/Derby/Multilingual Challenge|fifaninanana Derby]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
Fiarahana miasa ''multilingue'' voalohanhy an'i Wikipedia. Mahazo mandray anjara avokoa ireo wikipedianina, manoratra amin'ny fiteny rehetra. Manomboka amin'ny 1 Mey ny fifaninanana ary mifarana amin'ny 3 Septambra.
'''[[:en:Wikipedia:GLAM/Derby/Multilingual Challenge/Participants|Misorata anarana !]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&quot; Wikipedia is particularly pleased to see that Derby Museums are encouraging the creation of articles in languages other than English.&quot; ([http://uk.wikimedia.org/wiki/Press_releases/First_GLAMWIKI_outside_Capital Jimmy Wales, 14 January 2011])&lt;/small&gt;

|}
[[Mpikambana:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] 2 Mey 2011 à 13:15 (UTC)

== Smallest chameleon ==

[[File:Brookesia micra on a match head.jpg|thumb|A member of the ''[[Brookesia micra]]'' species]]
Scientists have recently described the now smallest species of chameleon (pictured on the right) from Madagaskar, so I would like to know whether that would be something of interest here (see 
[[:en:Wikipedia:In_the_news/Candidates#Smallest_chameleon|ITN]] and [[:en:Template:Did_you_know_nominations/Brookesia_micra|DYK]] for similar discussions on the English Wikipedia). --&lt;font style=&quot;font-family:Monotype Corsiva; font-size:15px;&quot;&gt; [[Mpikambana:Daniel Mietchen|Daniel Mietchen]] - [[:m:WiR/OS|WiR/OS]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Daniel Mietchen:Daniel Mietchen|disc.]]) &lt;/font&gt; 17 Febroary 2012 à 01:37 (UTC)

== Link to this page not working ==

Hi. The navigation bar on the left side lists a link &quot;Non-malagasy speakers&quot;, which doesn't lead here but to the deleted page [[Dinika amin'ny Wikipedia:Bistro tsy miteny malagasy]]. This should be changed, I guess. Thank you. --[[Mpikambana:YMS|YMS]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:YMS|discussion]]) 28 Jolay 2014 à 14:28 (UTC)

== Duplicate american towns ==

[[Manokana:UnconnectedPages]] lists a lot of articles like [[Adelanto, California]], where [[Adelanto, Kalifornia]] also exists, or [[Abercrombie, North Dakota]] where [[Abercrombie]] already describes the same place. Plus there are several articles like [[= Ari Alves Da Anunciação]] listed, which are completely empty for years now. I guess you could get rid of some duplicates and leftovers when going through this list. Thank you for checking. --[[Mpikambana:YMS|YMS]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:YMS|discussion]]) 28 Jolay 2014 à 14:32 (UTC)
:Hi YMS, because I didn't have admin rights, I've dropped doing maintainance. But since I have it now, I've just cleaned all the things up. Thanks you for noticing, I haven't visited that special page since 2010. — &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border:1px solid #74CC66;padding:1px 3px;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;[[Mpikambana:Jagwar|&lt;font color=&quot;#CC6666&quot;&gt;Jagwar]]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jagwar|grr...]] [mailto:rado.kaontywiki(at)gmail.com mailaka]&lt;/small&gt; 28 Jolay 2014 à 16:07 (UTC)

== Wikipedians from Antsirabe ==

I'm a wikipedian from [[Antsirabe]] and I would like to meet other wikipedian of my town to discuss and exchange experiences. I would like to organize a conference about wikipedia in my town.
Rq: Izaho dia [[malagasy]] ary afaka manampy ihany koa amin'ny fanitsiana.
I'm [[malagasy]] and I can help translating or correcting articles.
Je suis [[malagasy]] et je peux aider dans les corrections d'articles au cas où.

== Create an Society Infobox ==
Hello everybody ! I would like to create an Infobox for an article. However, I do not now how to create one for this language. By the way I'm french !
Thanks !


--[[Mpikambana:AleasterX|AleasterX]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:AleasterX|discussion]]) 25 Desambra 2014 à 07:31 (UTC)
: Miarahaba anao AleasterX ary faly mandray anao ato amin'i Wikipedia amin'ny teny malagasy :). Avy any Antsirabe ny razambeko fa tsy monina any aho. Afaka mifanoratra amin'ny pejin-dresaka isika raha tia hifanakalo traikefa ianao. Mandrapihaona, --— &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border:1px solid #74CC66;padding:1px 3px;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;[[Mpikambana:Jagwar|&lt;font color=&quot;#CC6666&quot;&gt;Jagwar]]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jagwar|grr...]] [mailto:rado.kaontywiki(at)gmail.com mailaka]&lt;/small&gt; 25 Desambra 2014 à 10:34 (UTC)

== Sokajy:Pejy nomena hofafàna ==

Bonjour,

Un administrateur peut-il supprimer les catégories vides de [[:Sokajy:Pejy nomena hofafàna]] ?

Merci

[[Mpikambana:Vargenau|Vargenau]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Vargenau|resaka]]) 23 Oktobra 2018 à 08:38 (UTC)


== [[Bill Lee]] ==

As there isn't much info available, it's unclear which &quot;Bill Lee&quot; of [[d:Special:Search/Bill Lee]] this may be''e''.

I came across it when I tried to sort the other ones.

Maybe you want to make it into a disambiguation page listing the ones where we have more data. --[[Mpikambana:Jura1|Jura1]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Jura1|resaka]]) 3 Jolay 2019 à 18:24 (UTC)

== Malagasy Wiktionary proposed deletion of content ==

Boujour. Il y a une discussion pour supprimer beaucoup des mots de Malagasy Wiktionary [[meta:Talk:Small wiki audit/Malagasy Wiktionary|
ici]]. Si tu parle la langue nous serions reconnaisant si tu donnes votre pensées. 

Hello. There is a discussion to delete most of the words on Malagasy Wiktionary [[meta:meta:Talk:Small wiki audit/Malagasy Wiktionary|here]]. Your input would be especially appreciated if you speak Malagasy. [[Mpikambana:Zoozaz1|Zoozaz1]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Zoozaz1|resaka]]) 17 Septambra 2020 à 18:40 (UTC)
* Pinging [[User:Thelezifor]], [[User:Zithal]], [[User:Alno]] to make sure they see this. Jagwar has already been notified. [[Mpikambana:PiRSquared17|PiRSquared17]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:PiRSquared17|resaka]]) 17 Septambra 2020 à 18:54 (UTC)

== Contributions by บุญพฤทธิ์ ทวนทัย ==

[[User:บุญพฤทธิ์ ทวนทัย]] is a contributor based at the Thai Wikipedia who has created machine translations of articles and spammed them over a wide range of Wikipedia languages, including here. While the subjects of the articles he has created are (mostly) notable, the mistake of creating articles in languages he does not understand has led to extremely bad quality, probably at the level of unintelligibility. Unless local editors are willing to start a clean-up effort, I suggest that his contributions be deleted. Someone who knows the language can later write proper articles about the subjects. --[[Mpikambana:Paul 012|Paul 012]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Paul 012|resaka]]) 11 Novambra 2020 à 09:31 (UTC)
:[[Mpikambana:Paul 012]]: Thanks for the heads-up. The user created a bunch of articles on this wiki and from what I can see the stubs all have correct syntax and formatting. — &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border:1px solid #74CC66;padding:1px 3px;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;[[Mpikambana:Jagwar|&lt;font color=&quot;#CC6666&quot;&gt;Jagwar]]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jagwar|grr...]] [mailto:rado.kaontywiki(at)gmail.com mailaka]&lt;/small&gt; 11 Novambra 2020 à 11:09 (UTC)

== Souhaitez-vous être parmi les premiers à obtenir des aperçus de référence comme fonctionnalité par défaut ? ==

''Veuillez m'excuser si mon français est un peu rouillé.''
[[File:Example of a Reference Preview.png|thumb|Exemple d'un aperçu de référence|alt=Exemple d'un aperçu de référence]]
Dans un futur proche, les éditeurs et les lecteurs pourront obtenir des pop-up pour les références dans le même style que les aperçus de pages : Les [[meta:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|aperçus de références]] seront bientôt déployés dans un premier groupe de wikis comme fonctionnalité par défaut. Elles viennent s'ajouter à la fonction &quot;[[mw:Page_Previews|Aperçus de pages]]&quot; existante, et les deux fonctions partageront le même paramètre, de sorte qu'elles pourront être activées et désactivées ensemble par utilisateur.

Les aperçus de référence vous montrent une référence dans une petite fenêtre contextuelle lorsque vous survolez le numéro de référence entre crochets. Vous pouvez ainsi consulter une référence sans avoir à sauter au bas de la page. Plus de 500 personnes sur mg.wikipedia [[Manokana:Safidy#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|testent actuellement les aperçus de référence en tant que fonction bêta]]. Après plusieurs mois de tests, de corrections de bogues et d'autres améliorations, la fonction sera bientôt activée comme fonction par défaut.

Les nouvelles fonctionnalités de ce type sont déployées en plusieurs lots, afin de s'assurer que tout se passe bien. Nous recherchons maintenant un groupe de wikis qui souhaitent avoir la fonctionnalité en premier. '''Nous avons pensé à Wikipédia en Malaisie comme un bon wiki pour cela''' car il utilise déjà des modèles avec des classes qui peuvent montrer les types de référence dans la pop-up. À titre d'exemple, voir la deuxième référence sur [[Pumpuang Duangjan]].

Si vous voulez en savoir plus sur cette fonctionnalité, veuillez consulter [[meta:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|la page du projet]] ou m'écrire un message sur [[m:User_talk:Johanna_Strodt_(WMDE)|ma page de discussion]]. Nous serions très heureux d'avoir la Wikipédia malgache à bord ! -- Pour l'équipe de Technical Wishes à Wikimédia Allemagne, [[Mpikambana:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|resaka]]) 26 Febroary 2021 à 09:22 (UTC)

== Vandalism ==

Hi, someone destroy malgashy Wikipedia. [https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manokana:Fandraisan%27anjara/46.135.5.149 46.135.5.149]
--[[Mpikambana:Whiny15|Whiny15]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Whiny15|resaka]]) 20 Mey 2021 à 12:51 (UTC)

== Deletion request ==

I would like to request deletion of this page created by a cross-wiki spammer:
* [[Bruno Souza]]
Thanks! [[Mpikambana:Bovlb|Bovlb]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Bovlb|resaka]]) 1 Mey 2023 à 00:38 (UTC)

== Apparent hoax on English Wikipedia ==

Hello. Please see this page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanery and, if you can advise whether it is true or a hoax, please comment here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Fanery Thank you. [[Mpikambana:Daveosaurus|Daveosaurus]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Daveosaurus|resaka]]) 16 Septambra 2023 à 02:37 (UTC)

== Block user:Peave ==

Please block {{u|Peave}}, he is a cross wiki spammer and advertiser for the companies of the Ferber Group. Already blocked on WP:FR. Another IP (probably he's) is globally locked for cross wiki spam: {{u|185.230.11.233}}.

Thanks. [[Mpikambana:Durifon|Durifon]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Durifon|resaka]]) 11 Oktobra 2023 à 07:33 (UTC)

== Please erase article [[Eterno]] and block its creator (cross-wiki spammer) ==

Hi! Someone created the article [[Eterno|Eterno,]] which was a cross-wiki spam. Probably the same person created it in various ocasions in the Wikipedia in Interlingua (see [[:ia:Eterno]]) and it was always erased, as you can see. I'm one of the administrators of Ido Wikipedia. I've noticed this action (done by annonymous IP-adress [[:io:Specala:Kontributaji/78.208.222.60|&lt;bdi&gt;78.208.222.60&lt;/bdi&gt;]] ), so I've erased the spam article (see that it was not created in Italian, English, French or Spanish Wikipedias - so it's extremely suspicious) and blocked the IP-adress of its author. I suggest that you do the same.

Forgive me if my English is not good, because it's not my native language. Best regards from São Paulo, Brazil, [[Mpikambana:Joao Xavier|Joao Xavier]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Joao Xavier|resaka]]) 4 Novambra 2024 à 01:03 (UTC)

==Data visualizations from Our World in Data==
We have uploaded data visualizations from OWID. You can see them here on [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:List_of_interactive_data_graphics Commons]. There are about 2,000 on many different topics. Is this something people want to work on Mg WP? They are fully translatable. If there is support we can get a [[meta:Steward]] to install it. [[Mpikambana:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Doc James|resaka]]) 8 Aprily 2026 à 07:10 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>j4j2ch2ipqfvva2cfhycngnhz6x35mn</sha1>
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&lt;!--
Fitsipika momban'ny fanovana ny fizarana &quot;VAOVAO&quot; :
0.   Aza kitihana ity zavatra ity.
1.   Apetraho ny daty nitrangan'ilay vaovao.
2.   Ataovy amin'ny soramahia ny zava-nitranga.
3.   Vaovao izay erak'izao tontolo izao hapetraka.

EO AMBANY EO NY VAOVAO NO HAPETRAKA
--&gt;
-----------------
* '''[[8 Aprily|8]] [[avrily]] [[2026]]''' - Nodidìn'ny '''[[Governemanta Malagasy|fanjakana malagasy]]''' tsy hahetsika mandritra ny tapabolana ny vidin'ny '''[[solika]]''' eto Madagasikara. 4900 Ar ny litatry ny [[lasantsy]], 4660 Ar ny litatry ny gazoala ary 3510 ariary ny litatry ny [[solitany]] (pétrole).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.omh.mg/index.php?page=filactus&amp;id=92&lt;/ref&gt; 

* '''[[3 Aprily|3]] [[Aprily|avrily]] [[2026]]''' - Olona 13 no ampangain'ny mpitondra ho mikasa hamono ny filoha '''[[Michaël Randrianirina|Randrianirina Michaël]]''', hoy ny mpampanoa lalàna '''Narindra Navalona Rakotoniaina''', 11 no notazonina tamin'izy ireo.

  
&lt;noinclude&gt;
===Fifanekem-piarahamiasa Madagasikara sy Rwanda amin'ny resaka EBM===
Vita omaly '''30 marsa 2026''' tany '''[[Kigali]]''' renivohitr'i [[Rwanda]], navoaka ao amin'ny pejy Facebook an'ny '''Direction Générale des Impôts''' sy ny tranonkalany&lt;ref&gt;https://www.impots.mg/actualite/84?fbclid=IwY2xjawQ4qOJleHRuA2FlbQIxMABicmlkETFBeTRJeTdRRGY0N2hqbFdvc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQQMjIyMDM5MTc4ODIwMDg5MgABHnWj3dRiHgTTv6X_M7dePf7EptQNwD7nctV7Yk5g5Dg0uQfvZeuWFsFVmOa0_aem_3FySQbmNH21d4ptudmiJvQ&lt;/ref&gt; koa, ny fifanekem-piaraha-miasa (protocole d'accord - Memorandum of Understanding) eo amin'ny Rwanda sy Madagasikara amin'ny hanatanterahina ny famoaham-paktiora elektronika eto Madagasikara na &quot;'''Electronic Billing Machine (EBM)'''&quot;. Nanao sonia izany amin'ny anaran'i Madagasikara ny Tale Jeneralin'ny DGI Atoa '''Edmond Rafaralahy''' ary nisolo tena amin'ny anaran'i Rwanda kosa ny Kômisera Jeneralin'ny RRA (''Rwanda Revenue Anthority'') Atoa '''Ronald Niwenshuti''' ary samy nanatrika teo ihany koa ny delegasiona roa tonta.

Tohiny...&lt;ref&gt;https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wn/mg/2026/03/31/Fifanekem-piarahamiasa_Madagasikara_sy_Rwanda_amin%27ny_famoaham-paktiora_elektr%C3%B4nika&lt;/ref&gt;

===Football: Madagasikara 5-2 Kirghistan===
Araka ny fanambaràna navoakan'ny Federasiona Malagasy ny Football tao amin'ny pejy Facebook dia nomontsanin'ny '''Ekipam-pirenena malagasy ([[Barea]]) 05 - 02 ny ekipam-pirenen'i [[Kirgizistàna|Kirghistan]]''' nandritra ny lalao ara-pirahalahiana notontosaina tany Torkia. Notantarain'i Merveille Welo tao amin'ny '''Africa Top Sports&lt;ref&gt;https://www.africatopsports.com/2026/03/28/amical-madagascar-humilie-le-kirghizistan-en-une-mi-temps/&lt;/ref&gt;''' nivoaka tamin'ny '''28 marsa 2026''' tamin'ny 15:57 aza fa efa nitarika ny Barea tamin'ny isa 04 -01 tamin'ny fidirana voalohany ka tsy maintsy mitady izay fomba tsy haha-afa-baraka azy ny mpifanandrina mandritra ny tapa-potoana faharoa.

===Fiaraha-miasa Fanjakana Mitambatra (UK) - Madagasikara===
[[File:Cib-gov-uk (CoreUI Icons v1.0.0).svg|thumb]]
Namoaka filazana tao amin'ny tranonkalany&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gov.uk/world/madagascar/news&lt;/ref&gt; ofisialy ny Fanjakana Britanika tamin'ny '''26 marsa 2026''' lasa teo fa manomboka izao ny teratany malagasy mangataka Visa ho any amin'io Firenena Mitambatra io dia amin'ny alalan'ny eVisa ihany no hanaovana izany fa tsy amin'ny fomba hafa mba hahamora sy mahomby kokoa ny dia. Vaovao mahafinaritra ho antsika avy aty Madagasikara izany.

===Governemanta Rajaonarison===

Efa misy ny takelaka manokana '''[[Governemanta Rajaonarison]]''' raha mitady izany ianao. Tsindrio io sora-matevina io.  


=== Ireo mpikambana mandrafitra ny governemanta RAJAONARISON Mamitiana Jeannot Ruffin ===
Notendrena ary naseho vahoaka tamin'ny alalan'ny haino aman-jery an'ny fanjakana sy tsy miankina mbamin'ny media sosialy tetsy amin'ny Lapam-panjakana Iavoloha androany alarobia 25 marsa 2026 alina teo ireo mpikambana ao amin'ny governemanta vaovao tarihin'ny Praiminisitra RAJAONARISON Mamitiana. Ireto avy izy ireo :
* Minisitry ny Foloalindahy : Jeneraly RAZAFITOMBO Maminirina Ely
* Minisitry ny Raharaham-bahiny : Dr N'DIAYE Alice
* Minisitry ny Fitsarana, mpitahiry ny tombokasem-panjakana : ERNAIVO Fanirisoa
* Minisitry ny Atitany sy fanapariaham-pahefana: RAKOTONANDRASANA Hanitra Velonjara Tiaray
* Minisitry ny Toekarena sy Fitantanam-bola : RAMIARISON Herinjatovo Aimé
* Minisitry ny Filaminam-bahoaka : IGP ERICK MICHEL WOULI IDRISSA
* Minisitry ny Fanavaozana : RAZAFIMANANTSOA Lobo Hanitriniaina
* Minisitry ny Fanajariana ny tany : GD LYLISON René de Rolland
* Minisitry ny Fahasalamam-bahoaka : Dr MANAGNA Monira
* Minisitry ny Fampianarana Ambony sy ny fikarohana siantifika: Pr RAVONIMANANTSOA Ndaohialy Manda-Vy
* Minisitry ny Fanabeazam-pirenena : RAJAONARISON Sendra Nirina
* Minisitry ny Fampianarana ara-teknika sy fanofanana arak’asa : ANDRIAMAMPANDRY Todisoa Manampy
* Minisitry ny Fambolena sy Fahavitan-tena ara-tsakafo : RAMINDO Gaëtan
* Minisitry ny Fiompiana : RANDRIANOMENJANAHARY Riana Nantenaina
* Minisitry ny Indostria sy fampivelarana sy sehatra tsy miankina : RAHARIMANJATO Ny Riana Nampoina
* Minisitry ny Varotra sy Fanjifana : ANDRIAMADISON Michela Haingotiana Angèle
* Minisitry ny Asa sy Fampanan’asa ary ny asam-panjakana : DENIS FRANCONIO MAC
* Minisitry ny Fitaterana sy Famantarana ny toetrandro : ANDRIANAVALONA RAMANAMBOLA Herizo
* Minisitry ny Angovo sy Akoran'afo: RABEARIMANGA Radonirina Lucas
* Minisitry ny Harena an-kibon’ny tany sy Loharanon-karena stratejika : ANDRIAMPARANY Carl de Mon Espoir
* Minisitry ny Asa vaventy : RAFEFIMANANA Sambilason Richard
* Minisitry ny Jono sy Toekarena manga : Pr MAHARAVO Jean
* Minisitry ny Tontolo iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana lovain-jafy : ANDRIATSIHALA Nolave Luck Aristide
* Minisitry ny Fizahantany sy Asa tanana : VOLOLONIAINA Lucie
* Minisitry ny Rano, ny fanadiovana ary ny fidiovana : RAZAFINDRIANIAINA Minosoa Anjaratiana Elia
* Minisitry ny Haitao ara-kajy Mirindra, Paositra sy fifandraisandavitra : ANDRIAMAMPIADANA Mahefa
* Minisitry ny Mponina sy Firaisankina : RAKOTONIAINA Voahanginiriana Cathia
* Minisitry ny Tanora sy Fanatanjahantena : RASAMBANY Alain Desiré
* Minisitry ny Serasera sy Kolontsaina : MANDRINDRARIVONY O’Gascar Fenosoa
* Minisitry delege misahana ny Zandarimaria : GCA BAMA MARIMA


=== Iraka delegasiona Vaomiera Vondrona Afrikana === 

Namita iraka teto Madagasikara ny delegasiona avy amin'ny Vaomieran'ny Vondrona Afrikana[1] notarihan'ny filohany ny S.E. Mahmoud Ali Youssouf ny 16 ka hatramin'ny 21 marsa 2026 lasa teo. Anto-dian-dry zareo ny hijery sy hanombana ny fahavoazana nateraky ny fandalovan'ny rivodoza Gezani tamin'ny 10 febroary 2026 lasa teo.
Voatomban'ny delegasiona ary fa 478.000 ny isan'ny tra-boina tamin'ny ilany atsinanana sy afovoan'i Madagasikara, mihoatra ny 20.800 ny isan'ny olona voatery nafindra toerana, mihoatra ny 800 ny isan'ny naratra ary 59 ny isan'ny maty tamin'izany. Ho fanehoam-piraisankinan'ny Vondrona Afrikana dia nanamora ny fitsinjarana sakafo sy zavatra mitentina 20.000 dôlara US ny delegasiona ary nofenoin'ny Vatsy Fanampiana maha-olona 200.000 dôlara US izany.

=== Maorisy: Sahirantsaina amin'ny lazany manoloana ny raharaha Ravatomanga ===

[[File:Bleu2.jpg|thumb|Mamy Ravatomanga]]
Araka ny vaovao navoakan'ny [https://www.billionaires.africa/2026/03/22/the-detention-of-malagasy-tycoon-mamy-ravatomanga-in-mauritius-is-threatening-the-islands-financial-reputation-ahead-of-its-2027-fatf-review/ Billionaires Africa] tamin'ny alahady 22 marsa 2026 lasa teo dia manahiran-tsaina ny mpitondra ao Maorisy ity '''raharaha Ravatomanga''' ity. Fitsapana mafy ho an'ny mpitondra izany satria manakaiky ny fanomezana naoty sy fampilaharana ny isam-pirenena amin'ny ady ataony amin'ny famotsiam-bola sy ny ady amin'ny famatsiana ny fampihorohoroana mbamin'ny fampielezana fitaovam-piadiana mahery vaika na ny [https://www.fatf-gafi.org/fr/Sujets/recommandations-du-GAFI.html 2027 FATF (GAFI 2027)]. 


Raha sanatria manko midina ny naotiny noho io raharaha io dia mety hitarika ho amin'ny fahaverezan'ny fitokisan'ny mpampiasa vola izany ka hisy fiantraikany avy hatrany amin'ny toekaren'ity nosy ity. Heverina noho izany fa tsy hanamaivamaivana velively ity raharaha ity ny ao Maorisy fa hitandrina mafy amin'ny zavatra rehetra tokony ataony. Tamin'ny taona 2012 ny FATF/GAFI no namoaka fandrisihana voalohany ireo karazana fenitra arahin'ny isam-pirenena ahafahana miady amin'ny voina ataon'olombelona efa voalaza etsy ambony.


=== Madagasikara : Milina mpamantatra lainga no manao fitsapana ireo te-ho minisitra ===

[[File:Russian-Malagasy talks (2026-02-19) 07.jpg|thumb|Ny Filoha Malagasy nandritra ny fifampidinihana teo amin'ny Rosiana sy ny Malagasy raha nanao fitsidihana amin'ny fomba ofisialy tany ny delegasiona malagasy (19 febroay 2026) 07]] Nanambara ny Filohan'ny Fanavaozana an'i Madagasikara [[Michaël Randrianirina|Randrianirina Michael]] tamin'ny alakamisy 19 marsa 2026 lasa teo fa hosedraina amin'ny milina mpamantatra lainga avokoa izay rehetra te-ho minisitra handrafitra ny governemanta Rajaonarison. Nambarany tamin'ny [[mpanao gazety]] fa avy amin'izany no ahafantarana&lt;ref&gt;https://apnews.com/article/madagascar-lie-detector-tests-coup-politics-ac27f0fac3c812b56e6e233aaa173e0e&lt;/ref&gt; izay mpanao kolikoly ary avy amin'izany ihany koa no ahitana izay afaka manampy azy ireo. Samy mitovy ny nambaran'ireo fampitam-baovao miteny anglisy&lt;ref&gt;https://www.africanews.com/amp/2026/03/20/madagascars-president-orders-polygraph-for-aspiring-ministers/&lt;/ref&gt; fa tsy hoe olona madio 100% no hokarohina fa rehefa mahatratra ny 60% ny fahadiovany dia afaka amin'ny fitsapana voalohany izy.&lt;br&gt;


Voalaza manko fa vao nahazo io milina mpamantatra lainga io (polygraphe) io isika ary misy manampahaizana manokana mikirakira azy ihany koa vonona hanao izany. Afaka amin'io dingana voalohany io ireo te-ho minisitra vao manao dinika amin'ny [[Filoham-pirenena|Filoha]] sy ny [[Praiminisitran'i Madagasikara|Praiminisitra]]. Efa andrasana fatratra moa amin'izao fotoana izao ny fivoahan'ny lisitra ahitana ireo mpikambana ao amin'ny [[Governemanta|governemanta]] vaovao.


==== 29 Aprily 2016 ====
Lozam-pifamoivozana teny amin’ny &lt;big&gt;Digue&lt;/big&gt; sy tany &lt;big&gt;Mahitsy&lt;/big&gt; [[Antananarivo]] : 12 no [[maty]], 37 naratra mafy

Nanoloana izany, dia nitsidika tao amin’ny [[hopitaly]] HJRA (Hopital Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona) an'ireo niharam-boina ny filoha Malagasy ‪[[Hery ‎Rajaonarimampianina]]‬ ny alin'io ihany:  nankahery ireo naratra sy naneho ny fiaraha-miory tamin’ireo fianakaviana namoy havana.

Baiko hentitra no nomen'ny filoha ny tompon’andraikitra rehetra mba hanamafy ny fampiharana ny lalàna sy ny fitsipiky ny fifamoivozana, hampihatra tsy misy indrafo ny famaizana amin’izay mihoa-pefy sy tsy manara-dalàna, ary hanaramaso akaiky ny fanomezana alàlana hamily fiara, indrindra eo amin’ny sehatry ny fitateram-bahoaka.

Niantso ireo mpitatitra ihany koa izy mba ho matihanina ny [[mpamily]] ampiasaina satria ain’olona no lalaovin’ireo manao kitoatoa amin’ny asany. Asiana sampan’ny [[BIANCO]] koa, hoy ny filoha, eny amin’ireo toby fitsirihana ara-teknika mba tsy ho nohon’ny [[kolikoly]] no ahazoana alàlana, kanefa hitera-doza satria tsy tomombana ny fiara.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.presidence.gov.mg/accidents-de-taxibe-application-stricte-des-lois-et-reglements/&lt;/ref&gt;

-----------------

==== Vaovao efa lasa ====
* Voatendry ny Praiministra vaovao
Nampahafantarin'ny Sekretera Jeneralin’ny Fiadidiana ny Repoblika io takariva io teny amin'ny [[lapan'Iavoloha]], ny Didim-panjakana laharana faha-2016-250, izay nanendren’ny Filoham-pirenena an Atoa [[Mahafaly Solonandrasana Olivier|MAHAFALY Solonandrasana Olivier]] ho [[Praiministra]] sady Lehiben’ny [[Governemanta]].
Mandra-pitsangan’ny Governemanta vaovao dia iantohan’ireo mpikambana ao amin’ny Governemanta amperinasa ny fampandehanan-draharaha andavanandro.

* Fifamindram-pahefana : tontosa androany maraina
Androany maraina no nandray ny andraikiny teny amin’ny [[lapan’I Mahazoarivo]] ny Praiministra vaovao Mahafaly Olivier.
Nambarany fa hitsangana haingana ny governemanta izay hotarihiny, ekipa hiray hina sy hiombom-bina amin’ny ady amin’ny fahantrana sy ny ho fihatsaram-pianina amin’ny lafiny rehetra ho an’ny mpiray taninfrazana. Ho takiana amin’ireo [[ministra]] ny vokatra misy fiantraikany mivantana amin’ny vahoaka, hoy izy.

== Ny pejy hafa ahitana vaovao ==
; Vaovao eto amin'i Wikimedia :
* [[Wikipedia:Vaovao Wikimedia|Vaovao Wikimedia]] &amp;amp;ndash; eto amin'i Wikipedia
* [[:m:Wikimedia News|Wikimedia News]] eo amin'i Metawiki.

== 4 martsa 2016 15 ora takariva wikipédia eto Mahajanga ==

Ampitapitao : takariva iray atokana ho an'ny rehetra liana hianatra Wikipédia : fanaovana lahatsoratra, fanokafan-pejy vaovao : [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Mois_de_la_contribution/Mahajanga Wikipédia Mois_de_la_contribution/Mahajanga]--[[Mpikambana:Zanatan|Zanatan]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Zanatan|resaka]]) 14 Febroary 2016 à 12:10 (UTC)
==Closure of Malagasy Wikibooks==
Hi, Malagasy Wikibooks is &lt;s&gt;going&lt;/s&gt; &lt;u&gt;proposed&lt;/u&gt; to be closed. For more information go to [[meta:Proposals for closing projects|Meta Wiki]]. --[[Mpikambana:Doostdar|Doostdar]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Doostdar|resaka]]) 20 Febroary 2018 à 13:24 (UTC)
:Edited. [[Mpikambana:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:StevenJ81|resaka]]) 21 Febroary 2018 à 22:53 (UTC)

== Loharano ==
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    <title>Caiçara</title>
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{{infobox tanàna
|anarana       =Caiçara
|velarantany   = 189,238
|isam-ponina   = 5.184
|firenena      ={{BRA}}
|fanjakana = {{Rio Grande do Sul}}
|ben'ny tanàna = 
|sary          =
|saina =Caiçarabandeirars.png
}}
[[File:Locator map of Caiçara in Rio Grande do Sul.svg|thumb|left|Caiçara in (Rio Grande do Sul)]]
I '''Caiçara''' dia kaominina ao [[Brazila]], ao amin'i  [[Sary:Bandeira do Rio Grande do Sul.svg|20px]] [[Rio Grande do Sul]], ao amin'i  [[Noroeste Rio-Grandense]],  [[Zana-paritan'i Frederico Westphalen|Frederico Westphalen]].

== Jeografia ==
Ny velarantanin'ilay tanàna dia  189,238 kilometatra toradroa. Ny isam-ponina dia  5.184 tamin'ny taona  2007

{{vangovango|tanàna ao Brazila}}
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao Rio Grande do Sul]]</text>
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[[File:Locator map of Caiçara in Rio Grande do Sul.svg|thumb|left|Caiçara in (Rio Grande do Sul)]]
I '''Caiçara''' dia kaominina ao [[Brazila]], ao amin'i  [[Sary:Bandeira do Rio Grande do Sul.svg|20px]] [[Rio Grande do Sul]], ao amin'i  [[Noroeste Rio-Grandense]],  [[Zana-paritan'i Frederico Westphalen|Frederico Westphalen]].

== Jeografia ==
Ny velarantanin'ilay tanàna dia  189,238 kilometatra toradroa. Ny isam-ponina dia 4.659 tamin'ny taona 2021.

{{vangovango|tanàna ao Brazila}}
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao Rio Grande do Sul]]</text>
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[[File:Locator map of Caiçara in Rio Grande do Sul.svg|thumb|left|Caiçara in (Rio Grande do Sul)]]
I '''Caiçara''' dia kaominina ao [[Brazila]], ao amin'i  [[Sary:Bandeira do Rio Grande do Sul.svg|20px]] [[Rio Grande do Sul]], ao amin'i  [[Noroeste Rio-Grandense]],  [[Zana-paritan'i Frederico Westphalen|Frederico Westphalen]].

== Jeografia ==
Ny velarantanin'ilay tanàna dia  189,238 kilometatra toradroa. Ny isam-ponina dia 4.659 tamin'ny taona 2021.
Misaraka amin'ny fanjakan'i [[Santa Catarina]] ny reniranon'i [[Rio Orogoay]].

{{vangovango|tanàna ao Brazila}}
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao Rio Grande do Sul]]</text>
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|haavo =583
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|sary          =
|saina =Caiçarabandeirars.png
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[[File:Locator map of Caiçara in Rio Grande do Sul.svg|thumb|left|Caiçara in (Rio Grande do Sul)]]
I '''Caiçara''' dia kaominina ao [[Brazila]], ao amin'i  [[Sary:Bandeira do Rio Grande do Sul.svg|20px]] [[Rio Grande do Sul]], ao amin'i  [[Noroeste Rio-Grandense]],  [[Zana-paritan'i Frederico Westphalen|Frederico Westphalen]].

== Jeografia ==
Ny velarantanin'ilay tanàna dia  189,238 kilometatra toradroa. Ny isam-ponina dia 4.659 tamin'ny taona 2021.
Misaraka amin'ny fanjakan'i [[Santa Catarina]] ny reniranon'i [[Rio Orogoay]].

{{vangovango|tanàna ao Brazila}}
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao Rio Grande do Sul]]</text>
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}}
[[File:Brazil Rio Grande do Norte Caiçara do Norte location map.svg|thumb|left|Caiçara do Norte]]
I '''Caiçara do Norte''' dia kaominina ao [[Brazila]], ao amin'i  [[sary:Bandeira do Rio Grande do Norte.svg|20px]] [[Rio Grande do Norte]], ao amin'i  [[Central Potiguar]],  [[Zana-paritan'i Macau|Macau]].

==Jeografia==
Ny velarantanin'ilay tanàna dia 225,63 kilometatra toradroa. Ny isam-ponina dia 6.474 tamin'ny taona 2024.

Kaominina manamorona: Atsinanana: [[São Bento do Norte]], Atsimo: [[Parazinho]], Andrefana: [[Galinhos]], ary Avaratra: [[Ranomasimbe Atlantika]]
Halavany mankany an-drenivohitra ([[Natal]]): 164 km

{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:Tanàna ao Rio Grande do Norte]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134607</id>
      <parentid>1134605</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T09:21:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1134607</origin>
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{{infobox tanàna
|anarana       =Caiçara do Norte
|velarantany   = 225,63
|isam-ponina   = 6.474
|haavo = 36
|firenena      ={{BRA}}
|fanjakana = {{Rio Grande do Norte}}
|ben'ny tanàna = 
|sary          =Igreja São Pedro Caiçara do Norte.jpg
|saina =Bandeira do Município de Caiçara do Norte-RN.jpg
}}
[[File:Brazil Rio Grande do Norte Caiçara do Norte location map.svg|thumb|left|Caiçara do Norte]]
I '''Caiçara do Norte''' dia kaominina ao [[Brazila]], ao amin'i  [[sary:Bandeira do Rio Grande do Norte.svg|20px]] [[Rio Grande do Norte]], ao amin'i  [[Central Potiguar]],  [[Zana-paritan'i Macau|Macau]].

==Jeografia==
Ny velarantanin'ilay tanàna dia 225,63 kilometatra toradroa. Ny isam-ponina dia 6.474 tamin'ny taona 2024.

Kaominina manamorona: Atsinanana: [[São Bento do Norte]], Atsimo: [[Parazinho]], Andrefana: [[Galinhos]], ary Avaratra: [[Ranomasimbe Atlantika]]
Halavany mankany an-drenivohitra ([[Natal]]): 164 km

{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:Tanàna ao Rio Grande do Norte]]</text>
      <sha1>15lwhvzba7vft6vqx8q92wsy64j9dk4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Natal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98758</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134606</id>
      <parentid>1098094</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T09:15:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1134606</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="611" sha1="pqqncdp6gyxv9kj2krbtiamdkql4fpc" xml:space="preserve">{{coord|05|48|S|35|12|W}}
{{infobox tanàna
|anarana       =Natal
|velarantany   = 167
|isam-ponina   = 785.368 
|haavo =30
|firenena      ={{BRA}}
|fanjakana ={{Rio Grande do Norte}}
|ben'ny tanàna = 
|sary          =Natal, capital do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil.jpg
|saina=Bandeira de Natal.svg
}}
[[File:Brazil Rio Grande do Norte Natal location map.svg|thumb|left| Natal]]
'''Natal''' dia renivohitra avy amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i {{Rio Grande do Norte}} ao amin'ny {{Brazila}}. 785.368  mponina ilay tanàna.


{{commonscat|Natal_(Rio_Grande_do_Norte)}}
[[sokajy:Tanàna ao Rio Grande do Norte]]</text>
      <sha1>pqqncdp6gyxv9kj2krbtiamdkql4fpc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>São Bento do Norte</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98850</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134609</id>
      <parentid>938170</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T09:27:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1134609</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="788" sha1="janyv1z5am26rtshptz08l5gx613x0s" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox tanàna
|anarana       =São Bento do Norte
|velarantany   = 288,637
|isam-ponina   = 3.304
|haavo = 16
|firenena      ={{BRA}}
|fanjakana = {{Rio Grande do Norte}}
|ben'ny tanàna = 
|sary          =São Bento do Norte-RN.jpg
|saina=Bandeira São Bento do Norte-RN, Brasil.png
}}
[[File:Brazil Rio Grande do Norte São Bento do Norte location map.svg|thumb|left| São Bento do Norte]]
I '''São Bento do Norte''' dia kaominina ao [[Brazila]], ao amin'i  [[sary:Bandeira do Rio Grande do Norte.svg|20px]] [[Rio Grande do Norte]], ao amin'i  [[Central Potiguar]],  [[Zana-paritan'i Macau|Macau]].

==Jeografia==
Ny velarantanin'ilay tanàna dia  288,637 kilometatra toradroa. Ny isam-ponina dia 3.304 tamin'ny taona 2022.

{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:Tanàna ao Rio Grande do Norte]]</text>
      <sha1>janyv1z5am26rtshptz08l5gx613x0s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Guesnain</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>176322</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134604</id>
      <parentid>1035629</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T09:06:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JackyM59</username>
        <id>37857</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Photograph updated</comment>
      <origin>1134604</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1136" sha1="mneorgv1gnw681pgj2ym9ebnp453l4l" xml:space="preserve">{{Coord|50.353|3.145}}

{{infobox tanàna
|tanàna=Guesnain
|sary=Église Sainte-Aldegonde de Guesnain.jpg
|firenena={{Frantsa}}
|faritany=[[Hauts-de-France]]
|velarantany=4.05
|isam-ponina=4882
|ben'ny tanàna=Jean Pot
}}

I '''Guesnain''' dia kaominina ao amin'ny fivondronan'i Douai, ao amin'ny departemantan'i [[Nord (departemanta frantsay)|Nord]], ao amin'ny faritr'i [[Hauts-de-France]], ao [[Frantsa]]. 
Ny INSEE dia mampiasa ny kaodim-paositra 59276.
I Jean Pot no ben'ny tanàna mandritry ny taona 2001&amp;ndash;2008. Ilay kaominina dia kaominina mpikambana amin'ny fivondronan-kaominin'i Douaisis
== Jeografia ==

Ny isam-ponin'i Guesnain dia 4882 mponina araka ny fanisana natao tamin'ny taona 1999.  Ny haavon'ny toerana ambany indrindra dia 20 metatra. Ny haavon'ny toerana avo indrindra dia 42 metatra. Ny fisiana ara-daharampehintany ary ara-daharanjarahasin'ilay kaominina dia 50.353° ary 3.145° amin'ny soratra desimaly.
Ny faritr'ora dia GMT+1.

== Rohy ivelany ==
*  : Tranonkala 
* [http://www.communes.com/recherche/?q=Guesnain Eo amin'i www.communes.com]

&lt;references/&gt;


[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao amin'ny faritr'i Nord]]</text>
      <sha1>mneorgv1gnw681pgj2ym9ebnp453l4l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fallon, Nevada</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>188197</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134531</id>
      <parentid>1126303</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T02:34:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>112</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Flag_of_Fallon.gif|Flag_of_Fallon.gif]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Pi.1415926535|Pi.1415926535]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Flag of Fallon.gif|]].</comment>
      <origin>1134531</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="569" sha1="2hzu5attceissz91ex6u9hthxdeih9c" xml:space="preserve">{{Coord|39.4727777778|-118.778888889}}
{{infobox tanàna
|tanàna=Fallon, Nevada
|firenena={{Etazonia}}
|fanjakana={{Nevada}}
|velarantany=9.45
|isam-ponina=9.327
|ben'ny tanàna=
|sary=2015-04-02 17 24 37 View south along Maine Street in downtown Fallon, Nevada.JPG
|saina =
}}

'''Fallon, Nevada''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana mizaka tenan'i [[Nevada]], ao [[Etazonia]]. Ny kaodim-paositra dia 89406, 89407, 89496..

== Jeografia ==


== Jereo koa ==
* [[Etazonia]]
** [[Nevada]]
=== Rohy ivelany ===
* {{URL|www.cityoffallon.com}}


[[sokajy:Tanàna ao Nevada]]</text>
      <sha1>2hzu5attceissz91ex6u9hthxdeih9c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alohotsy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>263437</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134518</id>
      <parentid>1087254</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:41:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina.</comment>
      <origin>1134518</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5541" sha1="0terbns8xqjdckkm9lvbv1973vfy28v" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''Alohotsy''' dia vintana faharoa ambin' ny folo amin' ny [[fanandroana malagasy]]. Ny [[Adalo]] no eo alohany ary ny [[Alahamady]] no manaraka azy. Ny tapany antsinana amin' ny rindrin-trano avaratra no toerana omena azy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/Alohotsy Alohotsy]&quot;, ao amin'ny ''Rakibolana malagasy sy Rakipahalalàna momba an'i Madagasikara''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Vintan' olona tsy mahatombin-toerana sy toetra ny Alohotsy araka ny finoan-drazana malagasy. Tsy alana volo na hoho na ampiasana zava-maranitra ny zaza madinika fa tsy ho mety sitrana raha maratra. 

== Fiavian' ilay anarana ==

=== Fiavian' ilay anarana ===
Avy amin' ny anaran' [[Antokon-kintana|antokon-kintan']] ny [[zodiaka]] amin' ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]] hoe الحوت / ''Al-Hut'' (&quot;trondro&quot;) ny hoe ''Alohotsy.'' Manondro ny antokon-kintana atao amin' ny [[Fiteny latina|teny latina]] sy [[Fiteny anglisy|anglisy]] hoe ''Pisces'' na amin' ny [[Fiteny frantsay|teny frantsay]] hoe ''Poissons''. Amin' ny [[fiteny soahily]] dia atao hoe ''Hutu'' na ''Samaki'' io antokon-kintana io. Amin' ny [[Fiteny malay|teny maley]] dia atao hoe ''Hut'' na ''Ikan'' ihany koa izy.
[[Sary:Pisces_constellation_map-fr.png|vignette|151x151px|Antokon-kintan' ny Trondro]]

=== Ny antokon-kintana Trondro sy ny zôdiaka ===
Ny fotoana andalovan' ny [[masoandro]] ao amin' ny antokon-kintana [[Trondro (antokon-kintana)|Trondro]] dia amin' ny 12 Marsa hatramin' ny 18 Avrily. Eo amin' ny 15 Marsa hatramin' ny 14 Avrily ny fari-potoan' ny Hazandrano ao amin' ny [[Fanandroan-kintana|zôdiakan-kintana]] fa amin' ny 20 Febroary hatramin' ny 20 Marsa kosa izany ao amin' ny [[Fanandroana miankina amin' ny zôdiaka mikisaka|zôdiaka mikisaka]]. Tsy mifanaraka amin' ireo ny fanandroana malagasy noho izy miandry tsinam-bolana.

== Ny vintana Alohotsy ==

=== Toerany ===
Ao amin' ny [[fanandroana malagasy]] dia vintana faharoa ambin' ny folo koa ny Alohotsy ka ny tapany antsinana amin' ny rindrin-trano avaratra no toerana omena azy. [[Zanabintana]] ny Alohotsy. Mifandratra amin' ny [[Asombola]] sy miarina eo amin' ny [[Adimizana]] ny vintana Alohotsy. Baben' ny renivintana Alahamady ny zanabintana Alohotsy. Ao amin' ny fitetezana andro dia mitondra tonon' andro roa ny Alohotsy, dia ny vava Alohotsy (na vavan' Alohotsy) sy ny vody Alohotsy (na vodin' Alohotsy). 

=== Fombany ===

==== Ankapobeny ====
Vintan' olona tsy mahatombin-toerana ny Alohotsy araka ny finoan-drazana malagasy. Tsy alana volo na hoho na ampiasana zava-maranitra ny zaza madinika fa tsy ho mety sitrana raha maratra.

Atao hoe volam-padina ny volana Alohotsy noho izy iomanana amin' ny Asaramanitra (izany hoe ny Alahamadibe). Tandremana mafy mba tsy haràtra amin' ny hety na antsy ny zazamadinika fa tsy ho mety sitrana ka noho izay tsy alana volo na hoho na ampiasana zava-maranitra. Ny olona maty ao amin' ny volana Alohotsy dia alevina mangingina. Andro maivana ny andro Alohotsy.

==== Vava Alohotsy ====
Ny zaza teraka vava Alohotsy dia tsy ho marim-ponenana fa mifindrafindra na toerana na zavatra hafa. Amin' ny vava Alohotsy dia tsy misy manao taozavatra. 

==== Vody Alohotsy ====
Ny zaza teraka vody Alohotsy dia ho salama ihany. Amin' ny vody Alohotsy dia tsy misy manao taozavatra.

==== Ala faditra ====
Raha hanorin-trano sy hampaka-bady amin' ny andro Alohotsy dia tsy maintsy misorona vatokaranana sy hazo harahara na famaho alevina eo atsinanan'ny andry avaratra tandrify ny Alohotsy mba tsy hihetsiketsika.

=== Volana Alohotsy ===
Misy amin' ny Malagasy ny mandray ny volana Alohotsy ho volana faharoa ambin' ny folo amin' ny taona ao amin' ny [[tetiandro malagasy]] (raha ny [[Alahamady]] no ataony volana voalohany). Manomboka amin' ny vava Alohotsy miafara amin' ny vody Adalo ny volana Alohotsy raha misy 28 andro. Raha tsy tsinanam-bolana ny andro aorian' ny vody Adalo dia miafara amin' ny vava Alohotsy ny volana izay misy 29 andro; raha mbola tsy tsinana aorian' io vava Alohotsy io dia mifarana amin' ny vody Alohotsy ny volana izay misy 30 andro.

== Jereo koa ==
'''Vintana ao amin' ny fanandroana malagasy:'''

* [[Alahamady]] - [[Adaoro]] - [[Adizaoza]] - [[Asorotany]] - [[Alahasaty]] - [[Asombola]] - [[Adimizana]] - [[Alakarabo]] - [[Alakaosy]] - [[Adijady]] - [[Adalo]] - [[Alohotsy]]

'''Evan' ny zôdiaka:'''

* [[Ondrilahy (fanandroana)|Ondrilahy]] - [[Ombilahy (fanandroana)|Ombilahy]] - [[Kambana (fanandroana)|Kambana]] - [[Foza (fanandroana)|Foza]] - [[Liona (fanandroana)|Liona]] - [[Virijiny (fanandroana)|Virijiny]] - [[Mizana (fanandroana)|Mizana]] - [[Maingoka (fanandroana)|Maingoka]] - [[Mpitifitra Tsipìka (fanandroana)|Mpitifitra Tsipìka]] - [[Tandrok' Osy (fanandroana)|Tandrok' Osy]] - [[Mpitondra Rano (fanandroana)|Mpitondra Rano]] - [[Trondro (fanandroana)|Trondro]]

'''Antokon-kintan' ny zôdiaka:'''

* [[Ondrilahy (antokon-kintana)|Ondrilahy]] - [[Ombilahy (antokon-kintana)|Ombilahy]] - [[Kambana (antokon-kintana)|Kambana]] - [[Foza (antokon-kintana)|Foza]] - [[Liona (antokon-kintana)|Liona]] - [[Virijiny (antokon-kintana)|Virijiny]] - [[Mizana (antokon-kintana)|Mizana]] - [[Maingoka (antokon-kintana)|Maingoka]] - [[Bibilava (antokon-kintana)|Bibilava]] - [[Mpitifitra Tsipìka (antokon-kintana)|Mpitifitra Tsipìka]] - [[Tandrok' Osy (antokon-kintana)|Tandrok' Osy]] - [[Mpitondra Rano (antokon-kintana)|Mpitondra Rano]] - [[Trondro (antokon-kintana)|Trondro]]
'''Tetiandro'''

* [[Tetiandro malagasy]]
* [[Tetiandro hebreo]]
* [[Tetiandro miozolmana]]
* [[Tetiandro hindo]]

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==</text>
      <sha1>0terbns8xqjdckkm9lvbv1973vfy28v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fiteny monda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>265329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134532</id>
      <parentid>1076018</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T05:41:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Psubhashish</username>
        <id>4362</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>video +</comment>
      <origin>1134532</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="777" sha1="ss8aqs2a3i16m7ly0ectmmcd3hhevyf" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Munda-Sprachen.png|vignette|Faritra itenenana ny fiteny monda ao [[India]]]]
[[File:OpenSpeaks-juy-Juray-Dinabandhu Gamango-OG-Social Impact of Aadhaar.webm|thumb|Mpiteny Juray, fiteny Munda, no miresaka momba ny mari-pamantarana biometika ao India]]
Ny '''fiteny monda''' dia vondrom-[[Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôaziatika|piteny aostrôaziatika]] tenenina any [[India]] sy any [[Bangladesy]]. Ny fiteny mondary sy ny fiteny kôly no fantatra indrindra amin' ireo fiteny monda ireo. Ny fiteny monda dia tenenin' ny olona miisa 9&amp;nbsp;00&amp;nbsp;000 any ho any ao amin' ny faritra afovoany-atsinanan' i India. Sampana faharoa ao amin' ny sampana roan' ny fiteny aostrôziatika ny fiteny monda, ka ny voalohany dia ny [[fiteny môn-kmera]] (ahitana ny [[fiteny vietnamiana]]).</text>
      <sha1>ss8aqs2a3i16m7ly0ectmmcd3hhevyf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>278776</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134619</id>
      <parentid>1131610</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T10:44:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitatra votoatiny</comment>
      <origin>1134619</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8842" sha1="95ummj9o17ng5z0pnhuolo35c79cpk5" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:항암배추.jpg|vignette|Petsay (''Brassica rapa'' subsp. ''pekinensis'')|399x399px]]
Ny '''anana''' na '''legioma ravina''' dia [[zavamaniry]] fihinan-dravina, matetika hanina manta, atao salady, ampiarahina amin' ny zava-manitra hafa hanatsarana ny tsirony sy ny fofony.

Ambany ny [[kalôria]] sy ny matavy ao amin' ny anana, nefa be [[prôteinina]] isaky ny kalôria izy, be tsiraka sakafo, be vy sy [[kalsiôma]], ary be [[vitaminina C]], [[karôtenôida]], [[loteinina]], [[asidra fôlika]] ary koa [[vitaminina K]]. Ny [[epinara]], ohatra amin' ny anana, dia ambany kalôria sy tavy isaky ny kalôria, ary be tsiraka sakafo, vitaminina C, [[vitaminina A]], karôtenôida, [[manganezy]] ary vitaminina K.

Misy karazany maro ny anana, saingy satria fôtôsintetika izy ireo dia misongadina manokana ny haavon' ny vitaminina K. Ny vitaminina K ao amin' ny anana no be indrindra. Noho izany dia tsy maintsy mitandrina manokana mba hamerana ny fihinanana anana ny mpampiasa fanafody misy vitaminina K.

Efa ho arivo ny karazan-jamaniry fihinan-dravina fantatra. Matetika dia avy amin' ny zavamaniry tsy maharitra ela, toy ny [[salady]] sy ny lalanda (na [[epinara]]), ny anana.  Anisan' ny legioma ravina ny karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Allium]]'' rehetra (ahitana ny tongolo isan-karazany) sy ny ''[[Foeniculum vulgare]]'' var. ''azoricum''. Manome ravina azo hanina koa ny zavamaniry toy ny hazo sasany. Azon' ny olombelona hanina ihany koa ny ravin' ny bozaka (''[[Poaceae]]'') maro, ​​saingy matetika amin' ny mosary no ihinanana azy; ohatra amin' izany ny [[jirofo]], ny [[varimbazaha]] sy ny [[vary ôrza]].

Azo ampiasaina mba hahatonga ireo ravina ireo ho azo atao sakafo ny fanomanana azy, toy ny fanamainana sy ny fikosohana na fitotoana azy hanjary vovoka, na ny fanerena azy hahazoana ny ranony.

== Zavamaniry fanao anana eto Madagasikara ==
Inty ny lisitry ny karazan-javamaniry fanao ananana volena eto [[Madagasikara]]:
* ''[[Acmella oleracea]]'' na ''Spilanthes oleracea'' (''[[Asteraceae]]'') – [[anamalaho]],  ahimafana, felimafana, kalombanda, kimalaho, kimalaholahy, kimalao, kimotodoha, kimotodohambazaha, laho, mangevitra, mangevitsa, mangevotsa, mangovitra, menavony, sarinanamalao
* ''[[Acmella repens]]'' (''Asteraceae'') –
* ''[[Alternanthera sessilis]]'' (''[[Amaranthaceae]]'') – anamalaza, anambalaza, felikavola, fotsimbarinakoho, kimaroatody, maroatody, pokaty, tsipoapoaka // anambararata, tsiataolana
* ''[[Amaranthus caudatus]]'' (''Amaranthaceae'') – anapatsa, jaky fotsy
* ''[[Amaranthus cruentus]]'' (''Amaranthaceae'') – anapatsa mena, jaky mena
* ''[[Amaranthus hybridus]]'' (''Amaranthaceae'') – anamena // anandrano
** ''Amaranthus hybridus'' var. ''paniculatus'' (''Amaranthaceae'') –  anampatsimena, komoay // anamena
* ''[[Amaranthus retroflexus]]'' (''Amaranthaceae'') – anamalitalita, anatarika
* ''[[Amaranthus spinosus]]''  (''Amaranthaceae'') – anampantsy, anampatsa, añampatsy, anapatsalahy, dasy, felipatika, kimoaelahy, kimoaevavy, kimoelahy, sabotraboay // anampatsy, anatsilo, anapatsa
* ''Amaranthus'' spp. (''Amaranthaceae'') – anambary
* ''Amaranthus viridis'' (''Amaranthaceae'') – anamalitalita
* ''Asystasia gangetica'' (''Acanthaceae'') - mampody vady
* ''[[Basella alba]]'' (''[[Basellaceae]]'') –  
* ''[[Bidens pilosa]]'' (''[[Asteraceae]]'') – anantsinahibavy, anantsinahivavy, anantsinahy, anatsinahy, ravintsipolitra, traka, trakandrazana, trakaraza, trakavola, tsipolitra, voatraka
* ''[[Brassica juncea]]'' (''[[Brassicaceae]]'') – ananatsongo, ramiribaka // anatsonga
* ''[[Brassica oleracea]]'' (''Brassicaceae'') – [[laisoa]]
** Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata
* ''[[Brassica rapa]]'' (''Brassicaceae'') – petsay
** [[Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis|''Brassica rapa'' subsp. ''chinensis'']] na ''Brassica chinensis'' (''Brassicaceae'') – anambe, ananomby, anantsonga, kirebona, ramirebaka, ramiriba, tsonghe // petsay
** [[Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis|''Brassica rapa'' subsp. ''pekinensis'']] ''na Brassica pekinensis'' --  anambe, anantsonga, anantsongaberavina, fotsivody, saodisina
** [[Brassica rapa var. parachinensis|''Brassica rapa'' var. ''parachinensis'']] na ''Brassica'' ''parachinensis'' (''Brassicaceae'') –  anantsonga // [[tisama]]
* ''[[Celosia argentea]]'' (''[[Amaranthaceae]]'') – anandasoa, mamiratsy // sanganakoholahy
* ''[[Celosia trigyna]]'' (''Amaranthaceae'') – ananakondro, kiananotsy, kimasakopanoko, masakopanoka, masintombo // sanganakoholahy
* ''[[Chenopodium album]]'' (''[[Amaranthaceae]]'' na ''[[Chenopodiaceae]]'') – anamenaka (jereo ''Chenopodium'')
* ''[[Colocasia esculenta]]'' (''[[Araceae]]'') – barara, horirika, hoririny, kiboan-tsaonjo, sahomamy, sahomavo, sahombia, sahonga, sahongoaka, sahono, saoña, saonasaona, [[saonjo]], saonjofotsy, saonjohary, saonjohoririka, saonjokira, saonjomamy, saonjomanga, saonjondramandady, saonjondrano, saonjoramandady, saonjorano, saonjorika, sohono, sonjo, taho, taro, tazo // ravintsaonjo
* ''Colocasia'' spp. (''[[Araceae]]'') – horirika (jereo ''[[Colocasia]]'')
* ''[[Corchorus olitorius]]'' (''[[Malvaceae]]'') – (jereo ''[[Corchorus]]'')
* ''[[Crassocephalum crepidioides]]'' (''[[Asteraceae]]'')
* ''[[Cucurbita maxima]]'' (''[[Cucurbitaceae]]'') – anamboatavo, atondra, babaka, baby, betsetsa, felitsirebaka, fongy, kirio, mboga, pongy, taboara, taboary, tavo, trisebiky, tsirebika, voatavo, voatavohoko, voatavohova // ravim-boatavo
* ''Cucurbita'' spp. (voatavo) – anamboatavo
* ''[[Galinsoga parviflora]]'' (''[[Asteraceae]]'') –
* ''[[Galinsoga quadriradiata]]'' (''Asteraceae'') –
* ''[[Hibiscus sabdariffa]]'' (''[[Malvaceae]]'') -- divaina, divay, madisokarana, madisombazaha, voamahombazaha, voambombazaha
* ''[[Vomanga|Ipomoea batatas]]'' (''[[Convolvulaceae]]'') – ambizo, anantaraona, anantarohana, bageda, bariaho, batata, bege, bela,  bele, belena, belity, bemavo, bokala, bolidy, bolody, bonaka, borokay, gogavory, gogika, hoda, ikalamongo, kalafotsy, kalamanja, kalamavo, kalamena, kalamongo, kalandolaña, kalavory, kambara, kambo, kelemena, keliebo, keliladina, kelimena, kelimongo, kirangomena, ladim-bomanga, lohafinjo, mandady, mbizo, ovihazo, ovimanga, ovozao, ovy, rahoda, rahodaka, tanambizo, toñàña, tongotrakoho, tsidinambotofotsy, tsimanga, tsomanga, vihazo, vomanga, vorondro // anampôta, ravimbomanga, ravimbageda, ravimbele
* ''[[Lactuca sativa]]'' (''[[Asteraceae]]'') – [[salady]]
* ''[[Mangahazo|Manihot esculenta]]'' (''[[Euphorbiaceae]]'') –  // ravitoto, ravi-mangahazo, ravim-balahazo, ravi-mahogo
* ''[[Moringa drouhardii]]'' (''[[Moringaceae]]'') – hazomalanga, maroseranana, marosirana // ananambo
* ''[[Moringa oleifera]]'' (''Moringaceae'') – anambo, anamorongo, ananaboringa, [[ananambo]], felikambo, felikamoranga, felinimorongovazaha, landihazo, moringa, morongo, morongy, soahazo // anamponga, ananambo
* ''[[Nasturtium officinale]]'' (''[[Brassicaceae]]'') – [[anandrano]]
* ''[[Portulaca oleracea]]'' (''[[Portulacaceae]]'') – anamatavy, ananjabora, fandrianomby, kalabotretra, kalabotretraka, kambo,  taikombelahy, tsikobokobondanitra // ravivita
* ''[[Sechium edule]]''  (''[[Cucurbitaceae]]'') – sosety, sosoty
* ''[[Solanum americanum]]'' (''[[Solanaceae]]'') –
* ''[[Voanantay|Solanum nigrum]]'' (''Solanaceae'') – amafaitra, amelo, anamafaika, anamainty, anamamidia, anamamy, anamangidy, anangitakely, anantsatria, anantsatry, famoizan' aretina, hanga, voanamainty, voananana, [[voanantay]] // anamamy
* ''[[Solanum nodiflorum]]'' (''Solanaceae'') – [[anamamy]], anantsatria, anantsindrana, avaizo, bemine, mailo // anamamy
* ''Solanum'' spp. (''Solanaceae'') –
* ''[[Sonchus oleraceus]]'' (''[[Asteraceae]]'') – anamboraka, beroberobazaha, beroberoka, beroberokamboa, beroberokondrilahy, majajay
* ''[[Tetragonia expansa]]'' (''[[Aizoaceae]]'') – anamamimbazaha
* ''[[Thelethylax minutiflora]]'' (''[[Podostemaceae]]'') – anandriana
* ''[[Vernonia amygdalina]]'' (''[[Asteraceae]]'') – vonsa, vonsavonsa
* ''Vernonia'' spp. (''Asteraceae'')
* ''[[Xanthosoma sagittifolium]]'' (''[[Araceae]]'') –

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Legioma]]
* ''[[Acmella]]'' ''- [[Alternanthera]] - [[Amaranthus]] - [[Asystasia]] - [[Basella]] - [[Bidens]] - [[Brassica]] - [[Celosia]] - [[Chenopodium]] - [[Colocasia]] - [[Corchorus]] - [[Crassocephalum]] - [[Cucurbita]] - [[Galinsoga]] - [[Hibiscus]] - [[Ipomoea]] - [[Lactuca]] - [[Manihot]] - [[Moringa]] -  [[Nasturtium]] - [[Portulaca]] - [[Sechium]] - [[Solanum]] - [[Sonchus]] - [[Spilanthes]] - [[Tetragonia]] - [[Thelethylax]] - [[Vernonia]] - [[Xanthosoma]]''
* [[Legioma fakany|Legioma faka]]
* [[Voamaina|Legioma maina]] na [[voamaina]]
* [[Legioma maitso]]
* [[Legioma taho]]
* [[Legioma voniny|Legioma vony]]
* [[Legioma voany]]

[[Sokajy:Zavamaniry]]

[[Sokajy:Fambolena]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sakamalao</title>
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        <username>Thelezifor</username>
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      <text bytes="12517" sha1="om85j505xy5ax58hp2ikvvmtt2v8tfn" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Zingiber officinale 230935597.jpg|vignette|424x424px|Sakamalao (''Zingiber officinale'')]]
Ny '''sakamalao''' na '''sakarivo''' na '''sakaviro''' na '''sakaitany''' dia [[zavamaniry]] mamony, tokan-dravin-tsimoka, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Zingiberaceae]]''. Ny anarany ara-tsiansa dia '''''Zingiber officinale'''.'' Manana taho milevina, atao hoe [[Taranja (taova)|taranja]] (na rizôma), izay mitondra ny anaran' ilay zavamaniry ihany koa, fampiasan' ny olona amin' ny sakafo mba hahazoana tsiro mafanafana sy atao fanafody. Ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Zingiberaceae'' koa ny [[tamotamo]] (''Curcuma longa''), ny kardamôma (''Elettaria cardamomum''), ary galanga (''Alpinia galanga'', ''Alpinia officinarum'', ''Boesenbergia rotunda'', ''Kaempferia galanga'').

Zavamaniry ahitra, maniry isan-taona izy io, ka ny foto-draviny mihorona mitambatra no toa tahony, izay mahatratra eo amin' ny iray metatra ny haavony, mitondra ravina somary ety. Mitondra voniny manana felana mavo hatsatra sy sisim-bony volomparasy ny [[Vondrombony|vondromboniny]] izay mipoitra mivantana avy amin' ny taranjany eo amin' ny tsimo-drantsana misaraka.
[[Sary:Gingembre (marché de Bergerac).jpg|vignette|Sakamalao]]

Avy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] an-dranomasina (amin' ny faritry ny [[zana-pehintany]]) ny sakaviro na sakarivo, ary azo inoana fa ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrôneziana]] no namboly azy voalohany. Nentin' izy ireo namakivaky an' i [[Indô-Pasifika]] ity karazan-javamaniry ity nandritra ny [[fielezan' ny Aostrôneziana]] (5&amp;nbsp;000 taona lasa tany ho any), ka tonga hatrany [[Hawaii]]. Anisan' ny zava-manitra voalohany naondrana avy any Azia ny sakamalao, ka tonga tany [[Eorôpa]] niaraka amin' ny [[varotra zava-manitra]], ary nampiasain' ny [[Grisia Taloha|Grika]] sy [[Rôma Taloha|Rômana]] tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha]]. Antsoina matetika hoe sakaintanidia, ny zavamaniry dikôtiledôna mifandray lavitra aminy ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Asarum]]'', noho ny tsirony mitovitovy.[[Sary:ഇഞ്ചിപ്പൂവ്.JPG|vignette|Vonin-tsakamalao]]Nampiasaina tamin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] tany [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] sy tany [[India]] ary tany [[Japàna|Japana]] nandritra ny taonjato maro ny sakaviro, ary nampiasaina ho fanampin-tsakafo. Tsy misy ny porofo azo antoka amin' ny filazana fa manampy amin' ny fampihenana ny maloiloy sy fandoavana mifandray amin' ny fitondrana vohoka na amin' ny simiôterapia ny sakaviro. Mbola tsy azo antoka raha mahomby amin' ny fitsaboana aretina ny sakaviro, ary tsy nankatoavin' ny &lt;u&gt;Food and Drug Administration&lt;/u&gt; (FDA) ny fampiasana ny sakaviro ho fanafody.

Tamin' ny taona 2020 dia nahatratra 4,3 tapitrisa taonina ny famokarana sakaviro eran-tany, ka i [[India]], izay miantoka ny 43&amp;nbsp;% amin' ny fitambaran' ny famokarana eran-tany, no mitarika amin' izany.

== Fambolena sakamalao ==
[[Sary:Ginger farm.jpg|vignette|Fambolena sakamalao]]Tena ilaina amin' ny famokarana sakamalao ny haben' ny [[Taranja (taova)|taranja]] na [[rizôma]] na taranja. Arakaraky ny halehiben' ny taranja no maha haingana ny famokarana ny sakamalao sy ahafahana mivarotra azy  haingana eny an-tsena. Alohan' ny hambolena ny rizôma dia tsy maintsy mikarakara ny masomboly ny mpamboly mba hisorohana ny [[bibikely mpanimba]], sy ny fahalovan' ny rizôma, ary ny aretina hafa mety hafindran' ilay masomboly. Misy fomba isan-karazany ataon' ny Indiana amin' ny fikarakarana masomboly dia ny fandomana ny azy ireo amin' ny fangaron-dranoka misy [[tain' omby]], ny fanetrohana ny masomboly alohan' ny fitahirizana azy, ary ny fikarakarana azy amin' ny rano mafana.

Rehefa voakarakara tsara ny masomboly dia tsy maintsy atao vadi-bainga tsara ny tany hambolena azy mba hanorotoroana ny [[nofon-tany]]. Aorian' ny vadi-bainga (in-3 na in-4 na in-5 fara fahakeliny), dia atao mielanelana 18 hatramin' ny 24 m ny lalan-drano hanondrahana ny voly.

Ny fambolena ny rizôma masomboly no dingana manaraka. Any [[India]] dia matetika atao eo anelanelan' ny volana Marsa sy Jona ny ny fambolena sakamalao tondrahina amin' ny fitarihan-drano, satria ireo volana ireo no anombohan' ny [[Varatraza]], na ny vanin-taonan' ny orana. Rehefa vita ny fambolena ny masomboly dia manohy manisy lafika bozaka eo amin' ny voly ny tantsaha mba hitehirizana ny [[hamandoana]] sy hifehezana ny fitomboan' ny [[ahi-dratsy]] ary koa mba hitehirizana ny nofon-tany. Atao ny fametrahana lafika bozaka (ravina maitso ohatra) eo amin' ny sori-boly na talahaka raha vao vita ny fambolena ny masomboly ary averina izany rehefa afaka 45 sy 90 andro aorian' ny fiandohan' ny fitomboana. Aorian' ny fandafihana bozaka dia tonga ny famadibadihana sy ny famakivakiana ny nofon-tany mba hanaraha-maso ny fitomboan' ny ahi-dratsy, hampitsaharana ny hamafin' ny nofon-tany vokatry ny [[orana]], ary mba hitazonana ny hamandoan' ny tany. Tsy maintsy manao izay hahazoan' ny voly sakamalao fanondrahana fanampiny ny tantsaha raha kely ny orana. Any India dia tsy maintsy manondraka ny voly sakamalao amin' ny tari-drano ny tantsaha isaky ny tapa-bolana farafahakeliny eo anelanelan' ny volana Septambra sy Nôvambra (rehefa tapitra ny Varatraza) mba hahazoana vokatra betsaka sy tsara indrindra.

Ny fangadiana no dingana farany amin' ny fambolena sakamalao. Raha ambolena hahazoana vokatra toy ny [[legioma]] sy [[zavapisotro]] ary [[vatomamy]] ny rizôma, dia tokony hatao eo anelanelan' ny efatra sy dimy volana ny fangadiana, fa raha ambolena hahazoana vokatra toy ny sakamalao maina na menaka sakamalao ny rizôma, dia tsy maintsy atao valo ka hatramin' ny folo volana aorian' ny fambolena ny  fijinjana.

Anisan' ny malaza indrindra eo amin' ny varotra ny sakamalao maina. Hadina ny rizôma hatao sakamalao maina rehefa matoy tsara (8 hatramin' ny 10 volana). Rehefa avy nalona tamin' ny rano izy ireo dia kikisana amin' ny vakim-bolontsangana na amin' ny antsy hazo ny hodiny ivelany, satria sarotra ny fanaovana izany amin' ny milina. Potipotehina eny amin' ny foibe fanjifana ny rizôma maina. Tsy mila fikarakarana be loatra aorian' ny fihadiana ny sakamalao vaovao, ary hadina izy raha mbola tanora.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fampiasana amin' ny sakafo ===
[[Sary:Ingwer 2 (fcm).jpg|vignette|Sakamalao|250x250px]]Ampiasaina amin' ny sakafo ny sakamalao mba hanomezana fofona na tsiro masiatsiaka azy.

=== Fampiasana amin' ny fahasalamana sy fitsaboana ===
Zavamaniry fanao fanafody efa nodinihina sy ampiasaina ao amin' ny fomban-drazana isan-karazany (''Ayurveda'', sinoa, afrikana sns) ny sakamalao na sakaviro na sakarivo. Mifototra amin' ny [[Taranja (taova)|taranjany]] (na rizôma) ny fampiasana azy amin' ny fitsaboana, ary ny ampahany hafa dia azo ampiasaina koa&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://dubocalalassiette.fr/blog/complement-alimentaire-gingembre/ Les Bienfaits du Gingembre : Un Complément Alimentaire aux Multiples Vertus]&quot;, ''dubocalalassiette.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Fanampiana amin' ny fandevonan-kanina ====
Ampiasaina ny sakamalao mba hisorohana ny [[maloiloy]] maraina, ny [[Fandoavana (fahasalamana)|fandoavana]] vokatry ny tsy fahazakana fandehana-davitra anaty fitaovam-pitaterana&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://medizinonline.com/fr/aide-en-haute-mer/ Gingembre]&quot;, ''medizinonline.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://leo-desilets.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GINGEMBRE-FR-SC-copie.pdf Gingembre]&quot;, ''leo-desilets.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, vokatry ny simiôterapia&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://minerva-ebp.be/FR/Article/2411 La racine de gingembre comme adjuvant contre les nausées et les vomissements provoqués par une chimiothérapie ?]&quot;, ''minerva-ebp.be''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/sante/cancer/du-gingembre-contre-les-nausees-provoquees-par-la-chimiotherapie_30749 Du gingembre contre les nausées provoquées par la chimiothérapie]&quot;, ''www.sciencesetavenir.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; na vokatry ny [[fitondrana vohoka]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.aroma-zone.com/page/gingembre-nausees-grossesse-efficacite-etudes Grossesse &amp; nausées : le gingembre est-il vraiment efficace ? On connaît enfin la réponse !]&quot;, ''www.aroma-zone.com,'' 2024&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.doctissimo.fr/grossesse/alimentation-et-grossesse/enceinte-puis-je-consommer-du-gingembre/237784_ar.html Enceinte, puis-je consommer du gingembre ?]&quot;, ''www.doctissimo.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4755649/ Le gingembre contre la nausée et les vomissements de la grossesse]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Miasa amin' ny [[fitaovam-pandevonan-kanina]] ([[vavony]] sy [[tsinay]]) sy ny [[rafi-pitatitra]] foibe ny singa tena miasa ao aminy ([[jinjerôla]] sy [[sôgaôla]] indrindraindrindra&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212429225009848 6-Gingerol and 6-shogaol attenuate chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting via ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction and pyroptosis through JNK/MFF signaling pathway]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9739555/ Effects of Ginger Intake on Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;), mba hampihenana ny fahatsapana maloiloy. Mampiroborobo ny famokarana ranoka fandevonan-kanina izy io, manamaivana ny fivozihi-kibo vokatry ny rivotra, ary afaka manatsara ny hetsiky ny tsinay.

==== Mampihena fanaintainana ====
Misy fiantraikany manohitra ny mamaivay noho ny fisian' ny [[jinjerôla]] sy [[paradôla]] ny sakamalao. Ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana ny sakarivo mba hanamaivanana ny fanaintainan' ny tonon-taolana sy ny hozatra (aretin' ny tonon-taolana sy [[rohana]]) sy hanamaivana koa ny fanaintainan' ny fadimbolana.

==== Fahasalaman' ny fo sy ny fiasan' ny sela ====
Milaza ny fikarohana sasany fa ny sakamalao dia mety manampy amin' ny fampihenana ny kôlesterôla sy manatsara ny fikorianan' ny ra ary manampy amin' ny fifehezana ny siramamy ao amin' ny ra. Ampiasaina amin' ny fermakôpea nentim-paharazana sasany izy io mba hisorohana ny fiakaran' ny [[Tosi-dra|tosidra]] na hanentanana fiasan' ny [[fo]].

==== Mamono mikrôba sy manentana ny hery fiarovana ====
Ny sakamalao dia nampiseho fiasa manohitra ny [[bakteria]] sy ny [[holatra bitika]] maromaro, ka mahatonga azy io ho fanafody nentim-paharazana amin' ny aretin' ny vavony sy ny tsinay na amin' ny aretin' ny [[taovam-pisefoana]]. Ampiasaina koa izy io mba hanamafisana ny [[Hery fiarovana (fahasalamana)|hery fiarovana]], matetika alona anaty rano na tanehina.

==== Fampiasana nentim-paharazana hafa ====
Manala ny [[kohaka]] sy ny fahatsentseman' ny lalan-drivotra, matetika ampiarahina amin' ny zavamaniry hafa toy ny [[voasarimakirana]] na zavatra hafa toy ny [[tantely]]. Amin' ny farmakôpea malagasy, ny sakamalao dia ampiasaina indraindray mba hanentana ny fampitomboana ny hery sy hampihenana ny havizanana. Anamboarana [[fesana]] koa ny sakamalao mba hanamaivanana ny fanaintainan' ny hozatra na ny mamaivay amin' ny faritra kely amin' ny vatana.

==== Fomba fikarakarana ====
Tanehina na alona ny taranjan' ny sakamalao na maina. Tsakoina ny silaka sakamalao vaovao. Azo ampiasaina koany vovoka sakamalao. Ao koa  ny menaka manitra izay ahosotra amin' ny hoditra na fohina.

== Kolontsaina ==

=== Kolontsaina malagasy ===

==== Ohabolana ====

* Sakamalao sy [[havozo]], ka samy mitondra ny hanitra ho azy.
* Sakamalao tsy mba varotra. 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Zingiber]]''
* ''[[Zingiber zerumbet]]'' ([[Sakarivondambo]])
* ''[[Zingiber mioga]]''
* ''[[Zingiber spectabile]]''

* [[Dipoavatra (maniry)|Dipoavatra]]
* [[Sakay (fanao sakafo)|Sakay]]
* [[Sakaibe]]
* [[Tamotamo]]
* [[Tongolo]]
* [[Tongologasy]]
* [[Voatabia]]
* [[Lingoza]]

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
'''Fahasalamana sy fitsaboana'''

* Singh, G., Maurya, S., de Lampasona, M. P., &amp; Catalan, C. (2008). ''Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Zingiber officinale''. Food and Chemical Toxicology.
* Ali, B. H., Blunden, G., Tanira, M. O., &amp; Nemmar, A. (2008). ''Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research''. Food and Chemical Toxicology.
* WHO, 2013. ''WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants – Volume 2: Zingiber officinale''.
* Pharmacopée traditionnelle malgache, Volume 1, Madagascar Ministry of Health.

== Loharano ==
[[Sokajy:Fambolena]]
[[Sokajy:Zavamaniry]]</text>
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      <id>1134511</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-07T12:29:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nandamina sary</comment>
      <origin>1134511</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="12516" sha1="e3t1u98y36oy9z6qsyqf81kh9c6w561" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Zingiber officinale 230935597.jpg|vignette|424x424px|Sakamalao (''Zingiber officinale'')]]
Ny '''sakamalao''' na '''sakarivo''' na '''sakaviro''' na '''sakaitany''' dia [[zavamaniry]] mamony, tokan-dravin-tsimoka, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Zingiberaceae]]''. Ny anarany ara-tsiansa dia '''''Zingiber officinale'''.'' Manana taho milevina, atao hoe [[Taranja (taova)|taranja]] (na rizôma), izay mitondra ny anaran' ilay zavamaniry ihany koa, fampiasan' ny olona amin' ny sakafo mba hahazoana tsiro mafanafana sy atao fanafody. Ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Zingiberaceae'' koa ny [[tamotamo]] (''Curcuma longa''), ny kardamôma (''Elettaria cardamomum''), ary galanga (''Alpinia galanga'', ''Alpinia officinarum'', ''Boesenbergia rotunda'', ''Kaempferia galanga'').

Zavamaniry ahitra, maniry isan-taona izy io, ka ny foto-draviny mihorona mitambatra no toa tahony, izay mahatratra eo amin' ny iray metatra ny haavony, mitondra ravina somary ety. Mitondra voniny manana felana mavo hatsatra sy sisim-bony volomparasy ny [[Vondrombony|vondromboniny]] izay mipoitra mivantana avy amin' ny taranjany eo amin' ny tsimo-drantsana misaraka.


Avy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] an-dranomasina (amin' ny faritry ny [[zana-pehintany]]) ny sakaviro na sakarivo, ary azo inoana fa ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrôneziana]] no namboly azy voalohany. Nentin' izy ireo namakivaky an' i [[Indô-Pasifika]] ity karazan-javamaniry ity nandritra ny [[fielezan' ny Aostrôneziana]] (5&amp;nbsp;000 taona lasa tany ho any), ka tonga hatrany [[Hawaii]]. Anisan' ny zava-manitra voalohany naondrana avy any Azia ny sakamalao, ka tonga tany [[Eorôpa]] niaraka amin' ny [[varotra zava-manitra]], ary nampiasain' ny [[Grisia Taloha|Grika]] sy [[Rôma Taloha|Rômana]] tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha]]. Antsoina matetika hoe sakaintanidia, ny zavamaniry dikôtiledôna mifandray lavitra aminy ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Asarum]]'', noho ny tsirony mitovitovy.[[Sary:ഇഞ്ചിപ്പൂവ്.JPG|vignette|Vonin-tsakamalao]]Nampiasaina tamin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] tany [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] sy tany [[India]] ary tany [[Japàna|Japana]] nandritra ny taonjato maro ny sakaviro, ary nampiasaina ho fanampin-tsakafo. Tsy misy ny porofo azo antoka amin' ny filazana fa manampy amin' ny fampihenana ny maloiloy sy fandoavana mifandray amin' ny fitondrana vohoka na amin' ny simiôterapia ny sakaviro. Mbola tsy azo antoka raha mahomby amin' ny fitsaboana aretina ny sakaviro, ary tsy nankatoavin' ny &lt;u&gt;Food and Drug Administration&lt;/u&gt; (FDA) ny fampiasana ny sakaviro ho fanafody.

Tamin' ny taona 2020 dia nahatratra 4,3 tapitrisa taonina ny famokarana sakaviro eran-tany, ka i [[India]], izay miantoka ny 43&amp;nbsp;% amin' ny fitambaran' ny famokarana eran-tany, no mitarika amin' izany.

== Fambolena sakamalao ==
[[Sary:Gingembre (marché de Bergerac).jpg|vignette|Sakamalao]]Tena ilaina amin' ny famokarana sakamalao ny haben' ny [[Taranja (taova)|taranja]] na [[rizôma]] na taranja. Arakaraky ny halehiben' ny taranja no maha haingana ny famokarana ny sakamalao sy ahafahana mivarotra azy  haingana eny an-tsena. Alohan' ny hambolena ny rizôma dia tsy maintsy mikarakara ny masomboly ny mpamboly mba hisorohana ny [[bibikely mpanimba]], sy ny fahalovan' ny rizôma, ary ny aretina hafa mety hafindran' ilay masomboly. Misy fomba isan-karazany ataon' ny Indiana amin' ny fikarakarana masomboly dia ny fandomana ny azy ireo amin' ny fangaron-dranoka misy [[tain' omby]], ny fanetrohana ny masomboly alohan' ny fitahirizana azy, ary ny fikarakarana azy amin' ny rano mafana.[[Sary:Ginger farm.jpg|vignette|Fambolena sakamalao]]Rehefa voakarakara tsara ny masomboly dia tsy maintsy atao vadi-bainga tsara ny tany hambolena azy mba hanorotoroana ny [[nofon-tany]]. Aorian' ny vadi-bainga (in-3 na in-4 na in-5 fara fahakeliny), dia atao mielanelana 18 hatramin' ny 24 m ny lalan-drano hanondrahana ny voly.

Ny fambolena ny rizôma masomboly no dingana manaraka. Any [[India]] dia matetika atao eo anelanelan' ny volana Marsa sy Jona ny ny fambolena sakamalao tondrahina amin' ny fitarihan-drano, satria ireo volana ireo no anombohan' ny [[Varatraza]], na ny vanin-taonan' ny orana. Rehefa vita ny fambolena ny masomboly dia manohy manisy lafika bozaka eo amin' ny voly ny tantsaha mba hitehirizana ny [[hamandoana]] sy hifehezana ny fitomboan' ny [[ahi-dratsy]] ary koa mba hitehirizana ny nofon-tany. Atao ny fametrahana lafika bozaka (ravina maitso ohatra) eo amin' ny sori-boly na talahaka raha vao vita ny fambolena ny masomboly ary averina izany rehefa afaka 45 sy 90 andro aorian' ny fiandohan' ny fitomboana. Aorian' ny fandafihana bozaka dia tonga ny famadibadihana sy ny famakivakiana ny nofon-tany mba hanaraha-maso ny fitomboan' ny ahi-dratsy, hampitsaharana ny hamafin' ny nofon-tany vokatry ny [[orana]], ary mba hitazonana ny hamandoan' ny tany. Tsy maintsy manao izay hahazoan' ny voly sakamalao fanondrahana fanampiny ny tantsaha raha kely ny orana. Any India dia tsy maintsy manondraka ny voly sakamalao amin' ny tari-drano ny tantsaha isaky ny tapa-bolana farafahakeliny eo anelanelan' ny volana Septambra sy Nôvambra (rehefa tapitra ny Varatraza) mba hahazoana vokatra betsaka sy tsara indrindra.

Ny fangadiana no dingana farany amin' ny fambolena sakamalao. Raha ambolena hahazoana vokatra toy ny [[legioma]] sy [[zavapisotro]] ary [[vatomamy]] ny rizôma, dia tokony hatao eo anelanelan' ny efatra sy dimy volana ny fangadiana, fa raha ambolena hahazoana vokatra toy ny sakamalao maina na menaka sakamalao ny rizôma, dia tsy maintsy atao valo ka hatramin' ny folo volana aorian' ny fambolena ny  fijinjana.

Anisan' ny malaza indrindra eo amin' ny varotra ny sakamalao maina. Hadina ny rizôma hatao sakamalao maina rehefa matoy tsara (8 hatramin' ny 10 volana). Rehefa avy nalona tamin' ny rano izy ireo dia kikisana amin' ny vakim-bolontsangana na amin' ny antsy hazo ny hodiny ivelany, satria sarotra ny fanaovana izany amin' ny milina. Potipotehina eny amin' ny foibe fanjifana ny rizôma maina. Tsy mila fikarakarana be loatra aorian' ny fihadiana ny sakamalao vaovao, ary hadina izy raha mbola tanora.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fampiasana amin' ny sakafo ===
[[Sary:Ingwer 2 (fcm).jpg|vignette|Sakamalao|250x250px]]Ampiasaina amin' ny sakafo ny sakamalao mba hanomezana fofona na tsiro masiatsiaka azy.

=== Fampiasana amin' ny fahasalamana sy fitsaboana ===
Zavamaniry fanao fanafody efa nodinihina sy ampiasaina ao amin' ny fomban-drazana isan-karazany (''Ayurveda'', sinoa, afrikana sns) ny sakamalao na sakaviro na sakarivo. Mifototra amin' ny [[Taranja (taova)|taranjany]] (na rizôma) ny fampiasana azy amin' ny fitsaboana, ary ny ampahany hafa dia azo ampiasaina koa&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://dubocalalassiette.fr/blog/complement-alimentaire-gingembre/ Les Bienfaits du Gingembre : Un Complément Alimentaire aux Multiples Vertus]&quot;, ''dubocalalassiette.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Fanampiana amin' ny fandevonan-kanina ====
Ampiasaina ny sakamalao mba hisorohana ny [[maloiloy]] maraina, ny [[Fandoavana (fahasalamana)|fandoavana]] vokatry ny tsy fahazakana fandehana-davitra anaty fitaovam-pitaterana&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://medizinonline.com/fr/aide-en-haute-mer/ Gingembre]&quot;, ''medizinonline.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://leo-desilets.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GINGEMBRE-FR-SC-copie.pdf Gingembre]&quot;, ''leo-desilets.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, vokatry ny simiôterapia&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://minerva-ebp.be/FR/Article/2411 La racine de gingembre comme adjuvant contre les nausées et les vomissements provoqués par une chimiothérapie ?]&quot;, ''minerva-ebp.be''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/sante/cancer/du-gingembre-contre-les-nausees-provoquees-par-la-chimiotherapie_30749 Du gingembre contre les nausées provoquées par la chimiothérapie]&quot;, ''www.sciencesetavenir.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; na vokatry ny [[fitondrana vohoka]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.aroma-zone.com/page/gingembre-nausees-grossesse-efficacite-etudes Grossesse &amp; nausées : le gingembre est-il vraiment efficace ? On connaît enfin la réponse !]&quot;, ''www.aroma-zone.com,'' 2024&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.doctissimo.fr/grossesse/alimentation-et-grossesse/enceinte-puis-je-consommer-du-gingembre/237784_ar.html Enceinte, puis-je consommer du gingembre ?]&quot;, ''www.doctissimo.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4755649/ Le gingembre contre la nausée et les vomissements de la grossesse]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Miasa amin' ny [[fitaovam-pandevonan-kanina]] ([[vavony]] sy [[tsinay]]) sy ny [[rafi-pitatitra]] foibe ny singa tena miasa ao aminy ([[jinjerôla]] sy [[sôgaôla]] indrindraindrindra&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212429225009848 6-Gingerol and 6-shogaol attenuate chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting via ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction and pyroptosis through JNK/MFF signaling pathway]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9739555/ Effects of Ginger Intake on Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;), mba hampihenana ny fahatsapana maloiloy. Mampiroborobo ny famokarana ranoka fandevonan-kanina izy io, manamaivana ny fivozihi-kibo vokatry ny rivotra, ary afaka manatsara ny hetsiky ny tsinay.

==== Mampihena fanaintainana ====
Misy fiantraikany manohitra ny mamaivay noho ny fisian' ny [[jinjerôla]] sy [[paradôla]] ny sakamalao. Ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana ny sakarivo mba hanamaivanana ny fanaintainan' ny tonon-taolana sy ny hozatra (aretin' ny tonon-taolana sy [[rohana]]) sy hanamaivana koa ny fanaintainan' ny fadimbolana.

==== Fahasalaman' ny fo sy ny fiasan' ny sela ====
Milaza ny fikarohana sasany fa ny sakamalao dia mety manampy amin' ny fampihenana ny kôlesterôla sy manatsara ny fikorianan' ny ra ary manampy amin' ny fifehezana ny siramamy ao amin' ny ra. Ampiasaina amin' ny fermakôpea nentim-paharazana sasany izy io mba hisorohana ny fiakaran' ny [[Tosi-dra|tosidra]] na hanentanana fiasan' ny [[fo]].

==== Mamono mikrôba sy manentana ny hery fiarovana ====
Ny sakamalao dia nampiseho fiasa manohitra ny [[bakteria]] sy ny [[holatra bitika]] maromaro, ka mahatonga azy io ho fanafody nentim-paharazana amin' ny aretin' ny vavony sy ny tsinay na amin' ny aretin' ny [[taovam-pisefoana]]. Ampiasaina koa izy io mba hanamafisana ny [[Hery fiarovana (fahasalamana)|hery fiarovana]], matetika alona anaty rano na tanehina.

==== Fampiasana nentim-paharazana hafa ====
Manala ny [[kohaka]] sy ny fahatsentseman' ny lalan-drivotra, matetika ampiarahina amin' ny zavamaniry hafa toy ny [[voasarimakirana]] na zavatra hafa toy ny [[tantely]]. Amin' ny farmakôpea malagasy, ny sakamalao dia ampiasaina indraindray mba hanentana ny fampitomboana ny hery sy hampihenana ny havizanana. Anamboarana [[fesana]] koa ny sakamalao mba hanamaivanana ny fanaintainan' ny hozatra na ny mamaivay amin' ny faritra kely amin' ny vatana.

==== Fomba fikarakarana ====
Tanehina na alona ny taranjan' ny sakamalao na maina. Tsakoina ny silaka sakamalao vaovao. Azo ampiasaina koany vovoka sakamalao. Ao koa  ny menaka manitra izay ahosotra amin' ny hoditra na fohina.

== Kolontsaina ==

=== Kolontsaina malagasy ===

==== Ohabolana ====

* Sakamalao sy [[havozo]], ka samy mitondra ny hanitra ho azy.
* Sakamalao tsy mba varotra. 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Zingiber]]''
* ''[[Zingiber zerumbet]]'' ([[Sakarivondambo]])
* ''[[Zingiber mioga]]''
* ''[[Zingiber spectabile]]''

* [[Dipoavatra (maniry)|Dipoavatra]]
* [[Sakay (fanao sakafo)|Sakay]]
* [[Sakaibe]]
* [[Tamotamo]]
* [[Tongolo]]
* [[Tongologasy]]
* [[Voatabia]]
* [[Lingoza]]

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
'''Fahasalamana sy fitsaboana'''

* Singh, G., Maurya, S., de Lampasona, M. P., &amp; Catalan, C. (2008). ''Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Zingiber officinale''. Food and Chemical Toxicology.
* Ali, B. H., Blunden, G., Tanira, M. O., &amp; Nemmar, A. (2008). ''Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research''. Food and Chemical Toxicology.
* WHO, 2013. ''WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants – Volume 2: Zingiber officinale''.
* Pharmacopée traditionnelle malgache, Volume 1, Madagascar Ministry of Health.

== Loharano ==
[[Sokajy:Fambolena]]
[[Sokajy:Zavamaniry]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12517" sha1="53tzirhk9bbkn4op6mwmya6mhw5ne2s" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Zingiber officinale 230935597.jpg|vignette|424x424px|Sakamalao (''Zingiber officinale'')]]
Ny '''sakamalao''' na '''sakarivo''' na '''sakaviro''' na '''sakaitany''' dia [[zavamaniry]] mamony, tokan-dravin-tsimoka, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Zingiberaceae]]''. Ny anarany ara-tsiansa dia '''''Zingiber officinale'''.'' Manana taho milevina, atao hoe [[Taranja (taova)|taranja]] (na rizôma), izay mitondra ny anaran' ilay zavamaniry ihany koa, fampiasan' ny olona amin' ny sakafo mba hahazoana tsiro mafanafana sy atao fanafody. Ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Zingiberaceae'' koa ny [[tamotamo]] (''Curcuma longa''), ny kardamôma (''Elettaria cardamomum''), ary galanga (''Alpinia galanga'', ''Alpinia officinarum'', ''Boesenbergia rotunda'', ''Kaempferia galanga'').

Zavamaniry ahitra, maniry isan-taona izy io, ka ny foto-draviny mihorona mitambatra no toa tahony, izay mahatratra eo amin' ny iray metatra ny haavony, mitondra ravina somary ety. Mitondra voniny manana felana mavo hatsatra sy sisim-bony volomparasy ny [[Vondrombony|vondromboniny]] izay mipoitra mivantana avy amin' ny taranjany eo amin' ny tsimo-drantsana misaraka.


Avy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] an-dranomasina (amin' ny faritry ny [[zana-pehintany]]) ny sakaviro na sakarivo, ary azo inoana fa ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrôneziana]] no namboly azy voalohany. Nentin' izy ireo namakivaky an' i [[Indô-Pasifika]] ity karazan-javamaniry ity nandritra ny [[fielezan' ny Aostrôneziana]] (5&amp;nbsp;000 taona lasa tany ho any), ka tonga hatrany [[Hawaii]]. Anisan' ny zava-manitra voalohany naondrana avy any Azia ny sakamalao, ka tonga tany [[Eorôpa]] niaraka amin' ny [[varotra zava-manitra]], ary nampiasain' ny [[Grisia Taloha|Grika]] sy [[Rôma Taloha|Rômana]] tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha]]. Antsoina matetika hoe sakaintanidia, ny zavamaniry dikôtiledôna mifandray lavitra aminy ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Asarum]]'', noho ny tsirony mitovitovy.

Nampiasaina tamin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] tany [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] sy tany [[India]] ary tany [[Japàna|Japana]] nandritra ny taonjato maro ny sakaviro, ary nampiasaina ho fanampin-tsakafo. Tsy misy ny porofo azo antoka amin' ny filazana fa manampy amin' ny fampihenana ny maloiloy sy fandoavana mifandray amin' ny fitondrana vohoka na amin' ny simiôterapia ny sakaviro. Mbola tsy azo antoka raha mahomby amin' ny fitsaboana aretina ny sakaviro, ary tsy nankatoavin' ny &lt;u&gt;Food and Drug Administration&lt;/u&gt; (FDA) ny fampiasana ny sakaviro ho fanafody.

Tamin' ny taona 2020 dia nahatratra 4,3 tapitrisa taonina ny famokarana sakaviro eran-tany, ka i [[India]], izay miantoka ny 43&amp;nbsp;% amin' ny fitambaran' ny famokarana eran-tany, no mitarika amin' izany.

== Fambolena sakamalao ==
[[Sary:Gingembre (marché de Bergerac).jpg|vignette|Sakamalao]]Tena ilaina amin' ny famokarana sakamalao ny haben' ny [[Taranja (taova)|taranja]] na [[rizôma]] na taranja. Arakaraky ny halehiben' ny taranja no maha haingana ny famokarana ny sakamalao sy ahafahana mivarotra azy  haingana eny an-tsena. Alohan' ny hambolena ny rizôma dia tsy maintsy mikarakara ny masomboly ny mpamboly mba hisorohana ny [[bibikely mpanimba]], sy ny fahalovan' ny rizôma, ary ny aretina hafa mety hafindran' ilay masomboly. Misy fomba isan-karazany ataon' ny Indiana amin' ny fikarakarana masomboly dia ny fandomana ny azy ireo amin' ny fangaron-dranoka misy [[tain' omby]], ny fanetrohana ny masomboly alohan' ny fitahirizana azy, ary ny fikarakarana azy amin' ny rano mafana.[[Sary:Ginger farm.jpg|vignette|Fambolena sakamalao]]Rehefa voakarakara tsara ny masomboly dia tsy maintsy atao vadi-bainga tsara ny tany hambolena azy mba hanorotoroana ny [[nofon-tany]]. Aorian' ny vadi-bainga (in-3 na in-4 na in-5 fara fahakeliny), dia atao mielanelana 18 hatramin' ny 24 m ny lalan-drano hanondrahana ny voly.

Ny fambolena ny rizôma masomboly no dingana manaraka. Any [[India]] dia matetika atao eo anelanelan' ny volana Marsa sy Jona ny ny fambolena sakamalao tondrahina amin' ny fitarihan-drano, satria ireo volana ireo no anombohan' ny [[Varatraza]], na ny vanin-taonan' ny orana. Rehefa vita ny fambolena ny masomboly dia manohy manisy lafika bozaka eo amin' ny voly ny tantsaha mba hitehirizana ny [[hamandoana]] sy hifehezana ny fitomboan' ny [[ahi-dratsy]] ary koa mba hitehirizana ny nofon-tany. Atao ny fametrahana lafika bozaka (ravina maitso ohatra) eo amin' ny sori-boly na talahaka raha vao vita ny fambolena ny masomboly ary averina izany rehefa afaka 45 sy 90 andro aorian' ny fiandohan' ny fitomboana. Aorian' ny fandafihana bozaka dia tonga ny famadibadihana sy ny famakivakiana ny nofon-tany mba hanaraha-maso ny fitomboan' ny ahi-dratsy, hampitsaharana ny hamafin' ny nofon-tany vokatry ny [[orana]], ary mba hitazonana ny hamandoan' ny tany. Tsy maintsy manao izay hahazoan' ny voly sakamalao fanondrahana fanampiny ny tantsaha raha kely ny orana. Any India dia tsy maintsy manondraka ny voly sakamalao amin' ny tari-drano ny tantsaha isaky ny tapa-bolana farafahakeliny eo anelanelan' ny volana Septambra sy Nôvambra (rehefa tapitra ny Varatraza) mba hahazoana vokatra betsaka sy tsara indrindra.

Ny fangadiana no dingana farany amin' ny fambolena sakamalao. Raha ambolena hahazoana vokatra toy ny [[legioma]] sy [[zavapisotro]] ary [[vatomamy]] ny rizôma, dia tokony hatao eo anelanelan' ny efatra sy dimy volana ny fangadiana, fa raha ambolena hahazoana vokatra toy ny sakamalao maina na menaka sakamalao ny rizôma, dia tsy maintsy atao valo ka hatramin' ny folo volana aorian' ny fambolena ny  fijinjana.

Anisan' ny malaza indrindra eo amin' ny varotra ny sakamalao maina. Hadina ny rizôma hatao sakamalao maina rehefa matoy tsara (8 hatramin' ny 10 volana). Rehefa avy nalona tamin' ny rano izy ireo dia kikisana amin' ny vakim-bolontsangana na amin' ny antsy hazo ny hodiny ivelany, satria sarotra ny fanaovana izany amin' ny milina. Potipotehina eny amin' ny foibe fanjifana ny rizôma maina. Tsy mila fikarakarana be loatra aorian' ny fihadiana ny sakamalao vaovao, ary hadina izy raha mbola tanora.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fampiasana amin' ny sakafo ===
[[Sary:Ingwer 2 (fcm).jpg|vignette|Sakamalao|250x250px]][[Sary:ഇഞ്ചിപ്പൂവ്.JPG|vignette|Vonin-tsakamalao]]Ampiasaina amin' ny sakafo ny sakamalao mba hanomezana fofona na tsiro masiatsiaka azy.

=== Fampiasana amin' ny fahasalamana sy fitsaboana ===
Zavamaniry fanao fanafody efa nodinihina sy ampiasaina ao amin' ny fomban-drazana isan-karazany (''Ayurveda'', sinoa, afrikana sns) ny sakamalao na sakaviro na sakarivo. Mifototra amin' ny [[Taranja (taova)|taranjany]] (na rizôma) ny fampiasana azy amin' ny fitsaboana, ary ny ampahany hafa dia azo ampiasaina koa&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://dubocalalassiette.fr/blog/complement-alimentaire-gingembre/ Les Bienfaits du Gingembre : Un Complément Alimentaire aux Multiples Vertus]&quot;, ''dubocalalassiette.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Fanampiana amin' ny fandevonan-kanina ====
Ampiasaina ny sakamalao mba hisorohana ny [[maloiloy]] maraina, ny [[Fandoavana (fahasalamana)|fandoavana]] vokatry ny tsy fahazakana fandehana-davitra anaty fitaovam-pitaterana&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://medizinonline.com/fr/aide-en-haute-mer/ Gingembre]&quot;, ''medizinonline.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://leo-desilets.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GINGEMBRE-FR-SC-copie.pdf Gingembre]&quot;, ''leo-desilets.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, vokatry ny simiôterapia&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://minerva-ebp.be/FR/Article/2411 La racine de gingembre comme adjuvant contre les nausées et les vomissements provoqués par une chimiothérapie ?]&quot;, ''minerva-ebp.be''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/sante/cancer/du-gingembre-contre-les-nausees-provoquees-par-la-chimiotherapie_30749 Du gingembre contre les nausées provoquées par la chimiothérapie]&quot;, ''www.sciencesetavenir.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; na vokatry ny [[fitondrana vohoka]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.aroma-zone.com/page/gingembre-nausees-grossesse-efficacite-etudes Grossesse &amp; nausées : le gingembre est-il vraiment efficace ? On connaît enfin la réponse !]&quot;, ''www.aroma-zone.com,'' 2024&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.doctissimo.fr/grossesse/alimentation-et-grossesse/enceinte-puis-je-consommer-du-gingembre/237784_ar.html Enceinte, puis-je consommer du gingembre ?]&quot;, ''www.doctissimo.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4755649/ Le gingembre contre la nausée et les vomissements de la grossesse]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Miasa amin' ny [[fitaovam-pandevonan-kanina]] ([[vavony]] sy [[tsinay]]) sy ny [[rafi-pitatitra]] foibe ny singa tena miasa ao aminy ([[jinjerôla]] sy [[sôgaôla]] indrindraindrindra&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212429225009848 6-Gingerol and 6-shogaol attenuate chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting via ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction and pyroptosis through JNK/MFF signaling pathway]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9739555/ Effects of Ginger Intake on Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;), mba hampihenana ny fahatsapana maloiloy. Mampiroborobo ny famokarana ranoka fandevonan-kanina izy io, manamaivana ny fivozihi-kibo vokatry ny rivotra, ary afaka manatsara ny hetsiky ny tsinay.

==== Mampihena fanaintainana ====
Misy fiantraikany manohitra ny mamaivay noho ny fisian' ny [[jinjerôla]] sy [[paradôla]] ny sakamalao. Ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana ny sakarivo mba hanamaivanana ny fanaintainan' ny tonon-taolana sy ny hozatra (aretin' ny tonon-taolana sy [[rohana]]) sy hanamaivana koa ny fanaintainan' ny fadimbolana.

==== Fahasalaman' ny fo sy ny fiasan' ny sela ====
Milaza ny fikarohana sasany fa ny sakamalao dia mety manampy amin' ny fampihenana ny kôlesterôla sy manatsara ny fikorianan' ny ra ary manampy amin' ny fifehezana ny siramamy ao amin' ny ra. Ampiasaina amin' ny fermakôpea nentim-paharazana sasany izy io mba hisorohana ny fiakaran' ny [[Tosi-dra|tosidra]] na hanentanana fiasan' ny [[fo]].

==== Mamono mikrôba sy manentana ny hery fiarovana ====
Ny sakamalao dia nampiseho fiasa manohitra ny [[bakteria]] sy ny [[holatra bitika]] maromaro, ka mahatonga azy io ho fanafody nentim-paharazana amin' ny aretin' ny vavony sy ny tsinay na amin' ny aretin' ny [[taovam-pisefoana]]. Ampiasaina koa izy io mba hanamafisana ny [[Hery fiarovana (fahasalamana)|hery fiarovana]], matetika alona anaty rano na tanehina.

==== Fampiasana nentim-paharazana hafa ====
Manala ny [[kohaka]] sy ny fahatsentseman' ny lalan-drivotra, matetika ampiarahina amin' ny zavamaniry hafa toy ny [[voasarimakirana]] na zavatra hafa toy ny [[tantely]]. Amin' ny farmakôpea malagasy, ny sakamalao dia ampiasaina indraindray mba hanentana ny fampitomboana ny hery sy hampihenana ny havizanana. Anamboarana [[fesana]] koa ny sakamalao mba hanamaivanana ny fanaintainan' ny hozatra na ny mamaivay amin' ny faritra kely amin' ny vatana.

==== Fomba fikarakarana ====
Tanehina na alona ny taranjan' ny sakamalao na maina. Tsakoina ny silaka sakamalao vaovao. Azo ampiasaina koany vovoka sakamalao. Ao koa  ny menaka manitra izay ahosotra amin' ny hoditra na fohina.

== Kolontsaina ==

=== Kolontsaina malagasy ===

==== Ohabolana ====

* Sakamalao sy [[havozo]], ka samy mitondra ny hanitra ho azy.
* Sakamalao tsy mba varotra. 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Zingiber]]''
* ''[[Zingiber zerumbet]]'' ([[Sakarivondambo]])
* ''[[Zingiber mioga]]''
* ''[[Zingiber spectabile]]''

* [[Dipoavatra (maniry)|Dipoavatra]]
* [[Sakay (fanao sakafo)|Sakay]]
* [[Sakaibe]]
* [[Tamotamo]]
* [[Tongolo]]
* [[Tongologasy]]
* [[Voatabia]]
* [[Lingoza]]

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
'''Fahasalamana sy fitsaboana'''

* Singh, G., Maurya, S., de Lampasona, M. P., &amp; Catalan, C. (2008). ''Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Zingiber officinale''. Food and Chemical Toxicology.
* Ali, B. H., Blunden, G., Tanira, M. O., &amp; Nemmar, A. (2008). ''Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research''. Food and Chemical Toxicology.
* WHO, 2013. ''WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants – Volume 2: Zingiber officinale''.
* Pharmacopée traditionnelle malgache, Volume 1, Madagascar Ministry of Health.

== Loharano ==
[[Sokajy:Fambolena]]
[[Sokajy:Zavamaniry]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12521" sha1="mj6ijc7mytl3p8zxtkpt9vxt4pl3b3y" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Zingiber officinale 230935597.jpg|vignette|424x424px|Sakamalao (''Zingiber officinale'')]]
Ny '''sakamalao''' na '''sakarivo''' na '''sakaviro''' na '''sakaitany''' dia [[zavamaniry mamony]], [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]], ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Zingiberaceae]]''. Ny anarany ara-tsiansa dia '''''Zingiber officinale'''.'' Manana taho milevina, atao hoe [[Taranja (taova)|taranja]] (na rizôma), izay mitondra ny anaran' ilay zavamaniry ihany koa, fampiasan' ny olona amin' ny sakafo mba hahazoana tsiro mafanafana sy atao fanafody. Ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Zingiberaceae'' koa ny [[tamotamo]] (''Curcuma longa''), ny kardamôma (''Elettaria cardamomum''), ary galanga (''Alpinia galanga'', ''Alpinia officinarum'', ''Boesenbergia rotunda'', ''Kaempferia galanga'').

Zavamaniry ahitra, maniry isan-taona izy io, ka ny foto-draviny mihorona mitambatra no toa tahony, izay mahatratra eo amin' ny iray metatra ny haavony, mitondra ravina somary ety. Mitondra voniny manana felana mavo hatsatra sy sisim-bony volomparasy ny [[Vondrombony|vondromboniny]] izay mipoitra mivantana avy amin' ny taranjany eo amin' ny tsimo-drantsana misaraka.


Avy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] an-dranomasina (amin' ny faritry ny [[zana-pehintany]]) ny sakaviro na sakarivo, ary azo inoana fa ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrôneziana]] no namboly azy voalohany. Nentin' izy ireo namakivaky an' i [[Indô-Pasifika]] ity karazan-javamaniry ity nandritra ny [[fielezan' ny Aostrôneziana]] (5&amp;nbsp;000 taona lasa tany ho any), ka tonga hatrany [[Hawaii]]. Anisan' ny zava-manitra voalohany naondrana avy any Azia ny sakamalao, ka tonga tany [[Eorôpa]] niaraka amin' ny [[varotra zava-manitra]], ary nampiasain' ny [[Grisia Taloha|Grika]] sy [[Rôma Taloha|Rômana]] tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha]]. Antsoina matetika hoe sakaintanidia, ny zavamaniry dikôtiledôna mifandray lavitra aminy ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Asarum]]'', noho ny tsirony mitovitovy.

Nampiasaina tamin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] tany [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] sy tany [[India]] ary tany [[Japàna|Japana]] nandritra ny taonjato maro ny sakaviro, ary nampiasaina ho fanampin-tsakafo. Tsy misy ny porofo azo antoka amin' ny filazana fa manampy amin' ny fampihenana ny maloiloy sy fandoavana mifandray amin' ny fitondrana vohoka na amin' ny simiôterapia ny sakaviro. Mbola tsy azo antoka raha mahomby amin' ny fitsaboana aretina ny sakaviro, ary tsy nankatoavin' ny &lt;u&gt;Food and Drug Administration&lt;/u&gt; (FDA) ny fampiasana ny sakaviro ho fanafody.

Tamin' ny taona 2020 dia nahatratra 4,3 tapitrisa taonina ny famokarana sakaviro eran-tany, ka i [[India]], izay miantoka ny 43&amp;nbsp;% amin' ny fitambaran' ny famokarana eran-tany, no mitarika amin' izany.

== Fambolena sakamalao ==
[[Sary:Gingembre (marché de Bergerac).jpg|vignette|Sakamalao]]Tena ilaina amin' ny famokarana sakamalao ny haben' ny [[Taranja (taova)|taranja]] na [[rizôma]] na taranja. Arakaraky ny halehiben' ny taranja no maha haingana ny famokarana ny sakamalao sy ahafahana mivarotra azy  haingana eny an-tsena. Alohan' ny hambolena ny rizôma dia tsy maintsy mikarakara ny masomboly ny mpamboly mba hisorohana ny [[bibikely mpanimba]], sy ny fahalovan' ny rizôma, ary ny aretina hafa mety hafindran' ilay masomboly. Misy fomba isan-karazany ataon' ny Indiana amin' ny fikarakarana masomboly dia ny fandomana ny azy ireo amin' ny fangaron-dranoka misy [[tain' omby]], ny fanetrohana ny masomboly alohan' ny fitahirizana azy, ary ny fikarakarana azy amin' ny rano mafana.[[Sary:Ginger farm.jpg|vignette|Fambolena sakamalao]]Rehefa voakarakara tsara ny masomboly dia tsy maintsy atao vadi-bainga tsara ny tany hambolena azy mba hanorotoroana ny [[nofon-tany]]. Aorian' ny vadi-bainga (in-3 na in-4 na in-5 fara fahakeliny), dia atao mielanelana 18 hatramin' ny 24 m ny lalan-drano hanondrahana ny voly.

Ny fambolena ny rizôma masomboly no dingana manaraka. Any [[India]] dia matetika atao eo anelanelan' ny volana Marsa sy Jona ny ny fambolena sakamalao tondrahina amin' ny fitarihan-drano, satria ireo volana ireo no anombohan' ny [[Varatraza]], na ny vanin-taonan' ny orana. Rehefa vita ny fambolena ny masomboly dia manohy manisy lafika bozaka eo amin' ny voly ny tantsaha mba hitehirizana ny [[hamandoana]] sy hifehezana ny fitomboan' ny [[ahi-dratsy]] ary koa mba hitehirizana ny nofon-tany. Atao ny fametrahana lafika bozaka (ravina maitso ohatra) eo amin' ny sori-boly na talahaka raha vao vita ny fambolena ny masomboly ary averina izany rehefa afaka 45 sy 90 andro aorian' ny fiandohan' ny fitomboana. Aorian' ny fandafihana bozaka dia tonga ny famadibadihana sy ny famakivakiana ny nofon-tany mba hanaraha-maso ny fitomboan' ny ahi-dratsy, hampitsaharana ny hamafin' ny nofon-tany vokatry ny [[orana]], ary mba hitazonana ny hamandoan' ny tany. Tsy maintsy manao izay hahazoan' ny voly sakamalao fanondrahana fanampiny ny tantsaha raha kely ny orana. Any India dia tsy maintsy manondraka ny voly sakamalao amin' ny tari-drano ny tantsaha isaky ny tapa-bolana farafahakeliny eo anelanelan' ny volana Septambra sy Nôvambra (rehefa tapitra ny Varatraza) mba hahazoana vokatra betsaka sy tsara indrindra.

Ny fangadiana no dingana farany amin' ny fambolena sakamalao. Raha ambolena hahazoana vokatra toy ny [[legioma]] sy [[zavapisotro]] ary [[vatomamy]] ny rizôma, dia tokony hatao eo anelanelan' ny efatra sy dimy volana ny fangadiana, fa raha ambolena hahazoana vokatra toy ny sakamalao maina na menaka sakamalao ny rizôma, dia tsy maintsy atao valo ka hatramin' ny folo volana aorian' ny fambolena ny  fijinjana.

Anisan' ny malaza indrindra eo amin' ny varotra ny sakamalao maina. Hadina ny rizôma hatao sakamalao maina rehefa matoy tsara (8 hatramin' ny 10 volana). Rehefa avy nalona tamin' ny rano izy ireo dia kikisana amin' ny vakim-bolontsangana na amin' ny antsy hazo ny hodiny ivelany, satria sarotra ny fanaovana izany amin' ny milina. Potipotehina eny amin' ny foibe fanjifana ny rizôma maina. Tsy mila fikarakarana be loatra aorian' ny fihadiana ny sakamalao vaovao, ary hadina izy raha mbola tanora.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fampiasana amin' ny sakafo ===
[[Sary:Ingwer 2 (fcm).jpg|vignette|Sakamalao|250x250px]][[Sary:ഇഞ്ചിപ്പൂവ്.JPG|vignette|Vonin-tsakamalao]]Ampiasaina amin' ny sakafo ny sakamalao mba hanomezana fofona na tsiro masiatsiaka azy.

=== Fampiasana amin' ny fahasalamana sy fitsaboana ===
Zavamaniry fanao fanafody efa nodinihina sy ampiasaina ao amin' ny fomban-drazana isan-karazany (''Ayurveda'', sinoa, afrikana sns) ny sakamalao na sakaviro na sakarivo. Mifototra amin' ny [[Taranja (taova)|taranjany]] (na rizôma) ny fampiasana azy amin' ny fitsaboana, ary ny ampahany hafa dia azo ampiasaina koa&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://dubocalalassiette.fr/blog/complement-alimentaire-gingembre/ Les Bienfaits du Gingembre : Un Complément Alimentaire aux Multiples Vertus]&quot;, ''dubocalalassiette.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Fanampiana amin' ny fandevonan-kanina ====
Ampiasaina ny sakamalao mba hisorohana ny [[maloiloy]] maraina, ny [[Fandoavana (fahasalamana)|fandoavana]] vokatry ny tsy fahazakana fandehana-davitra anaty fitaovam-pitaterana&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://medizinonline.com/fr/aide-en-haute-mer/ Gingembre]&quot;, ''medizinonline.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://leo-desilets.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GINGEMBRE-FR-SC-copie.pdf Gingembre]&quot;, ''leo-desilets.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, vokatry ny simiôterapia&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://minerva-ebp.be/FR/Article/2411 La racine de gingembre comme adjuvant contre les nausées et les vomissements provoqués par une chimiothérapie ?]&quot;, ''minerva-ebp.be''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/sante/cancer/du-gingembre-contre-les-nausees-provoquees-par-la-chimiotherapie_30749 Du gingembre contre les nausées provoquées par la chimiothérapie]&quot;, ''www.sciencesetavenir.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; na vokatry ny [[fitondrana vohoka]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.aroma-zone.com/page/gingembre-nausees-grossesse-efficacite-etudes Grossesse &amp; nausées : le gingembre est-il vraiment efficace ? On connaît enfin la réponse !]&quot;, ''www.aroma-zone.com,'' 2024&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.doctissimo.fr/grossesse/alimentation-et-grossesse/enceinte-puis-je-consommer-du-gingembre/237784_ar.html Enceinte, puis-je consommer du gingembre ?]&quot;, ''www.doctissimo.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4755649/ Le gingembre contre la nausée et les vomissements de la grossesse]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Miasa amin' ny [[fitaovam-pandevonan-kanina]] ([[vavony]] sy [[tsinay]]) sy ny [[rafi-pitatitra]] foibe ny singa tena miasa ao aminy ([[jinjerôla]] sy [[sôgaôla]] indrindraindrindra&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212429225009848 6-Gingerol and 6-shogaol attenuate chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting via ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction and pyroptosis through JNK/MFF signaling pathway]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9739555/ Effects of Ginger Intake on Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;), mba hampihenana ny fahatsapana maloiloy. Mampiroborobo ny famokarana ranoka fandevonan-kanina izy io, manamaivana ny fivozihi-kibo vokatry ny rivotra, ary afaka manatsara ny hetsiky ny tsinay.

==== Mampihena fanaintainana ====
Misy fiantraikany manohitra ny mamaivay noho ny fisian' ny [[jinjerôla]] sy [[paradôla]] ny sakamalao. Ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana ny sakarivo mba hanamaivanana ny fanaintainan' ny tonon-taolana sy ny hozatra (aretin' ny tonon-taolana sy [[rohana]]) sy hanamaivana koa ny fanaintainan' ny fadimbolana.

==== Fahasalaman' ny fo sy ny fiasan' ny sela ====
Milaza ny fikarohana sasany fa ny sakamalao dia mety manampy amin' ny fampihenana ny kôlesterôla sy manatsara ny fikorianan' ny ra ary manampy amin' ny fifehezana ny siramamy ao amin' ny ra. Ampiasaina amin' ny fermakôpea nentim-paharazana sasany izy io mba hisorohana ny fiakaran' ny [[Tosi-dra|tosidra]] na hanentanana fiasan' ny [[fo]].

==== Mamono mikrôba sy manentana ny hery fiarovana ====
Ny sakamalao dia nampiseho fiasa manohitra ny [[bakteria]] sy ny [[holatra bitika]] maromaro, ka mahatonga azy io ho fanafody nentim-paharazana amin' ny aretin' ny vavony sy ny tsinay na amin' ny aretin' ny [[taovam-pisefoana]]. Ampiasaina koa izy io mba hanamafisana ny [[Hery fiarovana (fahasalamana)|hery fiarovana]], matetika alona anaty rano na tanehina.

==== Fampiasana nentim-paharazana hafa ====
Manala ny [[kohaka]] sy ny fahatsentseman' ny lalan-drivotra, matetika ampiarahina amin' ny zavamaniry hafa toy ny [[voasarimakirana]] na zavatra hafa toy ny [[tantely]]. Amin' ny farmakôpea malagasy, ny sakamalao dia ampiasaina indraindray mba hanentana ny fampitomboana ny hery sy hampihenana ny havizanana. Anamboarana [[fesana]] koa ny sakamalao mba hanamaivanana ny fanaintainan' ny hozatra na ny mamaivay amin' ny faritra kely amin' ny vatana.

==== Fomba fikarakarana ====
Tanehina na alona ny taranjan' ny sakamalao na maina. Tsakoina ny silaka sakamalao vaovao. Azo ampiasaina koany vovoka sakamalao. Ao koa  ny menaka manitra izay ahosotra amin' ny hoditra na fohina.

== Kolontsaina ==

=== Kolontsaina malagasy ===

==== Ohabolana ====

* Sakamalao sy [[havozo]], ka samy mitondra ny hanitra ho azy.
* Sakamalao tsy mba varotra. 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Zingiber]]''
* ''[[Zingiber zerumbet]]'' ([[Sakarivondambo]])
* ''[[Zingiber mioga]]''
* ''[[Zingiber spectabile]]''

* [[Dipoavatra (maniry)|Dipoavatra]]
* [[Sakay (fanao sakafo)|Sakay]]
* [[Sakaibe]]
* [[Tamotamo]]
* [[Tongolo]]
* [[Tongologasy]]
* [[Voatabia]]
* [[Lingoza]]

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
'''Fahasalamana sy fitsaboana'''

* Singh, G., Maurya, S., de Lampasona, M. P., &amp; Catalan, C. (2008). ''Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Zingiber officinale''. Food and Chemical Toxicology.
* Ali, B. H., Blunden, G., Tanira, M. O., &amp; Nemmar, A. (2008). ''Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research''. Food and Chemical Toxicology.
* WHO, 2013. ''WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants – Volume 2: Zingiber officinale''.
* Pharmacopée traditionnelle malgache, Volume 1, Madagascar Ministry of Health.

== Loharano ==
[[Sokajy:Fambolena]]
[[Sokajy:Zavamaniry]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134517</id>
      <parentid>1134514</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T13:50:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rohy anatiny</comment>
      <origin>1134517</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="12520" sha1="emkt3vaxvnl42bplx26m4sqis7jpa73" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Zingiber officinale 230935597.jpg|vignette|424x424px|Sakamalao (''Zingiber officinale'')]]
Ny '''sakamalao''' na '''sakarivo''' na '''sakaviro''' na '''sakaitany''' dia [[zavamaniry mamony]], [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]], ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Zingiberaceae]]''. Ny anarany ara-tsiansa dia '''''Zingiber officinale'''.'' Manana taho milevina, atao hoe [[Taranja (taova)|taranja]] (na rizôma), izay mitondra ny anaran' ilay zavamaniry ihany koa, fampiasan' ny olona amin' ny sakafo mba hahazoana tsiro mafanafana sy atao fanafody. Ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Zingiberaceae'' koa ny [[tamotamo]] (''Curcuma longa''), ny kardamôma (''Elettaria cardamomum''), ary galanga (''Alpinia galanga'', ''Alpinia officinarum'', ''Boesenbergia rotunda'', ''Kaempferia galanga'').

Zavamaniry ahitra, maniry isan-taona izy io, ka ny foto-draviny mihorona mitambatra no toa tahony, izay mahatratra eo amin' ny iray metatra ny haavony, mitondra ravina somary ety. Mitondra voniny manana felana mavo hatsatra sy sisim-bony volomparasy ny [[Vondrombony|vondromboniny]] izay mipoitra mivantana avy amin' ny taranjany eo amin' ny tsimo-drantsana misaraka.


Avy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] an-dranomasina (amin' ny faritry ny [[zana-pehintany]]) ny sakaviro na sakarivo, ary azo inoana fa ny [[Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)|Aostrôneziana]] no namboly azy voalohany. Nentin' izy ireo namakivaky an' i [[Indô-Pasifika]] ity karazan-javamaniry ity nandritra ny [[fielezan' ny Aostrôneziana]] (5&amp;nbsp;000 taona lasa tany ho any), ka tonga hatrany [[Hawaii]]. Anisan' ny zava-manitra voalohany naondrana avy any Azia ny sakamalao, ka tonga tany [[Eorôpa]] niaraka amin' ny [[varotra zava-manitra]], ary nampiasain' ny [[Grisia Taloha|Grika]] sy [[Rôma Taloha|Rômana]] tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha]]. Antsoina matetika hoe sakaintanidia, ny zavamaniry dikôtiledôna mifandray lavitra aminy ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Asarum]]'', noho ny tsirony mitovitovy.

Nampiasaina tamin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] tany [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] sy tany [[India]] ary tany [[Japàna|Japana]] nandritra ny taonjato maro ny sakaviro, ary nampiasaina ho fanampin-tsakafo. Tsy misy ny porofo azo antoka amin' ny filazana fa manampy amin' ny fampihenana ny maloiloy sy fandoavana mifandray amin' ny fitondrana vohoka na amin' ny simiôterapia ny sakaviro. Mbola tsy azo antoka raha mahomby amin' ny fitsaboana aretina ny sakaviro, ary tsy nankatoavin' ny &lt;u&gt;Food and Drug Administration&lt;/u&gt; (FDA) ny fampiasana ny sakaviro ho fanafody.

Tamin' ny taona 2020 dia nahatratra 4,3 tapitrisa taonina ny famokarana sakaviro eran-tany, ka i [[India]], izay miantoka ny 43&amp;nbsp;% amin' ny fitambaran' ny famokarana eran-tany, no mitarika amin' izany.

== Fambolena sakamalao ==
[[Sary:Gingembre (marché de Bergerac).jpg|vignette|Sakamalao]]Tena ilaina amin' ny famokarana sakamalao ny haben' ny [[Taranja (taova)|taranja]] na [[rizôma]] na taranja. Arakaraky ny halehiben' ny taranja no maha haingana ny famokarana ny sakamalao sy ahafahana mivarotra azy  haingana eny an-tsena. Alohan' ny hambolena ny rizôma dia tsy maintsy mikarakara ny masomboly ny mpamboly mba hisorohana ny [[bibikely mpanimba]], sy ny fahalovan' ny rizôma, ary ny aretina hafa mety hafindran' ilay masomboly. Misy fomba isan-karazany ataon' ny Indiana amin' ny fikarakarana masomboly dia ny fandomana ny azy ireo amin' ny fangaron-dranoka misy [[tain' omby]], ny fanetrohana ny masomboly alohan' ny fitahirizana azy, ary ny fikarakarana azy amin' ny rano mafana.[[Sary:Ginger farm.jpg|vignette|Fambolena sakamalao]]Rehefa voakarakara tsara ny masomboly dia tsy maintsy atao vadi-bainga tsara ny tany hambolena azy mba hanorotoroana ny [[nofon-tany]]. Aorian' ny vadi-bainga (in-3 na in-4 na in-5 fara fahakeliny), dia atao mielanelana 18 hatramin' ny 24 m ny lalan-drano hanondrahana ny voly.

Ny fambolena ny rizôma masomboly no dingana manaraka. Any [[India]] dia matetika atao eo anelanelan' ny volana Marsa sy Jona ny ny fambolena sakamalao tondrahina amin' ny fitarihan-drano, satria ireo volana ireo no anombohan' ny [[Varatraza]], na ny vanin-taonan' ny orana. Rehefa vita ny fambolena ny masomboly dia manohy manisy lafika bozaka eo amin' ny voly ny tantsaha mba hitehirizana ny [[hamandoana]] sy hifehezana ny fitomboan' ny [[ahi-dratsy]] ary koa mba hitehirizana ny nofon-tany. Atao ny fametrahana lafika bozaka (ravina maitso ohatra) eo amin' ny sori-boly na talahaka raha vao vita ny fambolena ny masomboly ary averina izany rehefa afaka 45 sy 90 andro aorian' ny fiandohan' ny fitomboana. Aorian' ny fandafihana bozaka dia tonga ny famadibadihana sy ny famakivakiana ny nofon-tany mba hanaraha-maso ny fitomboan' ny ahi-dratsy, hampitsaharana ny hamafin' ny nofon-tany vokatry ny [[orana]], ary mba hitazonana ny hamandoan' ny tany. Tsy maintsy manao izay hahazoan' ny voly sakamalao fanondrahana fanampiny ny tantsaha raha kely ny orana. Any India dia tsy maintsy manondraka ny voly sakamalao amin' ny tari-drano ny tantsaha isaky ny tapa-bolana farafahakeliny eo anelanelan' ny volana Septambra sy Nôvambra (rehefa tapitra ny Varatraza) mba hahazoana vokatra betsaka sy tsara indrindra.

Ny fangadiana no dingana farany amin' ny fambolena sakamalao. Raha ambolena hahazoana vokatra toy ny [[legioma]] sy [[zavapisotro]] ary [[vatomamy]] ny rizôma, dia tokony hatao eo anelanelan' ny efatra sy dimy volana ny fangadiana, fa raha ambolena hahazoana vokatra toy ny sakamalao maina na menaka sakamalao ny rizôma, dia tsy maintsy atao valo ka hatramin' ny folo volana aorian' ny fambolena ny  fijinjana.

Anisan' ny malaza indrindra eo amin' ny varotra ny sakamalao maina. Hadina ny rizôma hatao sakamalao maina rehefa matoy tsara (8 hatramin' ny 10 volana). Rehefa avy nalona tamin' ny rano izy ireo dia kikisana amin' ny vakim-bolontsangana na amin' ny antsy hazo ny hodiny ivelany, satria sarotra ny fanaovana izany amin' ny milina. Potipotehina eny amin' ny foibe fanjifana ny rizôma maina. Tsy mila fikarakarana be loatra aorian' ny fihadiana ny sakamalao vaovao, ary hadina izy raha mbola tanora.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fampiasana amin' ny sakafo ===
[[Sary:Ingwer 2 (fcm).jpg|vignette|Sakamalao|250x250px]][[Sary:ഇഞ്ചിപ്പൂവ്.JPG|vignette|Vonin-tsakamalao]]Ampiasaina amin' ny sakafo ny sakamalao mba hanomezana fofona na tsiro masiatsiaka azy.

=== Fampiasana amin' ny fahasalamana sy fitsaboana ===
Zavamaniry fanao fanafody efa nodinihina sy ampiasaina ao amin' ny fomban-drazana isan-karazany (''Ayurveda'', sinoa, afrikana sns) ny sakamalao na sakaviro na sakarivo. Mifototra amin' ny [[Taranja (taova)|taranjany]] (na rizôma) ny fampiasana azy amin' ny fitsaboana, ary ny ampahany hafa dia azo ampiasaina koa&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://dubocalalassiette.fr/blog/complement-alimentaire-gingembre/ Les Bienfaits du Gingembre : Un Complément Alimentaire aux Multiples Vertus]&quot;, ''dubocalalassiette.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Fanampiana amin' ny fandevonan-kanina ====
Ampiasaina ny sakamalao mba hisorohana ny [[maloiloy]] maraina, ny [[Fandoavana (fahasalamana)|fandoavana]] vokatry ny tsy fahazakana fandehana-davitra anaty fitaovam-pitaterana&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://medizinonline.com/fr/aide-en-haute-mer/ Gingembre]&quot;, ''medizinonline.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://leo-desilets.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GINGEMBRE-FR-SC-copie.pdf Gingembre]&quot;, ''leo-desilets.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, vokatry ny simiôterapia&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://minerva-ebp.be/FR/Article/2411 La racine de gingembre comme adjuvant contre les nausées et les vomissements provoqués par une chimiothérapie ?]&quot;, ''minerva-ebp.be''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/sante/cancer/du-gingembre-contre-les-nausees-provoquees-par-la-chimiotherapie_30749 Du gingembre contre les nausées provoquées par la chimiothérapie]&quot;, ''www.sciencesetavenir.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; na vokatry ny [[fitondrana vohoka]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.aroma-zone.com/page/gingembre-nausees-grossesse-efficacite-etudes Grossesse &amp; nausées : le gingembre est-il vraiment efficace ? On connaît enfin la réponse !]&quot;, ''www.aroma-zone.com,'' 2024&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.doctissimo.fr/grossesse/alimentation-et-grossesse/enceinte-puis-je-consommer-du-gingembre/237784_ar.html Enceinte, puis-je consommer du gingembre ?]&quot;, ''www.doctissimo.fr''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4755649/ Le gingembre contre la nausée et les vomissements de la grossesse]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Miasa amin' ny [[fitaovam-pandevonan-kanina]] ([[vavony]] sy [[tsinay]]) sy ny [[rafi-pitatitra]] foibe ny singa tena miasa ao aminy ([[jinjerôla]] sy [[sôgaôla]] indrindraindrindra&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212429225009848 6-Gingerol and 6-shogaol attenuate chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting via ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction and pyroptosis through JNK/MFF signaling pathway]&quot;, ''www.sciencedirect.com''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9739555/ Effects of Ginger Intake on Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials]&quot;, ''pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;), mba hampihenana ny fahatsapana maloiloy. Mampiroborobo ny famokarana ranoka fandevonan-kanina izy io, manamaivana ny fivozihi-kibo vokatry ny rivotra, ary afaka manatsara ny hetsiky ny tsinay.

==== Mampihena fanaintainana ====
Misy fiantraikany manohitra ny mamaivay noho ny fisian' ny [[jinjerôla]] sy [[paradôla]] ny sakamalao. Ampiasaina amin' ny fomba nentim-paharazana ny sakarivo mba hanamaivanana ny fanaintainan' ny tonon-taolana sy ny hozatra (aretin' ny tonon-taolana sy [[rohana]]) sy hanamaivana koa ny fanaintainan' ny fadimbolana.

==== Fahasalaman' ny fo sy ny fiasan' ny sela ====
Milaza ny fikarohana sasany fa ny sakamalao dia mety manampy amin' ny fampihenana ny kôlesterôla sy manatsara ny fikorianan' ny ra ary manampy amin' ny fifehezana ny siramamy ao amin' ny ra. Ampiasaina amin' ny fermakôpea nentim-paharazana sasany izy io mba hisorohana ny fiakaran' ny [[Tosi-dra|tosidra]] na hanentanana fiasan' ny [[fo]].

==== Mamono mikrôba sy manentana ny hery fiarovana ====
Ny sakamalao dia nampiseho fiasa manohitra ny [[bakteria]] sy ny [[holatra bitika]] maromaro, ka mahatonga azy io ho fanafody nentim-paharazana amin' ny aretin' ny vavony sy ny tsinay na amin' ny aretin' ny [[taovam-pisefoana]]. Ampiasaina koa izy io mba hanamafisana ny [[Hery fiarovana (fahasalamana)|hery fiarovana]], matetika alona anaty rano na tanehina.

==== Fampiasana nentim-paharazana hafa ====
Manala ny [[kohaka]] sy ny fahatsentseman' ny lalan-drivotra, matetika ampiarahina amin' ny zavamaniry hafa toy ny [[voasarimakirana]] na zavatra hafa toy ny [[tantely]]. Amin' ny farmakôpea malagasy, ny sakamalao dia ampiasaina indraindray mba hanentana ny fampitomboana ny hery sy hampihenana ny havizanana. Anamboarana [[fesana]] koa ny sakamalao mba hanamaivanana ny fanaintainan' ny hozatra na ny mamaivay amin' ny faritra kely amin' ny vatana.

==== Fomba fikarakarana ====
Tanehina na alona ny taranjan' ny sakamalao na maina. Tsakoina ny silaka sakamalao vaovao. Azo ampiasaina koany vovoka sakamalao. Ao koa  ny menaka manitra izay ahosotra amin' ny hoditra na fohina.

== Kolontsaina ==

=== Kolontsaina malagasy ===

==== Ohabolana ====

* Sakamalao sy [[havozo]], ka samy mitondra ny hanitra ho azy.
* Sakamalao tsy mba varotra. 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Zingiber]]''
* ''[[Zingiber zerumbet]]'' ([[Sakarivondambo]])
* ''[[Zingiber mioga]]''
* ''[[Zingiber spectabile]]''
* [[Dipoavatra (maniry)|Dipoavatra]]
* [[Sakay (fanao sakafo)|Sakay]]
* [[Sakaibe]]
* [[Tamotamo]]
* [[Tongolo]]
* [[Tongologasy]]
* [[Voatabia]]
* [[Lingoza]]

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
'''Fahasalamana sy fitsaboana'''

* Singh, G., Maurya, S., de Lampasona, M. P., &amp; Catalan, C. (2008). ''Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Zingiber officinale''. Food and Chemical Toxicology.
* Ali, B. H., Blunden, G., Tanira, M. O., &amp; Nemmar, A. (2008). ''Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research''. Food and Chemical Toxicology.
* WHO, 2013. ''WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants – Volume 2: Zingiber officinale''.
* Pharmacopée traditionnelle malgache, Volume 1, Madagascar Ministry of Health.

== Loharano ==
[[Sokajy:Fambolena]]
[[Sokajy:Zavamaniry]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Savoa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>283162</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134530</id>
      <parentid>1097029</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:18:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy tsipelina</comment>
      <origin>1134530</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2196" sha1="q77khstfg4p99458loskpu6bn15njjz" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Jatropha curcas1 henning.jpg|vignette|Savoa na tanatanamanga|373x373px]]
[[Sary:Starr-090713-2607-Jatropha curcas-fruit-Lahaina-Maui (24673910630).jpg|vignette|144x144px|Voan-tsavoa aman-kodiny ivelany]]
Ny '''savoa''' na '''tanatanamanga''' na '''voanongo''' na '''tanatanana''' na '''valavelogno''' dia karazana zavamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Euphorbiaceae]]'', avy any amin' ny tany trôpikaly any [[Amerika]], mety ho any [[Meksika]] na any [[Brezila]] sy any [[Amerika Afovoany]]. Tany am-boalohany dia avy any amin' ny faritra mafana any Amerika manomboka any Meksika ka hatrany [[Arzantina]] ny savoa, ary niely nanerana an'izao tontolo izao any amin' ny faritra mafana sy ny manakaiky an’ izany eran' izao tontolo izao. '''''Jatropha curcas''''' no anarany ara-tsiansa. Ny hoe &quot;''curcas''&quot;, dia nampiasain' ilay dokotera pôrtogey Garcia de Orta, 400 taona mahery lasa izay (taona 1563).
[[Sary:J curcas seed ies.jpg|vignette|146x146px|Vihin-tsavoa]]
Ny savoa dia miendrika ahitra lehibe na hazo madinika maitso lalandava, mahatratra 6 m na mihoatra ny haavony. Mahatohitra ny fahamainan’ ny tany izy, ka mahatonga azy haniry any amin’ ny [[tany efitra]]. Misy poizina (estera fôrbôla) izy. Misy ihany koa anefa ny zana-karazany maro fihinam-boa (tsy misy poizina) any any Meksika, izay antsoin’ ny mponina any an-toerana amin’ ny anarana hoe ''piñón manso'', ''xuta'', ''chuta'', ''aishte'', ankoatra ny hafa.
[[Sary:Jatropha curcas, male flowers.jpg|vignette|141x141px|Vonin-tsavoa lahy]]
Misy [[menaka]] 27 % hatramin’ ny 40 % (salany 34,4 %) ny voan-tsavoa izay azo aodina mba hahazoana solika biôdiezely avo lenta, azo ampiasaina amin' ny môtera diezely mahazatra. Izany menaka izany koa dia ampiasaina amin' ny sehatry ny taozavabaventy. Manana toetra afaka anadiovana kibo (mampandoa) ny menaka savoa. Ny karazany azo hanina (tsy misy poizina), vokatry ny fifantenana nataon’ ny teratany Meksikana ao [[Veracruz]], dia azo ampiasaina amin' ny sakafom-biby  sy ny sakafon’ olombelona. Azo anamboarana [[savony]] koa ny menaka savoa.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Jatropha]]''

* [[Voanjo]]
* [[Sôza]]
* [[Komanga]]
* [[Tangena (zavamaniry)]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ampangorina</title>
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        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
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      <minor />
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      <text bytes="741" sha1="ijelm310hz7h9fty0npx16yt5cumyj9" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox tanàna
|anarana=Ampangorina
|faritany=[[Faritanin'i Antsiranana|Antsiranana]]
|faritra= [[Faritra Diana|Diana]]
|isam-ponina=5834
|velarantany = 
|firenena={{Madagasikara}}
|sary=Carte de Nosy Be.svg
}}
I '''Ampangorina''' dia kaominina malagasy ao amin'ny Nosy Komba [[distrikan'i Nosy Be]], [[Faritra Diana]], [[Faritanin' Antsiranana]]. Ny isa-mponiny dia 5834 araka ny faminavinana natao tamin' ny taona 2018.&lt;ref&gt;[https://madagascar.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/resultat_globaux_rgph3_tome_02.pdf Census 2018]&lt;/ref&gt;

Izy no renivohitr'i Nosy Komba.

==Jereo koa==
*[[Nosy Be]]

==Rohy ivelany==
{{reflist}}
{{commonscat|Nosy Be}}
{{Diana}}
[[Sokajy:Kaominina any Madagasikara]]
[[Sokajy:Kaominina any Faritra Diana]]</text>
      <sha1>ijelm310hz7h9fty0npx16yt5cumyj9</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sodifafana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>289266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134613</id>
      <parentid>1121329</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T09:30:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy hadisoam-pitendrena</comment>
      <origin>1134613</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1876" sha1="hb1b647x4dl2keyvtgsnrbwffk5isga" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Kalanchoe pinnata kz1.JPG|vignette|403x403px|Sodifafana (''[[Kalanchoe pinnata]]'')]]
Ny '''sodifafana''' dia zavamaniry isan-karazany ao anatin' ny vondron-karazana Kalanchoe (''[[Kalanchoe pinnata]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Sodifafana&quot;, in  [[Pierre Boiteau|Boiteau Pierre]] sy Boiteau Marthe ary Allorge-Boiteau Lucile, ''Dictionnaire des noms malgaches de végétaux'',  Editions Alzieu, 1999&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, izay atao hoe ''Brepophyllum calycinum'' koa&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Sodifafana&quot;, in [[Régis Rajemisa Raolison|Régis-Rajemisa Raolison]], Rakibolana Malagasy,  Ambozontany, 1985&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, sy ''[[Kalanchoe prolifera]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Crassulaceae]]''), sy karazan-javamaniry anatin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Allophylus]]'' (''[[Allophylus salignus]] [[:sv:Allophylus_salignus|sw]]'') ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Sapindaceae]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Karazana atao hoe ''sodifafana'' ==
Indreto ny karazan-javamaniry atao amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] hoe ''sodifafana'':

* ''[[Kalanchoe pinnata]]''
* ''[[Kalanchoe prolifera]]''
* ''[[Allophylus salignus]]''

== Eo amin' ny Malagasy ==

=== Fampiasana azy ===
Ny sodifafana dia &quot;zavamaniry fanao ody rohana. Anisan' ny zavamaniry mateza tsy mety maty ny sodifafana ka nambolen' ny ntaolo niaraka tamin' ny [[zozoro]] sy ny [[fandrotrarana]] teo amin' ny zorony avaratra atsinanana raha nanorin-trano izy&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Ny ravina matevina (''Kalanchoe pinnata'' sy ''Kalanchoe prolifera'') dia hanin' ny biby sasany, anisan' izany ny [[sokatra]]. Indraindray dia manao azy ho salady ny olona&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Anisan' ny tandindon' ny fahelavelona ho an' ny Malagasy izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

=== Ohabolana malagasy ===

* Sodifafana ka atsipy vao manongalika.
* Tahaka ny sodifafana: nariana any an-kady, vao tsara faniry.

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==</text>
      <sha1>hb1b647x4dl2keyvtgsnrbwffk5isga</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kalanchoe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>289268</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134616</id>
      <parentid>1128497</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T09:35:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nameno banga</comment>
      <origin>1134616</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4511" sha1="8hxj8akhu037pxszqd1ujyyk302mrsc" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Kalanchoe beharensis 01.jpg|vignette|346x346px|''[[Kalanchoe beharensis]]'' (amin' ny teny malagasy; mongy, rongy, tavitavy)]]
Ny '''''Kalanchoe''''' dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry trôpikaly misy voniny, matevin-dravina, izay ahitana karazana miisa 125 hatramin' ny 155 eo ho eo ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Crassulaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Rosales]], ka ny antsasany dia teratany eto [[Madagasikara]] fa ny sisa dia maniry ao [[Faritra Afrôtrôpikaly|Afrika Trôpikaly]] sy any [[Azia]]. Ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Kalanchoe'' dia anisan' ny zavamaniry voalohany nalefa eny amin' ny habakabaka, nalefa mba hamatsiana ny toby ana habakabaka sôvietika atao hoe Salyut 1 tamin' ny taona 1979.

== Karazana ==

==== Lisitra ''Kalanchoe'' voatsonga ====
[[Sary:Kalanchoe pinnata kz1.JPG|vignette|304x304px|''[[Kalanchoe pinnata]]'']]
Indreto misy karazana maromaro notsongaina:
* ''Kalanchoe adelae''
* ''Kalanchoe arborescens''
* ''Kalanchoe beauverdii''
* ''Kalanchoe beharensis''
* ''Kalanchoe bentii''
* ''Kalanchoe blossfeldiana''
* ''Kalanchoe bouvetii''
* ''Kalanchoe bracteata''
* ''Kalanchoe brasiliensis''
* ''Kalanchoe ceratophylla''
* ''Kalanchoe crenata''
* ''Kalanchoe crundallii''
* ''Kalanchoe daigremontiana''
* ''Kalanchoe delagoensis''
* ''Kalanchoe dineshii''
* ''Kalanchoe dinklagei''
* ''Kalanchoe eriophylla''
* ''Kalanchoe fadeniorum''
* ''Kalanchoe farinacea''
* ''Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi''
* ''Kalanchoe figuereidoi''
* ''Kalanchoe flammea''
* ''Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri''
* ''Kalanchoe glaucescens''
* ''Kalanchoe garambiensis''
* ''Kalanchoe gracilipes''
* ''[[Kalanchoe grandidieri]]''
* ''Kalanchoe grandiflora''
* ''Kalanchoe hildebrantii''
* ''Kalanchoe humilis''
* ''Kalanchoe jongmansii''
* ''Kalanchoe kewensis''
* ''Kalanchoe laciniata''
* ''kalanchoe laetivirens''
* ''Kalanchoe lateritia''
* ''Kalanchoe laxiflora''
* ''Kalanchoe linearifolia''
* ''Kalanchoe longiflora''
* ''Kalanchoe luciae''
* ''Kalanchoe macrochlamys''
* ''Kalanchoe manginii''
* ''Kalanchoe marmorata''
* ''Kalanchoe marnieriana''
* ''Kalanchoe millotii''
* ''Kalanchoe miniata''
* ''Kalanchoe mortagei''
* ''Kalanchoe nyikae''
* ''Kalanchoe obtusa''
* ''Kalanchoe orgyalis''
* ''Kalanchoe petitiana''
* ''[[Kalanchoe pinnata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Pers.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Kalanchoe porphyrocalyx''
* ''Kalanchoe prasina''
* ''Kalanchoe prolifera''
* ''Kalanchoe pubescens''
* ''Kalanchoe pumila''
* ''Kalanchoe quartiniana''
* ''Kalanchoe rhombopilosa''
* ''Kalanchoe robusta''
* ''Kalanchoe rolandi-bonapartei''
* ''Kalanchoe rosei''
* ''Kalanchoe rotundifolia''
* ''Kalanchoe schizophylla''
* ''Kalanchoe serrata''
* ''Kalanchoe sexangularis''
* ''Kalanchoe streptantha''
* ''Kalanchoe suarezensis''
* ''Kalanchoe synsepala''
* ''Kalanchoe thyrsiflora''
* ''Kalanchoe tomentosa''
* ''Kalanchoe uniflora''
* ''Kalanchoe producta''
* ''Kalanchoe viguieri''

==== Lisitry ny ''Kalanchoe'' safiotra ====
Misy karazana safiotra maromaro ao amin' ny ''Kalanchoe'':

* ''K. houghtonii'' = ''K. daigremontiana'' × ''K. delagoensis''
* ''K. lokarana''
* ''K. poincarei''
* ''K. rechingeri''
* ''K. richaudii'' = ''K. delagoensis'' × ''K. rosei''

==== Karazana ''Kalanchoe'' hita eto Madagasikara ====
Indreto ny karazana ''Kalanchoe'' vitsivitsy hita eto Madagasikara sady misy anarany amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]:

* ''[[Kalanchoe beharensis]]'' (mongy, rongy, tavitavy)
* ''Kalanchoe campanulata'' (kilenga, kitenga, kotrokotroka, sodifafandrano)
* ''[[Kalanchoe eriophylla]]'' (kimavo, kimavokarana, sofinapaha)
* ''[[Kalanchoe grandidieri]]'' (isaka, mongy, sofisofy)
* ''[[Kalanchoe hildebrandtii]]'' (tambora, tambora, tamboro, toaremy)
* ''[[Kalanchoe laxiflora]]'' (kilanganamboa, kilenganamboa, kotrokotrobato, kotrokotroka, papy)
* ''[[Kalanchoe miniata]]'' (kodokodobato, sofimbato)
* ''[[Kalanchoe orgyalis]]'' (hazombato, hazombatomadinika, kilengavazanosy, toarenihazo)
* ''[[Kalanchoe pinnata]]'' (falatanantsifaona, malainana, rendadiaka, [[sodifafana]], tsilafafa)
* ''[[Kalanchoe porphyrocalyx]]'' (velonahantona)
* ''[[Kalanchoe prolifera]]'' ([[sodifafana]])
* ''[[Kalanchoe pubescens]]'' (sofimbatonalika)
* ''[[Kalanchoe schizophylla]]'' (kilenganamboa, kilinganamboa, tongotramboabe)
* ''Kalanchoe sp.'' (tsikotroka, tsikotrokotroka)
* ''Kalanchoe streptantha'' (sofingoaika)
* ''Kalanchoe synsepala'' (kilingambato)
* ''[[Kalanchoe tomentosa]]'' (falatanantsifaona)
* ''Kalanchoe tubiflora'' (tombokakanga, tsikidoro)
* ''Kalanchoe verticillata'' (tingotingo)</text>
      <sha1>8hxj8akhu037pxszqd1ujyyk302mrsc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fandrotrarana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>289269</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134608</id>
      <parentid>1130583</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T09:27:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy hadisoam-pitendrena</comment>
      <origin>1134608</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="759" sha1="3mjhdgv2qor6z6tbmx75j0zpmryeijo" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Cynodon dactylon, Lalinačka slatina, Srbija (12).jpg|vignette|343x343px|Fandrotrarana (''Cynodon dactylon'')]]
Ny '''''Cynodon dactylon''''', izay fantatra amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|anarana malagasy]] hoe '''fandrotrarana''' na '''kidresy''', dia ahitra fahita maneran-tany, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Poaceae]]''. Izy io dia teratany any [[Eorôpa]], aty [[Afrika]], any [[Aostralia]] ary any amin' ny ampahany be amin' i [[Azia]]. Nampidirina any [[Amerika]] koa izy.

Ireto koa ny anarany hafa amin' ny teny malagasy: arampandrotra, arapandrotra, fandrahana, fandropalana, fandrotrarana, fandrotsana, firifiry, kidesy, kidresy, kindrese, kindresy, ladintrambo, rampadrotsa, rapandrotra, vahitsitafitahady, vandrahana, volonaondry, ary volotsaka.</text>
      <sha1>3mjhdgv2qor6z6tbmx75j0zpmryeijo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zingiber</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>291811</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134512</id>
      <parentid>1102654</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T13:04:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanampy sary</comment>
      <origin>1134512</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8189" sha1="kbtmq0q6rzesqeqx0qnz5ifzz5zdj66" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Koeh-146-no text.jpg|vignette|382x382px|[[Sakamalao]] (''Zingiber officinale'')]]
Ny '''''Zingiber''''' dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]], ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Zingiberaceae]]''. Ity vondrona ity dia ahitana karazana eo anelanelan' ny 100 sy 150. Teratany any [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]], any amin' ny [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana|Zana-kôntinanta Indiana]], any [[Ginea Vaovao]], ary any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana|Azia Atsimo Atsinanana]], indrindra fa i [[Tailandy]]. Ny karazana malaza indrindra dia ny [[sakamalao]] (''Zingiber officinale'') sy ny [[sakarivondambo]] (''Zingiber zerumbet'') ary ny sakamalao japôney (''[[Zingiber mioga]]''). Ny anaran' ilay vondron-karazana dia avy amin' ny teny latinina nindramina amin' ny [[Fiteny tamily|anarana]] [[Fiteny tamily|tamily]] ho an' ny sakamalao.

== Fampiasana azy ==
[[Sary:GingerPlant.JPG|vignette|Sakamalao (''Zingiber officinale'')]]
Manana fomba fampiasa azy amin' ny sakafo ny karazana ''Zingiber'' tsirairay; ohatra, be mpitia ny taho sy ny vonin' ny ''[[Zingiber mioga]]''. Ny taranja avy amin' ny sakamalao no zava-manitra mahazatra indrindra izay azo ampiasaina manontolo, anamboarana [[vatomamy]]  (vatomamy sakalalao), na hamainina sy potehina ho vovoka.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
[[Sary:Zingiber spec.jpg|vignette|''Zingiber spectabile'']]
[[Sary:Zingiber zerumbet2.jpg|vignette|316x316px|[[Sakarivondambo]] (''Zingiber zerumbet'')]]
Ireto ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Zingiber'': araka ny ''[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]]'' (WCSP) &lt;small&gt;(10&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Sept. 2011)&lt;/small&gt; 

* ''Zingiber acuminatum'' Valeton, 1904
* ''Zingiber albiflorum'' R.M.Sm., 1982
* ''Zingiber anamalayanum'' Sujanapal &amp; Sasid., 2010
* ''Zingiber apoense'' Elmer, 1915
* ''Zingiber argenteum'' Mood &amp; Theilade, 1997
* ''Zingiber atrorubens'' Gagnep. , 1903
* ''Zingiber aurantiacum'' (Holttum) Theilade , 1996
* ''Zingiber banhaoense'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 2001
* ''Zingiber barbatum'' Wall. , 1830
* ''Zingiber bisectum'' D.Fang , 1996
* ''Zingiber bradleyanum'' Craib , 1912
* ''Zingiber brevifolium'' N.E.Br. , 1886
* ''Zingiber bulusanense'' Elmer, 1919
* ''Zingiber capitatum'' Roxb., 1810
* ''Zingiber cernuum'' Dalzell, 1852
* ''Zingiber chlorobracteatum'' Mood &amp; Theilade, 1999
* ''Zingiber chrysanthum'' Roscoe, 1824
* ''Zingiber chrysostachys'' Ridl., 1899
* ''Zingiber citriodorum'' Theilade &amp; Mood, 2002
* ''Zingiber clarkei'' King ex Benth. &amp; Hook.f., 1892
* ''Zingiber cochleariforme'' D.Fang, 1980
* ''Zingiber collinsii'' Mood &amp; Theilade, 2000
* ''Zingiber coloratum'' N.E.Br., 1879
* ''Zingiber corallinum'' Hance, 1880
* ''Zingiber curtisii'' Holttum, 1950
* ''Zingiber cylindricum'' Thwaites, 1861
* ''Zingiber densissimum'' S.Q.Tong &amp; Y.M.Xia, 1987
* ''Zingiber eberhardtii'' Gagnep. , 1907
* ''Zingiber eborinum'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1997
* ''Zingiber elatior'' (Ridl.) Theilade , 1998
* ''Zingiber elatum'' Roxb. , 1820
* ''Zingiber ellipticum'' (S.Q.Tong &amp; Y.M.Xia) Q.G.Wu &amp; T.L.Wu , 1996
* ''Zingiber flagelliforme'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber flammeum'' Theilade &amp; Mood , 1997
* ''Zingiber flavomaculosum'' S.Q.Tong , 1987
* ''Zingiber flavovirens'' Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber fragile'' S.Q.Tong , 1987
* ''Zingiber fraseri'' Theilade , 1996
* ''Zingiber georgeae'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber gracile'' Jack , 1820
* ''Zingiber gramineum'' Noronha ex Blume , 1827
* ''Zingiber griffithii'' Baker , 1892
* ''Zingiber guangxiense'' D.Fang , 1980
* ''Zingiber gulinense'' Y.M.Xia , 1996
* ''Zingiber idae'' Triboun &amp; K.Larsen , 2002
* ''Zingiber incomptum'' B.L.Burtt &amp; R.M.Sm. , 1969
* ''Zingiber inflexum'' Blume , 1827
* ''Zingiber integrilabrum'' Hance , 1882
* ''Zingiber integrum'' S.Q.Tong , 1987
* ''Zingiber intermedium'' Baker , 1892
* ''Zingiber junceum'' Gagnep. , 1906
* ''Zingiber kawagoii'' Hayata , 1921
* ''Zingiber kelabitianum'' Theilade &amp; H.Chr. , 1998
* ''Zingiber kerrii'' Craib , 1912
* ''Zingiber kunstleri'' King ex Ridl. , 1899
* ''Zingiber lambii'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1997
* ''Zingiber laoticum'' Gagnep. , 1907
* ''Zingiber larsenii'' Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber latifolium'' Theilade &amp; Mood , 1997
* ''Zingiber leptorrhizum'' D.Fang , 1982
* ''Zingiber leptostachyum'' Valeton , 1908
* ''Zingiber ligulatum'' Roxb. , 1810
* ''Zingiber lingyunense'' D.Fang , 1980
* ''Zingiber loerzingii'' Valeton , 1918
* ''Zingiber longibracteatum'' Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber longiglande'' D.Fang &amp; D.H.Qin , 1996
* ''Zingiber longiligulatum'' S.Q.Tong , 1987
* ''Zingiber longipedunculatum'' Ridl. , 1908
* ''Zingiber longyanjiang'' Z.Y.Zhu , 1992
* ''Zingiber macradenium'' K.Schum. , 1899
* ''Zingiber macrocephalum'' (Zoll.) K.Schum. , 1899
* ''Zingiber macroglossum'' Valeton , 1918
* ''Zingiber macrorrhynchus'' K.Schum. , 1904
* ''Zingiber malaysianum'' C.K.Lim , 2002
* ''Zingiber marginatum'' Roxb. , 1810
* ''Zingiber martinii'' R.M.Sm. , 1988
* ''Zingiber matutumense'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 2001
* ''Zingiber mekongense'' Gagnep. , 1907
* ''Zingiber menghaiense'' S.Q.Tong, 1987
* ''[[Zingiber mioga]]'' (Thunb.) Roscoe, 1807
* ''Zingiber molle'' Ridl. , 1909
* ''Zingiber monglaense'' S.J.Chen &amp; Z.Y.Chen , 1988
* ''Zingiber monophyllum'' Gagnep. , 1903
* ''Zingiber montanum'' (J.König) Link ex A.Dietr. ,1831
* ''Zingiber multibracteatum'' Holttum , 1950
* ''Zingiber neesanum'' (J.Graham) Ramamoorthy ,1976
* ''Zingiber neglectum'' Valeton , 1904
* ''Zingiber negrosense'' Elmer , 1915
* ''Zingiber neotruncatum'' T.L.Wu, K.Larsen &amp; Turland , 2000
* ''Zingiber newmanii'' Theilade &amp; Mood , 1999
* ''Zingiber nigrimaculatum'' S.Q.Tong , 1989
* ''Zingiber nimmonii'' (J.Graham) Dalzell , 1852
* ''Zingiber niveum'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 2002
* ''Zingiber nudicarpum'' D.Fang , 1982
* ''Zingiber odoriferum'' Blume , 1827
** ''Zingiber odoriferum var. borneense'' Valeton, (1918).
** ''Zingiber odoriferum var. odoriferum''
* ''[[Sakamalao|Zingiber officinale]]'' Roscoe , 1807 - [[sakamalao]]
* ''Zingiber oligophyllum'' K.Schum. , 1904
* ''Zingiber olivaceum'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 2002
* ''Zingiber orbiculatum'' S.Q.Tong , 1987
* ''Zingiber ottensii'' Valeton , 1918
* ''Zingiber pachysiphon'' B.L.Burtt &amp; R.M.Sm. , 1969
* ''Zingiber panduratum'' Roxb. , 1820
* ''Zingiber papuanum'' Valeton , 1918
* ''Zingiber pardocheilum'' Wall. ex Baker , 1892
* ''Zingiber parishii'' Hook.f. , 1873
* ''Zingiber paucipunctatum'' D.Fang , 1996
* ''Zingiber pellitum'' Gagnep. , 1906
* ''Zingiber pendulum'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1997
* ''Zingiber peninsulare'' Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber petiolatum'' (Holttum) Theilade , 1996
* ''Zingiber phillippsiae'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber pleiostachyum'' K.Schum. , 1904
* ''Zingiber porphyrosphaerum'' K.Schum. , 1904
* ''Zingiber pseudopungens'' R.M.Sm. , 1988
* ''Zingiber puberulum'' Ridl. , 1899
** ''Zingiber puberulum var. puberulum''
* ''Zingiber pubisquama'' Ridl. , 1909
* ''Zingiber raja'' C.K.Lim &amp; Kharuk. , 2003
* ''Zingiber recurvatum'' S.Q.Tong &amp; Y.M.Xia , 1987
* ''Zingiber roseum'' (Roxb.) Roscoe , 1807
* ''Zingiber rubens'' Roxb. , 1810 ,
* ''Zingiber rufopilosum'' Gagnep. , 1903
* ''Zingiber simaoense'' Y.Y.Qian , 1998
* ''Zingiber smilesianum'' Craib , 1912
* ''Zingiber spectabile'' Griff. , 1851
* ''Zingiber squarrosum'' Roxb. , 1810
* ''Zingiber stenostachys'' K.Schum. , 1904
* ''Zingiber stipitatum'' S.Q.Tong , 1987
* ''Zingiber striolatum'' Diels , 1900
* ''Zingiber sulphureum'' Burkill ex Theilade , 1995
* ''Zingiber thorelii'' Gagnep. , 1907
* ''Zingiber tuanjuum'' Z.Y.Zhu , 1984
* ''Zingiber vanlithianum'' Koord. , 1918
* ''Zingiber velutinum'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber vinosum'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1997
* ''Zingiber viridiflavum'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber wandingense'' S.Q.Tong , 1987
* ''Zingiber wightianum'' Thwaites , 1861
* ''Zingiber wrayi'' Prain ex Ridl. , 1904
* ''Zingiber yingjiangense'' S.Q.Tong , 1987
* ''Zingiber yunnanense'' S.Q.Tong &amp; X.Z.Liu , 1991
* ''[[Zingiber zerumbet]]'' (L.) Roscoe ex Sm., 1806
** ''Zingiber zerumbet subsp. cochinense'' (Gagnep.) Triboun &amp; K.Larsen, 2007
** ''Zingiber zerumbet subsp. zerumbet''

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Zingiberales]]
* ''[[Curcuma]]''</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1134519</id>
      <parentid>1134512</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:43:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rohy anatiny</comment>
      <origin>1134519</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8193" sha1="mjoj8yw03y7ztgcky8y1fd9bzowvlmm" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Koeh-146-no text.jpg|vignette|382x382px|[[Sakamalao]] (''Zingiber officinale'')]]
Ny '''''Zingiber''''' dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]], ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Zingiberaceae]]''. Ity vondrona ity dia ahitana karazana eo anelanelan' ny 100 sy 150. Teratany any [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]], any amin' ny [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana|Zana-kôntinanta Indiana]], any [[Ginea Vaovao]], ary any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana|Azia Atsimo Atsinanana]], indrindra fa i [[Tailandy]]. Ny karazana malaza indrindra dia ny [[sakamalao]] (''Zingiber officinale'') sy ny [[sakarivondambo]] (''[[Zingiber zerumbet]]'') ary ny sakamalao japôney (''[[Zingiber mioga]]''). Ny anaran' ilay vondron-karazana dia avy amin' ny teny latinina nindramina amin' ny [[Fiteny tamily|anarana]] [[Fiteny tamily|tamily]] ho an' ny sakamalao.

== Fampiasana azy ==
[[Sary:GingerPlant.JPG|vignette|Sakamalao (''Zingiber officinale'')]]
Manana fomba fampiasa azy amin' ny sakafo ny karazana ''Zingiber'' tsirairay; ohatra, be mpitia ny taho sy ny vonin' ny ''[[Zingiber mioga]]''. Ny taranja avy amin' ny sakamalao no zava-manitra mahazatra indrindra izay azo ampiasaina manontolo, anamboarana [[vatomamy]]  (vatomamy sakalalao), na hamainina sy potehina ho vovoka.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
[[Sary:Zingiber spec.jpg|vignette|''Zingiber spectabile'']]
[[Sary:Zingiber zerumbet2.jpg|vignette|316x316px|[[Sakarivondambo]] (''Zingiber zerumbet'')]]
Ireto ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Zingiber'': araka ny ''[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]]'' (WCSP) &lt;small&gt;(10&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Sept. 2011)&lt;/small&gt; 

* ''Zingiber acuminatum'' Valeton, 1904
* ''Zingiber albiflorum'' R.M.Sm., 1982
* ''Zingiber anamalayanum'' Sujanapal &amp; Sasid., 2010
* ''Zingiber apoense'' Elmer, 1915
* ''Zingiber argenteum'' Mood &amp; Theilade, 1997
* ''Zingiber atrorubens'' Gagnep. , 1903
* ''Zingiber aurantiacum'' (Holttum) Theilade , 1996
* ''Zingiber banhaoense'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 2001
* ''Zingiber barbatum'' Wall. , 1830
* ''Zingiber bisectum'' D.Fang , 1996
* ''Zingiber bradleyanum'' Craib , 1912
* ''Zingiber brevifolium'' N.E.Br. , 1886
* ''Zingiber bulusanense'' Elmer, 1919
* ''Zingiber capitatum'' Roxb., 1810
* ''Zingiber cernuum'' Dalzell, 1852
* ''Zingiber chlorobracteatum'' Mood &amp; Theilade, 1999
* ''Zingiber chrysanthum'' Roscoe, 1824
* ''Zingiber chrysostachys'' Ridl., 1899
* ''Zingiber citriodorum'' Theilade &amp; Mood, 2002
* ''Zingiber clarkei'' King ex Benth. &amp; Hook.f., 1892
* ''Zingiber cochleariforme'' D.Fang, 1980
* ''Zingiber collinsii'' Mood &amp; Theilade, 2000
* ''Zingiber coloratum'' N.E.Br., 1879
* ''Zingiber corallinum'' Hance, 1880
* ''Zingiber curtisii'' Holttum, 1950
* ''Zingiber cylindricum'' Thwaites, 1861
* ''Zingiber densissimum'' S.Q.Tong &amp; Y.M.Xia, 1987
* ''Zingiber eberhardtii'' Gagnep. , 1907
* ''Zingiber eborinum'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1997
* ''Zingiber elatior'' (Ridl.) Theilade , 1998
* ''Zingiber elatum'' Roxb. , 1820
* ''Zingiber ellipticum'' (S.Q.Tong &amp; Y.M.Xia) Q.G.Wu &amp; T.L.Wu , 1996
* ''Zingiber flagelliforme'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber flammeum'' Theilade &amp; Mood , 1997
* ''Zingiber flavomaculosum'' S.Q.Tong , 1987
* ''Zingiber flavovirens'' Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber fragile'' S.Q.Tong , 1987
* ''Zingiber fraseri'' Theilade , 1996
* ''Zingiber georgeae'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber gracile'' Jack , 1820
* ''Zingiber gramineum'' Noronha ex Blume , 1827
* ''Zingiber griffithii'' Baker , 1892
* ''Zingiber guangxiense'' D.Fang , 1980
* ''Zingiber gulinense'' Y.M.Xia , 1996
* ''Zingiber idae'' Triboun &amp; K.Larsen , 2002
* ''Zingiber incomptum'' B.L.Burtt &amp; R.M.Sm. , 1969
* ''Zingiber inflexum'' Blume , 1827
* ''Zingiber integrilabrum'' Hance , 1882
* ''Zingiber integrum'' S.Q.Tong , 1987
* ''Zingiber intermedium'' Baker , 1892
* ''Zingiber junceum'' Gagnep. , 1906
* ''Zingiber kawagoii'' Hayata , 1921
* ''Zingiber kelabitianum'' Theilade &amp; H.Chr. , 1998
* ''Zingiber kerrii'' Craib , 1912
* ''Zingiber kunstleri'' King ex Ridl. , 1899
* ''Zingiber lambii'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1997
* ''Zingiber laoticum'' Gagnep. , 1907
* ''Zingiber larsenii'' Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber latifolium'' Theilade &amp; Mood , 1997
* ''Zingiber leptorrhizum'' D.Fang , 1982
* ''Zingiber leptostachyum'' Valeton , 1908
* ''Zingiber ligulatum'' Roxb. , 1810
* ''Zingiber lingyunense'' D.Fang , 1980
* ''Zingiber loerzingii'' Valeton , 1918
* ''Zingiber longibracteatum'' Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber longiglande'' D.Fang &amp; D.H.Qin , 1996
* ''Zingiber longiligulatum'' S.Q.Tong , 1987
* ''Zingiber longipedunculatum'' Ridl. , 1908
* ''Zingiber longyanjiang'' Z.Y.Zhu , 1992
* ''Zingiber macradenium'' K.Schum. , 1899
* ''Zingiber macrocephalum'' (Zoll.) K.Schum. , 1899
* ''Zingiber macroglossum'' Valeton , 1918
* ''Zingiber macrorrhynchus'' K.Schum. , 1904
* ''Zingiber malaysianum'' C.K.Lim , 2002
* ''Zingiber marginatum'' Roxb. , 1810
* ''Zingiber martinii'' R.M.Sm. , 1988
* ''Zingiber matutumense'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 2001
* ''Zingiber mekongense'' Gagnep. , 1907
* ''Zingiber menghaiense'' S.Q.Tong, 1987
* ''[[Zingiber mioga]]'' (Thunb.) Roscoe, 1807
* ''Zingiber molle'' Ridl. , 1909
* ''Zingiber monglaense'' S.J.Chen &amp; Z.Y.Chen , 1988
* ''Zingiber monophyllum'' Gagnep. , 1903
* ''Zingiber montanum'' (J.König) Link ex A.Dietr. ,1831
* ''Zingiber multibracteatum'' Holttum , 1950
* ''Zingiber neesanum'' (J.Graham) Ramamoorthy ,1976
* ''Zingiber neglectum'' Valeton , 1904
* ''Zingiber negrosense'' Elmer , 1915
* ''Zingiber neotruncatum'' T.L.Wu, K.Larsen &amp; Turland , 2000
* ''Zingiber newmanii'' Theilade &amp; Mood , 1999
* ''Zingiber nigrimaculatum'' S.Q.Tong , 1989
* ''Zingiber nimmonii'' (J.Graham) Dalzell , 1852
* ''Zingiber niveum'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 2002
* ''Zingiber nudicarpum'' D.Fang , 1982
* ''Zingiber odoriferum'' Blume , 1827
** ''Zingiber odoriferum var. borneense'' Valeton, (1918).
** ''Zingiber odoriferum var. odoriferum''
* ''[[Sakamalao|Zingiber officinale]]'' Roscoe , 1807 - [[sakamalao]]
* ''Zingiber oligophyllum'' K.Schum. , 1904
* ''Zingiber olivaceum'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 2002
* ''Zingiber orbiculatum'' S.Q.Tong , 1987
* ''Zingiber ottensii'' Valeton , 1918
* ''Zingiber pachysiphon'' B.L.Burtt &amp; R.M.Sm. , 1969
* ''Zingiber panduratum'' Roxb. , 1820
* ''Zingiber papuanum'' Valeton , 1918
* ''Zingiber pardocheilum'' Wall. ex Baker , 1892
* ''Zingiber parishii'' Hook.f. , 1873
* ''Zingiber paucipunctatum'' D.Fang , 1996
* ''Zingiber pellitum'' Gagnep. , 1906
* ''Zingiber pendulum'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1997
* ''Zingiber peninsulare'' Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber petiolatum'' (Holttum) Theilade , 1996
* ''Zingiber phillippsiae'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber pleiostachyum'' K.Schum. , 1904
* ''Zingiber porphyrosphaerum'' K.Schum. , 1904
* ''Zingiber pseudopungens'' R.M.Sm. , 1988
* ''Zingiber puberulum'' Ridl. , 1899
** ''Zingiber puberulum var. puberulum''
* ''Zingiber pubisquama'' Ridl. , 1909
* ''Zingiber raja'' C.K.Lim &amp; Kharuk. , 2003
* ''Zingiber recurvatum'' S.Q.Tong &amp; Y.M.Xia , 1987
* ''Zingiber roseum'' (Roxb.) Roscoe , 1807
* ''Zingiber rubens'' Roxb. , 1810 ,
* ''Zingiber rufopilosum'' Gagnep. , 1903
* ''Zingiber simaoense'' Y.Y.Qian , 1998
* ''Zingiber smilesianum'' Craib , 1912
* ''Zingiber spectabile'' Griff. , 1851
* ''Zingiber squarrosum'' Roxb. , 1810
* ''Zingiber stenostachys'' K.Schum. , 1904
* ''Zingiber stipitatum'' S.Q.Tong , 1987
* ''Zingiber striolatum'' Diels , 1900
* ''Zingiber sulphureum'' Burkill ex Theilade , 1995
* ''Zingiber thorelii'' Gagnep. , 1907
* ''Zingiber tuanjuum'' Z.Y.Zhu , 1984
* ''Zingiber vanlithianum'' Koord. , 1918
* ''Zingiber velutinum'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber vinosum'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1997
* ''Zingiber viridiflavum'' Mood &amp; Theilade , 1999
* ''Zingiber wandingense'' S.Q.Tong , 1987
* ''Zingiber wightianum'' Thwaites , 1861
* ''Zingiber wrayi'' Prain ex Ridl. , 1904
* ''Zingiber yingjiangense'' S.Q.Tong , 1987
* ''Zingiber yunnanense'' S.Q.Tong &amp; X.Z.Liu , 1991
* ''[[Zingiber zerumbet]]'' (L.) Roscoe ex Sm., 1806
** ''Zingiber zerumbet subsp. cochinense'' (Gagnep.) Triboun &amp; K.Larsen, 2007
** ''Zingiber zerumbet subsp. zerumbet''

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Zingiberales]]
* ''[[Curcuma]]''</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Coua</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>296707</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134525</id>
      <parentid>1125853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T17:58:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanampy soratra</comment>
      <origin>1134525</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2570" sha1="j8u9kjhatyey474qkobru2pxl733wdl" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Giant Coua.jpg|vignette|419x419px|''Coua gigas'', ao Ampataka (eto Madagasikara)]]
Ny '''''Coua''''' dia vondron-karazana ao amin' ny fianakaviam-borona ''[[Cuculidae]]'' izay ahitana karazana folo mbola velona sy tsy hita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. Efa lany tamingana ny fahiraika ambin' ny folo (''Coua delalandei'').

== Karazana ==
Indreto ny karazam-borona ao amin' ny vondron-karazana araka ny fanasokajiana filamatra (endrika 14.2, 2024) nataon' ny [[International Ornithological Congress]]:

* ''Coua delalandei'' – famakiakora&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://earthlife.net/delalandes-coua/ Delalande's couas]&quot;, ''earthlife.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; (efa lany tamingana tamin' ny taonjato faha-19)
* ''[[Ambosanga|Coua cristata]]'' – ambosanga, abosanga, tivoka, tokambolo, tsikokofotsy, tsiloko, tsipara&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://earthlife.net/crested-couas/ Crested Couas]&quot;, ''earthlife.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Coua verreauxi]]'' – tivoka - arefy
* ''[[Coua caerulea]]'' – mariha, taitso, taitso mainty, taitso manga&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://earthlife.net/blue-couas/ Blue Couas]&quot;, ''earthlife.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Coua ruficeps]]'' – haliotsy, alihotsy, aliotsy
* ''[[Coua olivaceiceps]]'' – haliotsy, alihotsy, aliotsy
* ''[[Coua reynaudii]]'' – taitso ?
* ''[[Coua coquereli]]'' – 
* ''[[Coua cursor]]'' – aliotse, kadibake
* ''[[Coua gigas]]'' – eoke, goribe, lejabe&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://earthlife.net/giant-couas/ Giant Couas]&quot;, ''earthlife.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Coua serriana]]'' –

== Teny malagasy ==
Indreto ny anarana mety hanondroana karazana ''Coua'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]], izay mety hanondro karazam-borona hafa na zavatra hafa koa: [[arefy]] - [[abosanga]] - [[alihotsy]] - [[aliotse]] - [[aliotsy]] - [[ambosanga]] - [[ariha]] - [[eoke]] - [[eoky]] - [[famakiakora]] - [[goribe]] - [[haliotsy]] - [[kadibake]] - [[lejabe]] - [[taitso]] - [[tivoka]] - [[tivoky]] - [[tokambolo]] - [[tsikokofotsy]] - [[tsiloko]] - [[tsipara]]

== Jereo koa ==
* ''[[Cuculus]]''
* ''[[Centropus]]''

* [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy]]
* [[Lisitry ny karazam-borona eto Madagasikara]]

== Rohy ivelany ==
* &quot;[https://www.environnement.mg/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/3-FICHE-TECHNIQUE-COMPLETE-rechesse-biologique-TSinjoriake_A5_2.pdf? Fiches techniques stipulant les éléments essentiels a retenir sur la richesse biologique, richesse culturelle de la NAP Tsinjoriake]&quot;, ''www.environnement.mg''
* &quot;[https://www.madacamp.com/Birds_of_Madagascar Birds of Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.madacamp.com'' (tena tsara vakina)

== Loharano ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Astur henstii</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>296816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134528</id>
      <parentid>1124657</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:07:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanampy soratra</comment>
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      <text bytes="5550" sha1="9btd35aee6ftj5qrkywkygptbamfblg" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Accipiter henstii.jpg|vignette|349x349px|Fandrasangara (''Astur henstii'')]]
Ny '''''Astur henstii''''' dia karazam-borona mpihaza ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Accipitridae]]''. Izy io dia napetraka taloha tao amin' ny ''[[Accipiter]]'' (izay niantsoana azy hoe '''''Accipiter henstii'''''). Tsy hita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] izy io. Amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy dia mety hantsoina hoe '''fandrasangara''' na '''firasa''', nefa tsy io ihany ny vorona antsoina amin' io anarana hie &quot;firasa&quot; io. Izy io dia vorona lehibe mpivoaka amin' ny andro. Monina an' ala ary tsy afaka monina amin' ny toeran-kafa ity karazana ity ka zara raha hita noho ny hakitrony tena ambany eto amin' ny Nosy. Ny ala voalohany sy faharoa eto amin' ny Nosy ihany no azony iainana. Ala mando sobtrôpikaly na trôpikaly an-tany lemaka na an-tendrombohitra ary eny amin' ny fambolena no fonenany voajanahary. Atahorana ho lany tamingana ity karazana ity noho ny fahaverezan' ny toeram-ponenany.

== Fanoritsoritana ==
Vorona mpihaza lehibe monina anty ala ny ''Astur henstii''. 52 hatramin' ny 62 sm ny halavan' ny vatany. Eo anelanelan' ny 86 sy 100 sm ny fitambaran' ny halavan' ny elany roa mivelatra. Misy fahasamihafana lehibe eo amin' ny lahy sy ny vavy: milanja 609 g amin' ny antsalany ny lahy ary ny vavy izay lehibe kokoa dia milanja 960 ka hatramin' ny 1&amp;nbsp;140 g amin' ny antsalany.  Izy io no anisan' ny karazana ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''Accipitrinae'' lehibe indrindra eran-tany, mifaninana amin' ny ''Astur gentilis'' any [[Eorazia]] sy ny ''Astur meyerianus''.

Rakotra volom-borona manja manopy volondavenona matroka ny vatany izay tsy dia misongadina fa madera kokoa kosa ny ao ambany ary misy tsipitsipika. Miovaova ny lokon' ny zazany mbola kely ary azo avahana amin' ny fisian' ny pentina volontany lehibe eo amin' ny tratrany sy ny kibony. Miloko mavo ny masony sy ny tongony lava. Eo am-panidina dia mamelatra ny elany boribory sy ny rambony lava misy tsipika mibahana ny ''Astur henstii''. Ankoatra izany dia azo manampy amin' ny famantarana azy raha manidina ny kotrombodiny miloko mazava.

Ny ''Astur henstii'' dia mety hafangaro amin' ny karazana mifanahatahaka aminy izay hita eto [[Madagasikara]], dia ny ''[[Eutriorchis astur]]''. Ireo karazana roa ireo dia azo avahana amin' ny fisian' ny endri-javatra fototra vitsivitsy. Ny voalohany dia ny habeny: ny ''Astur henstii'' dia lehibe lavitra. Miavaka kokoa noho ny an' ny ''Eutriorchis astur'', izay manana endrika miafina kokoa sy loko mazava kokoa, ny soritra mibahana eo amin' ny tratran' ny ''Astur henstii''.

== Fanasokajiana ==
Ny ''Astur henstii'' dia ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Astur'', ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Accipitridae]]'' ary ao amin' ny filaharana [[Accipitriformes]] miaraka amin' ny ankamaroan' ny vorona mpihaza amin' ny andro. Teo aloha dia nosokajina ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Accipiter]]'' izy io ka nisy karazana ''Accipiter'' roa hafa eto [[Madagasikara]] nanampy azy: ny ''[[Tachyspiza francesiae]]'' (''Accipiter francesiae'' teo aloha) sy ny ''[[Accipiter madagascariensis]]'', izay samy kely noho ny ''Astur henstii''. ''Accipiter francesiae''

== Faaritra sy toerana ahitana azy ==
Voafetra ihany ny faritra ahitana ny ''Astur henstii'' eto Madagasikara noho ny fepetra takiany amin' ny toeram-ponenany manokana. Ala trôpikaly voalohany sy ny ala faharoa indraindray ny fonenan' ny ''Astur henstii''. Voafetra amin' ny ilany avaratra sy andrefana ary atsinanana amin' ny Nosy ireo faritra ireo ary tsy anisany ny faritra atsimo.

== Sakafo ==
Vorona mpiremby mahay ny ''Astur henstii'', ary vorona sy biby mampinono antonony ka hatramin' ny lehibe no haniny. Noho ny fananany maso mahita lavitra sy ny hohony matanjaka ary ny vavany mifaingoka dia vorona mpiremby tena mahay izy io. Manatanteraka ny fihazana avy eny ambony hazo amim-pahamalinana na avy amin' ny sidina iva izy. Tsy miala amin' ny tampon' ny hazo rehefa misakafo ny ''Astur henstii''. Ny [[Lemuroidea|gidro]] sy ny vorona ao anaty ala no remby tena tiany ao anatin' ny ala voalohany onenany. Tsy mifidy karazam-biby hohazaina ny ''Astur henstii'' ka mihaza karazana gidro marobe, manomboka amin' ny 100 g ka hatramin' ny 4 kg. Noho izany dia manana anjara toerana lehibe amin' ny fitazonana ny fahasalaman' ny gidro rehetra amin' ny fampihenana ny habetsahan' ny marary sy ny antitra ny ''Astur henstii''.

== Fiarovana ==
Ny tombana nataon' ny [[BirdLife International]] tamin' ny taona 2016 dia nametraka ny ''Astur henstii'' ho tandindomin-doza ao amin' ny Lisitra Menan' ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]].Hamarinin' ny hakelin' ny mponina tombanana amin' ny isa eo anelanalan' ny 1&amp;nbsp;000 sy 2&amp;nbsp;250 ity sata fiarovana ity. Ao amin' io mponina io dia tombanana ho eo anelanelan' ny 670 sy 1&amp;nbsp;500 ny isan' ny vorona lehibe afaka miteraka. Tombanana fa hihena ity isa ity noho ny [[fandripahana ala]] sy ny fanakorontanana ataon' ny olona. Tsy fahita firy ity karazana ity sady sarotra anaovana fandinihana mivantana amin' ny ankamaroan' ny fanisana ary noho izany dia sarotra ny mahazo ny isa marina. Hita any amin' ny [[faritra arovana]] maromaro eto Madagasikara toy ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana]] sy ny [[Tahirin-javaboarin' ny Tsingin' i Bemaraha]] ny ''Astur henstii''. Nanome toky ny fitondram-panjakana eto Madagasikara fa hiaro bebe kokoa ny zavamananaina miavaka eto amin' ny Nosy.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Firasa]]

* [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>38575</id>
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      <comment>Nanitsy tsipelina</comment>
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      <text bytes="5549" sha1="axro9k6xxx4107rv6l8r9a4478e5tjb" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Accipiter henstii.jpg|vignette|349x349px|Fandrasangara (''Astur henstii'')]]
Ny '''''Astur henstii''''' dia karazam-borona mpihaza ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Accipitridae]]''. Izy io dia napetraka taloha tao amin' ny ''[[Accipiter]]'' (izay niantsoana azy hoe '''''Accipiter henstii'''''). Tsy hita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] izy io. Amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy dia mety hantsoina hoe '''fandrasangara''' na '''firasa''', nefa tsy io ihany ny vorona antsoina amin' io anarana hie &quot;firasa&quot; io. Izy io dia vorona lehibe mpivoaka amin' ny andro. Monina an' ala ary tsy afaka monina amin' ny toeran-kafa ity karazana ity ka zara raha hita noho ny hakitrony tena ambany eto amin' ny Nosy. Ny ala voalohany sy faharoa eto amin' ny Nosy ihany no azony iainana. Ala mando sobtrôpikaly na trôpikaly an-tany lemaka na an-tendrombohitra ary eny amin' ny fambolena no fonenany voajanahary. Atahorana ho lany tamingana ity karazana ity noho ny fahaverezan' ny toeram-ponenany.

== Fanoritsoritana ==
Vorona mpihaza lehibe monina anty ala ny ''Astur henstii''. 52 hatramin' ny 62 sm ny halavan' ny vatany. Eo anelanelan' ny 86 sy 100 sm ny fitambaran' ny halavan' ny elany roa mivelatra. Misy fahasamihafana lehibe eo amin' ny lahy sy ny vavy: milanja 609 g amin' ny antsalany ny lahy ary ny vavy izay lehibe kokoa dia milanja 960 ka hatramin' ny 1&amp;nbsp;140 g amin' ny antsalany.  Izy io no anisan' ny karazana ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''Accipitrinae'' lehibe indrindra eran-tany, mifaninana amin' ny ''Astur gentilis'' any [[Eorazia]] sy ny ''Astur meyerianus''.

Rakotra volom-borona manja manopy volondavenona matroka ny vatany izay tsy dia misongadina fa madera kokoa kosa ny ao ambany ary misy tsipitsipika. Miovaova ny lokon' ny zazany mbola kely ary azo avahana amin' ny fisian' ny pentina volontany lehibe eo amin' ny tratrany sy ny kibony. Miloko mavo ny masony sy ny tongony lava. Eo am-panidina dia mamelatra ny elany boribory sy ny rambony lava misy tsipika mibahana ny ''Astur henstii''. Ankoatra izany dia azo manampy amin' ny famantarana azy raha manidina ny kotrombodiny miloko mazava.

Ny ''Astur henstii'' dia mety hafangaro amin' ny karazana mifanahatahaka aminy izay hita eto [[Madagasikara]], dia ny ''[[Eutriorchis astur]]''. Ireo karazana roa ireo dia azo avahana amin' ny fisian' ny endri-javatra fototra vitsivitsy. Ny voalohany dia ny habeny: ny ''Astur henstii'' dia lehibe lavitra. Miavaka kokoa noho ny an' ny ''Eutriorchis astur'', izay manana endrika miafina kokoa sy loko mazava kokoa, ny soritra mibahana eo amin' ny tratran' ny ''Astur henstii''.

== Fanasokajiana ==
Ny ''Astur henstii'' dia ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Astur'', ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Accipitridae]]'' ary ao amin' ny filaharana [[Accipitriformes]] miaraka amin' ny ankamaroan' ny vorona mpihaza amin' ny andro. Teo aloha dia nosokajina ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Accipiter]]'' izy io ka nisy karazana ''Accipiter'' roa hafa eto [[Madagasikara]] nanampy azy: ny ''[[Tachyspiza francesiae]]'' (''Accipiter francesiae'' teo aloha) sy ny ''[[Accipiter madagascariensis]]'', izay samy kely noho ny ''Astur henstii''. ''Accipiter francesiae''

== Faritra sy toerana ahitana azy ==
Voafetra ihany ny faritra ahitana ny ''Astur henstii'' eto Madagasikara noho ny fepetra takiany amin' ny toeram-ponenany manokana. Ala trôpikaly voalohany sy ny ala faharoa indraindray ny fonenan' ny ''Astur henstii''. Voafetra amin' ny ilany avaratra sy andrefana ary atsinanana amin' ny Nosy ireo faritra ireo ary tsy anisany ny faritra atsimo.

== Sakafo ==
Vorona mpiremby mahay ny ''Astur henstii'', ary vorona sy biby mampinono antonony ka hatramin' ny lehibe no haniny. Noho ny fananany maso mahita lavitra sy ny hohony matanjaka ary ny vavany mifaingoka dia vorona mpiremby tena mahay izy io. Manatanteraka ny fihazana avy eny ambony hazo amim-pahamalinana na avy amin' ny sidina iva izy. Tsy miala amin' ny tampon' ny hazo rehefa misakafo ny ''Astur henstii''. Ny [[Lemuroidea|gidro]] sy ny vorona ao anaty ala no remby tena tiany ao anatin' ny ala voalohany onenany. Tsy mifidy karazam-biby hohazaina ny ''Astur henstii'' ka mihaza karazana gidro marobe, manomboka amin' ny 100 g ka hatramin' ny 4 kg. Noho izany dia manana anjara toerana lehibe amin' ny fitazonana ny fahasalaman' ny gidro rehetra amin' ny fampihenana ny habetsahan' ny marary sy ny antitra ny ''Astur henstii''.

== Fiarovana ==
Ny tombana nataon' ny [[BirdLife International]] tamin' ny taona 2016 dia nametraka ny ''Astur henstii'' ho tandindomin-doza ao amin' ny Lisitra Menan' ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary|IUCN]].Hamarinin' ny hakelin' ny mponina tombanana amin' ny isa eo anelanalan' ny 1&amp;nbsp;000 sy 2&amp;nbsp;250 ity sata fiarovana ity. Ao amin' io mponina io dia tombanana ho eo anelanelan' ny 670 sy 1&amp;nbsp;500 ny isan' ny vorona lehibe afaka miteraka. Tombanana fa hihena ity isa ity noho ny [[fandripahana ala]] sy ny fanakorontanana ataon' ny olona. Tsy fahita firy ity karazana ity sady sarotra anaovana fandinihana mivantana amin' ny ankamaroan' ny fanisana ary noho izany dia sarotra ny mahazo ny isa marina. Hita any amin' ny [[faritra arovana]] maromaro eto Madagasikara toy ny [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena Ranomafana]] sy ny [[Tahirin-javaboarin' ny Tsingin' i Bemaraha]] ny ''Astur henstii''. Nanome toky ny fitondram-panjakana eto Madagasikara fa hiaro bebe kokoa ny zavamananaina miavaka eto amin' ny Nosy.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Firasa]]

* [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy]]</text>
      <sha1>axro9k6xxx4107rv6l8r9a4478e5tjb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Coua caerulea</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>296987</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134526</id>
      <parentid>1125849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:01:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanampy soratra</comment>
      <origin>1134526</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1580" sha1="71ky2uk3hwhvpdujdujoae7bjwj6b0n" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Coua caerulea (Blauer Seidenkuckuck - Blue Coua) - Weltvogelpark Walsrode 2013-04.jpg|vignette|''Coua caerulea'']]
Ny '''''Coua caerulea''''' dia karazam-borona tsy fahita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]], ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Cuculidae]]''. Mirefy 50 sm eo ho eo io vorona io. Manga antitra ny lohany. Ny faritra manodidina ny maso dia miitatra ao ambadiky ny aorian' ny masony manja antitra, mampiseho loko manga miovaova. Mainty ny vavany sy ny tongony ary ny rantsan-tongony. Manga antitra ny tapany ambony sy ambany amin' ny vatany, toy izany koa ny elatra, izay mampiseho taratra metaly volomparasy eo amin' ny volon' elatra, loko sy taratra izay hita koa amin' ny rambony.

Indreto ny anarany amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]: '''mariha''', '''&lt;u&gt;taitso&lt;/u&gt;''', '''taitso mainty''', '''&lt;u&gt;taitso manga&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[https://earthlife.net/blue-couas/ Blue Couas]&quot;, ''earthlife.net''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Coua coquereli]]''

* Anarana mety hanondroana karazana ''[[Coua]]'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]], izay mety hanondro karazam-borona hafa na zavatra hafa koa: [[arefy]] - [[abosanga]] - [[alihotsy]] - [[alihotsy]] - [[aliotse]] - [[aliotsy]] - [[ambosanga]] - [[ariha]] - [[eoke]] - [[eoky]] - [[famakiakora]] - [[goribe]] - [[haliotsy]] - [[kadibake]] - [[lejabe]] - [[taitso]] - [[tivoka]] - [[tivoky]] - [[tokambolo]] - [[tsikokofotsy]] - [[tsiloko]] - [[tsipara]]

* ''[[Cuculus]]''
* ''[[Centropus]]''

* [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy]]
* [[Lisitry ny karazam-borona eto Madagasikara]]

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>71ky2uk3hwhvpdujdujoae7bjwj6b0n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Coua ruficeps</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>296991</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134521</id>
      <parentid>1125850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T17:48:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy tsipelina</comment>
      <origin>1134521</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1624" sha1="dog7zjfi0rbae0bvndoc3lzoy1nr0hj" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Coua ruficeps olivaceiceps Madagascar 1.jpg|vignette|''Coua ruficeps''|438x438px]]
Ny '''''Coua ruficeps''''' dia karazam-borona tsy hita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] (any amin' ny ilany avaratra-andrefana), ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Cuculidae]]''. Atao hoe '''haliotsy''' na '''aliotsy''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Ny fonenany voajanahary dia ny ala maina sobtrôpikaly na trôpikaly sy ala mando sobtrôpikaly na trôpikaly.

== Fanasokajiana ==
Araka ny [[International Ornithological Congress]], ity karazana ity dia ahitana ireto zana-karazana roa manaraka ireto:

* ''Coua ruficeps ruficeps'' &lt;small&gt;(G.R. Gray, 1846)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Coua olivaceiceps|Coua ruficeps olivaceiceps]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Sharpe, 1873)&lt;/small&gt;

Teo aloha dia noraisina ho zana-karazan' ny ''Coua ruficeps'' ny ''[[Coua olivaceiceps]]'' (''Coua ruficeps olivaceiceps'') saingy ankehitriny dia nasondrotra ho karazana mahaleo tena izy io tamin' ny fifotorana amin' ny fahasamihafan' ny volony sy ny feony.

== Jereo koa ==

* Indreto ny anarana mety hanondroana karazana ''[[Coua]]'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]], izay mety hanondro karazam-borona hafa na zavatra hafa: [[arefy]] - [[abosanga]] - [[alihotsy]] - [[alihotsy]] - [[aliotse]] - [[aliotsy]] - [[ambosanga]] - [[ariha]] - [[eoke]] - [[eoky]] - [[famakiakora]] - [[goribe]] - [[haliotsy]] - [[kadibake]] - [[lejabe]] - [[taitso]] - [[tivoka]] - [[tivoky]] - [[tokambolo]] - [[tsikokofotsy]] - [[tsiloko]] - [[tsipara]]

* ''[[Cuculus]]''
* ''[[Centropus]]''

* [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy]]
* [[Lisitry ny karazam-borona eto Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>dog7zjfi0rbae0bvndoc3lzoy1nr0hj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1134522</id>
      <parentid>1134521</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T17:50:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina.</comment>
      <origin>1134522</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1613" sha1="pc0xq5350m0n9prfxeg6hpgwy31pl5q" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Coua ruficeps olivaceiceps Madagascar 1.jpg|vignette|''Coua ruficeps''|438x438px]]
Ny '''''Coua ruficeps''''' dia karazam-borona tsy hita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] (any amin' ny ilany avaratra-andrefana), ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Cuculidae]]''. Atao hoe '''haliotsy''' na '''aliotsy''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Ny fonenany voajanahary dia ny ala maina sobtrôpikaly na trôpikaly sy ala mando sobtrôpikaly na trôpikaly.

== Fanasokajiana ==
Araka ny [[International Ornithological Congress]], ity karazana ity dia ahitana ireto zana-karazana roa manaraka ireto:

* ''Coua ruficeps ruficeps'' &lt;small&gt;(G.R. Gray, 1846)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Coua olivaceiceps|Coua ruficeps olivaceiceps]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Sharpe, 1873)&lt;/small&gt;

Teo aloha dia noraisina ho zana-karazan' ny ''Coua ruficeps'' ny ''[[Coua olivaceiceps]]'' (''Coua ruficeps olivaceiceps'') saingy ankehitriny dia nasondrotra ho karazana mahaleo tena izy io tamin' ny fifotorana amin' ny fahasamihafan' ny volony sy ny feony.

== Jereo koa ==

* Anarana mety hanondroana karazana ''[[Coua]]'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]], izay mety hanondro karazam-borona hafa na zavatra hafa: [[arefy]] - [[abosanga]] - [[alihotsy]] - [[alihotsy]] - [[aliotse]] - [[aliotsy]] - [[ambosanga]] - [[ariha]] - [[eoke]] - [[eoky]] - [[famakiakora]] - [[goribe]] - [[haliotsy]] - [[kadibake]] - [[lejabe]] - [[taitso]] - [[tivoka]] - [[tivoky]] - [[tokambolo]] - [[tsikokofotsy]] - [[tsiloko]] - [[tsipara]]

* ''[[Cuculus]]''
* ''[[Centropus]]''

* [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy]]
* [[Lisitry ny karazam-borona eto Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>pc0xq5350m0n9prfxeg6hpgwy31pl5q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Coua olivaceiceps</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>296992</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134523</id>
      <parentid>1127487</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T17:53:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina.</comment>
      <origin>1134523</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1885" sha1="nyd1wudx7vx3s62tevvducp2xnkxui2" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Red-capped Coua RWD2.jpg|vignette|368x368px|''Coua olivaceiceps'']]
Ny '''''Coua olivaceiceps''''' dia karazam-borona ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Cuculidae]]''. Tsy hita fa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] (any andrefana) izy io. Atao hoe '''haliotsy''' na '''aliotsy''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]].

Nofaritan' i Richard Bowdler Sharpe, manam-pahaizana anglisy momba ny [[ôrnitôlôjia]], tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy tamin' ny taona 1873 ny ''Coua olivaceiceps'' tamin' ny anarana hoe ''Sericosomus olivaceiceps''. Nofaritan' i Sharpe fa ny faritra atsimo-andrefan' i Madagasikara no misy azy. Nandefasan' ilay mpahay zavaboary frantsay [[Alfred Grandidier]] santionany izy talohan' izany.

Iray amin' ny karazana folo ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Coua'' ankehitriny ny ''Coua olivaceiceps'', izay tsy hita raha tsy eto Madagasikara. Ny mpamaritra karazana hoe ''olivaceiceps'' dia manambatra ny [[Fiteny latina|teny latina]] môderina hoe ''olivaceus'' izay midika hoe &quot;milokon' ôliva&quot; sy ny teny latina hoe ''ceps'' izay midika hoe &quot;saronana&quot;.

Teo aloha ny ''Coua olivaceiceps'' dia noheverina ho zana-karazan' ny ''[[Coua ruficeps]]'' (''Coua ruficeps olivaceiceps''). Nasondrotra ho karazana manokana izy io noho ny tsy fitovian' ny volo sy ny feon' izy ireo.

== Jereo koa ==

* Anarana anondroana karazana ''[[Coua]]'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]], izay mety hanondro karazam-borona hafa na zavatra hafa: [[arefy]] - [[abosanga]] - [[alihotsy]] - [[alihotsy]] - [[aliotse]] - [[aliotsy]] - [[ambosanga]] - [[ariha]] - [[eoke]] - [[eoky]] - [[famakiakora]] - [[goribe]] - [[haliotsy]] - [[kadibake]] - [[lejabe]] - [[taitso]] - [[tivoka]] - [[tivoky]] - [[tokambolo]] - [[tsikokofotsy]] - [[tsiloko]] - [[tsipara]]

* ''[[Cuculus]]''
* ''[[Centropus]]''

* [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy]]
* [[Lisitry ny karazam-borona eto Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>nyd1wudx7vx3s62tevvducp2xnkxui2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1134524</id>
      <parentid>1134523</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T17:54:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rohy anatiny</comment>
      <origin>1134524</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1889" sha1="1hm6uix8a6e4chjvaebv8fds6m2ibpf" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Red-capped Coua RWD2.jpg|vignette|368x368px|''Coua olivaceiceps'']]
Ny '''''Coua olivaceiceps''''' dia karazam-borona ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Cuculidae]]''. Tsy hita fa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] (any andrefana) izy io. Atao hoe '''haliotsy''' na '''aliotsy''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]].

Nofaritan' i Richard Bowdler Sharpe, manam-pahaizana anglisy momba ny [[ôrnitôlôjia]], tamin' ny fomba ôfisialy tamin' ny taona 1873 ny ''Coua olivaceiceps'' tamin' ny anarana hoe ''Sericosomus olivaceiceps''. Nofaritan' i Sharpe fa ny faritra atsimo-andrefan' i Madagasikara no misy azy. Nandefasan' ilay mpahay zavaboary frantsay [[Alfred Grandidier]] santionany izy talohan' izany.

Iray amin' ny karazana folo ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Coua]]'' ankehitriny ny ''Coua olivaceiceps'', izay tsy hita raha tsy eto Madagasikara. Ny mpamaritra karazana hoe ''olivaceiceps'' dia manambatra ny [[Fiteny latina|teny latina]] môderina hoe ''olivaceus'' izay midika hoe &quot;milokon' ôliva&quot; sy ny teny latina hoe ''ceps'' izay midika hoe &quot;saronana&quot;.

Teo aloha ny ''Coua olivaceiceps'' dia noheverina ho zana-karazan' ny ''[[Coua ruficeps]]'' (''Coua ruficeps olivaceiceps''). Nasondrotra ho karazana manokana izy io noho ny tsy fitovian' ny volo sy ny feon' izy ireo.

== Jereo koa ==

* Anarana anondroana karazana ''[[Coua]]'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]], izay mety hanondro karazam-borona hafa na zavatra hafa: [[arefy]] - [[abosanga]] - [[alihotsy]] - [[alihotsy]] - [[aliotse]] - [[aliotsy]] - [[ambosanga]] - [[ariha]] - [[eoke]] - [[eoky]] - [[famakiakora]] - [[goribe]] - [[haliotsy]] - [[kadibake]] - [[lejabe]] - [[taitso]] - [[tivoka]] - [[tivoky]] - [[tokambolo]] - [[tsikokofotsy]] - [[tsiloko]] - [[tsipara]]

* ''[[Cuculus]]''
* ''[[Centropus]]''

* [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy]]
* [[Lisitry ny karazam-borona eto Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>1hm6uix8a6e4chjvaebv8fds6m2ibpf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arefy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>297032</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134527</id>
      <parentid>1125844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:03:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanampy soratra</comment>
      <origin>1134527</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2143" sha1="ou04cu63tuimptns932h5ybdot5p26b" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Coua verreauxi.jpg|vignette|372x372px|Arofy (''Coua verreauxi'')]]
Ny '''arefy''' dia karazam-borona ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Cuculidae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Cuculiformes]]. '''''Coua verreauxi''''', ny narany ara-tsiansa, tsy hita afa-tsy any amin' ny faritra kely any atsimo-andrefan' i [[Madagasikara]]. Ity karazana ity dia nomena io anarana ara-tsiansa io ho fanomezam-boninahitra an' i [[Jules Verreaux]] (1807-1873).

== Fanoritsoritana ==
[[Sary:Coua verreauxi Keulemans.jpg|vignette|Arofy (''Coua verreauxi'')]]
Mirefy 38 sm eo ho eo io vorona io. Misy sangany volondavenona tanora ny lohany maitso manopy volondavenona, fa antitra kokoa eny amin' ny tendron' io sangany io. Mangamanga ny faritra manodidina ny masony, ary manga tanora ny volo amin' ny ampahany aoriana. Fotsy ny saokany sy ny tendany, toraka izany koa ny ao ambanin' ny vatany. Mainty ny vavany sy ny tongony ary ny rantsan-tongony, ary manja mainty ny maintimasony. Maitso volondavenona tanora ny tapany ambony. Maitso volondavelona ny elany. Manga antitra misy taratra metaly ny rambony ary misy pentina fotsy eo amin' ny tendro amin' ny sisiny ivelany amin' io rambony io.

== Toeram-ponenany ==
Any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' ny alan-kirihitra ''[[Euphorbia]]'' misy tsilo sobtrôpikaly na trôpikaly amorontsiraka eto [[Madagasikara]] no fonenany voajanahary. Mivoaka indrindra izy io amin' ny maraimbe sy amin' ny takariva. Ny [[abosanga]] na [[ambosanga]] (''Coua cristata'') no karazana miara-iaina aminy ao amin' ny faritra misy azy.

== Jereo koa ==

* Anarana mety hanondroana karazana ''Coua'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]], izay mety hanondro karazam-borona hafa na zavatra hafa koa: [[arefy]] - [[abosanga]] - [[alihotsy]] - [[alihotsy]] - [[aliotse]] - [[aliotsy]] - [[ambosanga]] - [[ariha]] - [[eoke]] - [[eoky]] - [[famakiakora]] - [[goribe]] - [[haliotsy]] - [[kadibake]] - [[lejabe]] - [[taitso]] - [[tivoka]] - [[tivoky]] - [[tokambolo]] - [[tsikokofotsy]] - [[tsiloko]] - [[tsipara]]

* ''[[Cuculus]]''
* ''[[Centropus]]''

* [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy]]
* [[Lisitry ny karazam-borona eto Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>ou04cu63tuimptns932h5ybdot5p26b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ipomoea pes-caprae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>297997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134538</id>
      <parentid>1130730</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T07:52:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nandamina lahatsoratra</comment>
      <origin>1134538</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3822" sha1="ruv6genil41lmoqx298ec0pa9ba0yav" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Ipomoea pes-caprae (3) (1).JPG - Photo by V C Balakrishnan.jpg|vignette|395x395px|''Ipomoea pes-caprae'']]
Ny '''''Ipomoea pes-caprae''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Convolvulaceae]]''. Izy io dia [[vahy]] mandady izay manjanaka ny tapany ambony amin' ny [[tora-pasika]] any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly. Zavamaniry fahita indrindra amin' ny morontsiraka trôpikaly izy io, indrindra amin' ny tora-pasika manify. Amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy dia atao hoe  '''lalanda''', '''lalandandriaka''', '''lalandanjiake''', '''vahedalanda''', '''lalandana''', '''vahindalandana'''. Maro ny karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Ipomoea]]'' no antsoina amin' ny anarana mitovy amin' ireo voatanisa ireo.

== Famariparitana ==

=== Taho sy faka ===
[[Sary:Ipomoea pes-caprae 7.jpg|vignette|218x218px]]
[[Vahy]] maniry maharitra taona maro ny ''Ipomoea pes-caprae'', izay manana taho misy zorony sady mandady eo ambonin' ny fasika, manana halava 5 ka hatramin' ny 30 m. Mifikitra amin' ny fasika izy io amin' ny alalan' ny faka mipoitra avy eo amin' ny tonony. Afaka madrakotra matevina ny toerana misy azy izy io ka manampy amin' ny fitazomana ny tany.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Ipomoea pes-caprae in Deshaies (2).jpg|ankavia|vignette|217x217px|Ravin' ny ''Ipomoea pes-caprae'']]
Tsotra sy matevina ny raviny mibikan' atody na salavalava: mitovy amin' ny kitron' osy ny endriny. Amin' ny tara-masoandro mahery, ny raviny dia miforitra kely manaraka ny kirany afovoany mba hampihenana ny fietona.

=== Vony ===
[[Sary:Sea Morning Glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae) (8538388287).jpg|vignette|230x230px|Vonin' ny ''Ipomoea pes-caprae'']]
Mavokely misy pentina volomparasy ny [[vondrom-pelambony]] miendrika lantonoara, mirefy 5 hatramin' ny 6 sm ny savaivony. Misokatra mandritra ny iray andro ny vony.

=== Voa ===
Kapsiola boribory ny voany, izay manana savaivo mirefy 10 hatramin' ny 15 mm, misy kitranotrano miloko manja 4, samy misy [[vihim-boa]] iray avy. Manana halava eo anelanelan' ny 6 sy 7 mm ny vihim-boa.

== Ekôlôjia ==
[[Sary:Ipomoea pes caprae sur l'île aux oiseaux.jpg|vignette|283x283px|''Ipomoea pes-caprae'' eny amin' ny tora-pasika]]
Hita manerana ny faritra trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly ny ''Ipomoea pes-caprae''. Eo amin' ny tapany apbony na ny tampon' ny tora-pasika any amin' ny faritra mafana any amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Atlantika]] sy ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]] ary ny [[Ranomasimbe Pasifika]] no ahitana azy io, ary manome ohatra tsara momba ny fiparitahana amin' ny alalan' ny ranomasina. Anisan' ny karazana zavamaniry voalohany nanjanaka ny faritra simba any amin' ny tany mafana ny ''Ipomoea pes-caprae'', tahaka ny ''[[Melanthera biflora]]'' sy ny ''[[Portulaca oleracea]]'', ary ny ''[[Digitaria ciliaris]]''.

== Fampiasana ==
Any [[Antilia]] dia itsaboana ny kibo manotika sy ny tazo ny fakany alona anaty rano. Any La Réunion dia itsaboana ny mamaivay sy ny [[rohana]] ary ny [[zihinofo]] ny raviny tanehina; ny raviny tanora notorotoroina dia ampiasaina hanamora ny fanesorana ny tsilon' ny [[sokindriaka]] milentika amin'ny tena. Any amin' ny firenena maro dia fanafody itsaboana ny mamaivay, ny kibo manotika, ny angatra ary ny fanaintainana ny ''Ipomoea pes-caprae''.

Nasehon' ny mpikaroka breziliana fa mampihena ny fahatsapana fanaintainana lehibe ny vokatry ny fandomana amin' ny [[metanôla]] ny taho na ny ravin' ny ''Ipomoea pes-caprae''. Nahafantarana ny fisian' ny sterôida, ny terpenôida, ny alkalôida, ny flavônôida, ary ny glikôsidan' asidra matavy, antsoina hoe peskaprôsida A, B, E, I-IX., ao aminy ny fandinihana fitôsimika savaranonando.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Ipomoea]]''
* [[Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny Ipomoea|Lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Ipomoea'']]
* ''[[Ipomoea biloba]]''
* ''[[Canavalia obtusifolia]]''</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fandropalana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298018</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134610</id>
      <parentid>1130812</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T09:29:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rohy anatiny</comment>
      <origin>1134610</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="708" sha1="7wxz4w2nscihjwgmrnabsbbd409e6st" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''fandropalana''' dia zavamaniry isan-karazany ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Poaceae]]'':

* ''[[Cynodon dactylon]]'' -- arampandrotra, arapandrotra, fandrahana, fandropalana, [[fandrotrarana]], fandrotsana, firifiry, kidesy, kidresy, kindrese, kindresy, ladintrambo, rampadrotsa, rapandrotra, vahitsitafitahady, vandrahana, volonaondry, volotsaka
* ''[[Digitaria ciliaris]]'' (na ''Digitaria adscendens'') -- ahipalana, fandropalana, kindresimena
* ''[[Digitaria didactyla]]'' -- fandropalana, volonondry
* ''[[Digitaria humbertii]]'' -- fandrodahy, fandropalana, volonondry
* ''[[Digitaria radicosa]]'' (na ''Digitaria timorensis'') -- fandropalana

== Jereo koa ==
* ''[[Cynodon]]''
* ''[[Digitaria]]''</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zingiber zerumbet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298906</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134515</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T13:46:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Zingiberaceae</comment>
      <origin>1134515</origin>
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      <text bytes="1674" sha1="0t8gigxt3r3xna456bg6obompb5gdx8" xml:space="preserve">
Ny '''''Zingiber zerumbet''''' dia [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] sy [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Zingiber]]'', ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Zingiberaceae]]'', teratany any [[Azia]]. Atao hoe '''lakitra''', '''sakarivobe''', '''sakarivondambo''', '''sakaviroambo''', '''sakavirondambo''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Anarana ara-tsiansa nahafantarana azy taloha ny hoe '''''Zingiber aromaticum''''' sy '''''Amomum zerumbet'''''. Mahatratra 1,20 m ny haavon' ny tahony mandravina sady matanjaka. Ampiasaina amin' ny fandrahoan-tsakafo ny taranjany. Amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana, indrindra fa any [[Malezia]], ny taranjan' ny sakavirondambo dia ampiasaina hitsaboana karazana aretina maro (aretina mamaivay, aretina manaintaina, kankana an-tsinay ary aretim-pivalanana).

== Famariparitna ==
Mipoitra avy amin' ny taranjany ambanin' ny tany ny raviny sy ny vondromboniny miendika kitsoloha. Maitso sy mifandimby ny raviny. Mihorongorona lasa fonon' ny tahony ny fonon-dravina izay somary miendrika lela lefona na somary lavalava sy tery.

Maitso ny ravina miendrika voniny raha mbola tanora ary mivadika mena rehefa mihantitra. Mipoitra avy eo anelanelan' izy ireo ny voniny tsy mibaribary izay misy felany telo mavo hatsatra. Mainty ny vihim-boany.

Mavesatra sy lena ny vondrombony satria feno ranoka mazava, mitsiloly toa ranon-tsavony, manitra sakamalao, izay azo alaina amin' ny alalan' ny famiazana.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Zingiber]]''

* ''[[Sakamalao|Zingiber officinale]]'' (sakamalao)
* ''[[Zingiber elatum]]''
* ''[[Zingiber mioga]]''
* ''[[Zingiber spectabile]]''

* ''[[Amomum]]''</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1134516</id>
      <parentid>1134515</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T13:48:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanisy sary</comment>
      <origin>1134516</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1746" sha1="480s2sm225tlidkcvyrzdqtcbhyrpat" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Zingiber zerumbet2.jpg|vignette|315x315px|''Zingiber zerumbet'']]
Ny '''''Zingiber zerumbet''''' dia [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] sy [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Zingiber]]'', ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Zingiberaceae]]'', teratany any [[Azia]]. Atao hoe '''lakitra''', '''sakarivobe''', '''sakarivondambo''', '''sakaviroambo''', '''sakavirondambo''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Anarana ara-tsiansa nahafantarana azy taloha ny hoe '''''Zingiber aromaticum''''' sy '''''Amomum zerumbet'''''. Mahatratra 1,20 m ny haavon' ny tahony mandravina sady matanjaka. Ampiasaina amin' ny fandrahoan-tsakafo ny taranjany. Amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana, indrindra fa any [[Malezia]], ny taranjan' ny sakavirondambo dia ampiasaina hitsaboana karazana aretina maro (aretina mamaivay, aretina manaintaina, kankana an-tsinay ary aretim-pivalanana).

== Famariparitna ==
Mipoitra avy amin' ny taranjany ambanin' ny tany ny raviny sy ny vondromboniny miendika kitsoloha. Maitso sy mifandimby ny raviny. Mihorongorona lasa fonon' ny tahony ny fonon-dravina izay somary miendrika lela lefona na somary lavalava sy tery.

Maitso ny ravina miendrika voniny raha mbola tanora ary mivadika mena rehefa mihantitra. Mipoitra avy eo anelanelan' izy ireo ny voniny tsy mibaribary izay misy felany telo mavo hatsatra. Mainty ny vihim-boany.

Mavesatra sy lena ny vondrombony satria feno ranoka mazava, mitsiloly toa ranon-tsavony, manitra sakamalao, izay azo alaina amin' ny alalan' ny famiazana.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Zingiber]]''

* ''[[Sakamalao|Zingiber officinale]]'' (sakamalao)
* ''[[Zingiber elatum]]''
* ''[[Zingiber mioga]]''
* ''[[Zingiber spectabile]]''

* ''[[Amomum]]''</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134617</id>
      <parentid>1134516</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T10:09:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanampy sary</comment>
      <origin>1134617</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1943" sha1="7k7vnsz0cvni3i9bhmg1kzcujqnkqyj" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Starr 020803-0015 Zingiber zerumbet.jpg|vignette|409x409px|Sakarivondambo (''Zingiber zerumbet'')]]
Ny '''''Zingiber zerumbet''''' dia [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] sy [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Zingiber]]'', ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Zingiberaceae]]'', teratany any [[Azia]]. Atao hoe '''lakitra''', '''sakarivobe''', '''sakarivondambo''', '''sakaviroambo''', '''sakavirondambo''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Anarana ara-tsiansa nahafantarana azy taloha ny hoe '''''Zingiber aromaticum''''' sy '''''Amomum zerumbet'''''. Mahatratra 1,20 m ny haavon' ny tahony mandravina sady matanjaka. Ampiasaina amin' ny fandrahoan-tsakafo ny taranjany. Amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana, indrindra fa any [[Malezia]], ny taranjan' ny sakavirondambo dia ampiasaina hitsaboana karazana aretina maro (aretina mamaivay, aretina manaintaina, kankana an-tsinay ary aretim-pivalanana).

== Famariparitana ==
[[Sary:Zingiber zerumbet inflorescences 1.jpg|vignette|Vondrombonin' ny sakarivondambo]]
[[Sary:Zingiber zerumbet2.jpg|vignette|362x362px|''Zingiber zerumbet'']]
Mipoitra avy amin' ny taranjany ambanin' ny tany ny raviny sy ny vondromboniny miendika kitsoloha. Maitso sy mifandimby ny raviny. Mihorongorona lasa fonon' ny tahony ny fonon-dravina izay somary miendrika lela lefona na somary lavalava sy tery.

Maitso ny ravina miendrika voniny raha mbola tanora ary mivadika mena rehefa mihantitra. Mipoitra avy eo anelanelan' izy ireo ny voniny tsy mibaribary izay misy felany telo mavo hatsatra. Mainty ny vihim-boany.

Mavesatra sy lena ny vondrombony satria feno ranoka mazava, mitsiloly toa ranon-tsavony, manitra sakamalao, izay azo alaina amin' ny alalan' ny famiazana.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Zingiber]]''

* ''[[Sakamalao|Zingiber officinale]]'' (sakamalao)
* ''[[Zingiber elatum]]''
* ''[[Zingiber mioga]]''
* ''[[Zingiber spectabile]]''

* ''[[Amomum]]''</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1134618</id>
      <parentid>1134617</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T10:15:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nanampy sary</comment>
      <origin>1134618</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2012" sha1="bs2wvdtous1j2tuobbewr41j329mi5k" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Starr 020803-0015 Zingiber zerumbet.jpg|vignette|409x409px|Sakarivondambo (''Zingiber zerumbet'')]]
Ny '''''Zingiber zerumbet''''' dia [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] sy [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Zingiber]]'', ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Zingiberaceae]]'', teratany any [[Azia]]. Atao hoe '''lakitra''', '''sakarivobe''', '''sakarivondambo''', '''sakaviroambo''', '''sakavirondambo''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Anarana ara-tsiansa nahafantarana azy taloha ny hoe '''''Zingiber aromaticum''''' sy '''''Amomum zerumbet'''''. Mahatratra 1,20 m ny haavon' ny tahony mandravina sady matanjaka. Ampiasaina amin' ny fandrahoan-tsakafo ny taranjany. Amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana, indrindra fa any [[Malezia]], ny taranjan' ny sakavirondambo dia ampiasaina hitsaboana karazana aretina maro (aretina mamaivay, aretina manaintaina, kankana an-tsinay ary aretim-pivalanana).

== Famariparitana ==
[[Sary:Zingiber zerumbet inflorescences 1.jpg|vignette|Vondrombonin' ny sakarivondambo]]
[[Sary:Zingiber zerumbet2.jpg|vignette|362x362px|''Zingiber zerumbet'']]
[[Sary:Shampoo Ginger.jpg|vignette|315x315px|''Zingiber zerumbet'']]
Mipoitra avy amin' ny taranjany ambanin' ny tany ny raviny sy ny vondromboniny miendika kitsoloha. Maitso sy mifandimby ny raviny. Mihorongorona lasa fonon' ny tahony ny fonon-dravina izay somary miendrika lela lefona na somary lavalava sy tery.

Maitso ny ravina miendrika voniny raha mbola tanora ary mivadika mena rehefa mihantitra. Mipoitra avy eo anelanelan' izy ireo ny voniny tsy mibaribary izay misy felany telo mavo hatsatra. Mainty ny vihim-boany.

Mavesatra sy lena ny vondrombony satria feno ranoka mazava, mitsiloly toa ranon-tsavony, manitra sakamalao, izay azo alaina amin' ny alalan' ny famiazana.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Zingiber]]''

* ''[[Sakamalao|Zingiber officinale]]'' (sakamalao)
* ''[[Zingiber elatum]]''
* ''[[Zingiber mioga]]''
* ''[[Zingiber spectabile]]''

* ''[[Amomum]]''</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Anai171/Haromotana</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>298907</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134533</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T06:12:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Anai171</username>
        <id>30270</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1488035|Rabies]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="9039" sha1="gpur7w7kt0tcwvc0gvbqsh5444w5o6y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Rabies
|synonym          =
|image            =Dog with rabies.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =A dog with rabies in the paralytic (post-furious) stage
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =[[Fever]], fear of water, confusion, excessive salivation, [[hallucinations]], trouble sleeping, [[paralysis]], [[coma]]&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Rabies - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351821|website=Mayo Clinic|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422160330/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351821|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422160330/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351821 |date=22 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Rabies virus]], [[Australian bat lyssavirus]]&lt;ref name=Au2014&gt;{{cite web |title=Rabies, Australian bat lyssavirus and other lyssaviruses |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-rabies-consumer-info.htm |work=The Department of Health |access-date=1 March 2014 |date=Dec 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304235230/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-rabies-consumer-info.htm |archive-date=4 March 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304235230/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-rabies-consumer-info.htm |date=4 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[Rabies vaccine]], animal control, [[rabies immunoglobulin]]&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;
|treatment        =
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Nearly always death after onset of symptoms&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;
|frequency        =
|deaths           =17,400 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}
'''Aretina''' vokatry ny virosy ny haromotana izay miteraka fivontosana ao amin'ny atidohan'ny olombelona sy [[Biby mampinono|ny biby mampinono]] hafa.  Mety ahitana tazo sy mangotsokotsoka eo amin'ny toerana iharan'ny aretina ny soritr'aretina voalohany.&lt;ref name=WHO2013&gt;{{cite web|title=Rabies Fact Sheet N°99 |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |work=World Health Organization |access-date=28 February 2014 |date=July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401075427/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |archive-date=1 April 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401075427/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |date=1 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Arahin'ireto soritr'aretina ireto ny iray na maromaro amin'ireto soritr'aretina manaraka ireto: fihetsehana mahery vaika, fientanentanana tsy voafehy, tahotra ny rano, tsy fahafahana mihetsika ny faritra amin'ny vatana, fisafotofotoana, ary fahaverezan'ny fahatsiarovan-tena.&lt;ref name=WHO2013 /&gt; Raha vao miseho ireo soritr'aretina dia saika fahafatesana foana no vokany.&lt;ref name=WHO2013 /&gt; Ny fe-potoana eo anelanelan'ny fahazoana ny aretina sy ny fanombohan'ny soritr'aretina dia mazàna iray ka hatramin'ny telo volana, saingy mety miovaova manomboka amin'ny latsaky ny herinandro ka hatramin'ny herintaona mahery.&lt;ref name=WHO2013 /&gt; Miankina amin'ny halavirana tsy maintsy alehan'ny viriosy amin'ny ozatra periferika mba hahatongavana any amin'ny rafi-pitatitra foibe ny fotoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Robbins&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Cotran RS, Kumar V, Fausto N|title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease|edition=7th|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|year=2005|page=1375|isbn=978-0-7216-0187-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny haromotana dia vokatry ny lyssaviruses, anisan'izany ny viriosy haromotana sy ny lyssavirus an'ny ramanavy Aostraliana .  Miely izy io rehefa manaikitra na mandratra olombelona na biby hafa ny biby voan'ny aretina.  Mety hampita ny haromotana koa ny rora avy amin'ny biby voan'ny aretina raha mikasika ny maso, ny vava, na ny orona ny rora.&lt;ref name=WHO2013 /&gt; Maneran-tany, [[Alika|ny alika]] no biby mahazatra indrindra voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=WHO2013 /&gt; Any amin'ireo firenena izay ahitana alika matetika voan'ny aretina, mihoatra ny 99% amin'ireo tranganà haromotana no vokatry ny kaikitry ny alika mivantana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tint2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tintinalli|first=Judith E.|title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2010|pages=Chapter 152|isbn=978-0-07-148480-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any [[Amerika]], ny kaikitry [[Ramanavy|ny ramanavy]] no loharanon'ny aretina rabies mahazatra indrindra amin'ny olombelona, ary latsaky ny 5% amin'ny tranga no avy amin'ny alika.&lt;ref name=WHO2013 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tint2010&quot; /&gt; Mahalana vao voan'ny haromotana ny biby mpikiky.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tint2010&quot; /&gt; Azo fantarina ny aretina rehefa manomboka miseho ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=WHO2013 /&gt;

Nihena ny mety hisian'ny haromotana avy amin'ny alika any amin'ny faritra maro eto amin'izao tontolo izao noho ny fandaharan'asa fanaraha-maso ny biby sy ny vaksiny.  Amporisihina ny fanaovana vaksiny ho an'ireo olona atahorana ho voan'ny raboka, anisan'izany ireo miasa amin'ny ramanavy na ireo mipetraka ela any amin'ny faritra misy rabies eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=WHO2013 /&gt; Ho an'ireo olona efa tratran'ny haromotana, ny vaksiny haromotana ary indraindray ny immunoglobulin haromotana dia mahomby amin'ny fisorohana ny aretina raha toa ka mahazo ny fitsaboana alohan'ny hanombohan'ny soritr'aretin'ny haromotana ilay olona.&lt;ref name=WHO2013 /&gt; Ny fanasana ireo kaikitra sy rangotra mandritra ny 15 minitra amin'ny savony sy rano, povidone-iodine, na savony fanasan-damba dia mety hampihena ny isan'ny poti-virosy ary mety hahomby amin'ny fisorohana ny fifindran'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=WHO2013 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=William H.|last=Wunner|title=Rabies: Scientific Basis of the Disease and Its Management|date=2010|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780080550091|page=556|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-U1LFK5zagC&amp;pg=PA556|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819025736/https://books.google.com/books?id=C-U1LFK5zagC&amp;pg=PA556|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2016}} , olona efatra ambin'ny folo ihany no tafavoaka velona tamin'ny aretina haromotana rehefa avy naneho soritr'aretina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J|title=Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management|journal=The Lancet. Neurology|volume=12|issue=5|pages=498–513|date=May 2013|pmid=23602163|doi=10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70038-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ManojMukherjee2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Manoj S, Mukherjee A, Johri S, Kumar KV|title=Recovery from rabies, a universally fatal disease|journal=Military Medical Research|volume=3|issue=1|pages=21|year=2016|pmid=27429788|pmc=4947331|doi=10.1186/s40779-016-0089-y}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nahafaty olona 17 400 teo ho eo maneran-tany ny haromotana tamin'ny taona 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maherin'ny 95%-n'ny fahafatesan'ny olombelona vokatry ny haromotana no mitranga any [[Afrika]] sy [[Azia]] .  Eo amin'ny 40% eo ho eo amin'ny fahafatesana no mitranga amin'ny ankizy latsaky ny 15 taona.  Misy haromotana any amin'ny firenena mihoatra ny 150 ary any amin'ny kaontinanta rehetra afa-tsy any Antarktika.&lt;ref name=WHO2013 /&gt; Mihoatra ny 3&amp;nbsp;Olona an'arivony tapitrisa no mipetraka any amin'ny faritra misy ny haromotana eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=WHO2013 /&gt; Firenena maro, anisan'izany i Aostralia sy Japon, ary koa ny ankamaroan'i Eoropa Andrefana, no tsy ahitana haromotana amin'ny alika.   Maro amin'ireo nosy Pasifika no tsy misy haromotana mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCRFC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Rabies-Free Countries and Political Units |url=https://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html |work=CDC |access-date=8 May 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305010256/http://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html |archive-date=5 March 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305010256/http://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html |date=5 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Voasokajy ho aretina tropikaly tsy voakarakara izy io. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>COVID 19</title>
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        <id>31052</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1485142|COVID-19]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="12740" sha1="cvwjypebf4bo0geqzjvy9sgiy0vwi6g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia aretina mifindra vokatry ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny soritr'aretina dia ahitana tazo, kohaka, fahasarotana miaina, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny viriosy no manomboka ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt; Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mitranga indrindra ny fifindran'ny aretina rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt; Mety hitranga amin'ny alalan'ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely misy ny viriosy izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahalana kokoa, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny zavatra voaloto ny viriosy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afaka mamindra ny viriosy roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina ny olona, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro, na dia mety ho mifindra ela kokoa aza ireo izay manana aretina mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) na fitiliana antigen haingana avy amin'ny swab orona na tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana ara-batana, ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta, ny fampidirana rivotra ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia misy soritr'aretina sy fanohanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ny nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir, na molnupiravir.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny dexamethasone sy remdesivir.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika dia azo ampiana tocilizumab na sarilumab.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroany rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin'ny {{Template:Date}}, farafahakeliny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|conround|editlink=|ref=no}} no voamarina fa misy tranga, izay niafara tamin'ny tranga mihoatra ny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=no}}maty  . {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:08:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bluerose25</username>
        <id>31052</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1134542</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12818" sha1="ehpotf4ij503ehxvpkp3jypf5gc6u09" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia areti-mifindra vokatry ny otrikaretina iray dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireto avy ny soritr'aretina ho an'ny aretina COVID-19: tazo, kohaka, fahasemporana, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny otrikaretina no manomboka ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt;. Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina dia mifindra ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt;. Ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina dia amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Indraindray, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fitaovana nampiasain'ny marary ilay otrikaretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina dia afaka mamindra ny aretina ilay olona marary, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro (ho an'ireo izay mafimafy ny soritr'aretina dia mety haharitra kokoa ny fe-potoana hifindrany&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no anaovana fitiliana ny aretina (fitiliana singa avy ivelan'ny vatana) ary avy amin'ny ati-orona na ati-tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana ara-batana, ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta, ny fampidirana rivotra ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia misy soritr'aretina sy fanohanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ny nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir, na molnupiravir.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny dexamethasone sy remdesivir.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika dia azo ampiana tocilizumab na sarilumab.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroany rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin'ny {{Template:Date}}, farafahakeliny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|conround|editlink=|ref=no}} no voamarina fa misy tranga, izay niafara tamin'ny tranga mihoatra ny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=no}}maty  . {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>ehpotf4ij503ehxvpkp3jypf5gc6u09</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1134543</id>
      <parentid>1134542</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:09:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bluerose25</username>
        <id>31052</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1134543</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12819" sha1="kebg9ymkoewmqrsp5f07ep68xqpykw8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia areti-mifindra vokatry ny otrikaretina iray dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireto avy ny soritr'aretina ho an'ny aretina COVID-19: tazo, kohaka, fahasemporana, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny otrikaretina no manomboka ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt;. Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina dia mifindra ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt;. Ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina dia amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Indraindray, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fitaovana nampiasain'ny marary ilay otrikaretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina dia afaka mamindra ny aretina ilay olona marary, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro (ho an'ireo izay mafimafy ny soritr'aretina dia mety haharitra kokoa ny fe-potoana hifindrany&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no anaovana fitiliana ny aretina (fitiliana singa avy ivelan'ny vatana) ary avy amin'ny ati-orona na ati-tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana ara-batana, ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta, ny fampidirana rivotra ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia misy soritr'aretina sy fanohanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ny nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir, na molnupiravir.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny dexamethasone sy remdesivir.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika dia azo ampiana tocilizumab na sarilumab.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroany rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin'ny {{Template:Date}}, farafahakeliny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|conround|editlink=|ref=no}} no voamarina fa misy tranga, izay niafara tamin'ny tranga mihoatra ny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=no}}maty  . {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <id>1134548</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:14:35Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="12916" sha1="jh30y40dkfukcj024lgdvnb46r6h8bc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia areti-mifindra vokatry ny otrikaretina iray dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireto avy ny soritr'aretina ho an'ny aretina COVID-19: tazo, kohaka, fahasemporana, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny otrikaretina no manomboka ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt;. Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina dia mifindra ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt;. Ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina dia amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Indraindray, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fitaovana nampiasain'ny marary ilay otrikaretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina dia afaka mamindra ny aretina ilay olona marary, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro (ho an'ireo izay mafimafy ny soritr'aretina dia mety haharitra kokoa ny fe-potoana hifindrany&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no anaovana fitiliana ny aretina (fitiliana singa avy ivelan'ny vatana) ary avy amin'ny ati-orona na ati-tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana (1metatra ny elanelana tokony hisy amin'ny olona tsirairay), ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta na aro vava orona, ny fampidirana rivo-baovao tsy miato ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana ireo izay marary&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia misy soritr'aretina sy fanohanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ny nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir, na molnupiravir.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny dexamethasone sy remdesivir.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika dia azo ampiana tocilizumab na sarilumab.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroany rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin'ny {{Template:Date}}, farafahakeliny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|conround|editlink=|ref=no}} no voamarina fa misy tranga, izay niafara tamin'ny tranga mihoatra ny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=no}}maty  . {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <id>1134553</id>
      <parentid>1134548</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:17:17Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Bluerose25</username>
        <id>31052</id>
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      <text bytes="12916" sha1="37zoqjuzbztf563eronfmmaxvgaj3tk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia areti-mifindra vokatry ny otrikaretina iray dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireto avy ny soritr'aretina ho an'ny aretina COVID-19: tazo, kohaka, fahasemporana, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny otrikaretina no manomboka ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt;. Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina dia mifindra ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt;. Ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina dia amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Indraindray, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fitaovana nampiasain'ny marary ilay otrikaretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina dia afaka mamindra ny aretina ilay olona marary, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro (ho an'ireo izay mafimafy ny soritr'aretina dia mety haharitra kokoa ny fe-potoana hifindrany&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no anaovana fitiliana ny aretina (fitiliana singa avy ivelan'ny vatana) ary avy amin'ny ati-orona na ati-tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana (1metatra ny elanelana tokony hisy amin'ny olona tsirairay), ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta na aro vava orona, ny fampidirana rivo-baovao tsy miato ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana ireo izay marary&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia misy soritr'aretina sy fanohanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ny nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir, na molnupiravir.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny dexamethasone sy remdesivir.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika dia azo ampiana tocilizumab na sarilumab.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroany rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin'ny {{Template:Date}}, farafahakeliny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|conround|editlink=|ref=no}} no voamarina fa misy tranga, izay niafara tamin'ny tranga mihoatra ny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=no}}maty  . {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134554</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:18:15Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Bluerose25</username>
        <id>31052</id>
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      <text bytes="12931" sha1="5nsa8dv9udionlg7ozjrsv1zp9hoi2c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia areti-mifindra vokatry ny otrikaretina iray dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireto avy ny soritr'aretina ho an'ny aretina COVID-19: tazo, kohaka, fahasemporana, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny otrikaretina no manomboka ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt;. Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina dia mifindra ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt;. Ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina dia amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Indraindray, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fitaovana nampiasain'ny marary ilay otrikaretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina dia afaka mamindra ny aretina ilay olona marary, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro (ho an'ireo izay mafimafy ny soritr'aretina dia mety haharitra kokoa ny fe-potoana hifindrany&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no anaovana fitiliana ny aretina (fitiliana singa avy ivelan'ny vatana) ary avy amin'ny ati-orona na ati-tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana (1metatra ny elanelana tokony hisy amin'ny olona tsirairay), ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta na aro vava orona, ny fampidirana rivo-baovao tsy miato ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana ireo izay marary&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia ny soritr'aretina sy fanohanana sy fanaraha-maso&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ny nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir, na molnupiravir.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny dexamethasone sy remdesivir.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika dia azo ampiana tocilizumab na sarilumab.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroany rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin'ny {{Template:Date}}, farafahakeliny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|conround|editlink=|ref=no}} no voamarina fa misy tranga, izay niafara tamin'ny tranga mihoatra ny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=no}}maty  . {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <id>1134579</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:33:10Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="12967" sha1="6mgb27e047e1hmy25ubwswul4ng5jpo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia areti-mifindra vokatry ny otrikaretina iray dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireto avy ny soritr'aretina ho an'ny aretina COVID-19: tazo, kohaka, fahasemporana, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny otrikaretina no manomboka ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt;. Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina dia mifindra ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt;. Ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina dia amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Indraindray, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fitaovana nampiasain'ny marary ilay otrikaretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina dia afaka mamindra ny aretina ilay olona marary, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro (ho an'ireo izay mafimafy ny soritr'aretina dia mety haharitra kokoa ny fe-potoana hifindrany&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no anaovana fitiliana ny aretina (fitiliana singa avy ivelan'ny vatana) ary avy amin'ny ati-orona na ati-tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana (1metatra ny elanelana tokony hisy amin'ny olona tsirairay), ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta na aro vava orona, ny fampidirana rivo-baovao tsy miato ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana ireo izay marary&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia ny soritr'aretina sy fanohanana sy fanaraha-maso&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ireto fanafody ireto ho fitsaboana: ny nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir, na molnupiravir&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny dexamethasone sy remdesivir.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika dia azo ampiana tocilizumab na sarilumab.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroany rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin'ny {{Template:Date}}, farafahakeliny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|conround|editlink=|ref=no}} no voamarina fa misy tranga, izay niafara tamin'ny tranga mihoatra ny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=no}}maty  . {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134583</id>
      <parentid>1134579</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:38:33Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Bluerose25</username>
        <id>31052</id>
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      <text bytes="13032" sha1="5m74402ql7o86w6zl4fr313e3y63d0r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia areti-mifindra vokatry ny otrikaretina iray dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireto avy ny soritr'aretina ho an'ny aretina COVID-19: tazo, kohaka, fahasemporana, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny otrikaretina no manomboka ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt;. Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina dia mifindra ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt;. Ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina dia amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Indraindray, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fitaovana nampiasain'ny marary ilay otrikaretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina dia afaka mamindra ny aretina ilay olona marary, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro (ho an'ireo izay mafimafy ny soritr'aretina dia mety haharitra kokoa ny fe-potoana hifindrany&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no anaovana fitiliana ny aretina (fitiliana singa avy ivelan'ny vatana) ary avy amin'ny ati-orona na ati-tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana (1metatra ny elanelana tokony hisy amin'ny olona tsirairay), ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta na aro vava orona, ny fampidirana rivo-baovao tsy miato ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana ireo izay marary&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia ny soritr'aretina sy fanohanana sy fanaraha-maso&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ireto fanafody ireto ho fitsaboana: ny nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir, na molnupiravir&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay manana fahasarotana amin'ny taovam-pisefoana (fahasemporana) ka mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny dexamethasone sy remdesivir.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika dia azo ampiana tocilizumab na sarilumab.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroany rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin'ny {{Template:Date}}, farafahakeliny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|conround|editlink=|ref=no}} no voamarina fa misy tranga, izay niafara tamin'ny tranga mihoatra ny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=no}}maty  . {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <id>1134585</id>
      <parentid>1134583</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:39:53Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Bluerose25</username>
        <id>31052</id>
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      <text bytes="13057" sha1="hudmit2ksdb25oevvpw777e6frp2yvv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia areti-mifindra vokatry ny otrikaretina iray dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireto avy ny soritr'aretina ho an'ny aretina COVID-19: tazo, kohaka, fahasemporana, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny otrikaretina no manomboka ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt;. Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina dia mifindra ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt;. Ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina dia amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Indraindray, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fitaovana nampiasain'ny marary ilay otrikaretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina dia afaka mamindra ny aretina ilay olona marary, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro (ho an'ireo izay mafimafy ny soritr'aretina dia mety haharitra kokoa ny fe-potoana hifindrany&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no anaovana fitiliana ny aretina (fitiliana singa avy ivelan'ny vatana) ary avy amin'ny ati-orona na ati-tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana (1metatra ny elanelana tokony hisy amin'ny olona tsirairay), ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta na aro vava orona, ny fampidirana rivo-baovao tsy miato ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana ireo izay marary&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia ny soritr'aretina sy fanohanana sy fanaraha-maso&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ireto fanafody ireto ho fitsaboana: ny nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir, na molnupiravir&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay manana fahasarotana amin'ny taovam-pisefoana (fahasemporana) ka mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny dexamethasone sy remdesivir&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika noho ny fahasarotana mafy dia azo ampiana tocilizumab na sarilumab.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroany rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin'ny {{Template:Date}}, farafahakeliny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|conround|editlink=|ref=no}} no voamarina fa misy tranga, izay niafara tamin'ny tranga mihoatra ny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=no}}maty  . {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134587</id>
      <parentid>1134585</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:40:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bluerose25</username>
        <id>31052</id>
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      <text bytes="13057" sha1="2tr75xvi1speb7l6qbzv2t51ttw9b5i" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia areti-mifindra vokatry ny otrikaretina iray dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireto avy ny soritr'aretina ho an'ny aretina COVID-19: tazo, kohaka, fahasemporana, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny otrikaretina no manomboka ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt;. Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina dia mifindra ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt;. Ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina dia amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Indraindray, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fitaovana nampiasain'ny marary ilay otrikaretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina dia afaka mamindra ny aretina ilay olona marary, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro (ho an'ireo izay mafimafy ny soritr'aretina dia mety haharitra kokoa ny fe-potoana hifindrany&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no anaovana fitiliana ny aretina (fitiliana singa avy ivelan'ny vatana) ary avy amin'ny ati-orona na ati-tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana (1metatra ny elanelana tokony hisy amin'ny olona tsirairay), ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta na aro vava orona, ny fampidirana rivo-baovao tsy miato ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana ireo izay marary&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia ny soritr'aretina sy fanohanana sy fanaraha-maso&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ireto fanafody ireto ho fitsaboana: ny nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir, na molnupiravir&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay manana fahasarotana amin'ny taovam-pisefoana (fahasemporana) ka mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny dexamethasone sy remdesivir&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika noho ny fahasarotana mafy dia azo ampiana tocilizumab na sarilumab&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroany rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin'ny {{Template:Date}}, farafahakeliny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|conround|editlink=|ref=no}} no voamarina fa misy tranga, izay niafara tamin'ny tranga mihoatra ny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=no}}maty  . {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <id>1134591</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:43:09Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Bluerose25</username>
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      <text bytes="13081" sha1="imlg21gd5sg4oonwcf7t6twla4otpsl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia areti-mifindra vokatry ny otrikaretina iray dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireto avy ny soritr'aretina ho an'ny aretina COVID-19: tazo, kohaka, fahasemporana, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny otrikaretina no manomboka ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt;. Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina dia mifindra ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt;. Ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina dia amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Indraindray, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fitaovana nampiasain'ny marary ilay otrikaretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina dia afaka mamindra ny aretina ilay olona marary, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro (ho an'ireo izay mafimafy ny soritr'aretina dia mety haharitra kokoa ny fe-potoana hifindrany&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no anaovana fitiliana ny aretina (fitiliana singa avy ivelan'ny vatana) ary avy amin'ny ati-orona na ati-tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana (1metatra ny elanelana tokony hisy amin'ny olona tsirairay), ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta na aro vava orona, ny fampidirana rivo-baovao tsy miato ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana ireo izay marary&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia ny soritr'aretina sy fanohanana sy fanaraha-maso&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ireto fanafody ireto ho fitsaboana: ny ''nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir'', na ''molnupiravir''&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay manana fahasarotana amin'ny taovam-pisefoana (fahasemporana) ka mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny ''dexamethasone'' sy ''remdesivir''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika noho ny fahasarotana mafy dia azo ampiana ''tocilizumab'' na ''sarilumab''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroany rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin'ny {{Template:Date}}, farafahakeliny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|conround|editlink=|ref=no}} no voamarina fa misy tranga, izay niafara tamin'ny tranga mihoatra ny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=no}}maty  . {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134592</id>
      <parentid>1134591</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:43:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bluerose25</username>
        <id>31052</id>
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      <text bytes="13081" sha1="cwooe5nxtc06voiexkwds041nj8cw3s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia areti-mifindra vokatry ny otrikaretina iray dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireto avy ny soritr'aretina ho an'ny aretina COVID-19: tazo, kohaka, fahasemporana, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny otrikaretina no manomboka ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt;. Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina dia mifindra ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt;. Ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina dia amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Indraindray, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fitaovana nampiasain'ny marary ilay otrikaretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina dia afaka mamindra ny aretina ilay olona marary, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro (ho an'ireo izay mafimafy ny soritr'aretina dia mety haharitra kokoa ny fe-potoana hifindrany&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no anaovana fitiliana ny aretina (fitiliana singa avy ivelan'ny vatana) ary avy amin'ny ati-orona na ati-tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana (1metatra ny elanelana tokony hisy amin'ny olona tsirairay), ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta na aro vava orona, ny fampidirana rivo-baovao tsy miato ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana ireo izay marary&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia ny soritr'aretina sy fanohanana sy fanaraha-maso&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ireto fanafody ireto ho fitsaboana: ny ''nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir'', na ''molnupiravir''&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay manana fahasarotana amin'ny taovam-pisefoana (fahasemporana) ka mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny ''dexamethasone'' sy ''remdesivir''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika noho ny fahasarotana mafy dia azo ampiana ''tocilizumab'' na ''sarilumab''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;. Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt; Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroany rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin'ny {{Template:Date}}, farafahakeliny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|conround|editlink=|ref=no}} no voamarina fa misy tranga, izay niafara tamin'ny tranga mihoatra ny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=no}}maty  . {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <id>1134593</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:44:33Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Bluerose25</username>
        <id>31052</id>
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      <text bytes="13091" sha1="p2d9sisaz2p4w92nfurkbrj80on8ki4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia areti-mifindra vokatry ny otrikaretina iray dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireto avy ny soritr'aretina ho an'ny aretina COVID-19: tazo, kohaka, fahasemporana, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny otrikaretina no manomboka ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt;. Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina dia mifindra ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt;. Ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina dia amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Indraindray, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fitaovana nampiasain'ny marary ilay otrikaretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina dia afaka mamindra ny aretina ilay olona marary, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro (ho an'ireo izay mafimafy ny soritr'aretina dia mety haharitra kokoa ny fe-potoana hifindrany&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no anaovana fitiliana ny aretina (fitiliana singa avy ivelan'ny vatana) ary avy amin'ny ati-orona na ati-tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana (1metatra ny elanelana tokony hisy amin'ny olona tsirairay), ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta na aro vava orona, ny fampidirana rivo-baovao tsy miato ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana ireo izay marary&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia ny soritr'aretina sy fanohanana sy fanaraha-maso&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ireto fanafody ireto ho fitsaboana: ny ''nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir'', na ''molnupiravir''&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay manana fahasarotana amin'ny taovam-pisefoana (fahasemporana) ka mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny ''dexamethasone'' sy ''remdesivir''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika noho ny fahasarotana mafy dia azo ampiana ''tocilizumab'' na ''sarilumab''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;. Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'ity aretina ity&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;. Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroany rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin'ny {{Template:Date}}, farafahakeliny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|conround|editlink=|ref=no}} no voamarina fa misy tranga, izay niafara tamin'ny tranga mihoatra ny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=no}}maty  . {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134596</id>
      <parentid>1134593</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:48:23Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Bluerose25</username>
        <id>31052</id>
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      <text bytes="13100" sha1="13beauk8btznub70p7mit4wwkqrdvzi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia areti-mifindra vokatry ny otrikaretina iray dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireto avy ny soritr'aretina ho an'ny aretina COVID-19: tazo, kohaka, fahasemporana, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny otrikaretina no manomboka ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt;. Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina dia mifindra ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt;. Ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina dia amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Indraindray, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fitaovana nampiasain'ny marary ilay otrikaretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina dia afaka mamindra ny aretina ilay olona marary, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro (ho an'ireo izay mafimafy ny soritr'aretina dia mety haharitra kokoa ny fe-potoana hifindrany&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no anaovana fitiliana ny aretina (fitiliana singa avy ivelan'ny vatana) ary avy amin'ny ati-orona na ati-tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana (1metatra ny elanelana tokony hisy amin'ny olona tsirairay), ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta na aro vava orona, ny fampidirana rivo-baovao tsy miato ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana ireo izay marary&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia ny soritr'aretina sy fanohanana sy fanaraha-maso&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ireto fanafody ireto ho fitsaboana: ny ''nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir'', na ''molnupiravir''&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay manana fahasarotana amin'ny taovam-pisefoana (fahasemporana) ka mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny ''dexamethasone'' sy ''remdesivir''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika noho ny fahasarotana mafy dia azo ampiana ''tocilizumab'' na ''sarilumab''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;. Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'ity aretina ity&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;. Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroan'ny marary rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Hatramin'ny {{Template:Date}}, farafahakeliny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|conround|editlink=|ref=no}} no voamarina fa misy tranga, izay niafara tamin'ny tranga mihoatra ny {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=no}}maty  . {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134600</id>
      <parentid>1134596</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:51:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bluerose25</username>
        <id>31052</id>
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      <text bytes="12870" sha1="dg6kdw9z3aktuz67ki6y93ob4eyt9w1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia areti-mifindra vokatry ny otrikaretina iray dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireto avy ny soritr'aretina ho an'ny aretina COVID-19: tazo, kohaka, fahasemporana, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny otrikaretina no manomboka ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt;. Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina dia mifindra ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt;. Ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina dia amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Indraindray, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fitaovana nampiasain'ny marary ilay otrikaretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina dia afaka mamindra ny aretina ilay olona marary, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro (ho an'ireo izay mafimafy ny soritr'aretina dia mety haharitra kokoa ny fe-potoana hifindrany&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no anaovana fitiliana ny aretina (fitiliana singa avy ivelan'ny vatana) ary avy amin'ny ati-orona na ati-tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana (1metatra ny elanelana tokony hisy amin'ny olona tsirairay), ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta na aro vava orona, ny fampidirana rivo-baovao tsy miato ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana ireo izay marary&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia ny soritr'aretina sy fanohanana sy fanaraha-maso&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ireto fanafody ireto ho fitsaboana: ny ''nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir'', na ''molnupiravir''&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay manana fahasarotana amin'ny taovam-pisefoana (fahasemporana) ka mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny ''dexamethasone'' sy ''remdesivir''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika noho ny fahasarotana mafy dia azo ampiana ''tocilizumab'' na ''sarilumab''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;. Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'ity aretina ity&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;. Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroan'ny marary rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Hatramin'ny 1 na 2 na 3 volana eo ho eo farafahakeliny. Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>dg6kdw9z3aktuz67ki6y93ob4eyt9w1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1134602</id>
      <parentid>1134600</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:53:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bluerose25</username>
        <id>31052</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Mpikambana:Bluerose25/COVID 19]] ho [[Mpikambana:COVID 19]] i Bluerose25</comment>
      <origin>1134600</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12870" sha1="dg6kdw9z3aktuz67ki6y93ob4eyt9w1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia areti-mifindra vokatry ny otrikaretina iray dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireto avy ny soritr'aretina ho an'ny aretina COVID-19: tazo, kohaka, fahasemporana, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny otrikaretina no manomboka ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt;. Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina dia mifindra ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt;. Ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina dia amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Indraindray, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fitaovana nampiasain'ny marary ilay otrikaretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina dia afaka mamindra ny aretina ilay olona marary, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro (ho an'ireo izay mafimafy ny soritr'aretina dia mety haharitra kokoa ny fe-potoana hifindrany&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no anaovana fitiliana ny aretina (fitiliana singa avy ivelan'ny vatana) ary avy amin'ny ati-orona na ati-tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana (1metatra ny elanelana tokony hisy amin'ny olona tsirairay), ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta na aro vava orona, ny fampidirana rivo-baovao tsy miato ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana ireo izay marary&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia ny soritr'aretina sy fanohanana sy fanaraha-maso&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ireto fanafody ireto ho fitsaboana: ny ''nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir'', na ''molnupiravir''&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay manana fahasarotana amin'ny taovam-pisefoana (fahasemporana) ka mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny ''dexamethasone'' sy ''remdesivir''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika noho ny fahasarotana mafy dia azo ampiana ''tocilizumab'' na ''sarilumab''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;. Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'ity aretina ity&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;. Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroan'ny marary rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Hatramin'ny 1 na 2 na 3 volana eo ho eo farafahakeliny. Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>dg6kdw9z3aktuz67ki6y93ob4eyt9w1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1134627</id>
      <parentid>1134602</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:15:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bluerose25</username>
        <id>31052</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Mpikambana:COVID 19]] ho [[COVID 19]] i Bluerose25</comment>
      <origin>1134600</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12870" sha1="dg6kdw9z3aktuz67ki6y93ob4eyt9w1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronavirus disease 2019&lt;br /&gt;(COVID-19)
|synonym          =COVID, Covid, (the) coronavirus
|image            =Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          ={{longitem|Transmission and life-cycle of [[SARS-CoV-2]] causing COVID-19.}}
|pronounce        ={{ubl|{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ə|ˌ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s|_|d|ɪ|ˈ|z|i:|z}}|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|v|ɪ|d|n|aɪ|n|ˈ|t|iː|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɒ|v|ɪ|d|-}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED |Covid-19 |id=88575495 |date=April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, cough, [[shortness of breath]], tiredness, loss of smell;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt; some are asymptomatic&lt;ref name=Ma2021/&gt;
|onset            =2–14 days (typically 5) from infection&lt;ref name=CDC2022Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Rapid antigen test]], [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|PCR test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[social distancing|Physical distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face mask]]s, [[ventilation]], [[quarantine]], [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Quar/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022Prev/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Management of COVID-19|Supportive and symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|medication       ='''Non-hospitalized''': [[Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir]], [[remdesivir]], [[molnupiravir]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Severe''': [[Oxygen therapy]], [[dexamethasone]], [[remdesivir]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Critical care''': [[Tocilizumab]], [[sarilumab]]&lt;ref name=NIH2022Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =20% require hospitalization&lt;ref name=WHO2021Q&amp;AMay/&gt;
|frequency        ={{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=yes}}
|deaths           =~20 million (as of Dec 31, 2021)&lt;ref name=Lancet2022Death/&gt;
}}{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
'''Ny Coronavirus disease 2019''' ( '''COVID-19''' ) dia areti-mifindra vokatry ny otrikaretina iray dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19|website=www.who.int|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331131108/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireto avy ny soritr'aretina ho an'ny aretina COVID-19: tazo, kohaka, fahasemporana, havizanana, aretin'andoha, fahaverezan'ny fofona sy tsiro, fanaintainan'ny tenda, fandoavana ary aretim-pivalanana&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=22 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Matetika dia roa ka hatramin'ny efatra ambin'ny folo andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny otrikaretina no manomboka ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Sym&quot; /&gt;. Misy olona sasany anefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;Ma2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Q|last2=Liu|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=Q|last4=Kang|first4=L|last5=Liu|first5=R|last6=Jing|first6=W|last7=Wu|first7=Y|last8=Liu|first8=M|title=Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA network open|date=1 December 2021|volume=4|issue=12|pages=e2137257|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257|pmid=34905008}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rehefa mifandray akaiky amin'ny olon-kafa ny olona voan'ny aretina dia mifindra ny aretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot; /&gt;. Ny fifindran'ny otrikaretina dia amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra na amin'ny alalan'ny piti-drora kely&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted?|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|access-date=6 December 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015230546/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|access-date=6 December 2020|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150241/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Indraindray, mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fitaovana nampiasain'ny marary ilay otrikaretina&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Spread&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Roa andro mialoha ny hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina dia afaka mamindra ny aretina ilay olona marary, ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola mifindra hatramin'ny 10 andro (ho an'ireo izay mafimafy ny soritr'aretina dia mety haharitra kokoa ny fe-potoana hifindrany&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Air&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Infectious&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606190101/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/strategy-discontinue-isolation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no anaovana fitiliana ny aretina (fitiliana singa avy ivelan'ny vatana) ary avy amin'ny ati-orona na ati-tenda no anaovana ny fitiliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;.

Anisan'ny fepetra fisorohana ny elanelana (1metatra ny elanelana tokony hisy amin'ny olona tsirairay), ny fampiasana saron-tava avo lenta na aro vava orona, ny fampidirana rivo-baovao tsy miato ao an-trano, ary ny fanokanan-toerana ireo izay marary&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Quar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quarantine &amp; Isolation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#anchor_1633109391123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 December 2021|volume=375|pages=n2997|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2997|pmid=34862160}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mampihena ny risika ihany koa ny vaksiny maromaro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022Prev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228103252/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny ankamaroan'ny fitsaboana dia ny soritr'aretina sy fanohanana sy fanaraha-maso&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay tsy mila miditra hopitaly, nefa atahorana ho voan'ny aretina, dia azo ampiasaina ireto fanafody ireto ho fitsaboana: ny ''nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir'', na ''molnupiravir''&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=S|last2=Siemieniuk|first2=RAC|last3=Oliveros|first3=MJ|last4=Islam|first4=N|last5=Díaz Martinez|first5=JP|last6=Izcovich|first6=A|last7=Qasim|first7=A|last8=Zhao|first8=Y|last9=Zaror|first9=C|last10=Yao|first10=L|last11=Wang|first11=Y|last12=Vandvik|first12=PO|last13=Roldan|first13=Y|last14=Rochwerg|first14=B|last15=Rada|first15=G|title=Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=29 May 2025|volume=389|pages=e081165|doi=10.1136/bmj-2024-081165|pmid=40441732}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay manana fahasarotana amin'ny taovam-pisefoana (fahasemporana) ka mila fitsaboana oksizenina, dia azo ampiasaina ny ''dexamethasone'' sy ''remdesivir''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot; /&gt;. Ho an'ireo izay mila fitsaboana maika noho ny fahasarotana mafy dia azo ampiana ''tocilizumab'' na ''sarilumab''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Management Summary|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105152002/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/clinical-management-summary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Amin'ireo olona izay mahatsapa soritr'aretina, manodidina ny 80% no sitrana tsy mila miditra hopitaly, 15% no mila fitsaboana oksizenina, ary 5% no mila fitsaboana mafy&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;. Ireo zokiolona sy ireo manana olana ara-pahasalamana hafa dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'ity aretina ity&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021Q&amp;AMay&quot; /&gt;. Na dia mihatsara aza ny ankamaroan'ny marary rehefa afaka herinandro vitsivitsy, ny sasany kosa dia mbola miaina voka-dratsy isan-karazany ( COVID maharitra ) mandritra ny volana maro&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021SeptLongCov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114190825/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Hatramin'ny 1 na 2 na 3 volana eo ho eo farafahakeliny. Tombanana ho efa ho 20 tapitrisa ny isan'ny maty tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2022Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Haidong|last2=Paulson|first2=Katherine R|last3=Pease|first3=Spencer A|last4=Watson|first4=Stefanie|last5=Comfort|first5=Haley|last6=Zheng|first6=Peng|last7=Aravkin|first7=Aleksandr Y|last8=Bisignano|first8=Catherine|last9=Barber|first9=Ryan M|last10=Alam|first10=Tahiya|last11=Fuller|first11=John E|last12=May|first12=Erin A|last13=Jones|first13=Darwin Phan|last14=Frisch|first14=Meghan E|last15=Abbafati|first15=Cristiana|title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21|journal=The Lancet|date=April 2022|volume=399|issue=10334|pages=1513–1536|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny tranga voalohany fantatra dia hita tao [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Sina]], tamin'ny Desambra 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404|date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Niely eran-tany io aretina io nanomboka teo, ka nitarika ho amin'ny valanaretina mitohy&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20210226&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus – An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html|date=26 February 2021|access-date=28 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>dg6kdw9z3aktuz67ki6y93ob4eyt9w1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nendra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298909</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134536</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T07:47:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1492328|Smallpox]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1134536</origin>
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      <text bytes="14344" sha1="6taad3txkni340ely08r03r0khyn2e0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Smallpox
|synonym          =Variola,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Leslie L.|last2=Friedman|first2=Neil R.|title=The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-391-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041212/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; variola vera,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Schaller|first1=Karl F.|title=Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-76200-0|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pox,&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot;/&gt; red plague&lt;ref name=Peg2017/&gt;
|image            =Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =A child with smallpox in [[Bangladesh]] in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         ={{plainlist
|* '''Early''': [[Fever]], [[vomiting]], mouth sores&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;
* '''Later''': Fluid filled [[blisters]] which [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scab]] over&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;}}
|onset            =1 to 3 weeks following exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;
|duration         =About 4 weeks&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;
|causes           =''Variola major'', ''Variola minor'' (spread between people)&lt;ref name=CDC2016What/&gt;&lt;ref name=She2004/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms and confirmed by [[PCR]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag/&gt;
|differential     =[[Chickenpox]], [[impetigo]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[monkeypox]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag&gt;{{cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Evaluation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185420/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =[[Smallpox vaccine]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact/&gt;
|medication       =[[Tecovirimat]], [[brincidofovir]], [[cidofovir]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =30% risk of death&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;
|frequency        =[[Eradication of infectious diseases|Eradicated]] (last wild case in 1977)
|deaths           =
}}Aretina mifindra vokatry ny iray amin'ireo karazana [[Virosy|viriosy]] roa '''ny nendra''', ''dia ny Variola major'' sy ''ny Variola minor''.&lt;ref name=&quot;She2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|edition=4th|pages=525–28|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga farany hita voajanahary dia voamarina tamin'ny Oktobra 1977, ary ny [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Fahasalamana|Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana]] (WHO) dia nanome mari-pankasitrahana ny famongorana maneran-tany ny aretina tamin'ny 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox|website=WHO Factsheet|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-date=21 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny 30% eo ho eo ny mety ho fahafatesana aorian'ny nahazoana ny aretina, ary ambony kokoa ny tahan'ny fahafatesana eo amin'ny zazakely.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rie2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel S|title=Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination|journal=Proceedings|volume=18|issue=1|pages=21–5|date=January 2005|pmid=16200144|pmc=1200696|doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ireo izay tafavoaka velona dia nanana holatra be dia be teo amin'ny hodiny, ary ny sasany dia lasa jamba.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny soritr'aretina voalohany tamin'ilay aretina ny tazo sy ny fandoavana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Nanaraka izany ny fiforonan'ny fery tao am-bava sy ny mangidihidy tao amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Nandritra ny andro maromaro dia niova ho fivontosana feno ranoka miavaka misy lavaka eo afovoany ny maimaika amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Niparitaka ireo fivontosana ary nilatsaka, namela takaitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niely teo amin'ny olona na tamin'ny alalan'ny zavatra voaloto ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leb2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA89|title=Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies|last=Lebwohl|first=Mark G.|last2=Heymann|first2=Warren R.|last3=Berth-Jones|first3=John|last4=Coulson|first4=Ian|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5236-1|page=89|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225170712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisorohana voalohany indrindra dia tamin'ny alalan'ny vaksiny nendra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Tx&quot; /&gt; Raha vao nipoitra ny aretina dia mety ho nanampy ny fanafody antiviral sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy fantatra ny niandohan'ny nendra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017His&quot; /&gt; Ny porofo voalohany momba ny aretina dia tamin'ny taonjato faha-3 talohan'i JK tao amin'ny momi Ejiptiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017His&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nitranga nandritra ny fihanaky ny aretina ara-tantara ity aretina ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Tany Eoropa tamin'ny taonjato faha-18, tombanana ho 400.000 isan-taona ny olona matin'ny aretina, ary ny ampahatelon'ny tranga dia niafara tamin'ny fahajambana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hays2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Hays JN|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ireo maty ireo ny mpanjaka enina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hays2005&quot; /&gt; Tombanana ho 300 no maty vokatry ny nendra&amp;nbsp;olona tapitrisa tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Hilary|last=Koprowski|first2=Michael B. A.|last2=Oldstone|title=Microbe hunters, then and now|publisher=Medi-Ed Press|date=January 1996|isbn=978-0-936741-11-6|page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henderson DA|title=The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future|journal=Vaccine|volume=29 Suppl 4|pages=D7-9|date=December 2011|pmid=22188929|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary manodidina ny 500&amp;nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany tao anatin'ny 100 taona farany nisiany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&amp;pg=PA12|title=Smallpox : the death of a disease|vauthors=Henderson D|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-61592-230-7|page=12|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217120015/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vao tamin'ny 1967, 15&amp;nbsp;tranga an-tapitrisany no nitranga isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt;

Toa nanomboka tany [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Shina]] tamin'ny taona 1500 teo ho eo ny vaksiny ho an'ny nendra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63262-1|page=134|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|access-date=30 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132507/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M.|last=Silverstein|pages=293|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293|isbn=9780080919461|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005080731/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293%2F|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray ity fomba fanao avy any Azia ity i Eoropa tamin'ny tapany voalohany tamin'ny taonjato faha-18.&lt;ref name=&quot;strathern179&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Strathern|first=Paul|year=2005|title=A Brief History of Medicine|publisher=Robinson|location=London|isbn=978-1-84529-155-6|page=179}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny 1796, [[Edward Jenner|i Edward Jenner]] no nampiditra ny vaksiny nendra maoderina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolfe2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wolfe RM, Sharp LK|title=Anti-vaccinationists past and present|journal=BMJ|volume=325|issue=7361|pages=430–2|date=August 2002|pmid=12193361|pmc=1123944|doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119014617/http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|website=WHO|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930033132/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny 1967, nanamafy ny ezaka natao hanafoanana ity aretina ity ny OMS.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Ny nendra dia iray amin'ireo aretina mifindra roa izay efa nofoanana, ny iray hafa dia ny rinderpest tamin'ny taona 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Guidotti|first=Tee L.|title=Health and Sustainability: An Introduction|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932568-9|page=T290|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT290|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226075257/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roossinck|first=Marilyn J.|title=Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8325-7|page=126|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA126|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222014051/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny teny hoe &quot;nendra&quot; dia nampiasaina voalohany tany Grande-Bretagne tamin'ny fiandohan'ny taonjato faha-16 mba hanavahana ny aretina amin'ny [[Farasisa|syphilis]], izay fantatra tamin'ny anarana hoe &quot;nendra lehibe&quot; tamin'izany fotoana izany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=smallpox {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of smallpox by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Smallpox|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=8 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009132808/https://www.etymonline.com/word/smallpox|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bar1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barquet N, Domingo P|title=Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=127|issue=8 Pt 1|pages=635–42|date=October 1997|pmid=9341063|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.883}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny anarana ara-tantara hafa ho an'ity aretina ity ny pox, speckled monster, ary red plague.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID|chapter=The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World|title=Smallpox and its eradication|series=History of International Public Health|volume=6|date=1988|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-156110-5|hdl=10665/39485|pages=209–44|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212171449/https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peg2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History|date=2016|publisher=Pengui|isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3|page=100|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bar1997&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>6taad3txkni340ely08r03r0khyn2e0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diabeta insipidus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298910</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134537</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T07:51:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458608|Diabetes insipidus]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="5421" sha1="obogstzx5a8x7ylwu343g0jc20lk8yp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Diabetes insipidus
|synonym          =
|image            =Arginine vasopressin3d.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Vasopressin]]
|pronounce        =&quot;Diabetes: {{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|.|ə|ˈ|b|iː|t|iː|z}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|.|ə|ˈ|b|iː|t|ᵻ|s}}
|specialty        =[[Endocrinology]]
|symptoms         =Large amounts of dilute urine, increased thirst&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|onset            =Any age&lt;ref name=NORD2015CDI/&gt;&lt;ref name=NORD2016NDI/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =Depends on the type&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[urinalysis|Urine tests]], [[blood tests]], [[fluid deprivation test]]&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|differential     =[[Diabetes|Diabetes mellitus]]&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Drinking sufficient fluids&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|medication       =[[Desmopressin]], [[thiazides]], [[aspirin]]&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|prognosis        =Good with treatment&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|frequency        =3 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Sab2000/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny diabeta insipide''' ( '''DI''' ) dia [[Aretina|toe-javatra]] iray miavaka amin'ny urine be dia be sy ny fitomboan'ny hetaheta.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Insipidus|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/diabetes-insipidus|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=28 May 2017|date=October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513120920/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/diabetes-insipidus|archive-date=13 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho efa ho 20 litatra isan'andro ny habetsahan'ny urine vokarina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Tsy dia misy fiantraikany firy amin'ny fifantohan'ny urine ny fihenan'ny ranoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny tsy fahampian-drano na ny fikorontanan-tsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;

Misy karazany efatra, samy manana ny antony mahatonga azy avy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Ny DI afovoany (CDI) dia vokatry ny tsy fahampian'ny hormonina vasopressin (hormone antidiuretic).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Mety ho vokatry ny ratra amin'ny hypothalamus na ny fihary pituitary na ny fototarazo izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Mitranga ny DI nefrogenika (NDI) rehefa tsy mamaly tsara ny vasopressina ny [[Voa (taovam-biby)|voa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Ny DI dipsogenic dia vokatry ny fihinanana rano be loatra noho ny fahasimban'ny mekanisma hypothalamus amin'ny hetaheta.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Matetika kokoa no mitranga izany amin'ireo manana aretina ara-tsaina sasany na mihinana fanafody sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Ny DI mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka dia mitranga mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] ihany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny fitiliana urine, fitiliana ra ary fitiliana tsy fahampian-drano.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Aretina misaraka tsy mifandray ny [[Diabeta|diabeta mellitus]], na dia samy mety hiteraka famokarana urine be dia be aza izy roa ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitsaboana dia ny fisotroana rano ampy mba hisorohana ny tsy fahampian-drano.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Miankina amin'ny karazana ny fitsaboana hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny DI afovoany sy amin'ny fitondrana vohoka, ny fitsaboana dia amin'ny desmopressin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Azo tsaboina amin'ny alalan'ny fitsaboana ny antony fototra na amin'ny fampiasana thiazide, [[Aspirinina|aspirine]] na ibuprofen ny DI nephrogenic.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Ny isan'ny tranga vaovao amin'ny diabeta insipidus isan-taona dia 3 amin'ny 100.000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sab2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Saborio P, Tipton GA, Chan JC|title=Diabetes Insipidus|journal=Pediatrics in Review|volume=21|issue=4|pages=122–129|year=2000|pmid=10756175|pmc=|doi=10.1542/pir.21-4-122}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Central DI dia mazàna manomboka eo anelanelan'ny 10 sy 20 taona ary mitranga amin'ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy mitovy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015CDI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Central Diabetes Insipidus|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/central-diabetes-insipidus/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=28 May 2017|date=2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221045116/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/central-diabetes-insipidus/|archive-date=21 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hanomboka amin'ny sokajin-taona rehetra ny DI nefrogenika.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2016NDI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/nephrogenic-diabetes-insipidus/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=28 May 2017|date=2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219084854/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/nephrogenic-diabetes-insipidus/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny teny hoe &quot;diabeta&quot; dia avy amin'ny teny [[Fiteny grika|grika]] midika hoe siphon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rubin|first=Alan L.|title=Diabetes For Dummies|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781118052488|page=19|edition=3|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=uYD92j-iQo8C&amp;pg=PA19|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908191512/https://books.google.ca/books?id=uYD92j-iQo8C&amp;pg=PA19|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>obogstzx5a8x7ylwu343g0jc20lk8yp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hepatita C</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298911</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134539</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:04:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Quinze2001</username>
        <id>34461</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1481926|Hepatitis C]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1134539</origin>
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      <text bytes="9842" sha1="2u3zje5xnt8waaa5rky50ewrndfx60t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Hepatitis C
|synonym          =
|image            =HCV EM picture 2.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Micrograph|Electron micrograph]] of [[hepatitis C virus]] from cell culture (scale = 50&amp;nbsp;[[nanometers]])
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Gastroenterology]], [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Typically none&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Long term (80%)&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|causes           =[[Hepatitis C virus]] usually spread by blood-to-blood contact&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mah2010/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Blood testing for [[antibodies]] or viral [[RNA]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =Clean needles, testing donated blood&lt;ref name=WHO2015 /&gt;
|treatment        =Medications, [[liver transplant]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2011 /&gt;
|medication       =Antivirals ([[sofosbuvir]], [[simeprevir]], others)&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2015 /&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =71 million (2017)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Fact/&gt;
|deaths           =399,000 (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Fact/&gt;
}}Aretina mifindra vokatry ny viriosy hepatita C (HCV) '''ny hepatita''' C izay misy fiantraikany voalohany indrindra amin'ny [[aty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan|url-access=limited|edition=4th|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan/page/n568 551]–52|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandritra ny aretina voalohany dia matetika ny olona no tsy mahatsapa soritr'aretina mihitsy na tsy misy mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C FAQs for Health Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|website=CDC|access-date=4 February 2016|date=January 8, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121073721/http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|archive-date=21 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indraindray dia misy tazo, fivalanan-drano maizina, fanaintainan'ny kibo, ary hoditra mavomavo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mitoetra ao amin'ny aty ny viriosy eo amin'ny 75% ka hatramin'ny 85% eo ho eo amin'ireo olona voan'ny aretina voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Matetika tsy misy soritr'aretina ny aretina mitaiza raha vao manomboka miseho.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mandritra ny taona maro anefa, matetika izany no mitarika aretin'aty ary indraindray cirrhosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny tranga sasany, ireo voan'ny cirrhosis dia mety hiharan'ny fahasarotana lehibe toy ny tsy fahombiazan'ny aty, homamiadan'ny aty, na lalan-dra mivelatra ao amin'ny lalan-kanina sy ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris2004&quot; /&gt;

Ny HCV dia miely indrindra amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana amin'ny ra mifandraika amin'ny fampiasana fanafody amin'ny lalan-dra, fitaovana ara-pitsaboana tsy voadio tsara, ratra vokatry ny tsindrona amin'ny fitsaboana, ary ny fampidiran-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mah2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Maheshwari|first=A|last2=Thuluvath, PJ|title=Management of acute hepatitis C|journal=Clinics in Liver Disease|date=February 2010|volume=14|issue=1|pages=169–76, x|pmid=20123448|doi=10.1016/j.cld.2009.11.007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha ampiasaina ny fitiliana ra, dia latsaky ny iray isaky ny roa tapitrisa ny mety ho voka-dratsin'ny fampidiran-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mety hifindra avy amin'ny reny voan'ny aretina mankany amin'ny zanany mandritra ny fiterahana ihany koa izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Tsy miparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana ivelany izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C Fact sheet N°164|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|website=WHO|access-date=4 February 2016|date=July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131041006/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|archive-date=31 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iray amin'ireo viriosy hepatita dimy fantatra izy io: A, B, C, D, ary E.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Viral Hepatitis: A through E and Beyond|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2016|date=April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083731/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=2 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitiliana ra no atao mba hahitana raha misy antikôra manohitra ny viriosy na ny ARN- ny.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Amporisihina ny fanaovana fitiliana amin'ny olona rehetra mety ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy [[vaksiny]] ho an'ny hepatita C.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Web2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Webster|first=Daniel P|last2=Klenerman|first2=Paul|last3=Dusheiko|first3=Geoffrey M|title=Hepatitis C|journal=The Lancet|volume=385|issue=9973|year=2015|pages=1124–35|pmid=25687730|pmc=4878852|issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62401-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny ezaka hampihenana ny fahavoazana eo amin'ireo olona mampiasa fanafody amin'ny lalan-dra sy ny fitiliana ny ra nomena.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Azo sitranina mihoatra ny 95% amin'ny fotoana ny aretina mitaiza amin'ny fanafody antiviral toy ny sofosbuvir na simeprevir.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|last=|first=|date=9 July 2019|website=World Health Organization|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526052334/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|archive-date=2020-05-26|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ny Peginterferon sy ny ribavirin dia fitsaboana taranaka taloha izay nanana taham-pahasitranana latsaky ny 50% ary voka-dratsy lehibe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=A|title=Hepatitis C Virus|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=September 2016|volume=165|issue=5|pages=ITC33–ITC48|doi=10.7326/AITC201609060|pmid=27595226|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho lafo anefa ny fahazoana ireo fitsaboana vaovao.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ireo izay voan'ny cirrhosis na homamiadan'ny aty dia mety mila famindrana aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot; /&gt; Ny Hepatita C no antony voalohany mahatonga ny famindrana aty, na dia matetika miverina aza ny viriosy aorian'ny famindrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rosen|first=HR|title=Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2011-06-23|volume=364|issue=25|pages=2429–38|pmid=21696309|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1006613|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828104228/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clinical-practice.-Chronic-hepatitis-C-infection.-Rosen/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tombanana ho iray amin'ny fitom-polo  tapitrisa ny olona (1%) maneran-tany no voan'ny hepatita C {{as of|2017|lc=yes}}  &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019Fact&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2013, tranga vaovao iraika ambin'ny folo tapitrisa teo ho eo no nitranga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika indrindra no mitranga any Afrika sy Azia Afovoany ary Atsinanana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Teo amin'ny 167.000 teo ho eo ny fahafatesana vokatry ny homamiadan'ny aty ary 326.000 ny fahafatesana vokatry ny sirozy tamin'ny taona 2015 noho ny hepatita C.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisian'ny hepatita C - izay fantatra tany am-boalohany ho karazana hepatita tsy A tsy B - dia noheverina tamin'ny taona 1970 ary voaporofo tamin'ny taona 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19781804&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Houghton M|title=The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus|journal=Journal of Hepatology|volume=51|issue=5|pages=939–48|date=November 2009|pmid=19781804|doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004|url=http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217232938/https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny olombelona sy ny rajako ihany no voan'ny hepatita C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Shors|first=Teri|title=Understanding viruses|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8553-6|pages=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&amp;pg=PA535|edition=2nd|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515225439/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&amp;pg=PA535|archive-date=2016-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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        <id>34461</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1481926|Hepatitis C]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="9828" sha1="mxm3axc04zwei74qy1fuzzfwven5fxi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Hepatitis C
|synonym          =
|image            =HCV EM picture 2.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Micrograph|Electron micrograph]] of [[hepatitis C virus]] from cell culture (scale = 50&amp;nbsp;[[nanometers]])
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Gastroenterology]], [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Typically none&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Long term (80%)&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|causes           =[[Hepatitis C virus]] usually spread by blood-to-blood contact&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mah2010/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Blood testing for [[antibodies]] or viral [[RNA]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =Clean needles, testing donated blood&lt;ref name=WHO2015 /&gt;
|treatment        =Medications, [[liver transplant]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2011 /&gt;
|medication       =Antivirals ([[sofosbuvir]], [[simeprevir]], others)&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2015 /&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =71 million (2017)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Fact/&gt;
|deaths           =399,000 (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Fact/&gt;
}}Aretina mifindra vokatry ny viriosy hepatita C (HCV) '''ny hepatita''' C izay misy fiantraikany voalohany indrindra amin'ny [[aty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan|url-access=limited|edition=4th|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan/page/n568 551]–52|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandritra ny aretina voalohany dia matetika ny olona no tsy mahatsapa soritr'aretina mihitsy na tsy misy mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C FAQs for Health Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|website=CDC|access-date=4 February 2016|date=January 8, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121073721/http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|archive-date=21 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indraindray dia misy tazo, fivalanan-drano maizina, fanaintainan'ny kibo, ary hoditra mavomavo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mitoetra ao amin'ny aty ny viriosy eo amin'ny 75% ka hatramin'ny 85% eo ho eo amin'ireo olona voan'ny aretina voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Matetika tsy misy soritr'aretina ny aretina mitaiza raha vao manomboka miseho.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mandritra ny taona maro anefa, matetika izany no mitarika aretin'aty ary indraindray cirrhosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny tranga sasany, ireo voan'ny cirrhosis dia mety hiharan'ny fahasarotana lehibe toy ny tsy fahombiazan'ny aty, homamiadan'ny aty, na lalan-dra mivelatra ao amin'ny lalan-kanina sy ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris2004&quot; /&gt;

Ny HCV dia miely indrindra amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana amin'ny ra mifandraika amin'ny fampiasana fanafody amin'ny lalan-dra, fitaovana ara-pitsaboana tsy voadio tsara, ratra vokatry ny tsindrona amin'ny fitsaboana, ary ny fampidiran-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mah2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Maheshwari|first=A|last2=Thuluvath, PJ|title=Management of acute hepatitis C|journal=Clinics in Liver Disease|date=February 2010|volume=14|issue=1|pages=169–76, x|pmid=20123448|doi=10.1016/j.cld.2009.11.007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha ampiasaina ny fitiliana ra, dia latsaky ny iray isaky ny roa tapitrisa ny mety ho voka-dratsin'ny fampidiran-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mety hifindra avy amin'ny reny voan'ny aretina mankany amin'ny zanany mandritra ny fiterahana ihany koa izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Tsy miparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana ivelany izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C Fact sheet N°164|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|website=WHO|access-date=4 February 2016|date=July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131041006/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|archive-date=31 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iray amin'ireo viriosy hepatita dimy fantatra izy io: A, B, C, D, ary E.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Viral Hepatitis: A through E and Beyond|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2016|date=April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083731/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=2 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitiliana ra no atao mba hahitana raha misy antikôra manohitra ny viriosy na ny ARN- ny.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Amporisihina ny fanaovana fitiliana amin'ny olona rehetra mety ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy [[vaksiny]] ho an'ny hepatita C.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Web2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Webster|first=Daniel P|last2=Klenerman|first2=Paul|last3=Dusheiko|first3=Geoffrey M|title=Hepatitis C|journal=The Lancet|volume=385|issue=9973|year=2015|pages=1124–35|pmid=25687730|pmc=4878852|issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62401-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny ezaka hampihenana ny fahavoazana eo amin'ireo olona mampiasa fanafody amin'ny lalan-dra sy ny fitiliana ny ra nomena.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Azo sitranina mihoatra ny 95% amin'ny fotoana ny aretina mitaiza amin'ny fanafody antiviral toy ny sofosbuvir na simeprevir.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|last=|first=|date=9 July 2019|website=World Health Organization|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526052334/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|archive-date=2020-05-26|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ny Peginterferon sy ny ribavirin dia fitsaboana taranaka taloha izay nanana taham-pahasitranana latsaky ny 50% ary voka-dratsy lehibe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=A|title=Hepatitis C Virus|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=September 2016|volume=165|issue=5|pages=ITC33–ITC48|doi=10.7326/AITC201609060|pmid=27595226|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho lafo anefa ny fahazoana ireo fitsaboana vaovao.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ireo izay voan'ny cirrhosis na homamiadan'ny aty dia mety mila famindrana aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot; /&gt; Ny Hepatita C no antony voalohany mahatonga ny famindrana aty, na dia matetika miverina aza ny viriosy aorian'ny famindrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rosen|first=HR|title=Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2011-06-23|volume=364|issue=25|pages=2429–38|pmid=21696309|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1006613|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828104228/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clinical-practice.-Chronic-hepatitis-C-infection.-Rosen/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tombanana ho iray amin'ny fitom-polo  tapitrisa ny olona (1%) maneran-tany no voan'ny hepatita C    &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019Fact&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2013, tranga vaovao iraika ambin'ny folo tapitrisa teo ho eo no nitranga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika indrindra no mitranga any Afrika sy Azia Afovoany ary Atsinanana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Teo amin'ny 167.000 teo ho eo ny fahafatesana vokatry ny homamiadan'ny aty ary 326.000 ny fahafatesana noho ny cirrhosis dia nitranga tamin'ny 2015 noho ny hepatita C.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisian'ny hepatita C - izay fantatra tany am-boalohany ho karazana hepatita tsy A tsy B - dia noheverina tamin'ny taona 1970 ary voaporofo tamin'ny taona 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19781804&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Houghton M|title=The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus|journal=Journal of Hepatology|volume=51|issue=5|pages=939–48|date=November 2009|pmid=19781804|doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004|url=http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217232938/https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny olombelona sy ny rajako ihany no voan'ny hepatita C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Shors|first=Teri|title=Understanding viruses|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8553-6|pages=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&amp;pg=PA535|edition=2nd|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515225439/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&amp;pg=PA535|archive-date=2016-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1481926|Hepatitis C]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="9374" sha1="fqqk0k2luxtfk95fy6w05y77t9jaoy5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Hepatitis C
|synonym          =
|image            =HCV EM picture 2.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Micrograph|Electron micrograph]] of [[hepatitis C virus]] from cell culture (scale = 50&amp;nbsp;[[nanometers]])
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Gastroenterology]], [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Typically none&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Long term (80%)&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|causes           =[[Hepatitis C virus]] usually spread by blood-to-blood contact&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mah2010/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Blood testing for [[antibodies]] or viral [[RNA]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =Clean needles, testing donated blood&lt;ref name=WHO2015 /&gt;
|treatment        =Medications, [[liver transplant]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2011 /&gt;
|medication       =Antivirals ([[sofosbuvir]], [[simeprevir]], others)&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2015 /&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =71 million (2017)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Fact/&gt;
|deaths           =399,000 (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Fact/&gt;
}}Ny aretin'ny aty C dia aretina azo avy amin'ny viriosy hepatitis C (HCV) izay miasa indrindra amin'ny aty.[1] Mandritra ny fotoana voalohany misy ny fandrahonana, matetika ny olona tsy dia misy soritr'aretina na tsy misy akory.[2] Indraindray misy tazo, urine maizina, fanaintainana amin'ny kibo, ary hoditra mavo.[2] Mitoetra ao amin'ny aty ny viriosy amin'ny 75% hatramin'ny 85% amin'ireo olona voan'ny voalohany.[2] Tsy dia misy soritr'aretina ny aretina mitsabo tena amin'ny voalohany.[2] Na izany aza, rehefa mandeha ny taona maro, matetika izy io dia mitarika amin'ny aretin'ny aty ary indraindray amin'ny cirrhosis.[2] Amin'ny tranga sasany, ireo manana cirrhosis dia mety hiaina olana lehibe toy ny tsy fahombiazan'ny aty, homamiadan'ny aty, na fanitarana ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny esôfagus sy ny vavony.[1]

Ny HCV dia miely indrindra amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana amin'ny ra mifandraika amin'ny fampiasana fanafody amin'ny lalan-dra, fitaovana ara-pitsaboana tsy voadio tsara, ratra vokatry ny tsindrona amin'ny fitsaboana, ary ny fampidiran-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C FAQs for Health Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|website=CDC|access-date=4 February 2016|date=January 8, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121073721/http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|archive-date=21 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mah2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Maheshwari|first=A|last2=Thuluvath, PJ|title=Management of acute hepatitis C|journal=Clinics in Liver Disease|date=February 2010|volume=14|issue=1|pages=169–76, x|pmid=20123448|doi=10.1016/j.cld.2009.11.007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha ampiasaina ny fitiliana ra, dia latsaky ny iray isaky ny roa tapitrisa ny mety ho voka-dratsin'ny fampidiran-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mety hifindra avy amin'ny reny voan'ny aretina mankany amin'ny zanany mandritra ny fiterahana ihany koa izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Tsy miparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana ivelany izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C Fact sheet N°164|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|website=WHO|access-date=4 February 2016|date=July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131041006/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|archive-date=31 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iray amin'ireo viriosy hepatita dimy fantatra izy io: A, B, C, D, ary E.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Viral Hepatitis: A through E and Beyond|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2016|date=April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083731/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=2 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitiliana ra no atao mba hahitana raha misy antikôra manohitra ny viriosy na ny ARN- ny.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Amporisihina ny fanaovana fitiliana amin'ny olona rehetra mety ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy [[vaksiny]] ho an'ny hepatita C.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Web2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Webster|first=Daniel P|last2=Klenerman|first2=Paul|last3=Dusheiko|first3=Geoffrey M|title=Hepatitis C|journal=The Lancet|volume=385|issue=9973|year=2015|pages=1124–35|pmid=25687730|pmc=4878852|issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62401-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny ezaka hampihenana ny fahavoazana eo amin'ireo olona mampiasa fanafody amin'ny lalan-dra sy ny fitiliana ny ra nomena.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Azo sitranina mihoatra ny 95% amin'ny fotoana ny aretina mitaiza amin'ny fanafody antiviral toy ny sofosbuvir na simeprevir.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|last=|first=|date=9 July 2019|website=World Health Organization|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526052334/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|archive-date=2020-05-26|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ny Peginterferon sy ny ribavirin dia fitsaboana taranaka taloha izay nanana taham-pahasitranana latsaky ny 50% ary voka-dratsy lehibe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=A|title=Hepatitis C Virus|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=September 2016|volume=165|issue=5|pages=ITC33–ITC48|doi=10.7326/AITC201609060|pmid=27595226|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho lafo anefa ny fahazoana ireo fitsaboana vaovao.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ireo izay voan'ny cirrhosis na homamiadan'ny aty dia mety mila famindrana aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot; /&gt; Ny Hepatita C no antony voalohany mahatonga ny famindrana aty, na dia matetika miverina aza ny viriosy aorian'ny famindrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rosen|first=HR|title=Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2011-06-23|volume=364|issue=25|pages=2429–38|pmid=21696309|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1006613|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828104228/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clinical-practice.-Chronic-hepatitis-C-infection.-Rosen/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tombanana ho iray amin'ny fitom-polo  tapitrisa ny olona (1%) maneran-tany no voan'ny hepatita C    &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019Fact&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2013, tranga vaovao iraika ambin'ny folo tapitrisa teo ho eo no nitranga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika indrindra no mitranga any Afrika sy Azia Afovoany ary Atsinanana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Teo amin'ny 167.000 teo ho eo ny fahafatesana vokatry ny homamiadan'ny aty ary 326.000 ny fahafatesana noho ny cirrhosis dia nitranga tamin'ny 2015 noho ny hepatita C.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisian'ny hepatita C - izay fantatra tany am-boalohany ho karazana hepatita tsy A tsy B - dia noheverina tamin'ny taona 1970 ary voaporofo tamin'ny taona 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19781804&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Houghton M|title=The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus|journal=Journal of Hepatology|volume=51|issue=5|pages=939–48|date=November 2009|pmid=19781804|doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004|url=http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217232938/https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny olombelona sy ny rajako ihany no voan'ny hepatita C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Shors|first=Teri|title=Understanding viruses|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8553-6|pages=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&amp;pg=PA535|edition=2nd|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515225439/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&amp;pg=PA535|archive-date=2016-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1481926|Hepatitis C]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="9828" sha1="mxm3axc04zwei74qy1fuzzfwven5fxi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Hepatitis C
|synonym          =
|image            =HCV EM picture 2.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Micrograph|Electron micrograph]] of [[hepatitis C virus]] from cell culture (scale = 50&amp;nbsp;[[nanometers]])
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Gastroenterology]], [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Typically none&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Long term (80%)&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|causes           =[[Hepatitis C virus]] usually spread by blood-to-blood contact&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mah2010/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Blood testing for [[antibodies]] or viral [[RNA]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =Clean needles, testing donated blood&lt;ref name=WHO2015 /&gt;
|treatment        =Medications, [[liver transplant]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2011 /&gt;
|medication       =Antivirals ([[sofosbuvir]], [[simeprevir]], others)&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2015 /&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =71 million (2017)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Fact/&gt;
|deaths           =399,000 (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Fact/&gt;
}}Aretina mifindra vokatry ny viriosy hepatita C (HCV) '''ny hepatita''' C izay misy fiantraikany voalohany indrindra amin'ny [[aty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan|url-access=limited|edition=4th|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan/page/n568 551]–52|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandritra ny aretina voalohany dia matetika ny olona no tsy mahatsapa soritr'aretina mihitsy na tsy misy mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C FAQs for Health Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|website=CDC|access-date=4 February 2016|date=January 8, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121073721/http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|archive-date=21 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indraindray dia misy tazo, fivalanan-drano maizina, fanaintainan'ny kibo, ary hoditra mavomavo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mitoetra ao amin'ny aty ny viriosy eo amin'ny 75% ka hatramin'ny 85% eo ho eo amin'ireo olona voan'ny aretina voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Matetika tsy misy soritr'aretina ny aretina mitaiza raha vao manomboka miseho.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mandritra ny taona maro anefa, matetika izany no mitarika aretin'aty ary indraindray cirrhosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny tranga sasany, ireo voan'ny cirrhosis dia mety hiharan'ny fahasarotana lehibe toy ny tsy fahombiazan'ny aty, homamiadan'ny aty, na lalan-dra mivelatra ao amin'ny lalan-kanina sy ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris2004&quot; /&gt;

Ny HCV dia miely indrindra amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana amin'ny ra mifandraika amin'ny fampiasana fanafody amin'ny lalan-dra, fitaovana ara-pitsaboana tsy voadio tsara, ratra vokatry ny tsindrona amin'ny fitsaboana, ary ny fampidiran-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mah2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Maheshwari|first=A|last2=Thuluvath, PJ|title=Management of acute hepatitis C|journal=Clinics in Liver Disease|date=February 2010|volume=14|issue=1|pages=169–76, x|pmid=20123448|doi=10.1016/j.cld.2009.11.007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha ampiasaina ny fitiliana ra, dia latsaky ny iray isaky ny roa tapitrisa ny mety ho voka-dratsin'ny fampidiran-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mety hifindra avy amin'ny reny voan'ny aretina mankany amin'ny zanany mandritra ny fiterahana ihany koa izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Tsy miparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana ivelany izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C Fact sheet N°164|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|website=WHO|access-date=4 February 2016|date=July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131041006/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|archive-date=31 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iray amin'ireo viriosy hepatita dimy fantatra izy io: A, B, C, D, ary E.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Viral Hepatitis: A through E and Beyond|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2016|date=April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083731/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=2 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitiliana ra no atao mba hahitana raha misy antikôra manohitra ny viriosy na ny ARN- ny.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Amporisihina ny fanaovana fitiliana amin'ny olona rehetra mety ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy [[vaksiny]] ho an'ny hepatita C.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Web2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Webster|first=Daniel P|last2=Klenerman|first2=Paul|last3=Dusheiko|first3=Geoffrey M|title=Hepatitis C|journal=The Lancet|volume=385|issue=9973|year=2015|pages=1124–35|pmid=25687730|pmc=4878852|issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62401-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny ezaka hampihenana ny fahavoazana eo amin'ireo olona mampiasa fanafody amin'ny lalan-dra sy ny fitiliana ny ra nomena.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Azo sitranina mihoatra ny 95% amin'ny fotoana ny aretina mitaiza amin'ny fanafody antiviral toy ny sofosbuvir na simeprevir.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|last=|first=|date=9 July 2019|website=World Health Organization|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526052334/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|archive-date=2020-05-26|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ny Peginterferon sy ny ribavirin dia fitsaboana taranaka taloha izay nanana taham-pahasitranana latsaky ny 50% ary voka-dratsy lehibe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=A|title=Hepatitis C Virus|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=September 2016|volume=165|issue=5|pages=ITC33–ITC48|doi=10.7326/AITC201609060|pmid=27595226|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho lafo anefa ny fahazoana ireo fitsaboana vaovao.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ireo izay voan'ny cirrhosis na homamiadan'ny aty dia mety mila famindrana aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot; /&gt; Ny Hepatita C no antony voalohany mahatonga ny famindrana aty, na dia matetika miverina aza ny viriosy aorian'ny famindrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rosen|first=HR|title=Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2011-06-23|volume=364|issue=25|pages=2429–38|pmid=21696309|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1006613|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828104228/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clinical-practice.-Chronic-hepatitis-C-infection.-Rosen/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tombanana ho iray amin'ny fitom-polo  tapitrisa ny olona (1%) maneran-tany no voan'ny hepatita C    &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019Fact&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2013, tranga vaovao iraika ambin'ny folo tapitrisa teo ho eo no nitranga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika indrindra no mitranga any Afrika sy Azia Afovoany ary Atsinanana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Teo amin'ny 167.000 teo ho eo ny fahafatesana vokatry ny homamiadan'ny aty ary 326.000 ny fahafatesana noho ny cirrhosis dia nitranga tamin'ny 2015 noho ny hepatita C.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisian'ny hepatita C - izay fantatra tany am-boalohany ho karazana hepatita tsy A tsy B - dia noheverina tamin'ny taona 1970 ary voaporofo tamin'ny taona 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19781804&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Houghton M|title=The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus|journal=Journal of Hepatology|volume=51|issue=5|pages=939–48|date=November 2009|pmid=19781804|doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004|url=http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217232938/https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny olombelona sy ny rajako ihany no voan'ny hepatita C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Shors|first=Teri|title=Understanding viruses|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8553-6|pages=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&amp;pg=PA535|edition=2nd|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515225439/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&amp;pg=PA535|archive-date=2016-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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        <id>34461</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1481926|Hepatitis C]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="9885" sha1="gn4em4w97961dte4ffz02ye5oh3j5v1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Hepatita C
|synonym          =Aretina aty vokatry ny virus
|image            =HCV EM picture 2.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Micrograph|Electron micrograph]] of [[hepatitis C virus]] from cell culture (scale = 50&amp;nbsp;[[nanometers]])
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Gastroenterology]], [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Typically none&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =maharitra ela (80%)&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|causes           =[[Hepatitis C virus]] matetika mifindra amin'ny alàlan'ny fifandraisana rà amin'ny rà&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mah2010/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Blood testing for [[antibodies]] or viral [[RNA]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =Clean needles, testing donated blood&lt;ref name=WHO2015 /&gt;
|treatment        =Medications, [[liver transplant]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2011 /&gt;
|medication       =Antivirals ([[sofosbuvir]], [[simeprevir]], others)&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2015 /&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =71 million (2017)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Fact/&gt;
|deaths           =399,000 (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Fact/&gt;
}}Aretina mifindra vokatry ny viriosy hepatita C (HCV) '''ny hepatita''' C izay misy fiantraikany voalohany indrindra amin'ny [[aty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan|url-access=limited|edition=4th|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan/page/n568 551]–52|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandritra ny aretina voalohany dia matetika ny olona no tsy mahatsapa soritr'aretina mihitsy na tsy misy mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C FAQs for Health Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|website=CDC|access-date=4 February 2016|date=January 8, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121073721/http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|archive-date=21 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indraindray dia misy tazo, fivalanan-drano maizina, fanaintainan'ny kibo, ary hoditra mavomavo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mitoetra ao amin'ny aty ny viriosy eo amin'ny 75% ka hatramin'ny 85% eo ho eo amin'ireo olona voan'ny aretina voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Matetika tsy misy soritr'aretina ny aretina mitaiza raha vao manomboka miseho.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mandritra ny taona maro anefa, matetika izany no mitarika aretin'aty ary indraindray cirrhosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny tranga sasany, ireo voan'ny cirrhosis dia mety hiharan'ny fahasarotana lehibe toy ny tsy fahombiazan'ny aty, homamiadan'ny aty, na lalan-dra mivelatra ao amin'ny lalan-kanina sy ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris2004&quot; /&gt;

Ny HCV dia miely indrindra amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana amin'ny ra mifandraika amin'ny fampiasana fanafody amin'ny lalan-dra, fitaovana ara-pitsaboana tsy voadio tsara, ratra vokatry ny tsindrona amin'ny fitsaboana, ary ny fampidiran-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mah2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Maheshwari|first=A|last2=Thuluvath, PJ|title=Management of acute hepatitis C|journal=Clinics in Liver Disease|date=February 2010|volume=14|issue=1|pages=169–76, x|pmid=20123448|doi=10.1016/j.cld.2009.11.007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha ampiasaina ny fitiliana ra, dia latsaky ny iray isaky ny roa tapitrisa ny mety ho voka-dratsin'ny fampidiran-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mety hifindra avy amin'ny reny voan'ny aretina mankany amin'ny zanany mandritra ny fiterahana ihany koa izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Tsy miparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana ivelany izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C Fact sheet N°164|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|website=WHO|access-date=4 February 2016|date=July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131041006/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|archive-date=31 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iray amin'ireo viriosy hepatita dimy fantatra izy io: A, B, C, D, ary E.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Viral Hepatitis: A through E and Beyond|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2016|date=April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083731/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=2 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitiliana ra no atao mba hahitana raha misy antikôra manohitra ny viriosy na ny ARN- ny.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Amporisihina ny fanaovana fitiliana amin'ny olona rehetra mety ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy [[vaksiny]] ho an'ny hepatita C.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Web2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Webster|first=Daniel P|last2=Klenerman|first2=Paul|last3=Dusheiko|first3=Geoffrey M|title=Hepatitis C|journal=The Lancet|volume=385|issue=9973|year=2015|pages=1124–35|pmid=25687730|pmc=4878852|issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62401-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny ezaka hampihenana ny fahavoazana eo amin'ireo olona mampiasa fanafody amin'ny lalan-dra sy ny fitiliana ny ra nomena.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Azo sitranina mihoatra ny 95% amin'ny fotoana ny aretina mitaiza amin'ny fanafody antiviral toy ny sofosbuvir na simeprevir.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|last=|first=|date=9 July 2019|website=World Health Organization|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526052334/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|archive-date=2020-05-26|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ny Peginterferon sy ny ribavirin dia fitsaboana taranaka taloha izay nanana taham-pahasitranana latsaky ny 50% ary voka-dratsy lehibe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=A|title=Hepatitis C Virus|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=September 2016|volume=165|issue=5|pages=ITC33–ITC48|doi=10.7326/AITC201609060|pmid=27595226|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho lafo anefa ny fahazoana ireo fitsaboana vaovao.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ireo izay voan'ny cirrhosis na homamiadan'ny aty dia mety mila famindrana aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot; /&gt; Ny Hepatita C no antony voalohany mahatonga ny famindrana aty, na dia matetika miverina aza ny viriosy aorian'ny famindrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rosen|first=HR|title=Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2011-06-23|volume=364|issue=25|pages=2429–38|pmid=21696309|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1006613|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828104228/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clinical-practice.-Chronic-hepatitis-C-infection.-Rosen/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tombanana ho iray amin'ny fitom-polo  tapitrisa ny olona (1%) maneran-tany no voan'ny hepatita C    &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019Fact&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2013, tranga vaovao iraika ambin'ny folo tapitrisa teo ho eo no nitranga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika indrindra no mitranga any Afrika sy Azia Afovoany ary Atsinanana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Teo amin'ny 167.000 teo ho eo ny fahafatesana vokatry ny homamiadan'ny aty ary 326.000 ny fahafatesana noho ny cirrhosis dia nitranga tamin'ny 2015 noho ny hepatita C.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisian'ny hepatita C - izay fantatra tany am-boalohany ho karazana hepatita tsy A tsy B - dia noheverina tamin'ny taona 1970 ary voaporofo tamin'ny taona 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19781804&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Houghton M|title=The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus|journal=Journal of Hepatology|volume=51|issue=5|pages=939–48|date=November 2009|pmid=19781804|doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004|url=http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217232938/https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny olombelona sy ny rajako ihany no voan'ny hepatita C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Shors|first=Teri|title=Understanding viruses|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8553-6|pages=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&amp;pg=PA535|edition=2nd|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515225439/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&amp;pg=PA535|archive-date=2016-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>gn4em4w97961dte4ffz02ye5oh3j5v1</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134597</id>
      <parentid>1134590</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:48:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Quinze2001</username>
        <id>34461</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1481926|Hepatitis C]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="9893" sha1="dm6202jukrpj77cji5oxuhhjya4mjw7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Hepatita C
|synonym          =Aretina aty vokatry ny virus
|image            =HCV EM picture 2.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Micrograph|Electron micrograph]] of [[hepatitis C virus]] from cell culture (scale = 50&amp;nbsp;[[nanometers]])
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Gastroenterology]], [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Matetika tsy misy&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =maharitra ela (80%)&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|causes           =[[Hepatitis C virus]] matetika mifindra amin'ny alàlan'ny fifandraisana rà amin'ny rà&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mah2010/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Fitsapana rà ho an'ny [[antibodies]] or viral [[RNA]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =Clean needles, testing donated blood&lt;ref name=WHO2015 /&gt;
|treatment        =Medications, [[liver transplant]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2011 /&gt;
|medication       =Antivirals ([[sofosbuvir]], [[simeprevir]], others)&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2015 /&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =71 million (2017)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Fact/&gt;
|deaths           =399,000 (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Fact/&gt;
}}Aretina mifindra vokatry ny viriosy hepatita C (HCV) '''ny hepatita''' C izay misy fiantraikany voalohany indrindra amin'ny [[aty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan|url-access=limited|edition=4th|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan/page/n568 551]–52|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandritra ny aretina voalohany dia matetika ny olona no tsy mahatsapa soritr'aretina mihitsy na tsy misy mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C FAQs for Health Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|website=CDC|access-date=4 February 2016|date=January 8, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121073721/http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|archive-date=21 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indraindray dia misy tazo, fivalanan-drano maizina, fanaintainan'ny kibo, ary hoditra mavomavo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mitoetra ao amin'ny aty ny viriosy eo amin'ny 75% ka hatramin'ny 85% eo ho eo amin'ireo olona voan'ny aretina voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Matetika tsy misy soritr'aretina ny aretina mitaiza raha vao manomboka miseho.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mandritra ny taona maro anefa, matetika izany no mitarika aretin'aty ary indraindray cirrhosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny tranga sasany, ireo voan'ny cirrhosis dia mety hiharan'ny fahasarotana lehibe toy ny tsy fahombiazan'ny aty, homamiadan'ny aty, na lalan-dra mivelatra ao amin'ny lalan-kanina sy ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris2004&quot; /&gt;

Ny HCV dia miely indrindra amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana amin'ny ra mifandraika amin'ny fampiasana fanafody amin'ny lalan-dra, fitaovana ara-pitsaboana tsy voadio tsara, ratra vokatry ny tsindrona amin'ny fitsaboana, ary ny fampidiran-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mah2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Maheshwari|first=A|last2=Thuluvath, PJ|title=Management of acute hepatitis C|journal=Clinics in Liver Disease|date=February 2010|volume=14|issue=1|pages=169–76, x|pmid=20123448|doi=10.1016/j.cld.2009.11.007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha ampiasaina ny fitiliana ra, dia latsaky ny iray isaky ny roa tapitrisa ny mety ho voka-dratsin'ny fampidiran-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mety hifindra avy amin'ny reny voan'ny aretina mankany amin'ny zanany mandritra ny fiterahana ihany koa izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Tsy miparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana ivelany izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C Fact sheet N°164|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|website=WHO|access-date=4 February 2016|date=July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131041006/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|archive-date=31 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iray amin'ireo viriosy hepatita dimy fantatra izy io: A, B, C, D, ary E.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Viral Hepatitis: A through E and Beyond|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2016|date=April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083731/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=2 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitiliana ra no atao mba hahitana raha misy antikôra manohitra ny viriosy na ny ARN- ny.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Amporisihina ny fanaovana fitiliana amin'ny olona rehetra mety ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy [[vaksiny]] ho an'ny hepatita C.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Web2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Webster|first=Daniel P|last2=Klenerman|first2=Paul|last3=Dusheiko|first3=Geoffrey M|title=Hepatitis C|journal=The Lancet|volume=385|issue=9973|year=2015|pages=1124–35|pmid=25687730|pmc=4878852|issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62401-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny ezaka hampihenana ny fahavoazana eo amin'ireo olona mampiasa fanafody amin'ny lalan-dra sy ny fitiliana ny ra nomena.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Azo sitranina mihoatra ny 95% amin'ny fotoana ny aretina mitaiza amin'ny fanafody antiviral toy ny sofosbuvir na simeprevir.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|last=|first=|date=9 July 2019|website=World Health Organization|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526052334/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|archive-date=2020-05-26|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ny Peginterferon sy ny ribavirin dia fitsaboana taranaka taloha izay nanana taham-pahasitranana latsaky ny 50% ary voka-dratsy lehibe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=A|title=Hepatitis C Virus|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=September 2016|volume=165|issue=5|pages=ITC33–ITC48|doi=10.7326/AITC201609060|pmid=27595226|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho lafo anefa ny fahazoana ireo fitsaboana vaovao.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ireo izay voan'ny cirrhosis na homamiadan'ny aty dia mety mila famindrana aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot; /&gt; Ny Hepatita C no antony voalohany mahatonga ny famindrana aty, na dia matetika miverina aza ny viriosy aorian'ny famindrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rosen|first=HR|title=Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2011-06-23|volume=364|issue=25|pages=2429–38|pmid=21696309|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1006613|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828104228/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clinical-practice.-Chronic-hepatitis-C-infection.-Rosen/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tombanana ho iray amin'ny fitom-polo  tapitrisa ny olona (1%) maneran-tany no voan'ny hepatita C    &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019Fact&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2013, tranga vaovao iraika ambin'ny folo tapitrisa teo ho eo no nitranga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika indrindra no mitranga any Afrika sy Azia Afovoany ary Atsinanana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Teo amin'ny 167.000 teo ho eo ny fahafatesana vokatry ny homamiadan'ny aty ary 326.000 ny fahafatesana noho ny cirrhosis dia nitranga tamin'ny 2015 noho ny hepatita C.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisian'ny hepatita C - izay fantatra tany am-boalohany ho karazana hepatita tsy A tsy B - dia noheverina tamin'ny taona 1970 ary voaporofo tamin'ny taona 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19781804&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Houghton M|title=The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus|journal=Journal of Hepatology|volume=51|issue=5|pages=939–48|date=November 2009|pmid=19781804|doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004|url=http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217232938/https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny olombelona sy ny rajako ihany no voan'ny hepatita C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Shors|first=Teri|title=Understanding viruses|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8553-6|pages=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&amp;pg=PA535|edition=2nd|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515225439/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&amp;pg=PA535|archive-date=2016-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>dm6202jukrpj77cji5oxuhhjya4mjw7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aretin'ny tonon-taolana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298912</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134540</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:05:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ongy.M02</username>
        <id>36647</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1495006|Gout]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1134540</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9562" sha1="tjd38zb3n06s69en1wqycf5p4moop9t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Aretin'ny tonon-taolana
|synonym          =
|image            =En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Gout.webm
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =94
|alt              =Horonan-tsary fohy maneho ny fivoaran'ny aretina Goty eny amin'ny tongotry ny olona iray.
|caption          =Video summary ([[Video:Gout|script]]). Leading with ''The Gout'' ([[James Gillray]], 1799) depicts the pain of the artist's gout as a [[demon]] or [[dragon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Brookhiser|first=Richard|title=Gentleman Revolutionary: Gouverneur Morris, the Rake Who Wrote the Constitution|date=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781439104088|page=212|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBdxESrTkHsC&amp;pg=PA212|access-date=2016-01-10|archive-date=2016-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501163529/https://books.google.com/books?id=HBdxESrTkHsC&amp;pg=PA212|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Haslam|first=Fiona|title=From Hogarth to Rowlandson : medicine in art in eighteenth-century Britain|date=1996|publisher=Liverpool University Press|location=Liverpool|isbn=9780853236405|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ab_pQOdi2fUC&amp;pg=PA143|edition=1. publ.|access-date=2016-01-10|archive-date=2016-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513151127/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ab_pQOdi2fUC&amp;pg=PA143|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ɡ|aʊ|t}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gout {{!}} Definition of Gout by Lexico |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/gout |website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English |access-date=20 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019015640/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/gout |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|specialty        =
|symptoms         =[[Fanaintainan'ny tonon-taolana]], [[fivontosana amin'ny tonon-taolana]], sy [[mena hoditra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Dalbeth|first1=N|last2=Merriman|first2=TR|last3=Stamp|first3=LK|title=Gout|journal=Lancet|date=April 2016|volume=388|issue=10055|pages=2039–52|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00346-9|pmid=27112094|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|onset            =Lehilahy efa antitra,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt; [[fijanonan'ny fadimbolana]]&lt;ref name=Hui2017/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Asidra urika]]&lt;ref name=Hui2017/&gt;
|risks            =Rafitra sakafo be hena sy labiera, [[matavy loatra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Be2016/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Aretin'ny tonon-taolana vokatry ny otrikaretina]], [[Aretin'ny tonon-taolana vokatry ny hery fiarovan'ny tena]], [[aretin'ny tonon-taolana mitovy amin'ny Goty]], hafa&lt;ref name=&quot;Neogi2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Neogi |first1=T |title=Gout |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |date=July 2016 |volume=165 |issue=1 |pages=ITC1-16 |doi=10.7326/AITC201607050 |pmid=27380294|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =Fihenan-danja, [[vitamin C]], tsy misotro toaka, [[allopurinol]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;
|treatment        =[[fanafody manohitra fivontosana tsy misy ''Sterid&quot;|NSAIDs]], [[fanafody|steroids]], [[colchicine]]&lt;ref name=Hui2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=Qa2017&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Qaseem|first1=A|last2=Harris|first2=RP|last3=Forciea|first3=MA|last4=Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of|first4=Physicians.|title=Management of Acute and Recurrent Gout: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=3 January 2017|volume=166|issue=1|pages=58–68|pmid=27802508|doi=10.7326/m16-0570|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =1–2% (tontolo mandroso)&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}

'''Aretin'ny tonon-taolana''' dia karazana aretin-kozatra izay miavaka amin'ny fihetsehan'ny tonon-taolana mena, mangidihidy, mafana ary mivonto miverimberina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hui2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hui|first=M|last2=Carr|first2=A|last3=Cameron|first3=S|last4=Davenport|first4=G|last5=Doherty|first5=M|last6=Forrester|first6=H|last7=Jenkins|first7=W|last8=Jordan|first8=KM|last9=Mallen|first9=CD|last10=McDonald|first10=TM|last11=Nuki|first11=G|last12=Pywell|first12=A|last13=Zhang|first13=W|last14=Roddy|first14=E|last15=British Society for Rheumatology Standards, Audit and Guidelines Working|first15=Group.|title=The British Society for Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout|journal=Rheumatology (Oxford, England)|volume=56|issue=7|pages=e1–e20|date=26 May 2017|doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kex156|pmid=28549177|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny fanaintainana dia miseho haingana, mahatratra ny hamafiny indrindra ao anatin'ny latsaky ny 12 ora.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richette P, Bardin T|title=Gout|journal=Lancet|volume=375|issue=9711|pages=318–28|date=January 2010|pmid=19692116|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60883-7|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tonon-taolana eo amin'ny fototry ny rantsan-tongotra lehibe no voakasika amin'ny antsasaky ny tranga eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;PM2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schlesinger N|title=Diagnosing and treating gout: a review to aid primary care physicians|journal=Postgrad Med|volume=122|issue=2|pages=157–61|date=March 2010|pmid=20203467|doi=10.3810/pgm.2010.03.2133|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hiteraka tophi, [[Vato ao amin' ny voa|vato ao amin'ny voa]], na fahasimban'ny voa ihany koa izany. 

Izany dia vokatry ny fiakaran'ny tahan'ny asidra urika ao amin'ny ra tsy tapaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hui2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt; Mitranga izany noho ny fitambaran'ny sakafo, olana ara-pahasalamana hafa, ary anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hui2017&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny ambaratonga avo dia mivaingana ny asidra urika ary miangona ao amin'ny tonon-taolana, hozatra ary [[Tambatsela|sela]] manodidina azy ny [[kristaly]], ka miteraka aretin'ny tonon'taolana.  Matetika kokoa no mitranga izany amin'ireo izay mihinana hena na hazan-dranomasina tsy tapaka, misotro labiera, na matavy loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Be2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pmid=27452679|year=2016|last=Beyl Jr|first=R. N.|title=Update on Importance of Diet in Gout|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=129|issue=11|pages=1153–1158|last2=Hughes|first2=L|last3=Morgan|first3=S|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.06.040}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo hamarinina amin'ny fisian'ny kristaly ao amin'ny ranon-tonon-taolana na ao anaty fasika any ivelan'ny tonon-taolana ny aretina.  Mety ho ara-dalàna ny tahan'ny asidra urika ao amin'ny ra mandritra ny fanafihana. 

Manatsara ny soritr'aretina ny fitsaboana amin'ny fanafody tsy steroidal anti-inflammatoire (NSAID), steroids, na colchicine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hui2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Annals2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pmid=27802478|year=2017|last=Shekelle|first=P. G|title=Management of Gout: A Systematic Review in Support of an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=166|issue=1|pages=37–51|last2=Newberry|first2=S. J|last3=Fitzgerald|first3=J. D|last4=Motala|first4=A|last5=O'Hanlon|first5=C. E|last6=Tariq|first6=A|last7=Okunogbe|first7=A|last8=Han|first8=D|last9=Shanman|first9=R|doi=10.7326/M16-0461|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha vao mihena ny fanafihana tampoka, dia azo ahena ny tahan'ny asidra urika amin'ny alàlan'ny fanovana ny fomba fiaina ary ho an'ireo izay matetika no tratran'ny fanafihana, ny allopurinol na probenecid dia manome fisorohana maharitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt; Mety ho fisorohana ny fihinanana vitamina C sy ny fihinanana sakafo be dia be amin'ny vokatra vita amin'ny ronono tsy dia matavy loatra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Questions and Answers about Gout|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Gout/|website=National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases|access-date=2 February 2016|date=June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115123309/http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/gout/|archive-date=15 January 2016|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roddy|first=E|last2=Choi|first2=HK|title=Epidemiology of gout.|journal=Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America|date=May 2014|volume=40|issue=2|pages=155–75|doi=10.1016/j.rdc.2014.01.001|pmid=24703341|pmc=4119792}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahakasika ny 1 ka hatramin'ny 2% eo ho eo amin'ny mponina [[Tontolo Tandrefana|Tandrefana]] ny gout amin'ny fotoana iray eo amin'ny fiainany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt; Niha-mahazatra kokoa izany tato anatin'ny folo taona faramparany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt; Inoana fa vokatry ny fitomboan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza eo amin'ny mponina izany, toy ny aretin'ny metabolika, ny androm-piainana lava kokoa, ary ny fiovan'ny sakafo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt; Ny lahy zokiny no tena voakasik'izany matetika.  Ny Aretin'ny tonon-taolana dia fantatra ara-tantara ho &quot;aretin'ny mpanjaka&quot; na &quot;aretin'ny mpanankarena&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rich+Man%27s+Disease|title=Rich Man's Disease – definition of Rich Man's Disease in the Medical dictionary|website=Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia|access-date=2009-05-01|archive-date=2013-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114084137/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rich+Man%27s+Disease|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Efa fantatra hatramin'ny andron'ny [[Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha|Ejiptiana fahiny]] izany farafaharatsiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Fitsaboana tonon-taolana]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>tjd38zb3n06s69en1wqycf5p4moop9t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aretin'ny tsy fahampian'ny fifantohana sy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298913</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134541</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:07:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1482655|Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1134541</origin>
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      <text bytes="30280" sha1="domjg8a2rus7rsc8rwhq0vge6dd1aom" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder
|synonym          =Attention-deficit disorder, hyperkinetic disorder (ICD-10)
|image            =Primary Laos2.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =An image of children
|caption          =People with ADHD may find it more difficult than others to focus on and complete tasks such as schoolwork.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]], [[pediatrics]]
|symptoms         =Difficulty paying [[attention]], excessive activity, [[impulsivity|difficulty controlling behavior]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|onset            =Before age 6–12&lt;ref name=CDC/&gt;
|duration         =&gt;6 months&lt;ref name=CDC/&gt;
|causes           =Both [[Genetic disorder|genetic]] and [[environmental factors]]&lt;ref name=nimh/&gt;&lt;ref name=Koo2019/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms after other possible causes ruled out&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|differential     =Normally active young child, [[conduct disorder]], [[oppositional defiant disorder]], [[learning disorder]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[fetal alcohol spectrum disorder]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ferri |first=Fred F. |title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders |date=2010 |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=978-0323076999 |edition=2nd |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=Chapter A  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zubler, MD, FAAP |first1=Jennifer |last2=Weitzman, MD, FAAP |first2=Carol |last3=Sloane, DO |first3=Mark |last4=Singh, MPA |first4=Natasha |last5=Senturias, MD, FAAP |first5=Yasmin N. |last6=Kosofsky, MD, PhD |first6=Barry |last7=Kable, PhD |first7=Julie |last8=Fernandez-Baca, MA |first8=Daniel |last9=Dang, MPH |first9=Elizabeth |last10=Chasnoff, MD, FAAP |first10=Ira |last11=Bertrand PhD |first11=Jacquelyn |last12=Balachova PhD |first12=Tatiana |last13=Hagan Jr. MD, FAAP |first13=Joseph F. |title=Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure |url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/138/4/e20151553.full.pdf |journal=Pediatrics |year=2016 |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages=e20151553 |publisher=American Journal of Pediatrics |doi=10.1542/peds.2015-1553 |pmid=27677572 |pmc=5477054 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320042016/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/138/4/e20151553.full.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[psychotherapy|Counseling]], lifestyle changes, medications&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|medication       =[[CNS stimulants|Stimulants]], [[atomoxetine]], [[guanfacine]], [[clonidine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Coghill DR, Banaschewski T, Soutullo C, Cottingham MG, Zuddas A |date=November 2017 |title=Systematic review of quality of life and functional outcomes in randomized placebo-controlled studies of medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=1283–1307 |doi=10.1007/s00787-017-0986-y |pmc=5656703 |pmid=28429134}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jain R, Katic A |s2cid=3807877 |date=August 2016 |title=Current and Investigational Medication Delivery Systems for Treating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders |volume=18 |issue=4 |doi=10.4088/PCC.16r01979 |pmid=27828696}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =51.1 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny ADHD''' ( '''Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder''' ) dia aretina ara-tsaina amin'ny karazana fivoaran'ny atidoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid23299717&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sroubek A, Kelly M, Li X|date=February 2013|title=Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Neuroscience Bulletin|volume=29|issue=1|pages=103–10|doi=10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6|pmc=4440572|pmid=23299717}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Caroline2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=PaO3jsaGkeYC&amp;pg=PA133|title=Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|year=2010|isbn=9780387717982|pages=133|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829104348/https://books.google.com/books?id=PaO3jsaGkeYC&amp;pg=PA133&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miavaka amin'ny fahasarotana amin'ny fifantohana, ny fanaovana zavatra tafahoatra, ary ny fihetsika tsy miraharaha ny vokany, izay tsy mety amin'ny taonan'ny olona iray raha tsy izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|date=March 2016|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|access-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723192735/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|archive-date=23 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|location=Arlington|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|pages=59–65|edition=5th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy olona sasany manana ADHD koa mampiseho fahasarotana amin'ny fandrindrana ny fihetseham-po na olana amin'ny fiasan'ny mpanatanteraka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Faraone SV, Rostain AL, Blader J, Busch B, Childress AC, Connor DF, Newcorn JH|date=February 2019|title=Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - implications for clinical recognition and intervention|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8917161f5885c81c9d4790f6ac76162fc07e0ad7|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines|volume=60|issue=2|pages=133–150|doi=10.1111/jcpp.12899|pmid=29624671|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827233718/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Practitioner-Review%3A-Emotional-dysregulation-in-for-Faraone-Rostain/8917161f5885c81c9d4790f6ac76162fc07e0ad7|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tenenbaum RB, Musser ED, Morris S, Ward AR, Raiker JS, Coles EK, Pelham WE|date=April 2019|title=Response Inhibition, Response Execution, and Emotion Regulation among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology|volume=47|issue=4|pages=589–603|doi=10.1007/s10802-018-0466-y|pmc=6377355|pmid=30112596}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lenzi F, Cortese S, Harris J, Masi G|date=January 2018|title=Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis|url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/414373/1/MAIN_TEXT_R1_CLEANED_FINAL.doc|journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews|volume=84|pages=359–367|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.010|pmid=28837827|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726104959/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/414373/1/MAIN_TEXT_R1_CLEANED_FINAL.doc|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Mba hahafantarana ny aretina, dia tokony hiseho alohan'ny faha-roa ambin'ny folo taonany ny soritr'aretina, tokony ho hita mihoatra ny enim-bolana, ary mety hiteraka olana amin'ny toerana roa farafahakeliny (toy ny any an-tsekoly, any an-trano, na any amin'ny fialam-boly).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|website=Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)|title=Symptoms and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html|publisher=Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=29 September 2014|access-date=3 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107202516/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html|archive-date=7 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lake2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dulcan|first=Mina K.|last2=Lake|first2=MaryBeth|chapter=Axis I Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence: Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders|title=Concise Guide to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|url={{google books|HvTa2nArhOsC|plainurl=yes}}|via=Google Books|edition=4th illustrated|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|isbn=978-1-58562-416-4|date=2011|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HvTa2nArhOsC&amp;pg=PA34 34]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an'ny ankizy, ny olana amin'ny fifantohana dia mety hiteraka vokatra ratsy any an-tsekoly.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Ankoatra izany, misy fifandraisana amin'ny aretina ara-tsaina hafa sy ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Erskine HE, Norman RE, Ferrari AJ, Chan GC, Copeland WE, Whiteford HA, Scott JG|title=Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A&amp;nbsp;Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=55|issue=10|pages=841–50|date=October 2016|pmid=27663939|doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia miteraka fahasimbana aza izany, indrindra amin'ny fiaraha-monina maoderina, dia maro ny olona voan'ny ADHD no afaka mifantoka tsara amin'ny asa izay hitany fa mahaliana na mahafa-po (fantatra amin'ny hoe hyperfocus ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Koo2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kooij JJ, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, Jaeschke R, Bitter I, Balázs J, etal|title=Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD|journal=European Psychiatry|volume=56|pages=14–34|date=February 2019|pmid=30453134|doi=10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wal2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Walitza S, Drechsler R, Ball J|title=[The school child with ADHD]|language=DE|journal=Therapeutische Umschau|volume=69|issue=8|pages=467–73|date=August 2012|pmid=22851461|doi=10.1024/0040-5930/a000316|trans-title=The school child with ADHD|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/74507/1/Schulkind_mit_ADHS_Final_Manuskript.pdf|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726110423/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/74507/1/Schulkind_mit_ADHS_Final_Manuskript.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dia io aza no aretina ara-tsaina matetika ianarana sy voamarina indrindra amin'ny ankizy sy ny zatovo, dia tsy fantatra mazava ny antony marina amin'ny ankamaroan'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;nimh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=NIMH|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Easy-to-Read)|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-easy-to-read/index.shtml|publisher=National Institute of Mental Health|year=2013|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414031036/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-easy-to-read/index.shtml|archive-date=14 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho eo amin'ny 75% eo ho eo amin'ny risika ny anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Demontis|first=Ditte|title=Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=51|issue=1|pages=63–75|doi=10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7|pmid=30478444|pmc=6481311|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-018-0269-7.epdf?no_publisher_access=1&amp;r3_referer=nature|access-date=27 August 2019|quote=Consensus estimates from more than 30 twin studies indicate that the heritability of ADHD is 70–80% throughout the lifespan and that environmental risks are those not shared by siblings. Twin studies also suggest that diagnosed ADHD represents the extreme tail of one or more heritable quantitative traits.|hdl=10138/309285|year=2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726105532/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-018-0269-7.epdf?no_publisher_access=1&amp;r3_referer=nature|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hampidi-doza ho an'ny tontolo iainana ny fiparitahan'ny nikôtinina mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tiesler|first=Carla M. T.|last2=Heinrich|first2=Joachim|title=Prenatal nicotine exposure and child behavioural problems|journal=European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry|date=21 September 2014|volume=23|issue=10|pages=913–929|doi=10.1007/s00787-014-0615-y|pmid=25241028|pmc=4186967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'ny fomba fitaizana na ny fitsipi-pifehezana izany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Does Bad Parenting Cause ADHD?|url=https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/parenting-role-in-adhd#1|website=WebMD|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726113614/https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/parenting-role-in-adhd#1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahatratra 5–7% eo ho eo amin'ny ankizy no voan'izany rehefa voamarina araka ny fepetra DSM-IV &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22976615&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Willcutt EG|title=The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review|journal=Neurotherapeutics|volume=9|issue=3|pages=490–9|date=July 2012|pmid=22976615|pmc=3441936|doi=10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary 1–2% rehefa voamarina araka ny fepetra ICD-10.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cowen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cowen|first=Philip|last2=Harrison|first2=Paul|last3=Burns|first3=Tom|chapter=Drugs and other physical treatments|title=Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry|year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-960561-3|pages=[{{google books|O3sSd-OAdP0C|pages=546|plainurl=yes}} 546]|edition=6th|url={{google books|O3sSd-OAdP0C|plainurl=yes}}|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, tombanana ho olona 51.1 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voakasik'izany maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitovy ny tahan'ny aretina eo amin'ny firenena tsirairay ary miankina betsaka amin'ny fomba famaritana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9780470977408|chapter=Ch. 25: Epidemiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|vauthors=Faraone SV|pages=450|edition=3rd|year=2011|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222193454/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOc4pdXe43EC&amp;pg=PA450|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika avo roa heny eo ho eo ny trangan'ny ADHD amin'ny ankizilahy noho ny amin'ny ankizivavy,&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; na dia matetika aza tsy raharahiana amin'ny ankizivavy ity aretina ity satria tsy mitovy amin'ny an'ny ankizilahy ny soritr'aretiny.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Crawford|first=Nicole|date=February 2003|title=ADHD: a women's issue|journal=Monitor on Psychology|volume=34|issue=2|pages=28|url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb03/adhd.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409110923/http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb03/adhd.aspx|archive-date=9 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19393378&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Emond V, Joyal C, Poissant H|title=[Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]|language=FR|journal=L'Encephale|volume=35|issue=2|pages=107–14|date=April 2009|pmid=19393378|doi=10.1016/j.encep.2008.01.005|trans-title=Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Singh I|s2cid=205504587|title=Beyond polemics: science and ethics of ADHD|journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience|volume=9|issue=12|pages=957–64|date=December 2008|pmid=19020513|doi=10.1038/nrn2514}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny 30–50%-n'ny olona voamarina fa voan'ny aretina tamin'ny fahazazany no mbola manana soritr'aretina hatrany amin'ny fahamatorana ary eo anelanelan'ny 2–5%-n'ny olon-dehibe no voan'io aretina io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kooij-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, Caci H, Casas-Brugué M, Carpentier PJ, Edvinsson D, Fayyad J, Foeken K, Fitzgerald M, Gaillac V, Ginsberg Y, Henry C, Krause J, Lensing MB, Manor I, Niederhofer H, Nunes-Filipe C, Ohlmeier MD, Oswald P, Pallanti S, Pehlivanidis A, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rastam M, Ryffel-Rawak D, Stes S, Asherson P|title=European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD|journal=BMC Psychiatry|volume=10|issue=|pages=67|date=September 2010|pmid=20815868|pmc=2942810|doi=10.1186/1471-244X-10-67}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Balint2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bálint S, Czobor P, Mészáros A, Simon V, Bitter I|title=[Neuropsychological impairments in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a literature review]|language=Hungarian|journal=Psychiatria Hungarica|volume=23|issue=5|pages=324–35|year=2008|pmid=19129549|trans-title=Neuropsychological impairments in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A literature review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;underdiagnosed&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ginsberg Y, Quintero J, Anand E, Casillas M, Upadhyaya HP|title=Underdiagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients: a review of the literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=16|issue=3|year=2014|pmid=25317367|pmc=4195639|doi=10.4088/PCC.13r01600|quote=Reports indicate that ADHD affects 2.5%–5% of adults in the general population,&lt;sup&gt;5–8&lt;/sup&gt; compared with 5%–7% of children.&lt;sup&gt;9,10&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;... However, fewer than 20% of adults with ADHD are currently diagnosed and/or treated by psychiatrists.&lt;sup&gt;7,15,16&lt;/sup&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hitranga amin'ny olon-dehibe ny tsy fahazoana aina anatiny fa tsy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder : diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people, and adults|date=2009|publisher=British Psychological Society|others=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (Great Britain), National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Great Britain), British Psychological Society., Royal College of Psychiatrists.|isbn=9781854334718|location=Leicester|oclc=244314955|pmid=22420012|page=17|last=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika izy ireo dia mampivelatra fahaiza-miatrika izay manonitra ny sasany na ny fahasembanana rehetra ananany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Art.218&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gentile JP, Atiq R, Gillig PM|title=Adult ADHD: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Medication Management|journal=Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=8|pages=25–30|date=August 2006|pmid=20963192|pmc=2957278|quote=likelihood that the adult with ADHD has developed coping mechanisms to compensate for his or her impairment}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho sarotra ny manavaka ity aretina ity amin'ny aretina hafa, ary koa ny manavaka azy amin'ny asa be loatra izay mbola ao anatin'ny fitondran-tena mahazatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lake2011&quot; /&gt;

Miovaova arakaraka ny firenena ny tolo-kevitra momba ny fitantanana ny ADHD ary mazàna dia misy fitambaran'ny torohevitra, fanovana fomba fiaina ary fanafody.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Ny torolàlana Britanika dia manoro hevitra ny fampiasana fanafody ho fitsaboana voalohany ho an'ny ankizy manana soritr'aretina mafy ary tokony hodinihina ny fampiasana fanafody ho an'ireo manana soritr'aretina antonony izay mandà na tsy mihatsara amin'ny alalan'ny torohevitra, na dia fitsaboana voalohany aza ho an'ny olon-dehibe ny fanafody.&lt;ref name=&quot;NICE2009-PharmRec&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults|last=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health|series=NICE Clinical Guidelines|volume=72|publisher=British Psychological Society|location=Leicester|isbn=978-1-85433-471-8|date=2009|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|chapter=Pharmacological Treatment|pages=[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53654/#ch10.s92 303–307]|via=NCBI Bookshelf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113133612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|archive-date=13 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manoro hevitra ny fitantanana ny fitondran-tena amin'ny voalohany amin'ny ankizy mbola tsy mianatra mialoha ny torolàlana Kanadiana sy Amerikana, raha toa ka soso-kevitra ny fampiasana fanafody sy fitsaboana fitondran-tena miaraka aorian'izay.&lt;ref name=&quot;CADDRA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines|url=http://www.caddra.ca/cms4/pdfs/caddraGuidelines2011Introduction.pdf|website=Canadian ADHD Alliance|access-date=4 February 2011|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121222344/https://www.caddra.ca/cms4/pdfs/caddraGuidelines2011Introduction.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC guideline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Recommendations|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/guidelines.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=13 July 2015|date=24 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707181535/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/guidelines.html|archive-date=7 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;APP2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wolraich|first=ML|last2=Hagan JF|first2=Jr|last3=Allan|first3=C|last4=Chan|first4=E|last5=Davison|first5=D|last6=Earls|first6=M|last7=Evans|first7=SW|last8=Flinn|first8=SK|last9=Froehlich|first9=T|last10=Frost|first10=J|last11=Holbrook|first11=JR|last12=Lehmann|first12=CU|last13=Lessin|first13=HR|last14=Okechukwu|first14=K|last15=Pierce|first15=KL|title=Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents.|journal=Pediatrics|date=October 2019|volume=144|issue=4|pages=e20192528|doi=10.1542/peds.2019-2528|pmid=31570648|pmc=7067282}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana amin'ny stimulants dia mandaitra mandritra ny 14 andro farafahakeliny&amp;nbsp;volana; na izany aza, tsy mazava ny fahombiazany maharitra ary mety hisy voka-dratsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;StorebøPedersen2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Storebø OJ, Pedersen N, Ramstad E, Kielsholm ML, Nielsen SS, Krogh HB, Moreira-Maia CR, Magnusson FL, Holmskov M, Gerner T, Skoog M, Rosendal S, Groth C, Gillies D, Buch Rasmussen K, Gauci D, Zwi M, Kirubakaran R, Håkonsen SJ, Aagaard L, Simonsen E, Gluud C|date=May 2018|title=Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents - assessment of adverse events in non-randomised studies|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=5|pages=CD012069|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012069.pub2|pmc=6494554|pmid=29744873}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NIMH » The Multimodal Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Study (MTA):Questions and Answers|website=NIMH » Home|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mta-questions-and-answers.shtml|access-date=2019-01-01|quote=Why were the MTA medication treatments more effective than community treatments that also usually included medication? Answer: There were substantial differences in quality and intensity between the study-provided medication treatments and those provided in the community care group.|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130184640/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mta-questions-and-answers.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NICE 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults|last=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health|series=NICE Clinical Guidelines|volume=72|publisher=British Psychological Society|location=Leicester|isbn=978-1-85433-471-8|date=2009|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|via=NCBI Bookshelf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113133612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|archive-date=13 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Long-Term Outcomes Medications&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Huang YS, Tsai MH|s2cid=3449435|title=Long-term outcomes with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current status of knowledge|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=25|issue=7|pages=539–54|date=July 2011|pmid=21699268|doi=10.2165/11589380-000000000-00000}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Long-term 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Arnold LE, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Kahle J, Young S|title=Effect of treatment modality on long-term outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=2|pages=e0116407|date=February 2015|pmid=25714373|pmc=4340791|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0116407|display-authors=4|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1016407A}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Long-term 36&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Parker J, Wales G, Chalhoub N, Harpin V|title=The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials|journal=Psychology Research and Behavior Management|volume=6|issue=|pages=87–99|date=September 2013|pmid=24082796|pmc=3785407|doi=10.2147/PRBM.S49114|quote=Results suggest there is moderate-to-high-level evidence that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions, and pharmacological interventions alone can be effective in managing the core ADHD symptoms and academic performance at 14 months. However, the effect size may decrease beyond this period.&amp;nbsp;... Only one paper examining outcomes beyond 36 months met the review criteria.&amp;nbsp;... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNS09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wigal SB|s2cid=11340058|year=2009|title=Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=23 Suppl 1|pages=21–31|doi=10.2165/00023210-200923000-00004|pmid=19621975}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny literatiora ara-pitsaboana dia efa nilazalaza soritr'aretina mitovy amin'ny an'ny ADHD hatramin'ny taonjato faha-18.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lange Reichl 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, Tucha O|title=The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|journal=Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders|volume=2|issue=4|pages=241–55|date=December 2010|pmid=21258430|pmc=3000907|doi=10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ADHD, ny famaritana azy, ary ny fitsaboana azy dia noheverina ho iadian-kevitra hatramin'ny taona 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parrillo 2008 63&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Social Problems|vauthors=Parrillo VN|year=2008|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412941655|pages=63|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRGr_B4Y1CEC|access-date=2 May 2009|archive-date=4 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104002705/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRGr_B4Y1CEC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nahitana mpitsabo, mpampianatra, mpanao politika, ray aman-dreny ary ny media ireo adihevitra ireo. Anisan'ny lohahevitra hodinihina ny antony mahatonga ny ADHD sy ny fampiasana fanafody mampientanentana amin'ny fitsaboana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;May2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mayes R, Bagwell C, Erkulwater J|s2cid=18481191|title=ADHD and the rise in stimulant use among children|journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry|volume=16|issue=3|pages=151–66|date=2008|pmid=18569037|doi=10.1080/10673220802167782}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan'ny mpitsabo dia manaiky ny ADHD ho aretina tena izy amin'ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe, ary ny adihevitra eo amin'ny vondrom-piarahamonina siantifika dia mifantoka indrindra amin'ny fomba fitiliana sy fitsaboana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sim&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sim MG, Hulse G, Khong E|title=When the child with ADHD grows up|journal=Australian Family Physician|volume=33|issue=8|pages=615–8|date=August 2004|pmid=15373378|url=http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083931/http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Online&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Silver LB|title=Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|edition=3rd|year=2004|isbn=978-1-58562-131-6|pages=4–7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schonwald&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schonwald A, Lechner E|title=Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: complexities and controversies|journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics|volume=18|issue=2|pages=189–95|date=April 2006|pmid=16601502|doi=10.1097/01.mop.0000193302.70882.70}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fantatra tamin'ny anarana hoe '''fikorontanan'ny tsy fahampian'ny fifantohana''' ( '''ADD''' ) io aretina io nanomboka tamin'ny 1980 ka hatramin'ny 1987, raha fantatra kosa tamin'ny anarana hoe '''fihetsiky ny fahazazana hyperkinetic''' talohan'izay.&lt;ref name=&quot;We2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Weiss|first=Lawrence G.|title=WISC-IV clinical use and interpretation scientist-practitioner perspectives|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-12-564931-5|pages=237|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg9U9e_ICr8C&amp;pg=PA237|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116095548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg9U9e_ICr8C&amp;pg=PA237|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=ADHD: The Diagnostic Criteria|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/medicating/adhd/diagnostic.html|access-date=5 March 2016|publisher=PBS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>domjg8a2rus7rsc8rwhq0vge6dd1aom</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ketrona</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298914</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134545</id>
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        <username>Ongy.M02</username>
        <id>36647</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1484078|Acne]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="10286" sha1="61l6t6lji5nnkxr4crawo3a8uh7m0cw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =ketrona
|synonym          =Acne vulgaris
|image            =Acne vulgaris on a very oily skin.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
|caption          =Ketrona mahazatra amin'ny lehilahy 18 taona mandritra'ny [[fialantsakana]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Dermatology]]
|symptoms         =[[comedo|Blackheads, whiteheads]], [[pimple]]s, oily skin, [[scar]]ring&lt;ref name=Vary2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|onset            =[[Puberty]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2005/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Genetics]]&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Folliculitis]], [[rosacea]], [[hidradenitis suppurativa]], [[miliaria]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kahan |first1=Scott  |title=In a Page: Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781770354|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Lifestyle changes, medications, medical procedures&lt;ref name=Mahmood2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Azelaic acid]], [[benzoyl peroxide]], [[salicylic acid]], [[antibiotics]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], [[isotretinoin]]&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =633 million affected (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny mony''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''akne vulgaris''', dia aretin-koditra maharitra izay mitranga rehefa manentsina ny follicle volo ny sela hoditra maty sy ny menaka avy amin'ny hoditra .  Ny endri-javatra mahazatra amin'ity aretina ity dia ahitana mony mainty na fotsy, [[Mony (aretina)|mony]], hoditra menaka, ary mety ho ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vary2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vary JC|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–211|date=November 2015|pmid=26476248|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|date=March 2013|pmid=23210645|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=1|pages=15033|date=September 2015|pmid=27227877|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hoditra misy fihary menaka betsaka no tena voakasik'izany, anisan'izany ny tarehy, ny tapany ambony amin'ny tratra, ary ny lamosina.  Ny fisehoana vokatr'izany dia mety hiteraka tebiteby, fihenan'ny fahatokisan-tena, ary, amin'ny tranga tafahoatra, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]] na eritreritra hamono tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR|title=Quality of life measures for acne patients|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=293–300, ix|date=April 2012|pmid=22284143|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny fototarazo no antony voalohany mahatonga ny mony amin'ny 80%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny anjara asan'ny sakafo sy ny fifohana sigara, ary toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'izany na ny fahadiovana na ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knutsen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–106, viii-ix|date=January 2012|pmid=22117871|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnopp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schnopp C, Mempel M|title=Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|volume=63|issue=4|pages=293–304|date=August 2011|pmid=21909065|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na lahy na vavy, toa anisan'ny antony fototra ny hormonina antsoina hoe androgens, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny famokarana sebum.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James WD|title=Clinical practice. Acne|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=14|pages=1463–72|date=April 2005|pmid=15814882|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp033487|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony iray mahazatra ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny bakteria ''Cutibacterium acnes'' be loatra, izay hita eo amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaenglein2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zaenglein AL|title=Acne Vulgaris|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=14|pages=1343–1352|date=October 2018|pmid=30281982|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitsaboana ny mony, anisan'izany ny fanovana fomba fiaina, ny fanafody ary ny fomba fitsaboana. Mety hanampy ny fihinanana gliosida tsotra vitsy kokoa toy ny [[siramamy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP|title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ny fitsaboana ampiharina mivantana amin'ny hoditra voakasika, toy ny asidra azelaika, benzoyl peroxide, ary asidra salisilika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sy retinoida azo ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra ary raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra ny fanoherana ny antibiotika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B|title=Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=271–8|date=March 2014|pmid=23905540|doi=10.1111/jdv.12224|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana pilina fanabeazana aizana maromaro manampy amin'ny fanafoanana ny mony amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pilina Isotretinoin dia mazàna natokana ho an'ny mony mafy, noho ny mety ho voka-dratsiny bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lew2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB|title=Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=178|issue=1|pages=76–85|date=January 2018|pmid=28542914|doi=10.1111/bjd.15668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana mialoha sy mahery vaika dia atolotry ny sasany ao amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana mba hampihenana ny fiantraikany maharitra amin'ny olona tsirairay. 

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 633 eo ho eo no voan'ny mony{{Spaces}}olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany, ka mahatonga azy io ho aretina fahavalo fahita indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1527–1534|date=June 2014|pmid=24166134|doi=10.1038/jid.2013.446|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mony dia miseho amin'ny fahatanorana ary tombanana ho 80–90% amin'ny zatovo any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R|title=Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology|journal=European Journal of Dermatology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–33|date=May–June 2011|pmid=21609898|doi=10.1684/ejd.2011.1357|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=BMJ|volume=346|issue=5|pages=30–33|date=May 2013|pmid=23657180|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2634|type=Review|jstor=23494950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL|title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vondrom-piarahamonina ambanivohitra sasany mitatitra fa ambany kokoa ny tahan'ny mony raha oharina amin'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina mandroso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spen2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND|title=Diet and acne: a review of the evidence|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=339–47|date=April 2009|pmid=19335417|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe alohan'ny sy aorian'ny fahamaotiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Admani S, Barrio VR|title=Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=26|issue=6|pages=462–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24552409|doi=10.1111/dth.12108|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mihena aza ny fahazarana amin'ny mony rehefa lehibe, dia mbola mitohy amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany hatramin'ny roapolo sy telopolo taona, ary mbola misy vondrona kely kokoa miatrika olana amin'ny efapolo taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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        <username>Ongy.M02</username>
        <id>36647</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1484078|Acne]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="10290" sha1="1kbvkfjo9b5mmbgniev1xllzct2ycp0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =ketrona
|synonym          =Ketrona mahazatra
|image            =Acne vulgaris on a very oily skin.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
|caption          =Ketrona mahazatra amin'ny lehilahy 18 taona mandritra'ny [[fialantsakana]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Dermatology]]
|symptoms         =[[comedo|Blackheads, whiteheads]], [[pimple]]s, oily skin, [[scar]]ring&lt;ref name=Vary2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|onset            =[[Puberty]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2005/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Genetics]]&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Folliculitis]], [[rosacea]], [[hidradenitis suppurativa]], [[miliaria]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kahan |first1=Scott  |title=In a Page: Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781770354|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Lifestyle changes, medications, medical procedures&lt;ref name=Mahmood2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Azelaic acid]], [[benzoyl peroxide]], [[salicylic acid]], [[antibiotics]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], [[isotretinoin]]&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =633 million affected (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny mony''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''akne vulgaris''', dia aretin-koditra maharitra izay mitranga rehefa manentsina ny follicle volo ny sela hoditra maty sy ny menaka avy amin'ny hoditra .  Ny endri-javatra mahazatra amin'ity aretina ity dia ahitana mony mainty na fotsy, [[Mony (aretina)|mony]], hoditra menaka, ary mety ho ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vary2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vary JC|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–211|date=November 2015|pmid=26476248|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|date=March 2013|pmid=23210645|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=1|pages=15033|date=September 2015|pmid=27227877|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hoditra misy fihary menaka betsaka no tena voakasik'izany, anisan'izany ny tarehy, ny tapany ambony amin'ny tratra, ary ny lamosina.  Ny fisehoana vokatr'izany dia mety hiteraka tebiteby, fihenan'ny fahatokisan-tena, ary, amin'ny tranga tafahoatra, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]] na eritreritra hamono tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR|title=Quality of life measures for acne patients|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=293–300, ix|date=April 2012|pmid=22284143|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny fototarazo no antony voalohany mahatonga ny mony amin'ny 80%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny anjara asan'ny sakafo sy ny fifohana sigara, ary toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'izany na ny fahadiovana na ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knutsen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–106, viii-ix|date=January 2012|pmid=22117871|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnopp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schnopp C, Mempel M|title=Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|volume=63|issue=4|pages=293–304|date=August 2011|pmid=21909065|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na lahy na vavy, toa anisan'ny antony fototra ny hormonina antsoina hoe androgens, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny famokarana sebum.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James WD|title=Clinical practice. Acne|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=14|pages=1463–72|date=April 2005|pmid=15814882|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp033487|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony iray mahazatra ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny bakteria ''Cutibacterium acnes'' be loatra, izay hita eo amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaenglein2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zaenglein AL|title=Acne Vulgaris|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=14|pages=1343–1352|date=October 2018|pmid=30281982|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitsaboana ny mony, anisan'izany ny fanovana fomba fiaina, ny fanafody ary ny fomba fitsaboana. Mety hanampy ny fihinanana gliosida tsotra vitsy kokoa toy ny [[siramamy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP|title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ny fitsaboana ampiharina mivantana amin'ny hoditra voakasika, toy ny asidra azelaika, benzoyl peroxide, ary asidra salisilika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sy retinoida azo ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra ary raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra ny fanoherana ny antibiotika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B|title=Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=271–8|date=March 2014|pmid=23905540|doi=10.1111/jdv.12224|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana pilina fanabeazana aizana maromaro manampy amin'ny fanafoanana ny mony amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pilina Isotretinoin dia mazàna natokana ho an'ny mony mafy, noho ny mety ho voka-dratsiny bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lew2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB|title=Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=178|issue=1|pages=76–85|date=January 2018|pmid=28542914|doi=10.1111/bjd.15668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana mialoha sy mahery vaika dia atolotry ny sasany ao amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana mba hampihenana ny fiantraikany maharitra amin'ny olona tsirairay. 

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 633 eo ho eo no voan'ny mony{{Spaces}}olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany, ka mahatonga azy io ho aretina fahavalo fahita indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1527–1534|date=June 2014|pmid=24166134|doi=10.1038/jid.2013.446|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mony dia miseho amin'ny fahatanorana ary tombanana ho 80–90% amin'ny zatovo any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R|title=Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology|journal=European Journal of Dermatology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–33|date=May–June 2011|pmid=21609898|doi=10.1684/ejd.2011.1357|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=BMJ|volume=346|issue=5|pages=30–33|date=May 2013|pmid=23657180|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2634|type=Review|jstor=23494950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL|title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vondrom-piarahamonina ambanivohitra sasany mitatitra fa ambany kokoa ny tahan'ny mony raha oharina amin'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina mandroso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spen2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND|title=Diet and acne: a review of the evidence|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=339–47|date=April 2009|pmid=19335417|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe alohan'ny sy aorian'ny fahamaotiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Admani S, Barrio VR|title=Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=26|issue=6|pages=462–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24552409|doi=10.1111/dth.12108|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mihena aza ny fahazarana amin'ny mony rehefa lehibe, dia mbola mitohy amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany hatramin'ny roapolo sy telopolo taona, ary mbola misy vondrona kely kokoa miatrika olana amin'ny efapolo taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ongy.M02</username>
        <id>36647</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1484078|Acne]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="10334" sha1="rhkwcxjf2baxo21zjeaf11c7ewctv94" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =ketrona
|synonym          =Ketrona mahazatra
|image            =Acne vulgaris on a very oily skin.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
|caption          =Ketrona mahazatra amin'ny lehilahy 18 taona mandritra'ny [[fialantsakana]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
|symptoms         =[[Teboka mainty, teboka fotsy]], [[ketrona madinika]]s, hoditra mitera-menaka, [[marika amin'ny hoditra]]&lt;ref name=Vary2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|onset            =[[Puberty]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2005/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Genetics]]&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Folliculitis]], [[rosacea]], [[hidradenitis suppurativa]], [[miliaria]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kahan |first1=Scott  |title=In a Page: Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781770354|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Lifestyle changes, medications, medical procedures&lt;ref name=Mahmood2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Azelaic acid]], [[benzoyl peroxide]], [[salicylic acid]], [[antibiotics]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], [[isotretinoin]]&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =633 million affected (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny mony''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''akne vulgaris''', dia aretin-koditra maharitra izay mitranga rehefa manentsina ny follicle volo ny sela hoditra maty sy ny menaka avy amin'ny hoditra .  Ny endri-javatra mahazatra amin'ity aretina ity dia ahitana mony mainty na fotsy, [[Mony (aretina)|mony]], hoditra menaka, ary mety ho ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vary2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vary JC|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–211|date=November 2015|pmid=26476248|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|date=March 2013|pmid=23210645|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=1|pages=15033|date=September 2015|pmid=27227877|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hoditra misy fihary menaka betsaka no tena voakasik'izany, anisan'izany ny tarehy, ny tapany ambony amin'ny tratra, ary ny lamosina.  Ny fisehoana vokatr'izany dia mety hiteraka tebiteby, fihenan'ny fahatokisan-tena, ary, amin'ny tranga tafahoatra, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]] na eritreritra hamono tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR|title=Quality of life measures for acne patients|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=293–300, ix|date=April 2012|pmid=22284143|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny fototarazo no antony voalohany mahatonga ny mony amin'ny 80%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny anjara asan'ny sakafo sy ny fifohana sigara, ary toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'izany na ny fahadiovana na ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knutsen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–106, viii-ix|date=January 2012|pmid=22117871|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnopp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schnopp C, Mempel M|title=Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|volume=63|issue=4|pages=293–304|date=August 2011|pmid=21909065|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na lahy na vavy, toa anisan'ny antony fototra ny hormonina antsoina hoe androgens, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny famokarana sebum.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James WD|title=Clinical practice. Acne|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=14|pages=1463–72|date=April 2005|pmid=15814882|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp033487|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony iray mahazatra ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny bakteria ''Cutibacterium acnes'' be loatra, izay hita eo amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaenglein2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zaenglein AL|title=Acne Vulgaris|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=14|pages=1343–1352|date=October 2018|pmid=30281982|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitsaboana ny mony, anisan'izany ny fanovana fomba fiaina, ny fanafody ary ny fomba fitsaboana. Mety hanampy ny fihinanana gliosida tsotra vitsy kokoa toy ny [[siramamy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP|title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ny fitsaboana ampiharina mivantana amin'ny hoditra voakasika, toy ny asidra azelaika, benzoyl peroxide, ary asidra salisilika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sy retinoida azo ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra ary raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra ny fanoherana ny antibiotika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B|title=Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=271–8|date=March 2014|pmid=23905540|doi=10.1111/jdv.12224|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana pilina fanabeazana aizana maromaro manampy amin'ny fanafoanana ny mony amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pilina Isotretinoin dia mazàna natokana ho an'ny mony mafy, noho ny mety ho voka-dratsiny bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lew2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB|title=Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=178|issue=1|pages=76–85|date=January 2018|pmid=28542914|doi=10.1111/bjd.15668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana mialoha sy mahery vaika dia atolotry ny sasany ao amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana mba hampihenana ny fiantraikany maharitra amin'ny olona tsirairay. 

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 633 eo ho eo no voan'ny mony{{Spaces}}olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany, ka mahatonga azy io ho aretina fahavalo fahita indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1527–1534|date=June 2014|pmid=24166134|doi=10.1038/jid.2013.446|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mony dia miseho amin'ny fahatanorana ary tombanana ho 80–90% amin'ny zatovo any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R|title=Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology|journal=European Journal of Dermatology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–33|date=May–June 2011|pmid=21609898|doi=10.1684/ejd.2011.1357|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=BMJ|volume=346|issue=5|pages=30–33|date=May 2013|pmid=23657180|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2634|type=Review|jstor=23494950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL|title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vondrom-piarahamonina ambanivohitra sasany mitatitra fa ambany kokoa ny tahan'ny mony raha oharina amin'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina mandroso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spen2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND|title=Diet and acne: a review of the evidence|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=339–47|date=April 2009|pmid=19335417|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe alohan'ny sy aorian'ny fahamaotiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Admani S, Barrio VR|title=Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=26|issue=6|pages=462–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24552409|doi=10.1111/dth.12108|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mihena aza ny fahazarana amin'ny mony rehefa lehibe, dia mbola mitohy amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany hatramin'ny roapolo sy telopolo taona, ary mbola misy vondrona kely kokoa miatrika olana amin'ny efapolo taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>rhkwcxjf2baxo21zjeaf11c7ewctv94</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1134557</id>
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        <id>36647</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1484078|Acne]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="10341" sha1="ntaeatv0ovsmj6cqzpqtpjg4r0t7dkx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =ketrona
|synonym          =Ketrona mahazatra
|image            =Acne vulgaris on a very oily skin.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
|caption          =Ketrona mahazatra amin'ny lehilahy 18 taona mandritra'ny [[fialantsakana]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
|symptoms         =[[Teboka mainty, teboka fotsy]], [[ketrona madinika]]s, hoditra mitera-menaka, [[marika amin'ny hoditra]]&lt;ref name=Vary2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|onset            =[[Fialan-tsakana]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2005/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Genetics]]&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Folliculitis]], [[rosacea]], [[hidradenitis suppurativa]], [[miliaria]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kahan |first1=Scott  |title=In a Page: Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781770354|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Lifestyle changes, medications, medical procedures&lt;ref name=Mahmood2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Azelaic acid]], [[benzoyl peroxide]], [[salicylic acid]], [[antibiotics]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], [[isotretinoin]]&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =633 million affected (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny mony''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''akne vulgaris''', dia aretin-koditra maharitra izay mitranga rehefa manentsina ny follicle volo ny sela hoditra maty sy ny menaka avy amin'ny hoditra .  Ny endri-javatra mahazatra amin'ity aretina ity dia ahitana mony mainty na fotsy, [[Mony (aretina)|mony]], hoditra menaka, ary mety ho ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vary2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vary JC|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–211|date=November 2015|pmid=26476248|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|date=March 2013|pmid=23210645|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=1|pages=15033|date=September 2015|pmid=27227877|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hoditra misy fihary menaka betsaka no tena voakasik'izany, anisan'izany ny tarehy, ny tapany ambony amin'ny tratra, ary ny lamosina.  Ny fisehoana vokatr'izany dia mety hiteraka tebiteby, fihenan'ny fahatokisan-tena, ary, amin'ny tranga tafahoatra, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]] na eritreritra hamono tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR|title=Quality of life measures for acne patients|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=293–300, ix|date=April 2012|pmid=22284143|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny fototarazo no antony voalohany mahatonga ny mony amin'ny 80%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny anjara asan'ny sakafo sy ny fifohana sigara, ary toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'izany na ny fahadiovana na ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knutsen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–106, viii-ix|date=January 2012|pmid=22117871|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnopp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schnopp C, Mempel M|title=Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|volume=63|issue=4|pages=293–304|date=August 2011|pmid=21909065|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na lahy na vavy, toa anisan'ny antony fototra ny hormonina antsoina hoe androgens, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny famokarana sebum.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James WD|title=Clinical practice. Acne|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=14|pages=1463–72|date=April 2005|pmid=15814882|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp033487|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony iray mahazatra ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny bakteria ''Cutibacterium acnes'' be loatra, izay hita eo amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaenglein2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zaenglein AL|title=Acne Vulgaris|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=14|pages=1343–1352|date=October 2018|pmid=30281982|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitsaboana ny mony, anisan'izany ny fanovana fomba fiaina, ny fanafody ary ny fomba fitsaboana. Mety hanampy ny fihinanana gliosida tsotra vitsy kokoa toy ny [[siramamy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP|title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ny fitsaboana ampiharina mivantana amin'ny hoditra voakasika, toy ny asidra azelaika, benzoyl peroxide, ary asidra salisilika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sy retinoida azo ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra ary raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra ny fanoherana ny antibiotika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B|title=Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=271–8|date=March 2014|pmid=23905540|doi=10.1111/jdv.12224|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana pilina fanabeazana aizana maromaro manampy amin'ny fanafoanana ny mony amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pilina Isotretinoin dia mazàna natokana ho an'ny mony mafy, noho ny mety ho voka-dratsiny bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lew2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB|title=Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=178|issue=1|pages=76–85|date=January 2018|pmid=28542914|doi=10.1111/bjd.15668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana mialoha sy mahery vaika dia atolotry ny sasany ao amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana mba hampihenana ny fiantraikany maharitra amin'ny olona tsirairay. 

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 633 eo ho eo no voan'ny mony{{Spaces}}olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany, ka mahatonga azy io ho aretina fahavalo fahita indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1527–1534|date=June 2014|pmid=24166134|doi=10.1038/jid.2013.446|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mony dia miseho amin'ny fahatanorana ary tombanana ho 80–90% amin'ny zatovo any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R|title=Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology|journal=European Journal of Dermatology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–33|date=May–June 2011|pmid=21609898|doi=10.1684/ejd.2011.1357|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=BMJ|volume=346|issue=5|pages=30–33|date=May 2013|pmid=23657180|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2634|type=Review|jstor=23494950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL|title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vondrom-piarahamonina ambanivohitra sasany mitatitra fa ambany kokoa ny tahan'ny mony raha oharina amin'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina mandroso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spen2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND|title=Diet and acne: a review of the evidence|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=339–47|date=April 2009|pmid=19335417|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe alohan'ny sy aorian'ny fahamaotiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Admani S, Barrio VR|title=Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=26|issue=6|pages=462–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24552409|doi=10.1111/dth.12108|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mihena aza ny fahazarana amin'ny mony rehefa lehibe, dia mbola mitohy amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany hatramin'ny roapolo sy telopolo taona, ary mbola misy vondrona kely kokoa miatrika olana amin'ny efapolo taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>ntaeatv0ovsmj6cqzpqtpjg4r0t7dkx</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ongy.M02</username>
        <id>36647</id>
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      <text bytes="10367" sha1="kwohxu38xlpwgjzo6v9itn36stx94gt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =ketrona
|synonym          =Ketrona mahazatra
|image            =Acne vulgaris on a very oily skin.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
|caption          =Ketrona mahazatra amin'ny lehilahy 18 taona mandritra'ny [[fialantsakana]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
|symptoms         =[[Teboka mainty, teboka fotsy]], [[ketrona madinika]]s, hoditra mitera-menaka, [[marika amin'ny hoditra]]&lt;ref name=Vary2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|onset            =[[Fialan-tsakana]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2005/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Fandovana ara-tsaina sy ara-batana]]&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Folliculitis]], [[rosacea]], [[hidradenitis suppurativa]], [[miliaria]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kahan |first1=Scott  |title=In a Page: Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781770354|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Lifestyle changes, medications, medical procedures&lt;ref name=Mahmood2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Azelaic acid]], [[benzoyl peroxide]], [[salicylic acid]], [[antibiotics]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], [[isotretinoin]]&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =633 million affected (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny mony''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''akne vulgaris''', dia aretin-koditra maharitra izay mitranga rehefa manentsina ny follicle volo ny sela hoditra maty sy ny menaka avy amin'ny hoditra .  Ny endri-javatra mahazatra amin'ity aretina ity dia ahitana mony mainty na fotsy, [[Mony (aretina)|mony]], hoditra menaka, ary mety ho ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vary2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vary JC|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–211|date=November 2015|pmid=26476248|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|date=March 2013|pmid=23210645|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=1|pages=15033|date=September 2015|pmid=27227877|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hoditra misy fihary menaka betsaka no tena voakasik'izany, anisan'izany ny tarehy, ny tapany ambony amin'ny tratra, ary ny lamosina.  Ny fisehoana vokatr'izany dia mety hiteraka tebiteby, fihenan'ny fahatokisan-tena, ary, amin'ny tranga tafahoatra, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]] na eritreritra hamono tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR|title=Quality of life measures for acne patients|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=293–300, ix|date=April 2012|pmid=22284143|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny fototarazo no antony voalohany mahatonga ny mony amin'ny 80%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny anjara asan'ny sakafo sy ny fifohana sigara, ary toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'izany na ny fahadiovana na ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knutsen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–106, viii-ix|date=January 2012|pmid=22117871|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnopp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schnopp C, Mempel M|title=Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|volume=63|issue=4|pages=293–304|date=August 2011|pmid=21909065|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na lahy na vavy, toa anisan'ny antony fototra ny hormonina antsoina hoe androgens, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny famokarana sebum.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James WD|title=Clinical practice. Acne|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=14|pages=1463–72|date=April 2005|pmid=15814882|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp033487|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony iray mahazatra ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny bakteria ''Cutibacterium acnes'' be loatra, izay hita eo amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaenglein2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zaenglein AL|title=Acne Vulgaris|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=14|pages=1343–1352|date=October 2018|pmid=30281982|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitsaboana ny mony, anisan'izany ny fanovana fomba fiaina, ny fanafody ary ny fomba fitsaboana. Mety hanampy ny fihinanana gliosida tsotra vitsy kokoa toy ny [[siramamy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP|title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ny fitsaboana ampiharina mivantana amin'ny hoditra voakasika, toy ny asidra azelaika, benzoyl peroxide, ary asidra salisilika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sy retinoida azo ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra ary raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra ny fanoherana ny antibiotika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B|title=Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=271–8|date=March 2014|pmid=23905540|doi=10.1111/jdv.12224|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana pilina fanabeazana aizana maromaro manampy amin'ny fanafoanana ny mony amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pilina Isotretinoin dia mazàna natokana ho an'ny mony mafy, noho ny mety ho voka-dratsiny bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lew2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB|title=Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=178|issue=1|pages=76–85|date=January 2018|pmid=28542914|doi=10.1111/bjd.15668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana mialoha sy mahery vaika dia atolotry ny sasany ao amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana mba hampihenana ny fiantraikany maharitra amin'ny olona tsirairay. 

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 633 eo ho eo no voan'ny mony{{Spaces}}olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany, ka mahatonga azy io ho aretina fahavalo fahita indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1527–1534|date=June 2014|pmid=24166134|doi=10.1038/jid.2013.446|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mony dia miseho amin'ny fahatanorana ary tombanana ho 80–90% amin'ny zatovo any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R|title=Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology|journal=European Journal of Dermatology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–33|date=May–June 2011|pmid=21609898|doi=10.1684/ejd.2011.1357|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=BMJ|volume=346|issue=5|pages=30–33|date=May 2013|pmid=23657180|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2634|type=Review|jstor=23494950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL|title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vondrom-piarahamonina ambanivohitra sasany mitatitra fa ambany kokoa ny tahan'ny mony raha oharina amin'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina mandroso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spen2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND|title=Diet and acne: a review of the evidence|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=339–47|date=April 2009|pmid=19335417|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe alohan'ny sy aorian'ny fahamaotiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Admani S, Barrio VR|title=Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=26|issue=6|pages=462–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24552409|doi=10.1111/dth.12108|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mihena aza ny fahazarana amin'ny mony rehefa lehibe, dia mbola mitohy amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany hatramin'ny roapolo sy telopolo taona, ary mbola misy vondrona kely kokoa miatrika olana amin'ny efapolo taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134563</id>
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        <id>36647</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1484078|Acne]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="10464" sha1="8mqp078vxsy9sj9grojsya20r43army" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =ketrona
|synonym          =Ketrona mahazatra
|image            =Acne vulgaris on a very oily skin.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
|caption          =Ketrona mahazatra amin'ny lehilahy 18 taona mandritra'ny [[fialantsakana]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
|symptoms         =[[Teboka mainty, teboka fotsy]], [[ketrona madinika]]s, hoditra mitera-menaka, [[marika amin'ny hoditra]]&lt;ref name=Vary2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|onset            =[[Fialan-tsakana]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2005/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Fandovana ara-tsaina sy ara-batana]]&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Fivontosana na fery eo amin'ny fototry ny volo]], [[fahamenan'ny tarehy sy fivontosana]], [[fivontosana sy fery eo ambanin'ny hoditra]], [[ketrona noho ny hatsemboana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kahan |first1=Scott  |title=In a Page: Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781770354|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Lifestyle changes, medications, medical procedures&lt;ref name=Mahmood2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Azelaic acid]], [[benzoyl peroxide]], [[salicylic acid]], [[antibiotics]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], [[isotretinoin]]&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =633 million affected (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny mony''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''akne vulgaris''', dia aretin-koditra maharitra izay mitranga rehefa manentsina ny follicle volo ny sela hoditra maty sy ny menaka avy amin'ny hoditra .  Ny endri-javatra mahazatra amin'ity aretina ity dia ahitana mony mainty na fotsy, [[Mony (aretina)|mony]], hoditra menaka, ary mety ho ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vary2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vary JC|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–211|date=November 2015|pmid=26476248|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|date=March 2013|pmid=23210645|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=1|pages=15033|date=September 2015|pmid=27227877|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hoditra misy fihary menaka betsaka no tena voakasik'izany, anisan'izany ny tarehy, ny tapany ambony amin'ny tratra, ary ny lamosina.  Ny fisehoana vokatr'izany dia mety hiteraka tebiteby, fihenan'ny fahatokisan-tena, ary, amin'ny tranga tafahoatra, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]] na eritreritra hamono tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR|title=Quality of life measures for acne patients|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=293–300, ix|date=April 2012|pmid=22284143|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny fototarazo no antony voalohany mahatonga ny mony amin'ny 80%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny anjara asan'ny sakafo sy ny fifohana sigara, ary toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'izany na ny fahadiovana na ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knutsen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–106, viii-ix|date=January 2012|pmid=22117871|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnopp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schnopp C, Mempel M|title=Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|volume=63|issue=4|pages=293–304|date=August 2011|pmid=21909065|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na lahy na vavy, toa anisan'ny antony fototra ny hormonina antsoina hoe androgens, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny famokarana sebum.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James WD|title=Clinical practice. Acne|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=14|pages=1463–72|date=April 2005|pmid=15814882|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp033487|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony iray mahazatra ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny bakteria ''Cutibacterium acnes'' be loatra, izay hita eo amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaenglein2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zaenglein AL|title=Acne Vulgaris|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=14|pages=1343–1352|date=October 2018|pmid=30281982|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitsaboana ny mony, anisan'izany ny fanovana fomba fiaina, ny fanafody ary ny fomba fitsaboana. Mety hanampy ny fihinanana gliosida tsotra vitsy kokoa toy ny [[siramamy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP|title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ny fitsaboana ampiharina mivantana amin'ny hoditra voakasika, toy ny asidra azelaika, benzoyl peroxide, ary asidra salisilika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sy retinoida azo ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra ary raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra ny fanoherana ny antibiotika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B|title=Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=271–8|date=March 2014|pmid=23905540|doi=10.1111/jdv.12224|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana pilina fanabeazana aizana maromaro manampy amin'ny fanafoanana ny mony amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pilina Isotretinoin dia mazàna natokana ho an'ny mony mafy, noho ny mety ho voka-dratsiny bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lew2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB|title=Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=178|issue=1|pages=76–85|date=January 2018|pmid=28542914|doi=10.1111/bjd.15668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana mialoha sy mahery vaika dia atolotry ny sasany ao amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana mba hampihenana ny fiantraikany maharitra amin'ny olona tsirairay. 

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 633 eo ho eo no voan'ny mony{{Spaces}}olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany, ka mahatonga azy io ho aretina fahavalo fahita indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1527–1534|date=June 2014|pmid=24166134|doi=10.1038/jid.2013.446|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mony dia miseho amin'ny fahatanorana ary tombanana ho 80–90% amin'ny zatovo any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R|title=Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology|journal=European Journal of Dermatology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–33|date=May–June 2011|pmid=21609898|doi=10.1684/ejd.2011.1357|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=BMJ|volume=346|issue=5|pages=30–33|date=May 2013|pmid=23657180|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2634|type=Review|jstor=23494950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL|title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vondrom-piarahamonina ambanivohitra sasany mitatitra fa ambany kokoa ny tahan'ny mony raha oharina amin'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina mandroso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spen2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND|title=Diet and acne: a review of the evidence|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=339–47|date=April 2009|pmid=19335417|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe alohan'ny sy aorian'ny fahamaotiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Admani S, Barrio VR|title=Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=26|issue=6|pages=462–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24552409|doi=10.1111/dth.12108|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mihena aza ny fahazarana amin'ny mony rehefa lehibe, dia mbola mitohy amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany hatramin'ny roapolo sy telopolo taona, ary mbola misy vondrona kely kokoa miatrika olana amin'ny efapolo taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>8mqp078vxsy9sj9grojsya20r43army</sha1>
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        <id>36647</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1484078|Acne]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="10486" sha1="8twmcy1g9i2jlm2qwjeadzdzrgiqwy6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =ketrona
|synonym          =Ketrona mahazatra
|image            =Acne vulgaris on a very oily skin.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
|caption          =Ketrona mahazatra amin'ny lehilahy 18 taona mandritra'ny [[fialantsakana]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
|symptoms         =[[Teboka mainty, teboka fotsy]], [[ketrona madinika]]s, hoditra mitera-menaka, [[marika amin'ny hoditra]]&lt;ref name=Vary2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|onset            =[[Fialan-tsakana]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2005/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Fandovana ara-tsaina sy ara-batana]]&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Fivontosana na fery eo amin'ny fototry ny volo]], [[fahamenan'ny tarehy sy fivontosana]], [[fivontosana sy fery eo ambanin'ny hoditra]], [[ketrona noho ny hatsemboana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kahan |first1=Scott  |title=In a Page: Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781770354|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Fiovana amin'ny fomba fiainana, fanafody, fitsaboana manaraka ny fenitra&lt;ref name=Mahmood2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Azelaic acid]], [[benzoyl peroxide]], [[salicylic acid]], [[antibiotics]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], [[isotretinoin]]&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =633 million affected (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny mony''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''akne vulgaris''', dia aretin-koditra maharitra izay mitranga rehefa manentsina ny follicle volo ny sela hoditra maty sy ny menaka avy amin'ny hoditra .  Ny endri-javatra mahazatra amin'ity aretina ity dia ahitana mony mainty na fotsy, [[Mony (aretina)|mony]], hoditra menaka, ary mety ho ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vary2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vary JC|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–211|date=November 2015|pmid=26476248|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|date=March 2013|pmid=23210645|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=1|pages=15033|date=September 2015|pmid=27227877|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hoditra misy fihary menaka betsaka no tena voakasik'izany, anisan'izany ny tarehy, ny tapany ambony amin'ny tratra, ary ny lamosina.  Ny fisehoana vokatr'izany dia mety hiteraka tebiteby, fihenan'ny fahatokisan-tena, ary, amin'ny tranga tafahoatra, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]] na eritreritra hamono tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR|title=Quality of life measures for acne patients|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=293–300, ix|date=April 2012|pmid=22284143|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny fototarazo no antony voalohany mahatonga ny mony amin'ny 80%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny anjara asan'ny sakafo sy ny fifohana sigara, ary toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'izany na ny fahadiovana na ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knutsen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–106, viii-ix|date=January 2012|pmid=22117871|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnopp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schnopp C, Mempel M|title=Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|volume=63|issue=4|pages=293–304|date=August 2011|pmid=21909065|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na lahy na vavy, toa anisan'ny antony fototra ny hormonina antsoina hoe androgens, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny famokarana sebum.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James WD|title=Clinical practice. Acne|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=14|pages=1463–72|date=April 2005|pmid=15814882|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp033487|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony iray mahazatra ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny bakteria ''Cutibacterium acnes'' be loatra, izay hita eo amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaenglein2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zaenglein AL|title=Acne Vulgaris|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=14|pages=1343–1352|date=October 2018|pmid=30281982|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitsaboana ny mony, anisan'izany ny fanovana fomba fiaina, ny fanafody ary ny fomba fitsaboana. Mety hanampy ny fihinanana gliosida tsotra vitsy kokoa toy ny [[siramamy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP|title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ny fitsaboana ampiharina mivantana amin'ny hoditra voakasika, toy ny asidra azelaika, benzoyl peroxide, ary asidra salisilika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sy retinoida azo ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra ary raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra ny fanoherana ny antibiotika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B|title=Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=271–8|date=March 2014|pmid=23905540|doi=10.1111/jdv.12224|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana pilina fanabeazana aizana maromaro manampy amin'ny fanafoanana ny mony amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pilina Isotretinoin dia mazàna natokana ho an'ny mony mafy, noho ny mety ho voka-dratsiny bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lew2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB|title=Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=178|issue=1|pages=76–85|date=January 2018|pmid=28542914|doi=10.1111/bjd.15668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana mialoha sy mahery vaika dia atolotry ny sasany ao amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana mba hampihenana ny fiantraikany maharitra amin'ny olona tsirairay. 

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 633 eo ho eo no voan'ny mony{{Spaces}}olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany, ka mahatonga azy io ho aretina fahavalo fahita indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1527–1534|date=June 2014|pmid=24166134|doi=10.1038/jid.2013.446|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mony dia miseho amin'ny fahatanorana ary tombanana ho 80–90% amin'ny zatovo any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R|title=Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology|journal=European Journal of Dermatology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–33|date=May–June 2011|pmid=21609898|doi=10.1684/ejd.2011.1357|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=BMJ|volume=346|issue=5|pages=30–33|date=May 2013|pmid=23657180|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2634|type=Review|jstor=23494950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL|title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vondrom-piarahamonina ambanivohitra sasany mitatitra fa ambany kokoa ny tahan'ny mony raha oharina amin'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina mandroso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spen2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND|title=Diet and acne: a review of the evidence|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=339–47|date=April 2009|pmid=19335417|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe alohan'ny sy aorian'ny fahamaotiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Admani S, Barrio VR|title=Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=26|issue=6|pages=462–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24552409|doi=10.1111/dth.12108|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mihena aza ny fahazarana amin'ny mony rehefa lehibe, dia mbola mitohy amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany hatramin'ny roapolo sy telopolo taona, ary mbola misy vondrona kely kokoa miatrika olana amin'ny efapolo taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>36647</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1484078|Acne]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="10516" sha1="t65su8wjenjddi96qv3b97jqhlyp02i" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =ketrona
|synonym          =Ketrona mahazatra
|image            =Acne vulgaris on a very oily skin.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
|caption          =Ketrona mahazatra amin'ny lehilahy 18 taona mandritra'ny [[fialantsakana]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
|symptoms         =[[Teboka mainty, teboka fotsy]], [[ketrona madinika]]s, hoditra mitera-menaka, [[marika amin'ny hoditra]]&lt;ref name=Vary2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|onset            =[[Fialan-tsakana]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2005/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Fandovana ara-tsaina sy ara-batana]]&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Fivontosana na fery eo amin'ny fototry ny volo]], [[fahamenan'ny tarehy sy fivontosana]], [[fivontosana sy fery eo ambanin'ny hoditra]], [[ketrona noho ny hatsemboana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kahan |first1=Scott  |title=In a Page: Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781770354|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Fiovana amin'ny fomba fiainana, fanafody, fitsaboana manaraka ny fenitra&lt;ref name=Mahmood2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Azelaic acid]], [[benzoyl peroxide]], [[salicylic acid]], [[fanafody manohitra otrik'aretina]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], [[isotretinoin]]&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =Olona 633 tapitrisa voakasika (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny mony''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''akne vulgaris''', dia aretin-koditra maharitra izay mitranga rehefa manentsina ny follicle volo ny sela hoditra maty sy ny menaka avy amin'ny hoditra .  Ny endri-javatra mahazatra amin'ity aretina ity dia ahitana mony mainty na fotsy, [[Mony (aretina)|mony]], hoditra menaka, ary mety ho ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vary2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vary JC|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–211|date=November 2015|pmid=26476248|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|date=March 2013|pmid=23210645|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=1|pages=15033|date=September 2015|pmid=27227877|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hoditra misy fihary menaka betsaka no tena voakasik'izany, anisan'izany ny tarehy, ny tapany ambony amin'ny tratra, ary ny lamosina.  Ny fisehoana vokatr'izany dia mety hiteraka tebiteby, fihenan'ny fahatokisan-tena, ary, amin'ny tranga tafahoatra, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]] na eritreritra hamono tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR|title=Quality of life measures for acne patients|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=293–300, ix|date=April 2012|pmid=22284143|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny fototarazo no antony voalohany mahatonga ny mony amin'ny 80%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny anjara asan'ny sakafo sy ny fifohana sigara, ary toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'izany na ny fahadiovana na ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knutsen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–106, viii-ix|date=January 2012|pmid=22117871|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnopp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schnopp C, Mempel M|title=Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|volume=63|issue=4|pages=293–304|date=August 2011|pmid=21909065|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na lahy na vavy, toa anisan'ny antony fototra ny hormonina antsoina hoe androgens, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny famokarana sebum.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James WD|title=Clinical practice. Acne|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=14|pages=1463–72|date=April 2005|pmid=15814882|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp033487|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony iray mahazatra ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny bakteria ''Cutibacterium acnes'' be loatra, izay hita eo amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaenglein2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zaenglein AL|title=Acne Vulgaris|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=14|pages=1343–1352|date=October 2018|pmid=30281982|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitsaboana ny mony, anisan'izany ny fanovana fomba fiaina, ny fanafody ary ny fomba fitsaboana. Mety hanampy ny fihinanana gliosida tsotra vitsy kokoa toy ny [[siramamy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP|title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ny fitsaboana ampiharina mivantana amin'ny hoditra voakasika, toy ny asidra azelaika, benzoyl peroxide, ary asidra salisilika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sy retinoida azo ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra ary raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra ny fanoherana ny antibiotika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B|title=Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=271–8|date=March 2014|pmid=23905540|doi=10.1111/jdv.12224|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana pilina fanabeazana aizana maromaro manampy amin'ny fanafoanana ny mony amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pilina Isotretinoin dia mazàna natokana ho an'ny mony mafy, noho ny mety ho voka-dratsiny bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lew2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB|title=Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=178|issue=1|pages=76–85|date=January 2018|pmid=28542914|doi=10.1111/bjd.15668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana mialoha sy mahery vaika dia atolotry ny sasany ao amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana mba hampihenana ny fiantraikany maharitra amin'ny olona tsirairay. 

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 633 eo ho eo no voan'ny mony{{Spaces}}olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany, ka mahatonga azy io ho aretina fahavalo fahita indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1527–1534|date=June 2014|pmid=24166134|doi=10.1038/jid.2013.446|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mony dia miseho amin'ny fahatanorana ary tombanana ho 80–90% amin'ny zatovo any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R|title=Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology|journal=European Journal of Dermatology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–33|date=May–June 2011|pmid=21609898|doi=10.1684/ejd.2011.1357|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=BMJ|volume=346|issue=5|pages=30–33|date=May 2013|pmid=23657180|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2634|type=Review|jstor=23494950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL|title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vondrom-piarahamonina ambanivohitra sasany mitatitra fa ambany kokoa ny tahan'ny mony raha oharina amin'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina mandroso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spen2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND|title=Diet and acne: a review of the evidence|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=339–47|date=April 2009|pmid=19335417|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe alohan'ny sy aorian'ny fahamaotiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Admani S, Barrio VR|title=Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=26|issue=6|pages=462–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24552409|doi=10.1111/dth.12108|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mihena aza ny fahazarana amin'ny mony rehefa lehibe, dia mbola mitohy amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany hatramin'ny roapolo sy telopolo taona, ary mbola misy vondrona kely kokoa miatrika olana amin'ny efapolo taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>t65su8wjenjddi96qv3b97jqhlyp02i</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Aretin'ny toetra maha-olona eo amin'ny sisin-tany</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298915</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134546</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:12:10Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458924|Borderline personality disorder]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="10076" sha1="63cgjd48rphk0f8hz9ir0kof2uo8y6t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Borderline personality disorder
|synonym          ={{plainlist|
*Emotionally unstable personality disorder – impulsive or borderline type&lt;ref name=Maj2005&gt;{{cite book|first=Robert C.|last=Cloninger|editor1-first=Mario|editor1-last=Maj|editor2-first=Hagop S.|editor2-last=Akiskal|editor3-first=Juan E.|editor3-last=Mezzich|chapter=Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Review|title=Personality disorders|date=2005|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley &amp; Sons]]|location=New York City|isbn=978-0-470-09036-7|page=126|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fgwbCW7OQMC&amp;pg=PA126|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204232038/https://books.google.com/books?id=9fgwbCW7OQMC&amp;pg=PA126|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Emotional intensity disorder&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Blom|first1=Jan Dirk|title=A dictionary of hallucinations|date=2010|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4419-1223-7|page=74|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJtQptBcZloC&amp;pg=PA74|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204232039/https://books.google.com/books?id=KJtQptBcZloC&amp;pg=PA74|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|image            =Edvard Munch - The Brooch. Eva Mudocci - Google Art Project.jpg
|image_size       =280px
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Idealization and devaluation|Idealization]] is seen in [[Edvard Munch|Edvard Munch's]] ''The Brooch. Eva Mudocci'' (1903)&lt;ref name=&quot;Ed1990&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Edvard Munch : the life of a person with borderline personality as seen through his art|date=1990|publisher=Lundbeck Pharma A/S|location=[Danmark]|isbn=978-8798352419|pages=34–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =Unstable [[interpersonal relationships|relationships]], [[self-image|sense of self]], and [[affect (psychology)|emotions]]; [[impulsivity]]; recurrent suicidal behavior and [[self-harm]]; fear of [[abandonment (emotional)|abandonment]]; chronic feeling of [[emptiness]]; inappropriate [[anger]]; [[Dissociation (psychology)|feeling detached from reality]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|onset            =Early adulthood&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|duration         =Long term&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|causes           =Unclear&lt;ref name=CP2013/&gt;
|risks            =[[Family history (medicine)|Family history]], [[Psychological trauma|trauma]], [[Child abuse|abuse]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lei2011/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on reported symptoms&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|differential     =[[Identity disorder]], [[mood disorder]]s, [[post traumatic stress disorder]], [[substance use disorder]]s, [[Cluster B personality disorders|histrionic, narcissistic, or antisocial personality disorder]]&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Borderline Personality Disorder Differential Diagnoses |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/913575-differential |website=emedicine.medscape.com |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429130848/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/913575-differential |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Behavioral therapy]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Improves over time&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|frequency        =1.6% of people in a given year&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}{{Personality disorders sidebar}}
'''Ny fikorontanan'ny toetra tsy miovaova ara-pihetseham-po''' ( '''BPD''' ), fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''fikorontanan'ny toetra tsy miovaova ara-pihetseham-po''' ( '''EUPD''' ),&lt;ref name=&quot;NICEGuidelines2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK55415/|title=Borderline personality disorder NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 78|date=2009|publisher=British Psychological Society|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031402/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK55415/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; dia aretina ara-tsaina miavaka amin'ny fifandraisana tsy miovaova maharitra, fahatsapana ho tsy mety amin'ny tena, ary fihetseham -po mahery vaika.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml|title=Borderline Personality Disorder|website=NIMH|access-date=16 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322130612/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml|archive-date=22 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chapman|first=Alexander L.|date=August 2019|title=Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0954579419000658/type/journal_article|journal=[[Development and Psychopathology]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge, England|language=en|volume=31|issue=3|pages=1143–1156|doi=10.1017/S0954579419000658|pmid=31169118|issn=0954-5794|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204232023/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/abs/borderline-personality-disorder-and-emotion-dysregulation/EA2CB1C041307A34392F49279C107987|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny olona no manao fandratrana tena sy fitondran-tena mampidi-doza hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Ireo izay voakasik'izany dia mety hiady amin'ny fahatsapana ho foana, ny tahotra ny ho lao, ary ny fisarahana amin'ny zava-misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Mety ho vokatry ny zava-mitranga izay heverina ho ara-dalàna amin'ny hafa ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Matetika dia manomboka amin'ny fiandohan'ny fahamatorana io fitondran-tena io ary mitranga amin'ny toe-javatra isan-karazany.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5|date=2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Publishing]]|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/645 645, 663–6]|edition=5th|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/645}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina, ny fahaketrahana ary ny fikorontanan'ny fihinanana dia matetika mifandray amin'ny BPD.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany no maty noho ny famonoan-tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;

Tsy mazava ny antony mahatonga ny BPD, saingy toa misy ifandraisany amin'ny fototarazo, ny rafi-pitatitra, ny tontolo iainana ary ny fiaraha-monina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CP2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Borderline Personality Disorder|publisher=National Health and Medical Research Council|year=2013|isbn=978-1-86496-564-3|location=Melbourne|pages=40–41|quote=In addition to the evidence identified by the systematic review, the Committee also considered a recent narrative review of studies that have evaluated biological and environmental factors as potential risk factors for BPD (including prospective studies of children and adolescents, and studies of young people with BPD)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitranga in-dimy eo ho eo matetika kokoa izany amin'ny olona manana havana akaiky voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Toa mitana anjara toerana ihany koa ireo zava-mitranga ratsy eo amin'ny fiainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lei2011&quot; /&gt; Toa mahakasika ny tambajotra frontolimbic an'ny [[Nerônina|neurons]] ny mekanisma fototra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lei2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leichsenring F, Leibing E, Kruse J, New AS, Leweke F|title=Borderline personality disorder|journal=[[Lancet (journal)|Lancet]]|volume=377|issue=9759|pages=74–84|date=January 2011|pmid=21195251|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61422-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny BPD dia eken'ny ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (DSM) ho toy ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, miaraka amin'ny aretina sivy hafa mitovy amin'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina, raha toa kosa ka azo atao ny manao fizahana ara-pitsaboana mba hanitsiana ny olana hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Tsy maintsy avahana amin'ny olana momba ny maha-izy azy na ny fikorontanan'ny fampiasana zava-mahadomelina, ankoatra ny mety ho antony hafa, ny toe-javatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;

Matetika ny BPD dia tsaboina amin'ny fitsaboana, toy ny fitsaboana ara-tsaina momba ny fitondran-tena (CBT) na ny fitsaboana amin'ny fitondran-tena dialektika (DBT).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Mety hampihena ny mety hisian'ny famonoan-tena ny DBT.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Mety hatao tsirairay na miaraka amin'ny vondrona ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Na dia tsy manasitrana ny BPD aza ny fanafody, dia azo ampiasaina hanampiana amin'ireo soritr'aretina mifandraika amin'izany izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Misy olona mila fitsaboana any amin'ny hopitaly.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

Manodidina ny 1.6%-n'ny olona no voan'ny BPD isan-taona, ary misy tombana sasany mahatratra 6%.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Intelo mahery noho ny lehilahy ny vehivavy no voan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Toa miha-tsy fahita firy izany eo amin'ny zokiolona.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Mihatsara ny fahasalamany mandritra ny folo taona, hatramin'ny antsasaky ny olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Ireo olona voakasik'izany dia mazàna mampiasa loharanon-karena ara-pahasalamana betsaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Misy adihevitra mitohy momba ny fanomezana anarana ny aretina, indrindra ny maha-mety ny fampiasana ny teny hoe ''borderline''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Matetika ity aretina ity dia avakavahana na amin'ny fampitam-baovao na amin'ny sehatry ny aretin-tsaina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aviram RB, Brodsky BS, Stanley B|title=Borderline personality disorder, stigma, and treatment implications|journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry|volume=14|issue=5|pages=249–56|date=2006|pmid=16990170|doi=10.1080/10673220600975121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Autiste</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298916</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134549</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:14:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Anai171</username>
        <id>30270</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1482637|Autism]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="13166" sha1="f7omerzsq317s8urxa77sou243577ur" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Autism
|synonym          =
|image            =Autism-stacking-cans 2nd edit.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Boy stacking cans
|caption          =Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =Trouble with [[Interpersonal relationship|social interaction]], impaired [[communication]], restricted interests, repetitive behavior&lt;ref name=Land2008/&gt;
|onset            =By age two or three&lt;ref name=NIH2016&gt;{{cite web |title= NIMH &quot; Autism Spectrum Disorder |url= https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |website= nimh.nih.gov |access-date= 20 April 2017 |date= October 2016 |archive-date= 21 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093226/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|duration         =[[Chronic condition|Long term]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|causes           =[[Heritability of autism|Genetic]] and environmental factors&lt;ref name=Ch2012/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on behavior and developmental history&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|differential     =[[Reactive attachment disorder]], [[intellectual disability]], [[schizophrenia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Corcoran J, Walsh J |title=Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice |url={{Google books|y28kokLoe78C|page=72|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Oxford University Press, New York |date=9 February 2006 |isbn=978-0-19-516830-3 |oclc=466433183 |lccn=2005027740 |page=72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Behavioral therapy]], [[speech therapy]], [[psychotropic medication]]&lt;ref name=CCD2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=San2016/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = e1341-50 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24167175 | pmc = 3813396 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2013-1193 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|medication       =[[Atypical antipsychotic|Antipsychotics]], [[antidepressants]], [[stimulants]] (associated symptoms)&lt;ref name=Ji2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ji N, Findling RL | title = An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–101 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25602248 | doi = 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oswald DP 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA | title = Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 348–355 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17630868 | doi = 10.1089/cap.2006.17303 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Doyle CA, McDougle CJ | title = Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–279 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23226952 | pmc = 3513681 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prognosis        =Frequently poor&lt;ref name=Ste106/&gt;
|frequency        =24.8 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny autisme''' na &quot;hafakely&quot; dia aretina ara-pivoarana miavaka amin'ny fananana fahasarotana amin'ny fifandraisana ara-tsosialy sy ara-tserasera, ary amin'ny fitondran-tena voafetra sy miverimberina.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition|chapter=Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0)|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny ray aman-dreny no mahatsikaritra famantarana mandritra ny telo taona voalohany amin'ny fiainan'ny zanany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Land2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Landa RJ|title=Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life|journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol|volume=4|issue=3|pages=138–147|year=2008|pmid=18253102|doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0731|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Matetika ireo famantarana ireo dia miseho tsikelikely, misy olona hafakely manana fahasarotana amin'ny fahaizany mifandray amin'ny hafa mandritry ny dingana ara-dalàna amin'ny fivoarana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stef2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stefanatos GA|s2cid=34658024|title=Regression in autistic spectrum disorders|journal=Neuropsychol Rev|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–319|year=2008|pmid=18956241|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny autisme dia mifandray amin'ny fitambaran'ny anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra sy ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ch2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chaste P, Leboyer M|title=Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions|journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience|volume=14|issue=3|pages=281–292|year=2012|pmid=23226953|pmc=3513682}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny mety mahatonga izany mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka ny aretina sasany, toy ny rubella, poizina toy ny asidra valproika, alikaola, [[kôkainina]], fanafody famonoana bibikely, [[Firamainty|firaka]], ary fahalotoan'ny rivotra, fihenan'ny fitomboan'ny zaza ao am-bohoka, ary aretina &quot;autoimmune&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)|vauthors=Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z|journal=Reproductive Toxicology|volume=56|year=2015|pages=155–169|doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007|pmid=26021712}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VohrPoggiDavis2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vohr BR, Poggi Davis E, Wanke CA, Krebs NF|title=Neurodevelopment: The Impact of Nutrition and Inflammation During Preconception and Pregnancy in Low-Resource Settings|journal=Pediatrics|year=2017|volume=139|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S38–S49|pmid=28562247|doi=10.1542/peds.2016-2828F|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SamsamAhangari2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA|title=Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance.|journal=World J Gastroenterol|year=2014|volume=20|issue=29|pages=9942–9951|pmid=25110424|doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9942|pmc=4123375|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy adihevitra manodidina ireo antony hafa momba ny tontolo iainana naroso; ohatra, ny petra-kevitra momba ny vaksiny, izay efa voaporofo fa tsy marina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rut2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rutter M|title=Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning|journal=Acta Paediatr|volume=94|issue=1|pages=2–15|year=2005|pmid=15858952|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fiantraikany amin'ny fanodinana fampahalalana ao amin'ny atidoha sy ny fomba ifandraisan'ny [[nerônina]] ny autisme; tsy mazava tsara ny fomba isehoan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lev2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Levy SE, Mandell DS, Schultz RT|title=Autism|journal=Lancet|volume=374|issue=9701|pages=1627–1638|year=2009|pmid=19819542|pmc=2863325|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Boky Torolalana Diagnostika sy Statistika momba ny Aretina Ara-tsaina (DSM-5), dia mampifangaro ny hafakely sy ireo endrika malefaka kokoa amin'ity aretina ity, anisan'izany ny Asperger syndrome sy ny pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise spectrum disorder (PDD-NOS) ao anatin'ny famaritana ny autisme spectrum disorder (ASD).&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;John2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Johnson CP, Myers SM|title=Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1183–1215|year=2007|pmid=17967920|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2361|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208013449/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-date=8 February 2009|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fanampiana ara-pitondrantena mialoha na ny fitsaboana amin'ny fahaizana miteny dia afaka manampy ny ankizy autiste hahazo fahaiza -mikarakara tena, ara-tsosialy ary ara-pifandraisana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Myers SM, Johnson CP|title=Management of children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1162–1182|date=November 2007|pmid=17967921|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323092305/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;San2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sanchack KE, Thomas CA|title=Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles|journal=American Family Physician|volume=94|issue=12|pages=972–979|date=December 2016|pmid=28075089}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia tsy misy fanafody fantatra aza,&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot; /&gt; dia nisy tranganà ankizy sitrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Helt2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Helt M, Kelley E, Kinsbourne M, Pandey J, Boorstein H, Herbert M, Fein D|s2cid=4317267|title=Can children with autism recover? If so, how?|journal=Neuropsychology Review|volume=18|issue=4|pages=339–366|date=December 2008|pmid=19009353|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9|url=https://www.academia.edu/16961306|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.2995|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017031345/https://www.academia.edu/16961306/Can_Children_with_Autism_Recover_If_So_How|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy olon-dehibe hafakely tsy afaka miaina irery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ste106&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Steinhausen HC, Mohr Jensen C, Lauritsen MB|title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|volume=133|issue=6|pages=445–452|date=June 2016|pmid=26763353|doi=10.1111/acps.12559}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niforona ny kolontsaina autiste, misy olona mitady fanasitranana ary ny hafa mino fa ny autiste dia tokony hekena ho toy ny fahasamihafana tokony horaisina fa tsy ho sitrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sil2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=BioSocieties|year=2008|volume=3|issue=3|pages=325–341|title=Fieldwork on another planet: social science perspectives on the autism spectrum|vauthors=Silverman C|s2cid=145379758|doi=10.1017/S1745855208006236}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frith2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Frith|first=Uta|title=Autism – are we any closer to explaining the enigma?|url=https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma|work=[[The Psychologist (magazine)|The Psychologist]]|publisher=[[British Psychological Society]]|date=October 2014|volume=27|pages=744–745|access-date=2020-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maneran-tany, tombanana ho 24.8 tapitrisa ny olona autiste {{as of|2015|lc=y}}  &lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2000, tombanana ho 1–2 isaky ny olona 1.000 maneran-tany ny isan'ny olona voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot; /&gt; Any amin'ny firenena mandroso, eo amin'ny 1.5% eo ho eo amin'ny ankizy no voamarina fa voan'ny ASD {{as of|2017|lc=y}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lyall K, Croen L, Daniels J, Fallin MD, Ladd-Acosta C, Lee BK, Park BY, Snyder NW, Schendel D, Volk H, Windham GC, Newschaffer C|title=The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=38|pages=81–102|date=March 2017|pmid=28068486|pmc=6566093|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318}}&lt;/ref&gt; avy amin'ny 0.7% tamin'ny taona 2000 tany Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASD2016&quot; /&gt; Miseho in-efatra ka hatramin'ny dimy heny ny tahan'ny fitodran'ny lehilahy azy noho ny vehivavy izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASD2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html|title=ASD data and statistics|publisher=CDC.gov|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418153648/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html|archive-date=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nitombo be ny isan'ny olona voamarina fa voan'ny aretina nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1960, izay mety ho vokatry ny fiovan'ny fomba fanao amin'ny fitiliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot; /&gt; Mbola tsy voavaha ny fanontaniana hoe nitombo ve ny tahan'ny tena izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Reaven J, Reynolds AM, Rice CE, Schendel D, Windham GC|title=The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=28|pages=235–258|year=2007|pmid=17367287|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>f7omerzsq317s8urxa77sou243577ur</sha1>
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      <id>1134565</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Anai171</username>
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      <comment>Fanamboarana tsipelina</comment>
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      <text bytes="13184" sha1="f4q9j0fwmci2im5g7ah2e5q4ysdrjqe" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Autism
|synonym          =
|image            =Autism-stacking-cans 2nd edit.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Boy stacking cans
|caption          =Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =Trouble with [[Interpersonal relationship|social interaction]], impaired [[communication]], restricted interests, repetitive behavior&lt;ref name=Land2008/&gt;
|onset            =By age two or three&lt;ref name=NIH2016&gt;{{cite web |title= NIMH &quot; Autism Spectrum Disorder |url= https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |website= nimh.nih.gov |access-date= 20 April 2017 |date= October 2016 |archive-date= 21 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093226/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|duration         =[[Chronic condition|Long term]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|causes           =[[Heritability of autism|Genetic]] and environmental factors&lt;ref name=Ch2012/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on behavior and developmental history&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|differential     =[[Reactive attachment disorder]], [[intellectual disability]], [[schizophrenia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Corcoran J, Walsh J |title=Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice |url={{Google books|y28kokLoe78C|page=72|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Oxford University Press, New York |date=9 February 2006 |isbn=978-0-19-516830-3 |oclc=466433183 |lccn=2005027740 |page=72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Behavioral therapy]], [[speech therapy]], [[psychotropic medication]]&lt;ref name=CCD2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=San2016/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = e1341-50 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24167175 | pmc = 3813396 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2013-1193 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|medication       =[[Atypical antipsychotic|Antipsychotics]], [[antidepressants]], [[stimulants]] (associated symptoms)&lt;ref name=Ji2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ji N, Findling RL | title = An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–101 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25602248 | doi = 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oswald DP 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA | title = Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 348–355 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17630868 | doi = 10.1089/cap.2006.17303 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Doyle CA, McDougle CJ | title = Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–279 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23226952 | pmc = 3513681 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prognosis        =Frequently poor&lt;ref name=Ste106/&gt;
|frequency        =24.8 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny autisme''' na &quot;hafakely&quot; dia fikorontanan’ny fivoaran’ny atidoha miavaka amin'ny fananana fahasarotana amin'ny fifandraisana ara-tsosialy sy ara-tserasera, ary amin'ny fitondran-tena voafetra sy miverimberina.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition|chapter=Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0)|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny ray aman-dreny no mahatsikaritra famantarana mandritra ny telo taona voalohany amin'ny fiainan'ny zanany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Land2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Landa RJ|title=Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life|journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol|volume=4|issue=3|pages=138–147|year=2008|pmid=18253102|doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0731|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Matetika ireo famantarana ireo dia miseho tsikelikely, misy olona hafakely manana fahasarotana amin'ny fahaizany mifandray amin'ny hafa mandritry ny dingana ara-dalàna amin'ny fivoarana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stef2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stefanatos GA|s2cid=34658024|title=Regression in autistic spectrum disorders|journal=Neuropsychol Rev|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–319|year=2008|pmid=18956241|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny autisme dia mifandray amin'ny fitambaran'ny anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra sy ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ch2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chaste P, Leboyer M|title=Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions|journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience|volume=14|issue=3|pages=281–292|year=2012|pmid=23226953|pmc=3513682}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny mety mahatonga izany mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka ny aretina sasany, toy ny rubella, poizina toy ny asidra valproika, alikaola, [[kôkainina]], fanafody famonoana bibikely, [[Firamainty|firaka]], ary fahalotoan'ny rivotra, fihenan'ny fitomboan'ny zaza ao am-bohoka, ary aretina &quot;autoimmune&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)|vauthors=Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z|journal=Reproductive Toxicology|volume=56|year=2015|pages=155–169|doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007|pmid=26021712}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VohrPoggiDavis2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vohr BR, Poggi Davis E, Wanke CA, Krebs NF|title=Neurodevelopment: The Impact of Nutrition and Inflammation During Preconception and Pregnancy in Low-Resource Settings|journal=Pediatrics|year=2017|volume=139|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S38–S49|pmid=28562247|doi=10.1542/peds.2016-2828F|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SamsamAhangari2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA|title=Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance.|journal=World J Gastroenterol|year=2014|volume=20|issue=29|pages=9942–9951|pmid=25110424|doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9942|pmc=4123375|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy adihevitra manodidina ireo antony hafa momba ny tontolo iainana naroso; ohatra, ny petra-kevitra momba ny vaksiny, izay efa voaporofo fa tsy marina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rut2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rutter M|title=Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning|journal=Acta Paediatr|volume=94|issue=1|pages=2–15|year=2005|pmid=15858952|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fiantraikany amin'ny fanodinana fampahalalana ao amin'ny atidoha sy ny fomba ifandraisan'ny [[nerônina]] ny autisme; tsy mazava tsara ny fomba isehoan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lev2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Levy SE, Mandell DS, Schultz RT|title=Autism|journal=Lancet|volume=374|issue=9701|pages=1627–1638|year=2009|pmid=19819542|pmc=2863325|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Boky Torolalana Diagnostika sy Statistika momba ny Aretina Ara-tsaina (DSM-5), dia mampifangaro ny hafakely sy ireo endrika malefaka kokoa amin'ity aretina ity, anisan'izany ny Asperger syndrome sy ny pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise spectrum disorder (PDD-NOS) ao anatin'ny famaritana ny autisme spectrum disorder (ASD).&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;John2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Johnson CP, Myers SM|title=Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1183–1215|year=2007|pmid=17967920|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2361|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208013449/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-date=8 February 2009|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fanampiana ara-pitondrantena mialoha na ny fitsaboana amin'ny fahaizana miteny dia afaka manampy ny ankizy autiste hahazo fahaiza -mikarakara tena, ara-tsosialy ary ara-pifandraisana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Myers SM, Johnson CP|title=Management of children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1162–1182|date=November 2007|pmid=17967921|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323092305/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;San2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sanchack KE, Thomas CA|title=Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles|journal=American Family Physician|volume=94|issue=12|pages=972–979|date=December 2016|pmid=28075089}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia tsy misy fanafody fantatra aza,&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot; /&gt; dia nisy tranganà ankizy sitrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Helt2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Helt M, Kelley E, Kinsbourne M, Pandey J, Boorstein H, Herbert M, Fein D|s2cid=4317267|title=Can children with autism recover? If so, how?|journal=Neuropsychology Review|volume=18|issue=4|pages=339–366|date=December 2008|pmid=19009353|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9|url=https://www.academia.edu/16961306|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.2995|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017031345/https://www.academia.edu/16961306/Can_Children_with_Autism_Recover_If_So_How|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy olon-dehibe hafakely tsy afaka miaina irery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ste106&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Steinhausen HC, Mohr Jensen C, Lauritsen MB|title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|volume=133|issue=6|pages=445–452|date=June 2016|pmid=26763353|doi=10.1111/acps.12559}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niforona ny kolontsaina autiste, misy olona mitady fanasitranana ary ny hafa mino fa ny autiste dia tokony hekena ho toy ny fahasamihafana tokony horaisina fa tsy ho sitrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sil2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=BioSocieties|year=2008|volume=3|issue=3|pages=325–341|title=Fieldwork on another planet: social science perspectives on the autism spectrum|vauthors=Silverman C|s2cid=145379758|doi=10.1017/S1745855208006236}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frith2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Frith|first=Uta|title=Autism – are we any closer to explaining the enigma?|url=https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma|work=[[The Psychologist (magazine)|The Psychologist]]|publisher=[[British Psychological Society]]|date=October 2014|volume=27|pages=744–745|access-date=2020-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maneran-tany, tombanana ho 24.8 tapitrisa ny olona autiste {{as of|2015|lc=y}}  &lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2000, tombanana ho 1–2 isaky ny olona 1.000 maneran-tany ny isan'ny olona voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot; /&gt; Any amin'ny firenena mandroso, eo amin'ny 1.5% eo ho eo amin'ny ankizy no voamarina fa voan'ny ASD {{as of|2017|lc=y}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lyall K, Croen L, Daniels J, Fallin MD, Ladd-Acosta C, Lee BK, Park BY, Snyder NW, Schendel D, Volk H, Windham GC, Newschaffer C|title=The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=38|pages=81–102|date=March 2017|pmid=28068486|pmc=6566093|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318}}&lt;/ref&gt; avy amin'ny 0.7% tamin'ny taona 2000 tany Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASD2016&quot; /&gt; Miseho in-efatra ka hatramin'ny dimy heny ny tahan'ny fitodran'ny lehilahy azy noho ny vehivavy izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASD2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html|title=ASD data and statistics|publisher=CDC.gov|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418153648/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html|archive-date=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nitombo be ny isan'ny olona voamarina fa voan'ny aretina nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1960, izay mety ho vokatry ny fiovan'ny fomba fanao amin'ny fitiliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot; /&gt; Mbola tsy voavaha ny fanontaniana hoe nitombo ve ny tahan'ny tena izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Reaven J, Reynolds AM, Rice CE, Schendel D, Windham GC|title=The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=28|pages=235–258|year=2007|pmid=17367287|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134577</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:32:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Anai171</username>
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      <comment>fanampiana hevitra</comment>
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      <text bytes="13217" sha1="9bum4vurv19q94tmpbzrppexhicp8pi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Autism
|synonym          =
|image            =Autism-stacking-cans 2nd edit.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Boy stacking cans
|caption          =Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =Trouble with [[Interpersonal relationship|social interaction]], impaired [[communication]], restricted interests, repetitive behavior&lt;ref name=Land2008/&gt;
|onset            =By age two or three&lt;ref name=NIH2016&gt;{{cite web |title= NIMH &quot; Autism Spectrum Disorder |url= https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |website= nimh.nih.gov |access-date= 20 April 2017 |date= October 2016 |archive-date= 21 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093226/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|duration         =[[Chronic condition|Long term]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|causes           =[[Heritability of autism|Genetic]] and environmental factors&lt;ref name=Ch2012/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on behavior and developmental history&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|differential     =[[Reactive attachment disorder]], [[intellectual disability]], [[schizophrenia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Corcoran J, Walsh J |title=Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice |url={{Google books|y28kokLoe78C|page=72|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Oxford University Press, New York |date=9 February 2006 |isbn=978-0-19-516830-3 |oclc=466433183 |lccn=2005027740 |page=72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Behavioral therapy]], [[speech therapy]], [[psychotropic medication]]&lt;ref name=CCD2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=San2016/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = e1341-50 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24167175 | pmc = 3813396 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2013-1193 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|medication       =[[Atypical antipsychotic|Antipsychotics]], [[antidepressants]], [[stimulants]] (associated symptoms)&lt;ref name=Ji2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ji N, Findling RL | title = An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–101 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25602248 | doi = 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oswald DP 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA | title = Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 348–355 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17630868 | doi = 10.1089/cap.2006.17303 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Doyle CA, McDougle CJ | title = Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–279 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23226952 | pmc = 3513681 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prognosis        =Frequently poor&lt;ref name=Ste106/&gt;
|frequency        =24.8 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny autisme''' na &quot;hafakely&quot; dia fikorontanan’ny fivoaran’ny atidoha miavaka amin'ny fananana fahasarotana amin'ny fifandraisana ara-tsosialy sy ara-tserasera, ary amin'ny fitondran-tena voafetra sy miverimberina.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition|chapter=Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0)|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny ray aman-dreny no mahatsikaritra famantarana mandritra ny telo taona voalohany amin'ny fiainan'ny zanany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Land2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Landa RJ|title=Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life|journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol|volume=4|issue=3|pages=138–147|year=2008|pmid=18253102|doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0731|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Matetika ireo famantarana ireo dia miseho tsikelikely, misy olona hafakely manana fahasarotana amin'ny fahaizany mifandray amin'ny hafa mandritry ny dingana ara-dalàna amin'ny fivoarana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stef2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stefanatos GA|s2cid=34658024|title=Regression in autistic spectrum disorders|journal=Neuropsychol Rev|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–319|year=2008|pmid=18956241|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny autisme dia mifandray amin'ny fitambaran'ny anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra sy ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ch2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chaste P, Leboyer M|title=Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions|journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience|volume=14|issue=3|pages=281–292|year=2012|pmid=23226953|pmc=3513682}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny mety mahatonga izany mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka ny aretina sasany, toy ny rubella, poizina toy ny asidra valproika, alikaola, [[kôkainina]], fanafody famonoana bibikely, [[Firamainty|firaka]], ary fahalotoan'ny rivotra, fihenan'ny fitomboan'ny zaza ao am-bohoka, ary aretina &quot;autoimmune&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)|vauthors=Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z|journal=Reproductive Toxicology|volume=56|year=2015|pages=155–169|doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007|pmid=26021712}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VohrPoggiDavis2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vohr BR, Poggi Davis E, Wanke CA, Krebs NF|title=Neurodevelopment: The Impact of Nutrition and Inflammation During Preconception and Pregnancy in Low-Resource Settings|journal=Pediatrics|year=2017|volume=139|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S38–S49|pmid=28562247|doi=10.1542/peds.2016-2828F|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SamsamAhangari2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA|title=Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance.|journal=World J Gastroenterol|year=2014|volume=20|issue=29|pages=9942–9951|pmid=25110424|doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9942|pmc=4123375|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy adihevitra manodidina ireo antony hafa momba ny tontolo iainana naroso; ohatra, ny petra-kevitra momba ny vaksiny, izay efa voaporofo fa tsy marina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rut2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rutter M|title=Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning|journal=Acta Paediatr|volume=94|issue=1|pages=2–15|year=2005|pmid=15858952|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fiantraikany amin'ny fanodinana fampahalalana ao amin'ny atidoha sy ny fomba ifandraisan'ny [[nerônina]] ny autisme; tsy mazava tsara ny fomba isehoan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lev2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Levy SE, Mandell DS, Schultz RT|title=Autism|journal=Lancet|volume=374|issue=9701|pages=1627–1638|year=2009|pmid=19819542|pmc=2863325|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Boky Torolalana Diagnostika sy Statistika momba ny Aretina Ara-tsaina (DSM-5), dia mampifangaro ny hafakely sy ireo endrika malefaka kokoa amin'ity aretina ity, anisan'izany ny Asperger syndrome sy ny pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise spectrum disorder (PDD-NOS) ao anatin'ny famaritana ny autisme spectrum disorder (ASD).&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;John2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Johnson CP, Myers SM|title=Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1183–1215|year=2007|pmid=17967920|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2361|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208013449/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-date=8 February 2009|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fanampiana ara-pitondrantena mialoha na ny fitsaboana amin'ny fahaizana miteny dia afaka manampy ny ankizy autiste hahazo fahaiza -mikarakara tena, ara-tsosialy ary ara-pifandraisana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Myers SM, Johnson CP|title=Management of children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1162–1182|date=November 2007|pmid=17967921|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323092305/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;San2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sanchack KE, Thomas CA|title=Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles|journal=American Family Physician|volume=94|issue=12|pages=972–979|date=December 2016|pmid=28075089}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia tsy misy fanafody fantatra aza,&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot; /&gt; dia nisy tranganà ankizy sitrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Helt2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Helt M, Kelley E, Kinsbourne M, Pandey J, Boorstein H, Herbert M, Fein D|s2cid=4317267|title=Can children with autism recover? If so, how?|journal=Neuropsychology Review|volume=18|issue=4|pages=339–366|date=December 2008|pmid=19009353|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9|url=https://www.academia.edu/16961306|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.2995|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017031345/https://www.academia.edu/16961306/Can_Children_with_Autism_Recover_If_So_How|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy olon-dehibe hafakely tsy afaka miaina irery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ste106&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Steinhausen HC, Mohr Jensen C, Lauritsen MB|title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|volume=133|issue=6|pages=445–452|date=June 2016|pmid=26763353|doi=10.1111/acps.12559}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niforona ny kolontsaina autiste, misy olona mitady fanasitranana ary ny hafa mino fa ny autiste dia tokony hekena ho toy ny fahasamihafana tokony horaisina fa tsy ho sitrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sil2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=BioSocieties|year=2008|volume=3|issue=3|pages=325–341|title=Fieldwork on another planet: social science perspectives on the autism spectrum|vauthors=Silverman C|s2cid=145379758|doi=10.1017/S1745855208006236}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frith2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Frith|first=Uta|title=Autism – are we any closer to explaining the enigma?|url=https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma|work=[[The Psychologist (magazine)|The Psychologist]]|publisher=[[British Psychological Society]]|date=October 2014|volume=27|pages=744–745|access-date=2020-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maneran-tany, tombanana ho 24.8 tapitrisa ny olona autiste {{as of|2015|lc=y}}  &lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2000, tombanana ho 1–2 isaky ny olona 1.000 maneran-tany ny isan'ny olona voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot; /&gt; Any amin'ny firenena mandroso, eo amin'ny 1.5% eo ho eo amin'ny ankizy no voamarina fa voan'ny ASD {{as of|2017|lc=y}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lyall K, Croen L, Daniels J, Fallin MD, Ladd-Acosta C, Lee BK, Park BY, Snyder NW, Schendel D, Volk H, Windham GC, Newschaffer C|title=The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=38|pages=81–102|date=March 2017|pmid=28068486|pmc=6566093|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318}}&lt;/ref&gt; avy amin'ny 0.7% tamin'ny taona 2000 tany Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASD2016&quot; /&gt; Miseho in-efatra ka hatramin'ny dimy heny ny tahan'ny fitodran'ny lehilahy azy noho ny vehivavy izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASD2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html|title=ASD data and statistics|publisher=CDC.gov|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418153648/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html|archive-date=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nitombo be ny isan'ny olona voamarina fa mitondra ity fikorontanana ara-pitondrantena ity nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1960, izay mety ho vokatry ny fiovan'ny fomba fanao amin'ny fitiliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot; /&gt; Mbola tsy voavaha ny fanontaniana hoe nitombo ve ny tahan'ny tena izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Reaven J, Reynolds AM, Rice CE, Schendel D, Windham GC|title=The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=28|pages=235–258|year=2007|pmid=17367287|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>9bum4vurv19q94tmpbzrppexhicp8pi</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MDMA</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134551</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:16:27Z</timestamp>
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        <id>34924</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1468095|MDMA]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="20650" sha1="91vupp8kwxvik26nw3lf09mtbxooclo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =632164040
|drug_name        =MDMA
|INN              =Midomafetamine&lt;ref name=INN&gt;{{cite news|title=FDA Substance Registration System|url=https://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/unii/KE1SEN21RM|access-date=31 August 2017|publisher=United States National Library of Medicine|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831220013/https://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/unii/KE1SEN21RM|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831220013/https://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/unii/KE1SEN21RM |date=31 August 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|chirality        =[[Racemic mixture]]
|image            =MDMA (simple).svg
|width            =250px
|alt              =MDMA structure
|image2           =MDMA molecule from xtal ball.png
|alt2             =Ball-and-stick model of an MDMA molecule
|width2           =250px
|IUPAC_name       =(''RS'')-1-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-''N''-methylpropan-2-amine&lt;!--From PubChem--&gt;
|pronounce        =methylenedioxy{{shy}}methamphetamine:&lt;br/&gt;{{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|ɪ|l|iː|n|d|aɪ|ˈ|ɒ|k|s|i}}&lt;br /&gt;{{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|iː|n}}

&lt;!--External links--&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{Drugs.com|parent|MDMA}}
|synonyms         ={{abbr|3,4-MDMA|3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine}}; Ecstasy (E, X, XTC); Molly; Mandy&lt;ref name=&quot;nature.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=DrugFacts/&gt;

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =
|protein_bound    =
|metabolism       =[[Liver]], [[Cytochrome P450|CYP450]] extensively involved, including [[CYP2D6]]
|metabolites      =[[3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine|MDA]], [[4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine|HMMA]], [[4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine|HMA]], [[Alpha-Methyldopamine|DHA]], [[MDP2P]], [[3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine|MDOH]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22392347&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos M | title = Toxicity of amphetamines: an update | journal = Archives of Toxicology | volume = 86 | issue = 8 | pages = 1167–231 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22392347 | doi = 10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|elimination_half-life=(''R'')-MDMA: 5.8&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;2.2&amp;nbsp;hours (variable)&lt;ref name=&quot;Toxnet MDMA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine|url=http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+42542-10-9|website=Hazardous Substances Data Bank|publisher=National Library of Medicine|access-date=22 August 2014|date=28 August 2008|quote=|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404201340/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs%20hsdb%3A%40term%20%40rn%20%40rel%2042542-10-9|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404201340/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs%20hsdb%3A%40term%20%40rn%20%40rel%2042542-10-9 |date=4 April 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(''S'')-MDMA: 3.6&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;0.9&amp;nbsp;hours (variable)&lt;ref name=&quot;Toxnet MDMA&quot; /&gt;
|excretion        =[[Kidney]]

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;
|C                =11
|H                =15
|N                =1
|O                =2
|SMILES           =CC(NC)CC1=CC=C(OCO2)C2=C1
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChI         =1S/C11H15NO2/c1-8(12-2)5-9-3-4-10-11(6-9)14-7-13-10/h3-4,6,8,12H,5,7H2,1-2H3
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =SHXWCVYOXRDMCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|density          =
|melting_point    =
|melting_notes    =
|boiling_point    =105
|boiling_notes    =at 0.4&amp;nbsp;mmHg (experimental)&lt;!--Pubchem--&gt;
&lt;!--Clinical/legal data--&gt;
|legal_AU         =S9
|legal_BR         =F&lt;!-- F2 --&gt;
|legal_CA         =Schedule I
|legal_DE         =Anlage I
|legal_NZ         =Class B
|legal_UK         =Class A
|legal_US         =Schedule I
|legal_UN         =Psychotropic Schedule I
|legal_status     =
|pregnancy_category=
|pregnancy_US     =
|licence_US       =
|class            =[[empathogen–entactogen]]&lt;br /&gt; [[stimulant]]
|defined_daily_dose=not established&lt;ref name=&quot;imp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=1 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701051953/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701051953/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ |date=1 July 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--Pharmacological data--&gt;
|dependency_liability=[[Physical dependence|Physical]]: not typical&lt;ref name=palmer&gt;{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Robert B.|title=Medical toxicology of drug abuse : synthesized chemicals and psychoactive plants|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=978-0-471-72760-6|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWFiVaDZnkQC&amp;pg=PA139|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222012039/https://books.google.com/books?id=OWFiVaDZnkQC&amp;pg=PA139|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Psychological dependence|Psychological]]: moderate
|addiction_liability=Low–moderate&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-MDMA&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2009 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-07-148127-4 | pages = 375 | edition = 2nd | chapter = Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Betzler2017&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Betzler F, Viohl L, Romanczuk-Seiferth N | title = Decision-making in chronic ecstasy users: a systematic review | journal = The European Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 34–44 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27859780 | doi = 10.1111/ejn.13480 | quote = ...the addictive potential of MDMA itself is relatively small. }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Substance abuse&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jerome L, Schuster S, Yazar-Klosinski BB | title = Can MDMA play a role in the treatment of substance abuse? | journal = Current Drug Abuse Reviews | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 54–62 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23627786 | doi = 10.2174/18744737112059990005 | quote = Animal and human studies demonstrate moderate abuse liability for MDMA, and this effect may be of most concern to those treating substance abuse disorders. | url = http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/33fd/4f5decd405dee8d4f280a9158bfb16ae6e27.pdf | access-date = 30 July 2020 | archive-date = 3 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200803194522/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/33fd/4f5decd405dee8d4f280a9158bfb16ae6e27.pdf | url-status = dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803194522/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/33fd/4f5decd405dee8d4f280a9158bfb16ae6e27.pdf |date=3 August 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|routes_of_administration=Common: [[oral route|by mouth]]&lt;ref name=EU2015 /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Uncommon: [[insufflation (medicine)|snorting]],&lt;ref name=EU2015 /&gt; [[inhalation]] ([[vaporization]]),&lt;ref name=EU2015 /&gt; [[injection (medicine)|injection]],&lt;ref name=EU2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy')|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/mdma|website=EMCDDA|publisher=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction|access-date=17 October 2014|ref=EMCDDA|archive-date=1 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101211851/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/mdma|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101211851/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/mdma |date=1 January 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy)|url = http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/job185drugs/methylenedioxymethamphetamine.htm|work = Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets.|publisher = [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]]|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120503102427/http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/job185drugs/methylenedioxymethamphetamine.htm|archive-date = 3 May 2012|df = dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412185805/http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/job185drugs/methylenedioxymethamphetamine.htm |date=12 April 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[rectal (medicine)|rectal]]
|onset            =30–45&amp;nbsp;minutes (by mouth)&lt;ref name=Freye2009/&gt;
|duration_of_action=4–6&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=Betzler2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=Freye2009/&gt;
}}
'''Ny 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine''' ( '''MDMA''' ), {{#tag:ref|The term ''MDMA'' is a contraction of {{nowrap|3,4-[[methylenedioxy|&lt;u&gt;m&lt;/u&gt;ethylene&lt;u&gt;d&lt;/u&gt;ioxy]]-[[methamphetamine|&lt;u&gt;m&lt;/u&gt;ethamphet&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;mine]]}}; it is also known as ecstasy (shortened to &quot;E&quot;, &quot;X&quot;, or &quot;XTC&quot;), mandy, and molly.&lt;ref name=&quot;nature.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Luciano RL, Perazella MA | title = Nephrotoxic effects of designer drugs: synthetic is not better! | journal = Nature Reviews. Nephrology | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 314–24 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24662435 | doi = 10.1038/nrneph.2014.44 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DrugFacts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=DrugFacts: MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)|url=http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/mdma-ecstasy-or-molly|publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse|access-date=2 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203115531/http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/mdma-ecstasy-or-molly|archive-date=3 December 2014|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203115531/http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/mdma-ecstasy-or-molly |date=3 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|group=&quot;note&quot;}} fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe '''ecstasy''' ( '''E''' ) na '''molly''', dia zava-mahadomelina psychoactive ampiasaina indrindra amin'ny fialam-boly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Current2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Meyer JS|title=3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives|journal=Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation|volume=4|issue=|pages=83–99|year=2013|pmid=24648791|pmc=3931692|doi=10.2147/SAR.S37258}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny vokatra irina dia ahitana ny fiovan'ny fahatsapana, ny fitomboan'ny [[Angôvo|angovo]], ny fangorahana, ary koa [[Fahafinaretana|ny fahafinaretana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Current2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=MDMA|url=https://www.drugs.com/illicit/mdma.html|access-date=30 March 2016|editor-last=Anderson|editor-first=Leigh|website=Drugs.com|publisher=Drugsite Trust|date=18 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323161153/http://www.drugs.com/illicit/mdma.html|archive-date=23 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa raisina am-bava dia manomboka miasa ao anatin'ny 30 ka hatramin'ny 45 minitra ary maharitra 3 ka hatramin'ny 6 ora.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freye2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Freye|first=Enno|title=Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs|date=28 July 2009|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-90-481-2448-0|pages=151–160|chapter=Pharmacological Effects of MDMA in Man|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=DrugFacts: MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)|url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/mdma-ecstasymolly|website=National Institute on Drug Abuse|access-date=30 March 2016|date=February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323164024/https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/mdma-ecstasymolly|archive-date=23 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsy ny fiankinan-doha, ny olana amin'ny fitadidiana, ny paranoia, ny fahasarotana amin'ny torimaso, ny fikikisana nify, ny fahitana manjavozavo, ny hatsembohana ary ny fitempon'ny fo haingana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs2014&quot; /&gt; Nisy tatitra momba ny fahafatesana vokatry ny fiakaran'ny hafanan'ny vatana sy ny tsy fahampian-drano.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs2014&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny olona aorian'ny fampiasana azy dia mahatsiaro ho ketraka sy reraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs2014&quot; /&gt; Ny fiasan'ny MDMA dia amin'ny fampitomboana ny fiasan'ny neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine ary noradrenaline any amin'ny faritra sasany ao amin'ny atidoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny sokajin-drongony amphetamine soloina izy io ary manana fiantraikany manaitaitra sy manaitra ny saina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Freye|first=Enno|title=Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs: A comprehensive review on their mode of action, treatment of abuse and intoxication|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-90-481-2448-0|page=147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTAlolM3XlwC&amp;pg=PA147|language=en|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805215541/https://books.google.com/books?id=OTAlolM3XlwC&amp;pg=PA147|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy ara-dalàna ny MDMA any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena &lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Patel|first=Vikram|title=Mental and neurological public health a global perspective|date=2010|publisher=Academic Press/Elsevier|location=San Diego, CA|isbn=978-0-12-381527-9|page=57|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8fihf3VWbcIC&amp;pg=PA57|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910234523/https://books.google.com/books?id=8fihf3VWbcIC&amp;pg=PA57|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary, hatramin'ny taona 2018, dia tsy misy fampiasana ara-pitsaboana ekena.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ecstasy as a Remedy for PTSD? You Probably Have Some Questions.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/01/us/ecstasy-molly-ptsd-mdma.html|access-date=14 July 2018|date=1 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy tranga manokana voafetra indraindray ho an'ny fikarohana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Manadihady ireo mpikaroka raha toa ka mety hanampy amin'ny fitsaboana ny fikorontanan'ny adin-tsaina aorian'ny trauma (PTSD) mafy sy tsy voatsabo ny MDMA amin'ny alàlan'ny fitsapana ara-pitsaboana dingana faha-3 mba handinihana ny fahombiazana sy ny fiarovana izay antenaina hanomboka amin'ny taona 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feduccia AA, Holland J, Mithoefer MC|title=Progress and promise for the MDMA drug development program|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=235|issue=2|pages=561–571|date=February 2018|pmid=29152674|doi=10.1007/s00213-017-4779-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, ny FDA dia nanome ny MDMA mari-pahaizana momba ny fitsaboana mandroso {{#tag:ref|The FDA's &quot;breakthrough therapy&quot; designation is not intended to imply that a drug is actually a &quot;breakthrough&quot; or that there is high-quality evidence of treatment efficacy for a particular condition;&lt;ref name=healthnews&gt;{{cite news | vauthors=Schwitzer G | title=CBS proclaims 'cancer breakthrough' – doesn't explain what FDA means by that term | url=http://www.healthnewsreview.org/2016/05/cbs-proclaims-cancer-breakthrough-doesnt-explain-what-fda-means-by-that-term/ | work=Health News Review | date=13 May 2016 | access-date=9 October 2017 | archive-date=8 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208215931/https://www.healthnewsreview.org/2016/05/cbs-proclaims-cancer-breakthrough-doesnt-explain-what-fda-means-by-that-term/ | url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208215931/https://www.healthnewsreview.org/2016/05/cbs-proclaims-cancer-breakthrough-doesnt-explain-what-fda-means-by-that-term/ |date=8 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid25713472&quot; /&gt; rather, it allows the FDA to grant [[Priority review|priority review]] to drug candidates if preliminary [[clinical trial]]s indicate that the therapy may offer substantial treatment advantages over existing options for patients with serious or life-threatening diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid25713472&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kepplinger EE | title = FDA's Expedited Approval Mechanisms for New Drug Products | journal = Biotechnology Law Report | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–37 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25713472 | pmc = 4326266 | doi = 10.1089/blr.2015.9999 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA_2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Fact Sheet: Breakthrough Therapies | publisher = United States Food and Drug Administration | url = https://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/LawsEnforcedbyFDA/SignificantAmendmentstotheFDCAct/FDASIA/ucm329491.htm | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171009081511/https://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/LawsEnforcedbyFDA/SignificantAmendmentstotheFDCAct/FDASIA/ucm329491.htm | date = 10 December 2014 | access-date = 9 October 2017 | archive-date = 9 October 2017 | quote = A breakthrough therapy is a drug:&lt;br /&gt;{{bull}}intended alone or in combination with one or more other drugs to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and&lt;br /&gt;{{bull}}preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009081511/https://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/LawsEnforcedbyFDA/SignificantAmendmentstotheFDCAct/FDASIA/ucm329491.htm |date=9 October 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|group=&quot;note&quot;|name=&quot;breakthrough therapy&quot;}} ho an'ny PTSD, midika izany fa raha toa ka mampiseho fanantenana ny fanadihadiana, dia mety hitranga haingana kokoa ny famerenana ny mety ho fampiasana ara-pitsaboana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ecstasy could be 'breakthrough' therapy for soldiers, others suffering from PTSD|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/ecstasy-could-be-breakthrough-therapy-for-soldiers-others-suffering-from-ptsd/2017/08/26/009314ca-842f-11e7-b359-15a3617c767b_story.html|access-date=29 August 2017|date=26 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Novolavolain'ny Merck voalohany tamin'ny 1912 ny MDMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Merck&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Freudenmann RW, Öxler F, Bernschneider-Reif S|title=The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: the true story reconstructed from the original documents|url=http://www.thedea.org/docs/2006_Freudenmann_22846_1.pdf|journal=Addiction|volume=101|issue=9|pages=1241–1245|date=August 2006|pmid=16911722|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01511.x|quote=Although MDMA was, in fact, first synthesized at Merck in 1912, it was not tested pharmacologically because it was only an unimportant precursor in a new synthesis for haemostatic substances.|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922140222/http://www.thedea.org/docs/2006_Freudenmann_22846_1.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasaina hanatsarana ny fitsaboana ara-tsaina nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1970 ary lasa nalaza ho fanafody eny an-dalambe tamin'ny taona 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny MDMA dia mifandray amin'ny fety fandihizana, raves, ary mozika dihy elektronika.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=World Health Organization|title=Neuroscience of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9OhG-dZdAwC&amp;pg=PA97|year=2004|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-156235-5|pages=97–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428231233/https://books.google.com/books?id=G9OhG-dZdAwC&amp;pg=PA97|archive-date=28 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo afangaro amin'ny akora hafa toy ny ephedrine, amphetamine, ary methamphetamine izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs2014&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2016, olona 21 tapitrisa eo ho eo, eo anelanelan'ny 15 sy 64 taona, no nampiasa ecstasy (0.3%-n'ny mponina eran-tany).&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Drug Report 2018|date=June 2018|publisher=United Nations|isbn=978-92-1-148304-8|page=7|access-date=14 July 2018|url=https://www.unodc.org/wdr2018/prelaunch/WDR18_Booklet_1_EXSUM.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727030037/http://www.unodc.org/wdr2018/prelaunch/WDR18_Booklet_1_EXSUM.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitovy amin'ny isan-jaton'ny olona mampiasa [[kôkainina]] na amphetamine izany, saingy ambany noho ny cannabis na opioids.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2018&quot; /&gt; Any Etazonia, hatramin'ny taona 2017, eo amin'ny 7% eo ho eo ny olona efa nampiasa MDMA tamin'ny fotoana iray teo amin'ny fiainany ary 0.9% no efa nampiasa izany tao anatin'ny herintaona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)|url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/mdma-ecstasymolly|website=National Institute on Drug Abuse|access-date=14 July 2018|archive-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011009/https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/mdma-ecstasymolly|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>91vupp8kwxvik26nw3lf09mtbxooclo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Metamfetamina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298918</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134556</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:18:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1468224|Methamphetamine]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1134556</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15626" sha1="9sndzbd7x6vy0yj0zteldp4oglkgkl4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|verifiedrevid    =589084691
|INN              =none
|image            =Racemic methamphetamine.svg
|alt              =An image of the methamphetamine compound

&lt;!--Names--&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|iː|n}}
|tradename        =Desoxyn, Methedrine, others
|synonyms         ={{nowrap|''N''-[[methylamphetamine]]}}, {{nowrap|''N'',α-[[dimethylphenethylamine]]}}, desoxyephedrine
|IUPAC_name       =(''RS'')-''N''-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

&lt;!--External links--&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{Drugs.com|monograph|methamphetamine-hydrochloride}}

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;
|class            =[[Amphetamine]]
|uses             =[[recreational drug use|Recreational]], [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]], [[narcolepsy]], [[obesity]]&lt;ref name=EMC2021/&gt;&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;
|side_effects     =[[Hypertension|High blood pressure]], [[palpitations]], [[euphoria|elevate mood]], trouble sleeping, tremor, diarrhea, [[sexual dysfunction]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =
|pregnancy_US     =C
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=By mouth
|onset            =Rapid&lt;ref name=Ri2010 /&gt;
|duration_of_action=10–20&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=Ri2010&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Riviello RJ |title = Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians |date = 2010 |publisher = Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location = Sudbury, Mass. |isbn = 978-0-7637-4462-5 |page = 41 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |access-date = 4 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318224346/https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |archive-date = 18 March 2017 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|defined_daily_dose=
|typical_dose     =
|dependency_liability=Physical: None; Psychological: High
|addiction_liability=High
|urine            =5 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT) |url=https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025202836/https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025202836/https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |date=25 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Legal status --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S8
|legal_CA         =Schedule I
|legal_DE         =Anlage II
|legal_NZ         =Class A
|legal_UK         =Class A
|legal_US         =Schedule II
|legal_UN         =Psychotropic Schedule II
|licence_US       =Methamphetamine
|index2_label     =(dl)-Methamphetamine hydrochloride
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChI         =1S/C10H15N/c1-9(11-2)8-10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9,11H,8H2,1-2H3
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =By mouth: 70%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Rau T, Ziemniak J, Poulsen D |title = The neuroprotective potential of low-dose methamphetamine in preclinical models of stroke and traumatic brain injury |journal = Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry |volume = 64 |pages = 231–6 |year = 2015 |pmid = 25724762 |doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.013 |quote = In humans, the oral bioavailability of methamphetamine is approximately 70% but increases to 100% following intravenous (IV) delivery (Ares-Santos et al., 2013). |doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV: 100%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot; /&gt;
|protein_bound    =Varies widely&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem1&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Toxicity |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|metabolism       =[[CYP2D6]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Methamphetamine – p-hydroxymethamphetamine CYP2D6 review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Sellers EM, Tyndale RF |title = Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence |journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume = 909 |issue = 1|pages = 233–246 |date = 2000 |pmid = 10911933 |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x |quote = Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine. |bibcode = 2000NYASA.909..233S |s2cid = 27787938 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA Pharmacokinetics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information |url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |pages = 12–13 |publisher = Shire US Inc |website = United States Food and Drug Administration |date = December 2013 |access-date = 30 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |archive-date = 30 December 2013 |url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |date=30 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3|FMO3]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Krueger SK, Williams DE |title = Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism |journal = Pharmacol. Ther. |volume = 106 |issue = 3 |pages = 357–387 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15922018 |pmc = 1828602 |doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 }}&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916144516/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ |date=16 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO3-Primary&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A |title = N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication |journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume = 288 |issue = 3 |pages = 1251–1260 |date = March 1999 |pmid = 10027866 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|elimination_half-life=5–30&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Schep&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM |title = The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine |journal = Clinical Toxicology |volume = 48 |issue = 7 |pages = 675–694 |date = August 2010 |pmid = 20849327 |doi = 10.3109/15563650.2010.516752 |s2cid = 42588722 |issn = 1556-3650 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|excretion        =Primarily [[kidney]]

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;
|C                =10
|H                =15
|N                =1
|chirality        =[[Racemic mixture]]
|smiles           =CNC(C)Cc1ccccc1
|boiling_point    =212
|boiling_notes    =at 760&amp;nbsp;[[mmHg]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Chemical and Physical Properties |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|melting_point    =170
|melting_notes    =&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;/&gt;
|drug_name        =Methamphetamine
}}
'''Ny Methafetamina''' {{#tag:ref|Synonyms and brands include: ''N''-methylamphetamine, desoxyephedrine, Syndrox, Methedrine, and Desoxyn.&lt;ref name=EMC2021/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DB ID&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01577#identification |work = DrugBank |publisher = University of Alberta |date = 8 February 2013 |section = Identification |access-date = 25 October 2021 |archive-date = 28 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151228164940/http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01577#identification |url-status = live |url=http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01577#identification}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://addictionlibrary.org/prescription/methedrine.html |title = Methedrine (methamphetamine hydrochloride): Uses, Symptoms, Signs and Addiction Treatment |newspaper = Addictionlibrary.org |access-date = 16 January 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045442/http://addictionlibrary.org/prescription/methedrine.html |archive-date = 4 March 2016 |url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045442/http://addictionlibrary.org/prescription/methedrine.html |date=4 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Slang terms include: speed, crank, meth, crystal meth, pervitin, yaba, and shabu|&lt;nowiki&gt; group=&quot;note&quot; &lt;/nowiki&gt;}} dia fanafody mampientanentana ny rafi-pitatitra foibe (CNS) izay ampiasaina indrindra ho toy ny zava-mahadomelina fialamboly ary tsy dia ampiasaina firy hitsaboana [[Aretin'ny tsy fahampian'ny fifantohana sy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra|ny fikorontanan'ny fifantohana]], ny narcolepsy, ary ny hatavezana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yu2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X|title=Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology|journal=Behav. Neurol.|volume=2015|pages=103969|date=March 2015|pmid=25861156|pmc=4377385|doi=10.1155/2015/103969|quote=In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy soso-kevitra intsony ny fampiasana azy ho an'ny matavy loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa raisina am-bava dia manomboka ao anatin'ny 30 minitra ny vokany ary mety haharitra hatramin'ny 24 ora.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fiakaran'ny tosidrà, ny fitempon'ny fo, ny fiakaran'ny toe-po, ny olana amin'ny torimaso, ny hovitrovitra, ny aretim-pivalanana ary ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny firaisana ara-nofo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana voka-dratsy hafa koa ny aretin-tsaina, ny mania, ny fikorontanan-tsaina, ny fiakaran'ny mari-pana amin'ny vatana, ary ny tics.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623224215/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy ny mety ho fanararaotana avo lenta; na dia mahalana aza ny fahafatesana mivantana vokatry ny fampiasana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot; /&gt; Mety hanimba ny zaza ny fampiasana azy mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka ary tsy soso-kevitra ny fampinonoana aorian'ny fampiasana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|website=Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)|publisher=National Library of Medicine (US)|access-date=19 November 2021|date=2006|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302145415/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin'ny fianakavian'ny fanafody amphetamine izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

Hita tamin'ny 1893 ny Methamphetamine ary novokarina voalohany tamin'ny 1919.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mack|first=Avram H.|last2=Brady|first2=Kathleen T.|last3=Frances|first3=Richard J.|last4=Miller|first4=Sheldon I.|title=Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders, Fourth Edition|date=12 May 2016|publisher=Guilford Publications|isbn=978-1-4625-2169-2|page=203|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Clinical_Textbook_of_Addictive_Disorders/88W_CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA203|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119121118/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Clinical_Textbook_of_Addictive_Disorders/88W_CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA203|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot; /&gt; Matetika indrindra no amboarina any amin'ireo toerana tsy ara-dalàna any Etazonia sy [[Atsinanana Indrindra|any amin'ny Farany Atsinanana]] izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot; /&gt; Azo atelina, sotroina, tsindrona, na setroka ho fialam-boly izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot; /&gt; Voasokajy ho akora voafehy araka ny Fizarana II izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot; /&gt; Voarara na voarara any amin'ny firenena maro ny famokarana, fizarana ary fitazonana methamphetamine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lilley|first=Linda Lane|last2=Collins|first2=Shelly Rainforth|last3=Snyder|first3=Julie S.|title=Pharmacology for Canadian Health Care Practice|date=20 January 2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-77172-022-9|page=61|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Pharmacology_for_Canadian_Health_Care_Pr/N5BbBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA61|language=en|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119121145/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Pharmacology_for_Canadian_Health_Care_Pr/N5BbBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA61|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Eoropa dia eo amin'ny 17 ka hatramin'ny 64 Euro eo ho eo ny vidin'ny grama ho an'ny famatsiana tsy ara-dalàna tamin'ny taona 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Infographic: amphetamine, methamphetamine, seizures, price, purity in the EU, 2018 {{!}} www.emcdda.europa.eu|url=https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/media-library/infographic-amphetamine-methamphetamine-seizures-price-purity-eu-2018_en|website=www.emcdda.europa.eu|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=13 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113200945/https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/media-library/infographic-amphetamine-methamphetamine-seizures-price-purity-eu-2018_en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Olona 27 tapitrisa eo ho eo no nampiasa amphetamine, ny ankamaroany dia methamphetamine, tamin'ny taona 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Drug Report 2021|date=2021|publisher=United Nations|isbn=9789211483611|url=https://www.unodc.org/res/wdr2021/field/WDR21_Booklet_4.pdf|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=3 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703163647/https://www.unodc.org/res/wdr2021/field/WDR21_Booklet_4.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aretina bipolar</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1482985|Bipolar disorder]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="12987" sha1="hxoaf96soh01q39kk4opgvmwwedceg7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Bipolar disorder
|synonym          =Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Gautam S, Jain A, Gautam M, Gautam A, Jagawat T | title = Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) in Children and Adolescents | journal = Indian Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 61 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = 294–305 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30745704 | pmc = 6345130 | doi = 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_570_18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; bipolar illness, manic depression, manic depressive disorder, manic-depressive illness,&lt;ref name=&quot;Shorter2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Edward Shorter|title=A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M49pEDoEpl0C&amp;pg=PA165|year=2005|place=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517668-1|pages=165–166|access-date=August 6, 2020|archive-date=January 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106000437/https://books.google.com/books?id=M49pEDoEpl0C&amp;pg=PA165|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; manic-depressive psychosis, circular insanity,&lt;ref name=&quot;Shorter2005&quot; /&gt; bipolar disease&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Coyle|first1=Nessa|last2=Paice|first2=Judith A. |title=Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated|isbn=9780199332342|page=623}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image            =P culture.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of depression and mania.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =Periods of [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and elevated [[mood (psychology)|mood]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2012 /&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;
|onset            =25 years old&lt;ref name=BMJ2012 /&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Environmental factor|Environmental]] and [[Genetics|genetic]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2012 /&gt;
|risks            =Family history, [[childhood abuse]], long-term [[stress (psychological)|stress]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2012 /&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[schizophrenia]], [[substance use disorder]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2012 /&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Psychotherapy]], [[medication]]s&lt;ref name=BMJ2012 /&gt;
|medication       =[[Lithium (medication)|Lithium]], [[antipsychotic]]s, [[anticonvulsant]]s&lt;ref name=BMJ2012 /&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =1–3%&lt;ref name=BMJ2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=Schmitt2014/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar''', fantatra taloha amin'ny hoe '''fahaketrahana mania''', dia fikorontanan-tsaina miavaka amin'ny vanim-potoanan'ny fahaketrahana sy ny toe-po miakatra tsy ara-dalàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=American Psychiatry Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|date=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|location=Arlington|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|pages=123–154|edition=5th}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=DSM IV Criteria for Manic Episode|url=https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/00/slides/3590s1c/tsld002.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731230148/https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/00/slides/3590s1c/tsld002.htm|archive-date=July 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha mafy na mifandray amin'ny psychosis ny fiakaran'ny toe-po, dia antsoina hoe mania izany; raha tsy dia mafy loatra kosa, dia antsoina hoe hypomania.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2012&quot; /&gt; Mandritra ny mania, ny olona iray dia mitondra tena na mahatsiaro ho mavitrika, faly, na mora tezitra tsy araka ny tokony ho izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny olona no mandray fanapahan-kevitra maimaika nefa tsy miraharaha firy ny vokany.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Matetika mihena ny filàna torimaso mandritra ny dingana mania.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Mandritra ny fotoam-pahakiviana, mety hitomany ny olona iray, hanana fomba fijery ratsy momba ny fiainana, ary tsy hifandray tsara amin'ny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2012&quot; /&gt; Avo dia avo ny mety hisian'ny famonoan-tena ; tao anatin'ny 20 taona dia 6%-n'ny olona no maty noho ny famonoan-tena, raha 30–40% kosa no nanao fandratrana tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Anderson IM, Haddad PM, Scott J|title=Bipolar disorder|journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)|date=December 27, 2012|volume=345|page=e8508|pmid=23271744|doi=10.1136/bmj.e8508}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny olana ara-pahasalamana ara-tsaina hafa, toy ny fikorontanan'ny tebiteby sy ny fikorontanan'ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina, dia matetika mifandray amin'ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2012&quot; /&gt;

Na dia mbola tsy mazava tsara aza ny antony mahatonga ny fikorontanan'ny saina, dia heverina fa samy mitana anjara toerana ny anton-javatra ara-tontolo iainana sy ny fototarazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2012&quot; /&gt; Maro ireo fototarazo, samy manana fiantraikany kely avy, no mety handray anjara amin'ny fivoaran'ny fikorontanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Goodwin|first=Guy M.|title=Bipolar disorder|journal=Medicine|volume=40|issue=11|pages=596–598|doi=10.1016/j.mpmed.2012.08.011|year=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fototarazo dia miteraka eo amin'ny 70–90% eo ho eo amin'ny mety hisian'ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Charney|first=Alexander|last2=Sklar|first2=Pamela|editor-last=Charney|editor-first=Dennis|editor2-last=Nestler|editor2-first=Eric|editor3-last=Sklar|editor3-first=Pamela|editor4-last=Buxbaum|editor4-first=Joseph|title=Charney &amp; Nestler's Neurobiology of Mental Illness|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|page=162|edition=5th|chapter=Genetics of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder|isbn=9780190681425|access-date=March 15, 2022|archive-date=November 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111023147/https://books.google.com/books?id=y8M9DwAAQBAJ&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Charney+%26+Nestler%27s+Neurobiology+of+Mental+Illness&amp;pg=PA162|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bobo2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bobo WV|title=The Diagnosis and Management of Bipolar I and II Disorders: Clinical Practice Update|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=92|issue=10|pages=1532–1551|date=October 2017|pmid=28888714|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.06.022|type=Review|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza eo amin'ny tontolo iainana ny tantaran'ny [[Herisetra mianjady amin'ny ankizy|fanararaotana zaza]] sy ny adin-tsaina maharitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2012&quot; /&gt; Voasokajy ho aretin'ny bipolar I ity aretina ity raha toa ka nisy trangan-javatra mania iray farafahakeliny, miaraka na tsy misy trangan-javatra fahaketrahana, ary ho aretin'ny bipolar II raha toa ka nisy trangan-javatra hypomania iray farafahakeliny (saingy tsy misy trangan-javatra mania feno) sy trangan-javatra fahaketrahana lehibe iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Raha vokatry ny zava-mahadomelina na olana ara-pahasalamana ireo soritr'aretina ireo dia tsy voamarina fa aretina bipolar izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Ny toe-javatra hafa izay mifanindry ny soritr'aretina amin'ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar dia ahitana [[Aretin'ny tsy fahampian'ny fifantohana sy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra|ny fikorontanan'ny fifantohana tafahoatra]], ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, ny skizofrenia, ary ny fikorontanan'ny fampiasana zava-mahadomelina ary koa ny toe-pahasalamana maro hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2012&quot; /&gt; Tsy ilaina ny fitiliana ara-pitsaboana mba hahafantarana ny aretina, na dia afaka manilika olana hafa aza ny fitiliana ra na ny fitiliana sary ara-pitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Test&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bipolar Disorder|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml#part_145405|last=NIMH|publisher=National Institutes of Health|date=April 2016|access-date=August 13, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727230418/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml#part_145405|archive-date=July 27, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ireo fanafody mampitony ny toe-po —lithium sy ireo fanafody sasany mampitony ny fikorontanan-tsaina toy ny valproate sy carbamazepine —no fototra iorenan'ny fisorohana maharitra ny fihemorana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot; /&gt; Omena mandritra ny vanim-potoanan'ny mania tampoka ny fanafody antipsikotika, ary koa amin'ny tranga izay tsy leferina na tsy mahomby ny fanafody mampitony ny toe-po, na rehefa tsy zatra ny zava-drehetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot; /&gt; Misy porofo sasany fa manatsara ny fizotran'ity aretina ity ny fitsaboana ara-tsaina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Goodwin GM, Haddad PM, Ferrier IN, Aronson JK, Barnes T, Cipriani A, Coghill DR, Fazel S, Geddes JR, Grunze H, Holmes EA, Howes O, Hudson S, Hunt N, Jones I, Macmillan IC, McAllister-Williams H, Miklowitz DR, Morriss R, Munafò M, Paton C, Saharkian BJ, Saunders K, Sinclair J, Taylor D, Vieta E, Young AH|title=Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: Revised third edition recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology|journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology|volume=30|issue=6|pages=495–553|date=June 2016|pmid=26979387|pmc=4922419|doi=10.1177/0269881116636545|quote=Currently, medication remains the key to successful practice for most patients in the long term. ... At present the preferred strategy is for continuous rather than intermittent treatment with oral medicines to prevent new mood episodes.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mampiady hevitra ny fampiasana fanafody mampitony fahaketrahana amin'ny fotoam-pahaketrahana—mety hahomby izy ireo saingy voalaza fa miteraka vanim-potoana mania.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cheniaux E, Nardi AE|title=Evaluating the efficacy and safety of antidepressants in patients with bipolar disorder|journal=Expert Opinion on Drug Safety|volume=18|issue=10|pages=893–913|date=October 2019|pmid=31364895|doi=10.1080/14740338.2019.1651291}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, matetika sarotra ny fitsaboana ireo trangan-javatra mampalahelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E|title=Bipolar disorder|journal=Lancet|volume=387|issue=10027|pages=1561–1572|date=April 2016|pmid=26388529|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandaitra amin'ny trangan-javatra mania sy fahaketrahana tampoka ny fitsaboana amin'ny alalan'ny herinaratra (ECT), indrindra amin'ny psychosis na catatonia . {{efn|Catatonia is a syndrome characterized by profound unresponsiveness or stupor with abnormal movements in a person who is otherwise awake.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5-introduction&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| last=American Psychiatric Association| year=2013| title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders| edition=Fifth| publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing| location=Arlington, VA| pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/119 119–121]| isbn=978-0-89042-555-8| url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/119}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} &lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ny fidirana hopitaly ara-tsaina raha toa ka mampidi-doza ho an'ny tenany na ho an'ny hafa ny olona iray; indraindray ilaina ny fitsaboana tsy nahy raha toa ka mandà ny fitsaboana ilay olona voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2012&quot; /&gt;

Mitranga amin'ny 1% eo ho eo amin'ny mponina maneran-tany ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot; /&gt; Any Etazonia, tombanana ho 3% eo ho eo no voakasik'izany amin'ny fotoana iray eo amin'ny fiainany; toa mitovy ny tahan'ny vehivavy sy ny lehilahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmitt2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schmitt A, Malchow B, Hasan A, Falkai P|title=The impact of environmental factors in severe psychiatric disorders|journal=Front Neurosci|volume=8|issue=19|pages=19|date=February 2014|doi=10.3389/fnins.2014.00019|pmc=3920481|pmid=24574956}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Diflorio A, Jones I|title=Is sex important? Gender differences in bipolar disorder|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=22|issue=5|pages=437–452|date=2010|pmid=21047158|doi=10.3109/09540261.2010.514601}}&lt;/ref&gt; 25 taona no tena mahazatra indrindra amin'ny taona anombohan'ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2012&quot; /&gt; Manodidina ny ampahefatry ny olona voan'ny aretin-tsaina bipolar no manana olana ara-bola, ara-tsosialy, na ara-asa noho io aretina io.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2012&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny antony 20 lehibe mahatonga ny fahasembanana maneran-tany ny fikorontanan'ny saina ary miteraka fandaniana be ho an'ny fiaraha-monina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferrari2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ferrari|first=AJ|last2=Stockings|first2=E|last3=Khoo|first3=JP|last4=Erskine|first4=HE|last5=Degenhardt|first5=L|last6=Vos|first6=T|last7=Whiteford|first7=HA|title=The prevalence and burden of bipolar disorder: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Bipolar Disorders|date=August 2016|volume=18|issue=5|pages=440–50|doi=10.1111/bdi.12423|pmid=27566286|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Noho ny safidy fomba fiaina sy ny voka-dratsin'ny fanafody, ny mety ho fahafatesana vokatry ny antony voajanahary toy ny aretim-po amin'ny olona voan'ny bipolar dia avo roa heny noho ny an'ny mponina amin'ny ankapobeny.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2012&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ketamine</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1465881|Ketamine]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="20976" sha1="0uwyj1rk7r43xnxo580jveh6g1096wo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =477168837
|image            =Ketamine2DCSD.svg
|width            =150px
|alt              =
|image2           =S-ketamine-from-HCl-xtal-3D-balls.png
|width2           =175px
|alt2             =(''S'')-Ketamine ball-and-stick model
|caption          =&lt;!--
|type             =

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        =
|tradename        =Ketalar, others
|synonyms         =CI-581; CL-369; CM-52372-2&lt;ref name=&quot;MortonHall2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Morton IK, Hall JM |title=Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsjrCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA159 |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-4439-1 |pages=159– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411144623/https://books.google.com/books?id=tsjrCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA159 |archive-date=11 April 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|IUPAC_name       =(''RS'')-2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[NMDA receptor antagonists]]; [[General anaesthetic|General anesthetics]]; [[Dissociative|Dissociative hallucinogen]]s; [[Analgesic]]s; [[Antidepressant]]s
|uses             =&lt;!-- primary uses --&gt;
|side_effects     =&lt;!-- common side effects and notable side effects --&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =B3
|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Ketamine (Ketalar) Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=22 November 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ketamine.html | access-date=18 May 2020 | archive-date=26 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626125239/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ketamine.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pregnancy_US     =N
|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;
|pregnancy_category=
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=Any&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bell RF, Eccleston C, Kalso EA | title = Ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | pages = CD003351 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28657160 | pmc = 6481583 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003351.pub3 | url = http://opus.bath.ac.uk/57535/1/Published_Version.pdf | access-date = 2020-08-09 | archive-date = 2024-01-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240112122726/http://opus.bath.ac.uk/57535/1/Published_Version.pdf | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Moyse DW, Kaye AD, Diaz JH, Qadri MY, Lindsay D, Pyati S | title = Perioperative Ketamine Administration for Thoracotomy Pain | journal = Pain Physician | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 173–184 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28339431 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first1 = Sanjay J. | last1 = Mathew | first2 = Carlos A. | last2 = Zarate Jr  |title=Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: The First Decade of Progress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDOgDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA22 |date=25 November 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-42925-0 |pages=8–10, 14–22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=QDOgDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA22 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MD&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ketamine Hydrochloride: Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|date=9 January 2017|access-date=24 August 2017|editor=Brayfield, A|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|website=MedicinesComplete|url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/ms-3114-h.htm|location=London, UK|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134205/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/themes/mc-marketing/assets/images/favicons-tiles/favicon.ico|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|onset            =* Intravenous: seconds&lt;ref name=sinner&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Sinner B, Graf BM |chapter= Ketamine |title= Modern Anesthetics | veditors = Schüttler J, Schwilden H |series= Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology |year= 2008 |volume= 182 |issue= 182 |pages= 313–33 |isbn= 978-3-540-72813-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_15 |pmid=18175098}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Intramuscular: 1–5 min&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Quibell2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Quibell R, Prommer EE, Mihalyo M, Twycross R, Wilcock A | title = Ketamine* | journal = Journal of Pain and Symptom Management | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 640–9 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21419322 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.01.001 | url = http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924%2811%2900046-7/fulltext | type = Therapeutic Review | doi-access = free | access-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-date = 16 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180916035324/https://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924%2811%2900046-7/fulltext | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Subcutaneous: 15–30 min&lt;ref name=&quot;Quibell2011&quot; /&gt;
* Insufflation: 5–10 min&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;
* By mouth: 15–30 min&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Quibell2011&quot; /&gt;
|duration_of_action=* Intramuscular: 0.5–2 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Quibell2011&quot; /&gt;
* Insufflation: 45–60 min&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;
* By mouth: 1–6+ hours&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Quibell2011&quot; /&gt;
|defined_daily_dose=Not established&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N01AX03 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029104027/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N01AX03 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =
|addiction_liability=Low–moderate&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-PCP and ketamine&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY |title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience |year=2009 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-148127-4 | pages=374–375 |edition=2nd |chapter=Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders |quote=Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) and ketamine (also known as special K) are structurally related drugs... their reinforcing properties and risks related to compulsive abuse}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--Start widen drugbox--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;!--End widen drugbox--&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|ketamine-hydrochloride}}
|MedlinePlus      =

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S8
|legal_CA         =Schedule I
|legal_UN         =Unscheduled
|legal_UK         =Class B
|legal_US         =Schedule III
|legal_status     =Rx-only
|DailyMedID       =Ketamine
|licence_US       =Ketamine
|licence_EU       =

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =* [[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]]: 100%&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot; /&gt;
* [[Intramuscular injection|Intramuscular]]: 93%&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot; /&gt;
* [[Subcutaneous administration|Subcutaneous]]: high&lt;ref name=&quot;Mao2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Jianren Mao |title=Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VrvBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA127 |date=19 April 2016 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-8900-4 |pages=127– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=_VrvBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA127 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Epidural administration|Epidural]]: 77%&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintz2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Pascal Kintz |title=Toxicological Aspects of Drug-Facilitated Crimes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgnUAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA87 |date=22 March 2014 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-416969-2 |pages=87– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgnUAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA87 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Nasal administration|Intranasal]]: 8–50%&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid29736744&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Molero P, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Martin-Santos R, Calvo-Sánchez E, Gutiérrez-Rojas L, Meana JJ | title = Antidepressant Efficacy and Tolerability of Ketamine and Esketamine: A Critical Review | journal = CNS Drugs | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 411–420 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29736744 | doi = 10.1007/s40263-018-0519-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;
* [[Sublingual administration|Sublingual]]: 24–30%&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hashimoto2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hashimoto K | title = Rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine, its metabolites and other candidates: A historical overview and future perspective | journal = Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | volume = 73 | issue = 10 | pages = 613–627 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31215725 | pmc = 6851782 | doi = 10.1111/pcn.12902 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Rectal administration|Rectal]]: 11–30%&lt;ref name=&quot;Nemeroff2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first1 = Alan F. | last1 = Schatzberg | first2 = Charles B. | last2 = Nemeroff  |title=The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology, Fifth Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfHEDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA550 |year=2017 |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub |isbn=978-1-58562-523-9 |pages=550– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=KfHEDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA550 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2018 /&gt;
* [[Oral administration|By mouth]]: 16–29%&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintz2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DickmanSchneider2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first1 = Andrew | last1 = Dickman | first2 = Jennifer | last2 = Schneider  |title=The Syringe Driver: Continuous Subcutaneous Infusions in Palliative Care |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbUSDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA114 |date=22 September 2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-873372-0 |pages=114– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=jbUSDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA114 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2018 /&gt;
|protein_bound    =12–47% (low)&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintz2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DowdJohnson2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Frank J.|last1=Dowd|first2=Bart|last2=Johnson|first3=Angelo|last3=Mariotti|title=Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry – E-Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xT7DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA235|date=3 September 2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-44595-5|pages=235–|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185945/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xT7DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA235|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|metabolism       =[[Liver]] ([[demethylation|''N''-demethylation]]):&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hijazi Y, Boulieu R | title = Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes | journal = Drug Metabolism and Disposition | volume = 30 | issue = 7 | pages = 853–8 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12065445 | doi = 10.1124/dmd.30.7.853 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/935c35b819e091b777788d99379fbb33bcc9e24f | access-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-date = 28 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134155/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Contribution-of-CYP3A4%2C-CYP2B6%2C-and-CYP2C9-isoforms-Hijazi-Boulieu/935c35b819e091b777788d99379fbb33bcc9e24f | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Major: [[CYP3A4]]
* Minor: [[CYP2B6]], [[CYP2C9]]
|metabolites      =* [[Norketamine]]
* [[Dehydronorketamine]]
* [[Hydroxynorketamine]]
* [[Bioconjugation|Conjugates]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Levine2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Barry Levine |title=Principles of Forensic Toxicology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7BInEQ-iqgC&amp;pg=PA282 |year=2003 |publisher=[[American Association for Clinical Chemistry]] |isbn=978-1-890883-87-4 |pages=282– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=k7BInEQ-iqgC&amp;pg=PA282 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|elimination_half-life=* Ketamine: 2.5–3 hours&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot; /&gt;
* Norketamine: 12 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Quibell2011&quot; /&gt;
|excretion        =* [[Urine]]: 91%&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot; /&gt;
* [[Feces]]: 1–3%&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =13
|Cl               =1
|H                =16
|N                =1
|O                =1
|SMILES           =Clc1ccccc1C2(NC)CCCCC2=O
|StdInChI         =1S/C13H16ClNO/c1-15-13(9-5-4-8-12(13)16)10-6-2-3-7-11(10)14/h2-3,6-7,15H,4-5,8-9H2,1H3
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|molecular_weight =237.725
|chirality        =[[Racemic mixture]]:&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;
* [[Esketamine]] (''S''(+)-isomer)
* [[Arketamine]] (''R''(−)-isomer)
|melting_point    =258
|melting_high     =261
&lt;!--Empty--&gt;
|urine            =2 weeks&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT) |url=https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025202836/https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|drug_name        =Ketamine
}}[[Fanafody]] ampiasaina indrindra hanombohana sy hihazonana ny fanatoranana '''ny ketamine'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;KetPres2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ketamine Injection|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/ketamine-injection.html|website=[[Drugs.com]]|access-date=1 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210181630/http://www.drugs.com/pro/ketamine-injection.html|archive-date=10 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahatonga toe-javatra toy ny hoe tsy mahatsiaro tena izy io sady manome fanamaivanana ny fanaintainana, fampitoniana ary fahaverezan'ny fitadidiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;GreenRoback2011&quot; /&gt; Ny fampiasana hafa dia ahitana ny fampitoniana amin'ny fitsaboana mafy sy ny fitsaboana ny fanaintainana sy ny fahaketrahana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zgaia AO, Irimie A, Sandesc D, Vlad C, Lisencu C, Rogobete A, Achimas-Cadariu P|title=The role of ketamine in the treatment of chronic cancer pain|journal=Clujul Medical|volume=88|issue=4|pages=457–61|date=2015|pmid=26733743|pmc=4689236|doi=10.15386/cjmed-500}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zapantis A, Leung S|title=Tolerance and withdrawal issues with sedation|journal=Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America|volume=17|issue=3|pages=211–23|date=September 2005|pmid=16115529|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2005.04.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zhang2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zhang K, Hashimoto K|title=An update on ketamine and its two enantiomers as rapid-acting antidepressants|journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics|volume=19|issue=1|pages=83–92|date=January 2019|pmid=30513009|doi=10.1080/14737175.2019.1554434}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kraus C, Rabl U, Vanicek T, Carlberg L, Popovic A, Spies M, Bartova L, Gryglewski G, Papageorgiou K, Lanzenberger R, Willeit M, Winkler D, Rybakowski JK, Kasper S|display-authors=6|title=Administration of ketamine for unipolar and bipolar depression|journal=International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice|volume=21|issue=1|pages=2–12|date=March 2017|pmid=28097909|doi=10.1080/13651501.2016.1254802}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RD9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Hendersen G, Loke YK, MacEwan D, Rang HP|title=Rang and Dale's Pharmacology|date=2018|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780702074462|page=560|edition=Ninth}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola miasa tsara ny fiasan'ny fo, ny fifohana rivotra, ary ny fiasan'ny lalan-drivotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;GreenRoback2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM, Krauss B|title=Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update|journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine|volume=57|issue=5|pages=449–61|date=May 2011|pmid=21256625|doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.11.030}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika dia manomboka ao anatin'ny dimy minitra ny vokany rehefa omena amin'ny alalan'ny tsindrona, ary maharitra hatramin'ny 25 minitra eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;KetPres2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mary2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ketamine – CESAR|url=http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ketamine.asp|website=Center for Substance Abuse Research|publisher=[[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]]|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080924/http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ketamine.asp|archive-date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fikorontanan-tsaina, ny fisafotofotoana, na ny fahitana zavatra tsy misy dikany rehefa mihena ny fanafody.&lt;ref name=&quot;KetPres2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;StrayerNelson2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Strayer RJ, Nelson LS|title=Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults|journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=26|issue=9|pages=985–1028|date=November 2008|pmid=19091264|doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2007.12.005|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0026626/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185727/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0026626/|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KetSide2014&quot; /&gt; Fahita matetika [[Tosi-dra|ny fiakaran'ny tosidrà]] sy ny hovitrovitra eo amin'ny hozatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;KetPres2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KetSide2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ketamine Side Effects|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/ketamine-side-effects.html|website=drugs.com|access-date=1 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210173330/http://www.drugs.com/sfx/ketamine-side-effects.html|archive-date=10 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety tsy fahita firy ny fihenjanana eo amin'ny larynx.&lt;ref name=&quot;KetPres2013&quot; /&gt; Mifanohitra amin'ny mpandray NMDA ny Ketamine, saingy mety manana fiantraikany hafa koa izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACS2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tyler MW, Yourish HB, Ionescu DF, Haggarty SJ|title=Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Ketamine|journal=ACS Chemical Neuroscience|volume=8|issue=6|pages=1122–1134|date=June 2017|pmid=28418641|doi=10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00074}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hita tamin'ny 1962 ny Ketamine, nosedraina voalohany tamin'ny olombelona tamin'ny 1964, ary nekena hampiasaina tany Etazonia tamin'ny 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mary2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Domino2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Domino EF|title=Taming the ketamine tiger. 1965|journal=Anesthesiology|volume=113|issue=3|pages=678–84|date=September 2010|pmid=20693870|doi=10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181ed09a2|url=https://zenodo.org/record/896636|doi-access=free|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134221/https://zenodo.org/record/896636/preview/article.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasaina betsaka tamin'ny fandidiana fanatoranana nandritra ny [[Ady tany Vietnamy|Adin'i Vietnam]] izy io noho ny fiarovana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Domino2010&quot; /&gt; Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;KetPres2013&quot; /&gt; Eo anelanelan'ny US$0.84 sy US$3.22 isaky ny tavoahangy ny vidin'ny ambongadiny any amin'ireo [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ketamine|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=454&amp;searchYear=2014|access-date=12 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823163821/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=454&amp;searchYear=2014|archive-date=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ampiasaina ho zava-mahadomelina fialamboly ihany koa ny ketamine noho ny fiantraikany ratsy ateraky ny hallucinogenika sy ny dissociative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Morgan CJ, Curran HV|title=Ketamine use: a review|journal=Addiction|volume=107|issue=1|pages=27–38|date=January 2012|pmid=21777321|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bbfba0ebcd72ce21fd1ee3e3813bca775eebaf62|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134156/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ketamine-use%3A-a-review.-Morgan-Curran/bbfba0ebcd72ce21fd1ee3e3813bca775eebaf62|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>0uwyj1rk7r43xnxo580jveh6g1096wo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aretin'i Graves</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298921</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134564</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:25:12Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1475497|Graves' disease]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="7031" sha1="evoj0hk6n1xztt9o0w4edv64dx6tll6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Graves' disease
|synonym          =Toxic diffuse goiter, &lt;br&gt;Flajani–Basedow–Graves disease
|image            =Proptosis and lid retraction from Graves' Disease.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =The classic finding of [[exophthalmos]] and lid retraction in Graves' disease
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Endocrinology]]
|symptoms         =[[goitre|Enlarged thyroid]], irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems, [[tachycardia|fast heartbeat]], weight loss, poor tolerance of heat&lt;ref name=NIH2012/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =Unknown&lt;ref name=Men2014/&gt;
|risks            =Family history, other [[autoimmune disease]]s&lt;ref name=NIH2012/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Blood tests, [[radioiodine]] uptake&lt;ref name=NIH2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2008/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Iodine-131|Radioiodine therapy]], medications, thyroid surgery&lt;ref name=NIH2012/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =0.5% (males), 3% (females)&lt;ref name=Hen2015/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny aretin'i Graves''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''goiter diffuse misy poizina''', dia aretina autoimmune izay misy fiantraikany amin'ny tiroida.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika izy io no miteraka ary io no antony mahazatra indrindra mahatonga ny hyperthyroidism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hen2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Burch HB, Cooper DS|title=Management of Graves Disease: A Review|journal=JAMA|volume=314|issue=23|pages=2544–54|date=December 2015|pmid=26670972|doi=10.1001/jama.2015.16535}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika koa izany no miteraka [[Gaotra|fitomboan'ny tiroida]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Ny soritr'aretin'ny hyperthyroidism dia mety ahitana ny fahasosorana, ny fahalemen'ny hozatra, ny olana amin'ny torimaso, ny fitempon'ny fo haingana, ny tsy fahazakana hafanana, ny aretim-pivalanana ary ny fihenan-danja tsy nahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Ny soritr'aretina hafa dia mety ahitana ny hatevin'ny hoditra eo amin'ny kitrokely, fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe pretibial myxedema, ary ny fivontosan'ny maso, fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe Graves' ophthalmopathy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Eo amin'ny 25 ka hatramin'ny 80% eo ho eo amin'ny olona voan'io aretina io no manana olana amin'ny maso.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Graves' Disease|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/graves-disease/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|website=www.niddk.nih.gov|access-date=2015-04-02|date=August 10, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402223830/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/graves-disease/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Brent GA|title=Clinical practice. Graves' disease|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=358|issue=24|pages=2594–605|date=June 2008|pmid=18550875|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0801880}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy mazava ny antony marina; na izany aza, inoana fa misy ifandraisany amin'ny fitambaran'ny anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra sy ara-tontolo iainana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Men2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Menconi F, Marcocci C, Marinò M|title=Diagnosis and classification of Graves' disease|journal=Autoimmunity Reviews|volume=13|issue=4–5|pages=398–402|date=2014|pmid=24424182|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo inoana kokoa fa ho voan'io aretina io ny olona iray raha manana mpianakaviny voan'io aretina io izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Raha voan'ny aretina [[Kambana|ny kambana]] iray, dia mety ho voan'ny aretina koa ny kambana iray hafa, 30%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nikiforov|first=Yuri E.|last2=Biddinger|first2=Paul W.|last3=Nikiforova|first3=Lester D.R.|last4=Biddinger|first4=Paul W.|title=Diagnostic pathology and molecular genetics of the thyroid|date=2012|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781451114553|page=69|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jX1h00B4QJoC&amp;pg=PA69|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908171950/https://books.google.com/books?id=jX1h00B4QJoC&amp;pg=PA69|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho vokatry ny adin-tsaina ara-batana na ara-pihetseham-po, aretina na fiterahana ny fiandohan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2008&quot; /&gt; Ireo manana aretina autoimmune hafa, toy ny diabeta karazany 1 sy ny rheumatoid arthritis, no mety ho voan'izany kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Mampitombo ny mety hisian'ny aretina ny fifohana sigara ary mety hampitombo ny olana amin'ny maso.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Ny aretina dia vokatry ny antibody antsoina hoe immunoglobulin mampirisika ny tiroida (TSI), izay manana fiantraikany mitovy amin'ny hormonina mampirisika ny tiroida (TSH).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Ireo antikôra TSI ireo dia mahatonga ny fihary tiroida hamokatra hormonina tiroida be loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ahiahiana ny aretina mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina ary azo hamarinina amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana ra sy ny fidiran'ny radioiodine.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2008&quot; /&gt; Matetika, ny fitiliana ra dia mampiseho fiakaran'ny &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwgA&quot;&gt;T3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; sy &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwgg&quot;&gt;T4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, TSH ambany, fitomboan'ny fidiran'ny radioiodine amin'ny faritra rehetra amin'ny tiroida ary ny antibody TSI.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2008&quot; /&gt;

Ny safidy fitsaboana telo dia ny fitsaboana amin'ny radioiodine, ny fanafody, ary ny fandidiana tiroida.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Ny fitsaboana amin'ny alalan'ny radioiodine dia ny fihinanana iodine-131 am-bava, izay avy eo dia mifantoka ao amin'ny tiroida ary manimba azy mandritra ny herinandro na volana maromaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Ny hypothyroidism vokatr'izany dia tsaboina amin'ny hormonina tiroida sentetika.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hifehy ny sasany amin'ireo soritr'aretina ny fanafody toy ny beta blockers, ary mety hanampy vetivety ny olona ny fanafody antithyroid toy ny methimazole raha mbola misy vokany ny fitsaboana hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Safidy iray hafa ny fandidiana hanesorana ny tiroida.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Mety mitaky fitsaboana fanampiny ny olana amin'ny maso.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt;

Ny aretin'i Graves dia hivoatra amin'ny 0.5% eo ho eo amin'ny lehilahy ary 3% amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hen2015&quot; /&gt; Mitranga in-7.5 eo ho eo matetika kokoa amin'ny vehivavy noho ny amin'ny lehilahy izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika, manomboka eo anelanelan'ny 40 sy 60 taona izy io saingy mety hanomboka amin'ny sokajin-taona rehetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot; /&gt; Io no antony mahazatra indrindra mahatonga ny hyperthyroidism any Etazonia (eo amin'ny 50 ka hatramin'ny 80% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2008&quot; /&gt; Nomena anarana avy amin'ilay mpandidy Irlandey Robert Graves ilay aretina, izay nilazalaza azy tamin'ny 1835.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot; /&gt; Misy ihany koa ny famaritana maromaro teo aloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>evoj0hk6n1xztt9o0w4edv64dx6tll6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sinestesia</title>
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        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1487435|Synesthesia]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="7891" sha1="n71w3e3dhku926qqmi3rymht883xk5g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Synesthesia
|synonym          =Synaesthesia&lt;ref name=Ward2013/&gt;
|image            =Synesthesia.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Synæsthesia, synaesthesia
|caption          =Some of those affected perceive certain letters and numbers as also colors.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]], [[neurology]]
|symptoms         =Experiencing one [[perception|sensation]] as an additional sensation&lt;ref name=Ward2013/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =Unclear&lt;ref name=Kell2015/&gt;
|risks            =[[Family history]], [[sensory loss]], [[lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]]&lt;ref name=Ward2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Illusion]], [[hallucination]]&lt;ref name=Ward2013/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =~4% of people&lt;ref name=Bra2011/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny sinestesia''' dia tranga iray izay ny fientanentanana ny lalan'ny fahatsapana na ny saina iray dia mitarika traikefa tsy nahy amin'ny lalan'ny fahatsapana na ny saina hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ward|first=J|title=Synesthesia.|journal=Annual review of psychology|date=2013|volume=64|pages=49-75|doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143840|pmid=22747246}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bra2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brang|first=D|last2=Ramachandran|first2=VS|title=Survival of the synesthesia gene: why do people hear colors and taste words?|journal=PLoS biology|date=November 2011|volume=9|issue=11|pages=e1001205|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001205|pmid=22131906}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fanentanana mahazatra indrindra dia litera, isa, na teny; ary ny traikefa mahazatra indrindra dia loko na endrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Ny karazany hafa dia mety mahakasika andro, mozika, tsiro, na olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Mety manana karazany mihoatra ny iray ny olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt;

Tsy mazava ny antony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kell2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kelly|first=Evelyn B.|title=The 101 Most Unusual Diseases and Disorders|date=23 November 2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-676-0|page=269|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_101_Most_Unusual_Diseases_and_Disord/oF_lCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Synesthesia+cause+unknown&amp;pg=PA269|language=en|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000411/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_101_Most_Unusual_Diseases_and_Disord/oF_lCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Synesthesia+cause+unknown&amp;pg=PA269|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hipoitra aloha kokoa eo amin'ny fiainana ny tranga na azo avy amin'ny trangan-javatra iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza [[Tetiarana|ny tantaram-pianakaviana]], ny fahaverezan'ny fahatsapana toy ny fahajambana, ary ny akora toy ny lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Eo amin'ny 40% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga no misy havana akaiky voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bra2011&quot; /&gt; Ny mekanisma fototra dia mety ahitana ny fihenan'ny fanakanana ny neurona na ny fihenan'ny fanapahana ny fifandraisan'ny nerveo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cavallaro|first=Dani|title=Synesthesia and the Arts|date=2 October 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7563-6|page=22|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia_and_the_Arts/kZPqAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA22|language=en|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000411/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia_and_the_Arts/kZPqAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA22|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola misy adihevitra mitohy momba ny fomba tsara indrindra hamaritana ny toe-javatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Def2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Simner J|title=Defining synaesthesia|journal=British Journal of Psychology|volume=103|issue=1|pages=1–15|date=February 2012|pmid=22229768|doi=10.1348/000712610X528305|url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/12435588/Defining_synaesthesia.pdf|type=Review|access-date=17 July 2022|archive-date=9 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709165250/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/12435588/Defining_synaesthesia.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eo anelanelan'ny 2% sy 20%-n'ny olona no voakasik'izany amin'ny ambaratonga sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Toa mitovy ny fatran'ny aretina amin'ny lahy sy ny vavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka tombontsoa amin'ny fikirakirana ara-tsaina toy ny fahaiza-mamorona ity toe-javatra ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bra2011&quot; /&gt; Ny sasany nampiasa azy io mba hanampiana amin'ny fitadidiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bra2011&quot; /&gt;

Ny tranga voarakitra voalohany indrindra dia mety ho tamin'ny taona 1690 nataon'ny filozofa [[John Locke]], izay nilazalaza lehilahy jamba iray izay nahatsapa ny loko mena midorehitra rehefa nandre ny feon'ny [[trompetra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cav2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cavallaro|first=Dani|title=Synesthesia and the Arts|date=2 October 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7563-6|page=53|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia_and_the_Arts/kZPqAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA53|language=en|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000411/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia_and_the_Arts/kZPqAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA53|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, misy ny miady hevitra raha toa ka tena ohatra amin'ilay toe-javatra sa fanoharana fotsiny ilay nolazain'i Locke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jew2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jewanski J, Day SA, Ward J|title=A colorful albino: the first documented case of synaesthesia, by Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs in 1812|journal=Journal of the History of the Neurosciences|volume=18|issue=3|pages=293–303|date=July 2009|pmid=20183209|doi=10.1080/09647040802431946|s2cid=8641750}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tantara ara-pitsaboana voalohany dia nolazaina fa nosoratan'i Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs, dokotera alemà, tamin'ny 1812.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jew2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brit2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/synesthesia|title=Synesthesia|date=2018-12-28|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=2019-01-25|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729165118/https://www.britannica.com/science/synesthesia|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SA2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=From the words of an albino, a brilliant blend of color|date=2013-02-26|journal=Scientific American Blog Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Avy amin'ny [[Fiteny grika taloha|teny grika fahiny]] {{Lang|grc|[[wikt:σύν|σύν]]}} ny teny {{Lang|grc-Latn|syn}}, midika hoe &quot;miaraka&quot;, ary {{Lang|grc|[[wikt:αἴσθησις|αἴσθησις]]}} {{Lang|grc-Latn|aisthēsis}}, midika hoe &quot; [[wikt:sensation|fahatsapana]] &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robertson|first=Lynn C.|last2=Robertson|first2=Lynn C.|last3=Sagiv|first3=Noam|last4=Sagiv|first4=Research Fellow Noam|title=Synesthesia: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-516623-1|page=3|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia/GL8TDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA3|language=en|access-date=2022-07-25|archive-date=2022-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000411/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia/GL8TDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo izay efa ela niaina izany dia fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe '''synesthetes'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Camp2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=van Campen C|date=2009|title=The Hidden Sense: On Becoming Aware of Synesthesia|journal=Teccogs|volume=1|pages=1–13|url=http://www.pucsp.br/pos/tidd/teccogs/artigos/pdf/teccogs_edicao1_2009_artigo_CAMPEN.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708013028/http://www.pucsp.br/pos/tidd/teccogs/artigos/pdf/teccogs_edicao1_2009_artigo_CAMPEN.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Embolisma amin'ny havokavoka</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1495428|Pulmonary embolism]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="8113" sha1="cxcmncmdhkzqyoq0ub3xzsimvjkofbi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Pulmonary embolism
|synonym          =
|image            =SaddlePE.PNG
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Chest spiral [[CT scan]] with [[radiocontrast]] agent showing multiple filling defects both at the bifurcation (&quot;saddle&quot; pulmonary embolism) and in the [[pulmonary artery|pulmonary arteries]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Hematology]], [[cardiology]], [[pulmonology]]
|symptoms         =[[dyspnea|Shortness of breath]], [[chest pain]], coughing up blood&lt;ref name=NIH2011Sym/&gt;
|onset            =Advanced age&lt;ref name=NIH2011Risk/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Cancer]], prolonged [[bed rest]], [[smoking]], [[stroke]], certain [[genetics|genetic]] conditions, [[hormone replacement therapy|estrogen-based medication]], [[pregnancy]], [[obesity]], after surgery&lt;ref name=NIH2011Risk/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, [[D-dimer]], [[CT pulmonary angiography]], [[lung ventilation/perfusion scan]]&lt;ref name=NIH2011Diag/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Anticoagulant]]s ([[heparin]], [[warfarin]], [[DOACs]])&lt;ref name=Chest2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, Blaivas A, Jimenez D, Bounameaux H, Huisman M, King CS, Morris TA, Sood N, Stevens SM, Vintch JR, Wells P, Woller SC, Moores L | display-authors = 6 | title = Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report | journal = Chest | volume = 149 | issue = 2 | pages = 315–352 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26867832 | doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =~450,000 per year (USA), 430,000 (Europe)&lt;ref name=NIH2011What/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Epi2005&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ras2014/&gt;
|deaths           =50,000–200,000 per year (USA)&lt;ref name=Epi2005/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Robbins Pathology&quot;/&gt;
}}
'''Ny embolisma amin'ny havokavoka''' ( '''PE''' ) dia sakana amin'ny lalan-drà ao amin'ny havokavoka vokatry ny zavatra iray izay nifindra avy any an-kafa ao amin'ny vatana amin'ny alalan'ny lalan-drà ( embolisma ).  Ny soritr'aretin'ny PE dia mety ahitana ny fahasemporana, ny fanaintainan'ny tratra indrindra rehefa mifoka rivotra, ary ny kohaka misy ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Sym&quot; /&gt; Mety hisy ihany koa ny soritr'aretin'ny fivontosan'ny ra ao amin'ny tongotra, toy ny mena, mafana, mivonto ary maharary ny tongotra.  Anisan'ny famantarana ny PE ny haavon'ny oksizenina ambany ao amin'ny ra, ny fifohana rivotra haingana, ny fitempon'ny fo haingana, ary indraindray ny tazo malefaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tint2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tintinalli|first=Judith E.|title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies|location=New York|year=2010|pages=432|edition=7|isbn=978-0-07-148480-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga mafy dia mety hiteraka fahatoranana, tosidra ambany tsy ara-dalàna, ary fahafatesana tampoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldhaber&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldhaber SZ|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|edition=16th|year=2005|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-07-139140-5|pages=1561–65|chapter=Pulmonary thromboembolism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika ny PE dia vokatry ny fivontosan'ny ra ao amin'ny tongotra izay mandeha mankany amin'ny havokavoka.  Mitombo ny mety hisian'ny fivontosan'ny ra noho ny homamiadana, ny fialana sasatra ela eo am-pandriana, ny fifohana sigara, ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, ny aretina fototarazo sasany, ny fanafody mifototra amin'ny estrogen, [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]], ny hatavezana, ary aorian'ny karazana fandidiana sasany.  Ny ampahany kely amin'ny tranga dia vokatry ny embolization amin'ny rivotra, tavy, na ranon-javatra amniotique.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pantaleo G, Luigi N, Federica T, Paola S, Margherita N, Tahir M|title=Amniotic fluid embolism: review|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology|volume=14|issue=14|pages=1163–7|date=2014|pmid=24804726|doi=10.2174/1389201015666140430161404}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretina miaraka amin'ny valin'ny fitiliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Diag&quot; /&gt; Raha ambany ny risika, ny fitiliana ra fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe D-dimer dia mety hanaporofo fa tsy marina io aretina io.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Diag&quot; /&gt; Raha tsy izany, ny angiografia CT pulmonary, ny fitiliana ventilation/perfusion lung, na ny ultrasound amin'ny tongotra dia mety hanamarina ny aretina.  Ny thrombosis lalan-dra lalina sy ny PE dia fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe venous thromboembolism (VTE). 

Ny ezaka atao hisorohana ny PE dia ahitana ny fanombohana mihetsika haingana araka izay azo atao aorian'ny fandidiana, ny fanazaran-tena amin'ny tongotra ambany mandritra ny fotoana fipetrahana, ary ny fampiasana fanafody manalefaka ny ra aorian'ny karazana fandidiana sasany.  Ny fitsaboana dia amin'ny alalan'ny fanafody manakana ny fikorianan'ny ra toy ny heparin, warfarin na iray amin'ireo fanafody manakana ny fikorianan'ny ra (DOAC) miasa mivantana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chest2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal| vauthors = Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, Blaivas A, Jimenez D, Bounameaux H, Huisman M, King CS, Morris TA, Sood N, Stevens SM, Vintch JR, Wells P, Woller SC, Moores L | display-authors = 6 | title = Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report | journal = Chest | volume = 149 | issue = 2 | pages = 315–352 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26867832 | doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo dia atolotra mandritra ny telo volana farafahakeliny.  Mety mitaky fandidiana trombolysis amin'ny alalan'ny fanafody toy ny tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) omena amin'ny alalan'ny lalan-drà na amin'ny alalan'ny catheter ny tranga mafy, ary ny sasany mety mitaky fandidiana ( thrombectomy pulmonary ).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Tx&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Or2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ortel|first=Thomas L.|last2=Neumann|first2=Ignacio|last3=Ageno|first3=Walter|last4=Beyth|first4=Rebecca|last5=Clark|first5=Nathan P.|last6=Cuker|first6=Adam|last7=Hutten|first7=Barbara A.|last8=Jaff|first8=Michael R.|last9=Manja|first9=Veena|last10=Schulman|first10=Sam|last11=Thurston|first11=Caitlin|last12=Vedantham|first12=Suresh|last13=Verhamme|first13=Peter|last14=Witt|first14=Daniel M.|last15=D. Florez|first15=Ivan|title=American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism|journal=Blood Advances|date=13 October 2020|volume=4|issue=19|pages=4693–4738|doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001830|access-date=22 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha tsy mety ny fanafody manalefaka ny ra, dia azo ampiasaina ny sivana vena cava vonjimaika. 

Olona 430.000 eo ho eo isan-taona no voan'ny emboli pulmonary any Eoropa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ras2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raskob GE, Angchaisuksiri P, Blanco AN, Buller H, Gallus A, Hunt BJ, Hylek EM, Kakkar A, Konstantinides SV, McCumber M, Ozaki Y, Wendelboe A, Weitz JI|display-authors=6|title=Thrombosis: a major contributor to global disease burden|journal=Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology|volume=34|issue=11|pages=2363–71|date=November 2014|pmid=25304324|doi=10.1161/atvbaha.114.304488|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia, eo anelanelan'ny 300.000 sy 600.000 ny tranga mitranga isan-taona,&lt;ref name=&quot;Epi2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rahimtoola A, Bergin JD|title=Acute pulmonary embolism: an update on diagnosis and management|journal=Current Problems in Cardiology|volume=30|issue=2|pages=61–114|date=February 2005|pmid=15650680|doi=10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2004.06.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; izay miteraka fahafatesana eo anelanelan'ny 50.000 &lt;ref name=&quot;Epi2005&quot; /&gt; sy 200.000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Robbins Pathology&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN|title=Basic Pathology|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-312-1036-9|page=98}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitovy ny tahan'ny aretina amin'ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Risk&quot; /&gt; Miha-mahazatra kokoa izy ireo rehefa mihantitra ny olona. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Lisdexamfetamine</title>
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        <id>34924</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456940|Lisdexamfetamine]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="11300" sha1="ntrg02zxmhalvzk73ylhxcn792e3b5g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Verifiedfields   =changed
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =418022579
|drug_name        =Lisdexamfetamine
|image            =Lisdexamfetamine structure.svg
|width            =200
|alt              =
|image2           =Lisdexamfetamine ball-and-stick model.png
|caption          =&lt;!--
|type             =

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        =
|tradename        =Tyvense, Elvanse, Vyvanse, others
|synonyms         =(2''S'')-2,6-Diamino-''N''-[(2''S'')-1-phenylpropan-2-yl]hexanamide&lt;br /&gt;''N''-[(2''S'')-1-Phenyl-2-propanyl]-&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-lysinamide
|IUPAC_name       =(2''S'')-2,6-Diamino-''N''-[(1''S'')-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl]hexanamide

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[Central nervous system]] (CNS) [[stimulant]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;&lt;ref name=Amp2013/&gt;
|uses             =[[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]], [[binge eating disorder]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|side_effects     =Loss of appetite, anxiety, diarrhea, [[insomnia|trouble sleeping]], irritability, nausea&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =B3
|pregnancy_US     =C
|pregnancy_category=
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=By mouth ([[Capsule (pharmacy)|capsules]])
|onset            =2&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name=&quot;Millichap: onset, peak, and duration&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author = Millichap JG |  editor = Millichap JG | title = Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD | year = 2010 | publisher = Springer | location = New York, USA | isbn = 9781441913968 | pages = 112 | edition = 2nd | chapter = Chapter 9: Medications for ADHD | quote = &lt;br /&gt;Table 9.2 Dextroamphetamine formulations of stimulant medication&lt;br /&gt;Dexedrine [Peak:2–3&amp;nbsp;h] [Duration:5–6&amp;nbsp;h]&amp;nbsp;...&lt;br /&gt;Adderall [Peak:2–3&amp;nbsp;h] [Duration:5–7&amp;nbsp;h]&lt;br /&gt;Dexedrine spansules [Peak:7–8&amp;nbsp;h] [Duration:12&amp;nbsp;h]&amp;nbsp;...&lt;br /&gt;Adderall XR [Peak:7–8&amp;nbsp;h] [Duration:12&amp;nbsp;h]&lt;br /&gt;Vyvanse [Peak:3–4&amp;nbsp;h] [Duration:12&amp;nbsp;h]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;XR onset-duration&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Brams M, Mao AR, Doyle RL | title = Onset of efficacy of long-acting psychostimulants in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | journal = Postgrad. Med. | volume = 120 | issue = 3 | pages = 69–88 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18824827 | doi = 10.3810/pgm.2008.09.1909 | quote = Onset of efficacy was earliest for d-MPH-ER at 0.5 hours, followed by d, l-MPH-LA at 1 to 2 hours, MCD at 1.5 hours, d, l-MPH-OR at 1 to 2 hours, MAS-XR at 1.5 to 2 hours, MTS at 2 hours, and LDX at approximately 2 hours.&amp;nbsp;... MAS-XR, and LDX have a long duration of action at 12 hours postdose}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|duration_of_action=10–12&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name=&quot;Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology - Lisdexamfetamine&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=Stahl SM | title=Prescriber's Guide: Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology | date=March 2017 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, United Kingdom | isbn=9781108228749 | pages=379–384 | edition=6th | chapter=Lisdexamfetamine }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Millichap: onset, peak, and duration&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;XR onset-duration&quot; /&gt;
|defined_daily_dose=30 mg&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06BA12 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308210136/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06BA12 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =
|dependency_liability=High&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology - Lisdexamfetamine&quot;/&gt;
|addiction_liability=Moderate

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|lisdexamfetamine-dimesylate}}
|MedlinePlus      =a607047

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S8
|legal_BR         =Class A3
|legal_CA         =Schedule II
|legal_DE         =Anlage III
|legal_UK         =Class B
|legal_US         =Schedule II
|legal_status     =Rx-only
|DailyMedID       =Lisdexamfetamine
|licence_US       =Lisdexamfetamine
|licence_EU       =

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =96.4%&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Public Assessment Report Decentralised Procedure | url=http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/par/documents/websiteresources/con261790.pdf | publisher=MHRA |access-date=23 August 2014 | page=14 | archive-date=31 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031205521/http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/par/documents/websiteresources/con261790.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|metabolism       =[[Hydrolysis]] by enzymes in [[red blood cell]]s initially.&lt;br /&gt;Subsequent metabolism follows [[Amphetamine#Pharmacokinetics]].
|elimination_half-life=≤1&amp;nbsp;h ([[prodrug]] molecule)&lt;br /&gt;9–11&amp;nbsp;h (dextroamphetamine)
|excretion        =Renal: ~2%

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =15
|H                =25
|N                =3
|O                =1
|SMILES           =O=C(N[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)C)[C@@H](N)CCCCN
|StdInChI         =1S/C15H25N3O/c1-12(11-13-7-3-2-4-8-13)18-15(19)14(17)9-5-6-10-16/h2-4,7-8,12,14H,5-6,9-11,16-17H2,1H3,(H,18,19)/t12-,14-/m0/s1
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =VOBHXZCDAVEXEY-JSGCOSHPSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
}}
'''Ny Lisdexamfetamina''', amidy amin'ny anarana marika '''Vyvanse''' ankoatra ny hafa, dia fanafody ampiasaina hitsaboana [[Aretin'ny tsy fahampian'ny fifantohana sy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra|ny fikorontanan'ny fifantohana sy ny fiasan'ny vatana]] (ADHD) amin'ny olona mihoatra ny dimy taona ary koa ho an'ny fikorontanan'ny fihinanana tafahoatra antonony ka hatramin'ny mafy amin'ny olon-dehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisdexamfetamine-dimesylate.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 April 2019|language=en|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608192642/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisdexamfetamine-dimesylate.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atelina ny Lisdexamfetamine.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DailyMed2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/lisdexamfetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=16 April 2019|language=en|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111171419/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/lisdexamfetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Royaume-Uni dia mazàna tsy dia tian'ny olona loatra noho ny methylphenidate.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=348–349|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mazàna dia manomboka ao anatin'ny 2 ora ny vokany ary maharitra hatramin'ny 12 ora.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny tsy fahazotoan-komana, ny tebiteby, ny aretim-pivalanana, ny olana amin'ny torimaso, ny fahasosorana ary ny maloiloy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny voka-dratsy tsy fahita firy nefa lehibe ny mania, ny fahafatesan'ny fo tampoka ho an'ireo manana olana amin'ny fo, ary ny psychosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Mety ho azo ampiasaina amin'ny fomba ratsy izy io araka ny DEA.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DailyMed2019&quot; /&gt; Mety hitranga ny aretin'ny serotoninina raha ampiasaina miaraka amin'ny fanafody sasany hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka fahavoazana ho an'ny zaza ny fampiasana azy mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] ary tsy atolotry ny mpanamboatra ny fampiasana azy mandritra ny fampinonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DailyMed2019&quot; /&gt; Ny Lisdexamfetamine dia fanafody mandrisika ny rafi-pitatitra foibe (CNS) izay miasa rehefa avy ovain'ny vatana ho dextroamphetamine.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Amp2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ|title=Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective|journal=J. Psychopharmacol.|volume=27|issue=6|pages=479–496|date=June 2013|pmid=23539642|pmc=3666194|doi=10.1177/0269881113482532}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ara-simika, ny lisdexamfetamine dia voaforon'ny asidra amine &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;small id=&quot;mwgA&quot;&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; -lysine, mifamatotra amin'ny dextroamphetamine.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17407369&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Blick SK, Keating GM|title=Lisdexamfetamine|journal=Paediatric Drugs|volume=9|issue=2|pages=129–135; discussion 136–138|date=2007|pmid=17407369|doi=10.2165/00148581-200709020-00007|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nekena ho ampiasaina ara-pitsaboana tany Etazonia tamin'ny taona 2007 ny Lisdexamfetamine.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Mitentina [[Pound sterling|£]] &lt;span&gt;58&lt;/span&gt; eo ho eo ho an'ny Sampan-draharahan'ny Fahasalamana Nasionaly Britanika ny famatsiana iray volana any Royaume-Uni {{as of|2019|lc=y|post=.}}  &lt;sup class=&quot;plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&amp;action=edit &amp;#x5B; fanavaozana &amp;#x5D;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Any Etazonia, ny vidin'ny ambongadiny amin'ity vola ity dia eo amin'ny &lt;span&gt;264&lt;/span&gt; [[United States dollar|dolara amerikana]] eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADAC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-91 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny valo tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/LisdexamfetamineDimesylate|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127230121/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/LisdexamfetamineDimesylate|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zava-mahadomelina voafehy araka ny fandaharam-potoana II any Royaume-Uni ary zava-mahadomelina voafehy araka ny fandaharam-potoana II any Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DEA2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Drugs of Abuse|date=2017|publisher=Drug Enforcement Administration • U.S. Department of Justice|page=22|url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/drug_of_abuse.pdf|access-date=16 April 2019|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617145333/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/drug_of_abuse.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019]]
[[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>ntrg02zxmhalvzk73ylhxcn792e3b5g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ny mony</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298925</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134573</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:29:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ongy.M02</username>
        <id>36647</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1484078|Acne]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1134573</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10517" sha1="h23vsf54orec6kiqcni73o3m65bpg63" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =ketrona
|synonym          =Ketrona mahazatra
|image            =Acne vulgaris on a very oily skin.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
|caption          =Ketrona mahazatra amin'ny lehilahy 18 taona mandritra'ny [[fialantsakana]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
|symptoms         =[[Teboka mainty, teboka fotsy]], [[ketrona madinika]]s, hoditra mitera-menaka, [[marika amin'ny hoditra]]&lt;ref name=Vary2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|onset            =[[Fialan-tsakana]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2005/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Fandovana ara-tsaina sy ara-batana]]&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Fivontosana na fery eo amin'ny fototry ny volo]], [[fahamenan'ny tarehy sy fivontosana]], [[fivontosana sy fery eo ambanin'ny hoditra]], [[ketrona noho ny hatsemboana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kahan |first1=Scott  |title=In a Page: Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781770354|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Fiovana amin'ny fomba fiainana, fanafody, fitsaboana manaraka ny fenitra&lt;ref name=Mahmood2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Azelaic acid]], [[benzoyl peroxide]], [[salicylic acid]], [[fanafody manohitra otrik'aretina]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], [[isotretinoin]]&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =Olona 633 tapitrisa voakasika (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}

'''Ny mony''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''akne vulgaris''', dia aretin-koditra maharitra izay mitranga rehefa manentsina ny follicle volo ny sela hoditra maty sy ny menaka avy amin'ny hoditra .  Ny endri-javatra mahazatra amin'ity aretina ity dia ahitana mony mainty na fotsy, [[Mony (aretina)|mony]], hoditra menaka, ary mety ho ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vary2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vary JC|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–211|date=November 2015|pmid=26476248|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|date=March 2013|pmid=23210645|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=1|pages=15033|date=September 2015|pmid=27227877|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hoditra misy fihary menaka betsaka no tena voakasik'izany, anisan'izany ny tarehy, ny tapany ambony amin'ny tratra, ary ny lamosina.  Ny fisehoana vokatr'izany dia mety hiteraka tebiteby, fihenan'ny fahatokisan-tena, ary, amin'ny tranga tafahoatra, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]] na eritreritra hamono tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR|title=Quality of life measures for acne patients|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=293–300, ix|date=April 2012|pmid=22284143|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny fototarazo no antony voalohany mahatonga ny mony amin'ny 80%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny anjara asan'ny sakafo sy ny fifohana sigara, ary toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'izany na ny fahadiovana na ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knutsen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–106, viii-ix|date=January 2012|pmid=22117871|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnopp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schnopp C, Mempel M|title=Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|volume=63|issue=4|pages=293–304|date=August 2011|pmid=21909065|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na lahy na vavy, toa anisan'ny antony fototra ny hormonina antsoina hoe androgens, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny famokarana sebum.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James WD|title=Clinical practice. Acne|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=14|pages=1463–72|date=April 2005|pmid=15814882|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp033487|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony iray mahazatra ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny bakteria ''Cutibacterium acnes'' be loatra, izay hita eo amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaenglein2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zaenglein AL|title=Acne Vulgaris|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=14|pages=1343–1352|date=October 2018|pmid=30281982|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitsaboana ny mony, anisan'izany ny fanovana fomba fiaina, ny fanafody ary ny fomba fitsaboana. Mety hanampy ny fihinanana gliosida tsotra vitsy kokoa toy ny [[siramamy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP|title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ny fitsaboana ampiharina mivantana amin'ny hoditra voakasika, toy ny asidra azelaika, benzoyl peroxide, ary asidra salisilika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sy retinoida azo ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra ary raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra ny fanoherana ny antibiotika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B|title=Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=271–8|date=March 2014|pmid=23905540|doi=10.1111/jdv.12224|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana pilina fanabeazana aizana maromaro manampy amin'ny fanafoanana ny mony amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pilina Isotretinoin dia mazàna natokana ho an'ny mony mafy, noho ny mety ho voka-dratsiny bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lew2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB|title=Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=178|issue=1|pages=76–85|date=January 2018|pmid=28542914|doi=10.1111/bjd.15668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana mialoha sy mahery vaika dia atolotry ny sasany ao amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana mba hampihenana ny fiantraikany maharitra amin'ny olona tsirairay. 

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 633 eo ho eo no voan'ny mony{{Spaces}}olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany, ka mahatonga azy io ho aretina fahavalo fahita indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1527–1534|date=June 2014|pmid=24166134|doi=10.1038/jid.2013.446|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mony dia miseho amin'ny fahatanorana ary tombanana ho 80–90% amin'ny zatovo any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R|title=Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology|journal=European Journal of Dermatology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–33|date=May–June 2011|pmid=21609898|doi=10.1684/ejd.2011.1357|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=BMJ|volume=346|issue=5|pages=30–33|date=May 2013|pmid=23657180|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2634|type=Review|jstor=23494950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL|title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vondrom-piarahamonina ambanivohitra sasany mitatitra fa ambany kokoa ny tahan'ny mony raha oharina amin'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina mandroso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spen2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND|title=Diet and acne: a review of the evidence|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=339–47|date=April 2009|pmid=19335417|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe alohan'ny sy aorian'ny fahamaotiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Admani S, Barrio VR|title=Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=26|issue=6|pages=462–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24552409|doi=10.1111/dth.12108|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mihena aza ny fahazarana amin'ny mony rehefa lehibe, dia mbola mitohy amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany hatramin'ny roapolo sy telopolo taona, ary mbola misy vondrona kely kokoa miatrika olana amin'ny efapolo taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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        <username>Ongy.M02</username>
        <id>36647</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1484078|Acne]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="10500" sha1="6bzt003ozktukanbedtf59jqk0xjo9z" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Ny mony
|synonym          =
|image            =Acne vulgaris on a very oily skin.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
|caption          =Ketrona mahazatra amin'ny lehilahy 18 taona mandritra'ny [[fialantsakana]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
|symptoms         =[[Teboka mainty, teboka fotsy]], [[ketrona madinika]]s, hoditra mitera-menaka, [[marika amin'ny hoditra]]&lt;ref name=Vary2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|onset            =[[Fialan-tsakana]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2005/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Fandovana ara-tsaina sy ara-batana]]&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Fivontosana na fery eo amin'ny fototry ny volo]], [[fahamenan'ny tarehy sy fivontosana]], [[fivontosana sy fery eo ambanin'ny hoditra]], [[ketrona noho ny hatsemboana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kahan |first1=Scott  |title=In a Page: Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781770354|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Fiovana amin'ny fomba fiainana, fanafody, fitsaboana manaraka ny fenitra&lt;ref name=Mahmood2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Azelaic acid]], [[benzoyl peroxide]], [[salicylic acid]], [[fanafody manohitra otrik'aretina]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], [[isotretinoin]]&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =Olona 633 tapitrisa voakasika (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}

'''Ny mony''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''akne vulgaris''', dia aretin-koditra maharitra izay mitranga rehefa manentsina ny follicle volo ny sela hoditra maty sy ny menaka avy amin'ny hoditra .  Ny endri-javatra mahazatra amin'ity aretina ity dia ahitana mony mainty na fotsy, [[Mony (aretina)|mony]], hoditra menaka, ary mety ho ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vary2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vary JC|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–211|date=November 2015|pmid=26476248|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|date=March 2013|pmid=23210645|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=1|pages=15033|date=September 2015|pmid=27227877|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hoditra misy fihary menaka betsaka no tena voakasik'izany, anisan'izany ny tarehy, ny tapany ambony amin'ny tratra, ary ny lamosina.  Ny fisehoana vokatr'izany dia mety hiteraka tebiteby, fihenan'ny fahatokisan-tena, ary, amin'ny tranga tafahoatra, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]] na eritreritra hamono tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR|title=Quality of life measures for acne patients|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=293–300, ix|date=April 2012|pmid=22284143|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny fototarazo no antony voalohany mahatonga ny mony amin'ny 80%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny anjara asan'ny sakafo sy ny fifohana sigara, ary toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'izany na ny fahadiovana na ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knutsen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–106, viii-ix|date=January 2012|pmid=22117871|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnopp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schnopp C, Mempel M|title=Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|volume=63|issue=4|pages=293–304|date=August 2011|pmid=21909065|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na lahy na vavy, toa anisan'ny antony fototra ny hormonina antsoina hoe androgens, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny famokarana sebum.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James WD|title=Clinical practice. Acne|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=14|pages=1463–72|date=April 2005|pmid=15814882|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp033487|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony iray mahazatra ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny bakteria ''Cutibacterium acnes'' be loatra, izay hita eo amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaenglein2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zaenglein AL|title=Acne Vulgaris|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=14|pages=1343–1352|date=October 2018|pmid=30281982|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitsaboana ny mony, anisan'izany ny fanovana fomba fiaina, ny fanafody ary ny fomba fitsaboana. Mety hanampy ny fihinanana gliosida tsotra vitsy kokoa toy ny [[siramamy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP|title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ny fitsaboana ampiharina mivantana amin'ny hoditra voakasika, toy ny asidra azelaika, benzoyl peroxide, ary asidra salisilika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sy retinoida azo ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra ary raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra ny fanoherana ny antibiotika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B|title=Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=271–8|date=March 2014|pmid=23905540|doi=10.1111/jdv.12224|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana pilina fanabeazana aizana maromaro manampy amin'ny fanafoanana ny mony amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pilina Isotretinoin dia mazàna natokana ho an'ny mony mafy, noho ny mety ho voka-dratsiny bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lew2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB|title=Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=178|issue=1|pages=76–85|date=January 2018|pmid=28542914|doi=10.1111/bjd.15668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana mialoha sy mahery vaika dia atolotry ny sasany ao amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana mba hampihenana ny fiantraikany maharitra amin'ny olona tsirairay. 

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 633 eo ho eo no voan'ny mony{{Spaces}}olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany, ka mahatonga azy io ho aretina fahavalo fahita indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1527–1534|date=June 2014|pmid=24166134|doi=10.1038/jid.2013.446|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mony dia miseho amin'ny fahatanorana ary tombanana ho 80–90% amin'ny zatovo any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R|title=Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology|journal=European Journal of Dermatology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–33|date=May–June 2011|pmid=21609898|doi=10.1684/ejd.2011.1357|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=BMJ|volume=346|issue=5|pages=30–33|date=May 2013|pmid=23657180|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2634|type=Review|jstor=23494950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL|title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vondrom-piarahamonina ambanivohitra sasany mitatitra fa ambany kokoa ny tahan'ny mony raha oharina amin'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina mandroso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spen2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND|title=Diet and acne: a review of the evidence|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=339–47|date=April 2009|pmid=19335417|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe alohan'ny sy aorian'ny fahamaotiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Admani S, Barrio VR|title=Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=26|issue=6|pages=462–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24552409|doi=10.1111/dth.12108|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mihena aza ny fahazarana amin'ny mony rehefa lehibe, dia mbola mitohy amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany hatramin'ny roapolo sy telopolo taona, ary mbola misy vondrona kely kokoa miatrika olana amin'ny efapolo taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Ongy.M02</username>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1484078|Acne]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="10535" sha1="5f5rltasv0z9kzm2q010glcrd36lop4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Ny mony
|synonym          =
|image            =Acne vulgaris on a very oily skin.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
|caption          =Ketrona mahazatra amin'ny lehilahy 18 taona mandritra'ny [[fialantsakana]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
|symptoms         =[[Teboka mainty, teboka fotsy]], [[ketrona madinika]]s, hoditra mitera-menaka, [[marika amin'ny hoditra]]&lt;ref name=Vary2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|onset            =[[Fialan-tsakana]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2005/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Fandovana ara-tsaina sy ara-batana]]&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Fivontosana na fery eo amin'ny fototry ny volo]], [[fahamenan'ny tarehy sy fivontosana]], [[fivontosana sy fery eo ambanin'ny hoditra]], [[ketrona noho ny hatsemboana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kahan |first1=Scott  |title=In a Page: Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781770354|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Fiovana amin'ny fomba fiainana, fanafody, fitsaboana manaraka ny fenitra&lt;ref name=Mahmood2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Azelaic acid]], [[benzoyl peroxide]], [[salicylic acid]], [[fanafody manohitra otrik'aretina]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], [[isotretinoin]]&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =Olona 633 tapitrisa voakasika (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}

'''Ny mony''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''akne vulgaris''', dia aretin-koditra maharitra izay mitranga rehefa manentsina ny follicle volo ny sela hoditra maty sy ny menaka avy amin'ny hoditra .  Ny endri-javatra mahazatra amin'ity aretina ity dia ahitana mony mainty na fotsy, [[Mony (aretina)|mony]], hoditra menaka, ary mety ho ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vary2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vary JC|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–211|date=November 2015|pmid=26476248|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|date=March 2013|pmid=23210645|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=1|pages=15033|date=September 2015|pmid=27227877|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hoditra misy fihary menaka betsaka no tena voakasik'izany, anisan'izany ny tarehy, ny tapany ambony amin'ny tratra, ary ny lamosina.  Ny fisehoana vokatr'izany dia mety hiteraka tebiteby, fihenan'ny fahatokisan-tena, ary, amin'ny tranga tafahoatra, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]] na eritreritra hamono tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR|title=Quality of life measures for acne patients|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=293–300, ix|date=April 2012|pmid=22284143|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny fototarazo no antony voalohany mahatonga ny mony amin'ny 80%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny anjara asan'ny sakafo sy ny fifohana sigara, ary toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'izany na ny fahadiovana na ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knutsen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–106, viii-ix|date=January 2012|pmid=22117871|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnopp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schnopp C, Mempel M|title=Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|volume=63|issue=4|pages=293–304|date=August 2011|pmid=21909065|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na lahy na vavy, toa anisan'ny antony fototra ny hormonina antsoina hoe androgens, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny famokarana sebum.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James WD|title=Clinical practice. Acne|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=14|pages=1463–72|date=April 2005|pmid=15814882|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp033487|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony iray mahazatra ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny bakteria ''Cutibacterium acnes'' be loatra, izay hita eo amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaenglein2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zaenglein AL|title=Acne Vulgaris|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=14|pages=1343–1352|date=October 2018|pmid=30281982|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitsaboana ny mony, anisan'izany ny fanovana fomba fiaina, ny fanafody ary ny fomba fitsaboana. Mety hanampy ny fihinanana gliosida tsotra vitsy kokoa toy ny [[siramamy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP|title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ny fitsaboana ampiharina mivantana amin'ny hoditra voakasika, toy ny asidra azelaika, benzoyl peroxide, ary asidra salisilika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sy retinoida azo ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra ary raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra ny fanoherana ny antibiotika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B|title=Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=271–8|date=March 2014|pmid=23905540|doi=10.1111/jdv.12224|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana pilina fanabeazana aizana maromaro manampy amin'ny fanafoanana ny mony amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pilina Isotretinoin dia mazàna natokana ho an'ny mony mafy, noho ny mety ho voka-dratsiny bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lew2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB|title=Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=178|issue=1|pages=76–85|date=January 2018|pmid=28542914|doi=10.1111/bjd.15668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana mialoha sy mahery vaika dia atolotry ny sasany ao amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana mba hampihenana ny fiantraikany maharitra amin'ny olona tsirairay. 

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 633 eo ho eo no voan'ny mony{{Spaces}}olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany, ka mahatonga azy io ho aretina fahavalo fahita indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1527–1534|date=June 2014|pmid=24166134|doi=10.1038/jid.2013.446|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mony dia miseho amin'ny fahatanorana ary tombanana ho 80–90% amin'ny zatovo any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R|title=Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology|journal=European Journal of Dermatology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–33|date=May–June 2011|pmid=21609898|doi=10.1684/ejd.2011.1357|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=BMJ|volume=346|issue=5|pages=30–33|date=May 2013|pmid=23657180|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2634|type=Review|jstor=23494950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL|title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vondrom-piarahamonina ambanivohitra sasany mitatitra fa ambany kokoa ny tahan'ny mony raha oharina amin'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina mandroso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spen2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND|title=Diet and acne: a review of the evidence|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=339–47|date=April 2009|pmid=19335417|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe alohan'ny sy aorian'ny fahamaotiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Admani S, Barrio VR|title=Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=26|issue=6|pages=462–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24552409|doi=10.1111/dth.12108|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mihena aza ny fahazarana amin'ny mony rehefa lehibe, dia mbola mitohy amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany hatramin'ny roapolo sy telopolo taona, ary mbola misy vondrona kely kokoa miatrika olana amin'ny efapolo taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>5f5rltasv0z9kzm2q010glcrd36lop4</sha1>
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      <comment>nanova lohateny</comment>
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      <text bytes="10533" sha1="7rv71faxwlniluhr8338q45vlqpyzrj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Ny mony
|synonym          =
|image            =Acne vulgaris on a very oily skin.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
|caption          =Ketrona mahazatra amin'ny lehilahy 18 taona mandritra'ny [[fialantsakana]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
|symptoms         =[[Teboka mainty, teboka fotsy]], [[ketrona madinika]]s, hoditra mitera-menaka, [[marika amin'ny hoditra]]&lt;ref name=Vary2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|onset            =[[Fialan-tsakana]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2005/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Fandovana ara-tsaina sy ara-batana]]&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Fivontosana na fery eo amin'ny fototry ny volo]], [[fahamenan'ny tarehy sy fivontosana]], [[fivontosana sy fery eo ambanin'ny hoditra]], [[ketrona noho ny hatsemboana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kahan |first1=Scott  |title=In a Page: Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781770354|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Fiovana amin'ny fomba fiainana, fanafody, fitsaboana manaraka ny fenitra&lt;ref name=Mahmood2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Azelaic acid]], [[benzoyl peroxide]], [[salicylic acid]], [[fanafody manohitra otrik'aretina]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], [[isotretinoin]]&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =Olona 633 tapitrisa voakasika (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}

'''Ny mony''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''akne vulgaris''', dia aretin-koditra maharitra izay mitranga rehefa manentsina ny follicle volo ny sela hoditra maty sy ny menaka avy amin'ny hoditra .  Ny endri-javatra mahazatra amin'ity aretina ity dia ahitana mony mainty na fotsy, [[Mony (aretina)|mony]], hoditra menaka, ary mety ho ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vary2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vary JC|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–211|date=November 2015|pmid=26476248|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|date=March 2013|pmid=23210645|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=1|pages=15033|date=September 2015|pmid=27227877|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hoditra misy fihary menaka betsaka no tena voakasik'izany, anisan'izany ny tarehy, ny tapany ambony amin'ny tratra, ary ny lamosina.  Ny fisehoana vokatr'izany dia mety hiteraka tebiteby, fihenan'ny fahatokisan-tena, ary, amin'ny tranga tafahoatra, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]] na eritreritra hamono tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR|title=Quality of life measures for acne patients|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=293–300, ix|date=April 2012|pmid=22284143|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny fototarazo no antony voalohany mahatonga ny mony amin'ny 80%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny anjara asan'ny sakafo sy ny fifohana sigara, ary toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'izany na ny fahadiovana na ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knutsen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–106, viii-ix|date=January 2012|pmid=22117871|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnopp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schnopp C, Mempel M|title=Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|volume=63|issue=4|pages=293–304|date=August 2011|pmid=21909065|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na lahy na vavy, toa anisan'ny antony fototra ny hormonina antsoina hoe androgens, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny famokarana sebum.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James WD|title=Clinical practice. Acne|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=14|pages=1463–72|date=April 2005|pmid=15814882|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp033487|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony iray mahazatra ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny bakteria ''Cutibacterium acnes'' be loatra, izay hita eo amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaenglein2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zaenglein AL|title=Acne Vulgaris|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=14|pages=1343–1352|date=October 2018|pmid=30281982|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitsaboana ny mony, anisan'izany ny fanovana fomba fiaina, ny fanafody ary ny fomba fitsaboana. Mety hanampy ny fihinanana gliosida tsotra vitsy kokoa toy ny [[siramamy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP|title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ny fitsaboana ampiharina mivantana amin'ny hoditra voakasika, toy ny asidra azelaika, benzoyl peroxide, ary asidra salisilika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sy retinoida azo ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra ary raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra ny fanoherana ny antibiotika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B|title=Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=271–8|date=March 2014|pmid=23905540|doi=10.1111/jdv.12224|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana pilina fanabeazana aizana maromaro manampy amin'ny fanafoanana ny mony amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pilina Isotretinoin dia mazàna natokana ho an'ny mony mafy, noho ny mety ho voka-dratsiny bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lew2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB|title=Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=178|issue=1|pages=76–85|date=January 2018|pmid=28542914|doi=10.1111/bjd.15668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana mialoha sy mahery vaika dia atolotry ny sasany ao amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana mba hampihenana ny fiantraikany maharitra amin'ny olona tsirairay. 

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 633 eo ho eo no voan'ny mony{{Spaces}}olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany, ka mahatonga azy io ho aretina fahavalo fahita indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1527–1534|date=June 2014|pmid=24166134|doi=10.1038/jid.2013.446|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mony dia miseho amin'ny fahatanorana ary tombanana ho 80–90% amin'ny zatovo any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R|title=Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology|journal=European Journal of Dermatology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–33|date=May–June 2011|pmid=21609898|doi=10.1684/ejd.2011.1357|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=BMJ|volume=346|issue=5|pages=30–33|date=May 2013|pmid=23657180|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2634|type=Review|jstor=23494950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL|title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vondrom-piarahamonina ambanivohitra sasany mitatitra fa ambany kokoa ny tahan'ny mony raha oharina amin'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina mandroso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spen2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND|title=Diet and acne: a review of the evidence|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=339–47|date=April 2009|pmid=19335417|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe alohan'ny sy aorian'ny fahamaotiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Admani S, Barrio VR|title=Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=26|issue=6|pages=462–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24552409|doi=10.1111/dth.12108|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mihena aza ny fahazarana amin'ny mony rehefa lehibe, dia mbola mitohy amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany hatramin'ny roapolo sy telopolo taona, ary mbola misy vondrona kely kokoa miatrika olana amin'ny efapolo taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>7rv71faxwlniluhr8338q45vlqpyzrj</sha1>
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      <text bytes="11105" sha1="2gdqgqjrmiep7ghmj0xcvi6sqa7z1qo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Ny mony
|synonym          =
|image            =Acne vulgaris on a very oily skin.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
|caption          =Ketrona mahazatra amin'ny lehilahy 18 taona mandritra'ny [[fialantsakana]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
|symptoms         =[[Teboka mainty, teboka fotsy]], [[ketrona madinika]]s, hoditra mitera-menaka, [[marika amin'ny hoditra]]&lt;ref name=Vary2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|onset            =[[Fialan-tsakana]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2005/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Fandovana ara-tsaina sy ara-batana]]&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Fivontosana na fery eo amin'ny fototry ny volo]], [[fahamenan'ny tarehy sy fivontosana]], [[fivontosana sy fery eo ambanin'ny hoditra]], [[ketrona noho ny hatsemboana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kahan |first1=Scott  |title=In a Page: Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781770354|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Fiovana amin'ny fomba fiainana, fanafody, fitsaboana manaraka ny fenitra&lt;ref name=Mahmood2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Azelaic acid]], [[benzoyl peroxide]], [[salicylic acid]], [[fanafody manohitra otrik'aretina]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], [[isotretinoin]]&lt;ref name=Titus2012&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Titus S, Hodge J | title = Diagnosis and treatment of acne | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 86 | issue = 8 | pages = 734–40 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23062156 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1015/p734.html | url-status = live | type = Review | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150218104435/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1015/p734.html | archive-date = 18 February 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218104435/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1015/p734.html |date=18 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =Olona 633 tapitrisa voakasika (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}

'''Ny mony''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''akne vulgaris''', dia aretin-koditra maharitra izay mitranga rehefa manentsina ny follicle volo ny sela hoditra maty sy ny menaka avy amin'ny hoditra .  Ny endri-javatra mahazatra amin'ity aretina ity dia ahitana mony mainty na fotsy, [[Mony (aretina)|mony]], hoditra menaka, ary mety ho ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vary2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vary JC|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–211|date=November 2015|pmid=26476248|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|date=March 2013|pmid=23210645|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=1|pages=15033|date=September 2015|pmid=27227877|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hoditra misy fihary menaka betsaka no tena voakasik'izany, anisan'izany ny tarehy, ny tapany ambony amin'ny tratra, ary ny lamosina.  Ny fisehoana vokatr'izany dia mety hiteraka tebiteby, fihenan'ny fahatokisan-tena, ary, amin'ny tranga tafahoatra, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]] na eritreritra hamono tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR|title=Quality of life measures for acne patients|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=293–300, ix|date=April 2012|pmid=22284143|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny fototarazo no antony voalohany mahatonga ny mony amin'ny 80%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny anjara asan'ny sakafo sy ny fifohana sigara, ary toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'izany na ny fahadiovana na ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knutsen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–106, viii-ix|date=January 2012|pmid=22117871|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnopp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schnopp C, Mempel M|title=Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|volume=63|issue=4|pages=293–304|date=August 2011|pmid=21909065|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na lahy na vavy, toa anisan'ny antony fototra ny hormonina antsoina hoe androgens, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny famokarana sebum.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James WD|title=Clinical practice. Acne|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=14|pages=1463–72|date=April 2005|pmid=15814882|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp033487|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony iray mahazatra ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny bakteria ''Cutibacterium acnes'' be loatra, izay hita eo amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaenglein2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zaenglein AL|title=Acne Vulgaris|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=14|pages=1343–1352|date=October 2018|pmid=30281982|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitsaboana ny mony, anisan'izany ny fanovana fomba fiaina, ny fanafody ary ny fomba fitsaboana. Mety hanampy ny fihinanana gliosida tsotra vitsy kokoa toy ny [[siramamy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP|title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ny fitsaboana ampiharina mivantana amin'ny hoditra voakasika, toy ny asidra azelaika, benzoyl peroxide, ary asidra salisilika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sy retinoida azo ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra ary raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra ny fanoherana ny antibiotika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B|title=Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=271–8|date=March 2014|pmid=23905540|doi=10.1111/jdv.12224|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana pilina fanabeazana aizana maromaro manampy amin'ny fanafoanana ny mony amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pilina Isotretinoin dia mazàna natokana ho an'ny mony mafy, noho ny mety ho voka-dratsiny bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lew2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB|title=Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=178|issue=1|pages=76–85|date=January 2018|pmid=28542914|doi=10.1111/bjd.15668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana mialoha sy mahery vaika dia atolotry ny sasany ao amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana mba hampihenana ny fiantraikany maharitra amin'ny olona tsirairay. 

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 633 eo ho eo no voan'ny mony{{Spaces}}olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany, ka mahatonga azy io ho aretina fahavalo fahita indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1527–1534|date=June 2014|pmid=24166134|doi=10.1038/jid.2013.446|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mony dia miseho amin'ny fahatanorana ary tombanana ho 80–90% amin'ny zatovo any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R|title=Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology|journal=European Journal of Dermatology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–33|date=May–June 2011|pmid=21609898|doi=10.1684/ejd.2011.1357|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=BMJ|volume=346|issue=5|pages=30–33|date=May 2013|pmid=23657180|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2634|type=Review|jstor=23494950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL|title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vondrom-piarahamonina ambanivohitra sasany mitatitra fa ambany kokoa ny tahan'ny mony raha oharina amin'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina mandroso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spen2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND|title=Diet and acne: a review of the evidence|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=339–47|date=April 2009|pmid=19335417|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe alohan'ny sy aorian'ny fahamaotiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Admani S, Barrio VR|title=Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=26|issue=6|pages=462–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24552409|doi=10.1111/dth.12108|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mihena aza ny fahazarana amin'ny mony rehefa lehibe, dia mbola mitohy amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany hatramin'ny roapolo sy telopolo taona, ary mbola misy vondrona kely kokoa miatrika olana amin'ny efapolo taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Homamiadan'ny tsinaibe</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1496148|Colorectal cancer]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="14538" sha1="bkwj9m0hb7zbqxxewzvtt55xoby5172" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Colorectal_cancer
|synonym          =Colon cancer, rectal cancer, bowel cancer
|image            =Blausen 0246 ColorectalCancer.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Location and appearance of two example colorectal tumors
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Oncology]]&lt;ref name=Ajithkumar2021&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ajithkumar |first1=Thankamma |last2=Barrett |first2=Ann |last3=Hatcher |first3=Helen |last4=Jefferies |first4=Sarah Jane |title=Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-874544-0 |pages=140-195 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLklEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA175 |language=en |chapter=7. Cancers of the gastrointestinal system |access-date=2022-07-09 |archive-date=2022-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715050429/https://books.google.com/books?id=tLklEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA175 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|symptoms         =[[Lower gastrointestinal bleeding|Blood in the stool]], change in bowel movements, [[weight loss]], feeling tired all the time&lt;ref name=NCI2022PtTx/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =Old age, lifestyle factors, genetic disorders&lt;ref name=NCI2022Pre/&gt;
|risks            =Diet, [[obesity]], [[smoking]], lack of [[physical activity]], [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use&lt;ref name=NCI2022PtTx/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Biopsy|Tissue biopsy]] during a [[sigmoidoscopy]] or [[colonoscopy]]&lt;ref name=NCI2022PtTx/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[Cancer screening|Screening]] from age of 50 to 69, varies by country&lt;ref name=Ajithkumar2021/&gt;
|treatment        =Surgery, [[radiation therapy]], [[chemotherapy]], [[targeted therapy]]&lt;ref name=NCI2022PtTx/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =[[Five-year survival rate]] 14% to 90% depending on extent of disease&lt;ref name=Nagaraju2021/&gt;
|frequency        =9.4 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|deaths           =916,000 (2022)&lt;ref name=WHO2022/&gt;
}}
'''Ny homamiadan'ny tsinay''' ( '''CRC''' ), fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''homamiadan'ny tsinay''', '''homamiadan'ny tsinaibe''', na '''homamiadan'ny lava-pitombenana''', dia fitomboan'ny sela tsy ara-dalàna ao amin'ny tsinaibe na lava-pitombenana amin'ny tsinay lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bowel cancer|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/|website=nhs.uk|access-date=9 July 2022|language=en|date=20 October 2017|archive-date=7 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607142031/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afaka miditra na miparitaka any amin'ny faritra hafa amin'ny vatana izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022Pt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=General Information About Colon Cancer|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/patient/colon-treatment-pdq|website=NCI|access-date=13 July 2022|date=6 April 2022|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715050430/https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/patient/colon-treatment-pdq|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ahitana ra ao amin'ny fivalanana, fiovan'ny fivezivezen'ny tsinay, fihenan-danja, fahatsapana reraka, ary fanaintainan'ny kibo ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board|title=Digestive System Tumours|date=2019|location=Lyon (France)|isbn=978-92-832-4499-8|page=177-187|edition=5th|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Digestive-System-Tumours-2019|language=en|chapter=6. Tumours of the colon and rectum: colorectal adenocarcinoma|access-date=2022-07-19|archive-date=2022-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613044546/https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Digestive-System-Tumours-2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny ankamaroan'ny homamiadan'ny tsinaibe dia vokatry ny fahanterana sy ny fomba fiaina, ary vitsy ihany ny tranga vokatry ny aretina fototarazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colorectal-prevention-pdq#section/all|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=9 July 2022|date=21 April 2022|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021634/https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colorectal-prevention-pdq#section/all|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza hafa ny sakafo, ny hatavezana, ny fifohana sigara ary ny tsy fahampian'ny hetsika ara-batana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny sakafo mampitombo ny risika ny hena mena, ny hena voahodina, ary ny alikaola.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza hafa ny fitsaboana amin'ny taratra amin'ny valahana, ary ny aretin'ny tsinay mivaingana toy ny aretin'i Crohn sy ny colitis ulcerative.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny aretina nolovaina izay mety hiteraka homamiadan'ny tsinaibe ny polyposis adenomatous familial sy ny homamiadan'ny tsinaibe tsy polyposis nolovaina ; na izany aza, latsaky ny 5% amin'ny tranga ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022Pre&quot; /&gt; Matetika izy io dia manomboka amin'ny fivontosana tsy manimba, matetika amin'ny endrika polyp, izay rehefa mandeha ny fotoana dia lasa homamiadana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt; Azo zaraina amin'ny ankapobeny ny homamiadan'ny tsinay araka ny toerana misy azy ao amin'ny tsinay; ny ilany havanana, ny ilany havia ary ny lakandrano.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt;

Azo fantarina ny homamiadan'ny tsinay amin'ny alalan'ny fakana santionan'ny tsinaibe mandritra ny sigmoidoscopy na colonoscopy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022PtTx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/colon/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=9 July 2022|date=6 April 2022|archive-date=5 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705111552/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/colon/Patient/page1/AllPages|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arahin'ny fitiliana sary ara-pitsaboana avy eo mba hamaritana raha efa niparitaka ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022PtTx&quot; /&gt; Mandaitra amin'ny fisorohana sy fampihenana ny fahafatesana vokatry ny homamiadan'ny tsinaibe ny fitiliana .  Aroso ny fanaovana fitiliana, amin'ny alalan'ny iray amin'ireo fomba maro, manomboka amin'ny faha-45 ka hatramin'ny faha-75 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPSTF2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=US Preventive Services Task|first=Force.|last2=Davidson|first2=KW|last3=Barry|first3=MJ|last4=Mangione|first4=CM|last5=Cabana|first5=M|last6=Caughey|first6=AB|last7=Davis|first7=EM|last8=Donahue|first8=KE|last9=Doubeni|first9=CA|last10=Krist|first10=AH|last11=Kubik|first11=M|last12=Li|first12=L|last13=Ogedegbe|first13=G|last14=Owens|first14=DK|last15=Pbert|first15=L|title=Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.|journal=JAMA|date=18 May 2021|volume=325|issue=19|pages=1965-1977|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.6238|pmid=34003218}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandritra ny colonoscopy, azo esorina ireo polyps kely raha hita.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014_5.5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bosman|first=Frank T.|editor-last=Stewart|editor-first=Bernard W.|editor2-last=Wild|editor2-first=Christopher P|title=World Cancer Report|date=2014|publisher=the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0443-5|pages=392–402|chapter=Chapter 5.5: Colorectal Cancer|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2016-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919073553/http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha hita ny polyp na fivontosana lehibe, dia azo atao ny manao biopsy mba hijerena raha homamiadana izany. Mampihena ny risika [[Aspirinina|ny aspirine]] sy ireo fanafody tsy steroidal hafa manohitra ny fivontosana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014_5.5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Thorat MA, Cuzick J|s2cid=40187047|title=Role of aspirin in cancer prevention|journal=Current Oncology Reports|volume=15|issue=6|pages=533–540|date=December 2013|pmid=24114189|doi=10.1007/s11912-013-0351-3|url=http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/10490|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801023015/https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/10490|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy soso-kevitra ny hampiasana azy ireo amin'ny ankapobeny noho ny voka-dratsiny.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Routine aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the primary prevention of colorectal cancer: recommendation statement|journal=American Family Physician|volume=76|issue=1|pages=109–113|date=July 2007|pmid=17668849|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0701/p109.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192923/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0701/p109.html|url-status=live|archive-date=July 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fitsaboana ampiasaina amin'ny homamiadan'ny tsinaibe dia mety ahitana fitambarana fandidiana, fitsaboana amin'ny taratra, fitsaboana simika ary fitsaboana voafaritra tsara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022PtTx&quot; /&gt; Azo sitranina amin'ny fandidiana ireo homamiadana izay voafatotry ny rindrin'ny tsinaibe, raha toa kosa ka tsy azo sitranina ny homamiadana izay efa niely patrana, ary ny fitantanana azy dia mikendry ny hanatsara ny kalitaon'ny fiainana sy ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022PtTx&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ny aretina eo an-toerana hita mialoha, ny tahan'ny fahavelomana dimy taona dia manodidina ny 90%, fa rehefa miparitaka ny homamiadana dia midina ho 14% izany &lt;ref name=&quot;Nagaraju2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dariya|first=Begum|last2=Chalikonda|first2=Gayatri|last3=Purnachandra|first3=Ganji|editor-last=Nagaraju|editor-first=Ganji Purnachandra|editor2-last=Shukla|editor2-first=Dhananjay|editor3-last=Vishvakarma|editor3-first=Naveen Kumar|title=Colon Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy: Volume 1|date=2021|publisher=Springer Nature|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-63368-4|pages=1-14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvUyEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Colorectal+cancer+bowel+cancer&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=1. Epidemiology of colorectal cancer|access-date=2022-07-09|archive-date=2022-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715050430/https://books.google.com/books?id=RvUyEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Colorectal+cancer+bowel+cancer&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny 65% eo ho eo ny tahan'ny fahavelomana 5 taona any Etazonia &lt;ref name=&quot;SEER2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Colon and Rectum Cancer|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html|website=NCI|access-date=18 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624140833/http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html|archive-date=June 24, 2014|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miankina amin'ny fivoaran'ny homamiadana, na azo esorina amin'ny fandidiana ny homamiadana rehetra, ary ny fahasalaman'ny olona amin'ny ankapobeny ny mety ho fahavelomany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022Pt&quot; /&gt;

Ny homamiadan'ny tsinay no karazana homamiadan'ny tsinay mahazatra indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.6.intro&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board|title=Digestive System Tumours|date=2019|location=Lyon (france)|isbn=978-92-832-4499-8|page=162|edition=5th|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Digestive-System-Tumours-2019|language=en|chapter=6. Tumours of the colon and rectum: introduction|access-date=2022-07-19|archive-date=2022-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613044546/https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Digestive-System-Tumours-2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2020, nisy tranga vaovao miisa 1,93 tapitrisa ary fahafatesana miisa 916.000 vokatry ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cancer|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer|date=3 February 2022|access-date=9 July 2022|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308143151/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bray2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A|title=Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries|journal=Ca|volume=68|issue=6|pages=394–424|date=November 2018|pmid=30207593|doi=10.3322/caac.21492|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/83ab5cf89399bca5449f4a7baf1b1b3c2e1178c7|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2021-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417233225/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Global-cancer-statistics-2018%3A-GLOBOCAN-estimates-Bray-Ferlay/83ab5cf89399bca5449f4a7baf1b1b3c2e1178c7|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahatratra 10% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga rehetra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Forman|first=David|last2=Ferlay|first2=Jacques|editor-last=Stewart|editor-first=Bernard W.|editor2-last=Wild|editor2-first=Christopher P|title=World Cancer Report|date=2014|publisher=the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0443-5|pages=16–53|chapter=Chapter 1.1: The global and regional burden of cancer|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2016-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919073553/http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Io no homamiadana fahatelo fahita indrindra amin'ny lehilahy ary faharoa amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt; Tsy dia fahita firy amin'ny vehivavy raha oharina amin'ny lehilahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014_5.5&quot; /&gt; Fahita kokoa any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]] izany, izay ahitana tranga mihoatra ny 65%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014_5.5&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tevika</title>
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      <id>1134576</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1492138|Pneumonia]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="8604" sha1="18tc6dh2pphdtvq5sjck9p5mwu1ul4e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Pneumonia
|synonym          =Pneumonitis
|image            =Chest radiograph in influensa and H influenzae, posteroanterior, annotated.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Chest radiograph|Chest X-ray]] of a pneumonia caused by [[influenza]] and ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'', with patchy consolidations, mainly in the right upper lobe (arrow)
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|nj|uː|ˈ|m|əʊ|n|i|ə}} {{respell|new|MOHN|ee-ə}}
|specialty        =[[Pulmonology]], [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Cough, difficulty breathing, [[rapid breathing]], fever&lt;ref name=Ash2007/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Few weeks&lt;ref name=Behera2010&gt;{{cite book|last=Behera|first=D.|title=Textbook of pulmonary medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|pages=296–97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&amp;pg=PA296|edition=2nd|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914155329/https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&amp;pg=PA296|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|causes           =Bacteria, virus, [[aspiration pneumonia|aspiration]]&lt;ref name=RespText09/&gt;&lt;ref name=Jeff2010/&gt;
|risks            =[[Cystic fibrosis]], [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[asthma]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[heart failure]], history of [[smoking]], older age&lt;ref name=NIH2011Risk/&gt;&lt;ref name=-BMJ2012&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Caldeira | first1=D. | last2=Alarcao | first2=J. | last3=Vaz-Carneiro | first3=A. | last4=Costa | first4=J. | title=Risk of pneumonia associated with use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal=The BMJ | publisher=BMJ | volume=345 | issue=jul11 1 | date=2012-07-11 | issn=1756-1833 | pmid=22786934 | pmc=3394697 | doi=10.1136/bmj.e4260 | pages=e4260 | quote=Susceptibility is higher among elderly people (≥65 years)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2020SCD/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, [[chest X-ray]]&lt;ref name=NIH2011Diag/&gt;
|differential     =[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]], [[asthma]], [[pulmonary edema]], [[pulmonary embolism]]&lt;ref name=BMJ06&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoare Z, Lim WS | title = Pneumonia: update on diagnosis and management | journal = BMJ | volume = 332 | issue = 7549 | pages = 1077–79 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16675815 | pmc = 1458569 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.332.7549.1077 | url = http://www.bmj.com/content/332/7549/1077.full.pdf | access-date = 27 July 2020 | archive-date = 9 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200409062318/https://www.bmj.com/content/332/7549/1077 | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409062318/https://www.bmj.com/content/332/7549/1077 |date=9 April 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =[[Vaccine]]s, [[handwashing]], not smoking&lt;ref name=NIH2011Pre/&gt;
|treatment        =
|medication       =[[Antibiotic]]s, [[antiviral]]s, [[oxygen therapy]]&lt;ref name=NIH2011Tx/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet11/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =450 million (7%) per year&lt;ref name=Lancet11/&gt;&lt;ref name=CochraneTx13/&gt;
|deaths           =Four million per year&lt;ref name=Lancet11/&gt;&lt;ref name=CochraneTx13/&gt;
}}
'''Ny pnemonia''' dia aretina mamaivay ao amin'ny [[havokavoka]] izay misy fiantraikany voalohany indrindra amin'ireo kitapo rivotra kely fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe alveoli.&lt;ref name=&quot;RespText09&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=McLuckie|editor-first=A.|title=Respiratory disease and its management|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84882-094-4|page=51}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AcuteCare09&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Leach, Richard E.|title=Acute and Critical Care Medicine at a Glance|edition=2nd|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-6139-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7u_wu5VCsVQC&amp;pg=PT168|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180054/https://books.google.com/books?id=7u_wu5VCsVQC&amp;pg=PT168|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny soritr'aretina dia mazàna ahitana fitambaran'ny kohaka mamokatra na maina, fanaintainan'ny tratra, tazo, ary fahasarotana miaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ash2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ashby|first=Bonnie|last2=Turkington|first2=Carol|title=The encyclopedia of infectious diseases|edition=3rd|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|year=2007|page=242|isbn=978-0-8160-6397-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Xlyaipv3dIC&amp;pg=PA242|access-date=2011-04-21|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180124/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Xlyaipv3dIC&amp;pg=PA242|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miovaova ny hamafin'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ash2007&quot; /&gt;

Ny pnemonia dia matetika vokatry ny [[Virosy|viriosy]] na [[bakteria]] ary tsy dia fahita firy noho ny [[Zavamananaina bitika|zavamananaina]] bitika hafa, [[fanafody]] sasany na toe-javatra toy ny aretina autoimmune.&lt;ref name=&quot;RespText09&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeff2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jeffrey C. Pommerville|title=Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology|edition=9th|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett|location=Sudbury, MA|year=2010|page=323|quote=|isbn=978-0-7637-6258-2|oclc=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJNQwQB8IxIC&amp;pg=PA323|access-date=|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180101/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJNQwQB8IxIC&amp;pg=PA323|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny fibrosis cystika, ny aretin'ny havokavoka mitaiza (COPD), ny aretin'ny sela misy sickle cell, [[Sohika|ny asma]], [[Diabeta|ny diabeta]], ny tsy fahombiazan'ny fo, ny tantaran'ny fifohana sigara, ny tsy fahafahana mikohaka (toy ny aorian'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ), ary ny hery fiarovana malemy .   Matetika ny famaritana aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina sy ny fizahana ara-batana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Diag&quot; /&gt; Mety hanampy amin'ny fanamafisana ny aretina ny fitiliana taratra X amin'ny tratra, ny fitiliana ra, ary ny kolontsaina amin'ny rora .  Azo sokajiana araka ny toerana nahazoana azy ny aretina, toy ny pnemonia azo avy amin'ny fiaraha-monina na hopitaly na mifandraika amin'ny fahasalamana. 

Misy [[vaksiny]] azo ampiasaina hisorohana ny karazana pnemonia sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Pre&quot; /&gt; Ny fomba fisorohana hafa dia ny fanasana tanana sy ny tsy fifohana sigara.  Miankina amin'ny antony fototra ny fitsaboana.  Ny pnemonia izay heverina fa vokatry ny bakteria dia tsaboina amin'ny [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] .  Raha mafy ny pnemonia dia matetika ampidirina hopitaly ilay olona voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina ny fitsaboana oksizenina raha ambany ny tahan'ny oksizenina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Tx&quot; /&gt;

Isan-taona, eo amin'ny 450 eo ho eo ny olona voan'ny pnemonia&amp;nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany (7%-n'ny mponina) ary miteraka fahafatesana eo amin'ny 4 tapitrisa eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ruuskanen O, Lahti E, Jennings LC, Murdoch DR|title=Viral pneumonia|journal=Lancet|volume=377|issue=9773|pages=1264–75|date=April 2011|pmid=21435708|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61459-6|pmc=7138033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CochraneTx13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lodha R, Kabra SK, Pandey RM|title=Antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in children|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|page=CD004874|date=June 2013|pmid=23733365|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004874.pub4|pmc=7017636}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nihatsara be ny fahavelomana noho ny fampidirana antibiotika sy vaksiny tamin'ny taonjato faha-20.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet11&quot; /&gt; Na izany aza, any amin'ireo firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana, ary koa eo amin'ireo zokiolona, ireo tanora ary ireo marary mitaiza, ny pnemonia dia mbola antony voalohany mahatonga fahafatesana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=George|first=Ronald B.|title=Chest medicine : essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5273-2|page=353|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&amp;pg=PA353|edition=5th|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502042842/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&amp;pg=PA353|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny pnemonia dia manafohy ny fe-potoana fijaliana eo amin'ireo efa akaiky ny fahafatesana ary noho izany dia nantsoina hoe &quot;sakaizan'ny rangahy antitra&quot;. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>18tc6dh2pphdtvq5sjck9p5mwu1ul4e</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Psoriasis</title>
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        <id>34924</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456561|Psoriasis]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="9845" sha1="8tb8un329tiqm75xtnonwr017dvx28y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Psoriasis
|synonym          =
|image            =Psoriasis on back1.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Back and arms of a person with psoriasis
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|r|aɪ|ə|s|ᵻ|s|,_|p|s|-|,_|s|ɒ|-|,_|s|ɔː|-|,_|s|oʊ|-}}{{refn|{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8  }}}}{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Psoriasis}}}} &lt;br&gt; (''[[#Etymology|psora + -iasis]]'')
|specialty        =[[Dermatology]]
|symptoms         =[[erythema|Red]] (purple on darker skin), itchy, scaly patches of skin&lt;ref name=Menter2008/&gt;
|onset            =Adults&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|duration         =Long term&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;
|causes           =[[Genetic disease]] triggered by environmental factors&lt;ref name=Menter2008 /&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[corticosteroid|Steroid creams]], [[vitamin D3]] cream, [[ultraviolet light]], [[Immunosuppressive drug|immune system suppressing medications]] such as [[methotrexate]]&lt;ref name=NIH2013/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =79.7 million&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = ((GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators)) | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt; / 2–4%&lt;ref name=Parisi2013/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Aretina maharitra vokatry ny hery fiarovana '''ny psoriasis''', izay miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny faritra mibontsina amin'ny hoditra tsy ara-dalàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Questions and Answers about Psoriasis|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Psoriasis/default.asp|website=National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases|access-date=1 July 2015|date=October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708150114/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_info/Psoriasis/default.asp|archive-date=8 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo faritra ireo dia mazàna mena amin'ny hoditra mazava, na volomparasy amin'ny olona sasany manana hoditra maizina kokoa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=LeMone|first=Priscilla|last2=Burke|first2=Karen|last3=Dwyer|first3=Trudy|last4=Levett-Jones|first4=Tracy|last5=Moxham|first5=Lorna|last6=Reid-Searl|first6=Kerry|title=Medical-Surgical Nursing|date=2015|publisher=Pearson Higher Education AU|isbn=9781486014408|page=454|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDXiBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA454|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829015354/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDXiBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA454|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho maina, mangidihidy ary misy kirany ny hoditra voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fitz2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Saavedra|first=Arturo|title=Fitzpatrick's Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology|last2=Roh|first2=Ellen K.|last3=Mikailov|first3=Anar|date=2023|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|isbn=978-1-264-27801-5|edition=9th|location=New York|language=en|chapter=3. Psoriasis, psoriasiform, and pityriasiform dermatoses|pages=52-73|access-date=13 October 2024|archive-date=29 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929074552/https://books.google.com/books?id=ctOLEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miovaova ny hamafin'ny psoriasis, manomboka amin'ny faritra kely eo an-toerana ka hatramin'ny faritra rehetra amin'ny vatana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menter2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Menter A, Gottlieb A, Feldman SR, Van Voorhees AS, Leonardi CL, Gordon KB, Lebwohl M, Koo JY, Elmets CA, Korman NJ, Beutner KR, Bhushan R|display-authors=6|title=Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Section 1. Overview of psoriasis and guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis with biologics|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=58|issue=5|pages=826–50|date=May 2008|pmid=18423260|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.039}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ratra amin'ny hoditra dia mety hiteraka fiovan'ny hoditra psoriatika eo amin'io toerana io, izay fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe trangan-javatra Koebner.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ely2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ely JW, Seabury Stone M|title=The generalized rash: part II. Diagnostic approach|journal=American Family Physician|volume=81|issue=6|pages=735–9|date=March 2010|pmid=20229972|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0315/p735.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202152931/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0315/p735.html|archive-date=2014-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy karazany dimy ny psoriasis: plaque, guttate, inverse, pustular, ary erythrodermic.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Ny psoriasis misy takelaka, fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe psoriasis vulgaris, dia mahatratra 90 isan-jaton'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Matetika izy io dia miseho amin'ny endrika teboka mena misy kirany fotsy eo ambony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ny faritra amin'ny vatana izay matetika voakasik'izany dia ny lamosin'ny sandry, ny kitrokely, ny foitra ary ny hodi-doha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Manana fery miendrika ranoka mitete ny psoriasis guttate.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Ny psoriasis pustular dia miseho ho toy ny vay kely feno nana tsy misy mifindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jain2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jain|first=Sima|title=Dermatology : illustrated study guide and comprehensive board review|year=2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4419-0524-6|pages=83–87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4Xzi0LKROcC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=dermatology&amp;pg=PA86|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183432/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4Xzi0LKROcC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=dermatology&amp;pg=PA86|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny psoriasis mivadika dia mamorona teboka mena eo amin'ny valan'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Mitranga ny psoriasis erythrodermika rehefa miely patrana be ny maimaika, ary mety hipoitra avy amin'ny karazana hafa rehetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Voakasik'izany [[Hoho|ny hoho]] sy ny hoho amin'ny ankabeazan'ny olona voan'ny psoriasis amin'ny fotoana iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Mety ho tafiditra ao anatin'izany ny fisian'ny lavaka eo amin'ny hoho na ny fiovan'ny lokon'ny hoho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Boehncke WH, Schön MP|title=Psoriasis|journal=Lancet|volume=386|issue=9997|pages=983–94|date=September 2015|pmid=26025581|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61909-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin'ny ankapobeny dia heverina ho aretina ara-pandovan-toetra izay ateraky ny anton-javatra ara-tontolo iainana ny psoriasis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menter2008&quot; /&gt; Raha voan'ny psoriasis ny kambana iray, dia avo telo heny ny mety ho voan'izany raha [[Kambana|mitovy]] ny kambana noho ny raha [[Kambana|tsy mitovy]] izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Izany dia manondro fa ny fototarazo dia mety hiteraka psoriasis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Matetika miharatsy ny soritr'aretina mandritra ny ririnina sy miaraka amin'ny fanafody sasany, toy ny beta blockers na NSAIDs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Mety hisy fiantraikany amin'izany koa ny aretina sy ny adin-tsaina ara-tsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menter2008&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mifindra ny psoriasis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ny mekanisma fototra dia mahakasika ny fihetsiky ny hery fiarovana amin'ny sela hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny famantarana sy ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy fanafody ho an'ny psoriasis; na izany aza, misy fitsaboana isan-karazany afaka manampy amin'ny fanaraha-maso ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ireo fitsaboana ireo dia ahitana crème stéroïde, crème vitamina D3, taratra ultraviolet ary fanafody manakana ny hery fiarovana, toy ny methotrexate.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Eo amin'ny 75 isan-jaton'ny fahasimban'ny hoditra no mihatsara amin'ny fampiasana crème fotsiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Roa ka hatramin'ny efatra isan-jaton'ny mponina no voakasik'ity aretina ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parisi2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Parisi R, Symmons DP, Griffiths CE, Ashcroft DM|title=Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=133|issue=2|pages=377–85|date=February 2013|pmid=23014338|doi=10.1038/jid.2012.339|others=Identification and Management of Psoriasis and Associated ComorbidiTy (IMPACT) project team|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitovy ny fahamaroan'ny olona voakasik'izany eo amin'ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Mety hanomboka amin'ny sokajin-taona rehetra ny aretina, saingy matetika manomboka amin'ny olon-dehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Questions and Answers About Psoriasis|url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/psoriasis/|website=www.niams.nih.gov|access-date=22 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422134800/https://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/psoriasis/|archive-date=22 April 2017|date=2017-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny psoriasis dia mifandray amin'ny fitomboan'ny mety hisian'ny aretin'ny tonon-taolana, lymphoma, aretim-po, aretin'i Crohn, ary fahaketrahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Mahatratra 30 isan-jaton'ny olona voan'ny psoriasis no voan'ny aretin'ny tonon-taolana vokatry ny aretin'ny tonon-taolana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jain2012&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>8tb8un329tiqm75xtnonwr017dvx28y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diazepam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298929</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134581</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:34:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458600|Diazepam]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="14045" sha1="prita6607elzor1w53eqzm7gld429c2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Verifiedfields   =changed
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =443634166
|image            =Diazepam structure.svg
|width            =200
|image2           =Diazepam ball-and-stick model.png

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|d|aɪ|ˈ|æ|z|ᵻ|p|æ|m}}
|tradename        =Valium, Vazepam, Valtoco, others&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/job185drugs/diazepam.htm |title=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheet- Diazepam |access-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327233605/https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/INJURY/research/job185drugs/diazepam.htm |archive-date=2017-03-27 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|synonyms         =
|IUPAC_name       =7-Chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-3''H''-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =
|uses             =Anxiety, trouble sleeping, agitation&lt;ref name=MSF2020&gt;{{cite web |title=DIAZEPAM emulsion - Essential drugs |url=https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/diazepam-emulsion-16682632.html |website=medicalguidelines.msf.org |access-date=1 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|side_effects     =&lt;!-- common side effects and notable side effects --&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =C
|pregnancy_US     =D
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]], [[Intramuscular injection|IM]], [[Intravenous therapy|IV]], [[Rectal administration|rectal]], [[nasal spray]]&lt;ref name=&quot;valtoco&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Valtoco- diazepam spray | website=DailyMed | date=13 January 2020 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1a8bcc90-68fa-474d-832c-0df01e825f39 | access-date=13 February 2020 | archive-date=1 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801111151/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1a8bcc90-68fa-474d-832c-0df01e825f39 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|onset            =
|duration_of_action=
|defined_daily_dose=10 mg&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N05BA01 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=30 August 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728190314/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N05BA01 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =
|dependency_liability=High&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1= Edmunds |first1= Marilyn |last2= Mayhew |first2= Maren |date= 17 April 2013 |title= Pharmacology for the Primary Care Provider |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8FwdEsvnw8oC&amp;pg=PA545 |edition= 4th |publisher= Mosby |page= 545 |isbn= 9780323087902 |access-date= 31 July 2020 |archive-date= 1 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020420/https://books.google.com/books?id=8FwdEsvnw8oC&amp;pg=PA545 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|addiction_liability=Moderate&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Clinical Addiction Psychiatry|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139491693|page=156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xD-R7Z27UBEC&amp;pg=PA156|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135445/https://books.google.com/books?id=xD-R7Z27UBEC&amp;pg=PA156|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ries|first1=Richard K.|title=Principles of addiction medicine.|date=2009|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781774772|page=106|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j6GGBud8DXcC&amp;pg=PA106|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135444/https://books.google.com/books?id=j6GGBud8DXcC&amp;pg=PA106|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|diazepam}}
|MedlinePlus      =a682047

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S4
|legal_CA         =Schedule IV
|legal_DE         =Rx-only/Anlage III
|legal_NZ         =Class C
|legal_UN         =Psychotropic schedule IV
|legal_UK         =POM
|legal_UK_comment =&lt;ref name=&quot;Diazepam SmPC&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Diazepam Tablets BP 10mg - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) | website=(emc) | date=16 September 2019 | url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4522/smpc | access-date=25 July 2020 | archive-date=25 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725234327/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4522/smpc | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|legal_US         =Schedule IV
|legal_status     =Rx-only
|DailyMedID       =Diazepam
|licence_US       =Diazepam

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =76% (64–97%) by mouth, 81% (62–98%) rectal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Dhillon S, Oxley J, Richens A | title = Bioavailability of diazepam after intravenous, oral and rectal administration in adult epileptic patients | journal = British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 427–32 | date = March 1982 | pmid = 7059446 | pmc = 1402110 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01397.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|metabolism       =[[Liver]]—[[CYP2B6]] (minor route) to [[desmethyldiazepam]], [[CYP2C19]] (major route) to inactive metabolites, [[CYP3A4]] (major route) to desmethyldiazepam
|elimination_half-life=(50 hours); 20–100 hours (36–200 hours for main active metabolite desmethyldiazepam)&lt;ref name=&quot;Valium label&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Diazepam SmPC&quot; /&gt;
|excretion        =[[Kidney]]

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =16
|Cl               =1
|H                =13
|N                =2
|O                =1
|SMILES           =CN1C2=C(C(C3=CC=CC=C3)=NCC1=O)C=C(Cl)C=C2
|StdInChI         =1S/C16H13ClN2O/c1-19-14-8-7-12(17)9-13(14)16(18-10-15(19)20)11-5-3-2-4-6-11/h2-9H,10H2,1H3
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =AAOVKJBEBIDNHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|urine            =Up to 30 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT) |url=https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025202836/https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|drug_name        =Diazepam
}}

'''Diazepam''', izay namidy voalohany tamin'ny anarana hoe '''Valium''', dia fanafody avy amin'ny fianakaviana benzodiazepine izay mazàna miteraka fiantraikany mampitony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Calcaterra NE, Barrow JC|title=Classics in chemical neuroscience: diazepam (valium)|journal=ACS Chemical Neuroscience|volume=5|issue=4|pages=253–60|date=April 2014|pmid=24552479|pmc=3990949|doi=10.1021/cn5000056}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika izy io no ampiasaina hitsaboana aretina isan-karazany, anisan'izany ny tebiteby, ny androbe, ny aretin'ny fihemorana vokatry ny alikaola, ny aretin'ny fihemorana vokatry ny benzodiazepine, ny fihenjanana hozatra, ny olana amin'ny torimaso, ary ny aretin'ny tongotra tsy mety sasatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt; Mety hampiasaina hiteraka fahaverezan'ny fitadidiana mandritra ny fitsaboana sasany ihany koa izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|year=2006|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3016|title=Diazepam|website=[[PubChem]]|publisher=National Institute of Health: National Library of Medicine|access-date=2006-03-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630021019/http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3016|archive-date=2015-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Azo raisina am-bava izy io, ampidirina ao amin'ny lava-pitombenana, tsindrona ao amin'ny hozatra, tsindrona ao amin'ny lalan-drà na ampiasaina ho toy ny famafazana orona.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Rehefa ampidirina amin'ny lalan-drà dia manomboka miasa ao anatin'ny iray ka hatramin'ny dimy minitra ary maharitra hatramin'ny adiny iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diazepam|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/diazepam.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2015-06-05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630144220/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/diazepam.html|archive-date=2015-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa avy ampiasaina amin'ny vava, dia manomboka miasa aorian'ny 15 ka hatramin'ny 60 minitra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Dhaliwal JS, Saadabadi A|chapter=Diazepam|date=2019|title=StatPearls|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=30725707|access-date=2019-10-13|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308201231/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537022/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fahatsapana ho rendremana sy ny olana amin'ny fandrindrana ny fihetsika.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valium label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Valium- diazepam tablet|website=DailyMed|date=8 November 2019|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=554baee5-b171-4452-a50a-41a0946f956c|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-date=28 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628202244/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=554baee5-b171-4452-a50a-41a0946f956c|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahalana vao misy voka-dratsy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt; Anisan'izany ny famonoan-tena, ny fihenan'ny fifohana rivotra, ary ny fitomboan'ny mety hisian'ny androbe raha ampiasaina matetika loatra amin'ireo voan'ny androbe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indraindray, mety hitranga ny fientanentanana na ny tebiteby.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riss-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S|title=Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics|journal=Acta Neurologica Scandinavica|volume=118|issue=2|pages=69–86|date=August 2008|pmid=18384456|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Perkin|first=Ronald M.|title=Pediatric hospital medicine : textbook of inpatient management|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781770323|page=862|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV6-ifUGoMYC&amp;pg=PA862|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801013856/https://books.google.com/books?id=sV6-ifUGoMYC&amp;pg=PA862|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fampiasana maharitra dia mety hiteraka fandeferana, fiankinan-doha ary soritr'aretina fisintahana amin'ny fampihenana ny fatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt; Mety hampidi-doza ny fijanonana tampoka aorian'ny fampiasana maharitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt; Rehefa mijanona ny fampiasana azy dia mety haharitra enim-bolana na mihoatra ny olana ara-tsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riss-2008&quot; /&gt; Tsy soso-kevitra ny hampiasana azy mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka na ny fampinonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ny fomba fiasany dia amin'ny fampitomboana ny fiantraikan'ny neurotransmitter &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwlg&quot;&gt;gamma&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; -aminobutyric acid (GABA).&lt;ref name=&quot;Riss-2008&quot; /&gt;

Nahazo patanty tamin'ny 1959 avy amin'i Hoffmann-La Roche ny Diazepam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA535|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020341/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA535|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Iray amin'ireo fanafody matetika indrindra omena eran-tany izy io hatramin'ny nanombohany tamin'ny 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt; Tany Etazonia, io no fanafody be mpividy indrindra teo anelanelan'ny taona 1968 sy 1982, izay nivarotra takelaka mihoatra ny roa lavitrisa tamin'ny taona 1978 fotsiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-135 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny dimy tapitrisa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diazepam - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Diazepam|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412004604/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Diazepam|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny 1985 no nifarana ny patanty, ary ankehitriny dia misy marika maherin'ny 500 azo alaina eny an-tsena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt; Ao amin'ny Lisitry ny Fanafody Tena Ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izy io ho solon'ny lorazepam.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin'ny 0.01 dolara amerikana isaky ny fatra ny vidin'ny ambongadiny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] {{as of|2015|lc=y}}  &lt;ref name=&quot;MSH2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diazepam|url=https://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=250&amp;searchYear=2015|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=2 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328203935/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=250&amp;searchYear=2014|archive-date=28 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia, eo amin'ny 0.40 dolara amerikana eo ho eo isaky ny fatra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>prita6607elzor1w53eqzm7gld429c2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibuprofen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298930</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134586</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:39:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458167|Ibuprofen]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="11440" sha1="0haz28hcirgrlwlcugeg5zmusqtdr56" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =464191340
|image            =(RS)-Ibuprofen Structural Formula V1.svg
|width            =200px
|image2           =Ibuprofen-3D-balls.png
|width2           =250px
|alt2             =(R)-ibuprofen

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|b|juː|p|r|oʊ|f|ɛ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|aɪ|b|juː|ˈ|p|r|oʊ|f|ən}}, {{respell|EYE|bew|PROH|fən}}
|tradename        =Advil, Motrin, Nurofen, [[List of ibuprofen brand names|others]]
|synonyms         =isobutylphenylpropionic acid
|IUPAC_name       =(''RS'')-2-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)propanoic acid

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] (NSAID)
|uses             =[[Pain]], [[fever]], [[inflammation]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt;
|side_effects     =[[Heartburn]], [[rash]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =C
|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{drugs.com|pregnancy|ibuprofen}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pregnancy_US     =C
|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;
|pregnancy_category=D (US) at ≥30 weeks of gestation, due to the potential for premature closure of the ''[[ductus arteriosus]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;
|breastfeeding    =Safe&lt;ref name=Breast2021/&gt;
|routes_of_administration=By mouth, rectal, topical, [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]]
|onset            =30{{nbsp}}min&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=ibuprofen|url=http://web.squ.edu.om/med-lib/med_cd/e_cds/Nursing%20Drug%20Guide/mg/ibuprofen.htm|access-date=31 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113042104/http://web.squ.edu.om/med-Lib/MED_CD/E_CDs/Nursing%20Drug%20Guide/mg/ibuprofen.htm|archive-date=13 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|duration_of_action=
|defined_daily_dose=1.2 g (by mouth) or&lt;br&gt; 1.2 g (parenteral) or&lt;br&gt; 1.2 g (rectal) for pain relief&lt;ref name&quot;who&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=M01AE01 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017235515/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=M01AE01 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and&lt;br&gt;30 mg (parenteral) for treatment of ischemic heart diseases&lt;ref name=&quot;who1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=C01EB16 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101012238/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=C01EB16 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|ibuprofen}}
|MedlinePlus      =a682159

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =OTC
|legal_CA         =OTC
|legal_UK         =GSL
|legal_US         =OTC
|legal_US_comment =/&amp;nbsp;Rx-only
|DailyMedID       =Ibuprofen
|license_US       =Ibuprofen
|licence_EU       =yes

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =80–100% (by mouth),&lt;ref name=&quot;Davanzo2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Davanzo|first1=R|last2=Bua|first2=J|last3=Paloni|first3=G|last4=Facchina|first4=G|title=Breastfeeding and migraine drugs|journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|date=November 2014|volume=70|issue=11|pages=1313–24|doi=10.1007/s00228-014-1748-0|pmid=25217187|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 87% (rectal)
|protein_bound    =98%&lt;ref name = clinp&gt;{{cite journal|last=Davies|first=NM|title=Clinical pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen: The first 30 years.|journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics|date=February 1998|volume=34|issue=2|pages=101–54|doi=10.2165/00003088-199834020-00002|pmid=9515184}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|metabolism       =Liver ([[CYP2C9]])&lt;ref name = clinp/&gt;
|metabolites      =ibuprofen glucuronide, 2-hydroxyibuprofen, 3-hydroxyibuprofen, carboxy-ibuprofen, 1-hydroxyibuprofen
|elimination_half-life=2–4 h&lt;ref name=&quot;Grosser2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grosser|first1=T|last2=Ricciotti|first2=E|last3=FitzGerald|first3=GA|title=The Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs|journal=Trends in Pharmacological Sciences|date=August 2017|volume=38|issue=8|pages=733–48|doi=10.1016/j.tips.2017.05.008|pmid=28651847|pmc=5676556|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|excretion        =Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = clinp/&gt;&lt;ref name=TGA&gt;{{cite web|title=Brufen Tablets And Syrup|publisher=Therapeutic Goods Administration|date=31 July 2012|access-date=8 May 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2009-PI-00035-3|format=PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820064609/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2009-PI-00035-3|archive-date=20 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =13
|H                =18
|O                =2
|SMILES           =CC(C)Cc1ccc(cc1)[C@@H](C)C(=O)O
|StdInChI         =1S/C13H18O2/c1-9(2)8-11-4-6-12(7-5-11)10(3)13(14)15/h4-7,9-10H,8H2,1-3H3,(H,14,15)
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =HEFNNWSXXWATRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|chirality        =[[Racemic mixture]]
|density          =1.03 g/ml
|melting_point    =75
|melting_high     =78
|boiling_point    =157
|boiling_notes    =at 4 mmHg
|solubility       =0.021
|drug_name        =Ibuprofen
}}

'''Ibuprofen''' dia fanafody ao amin'ny sokajin'ny fanafody tsy steroidal anti-inflammatoire (NSAID) izay ampiasaina hitsaboana fanaintainana, tazo ary fivontosana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ibuprofen.html|title=Ibuprofen|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2016-10-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909052204/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ibuprofen.html|archive-date=9 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiditra ao anatin'izany ny fanaintainana mandritra ny fadimbolana, ny aretin'andoha, ary ny aretin'ny tonon-taolana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina hanakatonana ny ductus arteriosus tsy misy fangarony amin'ny zaza teraka aloha loatra ihany koa izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina am-bava na amin'ny lalan-drà izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Matetika izy io dia manomboka miasa ao anatin'ny adiny iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fandoroana vavony sy ny maimaika.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Raha ampitahaina amin'ny NSAID hafa, mety ho vitsy kokoa ny voka-dratsiny toy ny rà mandriaka ao amin'ny tsinay.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF67&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British National Formulary, March 2014–September 2014|date=2014|publisher=British Medical Association|location=London|isbn=978-0857110862|pages=686–688|edition=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mampitombo ny mety hisian'ny tsy fahombiazan'ny fo, ny tsy fahombiazan'ny voa ary ny tsy fahombiazan'ny aty izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny fatra ambany, toa tsy mampitombo ny mety hisian'ny aretim-po izany; na izany aza, amin'ny fatra ambony kokoa dia mety hampitombo izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF67&quot; /&gt; Ny Ibuprofen koa dia mety hampitombo [[Sohika|ny asma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF67&quot; /&gt; Na dia tsy mazava aza raha azo antoka amin'ny fiandohan'ny [[fitondrana vohoka]],&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; toa mampidi-doza amin'ny fitondrana vohoka any aoriana izy io ka noho izany dia tsy soso-kevitra ny hampiasana azy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ibuprofen Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ibuprofen.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909052509/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ibuprofen.html|archive-date=9 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ampiasao rehefa azo antoka ny fampinonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Breast2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ibuprofen use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/ibuprofen.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=29 March 2021|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417113554/https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/ibuprofen.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toy ny NSAID hafa, miasa amin'ny alàlan'ny fanakanana ny famokarana prostaglandins amin'ny alàlan'ny fampihenana ny asan'ny anzima cyclooxygenase izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Malemy kokoa ny Ibuprofen raha oharina amin'ny NSAID hafa, ary tsy dia mahery vaika loatra amin'ny fanalana fivontosana izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF67&quot; /&gt;

Nahita ny Ibuprofen tamin'ny 1961 i Stewart Adams tao amin'ny Boots UK Limited ary namidy voalohany tamin'ny anarana hoe '''Brufen'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;plat12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Halford|first=GM|last2=Lordkipanidzé|first2=M|last3=Watson|first3=SP|title=50th anniversary of the discovery of ibuprofen: an interview with Dr Stewart Adams.|journal=Platelets|date=2012|volume=23|issue=6|pages=415–22|doi=10.3109/09537104.2011.632032|pmid=22098129}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo vidiana amin'ny anarana ara-barotra maromaro izy io, anisan'izany ny '''Nurofen''', '''Advil''' ary '''Motrin'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resources/chemistry-in-your-cupboard/nurofen/4|title=Chemistry in your cupboard &amp;#124; Nurofen|website=|access-date=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605052836/http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resources/chemistry-in-your-cupboard/nurofen/4|archive-date=5 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Navoaka voalohany tany Royaume-Uni tamin'ny 1969 izy io ary tany Etazonia tamin'ny 1974.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;plat12&quot; /&gt; Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Eo anelanelan'ny 0.01 sy 0.04 {{US$}} {{US$}} ny fatra ny vidin'ny ambongadiny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ibuprofen|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=416&amp;searchYear=2014|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=13 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213102913/https://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=416&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia, mitentina eo amin'ny 0.05 {{US$}} eo ho eo ny fatra iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-28 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny 24.{{Spaces}}fanafody an-tapitrisany.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|publisher=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ibuprofen - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ibuprofen|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412011504/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ibuprofen|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tapaka lalan-dra</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1487782|Stroke]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="12871" sha1="di17xwllzc3swzxe6jj082u5zy1wpqg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Stroke
|synonym          =Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular insult (CVI), brain attack
|image            =MCA Territory Infarct.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[CT scan]] of the brain showing a prior right-sided [[ischemic]] stroke from blockage of an artery. Changes on a CT may not be visible early on.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gaillard |first1=Frank |title=Ischaemic stroke |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |website=radiopaedia.org |access-date=3 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128000612/https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Neurology]], stroke medicine
|symptoms         =[[hemiplegia|Inability to move or feel]] on one side of the body, [[receptive aphasia|problems understanding]] or [[expressive aphasia|speaking]], [[dizziness]], [[Homonymous hemianopsia|loss of vision to one side]]&lt;ref name=Donnan2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=HLB2014S/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =[[brain ischemia|Ischemic]] (blockage) and [[intracranial hemorrhage|hemorrhagic]] (bleeding)&lt;ref name=HLB2014W/&gt;
|risks            =[[hypertension|High blood pressure]], [[tobacco smoking]], [[obesity]], [[hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], [[diabetes mellitus]], previous [[Transient ischemic attack|TIA]], [[end-stage kidney disease]], [[atrial fibrillation]]&lt;ref name=Donnan2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=HLB2014C/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hu2018&quot;/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms with [[medical imaging]] typically used to rule out bleeding&lt;ref name=HLB2014D/&gt;&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt;
|differential     =[[Hypoglycemia|Low blood sugar]]&lt;ref name=HLB2014D/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Based on the type&lt;ref name=Donnan2008/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Average life expectancy 1 year&lt;ref name=Donnan2008/&gt;
|frequency        =42.4 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =6.3 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}Ny '''fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra''' dia [[aretina]] iray izay mahatonga ny tsy fikorianan'ny ra mankany amin'ny [[atidoha]] ho faty.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot; /&gt; Misy karazany roa lehibe ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra: ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ischemic, vokatry ny tsy fahampian'ny fikorianan'ny ra, ary ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra hemorrhagic, vokatry ny rà mandriaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot; /&gt; Samy mahatonga ny ampahany amin'ny atidoha tsy hiasa tsara izy roa ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Is a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov/|access-date=26 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230259/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/|archive-date=18 February 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famantarana sy soritr'aretin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia mety ahitana ny tsy fahafahana mihetsika na mahatsapa amin'ny ilany iray amin'ny vatana, ny olana amin'ny fahatakarana na ny fitenenana, ny fanina, na ny fahaverezan'ny fahitana amin'ny ilany iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny famantarana sy ny soritr'aretina dia miseho avy hatrany aorian'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot; /&gt; Raha latsaky ny adiny iray na roa ny faharetan'ny soritr'aretina, dia antsoina hoe &quot; transient ischemic attack &quot; (TIA) ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, izay antsoina koa hoe &quot;mini-stroke&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083736/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety mifandray amin'ny aretin'andoha mafy ihany koa ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha (AVC).&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot; /&gt; Mety haharitra ela ny soritr'aretin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana pnemonia sy fahaverezan'ny fifehezana ny tatavia ny fahasarotana maharitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot; /&gt;

Ny anton-javatra mampidi-doza lehibe indrindra amin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia ny fiakaran'ny tosidrà.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014C&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227085058/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza hafa ny fifohana sigara, ny hatavezana, ny kolesterola avo ao amin'ny ra, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta]], ny TIA teo aloha, ny aretin'ny voa efa ho tapitra ny dingana farany, ary ny fibrillation atrial.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014C&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hu2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=A|last2=Niu|first2=J|last3=Winkelmayer|first3=WC|title=Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease on Dialysis and Atrial Fibrillation.|journal=Seminars in Nephrology|date=November 2018|volume=38|issue=6|pages=618–28|doi=10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.08.006|pmid=30413255|pmc=6233322}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha (AVC ischemic) dia matetika vokatry ny fikatonan'ny lalan-dra, na dia misy ihany koa ireo antony tsy dia fahita firy.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014T&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roos|first=Karen L.|title=Emergency Neurology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-88584-1|page=360|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&amp;pg=PA360|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190342/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&amp;pg=PA360|archive-date=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wityk|first=Robert J.|last2=Llinas|first2=Rafael H.|title=Stroke|date=2007|publisher=ACP Press|isbn=978-1-930513-70-9|page=296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&amp;pg=PA296|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108185918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&amp;pg=PA296|archive-date=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha dia vokatry ny rà mandriaka mivantana ao amin'ny atidoha na ao amin'ny toerana eo anelanelan'ny fonon'ny atidoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014T&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Types of Stroke|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319163549/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|archive-date=19 March 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Feigin05&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J, Anderson CS|title=Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies|journal=Stroke|volume=36|issue=12|pages=2773–80|date=December 2005|pmid=16282541|doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hitranga ny rà mandriaka noho ny fahatapahan'ny aneurysm ao amin'ny atidoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014T&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny fizahana ara-batana ary tohanan'ny sary ara-pitsaboana toy ny scan CT na MRI.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014D&quot; /&gt; Afaka manaporofo ny fisian'ny rà mandriaka ny fitiliana CT scan, saingy mety tsy voatery hanaporofo ny fisian'ny ischemia, izay matetika tsy hita amin'ny fitiliana CT scan raha vao manomboka.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yew KS, Cheng E|title=Acute stroke diagnosis|journal=American Family Physician|volume=80|issue=1|pages=33–40|date=July 2009|pmid=19621844|pmc=2722757}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fitiliana hafa toy ny electrocardiogram (ECG) sy fitiliana ra atao mba hamaritana ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza sy hanilihana ireo antony hafa mety hitranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014D&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka soritr'aretina mitovy amin'izany ny siramamy ambany ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014D&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Is a Stroke Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083640/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny fampihenana ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza, ny fandidiana hanokafana ny lalan-dra mankany amin'ny atidoha ho an'ireo izay manana olana amin'ny fampihenana ny tahan'ny fo ao amin'ny carotid, ary ny fampiasana warfarin na fanafody hafa manakana ny fiforonan'ny ra ao amin'ny olona voan'ny atrial fibrillation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donnan2008&quot; /&gt; Mety ho soso-kevitra ny fampiasana [[Aspirinina|aspirine]] na statins ho fisorohana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donnan2008&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra na ny TIA dia mitaky fitsaboana maika.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot; /&gt; Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra iskemika, raha hita ao anatin'ny telo ka hatramin'ny efatra ora sy sasany, dia azo tsaboina amin'ny fanafody afaka manapaka ny fivontosan'ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donnan2008&quot; /&gt; Misy ihany koa ireo fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra vokatry ny fandidiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donnan2008&quot; /&gt; Ny fitsaboana mba hamerenana amin'ny laoniny ny fiasan'ny atidoha very dia antsoina hoe fanarenana ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, ary tsara indrindra raha atao ao amin'ny sampana fitsaboana ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra; na izany aza, tsy misy izany any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena eran-tany. 

Tamin'ny taona 2013, olona 6.9 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha ary 3.4 tapitrisa no voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=The Lancet|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|date=August 2015|pmid=26063472|pmc=4561509|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015 dia nisy tokony ho 42.4&amp;nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany izay efa voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra teo aloha ary mbola velona ihany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teo anelanelan'ny taona 1990 sy 2010, nihena 10% teo ho eo ny isan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra isan-taona tany amin'ireo [[firenena mandroso]] ary nitombo 10% tany amin'ireo firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fei2013&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra no antony faharoa mahatonga fahafatesana matetika indrindra aorian'ny aretin'ny lalan-dra ao am-po, izay mitentina 6.3&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa ny fahafatesana (11% amin'ny fitambarany).&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maty teo amin'ny 3.0 tapitrisa teo ho eo ny olona voan'ny stroke ischemic raha 3.3 tapitrisa kosa ny olona maty vokatry ny stroke hemorrhagic.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot; /&gt; Manodidina ny antsasaky ny olona voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra no miaina latsaky ny herintaona.  Amin'ny ankapobeny, ny roa ampahatelon'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia nitranga tamin'ireo mihoatra ny 65 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fei2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, O'Donnell M, Venketasubramanian N, Barker-Collo S, Lawes CM, Wang W, Shinohara Y, Witt E, Ezzati M, Naghavi M, Murray C|display-authors=6|title=Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=The Lancet|volume=383|issue=9913|pages=245–54|date=January 2014|pmid=24449944|pmc=4181600|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61953-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Pleurisy</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1469276|Pleurisy]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="4336" sha1="5gvqn3wgkf9gs3y1xl3n77x2bipkqoc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Pleurisy
|synonym          =Pleuritis, pleuritic chest pain&lt;ref name=NIH2011What/&gt;
|image            =Pleurisy and pneumothorax.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Figure A shows normal anatomy. Figure B shows lungs with pleurisy in the right lung, and a pneumothorax of the left lung.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Pulmonology]]
|symptoms         =Sharp chest pain&lt;ref name=NIH2011What/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Viral infection]], [[pneumonia]], [[pulmonary embolism]]&lt;ref name=NIH2011Ca/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Chest X-ray]], [[electrocardiogram]] (ECG), [[blood test]]s&lt;ref name=Fer2016/&gt;
|differential     =[[Pericarditis]], [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], [[cholecystitis]]&lt;ref name=Fer2016/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Based on the underlying cause&lt;ref name=Fer2016/&gt;
|medication       =[[Paracetamol]] (acetaminophen), [[ibuprofen]]&lt;ref name=NIH2011Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =1 million cases per year (United States)&lt;ref name=Di2012/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny pleurisy''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''pleuritis''', dia fivontosan'ny fonon-taolana manodidina ny [[havokavoka]] sy mandrakotra ny lavaky ny tratra ( pleurae ).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011What&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka fanaintainana mafy eo amin'ny tratra izany rehefa miaina.  Indraindray ny fanaintainana dia mety ho fanaintainana tsy tapaka sy tsy misy fiafarany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Sym&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana sempotra, kohaka, tazo na fihenan-danja ny soritr'aretina hafa, arakaraka ny antony fototra. 

Ny antony mahazatra indrindra dia ny aretina vokatry ny virosy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ca&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny antony hafa ny pnemonia, ny embolisma amin'ny havokavoka, ny aretina autoimmune, ny homamiadan'ny havokavoka, ny fandidiana fo, ny pancreatitis, ny ratra amin'ny tratra, ary ny asbestosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ca&quot; /&gt; Indraindray dia mbola tsy fantatra ny antony.  Ny mekanisma fototra dia ny fikosehana miaraka ny pleurae fa tsy ny fivezivezena malefaka.  Ny toe-javatra hafa mety hiteraka soritr'aretina mitovy amin'izany dia ahitana ny pericarditis, ny aretim-po, ny cholecystitis, ary ny pneumothorax.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana fitiliana X-ray tratra, electrocardiogram (ECG), ary fitiliana ra ny fitiliana diagnostika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323448383|page=981|url=https://books.google.com/?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA981|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103215630/https://books.google.ca/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA981|archive-date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kass|first=SM|last2=Williams|first2=PM|last3=Reamy|first3=BV|title=Pleurisy.|journal=American Family Physician|date=1 May 2007|volume=75|issue=9|pages=1357–64|pmid=17508531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miankina amin'ny antony fototra ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina hampihena ny fanaintainana ny Paracetamol (acetaminophen) sy ibuprofen .  Mety ho soso-kevitra ny fampiasana &quot;spirometry&quot; mba hamporisihana ny fofonaina bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Di2012&quot; /&gt; Olona iray tapitrisa eo ho eo no voakasik'izany any Etazonia isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Di2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Disease &amp; Drug Consult: Respiratory Disorders|date=2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9781451151947|page=Pleurisy|url=https://books.google.com/?id=bdkPAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT175|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103215903/https://books.google.ca/books?id=bdkPAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT175|archive-date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana ny toe-javatra dia efa nosoratan'i [[Hippocrate|Hippocrates]] tamin'ny taona 400 talohan'i Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Light|first=Richard W.|last2=Lee|first2=Y. C. Gary|title=Textbook of Pleural Diseases Second Edition|date=2008|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780340940174|page=2|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/?id=v5T0MWmBLDYC&amp;pg=PA2|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103215905/https://books.google.ca/books?id=v5T0MWmBLDYC&amp;pg=PA2|archive-date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>5gvqn3wgkf9gs3y1xl3n77x2bipkqoc</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sigara elektronika</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134594</id>
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        <id>34924</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1484622|Electronic cigarette]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="17484" sha1="t59me6lzxu6ijtekzfor3jvwfupjg3x" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Electronic_Cigarette_and_USB_Charger_(14939561277)_(retouched).jpg|alt=A first-generation e-cigarette that resembles a tobacco cigarette. Also shown is a USB power charger, which the battery portion of the e-cigarette can be disconnected and recharged with.|thumb| Sigara elektronika taranaka voalohany izay mitovy amin'ny [[Sigara|sigara paraky]] . Azo esorina ny bateria amin'ny sigara elektronika ary azo ampiasaina indray amin'ny alàlan'ny charger USB.]]
[[Sary:CDC_electronic_cigarettes_October_2015_(cropped).png|alt=Various types of e-cigarettes, including a disposable e-cigarette, a rechargeable e-cigarette, a medium-size tank device, large-size tank devices, an e-cigar, and an e-pipe.|thumb| Karazana sigara elektronika isan-karazany, anisan'izany ny sigara azo ariana, ny sigara azo averina ampiasaina, ny sigara antonony habe, ny sigara lehibe, ary ny sigara elektronika.]]
'''Sigara elektronika''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''sigara elektronika''', {{#tag:ref|Vapes, vaporizers, vape pens, hookah pens, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes or e-cigs), and e-pipes are terms used to describe electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS).&lt;ref name=FDA2020&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/products-ingredients-components/vaporizers-e-cigarettes-and-other-electronic-nicotine-delivery-systems-ends|title=Vaporizers, E-Cigarettes, and other Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS)|publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration|date=14 February 2020|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125125153/https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/products-ingredients-components/vaporizers-e-cigarettes-and-other-electronic-nicotine-delivery-systems-ends|url-status=live}}{{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;|&lt;nowiki&gt;group=notes&lt;/nowiki&gt;}} dia fitaovana elektronika izay manahaka ny fifohana sigara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cap2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Caponnetto|first=Pasquale|last2=Campagna|first2=Davide|last3=Papale|first3=Gabriella|last4=Russo|first4=Cristina|last5=Polosa|first5=Riccardo|title=The emerging phenomenon of electronic cigarettes|journal=Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine|volume=6|issue=1|year=2012|pages=63–74|issn=1747-6348|doi=10.1586/ers.11.92|pmid=22283580}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fampiasana sigara elektronika dia antsoina hoe &quot;vaping&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ore2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Orellana-Barrios|first=Menfil A.|last2=Payne|first2=Drew|last3=Mulkey|first3=Zachary|last4=Nugent|first4=Kenneth|title=Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|year=2015|volume=128|issue=7|pages=674–81|issn=0002-9343|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033|pmid=25731134}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOrellana-BarriosPayneMulkeyNugent2015&quot;&gt;Orellana-Barrios, Menfil A.; Payne, Drew; Mulkey, Zachary; Nugent, Kenneth (2015). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy azo antoka ny tombontsoa sy ny loza mety hitranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebb2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ebbert|first=Jon O.|last2=Agunwamba|first2=Amenah A.|last3=Rutten|first3=Lila J.|title=Counseling Patients on the Use of Electronic Cigarettes|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=90|issue=1|year=2015|pages=128–134|issn=0025-6196|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.11.004|pmid=25572196}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brady2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brady|first=Benjamin R.|last2=De La Rosa|first2=Jennifer S.|last3=Nair|first3=Uma S.|last4=Leischow|first4=Scott J.|title=Electronic Cigarette Policy Recommendations: A Scoping Review|journal=American Journal of Health Behavior|volume=43|issue=1|year=2019|pages=88–104|issn=1087-3244|doi=10.5993/AJHB.43.1.8|pmid=30522569|s2cid=54566712}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bals2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bals|first=Robert|last2=Boyd|first2=Jeanette|last3=Esposito|first3=Susanna|last4=Foronjy|first4=Robert|last5=Hiemstra|first5=Pieter S.|last6=Jiménez-Ruiz|first6=Carlos A.|last7=Katsaounou|first7=Paraskevi|last8=Lindberg|first8=Anne|last9=Metz|first9=Carlos|last10=Schober|first10=Wolfgang|last11=Spira|first11=Avrum|last12=Blasi|first12=Francesco|title=Electronic cigarettes: a task force report from the European Respiratory Society|journal=European Respiratory Journal|volume=53|issue=2|year=2019|pages=1801151|issn=0903-1936|doi=10.1183/13993003.01151-2018|pmid=30464018|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an'ny olona iray dia azo inoana fa azo antoka kokoa noho ny fifohana sigara izy ireo,&lt;ref name=&quot;Balf2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306416|title=Balancing Consideration of the Risks and Benefits of E-Cigarettes|date=September 2021|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2021.306416|last=Balfour|first=David J. K.|last2=Benowitz|first2=Neal L.|last3=Colby|first3=Suzanne M.|last4=Hatsukami|first4=Dorothy K.|last5=Lando|first5=Harry A.|last6=Leischow|first6=Scott J.|last7=Lerman|first7=Caryn|last8=Mermelstein|first8=Robin J.|last9=Niaura|first9=Raymond|last10=Perkins|first10=Kenneth A.|last11=Pomerleau|first11=Ovide F.|last12=Rigotti|first12=Nancy A.|last13=Swan|first13=Gary E.|last14=Warner|first14=Kenneth E.|last15=West|first15=Robert|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=111|issue=9|pages=1661–1672|pmid=34410826|pmc=8589069|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718034046/https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306416|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary ny NHS England dia manombana fa 95% tsy dia mampidi-doza loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHE95percent&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=E-cigarettes around 95% less harmful than tobacco estimates landmark review|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/e-cigarettes-around-95-less-harmful-than-tobacco-estimates-landmark-review|website=gov.uk|publisher=Public Health England|access-date=2022-07-26|archive-date=2022-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725191351/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/e-cigarettes-around-95-less-harmful-than-tobacco-estimates-landmark-review|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toa mampitombo ny fampiasana sigara any aoriana ny fampiasana azy eo amin'ny tanora, ary koa eo amin'ny olon-dehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes|url=https://www.nap.edu/resource/24952/012318ecigaretteHighlights.pdf|access-date=27 February 2020|quote=For youth and young adults, there is substantial evidence that e-cigarette use increases the risk of ever using combustible tobacco cigarettes.|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323141453/https://www.nap.edu/resource/24952/012318ecigaretteHighlights.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=E-cigarettes|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/e-cigarettes-how-risky-are-they|website=www.who.int|access-date=27 February 2020|language=en|quote=Furthermore, there is a growing body of evidence in some settings that never-smoker minors who use ENDS at least double their chance of starting to smoke conventional tobacco cigarettes later in life.|archive-date=24 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224204539/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/e-cigarettes-how-risky-are-they|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McMillen|first=R|last2=Klein|first2=JD|last3=Wilson|first3=K|last4=Winickoff|first4=JP|last5=Tanski|first5=S|title=E-Cigarette Use and Future Cigarette Initiation Among Never Smokers and Relapse Among Former Smokers in the PATH Study.|journal=Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)|date=2019|volume=134|issue=5|pages=528-536|doi=10.1177/0033354919864369|pmid=31419184}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy fantatra ny fiantraikany maharitra sy ny fahasalaman'ny mponina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAS2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2025&quot; /&gt; Na dia heverina ho azo antoka kokoa aza ireo vokatra fanoloana nikôtinina voafehy, dia mety hanampy ny fialana amin'ny fifohana sigara elektronika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lind2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lindson|first=N|last2=Butler|first2=AR|last3=McRobbie|first3=H|last4=Bullen|first4=C|last5=Hajek|first5=P|last6=Wu|first6=AD|last7=Begh|first7=R|last8=Theodoulou|first8=A|last9=Notley|first9=C|last10=Rigotti|first10=NA|last11=Turner|first11=T|last12=Livingstone-Banks|first12=J|last13=Morris|first13=T|last14=Hartmann-Boyce|first14=J|title=Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=29 January 2025|volume=1|issue=1|pages=CD010216|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub9|pmid=39878158}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thombs|first=Brett D.|last2=Traversy|first2=Gregory|last3=Reynolds|first3=Donna L.|last4=Lang|first4=Eddy|last5=Groulx|first5=Stéphane|last6=Wilson|first6=Brenda J.|title=Recommendations on interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults in Canada|journal=CMAJ|date=25 August 2025|volume=197|issue=28|pages=E846–E861|doi=10.1503/cmaj.241584|url=https://www.cmaj.ca/content/197/28/E846#msdynmkt_trackingcontext=56b3452a-7303-4eb4-a582-3f7ff6120200|access-date=26 August 2025|language=en|issn=0820-3946|archive-date=26 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826070811/https://www.cmaj.ca/content/197/28/E846#msdynmkt_trackingcontext=56b3452a-7303-4eb4-a582-3f7ff6120200|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Drum2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Drummond|first=MB|last2=Upson|first2=D|title=Electronic cigarettes. Potential harms and benefits.|journal=Annals of the American Thoracic Society|date=February 2014|volume=11|issue=2|pages=236–42|doi=10.1513/annalsats.201311-391fr|pmc=5469426|pmid=24575993}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDrummondUpson2014&quot;&gt;Drummond, MB; Upson, D (February 2014). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an'ny hafa, tsy manova ny tahan'ny fialana amin'ny sigara izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedman2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Electronic cigarette use and smoking cessation in cohort studies and randomized trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis|last=Hedman|first=L|last2=Galanti|first2=MR|last3=Ryk|first3=L|last4=Gilljam|first4=H|last5=Adermark|first5=L|date=13 Oct 2021|journal=Tobacco Prevention and Cessation|volume=7|issue=62|page=62|publisher=European Network for Smoking and Tobacco Prevention|doi=10.18332/tpc/142320|pmid=34712864|pmc=8508281}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia ambany aza ny mety hisian'ny voka-dratsy lehibe amin'ny fotoana fohy, dia mitranga ihany izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pale2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Paley|first=Grace L.|last2=Echalier|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Eck|first3=Thomas W.|last4=Hong|first4=Augustine R.|last5=Farooq|first5=Asim V.|last6=Gregory|first6=Darren G.|last7=Lubniewski|first7=Anthony J.|title=Corneoscleral Laceration and Ocular Burns Caused by Electronic Cigarette Explosions|journal=Cornea|volume=35|issue=7|year=2016|pages=1015–1018|issn=0277-3740|doi=10.1097/ICO.0000000000000881|pmc=4900417|pmid=27191672}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Izy io dia misy atomizer, loharanon-kery toy ny bateria, ary fitoeran-javatra toy ny cartridge na tanky.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ore2015&quot; /&gt; Etona no fofonain'ny mpampiasa fa tsy setroka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cheng2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cheng|first=T.|title=Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=23|issue=Supplement 2|year=2014|pages=ii11–ii17|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482|pmc=3995255|pmid=24732157}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singa fanafanana ny atomizer izay manapotika vahaolana ranoka antsoina hoe e-liquid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Weaver2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weaver|first=Michael|last2=Breland|first2=Alison|last3=Spindle|first3=Tory|last4=Eissenberg|first4=Thomas|title=Electronic Cigarettes|journal=Journal of Addiction Medicine|volume=8|issue=4|year=2014|pages=234–240|issn=1932-0620|doi=10.1097/ADM.0000000000000043|pmc=4123220|pmid=25089953}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alefa amin'ny alalan'ny fifohana na fanindriana bokotra ny sigara elektronika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ore2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rah2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Electronic cigarettes: patterns of use, health effects, use in smoking cessation and regulatory issues|journal=Tob Induc Dis|volume=12|issue=1|pages=21|year=2014|doi=10.1186/1617-9625-12-21|pmc=4350653|pmid=25745382}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny sasany dia mitovy amin'ny [[Sigara|sigara nentim-paharazana]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Ore2015&quot; /&gt; ary ny ankamaroan'ny karazany dia azo averina ampiasaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drop2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Drope|first=Jeffrey|last2=Cahn|first2=Zachary|last3=Kennedy|first3=Rosemary|last4=Liber|first4=Alex C.|last5=Stoklosa|first5=Michal|last6=Henson|first6=Rosemarie|last7=Douglas|first7=Clifford E.|last8=Drope|first8=Jacqui|title=Key issues surrounding the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other sources of nicotine|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|volume=67|issue=6|pages=449–471|year=2017|issn=0007-9235|doi=10.3322/caac.21413|pmid=28961314|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny etona dia miforona avy amin'ny ranoka izay matetika ahitana propylene glycol, glycerin, [[nikôtinina]] ary zava-manitra .  Matetika ny etona dia misy soritra loto toy ny nitrosamines, carcinogens, ary [[metaly mavesatra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ore2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Health|first=CDC's Office on Smoking and|title=Smoking and Tobacco Use; Electronic Cigarettes|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/about-e-cigarettes.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=27 July 2022|language=en-us|date=21 March 2022|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126004411/https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/about-e-cigarettes.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miovaova ny firafiny marina, ary miankina amin'ny zavatra maromaro, anisan'izany ny fitondran-tenan'ny mpampiasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAS2018&quot; /&gt;

Noforonina tany Shina tamin'ny taona 2003 izy ireo ary nozaraina voalohany tany Eoropa tamin'ny taona 2005 sy tany Etazonia tamin'ny taona 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=PHE|title=Electronic cigarettes: reports commissioned by PHE|website=GOV.UK|access-date=29 October 2019|date=15 May 2014|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/electronic-cigarettes-reports-commissioned-by-phe|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128110401/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/electronic-cigarettes-reports-commissioned-by-phe|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ore2015&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2011 dia nisy mpampiasa sigara elektronika olon-dehibe tokony ho 7 tapitrisa, niakatra ho 68 tapitrisa maneran-tany tamin'ny taona 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;GST2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Shapiro|first=Harry|date=2020|title=Burning Issues: The Global State of Tobacco Harm Reduction|url=https://gsthr.org/resources/item/burning-issues-global-state-tobacco-harm-reduction-2020|access-date=2022-07-25|archive-date=2021-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729215909/https://gsthr.org/resources/item/burning-issues-global-state-tobacco-harm-reduction-2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tany am-piandohan'ny taona 2010, eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ireo tanora mpampiasa sigara elektronika no mbola tsy nifoka sigara mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dutra2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dutra|first=LM|last2=Glantz|first2=SA|title=High international electronic cigarette use among never smoker adolescents.|journal=The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine|date=November 2014|volume=55|issue=5|pages=595-7|doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.010|pmid=25344030}}&lt;/ref&gt; Noho ny fifanindran-dàlana amin'ny lalàna momba ny paraky sy ny politika momba ny fanafody ara-pitsaboana, dia iadian-kevitra any amin'ny firenena maro ny lalàna momba ny sigara elektronika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Ki-Hyun|last2=Kabir|first2=Ehsanul|last3=Jahan|first3=Shamin Ara|title=Review of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: their potential human health impact|journal=Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C|volume=34|issue=4|year=2016|pages=262–275|issn=1059-0501|doi=10.1080/10590501.2016.1236604|pmid=27635466|s2cid=42660975}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Torolàlana momba ny Vokatra Paraky nohavaozina avy amin'ny EU tamin'ny taona 2016, izay manome fitsipika henjana kokoa.  Nanomboka tamin'ny taona 2016, nanitatra ny fahefany ara-dalàna ny FDA Amerikana mba hampidirana sigara elektronika.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA-August-2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/tobaccoproducts/labeling/rulesregulationsguidance/ucm394909.htm|title=FDA's New Regulations for E-Cigarettes, Cigars, and All Other Tobacco Products|publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration|date=17 August 2017|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422143658/https://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/Labeling/RulesRegulationsGuidance/ucm394909.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nampitombo ny ezaka ara-barotra nataony ireo orinasa mpanao paraky lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drum2014&quot; /&gt; {{Asof|2014}} , nisy marika sigara elektronika miisa 466.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO report on regulation of e-cigarettes and similar products|url=https://blogs.bmj.com/tc/2014/08/27/who-report-on-regulation-of-e-cigarettes-and-similar-products/|website=Blog - Tobacco Control|access-date=27 July 2022|date=27 August 2014|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113022454/http://blogs.bmj.com/tc/2014/08/27/who-report-on-regulation-of-e-cigarettes-and-similar-products/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny 19 miliara dolara ny varotra maneran-tany tamin'ny taona 2020, ary i Etazonia no tsena lehibe indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;GST2020&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457216|Sexually transmitted infection]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="10912" sha1="nvmlyp43i3gpmh73ihgtd7rdlir1ot8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Sexually transmitted infection
|synonym          =Sexually transmitted diseases (STD), venereal diseases (VD)
|image            =Syphilis_is_a_dangerous_disease.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =&quot;Syphilis is a dangerous disease, but it can be cured.&quot; Poster encouraging treatment. Published between 1936 and 1938.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =None, [[vaginal discharge]], [[penile discharge]], [[genital ulcers|ulcers on or around the genitals]], [[pelvic pain]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =Infections commonly [[Transmission (medicine)|spread]] by [[Human sexual activity|sex]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[Sexual abstinence|Not having sex]], vaccinations, [[condom]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2013P/&gt;
|treatment        =
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =1.1&amp;nbsp;billion (STIs other than HIV/AIDS, 2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =108,000 (STIs other than HIV/AIDS, 2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}
'''Ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo''' ( '''STIs''' ), izay antsoina koa hoe '''aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo''' ( '''STDs''' ), dia aretina izay matetika miparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny firaisana ara-nofo, indrindra fa [[Firaisana ara-nofo|ny firaisana ara-nofo amin'ny fivaviana, ny firaisana ara-nofo]] amin'ny lava-pitombenana ary ny firaisana ara-nofo amin'ny vava.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Fact sheet N°110|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs110/en/|website=who.int|access-date=30 November 2014|date=November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125133056/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs110/en/|archive-date=25 November 2014|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Matetika ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo (STIs) dia tsy miteraka soritr'aretina amin'ny voalohany,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; izay miteraka risika lehibe kokoa amin'ny famindrana ny aretina amin'ny hafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA|title=Medical microbiology|date=2013|publisher=Mosby|location=St. Louis, MO|isbn=978-0-323-08692-9|page=418|edition=7th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBEVsFmR2yQC&amp;pg=PA418|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201070705/https://books.google.com/books?id=RBEVsFmR2yQC&amp;pg=PA418|archive-date=2015-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Goering|first=Richard V.|title=Mims' medical microbiology|date=2012|publisher=Saunders|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-7234-3601-0|page=245|edition=5th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzQayLEQ5mQC&amp;pg=PA245|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819200455/https://books.google.com/books?id=pzQayLEQ5mQC&amp;pg=PA245|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny soritr'aretina sy famantarana ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo dia mety ahitana tsiranoka avy amin'ny fivaviana, tsiranoka avy amin'ny filahiana, fery eo amin'ny na manodidina ny taovam-pananahana, ary fanaintainan'ny valahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Mety hifindra amin'ny zaza ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo alohan'ny fiterahana na mandritra ny fiterahana, izay mety hiteraka olana ara-pahasalamana miharatsy kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/reducing-mother-to-child-risk/preventing-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv|title=Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV|website=HIV.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-12-08|date=2017-05-15|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044313/https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/reducing-mother-to-child-risk/preventing-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo sasany dia mety hiteraka fihenan'ny fahafahana bevohoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;

[[Bakteria]], [[Virosy|viriosy]] ary [[katsentsitra]] mihoatra ny 30 no azo mifindra amin'ny alalan'ny firaisana ara-nofo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo vokatry ny bakteria ny klamidia, [[Angatra (aretina)|ny angatra]], ary [[Farasisa|ny sifilis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo ny herpes amin'ny fivaviana, ny VIH/SIDA, ary ny mony amin'ny fivaviana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo vokatry ny katsentsitra ny trichomoniasis.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Na dia matetika miparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny firaisana ara-nofo aza ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo sasany, dia mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana tsy ara-nofo amin'ny sela mpanome, ra, fampinonoana, na mandritra ny fiterahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Matetika mora azo any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]] ny fitiliana diagnostika STI, saingy matetika tsy azo ampiasaina any amin'ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;

Ny fomba mahomby indrindra hisorohana ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo dia ny tsy fanaovana firaisana ara-nofo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013P&quot; /&gt; Mety hampihena ny mety hisian'ny aretina sasany ihany koa ny vaksiny sasany, anisan'izany ny hepatita B sy ny karazana HPV sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013P&quot; /&gt; Ny fomba fanao ara-pananahana azo antoka, toy ny fampiasana kapaoty, ny fananana mpiara-miasa vitsy kokoa, ary ny fifandraisana izay samy manao firaisana ara-nofo amin'ny iray hafa ihany koa dia mampihena ny mety hisian'ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;  Mety hahomby amin'ny fisorohana ny aretina sasany [[Famorana|ny famorana]] amin'ny lehilahy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ihany koa ny fampianarana feno momba ny firaisana ara-nofo mandritra ny fianarana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002607/260770e.pdf|title=International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach|publisher=UNESCO|year=2018|isbn=978-92-3-100259-5|location=Paris|pages=28|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=13 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113072101/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002607/260770e.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo tsaboina na azo sitranina ny ankamaroan'ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo; ny sasany amin'ireo aretina mahazatra indrindra dia ny syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, ary trichomoniasis, raha ny herpes, hepatita B, VIH/SIDA, ary HPV kosa dia azo tsaboina saingy tsy azo sitranina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Mitombo ny fanoherana ny [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sasany eo amin'ny zavamananaina sasany toy ny gonorrhea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Update to CDC's Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010: oral cephalosporins no longer a recommended treatment for gonococcal infections|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=61|issue=31|pages=590–4|date=August 2012|pmid=22874837|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6131a3.htm|last=Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC)|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=6 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006070610/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6131a3.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin'ny taona 2015, tokony ho 1.1&amp;nbsp;Olona an'arivony tapitrisa no voan'ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo ankoatra ny VIH/SIDA.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny 500 tapitrisa no voan'ny syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia na trichomoniasis.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Farafahakeliny olona 530 tapitrisa fanampiny no voan'ny herpes amin'ny taovam-pananahana, ary 290&amp;nbsp;Vehivavy an-tapitrisany no voan'ny papillomavirus olombelona.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo ankoatra ny VIH dia nahafaty olona 108.000 tamin'ny taona 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tany Etazonia, nisy tranga vaovao 19 tapitrisa momba ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo tamin'ny taona 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Cases&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=STD Trends in the United States: 2010 National Data for Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Syphilis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats10/trends.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=15 September 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909055432/http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats10/trends.htm|archive-date=9 September 2012|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny antontan-taratasy ara-tantara momba ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo dia efa hatramin'ny papyrus Ebers tamin'ny taona 1550 talohan'i JK sy ny [[Testamenta Taloha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Gerd|last=Gross|first2=Stephen K.|last2=Tyring|title=Sexually transmitted infections and sexually transmitted diseases|date=2011|publisher=Springer Verlag|location=Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-14663-3|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnoGccgd7yQC&amp;pg=PR20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924235232/https://books.google.com/books?id=AnoGccgd7yQC&amp;pg=PR20|archive-date=2015-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika misy henatra sy fanilikilihana mifandraika amin'ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo (STIs).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ny teny hoe ''aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo'' dia matetika aleo kokoa noho ''ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo'' na ''ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo'', satria tafiditra ao anatin'izany ireo izay tsy manana soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2003Term&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guidelines for the management of sexually transmitted infections|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154626-3|page=vi|url=http://applications.emro.who.int/aiecf/web79.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208104249/http://applications.emro.who.int/aiecf/web79.pdf|archive-date=2014-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Amoksisilinina</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1492677|Amoxicillin]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="10595" sha1="edilefwfqatboxbnh6fzevi5svt59n8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=455343638|drug_name=|image=Amoxicillin.svg|width=|alt=|image2=Amoxicillin-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png|width2=|alt2=|caption=|type=&lt;!-- empty --&gt;

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en
|ə|ˌ|m|ɒ|k|s|ᵻ|ˈ|s|ɪ|l|ᵻ|n
}}|tradename=Hundreds of names&lt;ref name=brands&gt;{{cite web|title=International brand names for amoxicillin|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/amoxicillin.html|website=www.drugs.com|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=15 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529051432/http://www.drugs.com/international/amoxicillin.html|archive-date=29 May 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529051432/http://www.drugs.com/international/amoxicillin.html |date=29 May 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|synonyms=Amoxycillin, amox|INN=|AAN=amoxycillin|IUPAC_name=(2''S'',5''R'',6''R''&lt;nowiki&gt;)-6-{[(2&lt;/nowiki&gt;''R'')-2-Amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[β-lactam]] antibiotic|uses=[[acute otitis media|Middle ear infection]], [[strep throat]], [[pneumonia]], [[cellulitis|skin infections]], [[urinary tract infection]]s&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt;|side_effects=Nausea, rash&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt;|interactions=&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;|pregnancy_AU=A|pregnancy_AU_comment=|pregnancy_US=B|pregnancy_US_comment=|pregnancy_category=|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]], [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]]|onset=|duration_of_action=|defined_daily_dose=1.5 grams (by mouth) or&lt;br&gt; 3 grams (parenteral)&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA04 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007010519/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA04 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007010519/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA04 |date=7 October 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|typical_dose=|dependency_liability=|addiction_liability=|aware=[[WHO_AWaRe#Access|Access]]

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|amoxicillin}}|MedlinePlus=a685001

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=&lt;!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled --&gt;|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=&lt;!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F --&gt;|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=&lt;!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;|legal_CA_comment=|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled --&gt;|legal_DE_comment=|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV --&gt;|legal_UN_comment=|legal_UK=POM|legal_UK_comment=|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_US_comment=|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Amoxicillin|licence_US=|licence_CA=&lt;!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=95% by mouth|protein_bound=|metabolism=less than 30% biotransformed in [[liver]]|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=61.3 minutes|excretion=[[Kidney|Kidneys]]

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=19|N=3|O=5|S=1|SMILES=O=C(O)[C@@H]2N3C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](c1ccc(O)cc1)N)[C@H]3SC2(C)C|StdInChI=1S/C16H19N3O5S/c1-16(2)11(15(23)24)19-13(22)10(14(19)25-16)18-12(21)9(17)7-3-5-8(20)6-4-7/h3-6,9-11,14,20H,17H2,1-2H3,(H,18,21)(H,23,24)/t9-,10-,11+,14-/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI_comment=|StdInChIKey=LSQZJLSUYDQPKJ-NJBDSQKTSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|density=1.6±0.1 &lt;ref name=&quot;chemsrc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chemsrc.com/en/cas/26787-78-0_946616.html|title=Amoxicillin|website=www.chemsrc.com|access-date=2018-05-08|archive-date=2017-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519221150/http://www.chemsrc.com/en/cas/26787-78-0_946616.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519221150/http://www.chemsrc.com/en/cas/26787-78-0_946616.html |date=2017-05-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|density_notes=|melting_point=|melting_high=|melting_notes=|boiling_point=|boiling_notes=|solubility=|sol_units=|specific_rotation=}}[[Antibiôtika|Antibiotika]] ampiasaina hitsaboana aretina bakteria maromaro ny '''Amoxicillin'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amoxicillin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/amoxicillin.html|website=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=1 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905150500/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/amoxicillin.html|archive-date=5 September 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/amoxicillin.html &quot;Amoxicillin&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'izany ny aretin'ny sofina afovoany, ny aretin'ny tenda, ny pnemonia, ny aretin'ny hoditra, ary ny aretin'ny lalan-drà.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ritter&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ritter|first=James M.|last2=Flower|first2=Rod|last3=Henderson|first3=Graeme|last4=Loke|first4=Yoon Kong|last5=Robinson|first5=Emma|last6=Fullerton|first6=James|title=Rang &amp; Dale's Pharmacology|date=2024|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7448-6|page=707|language=English|edition=10th|chapter=52. Antibacterial drugs|access-date=2024-01-30|archive-date=2024-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210013403/https://books.google.com/books?id=66G_EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA707#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Atelina izy io, na tsy dia matetika amin'ny alalan'ny tsindrona.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amoxicillin Sodium for Injection|url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/5359|website=EMC|access-date=26 October 2016|date=10 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027054630/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/5359|archive-date=27 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsy mahazatra ny maloiloy sy ny mangidihidy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Mety hampitombo ny mety hisian'ny aretin'ny leviora ihany koa izany, ary rehefa ampiasaina miaraka amin'ny asidra clavulanic, dia miteraka aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gillies|first=M|last2=Ranakusuma|first2=A|last3=Hoffmann|first3=T|last4=Thorning|first4=S|last5=McGuire|first5=T|last6=Glasziou|first6=P|last7=Del Mar|first7=C|title=Common harms from amoxicillin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials for any indication|journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal|date=17 November 2014|pmid=25404399|doi=10.1503/cmaj.140848|volume=187|issue=1|pages=E21–31|pmc=4284189}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy tokony hampiasaina amin'ireo izay tsy mahazaka [[Penisilinina|penisilinina izy]] io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Na dia azo ampiasaina amin'ireo manana olana amin'ny voa aza, dia mety mila ahena ny fatrany.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Toa tsy mampidi-doza ny fampiasana azy mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] sy ny fampinonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ao amin'ny fianakavian'ny antibiotika beta-lactam ny Amoxicillin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Hita tamin'ny 1958 ny Amoxicillin ary nanomboka nampiasaina ara-pitsaboana tamin'ny 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Janos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=490|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA490|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135935/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA490|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Jiben|title=An introduction to pharmaceutical sciences production, chemistry, techniques and technology|date=2012|publisher=Woodhead Pub.|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781908818041|page=239|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IdmAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA239|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135935/https://books.google.com/books?id=0IdmAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA239|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iray amin'ireo antibiotika matetika indrindra omena ny ankizy izy io.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kelly|first=Deirdre|title=Diseases of the liver and biliary system in children|date=2008|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, UK|isbn=9781444300543|page=217|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7nO3OrNXckC&amp;pg=PA217|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135935/https://books.google.com/books?id=z7nO3OrNXckC&amp;pg=PA217|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo vidiana ho fanafody tsy misy fangarony ny Amoxicillin ary tsy dia lafo loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hanno2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hanno|first=Philip M.|last2=Guzzo|first2=Thomas J.|last3=Malkowicz|first3=S. Bruce|last4=Wein|first4=Alan J.|title=Penn Clinical Manual of Urology E-Book|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-24466-4|page=122|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Penn_Clinical_Manual_of_Urology_E_Book/OQTbAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Cephalexin+inexpensive&amp;pg=PA122|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30|archive-date=2021-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827214122/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Penn_Clinical_Manual_of_Urology_E_Book/OQTbAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Cephalexin+inexpensive&amp;pg=PA122|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-18 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny 27 tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amoxicillin Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=1 December 1981|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Amoxicillin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411215247/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Amoxicillin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>edilefwfqatboxbnh6fzevi5svt59n8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Doxycycline</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298936</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134599</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:50:53Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Lemah251</username>
        <id>31061</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1478204|Doxycycline]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1134599</origin>
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      <text bytes="9659" sha1="tu1bv0y18wmbp1qa1zvr8wzk4kuegbf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Verifiedfields   =changed
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =477166918
|image            =Doxycycline structure.svg
|width            =200
|image2           =Doxycycline 3D ball.png

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|ɒ|k|s|ɪ|ˈ|s|aɪ|k|l|iː|n}}&lt;br /&gt;{{respell|DOKS|i|SY|kleen}}
|tradename        =Doryx, Doxyhexal, Doxylin among others
|synonyms         =
|IUPAC_name       =(4''S'',4a''R'',5''S'',5a''R'',6''R'',12a''S'')-4-(Dimethylamino)-3,5,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =
|uses             =&lt;!-- primary uses --&gt;
|side_effects     =&lt;!-- common side effects and notable side effects --&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =D
|pregnancy_US     =D
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]], [[Intravenous therapy|IV]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration_of_action=
|defined_daily_dose=100 mg (by mouth or by injection)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2020DDD&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01AA02 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702204226/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01AA02 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        =Systemic: {{drugs.com|monograph|doxycycline-systemic}}&lt;br&gt;Mouth: {{drugs.com|monograph|doxycycline-eent}}
|MedlinePlus      =a682063

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S4
|legal_UK         =POM
|legal_US         =Rx-only
|DailyMedID       =Doxycycline
|licence_US       =Doxycycline
|licence_EU       =&lt;!-- not listed --&gt;

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =~100%
|protein_bound    =80–90%
|metabolism       =Negligible
|elimination_half-life=10–22 hours
|excretion        =Mainly faeces, 40% urine

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =22
|H                =24
|N                =2
|O                =8
|SMILES           =CN(C)[C@@H]3C(\O)=C(\C(N)=O)C(=O)[C@@]4(O)C(/O)=C2/C(=O)c1c(cccc1O)[C@H](C)[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H]34
|StdInChI         =1S/C22H24N2O8.H2O/c1-7-8-5-4-6-9(25)11(8)16(26)12-10(7)17(27)14-15(24(2)3)18(28)13(21(23)31)20(30)22(14,32)19(12)29;/h4-7,10,14-15,17,25,27-29,32H,1-3H3,(H2,23,31);1H2/t7-,10+,14+,15-,17-,22-;/m0./s1
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =XQTWDDCIUJNLTR-CVHRZJFOSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|drug_name        =Doxycycline
}}[[Antibiôtika|Antibiotika]] ampiasaina amin'ny fitsaboana aretina vokatry ny [[bakteria]] sy [[katsentsitra]] sasany ny '''Doxycycline'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ampiasaina hitsaboana pnemonia bakteria, [[Ny mony|mony]], aretin'ny klamidia, aretin'i Lyme aloha loatra, [[Kolera|kôlerà]], typhus, ary [[Farasisa|syphilis]] izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ampiasaina ihany koa izy io mba hisorohana [[Tazomoka|ny tazomoka]] ary miaraka amin'ny quinine, hitsaboana ny tazomoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Azo raisina am-bava na tsindrona ao anaty lalan-drà ny Doxycycline.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Doxycycline calcium|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/doxycycline-calcium.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232739/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/doxycycline-calcium.html|archive-date=23 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny aretim-pivalanana, maloiloy, mandoa, ary fitomboan'ny mety ho may amin'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Nisy ny ahiahy fa mety hiteraka fiovan'ny lokon'ny nify maharitra mandritra ny telo volana voalohany amin'ny fitondrana vohoka na amin'ny ankizy madinika.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Na dia tsy mitranga amin'ny fatra mahazatra aza izany amin'ny ankizy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rav2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ravindra|first=D|last2=Huang|first2=G|last3=Hallett|first3=K|last4=Burgner|first4=DP|last5=Gwee|first5=A|last6=Silva|first6=MJ|title=Antibiotic Exposure and Dental Health: A Systematic Review.|journal=Pediatrics|date=1 July 2023|volume=152|issue=1|doi=10.1542/peds.2023-061350|pmid=37264510}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo antoka angamba ny fampiasana azy mandritra ny fampinonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Antibiotika miasa amin'ny karazana bakteria maro ny Doxycycline, anisan'ny kilasy tetracycline.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Toy ny akora hafa amin'ity kilasy ity, dia mampihena na mamono bakteria izy amin'ny alàlan'ny fanakanana ny famokarana proteinina.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nelson|first=ML|last2=Levy|first2=SB|title=The history of the tetracyclines.|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|date=December 2011|volume=1241|issue=1|pages=17–32|pmid=22191524|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06354.x|bibcode=2011NYASA1241...17N}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mamono ny tazomoka izy amin'ny alàlan'ny fikendrena organelle plastida, ny apicoplast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=McFadden GI|title=Apicoplast|journal=Curr. Biol.|volume=24|issue=7|pages=R262–3|date=March 2014|pmid=24698369|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.024|url=|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schlagenhauf-Lawlor|first=Patricia|title=Travelers' Malaria|date=2008|publisher=PMPH-USA|isbn=9781550093360|page=148|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Dza0UHyngC&amp;pg=PA148|language=en|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801031111/https://books.google.com/books?id=54Dza0UHyngC&amp;pg=PA148|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nahazo patanty ny Doxycycline tamin'ny 1957 ary nanomboka nampiasaina ara-barotra tamin'ny 1967.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Janos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=489|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA489|language=en|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801030558/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA489|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Corey|first=E.J.|title=Drug discovery practices, processes, and perspectives|date=2013|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=9781118354469|page=406|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIyxO5cLEAcC&amp;pg=PA406|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801030618/https://books.google.com/books?id=mIyxO5cLEAcC&amp;pg=PA406|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo alaina ho fanafody tsy misy fangarony ny Doxycycline ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia tsy lafo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2011|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Sudbury, MA|isbn=9781449600679|page=79|edition=12th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17euT63udIAC&amp;pg=PA79|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801031034/https://books.google.com/books?id=17euT63udIAC&amp;pg=PA79|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo anelanelan'ny 0.01 sy 0.04 dolara amerikana isaky ny pilina ny vidiny ambongadiny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Price2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Doxycycline|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=283&amp;searchYear=2015|website=International Medical Products Price Guide|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330221430/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=283&amp;searchYear=2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia, ny folo andro fitsaboana dia mitentina eo amin'ny 3.40 dolara amerikana eo ho eo amin'ny taona 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-09-11 {{!}} Data.Medicaid.gov|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-09-11/xh57-kaa3|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=10 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230163627/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-09-11/xh57-kaa3|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, tamin'ny taona 2014, noho ny olana teo amin'ny famatsiana, dia namidy hatramin'ny 60–200 dolara amerikana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;  Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-113 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny enina tapitrisa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Doxycycline - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Doxycycline|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708062418/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Doxycycline|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>tu1bv0y18wmbp1qa1zvr8wzk4kuegbf</sha1>
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    <title>Celecoxib</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456494|Celecoxib]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="10557" sha1="rz4ugcsje4vu1fr2y8s0zr6djwkji0v" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =458612013
|drug_name        =Celecoxib
|INN              =
|image            =Celecoxib2DACS.svg
|width            =220
|alt              =Skeletal formula of celecoxib
|image2           =Celecoxib-3D-spacefill.png
|width2           =
|alt2             =Space-filling model of the celecoxib molecule
|caption          =
|type             =&lt;!-- empty --&gt;

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|s|ɛ|l|ɪ|ˈ|k|ɒ|k|s|ɪ|b}} {{respell|SEL|i|KOK|sib}}
|tradename        =Celebrex, Onsenal, Elyxyb, others
|synonyms         =
|IUPAC_name       =4-[5-(4-Methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAID]] ([[COX-2 inhibitor]])&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|uses             =[[Pain]], [[inflammation]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|side_effects     =[[Abdominal pain]], nausea, [[diarrhea]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =B3
|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Celecoxib (Celebrex) Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=4 May 2020 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/celecoxib.html | access-date=5 May 2020 | archive-date=25 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125072333/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/celecoxib.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pregnancy_US     =C
|pregnancy_US_comment=up to 30 weeks;&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt; D after 29 weeks&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;
|pregnancy_category=
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]]
|onset            =
|duration_of_action=
|defined_daily_dose=200 mg&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=M01AH01 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702043144/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=M01AH01 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =
|dependency_liability=
|addiction_liability=

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|celecoxib}}
|MedlinePlus      =a699022

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S4
|legal_AU_comment =
|legal_BR         =&lt;!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F--&gt;
|legal_BR_comment =
|legal_CA         =Rx-only
|legal_CA_comment =
|legal_DE         =&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled--&gt;
|legal_DE_comment =
|legal_NZ         =&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;
|legal_NZ_comment =
|legal_UN         =&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;
|legal_UN_comment =
|legal_UK         =POM
|legal_UK_comment =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Celebrex 100mg capsule - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) | website=(emc) | date=13 January 2020 | url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5533/smpc | access-date=5 May 2020 | archive-date=6 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806222736/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5533/smpc | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|legal_US         =Rx-only
|legal_US_comment =
|legal_status     =Rx-only
|DailyMedID       =Celecoxib
|licence_US       =Celebrex
|licence_CA       =&lt;!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;
|licence_EU       =&lt;!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) --&gt;

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =Unknown&lt;ref name=drugs&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McCormack PL | title = Celecoxib: a review of its use for symptomatic relief in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis | journal = Drugs | volume = 71 | issue = 18 | pages = 2457–89 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22141388 | doi = 10.2165/11208240-000000000-00000 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|protein_bound    =97% (mainly to [[serum albumin]])&lt;ref name = drugs/&gt;
|metabolism       =Liver (mainly [[CYP2C9]])&lt;ref name = drugs/&gt;
|metabolites      =
|elimination_half-life=7.8 hours; 11 hours (mild hepatic impairment); 13 hours (moderate-severe hepatic impairment)&lt;ref name = drugs/&gt;
|excretion        =Faeces (57%), urine (27%)&lt;ref name = drugs/&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =17
|F                =3
|H                =14
|N                =3
|O                =2
|S                =1
|SMILES           =O=S(=O)(c3ccc(n1nc(cc1c2ccc(cc2)C)C(F)(F)F)cc3)N
|StdInChI         =1S/C17H14F3N3O2S/c1-11-2-4-12(5-3-11)15-10-16(17(18,19)20)22-23(15)13-6-8-14(9-7-13)26(21,24)25/h2-10H,1H3,(H2,21,24,25)
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChI_comment =
|StdInChIKey      =RZEKVGVHFLEQIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|Jmol             =
|molecular_weight =381.373
|density          =
|density_notes    =
|melting_point    =
|melting_high     =
|melting_notes    =
|boiling_point    =
|boiling_notes    =
|solubility       =
|sol_units        =
|specific_rotation=
}}
'''Ny Celecoxib''', amidy amin'ny anarana marika '''Celebrex''' ankoatra ny hafa, dia fanafody manakana ny COX-2 ary fanafody tsy steroidal anti-inflammatoire (NSAID).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Celecoxib Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/celecoxib.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|date=11 November 2019|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520124313/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/celecoxib.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ampiasaina hitsaboana ny fanaintainana sy ny fivontosana amin'ny osteoarthritis, fanaintainana mafy amin'ny olon-dehibe, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, fanaintainana mandritra ny fadimbolana, ary rheumatoid arthritis ho an'ny tanora izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina ihany koa izy io mba hampihenana ny mety hisian'ny adenoma colorectal amin'ny olona manana polyposis adenomatous familial.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Atelina izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Matetika hita ao anatin'ny adiny iray ny tombontsoa azo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fanaintainan'ny kibo, ny maloiloy ary ny aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny voka-dratsy lehibe ny aretim-po, fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, lavaka ao amin'ny tsinay, rà mandriaka ao amin'ny tsinay, tsy fahombiazan'ny voa, ary anafilaksia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Coxib2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, Bombardier C, Cannon C, Farkouh ME, FitzGerald GA, Goss P, Halls H, Hawk E, Hawkey C, Hennekens C, Hochberg M, Holland LE, Kearney PM, Laine L, Lanas A, Lance P, Laupacis A, Oates J, Patrono C, Schnitzer TJ, Solomon S, Tugwell P, Wilson K, Wittes J, Baigent C|title=Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials|journal=Lancet|volume=382|issue=9894|pages=769–79|date=August 2013|pmid=23726390|pmc=3778977|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Tsy soso-kevitra ny hampiasana azy ho an'ireo olona atahorana ho voan'ny aretim-po.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHA2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Antman EM, Bennett JS, Daugherty A, Furberg C, Roberts H, Taubert KA|title=Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an update for clinicians: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association|journal=Circulation|volume=115|issue=12|pages=1634–42|date=March 2007|pmid=17325246|doi=10.1161/circulationaha.106.181424|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Consumer2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/05/should-you-still-take-celebrex/index.htm|title=Should you still take Celebrex?|website=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=August 2009|access-date=27 December 2015|archive-date=18 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218111927/http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/05/should-you-still-take-celebrex/index.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitovy amin'ny NSAID hafa ny loza mety hitranga, toy ny [[ibuprofen]] sy naproxen .  Tsy soso-kevitra ny hampiasana azy amin'ny faramparan'ny [[fitondrana vohoka]] na mandritra ny fampinonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; 

Nahazo patanty ny Celecoxib tamin'ny 1993 ary nanomboka nampiasaina ara-pitsaboana tamin'ny 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=522|url=https://books.google.com/?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA522|language=en|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828024457/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA522&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Latsaky ny £2 ny vidin'ny famatsiana iray volana any Royaume-Uni ho an'ny NHS tamin'ny taona 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=1097–1098|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia, ny vidin'ny ambongadiny amin'ity vola ity dia eo amin'ny $US12.90 eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADAC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2011, iray amin'ireo fanafody be mpividy indrindra avy amin'ny Pfizer izy io, miaraka amin'ny varotra 2.5 lavitrisa dolara.  Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-106 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny fito tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Celecoxib - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Celecoxib|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412021206/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Celecoxib|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>rz4ugcsje4vu1fr2y8s0zr6djwkji0v</sha1>
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    <title>Mpikambana:Bluerose25/COVID 19</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>298938</id>
    <redirect title="Mpikambana:COVID 19" />
    <revision>
      <id>1134603</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:53:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bluerose25</username>
        <id>31052</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Mpikambana:Bluerose25/COVID 19]] ho [[Mpikambana:COVID 19]] i Bluerose25</comment>
      <origin>1134603</origin>
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      <text bytes="35" sha1="g2yotzsa61f9t1ye03q7n1xw1d1urh6" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Mpikambana:COVID 19]]</text>
      <sha1>g2yotzsa61f9t1ye03q7n1xw1d1urh6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Doc James/OWID</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>298939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134611</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T09:29:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>38469</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « {{owidslider |start        = 1996 |list         = Template:OWID/Average height of women#gallery |location      = commons |caption      = |title        = |language     = Mg |file         = [[File:average height of women, World, 1996 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|Average height of women]] |startingView = World }} »</comment>
      <origin>1134611</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="326" sha1="e914r8ii92psdb531wk7rwj3i8towdr" xml:space="preserve">{{owidslider
|start        = 1996
|list         = Template:OWID/Average height of women#gallery
|location      = commons
|caption      =
|title        =
|language     = Mg
|file         = [[File:average height of women, World, 1996 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|Average height of women]]
|startingView = World
}}</text>
      <sha1>e914r8ii92psdb531wk7rwj3i8towdr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Endrika:Owidslider</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>298940</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134612</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T09:30:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>38469</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added from MDWIki</comment>
      <origin>1134612</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3748" sha1="hm1jqul15z29i4awikn322xqblbama4" xml:space="preserve">{{#unlinkedwikibase:id=Q134613844}}&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]].

Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data.

The &lt;code&gt;list&lt;/code&gt; parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/smoking#world, will use the image list with the id &quot;world&quot; from the page [[Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template.

==Example==
{{owidslider
|start    = 2021
|list     = Template:OWID/Parkinsons prevalence#gallery
|location = commons
|caption  = 
|title    = 
|language = 
|file     = [[File:Parkinsons-disease-prevalence-ihme,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Parkinson's prevalence]] 
|startingView = World
}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{owidslider
|start    = 2021
|list     = Template:OWID/Parkinsons prevalence#gallery
|location  = commons
|caption  = 
|title    = 
|language = 
|file    = [[File:Parkinsons-disease-prevalence-ihme,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Parkinson's prevalence]] 
|startingView = World
}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{-}}

==Test environment==
*[[Template:Owidslider(test)]]
*[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider(test).js]]
*[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider(test).css]]
*[[Module:owidslider(test)]]

* {{CL|Pages using gadget owidslider(test)}}

==Template data==
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;start&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Which image to start on&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;1990&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;1&quot;,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;1&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;startingView&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Which view (drop down menu item) to start on&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;World&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;width&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Override image width from list page&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;
		},
		&quot;height&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Override height from list page&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;
		},
		&quot;list&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Image list page&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a &lt;gallery id=\&quot;myGallery\&quot;&gt;...&lt;/gallery&gt; on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;MyPage#myGallery&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
        &quot;location&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Location of image list page&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Commons&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;noregisterimages&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;boolean&quot;
		},
		&quot;caption&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;content&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Popup title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;file&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The wikitext to include the image shown on the page&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;content&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		}
	},
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider&quot;,
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;block&quot;
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

==See also==
* [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]]
* [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]]
* [[Module:owidslider]]

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hm1jqul15z29i4awikn322xqblbama4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1134614</id>
      <parentid>1134612</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T09:30:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>38469</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1134614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3713" sha1="1rmf3vvy36ns0ei8bkzb3dhsw0nz7dn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]].

Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data.

The &lt;code&gt;list&lt;/code&gt; parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/smoking#world, will use the image list with the id &quot;world&quot; from the page [[Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template.

==Example==
{{owidslider
|start    = 2021
|list     = Template:OWID/Parkinsons prevalence#gallery
|location = commons
|caption  = 
|title    = 
|language = 
|file     = [[File:Parkinsons-disease-prevalence-ihme,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Parkinson's prevalence]] 
|startingView = World
}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{owidslider
|start    = 2021
|list     = Template:OWID/Parkinsons prevalence#gallery
|location  = commons
|caption  = 
|title    = 
|language = 
|file    = [[File:Parkinsons-disease-prevalence-ihme,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Parkinson's prevalence]] 
|startingView = World
}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{-}}

==Test environment==
*[[Template:Owidslider(test)]]
*[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider(test).js]]
*[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider(test).css]]
*[[Module:owidslider(test)]]

* {{CL|Pages using gadget owidslider(test)}}

==Template data==
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;start&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Which image to start on&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;1990&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;1&quot;,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;1&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;startingView&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Which view (drop down menu item) to start on&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;World&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;width&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Override image width from list page&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;
		},
		&quot;height&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Override height from list page&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;
		},
		&quot;list&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Image list page&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a &lt;gallery id=\&quot;myGallery\&quot;&gt;...&lt;/gallery&gt; on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;MyPage#myGallery&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
        &quot;location&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Location of image list page&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Commons&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;noregisterimages&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;boolean&quot;
		},
		&quot;caption&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;content&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Popup title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;file&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The wikitext to include the image shown on the page&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;content&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		}
	},
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider&quot;,
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;block&quot;
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

==See also==
* [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]]
* [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]]
* [[Module:owidslider]]

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1rmf3vvy36ns0ei8bkzb3dhsw0nz7dn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Owidslider</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>298941</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134615</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T09:31:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>38469</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « local p = {} local COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME = &quot;AllCountries&quot; local REGIONS_GALLERY_NAME = &quot;RegionsCharts&quot;  function p.image( frame ) 	math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getContentLanguage():formatDate( &quot;U&quot; ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) 	local args = frame:getParent().args 	local popupConfig = {} 	local caption = '' 	popupConfig.loop = args.loop == &quot;yes&quot; 	if tonumber( args.start ) then 		popupConfig.start = tonumber( args.start ) 	else 		popupConfig.start = 1 	end 	if ar... »</comment>
      <origin>1134615</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="9154" sha1="8nnel9s0laxh0regdhzyyeohivhpzem" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}
local COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME = &quot;AllCountries&quot;
local REGIONS_GALLERY_NAME = &quot;RegionsCharts&quot;

function p.image( frame )
	math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getContentLanguage():formatDate( &quot;U&quot; ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000)
	local args = frame:getParent().args
	local popupConfig = {}
	local caption = ''
	popupConfig.loop = args.loop == &quot;yes&quot;
	if tonumber( args.start ) then
		popupConfig.start = tonumber( args.start )
	else
		popupConfig.start = 1
	end
	if args.startingView then
		popupConfig.startingView = tostring( args.startingView )
	end
	if args.language then
		popupConfig.language = tostring( args.language )
	end
	if args.location then
		popupConfig.location = tostring( args.location )
	end
	if tonumber( args.width ) then
		popupConfig.width = tonumber( args.width )
	end
	if tonumber( args.height ) then
		popupConfig.height = tonumber( args.height )
	end
	popupConfig.list = args.list
	popupConfig.file = args.file
	if args['noregisterimages'] == &quot;false&quot; then
	    -- Only register dependency if location is not Commons
		local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or &quot;&quot;
	    if location ~= &quot;commons&quot; and location ~= &quot;&quot; then
	        -- Register this as a dependency so that this page shows up as using all the images on the list page
	        frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. args.list }
	    end
	end
	-- If we don't want to transclude for performance, maybe we could at least link
	-- however links need to actually be output on the page to register them.
	
	if args.caption then
		popupConfig.caption = &quot;OWIDSlider-caption-&quot; .. math.random()
		caption = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' )
			:attr( 'id', popupConfig.caption )
			:attr( 'style', 'display: none' )
			:wikitext( args.caption )
			:done() )
	end
	if args.title then
		popupConfig.title = args.title
	end

	return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' )
		:attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' )
		:attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( { popupConfig } ) )
		:wikitext( args.file ) )
		.. caption .. '[[Category:Pages using gadget owidslider]]'

end

local function srcGallery( frame, galleryName, gallerySrc, galleryArgs )
	local id = mw.uri.anchorEncode( &quot;gallery-&quot; .. galleryName )
	galleryArgs.id = id
	local optionsArray = {}
	local galleryContents = ''
	for row in mw.text.gsplit( gallerySrc, &quot;\n&quot;, true ) do
		local galleryRow = ''
		local year = false
		local country = false
		local region = false
		for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, &quot;!&quot;, true ) do
			equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true )
			if #equalSplit &lt;= 1 then
				galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|'
			else
				if equalSplit[1] == 'year' then
					year = tonumber(equalSplit[2])
				elseif equalSplit[1] == &quot;country&quot; then
					country = equalSplit[2]
				elseif equalSplit[1] == &quot;region&quot; then
					region = equalSplit[2]
				else
					galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|'
				end

			end
		end
		if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then
			galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 )
		end
		galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. &quot;\n&quot;
		
		if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then
			optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = country
		elseif galleryName == REGIONS_GALLERY_NAME then
			optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = region
		else
			optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = year
		end
	end
	if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then
		galleryArgs['data-owidslider-country'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray )
	elseif galleryName == REGIONS_GALLERY_NAME then
		galleryArgs['data-owidslider-regions-chart'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray )
	else
		galleryArgs['data-owidslider-year'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray )	
	end
	galleryArgs['data-owidslider-name'] = galleryName

	return &quot;\n==&quot; .. (galleryName ~= &quot;&quot; and galleryName or &quot;Gallery&quot;) .. &quot;==\n&quot; .. frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs )
end

function p.srcs( frame )
	local args = frame:getParent().args
	local galleryArgs = {}
	local galleryAttr = { &quot;mode&quot;, &quot;widths&quot;, &quot;heights&quot;, &quot;perrow&quot;, &quot;caption&quot;, &quot;showfilename&quot;, &quot;showthumbnail&quot;, &quot;title&quot;, &quot;class&quot;, &quot;lang&quot;, &quot;dir&quot; }
	for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do
		galleryArgs[j] = args[j]
	end
	local subItems = {}
	local output = ''

	-- Make World gallery show up first.
	local galleries = {}
    for argName in pairs( args ) do
		if string.sub( argName, 0, 7 ) == &quot;gallery&quot; then
			table.insert( galleries, argName )
		end
	end
	table.sort( galleries, function ( x, y )
		if x == 'gallery-World' then return true end
		if y == 'gallery-World' then return false end
		if x == 'gallery-' .. REGIONS_GALLERY_NAME then return false end
		if y == 'gallery-' .. REGIONS_GALLERY_NAME then return true end
		if x == 'gallery-' .. COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then return false end
		if y == 'gallery-' .. COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then return true end
		return x &lt; y
	end )

	for _, argName in ipairs( galleries ) do
		local argValue = args[argName]
		if string.sub( argName, 0, 7 ) == &quot;gallery&quot; then
			local galleryName = string.sub( argName, 9 )
			subItems[galleryName] = mw.uri.anchorEncode( &quot;gallery-&quot; .. galleryName )
			local srcGalleryOutput = srcGallery( frame, galleryName, argValue, galleryArgs )
			output = output .. srcGalleryOutput
		end
	end
	return mw.html.create( 'div' )
		:attr( 'class', 'owidsrclist' )
		:attr( 'id', args.id )
		:attr( 'data-owid-subids', mw.text.jsonEncode( subItems ) )
		:wikitext( output )
end


function p.gallery( frame )
	-- Seems like math.random is always seeded with 0 :(
	math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getContentLanguage():formatDate( &quot;U&quot; ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000)
	local args = frame:getParent().args
	local reuseImageCaption = args.reuse_image_caption ~= nil
	local title = args[&quot;popup-title&quot;]
	local captionId = nil
	local captionText = ''
	local galleryContents = ''
	local optionsArray = {}
	local galleryArgs = {}

	local galleryAttr = { &quot;mode&quot;, &quot;widths&quot;, &quot;heights&quot;, &quot;perrow&quot;, &quot;caption&quot;, &quot;showfilename&quot;, &quot;showthumbnail&quot;, &quot;id&quot;, &quot;title&quot;, &quot;class&quot;, &quot;lang&quot;, &quot;dir&quot; }
	for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do
		galleryArgs[j] = args[j]
	end

	if args['popup-caption'] then
		captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random()
		captionText = tostring(
			mw.html.create( 'div' )
				:attr( 'style', 'display:none' )
				:attr( 'id', captionId )
				:wikitext( args['popup-caption'] )
		)
	end

	for row in mw.text.gsplit( args.gallery, &quot;\n&quot;, true ) do
		local galleryRow = ''
		local popupOptions = { title = title, caption = captionId }
		for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, &quot;!&quot;, true ) do
			equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true )
			if #equalSplit &lt;= 1 then
				-- be sure this really is a caption.
				if galleryRow ~= '' and
					reuseImageCaption and
					#part &gt; 8 and
					string.find( part, &quot; &quot;, 1, true )
				then
					local captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random()
					local wrappedPart = tostring( mw.html.create( 'span' )
						:attr( 'id', captionId )
						:wikitext( part )
					)
					popupOptions.caption = captionId
					galleryRow = galleryRow .. wrappedPart .. '|'
				else
					galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|'
				end
			else
				if equalSplit[1] == 'popup-width' then
					popupOptions.width = tonumber(equalSplit[2])
				elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-height' then
					popupOptions.height = tonumber(equalSplit[2])
				elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-loop' then
					popupOptions.loop = equalSplit[2] ~= ''
				elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-start' then
					popupOptions.start = tonumber(equalSplit[2])
				elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-startingView' then
					popupOptions.startingView = tonumber(equalSplit[2])
				elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-caption' then
					local captionIdForImg = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random()
					captionText = captionText .. tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' )
						:attr( 'id', captionIdForImg )
						:css( 'display', 'none' )
						:wikitext( table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) )
					)
					popupOptions.caption = captionIdForImg
				elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-title' then
					popupOptions.title = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 )
				elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-list' then
					popupOptions.list = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 )
					if args['noregisterimages'] == nil then
					    -- Only register dependency if location is not Commons
						local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or &quot;&quot;
					    if location ~= &quot;commons&quot; and location ~= &quot;&quot; then
					        -- Register this as a dependency so that this page shows up as using all the images on the list page
					        frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) }
					    end
					end
				else
					galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|'
				end

			end
		end
		if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then
			galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 )
		end
		galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. &quot;\n&quot;
		optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = popupOptions
	end
	return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' )
		:attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' )
		:attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) )
		:wikitext( frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) )
		) .. captionText .. '[[Category:Pages using gadget owidslider]]'
end


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      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:00:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CeylonChingu</username>
        <id>39241</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Welcome to Wiki Project Med! */ fizarana vaovao</comment>
      <origin>1134621</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1582" sha1="mt0a7bfbuajkkhbvhuacxvqddf80k49" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome to Wiki Project Med!  ==

{| cellspacing=&quot;8&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#EAF2FF; border:1px solid #4a0000;&quot;
|[[Sary:Medical_translation.svg|250x250px]]
|Hi '''{{PAGENAME}}'''!

Thank you for your recent contributions to [[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:Wiki_Project_Med_Foundation|Wiki Project Med]].

We are glad to have you as part of our translation task force, helping make reliable medical information accessible to more people worldwide, both online and offline.

Please check this onboarding course [https://sites.google.com/wikiprojectmed.org/mdwiki-onboarding-course/] to learn more about our translation process.

'''After every translation, please ensure the following steps are done:'''

* Confirm that you have chosen the best title or properly translated the title.

* Add suitable categories.

* Check that the infobox is correctly translated and complete.

* Make sure you have followed your language-specific Wikipedia guidelines.

* After publishing your translation, if you receive any comments from the reviewers please reply and coordinate with them.

Following this checklist helps us collaborate positively and effectively with local Wikipedia reviewers. If you have any questions or need support, please feel free to get in touch.

Thank you for contributing your time and skills to this important work.

-- '''[[metawiki:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' Team
|}
[[Mpikambana:CeylonChingu|CeylonChingu]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:CeylonChingu|resaka]]) 8 Aprily 2026 à 11:00 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Ongy.M02</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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      <id>1134622</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:03:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CeylonChingu</username>
        <id>39241</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Welcome to Wiki Project Med! */ fizarana vaovao</comment>
      <origin>1134622</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1582" sha1="ke08gsu0tfccumf9uos9gxm57r3qm4p" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome to Wiki Project Med!  ==

{| cellspacing=&quot;8&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#EAF2FF; border:1px solid #4a0000;&quot;
|[[Sary:Medical_translation.svg|250x250px]]
|Hi '''{{PAGENAME}}'''!

Thank you for your recent contributions to [[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:Wiki_Project_Med_Foundation|Wiki Project Med]].

We are glad to have you as part of our translation task force, helping make reliable medical information accessible to more people worldwide, both online and offline.

Please check this onboarding course [https://sites.google.com/wikiprojectmed.org/mdwiki-onboarding-course/] to learn more about our translation process.

'''After every translation, please ensure the following steps are done:'''

* Confirm that you have chosen the best title or properly translated the title.

* Add suitable categories.

* Check that the infobox is correctly translated and complete.

* Make sure you have followed your language-specific Wikipedia guidelines.

* After publishing your translation, if you receive any comments from the reviewers please reply and coordinate with them.

Following this checklist helps us collaborate positively and effectively with local Wikipedia reviewers. If you have any questions or need support, please feel free to get in touch.

Thank you for contributing your time and skills to this important work.

-- '''[[metawiki:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' Team
|}
[[Mpikambana:CeylonChingu|CeylonChingu]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:CeylonChingu|resaka]]) 8 Aprily 2026 à 11:03 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mamono Tena</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:08:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bluerose25</username>
        <id>31052</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456566|Suicide]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1134623</origin>
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      <text bytes="17006" sha1="cqlud37j9mayux84yo117ctb2ib71hn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Suicide
|synonym          =
|image            =Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =''[[Le Suicidé|The Suicide]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =
|onset            =&gt;70 and 15–30 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2014Pre/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Hanging]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[gun|firearms]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Aj2008/&gt;
|risks            =[[Major depressive disorder|Depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[autism]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[alcoholism]], [[substance abuse]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hawton2009/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P| s2cid = 4549236 | title = Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 26 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29594718 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Autism2014/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful [[Mass media|media]] reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;
|treatment        =
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =12 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Var2012/&gt;
|deaths           =793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Epi&gt;{{cite web | title=Suicide across the world (2016) | website=World Health Organization | date=2019-09-27 | url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | access-date=2019-10-16 | archive-date=2004-07-01 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040701084208/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2020/&gt;
}}
'''Ny famonoan-tena''' dia ny fanaovana fanahy iniana [[Fahafatesana|hamono]] tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sted2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8|edition=28th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo aretina ara-tsaina — anisan'izany [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ny fahaketrahana]], ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar, ny autisme, ny schizophrenia, ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, ny fikorontanan'ny tebiteby, ary ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina — anisan'izany ny fisotroan-toaka sy ny fampiasana benzodiazepines — dia anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawton K, van Heeringen K|s2cid=208790312|title=Suicide|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1372–81|date=April 2009|pmid=19376453|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHawtonvan_Heeringen2009&quot;&gt;Hawton K, van Heeringen K (April 2009). &quot;Suicide&quot;. ''Lancet''. '''373''' (9672): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1372–&lt;/span&gt;81. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2809%2960372-X 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19376453 19376453]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208790312 208790312].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dod2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Autism2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B|s2cid=25741716|title=Suicide in autism spectrum disorders|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=18|issue=4|pages=327–39|date=2014|pmid=24713024|doi=10.1080/13811118.2013.824834}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famonoan-tena sasany dia fihetsika tampoka vokatry ny adin-tsaina, toy ny olana ara-bola, olana ara-pifandraisana toy ny fisarahana, na fampijaliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS|title=Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=31|issue=3|pages=463–75|date=March 2015|pmid=25859714|doi=10.1590/0102-311x00036114|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide rates rising across the U.S. {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=19 September 2019|language=en-us|date=11 April 2019|quote=Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013348/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo izay efa nanandrana namono tena teo aloha dia atahorana kokoa ny hanao izany amin'ny ho avy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt; Ny ezaka mahomby amin'ny fisorohana ny famonoan-tena dia ahitana ny famerana ny fidirana amin'ny fomba famonoan-tena—toy ny basy, zava-mahadomelina ary poizina; fitsaboana ny aretina ara-tsaina sy ny fampiasana tafahoatra ny zava-mahadomelina; tatitra amim-pitandremana momba ny famonoan-tena ataon'ny media ; ary fanatsarana ny toe-karena.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/ &quot;Suicide Fact sheet N°398&quot;]. ''WHO''. April 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/ Archived] from the original on 4 March 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 March&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|title=Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals|last=|first=|year=2008|isbn=978-92-4-159707-4|location=|pages=|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829073711/https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mahazatra aza ny laharana finday hotline amin'ny krizy, dia mbola tsy dia nodinihina tsara izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sak2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sakinofsky I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|date=June 2007|pmid=17824349|quote=Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zal2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|display-authors=6|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|date=July 2016|pmid=27289303|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miovaova arakaraka ny firenena ny fomba famonoan-tena ampiasaina matetika indrindra, ary misy ifandraisany amin'ny fisian'ny fomba mahomby izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yip2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–9|date=June 2012|pmid=22726520|pmc=6191653|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny fomba mahazatra amin'ny famonoan-tena ny fanantonana, ny fanapoizinana amin'ny fanafody famonoana bibikely, ary ny basy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aj2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W|title=Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=86|issue=9|pages=726–32|date=September 2008|pmid=18797649|pmc=2649482|doi=10.2471/BLT.07.043489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nahafaty olona 828.000 maneran-tany ny famonoan-tena tamin'ny taona 2015, fitomboana raha oharina amin'ny fahafatesana 712.000 tamin'ny taona 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izany no mahatonga ny famonoan-tena ho antony faha-10 mahatonga fahafatesana maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Värnik P|title=Suicide in the world|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=760–71|date=March 2012|pmid=22690161|pmc=3367275|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manodidina ny 1.5%-n'ny olona no maty noho ny famonoan-tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B|s2cid=210332277|title=Suicide|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=January 2020|volume=382|issue=3|pages=266–74|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao anatin'ny taona iray dia eo amin'ny 12 isaky ny olona 100.000 eo ho eo izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny, avo kokoa ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena tanteraka eo amin'ny lehilahy noho ny eo amin'ny vehivavy, manomboka amin'ny in-1.5 heny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] ka hatramin'ny in-3.5 any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot; /&gt; Ny famonoan-tena dia matetika hita indrindra amin'ireo mihoatra ny 70 taona; na izany aza, any amin'ny firenena sasany, ireo eo anelanelan'ny 15 sy 30 taona no tena atahorana ho faty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}&lt;/ref&gt; I Eoropa no nanana ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena ambony indrindra araka ny faritra tamin'ny taona 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174425/http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho eo amin'ny 10 ka hatramin'ny 20 eo ho eo ny&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa isan-taona ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A|title=Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=3|pages=181–5|date=October 2002|pmid=16946849|pmc=1489848}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hiteraka ratra sy fahasembanana maharitra ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot; /&gt; Any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]], ny andrana dia mahazatra kokoa amin'ny tanora sy ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R|title=The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=13|issue=9|pages=1–23; quiz 23–4|date=September 2011|pmid=22164363}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fomba fijery momba ny famonoan-tena dia voataonan'ny lohahevitra mivelatra momba ny fisiana toy ny fivavahana, ny voninahitra ary ny dikan'ny fiainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tomer|first=Adrian|title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-67690-1|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060929/https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor2-last=Stepnisky|title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4443-9660-7|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny [[Fivavahana abrahamika|fivavahana Abrahamika]] dia mihevitra ny famonoan-tena ho toy ny [[Fahotana|fandikan-dalàna amin'Andriamanitra]], noho ny finoana ny fahamasinan'ny aina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1-4808-1124-9|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060814/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny vanim-potoanan'ny samurai tany Japon, ny karazana famonoan-tena fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe seppuku ( ''harakiri'' ) dia nohajaina ho toy ny fomba fanonerana ny tsy fahombiazana na ho toy ny endrika fanoherana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Colt|first=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-76071-7|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060811/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Sati, fomba fanao voararan'ny [[India Britanika|Raj Britanika]], dia nanantena fa hamono tena amin'ny afo fandevenana ny vadiny ilay mpitondratena Indiana, na an-tsitrapo izany na noho ny faneren'ny fianakaviany sy ny fiaraha-monina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|title=Indian woman commits sati suicide|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|date=2002-08-07|access-date=2010-08-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|archive-date=2011-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famonoan-tena sy ny fikasana hamono tena, na dia tsy ara-dalàna aza taloha, dia tsy toy izany intsony any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena tandrefana.&lt;ref name=&quot;White2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=White|first=Tony|title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013414/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola heloka bevava ihany izany any amin'ny firenena sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Islam2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lester D|s2cid=35754641|title=Suicide and islam|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–97|year=2006|pmid=16287698|doi=10.1080/13811110500318489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 sy faha-21, ny famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina indraindray ho endrika fihetsiketsehana, ary ny kamikaze sy ny baomba famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina ho tetika ara-miaramila na fampihorohoroana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aggarwal N|s2cid=35560934|title=Rethinking suicide bombing|journal=Crisis|volume=30|issue=2|pages=94–7|year=2009|pmid=19525169|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Bluerose25/Mamono Tena</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456566|Suicide]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="17012" sha1="7prh7duc78j6omrhn2eh3wggw0qd7wj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Suicide
|synonym          =
|image            =Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =''[[Le Suicidé|The Suicide]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =
|onset            =&gt;70 and 15–30 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2014Pre/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Hanging]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[gun|firearms]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Aj2008/&gt;
|risks            =[[Major depressive disorder|Depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[autism]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[alcoholism]], [[substance abuse]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hawton2009/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P| s2cid = 4549236 | title = Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 26 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29594718 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Autism2014/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful [[Mass media|media]] reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;
|treatment        =
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =12 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Var2012/&gt;
|deaths           =793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Epi&gt;{{cite web | title=Suicide across the world (2016) | website=World Health Organization | date=2019-09-27 | url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | access-date=2019-10-16 | archive-date=2004-07-01 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040701084208/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2020/&gt;
}}
'''Ny famonoan-tena''' dia ny fanaovana fanahy iniana famonoana olona (ny tenany ihany) &lt;ref name=&quot;Sted2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8|edition=28th}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireo aretina ara-tsaina — anisan'izany [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ny fahaketrahana]], ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar, ny autisme, ny schizophrenia, ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, ny fikorontanan'ny tebiteby, ary ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina — anisan'izany ny fisotroan-toaka sy ny fampiasana benzodiazepines — dia anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawton K, van Heeringen K|s2cid=208790312|title=Suicide|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1372–81|date=April 2009|pmid=19376453|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHawtonvan_Heeringen2009&quot;&gt;Hawton K, van Heeringen K (April 2009). &quot;Suicide&quot;. ''Lancet''. '''373''' (9672): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1372–&lt;/span&gt;81. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2809%2960372-X 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19376453 19376453]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208790312 208790312].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dod2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Autism2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B|s2cid=25741716|title=Suicide in autism spectrum disorders|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=18|issue=4|pages=327–39|date=2014|pmid=24713024|doi=10.1080/13811118.2013.824834}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famonoan-tena sasany dia fihetsika tampoka vokatry ny adin-tsaina, toy ny olana ara-bola, olana ara-pifandraisana toy ny fisarahana, na fampijaliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS|title=Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=31|issue=3|pages=463–75|date=March 2015|pmid=25859714|doi=10.1590/0102-311x00036114|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide rates rising across the U.S. {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=19 September 2019|language=en-us|date=11 April 2019|quote=Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013348/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo izay efa nanandrana namono tena teo aloha dia atahorana kokoa ny hanao izany amin'ny ho avy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt; Ny ezaka mahomby amin'ny fisorohana ny famonoan-tena dia ahitana ny famerana ny fidirana amin'ny fomba famonoan-tena—toy ny basy, zava-mahadomelina ary poizina; fitsaboana ny aretina ara-tsaina sy ny fampiasana tafahoatra ny zava-mahadomelina; tatitra amim-pitandremana momba ny famonoan-tena ataon'ny media ; ary fanatsarana ny toe-karena.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/ &quot;Suicide Fact sheet N°398&quot;]. ''WHO''. April 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/ Archived] from the original on 4 March 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 March&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|title=Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals|last=|first=|year=2008|isbn=978-92-4-159707-4|location=|pages=|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829073711/https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mahazatra aza ny laharana finday hotline amin'ny krizy, dia mbola tsy dia nodinihina tsara izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sak2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sakinofsky I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|date=June 2007|pmid=17824349|quote=Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zal2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|display-authors=6|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|date=July 2016|pmid=27289303|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miovaova arakaraka ny firenena ny fomba famonoan-tena ampiasaina matetika indrindra, ary misy ifandraisany amin'ny fisian'ny fomba mahomby izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yip2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–9|date=June 2012|pmid=22726520|pmc=6191653|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny fomba mahazatra amin'ny famonoan-tena ny fanantonana, ny fanapoizinana amin'ny fanafody famonoana bibikely, ary ny basy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aj2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W|title=Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=86|issue=9|pages=726–32|date=September 2008|pmid=18797649|pmc=2649482|doi=10.2471/BLT.07.043489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nahafaty olona 828.000 maneran-tany ny famonoan-tena tamin'ny taona 2015, fitomboana raha oharina amin'ny fahafatesana 712.000 tamin'ny taona 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izany no mahatonga ny famonoan-tena ho antony faha-10 mahatonga fahafatesana maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Värnik P|title=Suicide in the world|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=760–71|date=March 2012|pmid=22690161|pmc=3367275|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manodidina ny 1.5%-n'ny olona no maty noho ny famonoan-tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B|s2cid=210332277|title=Suicide|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=January 2020|volume=382|issue=3|pages=266–74|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao anatin'ny taona iray dia eo amin'ny 12 isaky ny olona 100.000 eo ho eo izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny, avo kokoa ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena tanteraka eo amin'ny lehilahy noho ny eo amin'ny vehivavy, manomboka amin'ny in-1.5 heny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] ka hatramin'ny in-3.5 any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot; /&gt; Ny famonoan-tena dia matetika hita indrindra amin'ireo mihoatra ny 70 taona; na izany aza, any amin'ny firenena sasany, ireo eo anelanelan'ny 15 sy 30 taona no tena atahorana ho faty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}&lt;/ref&gt; I Eoropa no nanana ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena ambony indrindra araka ny faritra tamin'ny taona 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174425/http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho eo amin'ny 10 ka hatramin'ny 20 eo ho eo ny&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa isan-taona ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A|title=Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=3|pages=181–5|date=October 2002|pmid=16946849|pmc=1489848}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hiteraka ratra sy fahasembanana maharitra ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot; /&gt; Any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]], ny andrana dia mahazatra kokoa amin'ny tanora sy ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R|title=The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=13|issue=9|pages=1–23; quiz 23–4|date=September 2011|pmid=22164363}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fomba fijery momba ny famonoan-tena dia voataonan'ny lohahevitra mivelatra momba ny fisiana toy ny fivavahana, ny voninahitra ary ny dikan'ny fiainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tomer|first=Adrian|title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-67690-1|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060929/https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor2-last=Stepnisky|title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4443-9660-7|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny [[Fivavahana abrahamika|fivavahana Abrahamika]] dia mihevitra ny famonoan-tena ho toy ny [[Fahotana|fandikan-dalàna amin'Andriamanitra]], noho ny finoana ny fahamasinan'ny aina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1-4808-1124-9|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060814/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny vanim-potoanan'ny samurai tany Japon, ny karazana famonoan-tena fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe seppuku ( ''harakiri'' ) dia nohajaina ho toy ny fomba fanonerana ny tsy fahombiazana na ho toy ny endrika fanoherana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Colt|first=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-76071-7|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060811/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Sati, fomba fanao voararan'ny [[India Britanika|Raj Britanika]], dia nanantena fa hamono tena amin'ny afo fandevenana ny vadiny ilay mpitondratena Indiana, na an-tsitrapo izany na noho ny faneren'ny fianakaviany sy ny fiaraha-monina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|title=Indian woman commits sati suicide|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|date=2002-08-07|access-date=2010-08-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|archive-date=2011-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famonoan-tena sy ny fikasana hamono tena, na dia tsy ara-dalàna aza taloha, dia tsy toy izany intsony any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena tandrefana.&lt;ref name=&quot;White2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=White|first=Tony|title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013414/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola heloka bevava ihany izany any amin'ny firenena sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Islam2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lester D|s2cid=35754641|title=Suicide and islam|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–97|year=2006|pmid=16287698|doi=10.1080/13811110500318489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 sy faha-21, ny famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina indraindray ho endrika fihetsiketsehana, ary ny kamikaze sy ny baomba famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina ho tetika ara-miaramila na fampihorohoroana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aggarwal N|s2cid=35560934|title=Rethinking suicide bombing|journal=Crisis|volume=30|issue=2|pages=94–7|year=2009|pmid=19525169|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134632</id>
      <parentid>1134624</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:19:23Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456566|Suicide]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="16986" sha1="0ye8kzkuzxe2axf27a5v2wo079xnxxd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Suicide
|synonym          =
|image            =Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =''[[Le Suicidé|The Suicide]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =
|onset            =&gt;70 and 15–30 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2014Pre/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Hanging]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[gun|firearms]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Aj2008/&gt;
|risks            =[[Major depressive disorder|Depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[autism]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[alcoholism]], [[substance abuse]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hawton2009/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P| s2cid = 4549236 | title = Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 26 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29594718 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Autism2014/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful [[Mass media|media]] reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;
|treatment        =
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =12 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Var2012/&gt;
|deaths           =793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Epi&gt;{{cite web | title=Suicide across the world (2016) | website=World Health Organization | date=2019-09-27 | url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | access-date=2019-10-16 | archive-date=2004-07-01 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040701084208/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2020/&gt;
}}
'''Ny famonoan-tena''' dia ny fanaovana fanahy iniana famonoana olona (ny tenany ihany) &lt;ref name=&quot;Sted2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8|edition=28th}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireo aretina ara-tsaina, anisan'izany [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ny fahaketrahana]], ny bipôlara, ny autism, ny schizophrenia, ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, ny tebiteby, na ihany koa ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina, anisan'izany ny fisotroan-toaka sy ny fampiasana benzodiazepines, no antony mety ahatonga ny famonoan-tena&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawton K, van Heeringen K|s2cid=208790312|title=Suicide|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1372–81|date=April 2009|pmid=19376453|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHawtonvan_Heeringen2009&quot;&gt;Hawton K, van Heeringen K (April 2009). &quot;Suicide&quot;. ''Lancet''. '''373''' (9672): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1372–&lt;/span&gt;81. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2809%2960372-X 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19376453 19376453]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208790312 208790312].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dod2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Autism2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B|s2cid=25741716|title=Suicide in autism spectrum disorders|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=18|issue=4|pages=327–39|date=2014|pmid=24713024|doi=10.1080/13811118.2013.824834}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny famonoan-tena sasany dia fihetsika tampoka vokatry ny adin-tsaina, toy ny olana ara-bola, olana ara-pifandraisana toy ny fisarahana, na fampijaliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS|title=Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=31|issue=3|pages=463–75|date=March 2015|pmid=25859714|doi=10.1590/0102-311x00036114|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide rates rising across the U.S. {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=19 September 2019|language=en-us|date=11 April 2019|quote=Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013348/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo izay efa nanandrana namono tena teo aloha dia atahorana kokoa ny hanao izany amin'ny ho avy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt; Ny ezaka mahomby amin'ny fisorohana ny famonoan-tena dia ahitana ny famerana ny fidirana amin'ny fomba famonoan-tena—toy ny basy, zava-mahadomelina ary poizina; fitsaboana ny aretina ara-tsaina sy ny fampiasana tafahoatra ny zava-mahadomelina; tatitra amim-pitandremana momba ny famonoan-tena ataon'ny media ; ary fanatsarana ny toe-karena.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/ &quot;Suicide Fact sheet N°398&quot;]. ''WHO''. April 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/ Archived] from the original on 4 March 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 March&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|title=Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals|last=|first=|year=2008|isbn=978-92-4-159707-4|location=|pages=|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829073711/https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mahazatra aza ny laharana finday hotline amin'ny krizy, dia mbola tsy dia nodinihina tsara izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sak2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sakinofsky I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|date=June 2007|pmid=17824349|quote=Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zal2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|display-authors=6|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|date=July 2016|pmid=27289303|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miovaova arakaraka ny firenena ny fomba famonoan-tena ampiasaina matetika indrindra, ary misy ifandraisany amin'ny fisian'ny fomba mahomby izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yip2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–9|date=June 2012|pmid=22726520|pmc=6191653|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny fomba mahazatra amin'ny famonoan-tena ny fanantonana, ny fanapoizinana amin'ny fanafody famonoana bibikely, ary ny basy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aj2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W|title=Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=86|issue=9|pages=726–32|date=September 2008|pmid=18797649|pmc=2649482|doi=10.2471/BLT.07.043489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nahafaty olona 828.000 maneran-tany ny famonoan-tena tamin'ny taona 2015, fitomboana raha oharina amin'ny fahafatesana 712.000 tamin'ny taona 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izany no mahatonga ny famonoan-tena ho antony faha-10 mahatonga fahafatesana maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Värnik P|title=Suicide in the world|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=760–71|date=March 2012|pmid=22690161|pmc=3367275|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manodidina ny 1.5%-n'ny olona no maty noho ny famonoan-tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B|s2cid=210332277|title=Suicide|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=January 2020|volume=382|issue=3|pages=266–74|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao anatin'ny taona iray dia eo amin'ny 12 isaky ny olona 100.000 eo ho eo izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny, avo kokoa ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena tanteraka eo amin'ny lehilahy noho ny eo amin'ny vehivavy, manomboka amin'ny in-1.5 heny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] ka hatramin'ny in-3.5 any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot; /&gt; Ny famonoan-tena dia matetika hita indrindra amin'ireo mihoatra ny 70 taona; na izany aza, any amin'ny firenena sasany, ireo eo anelanelan'ny 15 sy 30 taona no tena atahorana ho faty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}&lt;/ref&gt; I Eoropa no nanana ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena ambony indrindra araka ny faritra tamin'ny taona 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174425/http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho eo amin'ny 10 ka hatramin'ny 20 eo ho eo ny&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa isan-taona ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A|title=Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=3|pages=181–5|date=October 2002|pmid=16946849|pmc=1489848}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hiteraka ratra sy fahasembanana maharitra ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot; /&gt; Any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]], ny andrana dia mahazatra kokoa amin'ny tanora sy ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R|title=The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=13|issue=9|pages=1–23; quiz 23–4|date=September 2011|pmid=22164363}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fomba fijery momba ny famonoan-tena dia voataonan'ny lohahevitra mivelatra momba ny fisiana toy ny fivavahana, ny voninahitra ary ny dikan'ny fiainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tomer|first=Adrian|title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-67690-1|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060929/https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor2-last=Stepnisky|title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4443-9660-7|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny [[Fivavahana abrahamika|fivavahana Abrahamika]] dia mihevitra ny famonoan-tena ho toy ny [[Fahotana|fandikan-dalàna amin'Andriamanitra]], noho ny finoana ny fahamasinan'ny aina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1-4808-1124-9|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060814/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny vanim-potoanan'ny samurai tany Japon, ny karazana famonoan-tena fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe seppuku ( ''harakiri'' ) dia nohajaina ho toy ny fomba fanonerana ny tsy fahombiazana na ho toy ny endrika fanoherana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Colt|first=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-76071-7|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060811/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Sati, fomba fanao voararan'ny [[India Britanika|Raj Britanika]], dia nanantena fa hamono tena amin'ny afo fandevenana ny vadiny ilay mpitondratena Indiana, na an-tsitrapo izany na noho ny faneren'ny fianakaviany sy ny fiaraha-monina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|title=Indian woman commits sati suicide|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|date=2002-08-07|access-date=2010-08-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|archive-date=2011-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famonoan-tena sy ny fikasana hamono tena, na dia tsy ara-dalàna aza taloha, dia tsy toy izany intsony any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena tandrefana.&lt;ref name=&quot;White2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=White|first=Tony|title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013414/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola heloka bevava ihany izany any amin'ny firenena sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Islam2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lester D|s2cid=35754641|title=Suicide and islam|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–97|year=2006|pmid=16287698|doi=10.1080/13811110500318489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 sy faha-21, ny famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina indraindray ho endrika fihetsiketsehana, ary ny kamikaze sy ny baomba famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina ho tetika ara-miaramila na fampihorohoroana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aggarwal N|s2cid=35560934|title=Rethinking suicide bombing|journal=Crisis|volume=30|issue=2|pages=94–7|year=2009|pmid=19525169|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134633</id>
      <parentid>1134632</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:21:39Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456566|Suicide]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="17007" sha1="t4x7iwt34ykeb60av3ujp2w5h646ki4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Suicide
|synonym          =
|image            =Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =''[[Le Suicidé|The Suicide]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =
|onset            =&gt;70 and 15–30 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2014Pre/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Hanging]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[gun|firearms]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Aj2008/&gt;
|risks            =[[Major depressive disorder|Depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[autism]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[alcoholism]], [[substance abuse]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hawton2009/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P| s2cid = 4549236 | title = Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 26 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29594718 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Autism2014/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful [[Mass media|media]] reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;
|treatment        =
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =12 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Var2012/&gt;
|deaths           =793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Epi&gt;{{cite web | title=Suicide across the world (2016) | website=World Health Organization | date=2019-09-27 | url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | access-date=2019-10-16 | archive-date=2004-07-01 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040701084208/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2020/&gt;
}}
'''Ny famonoan-tena''' dia ny fanaovana fanahy iniana famonoana olona (ny tenany ihany) &lt;ref name=&quot;Sted2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8|edition=28th}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireo aretina ara-tsaina, anisan'izany [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ny fahaketrahana]], ny bipôlara, ny autism, ny schizophrenia, ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, ny tebiteby, na ihany koa ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina, anisan'izany ny fisotroan-toaka sy ny fampiasana benzodiazepines, no antony mety ahatonga ny famonoan-tena&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawton K, van Heeringen K|s2cid=208790312|title=Suicide|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1372–81|date=April 2009|pmid=19376453|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHawtonvan_Heeringen2009&quot;&gt;Hawton K, van Heeringen K (April 2009). &quot;Suicide&quot;. ''Lancet''. '''373''' (9672): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1372–&lt;/span&gt;81. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2809%2960372-X 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19376453 19376453]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208790312 208790312].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dod2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Autism2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B|s2cid=25741716|title=Suicide in autism spectrum disorders|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=18|issue=4|pages=327–39|date=2014|pmid=24713024|doi=10.1080/13811118.2013.824834}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny famonoan-tena sasany dia fihetsika tampoka vokatry ny adin-tsaina, toy ny olana ara-bola, olana ara-piaraha-monina na ara-pitiavana ohatra ny fisarahana, na fampijaliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS|title=Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=31|issue=3|pages=463–75|date=March 2015|pmid=25859714|doi=10.1590/0102-311x00036114|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide rates rising across the U.S. {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=19 September 2019|language=en-us|date=11 April 2019|quote=Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013348/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireo izay efa nanandrana namono tena teo aloha dia atahorana kokoa ny hanao izany amin'ny ho avy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt; Ny ezaka mahomby amin'ny fisorohana ny famonoan-tena dia ahitana ny famerana ny fidirana amin'ny fomba famonoan-tena—toy ny basy, zava-mahadomelina ary poizina; fitsaboana ny aretina ara-tsaina sy ny fampiasana tafahoatra ny zava-mahadomelina; tatitra amim-pitandremana momba ny famonoan-tena ataon'ny media ; ary fanatsarana ny toe-karena.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/ &quot;Suicide Fact sheet N°398&quot;]. ''WHO''. April 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/ Archived] from the original on 4 March 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 March&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|title=Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals|last=|first=|year=2008|isbn=978-92-4-159707-4|location=|pages=|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829073711/https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mahazatra aza ny laharana finday hotline amin'ny krizy, dia mbola tsy dia nodinihina tsara izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sak2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sakinofsky I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|date=June 2007|pmid=17824349|quote=Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zal2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|display-authors=6|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|date=July 2016|pmid=27289303|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miovaova arakaraka ny firenena ny fomba famonoan-tena ampiasaina matetika indrindra, ary misy ifandraisany amin'ny fisian'ny fomba mahomby izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yip2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–9|date=June 2012|pmid=22726520|pmc=6191653|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny fomba mahazatra amin'ny famonoan-tena ny fanantonana, ny fanapoizinana amin'ny fanafody famonoana bibikely, ary ny basy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aj2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W|title=Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=86|issue=9|pages=726–32|date=September 2008|pmid=18797649|pmc=2649482|doi=10.2471/BLT.07.043489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nahafaty olona 828.000 maneran-tany ny famonoan-tena tamin'ny taona 2015, fitomboana raha oharina amin'ny fahafatesana 712.000 tamin'ny taona 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izany no mahatonga ny famonoan-tena ho antony faha-10 mahatonga fahafatesana maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Värnik P|title=Suicide in the world|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=760–71|date=March 2012|pmid=22690161|pmc=3367275|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manodidina ny 1.5%-n'ny olona no maty noho ny famonoan-tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B|s2cid=210332277|title=Suicide|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=January 2020|volume=382|issue=3|pages=266–74|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao anatin'ny taona iray dia eo amin'ny 12 isaky ny olona 100.000 eo ho eo izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny, avo kokoa ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena tanteraka eo amin'ny lehilahy noho ny eo amin'ny vehivavy, manomboka amin'ny in-1.5 heny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] ka hatramin'ny in-3.5 any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot; /&gt; Ny famonoan-tena dia matetika hita indrindra amin'ireo mihoatra ny 70 taona; na izany aza, any amin'ny firenena sasany, ireo eo anelanelan'ny 15 sy 30 taona no tena atahorana ho faty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}&lt;/ref&gt; I Eoropa no nanana ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena ambony indrindra araka ny faritra tamin'ny taona 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174425/http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho eo amin'ny 10 ka hatramin'ny 20 eo ho eo ny&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa isan-taona ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A|title=Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=3|pages=181–5|date=October 2002|pmid=16946849|pmc=1489848}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hiteraka ratra sy fahasembanana maharitra ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot; /&gt; Any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]], ny andrana dia mahazatra kokoa amin'ny tanora sy ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R|title=The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=13|issue=9|pages=1–23; quiz 23–4|date=September 2011|pmid=22164363}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fomba fijery momba ny famonoan-tena dia voataonan'ny lohahevitra mivelatra momba ny fisiana toy ny fivavahana, ny voninahitra ary ny dikan'ny fiainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tomer|first=Adrian|title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-67690-1|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060929/https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor2-last=Stepnisky|title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4443-9660-7|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny [[Fivavahana abrahamika|fivavahana Abrahamika]] dia mihevitra ny famonoan-tena ho toy ny [[Fahotana|fandikan-dalàna amin'Andriamanitra]], noho ny finoana ny fahamasinan'ny aina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1-4808-1124-9|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060814/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny vanim-potoanan'ny samurai tany Japon, ny karazana famonoan-tena fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe seppuku ( ''harakiri'' ) dia nohajaina ho toy ny fomba fanonerana ny tsy fahombiazana na ho toy ny endrika fanoherana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Colt|first=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-76071-7|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060811/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Sati, fomba fanao voararan'ny [[India Britanika|Raj Britanika]], dia nanantena fa hamono tena amin'ny afo fandevenana ny vadiny ilay mpitondratena Indiana, na an-tsitrapo izany na noho ny faneren'ny fianakaviany sy ny fiaraha-monina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|title=Indian woman commits sati suicide|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|date=2002-08-07|access-date=2010-08-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|archive-date=2011-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famonoan-tena sy ny fikasana hamono tena, na dia tsy ara-dalàna aza taloha, dia tsy toy izany intsony any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena tandrefana.&lt;ref name=&quot;White2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=White|first=Tony|title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013414/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola heloka bevava ihany izany any amin'ny firenena sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Islam2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lester D|s2cid=35754641|title=Suicide and islam|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–97|year=2006|pmid=16287698|doi=10.1080/13811110500318489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 sy faha-21, ny famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina indraindray ho endrika fihetsiketsehana, ary ny kamikaze sy ny baomba famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina ho tetika ara-miaramila na fampihorohoroana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aggarwal N|s2cid=35560934|title=Rethinking suicide bombing|journal=Crisis|volume=30|issue=2|pages=94–7|year=2009|pmid=19525169|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <text bytes="16102" sha1="trkgwt07h6qd429rexd015507ble1tv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Suicide
|synonym          =
|image            =Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =''[[Le Suicidé|The Suicide]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =
|onset            =&gt;70 and 15–30 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2014Pre/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Hanging]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[gun|firearms]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Aj2008/&gt;
|risks            =[[Major depressive disorder|Depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[autism]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[alcoholism]], [[substance abuse]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hawton2009/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P| s2cid = 4549236 | title = Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 26 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29594718 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Autism2014/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful [[Mass media|media]] reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;
|treatment        =
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =12 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Var2012/&gt;
|deaths           =793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Epi&gt;{{cite web | title=Suicide across the world (2016) | website=World Health Organization | date=2019-09-27 | url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | access-date=2019-10-16 | archive-date=2004-07-01 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040701084208/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2020/&gt;
}}
'''Ny famonoan-tena''' dia ny fanaovana fanahy iniana famonoana olona (ny tenany ihany) &lt;ref name=&quot;Sted2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8|edition=28th}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireo aretina ara-tsaina, anisan'izany [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ny fahaketrahana]], ny bipôlara, ny autism, ny schizophrenia, ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, ny tebiteby, na ihany koa ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina, anisan'izany ny fisotroan-toaka sy ny fampiasana benzodiazepines, no antony mety ahatonga ny famonoan-tena&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawton K, van Heeringen K|s2cid=208790312|title=Suicide|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1372–81|date=April 2009|pmid=19376453|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dod2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Autism2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B|s2cid=25741716|title=Suicide in autism spectrum disorders|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=18|issue=4|pages=327–39|date=2014|pmid=24713024|doi=10.1080/13811118.2013.824834}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny famonoan-tena sasany dia fihetsika tampoka vokatry ny adin-tsaina, toy ny olana ara-bola, olana ara-piaraha-monina na ara-pitiavana ohatra ny fisarahana, na fampijaliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS|title=Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=31|issue=3|pages=463–75|date=March 2015|pmid=25859714|doi=10.1590/0102-311x00036114|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide rates rising across the U.S. {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=19 September 2019|language=en-us|date=11 April 2019|quote=Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013348/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireo izay efa nanandrana namono tena teo aloha dia atahorana kokoa ny hamerenany izany amin'ny ho avy&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;. Ny ezaka mahomby amin'ny fisorohana ny famonoan-tena dia ahitana ny famerana ny fidirana amin'ny fomba famonoan-tena—toy ny basy, zava-mahadomelina ary poizina; fitsaboana ny aretina ara-tsaina sy ny fampiasana tafahoatra ny zava-mahadomelina; tatitra amim-pitandremana momba ny famonoan-tena ataon'ny media ; ary fanatsarana ny toe-karena.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|title=Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals|last=|first=|year=2008|isbn=978-92-4-159707-4|location=|pages=|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829073711/https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mahazatra aza ny laharana finday hotline amin'ny krizy, dia mbola tsy dia nodinihina tsara izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sak2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sakinofsky I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|date=June 2007|pmid=17824349|quote=Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zal2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|display-authors=6|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|date=July 2016|pmid=27289303|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miovaova arakaraka ny firenena ny fomba famonoan-tena ampiasaina matetika indrindra, ary misy ifandraisany amin'ny fisian'ny fomba mahomby izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yip2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–9|date=June 2012|pmid=22726520|pmc=6191653|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny fomba mahazatra amin'ny famonoan-tena ny fanantonana, ny fanapoizinana amin'ny fanafody famonoana bibikely, ary ny basy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aj2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W|title=Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=86|issue=9|pages=726–32|date=September 2008|pmid=18797649|pmc=2649482|doi=10.2471/BLT.07.043489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nahafaty olona 828.000 maneran-tany ny famonoan-tena tamin'ny taona 2015, fitomboana raha oharina amin'ny fahafatesana 712.000 tamin'ny taona 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izany no mahatonga ny famonoan-tena ho antony faha-10 mahatonga fahafatesana maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Värnik P|title=Suicide in the world|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=760–71|date=March 2012|pmid=22690161|pmc=3367275|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manodidina ny 1.5%-n'ny olona no maty noho ny famonoan-tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B|s2cid=210332277|title=Suicide|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=January 2020|volume=382|issue=3|pages=266–74|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao anatin'ny taona iray dia eo amin'ny 12 isaky ny olona 100.000 eo ho eo izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny, avo kokoa ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena tanteraka eo amin'ny lehilahy noho ny eo amin'ny vehivavy, manomboka amin'ny in-1.5 heny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] ka hatramin'ny in-3.5 any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot; /&gt; Ny famonoan-tena dia matetika hita indrindra amin'ireo mihoatra ny 70 taona; na izany aza, any amin'ny firenena sasany, ireo eo anelanelan'ny 15 sy 30 taona no tena atahorana ho faty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}&lt;/ref&gt; I Eoropa no nanana ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena ambony indrindra araka ny faritra tamin'ny taona 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174425/http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho eo amin'ny 10 ka hatramin'ny 20 eo ho eo ny&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa isan-taona ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A|title=Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=3|pages=181–5|date=October 2002|pmid=16946849|pmc=1489848}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hiteraka ratra sy fahasembanana maharitra ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot; /&gt; Any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]], ny andrana dia mahazatra kokoa amin'ny tanora sy ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R|title=The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=13|issue=9|pages=1–23; quiz 23–4|date=September 2011|pmid=22164363}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fomba fijery momba ny famonoan-tena dia voataonan'ny lohahevitra mivelatra momba ny fisiana toy ny fivavahana, ny voninahitra ary ny dikan'ny fiainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tomer|first=Adrian|title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-67690-1|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060929/https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor2-last=Stepnisky|title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4443-9660-7|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny [[Fivavahana abrahamika|fivavahana Abrahamika]] dia mihevitra ny famonoan-tena ho toy ny [[Fahotana|fandikan-dalàna amin'Andriamanitra]], noho ny finoana ny fahamasinan'ny aina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1-4808-1124-9|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060814/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny vanim-potoanan'ny samurai tany Japon, ny karazana famonoan-tena fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe seppuku ( ''harakiri'' ) dia nohajaina ho toy ny fomba fanonerana ny tsy fahombiazana na ho toy ny endrika fanoherana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Colt|first=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-76071-7|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060811/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Sati, fomba fanao voararan'ny [[India Britanika|Raj Britanika]], dia nanantena fa hamono tena amin'ny afo fandevenana ny vadiny ilay mpitondratena Indiana, na an-tsitrapo izany na noho ny faneren'ny fianakaviany sy ny fiaraha-monina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|title=Indian woman commits sati suicide|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|date=2002-08-07|access-date=2010-08-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|archive-date=2011-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famonoan-tena sy ny fikasana hamono tena, na dia tsy ara-dalàna aza taloha, dia tsy toy izany intsony any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena tandrefana.&lt;ref name=&quot;White2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=White|first=Tony|title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013414/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola heloka bevava ihany izany any amin'ny firenena sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Islam2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lester D|s2cid=35754641|title=Suicide and islam|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–97|year=2006|pmid=16287698|doi=10.1080/13811110500318489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 sy faha-21, ny famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina indraindray ho endrika fihetsiketsehana, ary ny kamikaze sy ny baomba famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina ho tetika ara-miaramila na fampihorohoroana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aggarwal N|s2cid=35560934|title=Rethinking suicide bombing|journal=Crisis|volume=30|issue=2|pages=94–7|year=2009|pmid=19525169|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <text bytes="16091" sha1="rz9hyk6xwje4hl98ntpc4df8zzgfwxj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Suicide
|synonym          =
|image            =Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =''[[Le Suicidé|The Suicide]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =
|onset            =&gt;70 and 15–30 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2014Pre/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Hanging]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[gun|firearms]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Aj2008/&gt;
|risks            =[[Major depressive disorder|Depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[autism]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[alcoholism]], [[substance abuse]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hawton2009/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P| s2cid = 4549236 | title = Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 26 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29594718 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Autism2014/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful [[Mass media|media]] reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;
|treatment        =
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =12 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Var2012/&gt;
|deaths           =793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Epi&gt;{{cite web | title=Suicide across the world (2016) | website=World Health Organization | date=2019-09-27 | url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | access-date=2019-10-16 | archive-date=2004-07-01 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040701084208/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2020/&gt;
}}
'''Ny famonoan-tena''' dia ny fanaovana fanahy iniana famonoana olona (ny tenany ihany) &lt;ref name=&quot;Sted2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8|edition=28th}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireo aretina ara-tsaina, anisan'izany [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ny fahaketrahana]], ny bipôlara, ny autism, ny schizophrenia, ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, ny tebiteby, na ihany koa ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina, anisan'izany ny fisotroan-toaka sy ny fampiasana benzodiazepines, no antony mety ahatonga ny famonoan-tena&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawton K, van Heeringen K|s2cid=208790312|title=Suicide|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1372–81|date=April 2009|pmid=19376453|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dod2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Autism2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B|s2cid=25741716|title=Suicide in autism spectrum disorders|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=18|issue=4|pages=327–39|date=2014|pmid=24713024|doi=10.1080/13811118.2013.824834}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny famonoan-tena sasany dia fihetsika tampoka vokatry ny adin-tsaina, toy ny olana ara-bola, olana ara-piaraha-monina na ara-pitiavana ohatra ny fisarahana, na fampijaliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS|title=Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=31|issue=3|pages=463–75|date=March 2015|pmid=25859714|doi=10.1590/0102-311x00036114|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide rates rising across the U.S. {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=19 September 2019|language=en-us|date=11 April 2019|quote=Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013348/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireo izay efa nanandrana namono tena teo aloha dia atahorana kokoa ny hamerenany izany amin'ny ho avy&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;. Ireto avy ireo fomba afahana misoroka ny famonoan-tena: famerana ny fidirana amin'ny fomba famonoan-tena—toy ny basy, zava-mahadomelina ary poizina; ny fitsaboana ny aretina ara-tsaina sy ny fampiasana tafahoatra ny zava-mahadomelina; lanjalanjaina ny tatitra momba ny famonoan-tena ataon'ny media; ary fanatsarana ny toe-karena&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|title=Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals|last=|first=|year=2008|isbn=978-92-4-159707-4|location=|pages=|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829073711/https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Na dia mahazatra aza ny laharana finday hotline amin'ny krizy, dia mbola tsy dia nodinihina tsara izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sak2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sakinofsky I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|date=June 2007|pmid=17824349|quote=Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zal2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|display-authors=6|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|date=July 2016|pmid=27289303|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miovaova arakaraka ny firenena ny fomba famonoan-tena ampiasaina matetika indrindra, ary misy ifandraisany amin'ny fisian'ny fomba mahomby izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yip2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–9|date=June 2012|pmid=22726520|pmc=6191653|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny fomba mahazatra amin'ny famonoan-tena ny fanantonana, ny fanapoizinana amin'ny fanafody famonoana bibikely, ary ny basy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aj2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W|title=Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=86|issue=9|pages=726–32|date=September 2008|pmid=18797649|pmc=2649482|doi=10.2471/BLT.07.043489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nahafaty olona 828.000 maneran-tany ny famonoan-tena tamin'ny taona 2015, fitomboana raha oharina amin'ny fahafatesana 712.000 tamin'ny taona 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izany no mahatonga ny famonoan-tena ho antony faha-10 mahatonga fahafatesana maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Värnik P|title=Suicide in the world|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=760–71|date=March 2012|pmid=22690161|pmc=3367275|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manodidina ny 1.5%-n'ny olona no maty noho ny famonoan-tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B|s2cid=210332277|title=Suicide|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=January 2020|volume=382|issue=3|pages=266–74|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao anatin'ny taona iray dia eo amin'ny 12 isaky ny olona 100.000 eo ho eo izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny, avo kokoa ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena tanteraka eo amin'ny lehilahy noho ny eo amin'ny vehivavy, manomboka amin'ny in-1.5 heny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] ka hatramin'ny in-3.5 any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot; /&gt; Ny famonoan-tena dia matetika hita indrindra amin'ireo mihoatra ny 70 taona; na izany aza, any amin'ny firenena sasany, ireo eo anelanelan'ny 15 sy 30 taona no tena atahorana ho faty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}&lt;/ref&gt; I Eoropa no nanana ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena ambony indrindra araka ny faritra tamin'ny taona 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174425/http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho eo amin'ny 10 ka hatramin'ny 20 eo ho eo ny&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa isan-taona ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A|title=Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=3|pages=181–5|date=October 2002|pmid=16946849|pmc=1489848}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hiteraka ratra sy fahasembanana maharitra ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot; /&gt; Any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]], ny andrana dia mahazatra kokoa amin'ny tanora sy ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R|title=The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=13|issue=9|pages=1–23; quiz 23–4|date=September 2011|pmid=22164363}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fomba fijery momba ny famonoan-tena dia voataonan'ny lohahevitra mivelatra momba ny fisiana toy ny fivavahana, ny voninahitra ary ny dikan'ny fiainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tomer|first=Adrian|title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-67690-1|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060929/https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor2-last=Stepnisky|title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4443-9660-7|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny [[Fivavahana abrahamika|fivavahana Abrahamika]] dia mihevitra ny famonoan-tena ho toy ny [[Fahotana|fandikan-dalàna amin'Andriamanitra]], noho ny finoana ny fahamasinan'ny aina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1-4808-1124-9|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060814/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny vanim-potoanan'ny samurai tany Japon, ny karazana famonoan-tena fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe seppuku ( ''harakiri'' ) dia nohajaina ho toy ny fomba fanonerana ny tsy fahombiazana na ho toy ny endrika fanoherana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Colt|first=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-76071-7|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060811/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Sati, fomba fanao voararan'ny [[India Britanika|Raj Britanika]], dia nanantena fa hamono tena amin'ny afo fandevenana ny vadiny ilay mpitondratena Indiana, na an-tsitrapo izany na noho ny faneren'ny fianakaviany sy ny fiaraha-monina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|title=Indian woman commits sati suicide|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|date=2002-08-07|access-date=2010-08-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|archive-date=2011-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famonoan-tena sy ny fikasana hamono tena, na dia tsy ara-dalàna aza taloha, dia tsy toy izany intsony any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena tandrefana.&lt;ref name=&quot;White2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=White|first=Tony|title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013414/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola heloka bevava ihany izany any amin'ny firenena sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Islam2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lester D|s2cid=35754641|title=Suicide and islam|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–97|year=2006|pmid=16287698|doi=10.1080/13811110500318489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 sy faha-21, ny famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina indraindray ho endrika fihetsiketsehana, ary ny kamikaze sy ny baomba famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina ho tetika ara-miaramila na fampihorohoroana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aggarwal N|s2cid=35560934|title=Rethinking suicide bombing|journal=Crisis|volume=30|issue=2|pages=94–7|year=2009|pmid=19525169|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <text bytes="16088" sha1="roaxrl56jemwsl7b2ulxw0b8kzz9d0f" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Suicide
|synonym          =
|image            =Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =''[[Le Suicidé|The Suicide]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =
|onset            =&gt;70 and 15–30 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2014Pre/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Hanging]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[gun|firearms]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Aj2008/&gt;
|risks            =[[Major depressive disorder|Depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[autism]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[alcoholism]], [[substance abuse]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hawton2009/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P| s2cid = 4549236 | title = Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 26 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29594718 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Autism2014/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful [[Mass media|media]] reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;
|treatment        =
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =12 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Var2012/&gt;
|deaths           =793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Epi&gt;{{cite web | title=Suicide across the world (2016) | website=World Health Organization | date=2019-09-27 | url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | access-date=2019-10-16 | archive-date=2004-07-01 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040701084208/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2020/&gt;
}}
'''Ny famonoan-tena''' dia ny fanaovana fanahy iniana famonoana olona (ny tenany ihany) &lt;ref name=&quot;Sted2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8|edition=28th}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireo aretina ara-tsaina, anisan'izany [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ny fahaketrahana]], ny bipôlara, ny autism, ny schizophrenia, ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, ny tebiteby, na ihany koa ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina, anisan'izany ny fisotroan-toaka sy ny fampiasana benzodiazepines, no antony mety ahatonga ny famonoan-tena&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawton K, van Heeringen K|s2cid=208790312|title=Suicide|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1372–81|date=April 2009|pmid=19376453|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dod2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Autism2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B|s2cid=25741716|title=Suicide in autism spectrum disorders|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=18|issue=4|pages=327–39|date=2014|pmid=24713024|doi=10.1080/13811118.2013.824834}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny famonoan-tena sasany dia fihetsika tampoka vokatry ny adin-tsaina, toy ny olana ara-bola, olana ara-piaraha-monina na ara-pitiavana ohatra ny fisarahana, na fampijaliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS|title=Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=31|issue=3|pages=463–75|date=March 2015|pmid=25859714|doi=10.1590/0102-311x00036114|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide rates rising across the U.S. {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=19 September 2019|language=en-us|date=11 April 2019|quote=Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013348/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireo izay efa nanandrana namono tena teo aloha dia atahorana kokoa ny hamerenany izany amin'ny ho avy&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;. Ireto avy ireo fomba afahana misoroka ny famonoan-tena: famerana ny fidirana amin'ny fomba famonoan-tena—toy ny basy, zava-mahadomelina ary poizina; ny fitsaboana ny aretina ara-tsaina sy ny fampiasana tafahoatra ny zava-mahadomelina; lanjalanjaina ny tatitra momba ny famonoan-tena ataon'ny media; ary fanatsarana ny toe-karena&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|title=Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals|last=|first=|year=2008|isbn=978-92-4-159707-4|location=|pages=|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829073711/https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Efa napetraka ny laharana maintso afahana miantso raha misy olana, fa mbola tsy nohalalinina tsara izay&lt;ref name=&quot;Sak2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sakinofsky I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|date=June 2007|pmid=17824349|quote=Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zal2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|display-authors=6|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|date=July 2016|pmid=27289303|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Miovaova arakaraka ny firenena ny fomba famonoan-tena ampiasaina matetika indrindra, ary misy ifandraisany amin'ny fisian'ny fomba mahomby izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yip2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–9|date=June 2012|pmid=22726520|pmc=6191653|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny fomba mahazatra amin'ny famonoan-tena ny fanantonana, ny fanapoizinana amin'ny fanafody famonoana bibikely, ary ny basy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aj2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W|title=Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=86|issue=9|pages=726–32|date=September 2008|pmid=18797649|pmc=2649482|doi=10.2471/BLT.07.043489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nahafaty olona 828.000 maneran-tany ny famonoan-tena tamin'ny taona 2015, fitomboana raha oharina amin'ny fahafatesana 712.000 tamin'ny taona 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izany no mahatonga ny famonoan-tena ho antony faha-10 mahatonga fahafatesana maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Värnik P|title=Suicide in the world|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=760–71|date=March 2012|pmid=22690161|pmc=3367275|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manodidina ny 1.5%-n'ny olona no maty noho ny famonoan-tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B|s2cid=210332277|title=Suicide|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=January 2020|volume=382|issue=3|pages=266–74|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao anatin'ny taona iray dia eo amin'ny 12 isaky ny olona 100.000 eo ho eo izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny, avo kokoa ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena tanteraka eo amin'ny lehilahy noho ny eo amin'ny vehivavy, manomboka amin'ny in-1.5 heny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] ka hatramin'ny in-3.5 any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot; /&gt; Ny famonoan-tena dia matetika hita indrindra amin'ireo mihoatra ny 70 taona; na izany aza, any amin'ny firenena sasany, ireo eo anelanelan'ny 15 sy 30 taona no tena atahorana ho faty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}&lt;/ref&gt; I Eoropa no nanana ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena ambony indrindra araka ny faritra tamin'ny taona 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174425/http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho eo amin'ny 10 ka hatramin'ny 20 eo ho eo ny&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa isan-taona ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A|title=Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=3|pages=181–5|date=October 2002|pmid=16946849|pmc=1489848}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hiteraka ratra sy fahasembanana maharitra ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot; /&gt; Any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]], ny andrana dia mahazatra kokoa amin'ny tanora sy ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R|title=The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=13|issue=9|pages=1–23; quiz 23–4|date=September 2011|pmid=22164363}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fomba fijery momba ny famonoan-tena dia voataonan'ny lohahevitra mivelatra momba ny fisiana toy ny fivavahana, ny voninahitra ary ny dikan'ny fiainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tomer|first=Adrian|title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-67690-1|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060929/https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor2-last=Stepnisky|title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4443-9660-7|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny [[Fivavahana abrahamika|fivavahana Abrahamika]] dia mihevitra ny famonoan-tena ho toy ny [[Fahotana|fandikan-dalàna amin'Andriamanitra]], noho ny finoana ny fahamasinan'ny aina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1-4808-1124-9|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060814/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny vanim-potoanan'ny samurai tany Japon, ny karazana famonoan-tena fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe seppuku ( ''harakiri'' ) dia nohajaina ho toy ny fomba fanonerana ny tsy fahombiazana na ho toy ny endrika fanoherana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Colt|first=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-76071-7|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060811/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Sati, fomba fanao voararan'ny [[India Britanika|Raj Britanika]], dia nanantena fa hamono tena amin'ny afo fandevenana ny vadiny ilay mpitondratena Indiana, na an-tsitrapo izany na noho ny faneren'ny fianakaviany sy ny fiaraha-monina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|title=Indian woman commits sati suicide|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|date=2002-08-07|access-date=2010-08-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|archive-date=2011-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famonoan-tena sy ny fikasana hamono tena, na dia tsy ara-dalàna aza taloha, dia tsy toy izany intsony any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena tandrefana.&lt;ref name=&quot;White2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=White|first=Tony|title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013414/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola heloka bevava ihany izany any amin'ny firenena sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Islam2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lester D|s2cid=35754641|title=Suicide and islam|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–97|year=2006|pmid=16287698|doi=10.1080/13811110500318489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 sy faha-21, ny famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina indraindray ho endrika fihetsiketsehana, ary ny kamikaze sy ny baomba famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina ho tetika ara-miaramila na fampihorohoroana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aggarwal N|s2cid=35560934|title=Rethinking suicide bombing|journal=Crisis|volume=30|issue=2|pages=94–7|year=2009|pmid=19525169|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Aretin'ny sarakaty</title>
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|name             =Pancreatitis
|synonym          =
|image            =Illu pancrease.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =The [[pancreas]] and surrounding [[organ (anatomy)|organs]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Gastroenterology]], [[general surgery]]
|symptoms         =[[epigastrium|Pain in the upper abdomen]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[fever]], [[steatorrhea|fatty stool]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Short or long term&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|causes           =[[Gallstone]]s, heavy [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use, direct trauma, certain medications, [[mumps]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|risks            =Smoking&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Yad2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, blood [[amylase]] or [[lipase]]&lt;ref name=Gastroenterology2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous fluid]]s, [[pain medication]], [[antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =8.9 million (2015)&lt;!-- incidence --&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =132,700 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}
'''Ny pancreatitis''' dia aretina iray izay miavaka amin'ny fivontosan'ny pancreas.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ny sarakaty dia taova lehibe ao ambadiky ny [[vavony]] izay mamokatra anzima fandevonan-kanina sy hormonina maromaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Misy karazany roa lehibe: ny pancreatitis acute, sy ny pancreatitis chronique.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretin'ny pancreatitis ny fanaintainana eo amin'ny tapany ambony amin'ny kibo, ny maloiloy ary ny mandoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny fanaintainana dia mipaka any amin'ny lamosina ary mazàna mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mahery vaika, mety hitranga ny tazo, ary mazàna dia mivaha ao anatin'ny andro vitsivitsy ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza dia mety hitranga ny fihenan-danja, ny fivalanana matavy, ary ny aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gastroenterology2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Witt|first=Heiko|title=Chronic pancreatitis: challenges and advances in pathogenesis, genetics, diagnosis, and therapy|journal=Gastroenterology|date=April 2007|volume=132|issue=4|pages=1557-1573|pmid=17466744|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny aretina, ny rà mandriaka, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta mellitus]], na ny olana amin'ny taova hafa. 

Ny antony roa mahazatra indrindra mahatonga ny pancreatitis mahery dia ny vato ao amin'ny aty izay manakana ny lalan-drano bile rehefa avy nifandray ny lalan-drano pancreatic ; ary ny fisotroana toaka be loatra.  Ny antony hafa dia ahitana ratra mivantana, fanafody sasany, aretina toy ny mony, ary fivontosana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra vokatry ny pancreatitis mahery vaika ny pancreatitis mitaiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika indrindra dia vokatry ny fampiasana toaka be loatra nandritra ny taona maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny antony hafa ny tavy be loatra ao amin'ny ra, ny kalsioma be loatra ao amin'ny ra, ny fanafody sasany, ary ny aretina fototarazo sasany, toy ny fibrosis cystika, ankoatra ny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mampitombo ny mety hisian'ny pancreatitis mahery vaika sy mitaiza ny fifohana sigara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lankisch|first=PG|last2=Apte|first2=M|last3=Banks|first3=PA|title=Acute pancreatitis|journal=Lancet|date=20 January 2015|pmid=25616312|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60649-8|volume=386|issue=9988|pages=85–96}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yad2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yadav|first=D|last2=Lowenfels|first2=AB|title=The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.|journal=Gastroenterology|date=June 2013|volume=144|issue=6|pages=1252–61|pmid=23622135|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.068|pmc=3662544}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana ny pancreatitis acute dia mifototra amin'ny fitomboan'ny amylase na lipase avo telo heny ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ho ara-dalàna ireo fitiliana ireo amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ihany koa ny sary ara-pitsaboana toy ny ultrasound sy ny CT scan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;

Matetika ny pancreatitis mahery dia tsaboina amin'ny ranon-javatra ampidirina amin'ny lalan-dra, fanafody fanaintainana, ary indraindray [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] .  Matetika dia tsy azo atao ny mihinana sy misotro, ary misy fantsona nasogastric apetraka ao amin'ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Azo atao ny fomba fiasa fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) mba handinihana ny lakandrano bile mahazatra distal ary hanesorana vato ao amin'ny apdo raha misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika koa no esorina ny gallbladder amin'ireo manana vato ao amin'ny aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza, ankoatra ireo voalaza etsy ambony ireo, dia azo ampiasaina ny famahanana vetivety amin'ny alalan'ny fantsona nasogastric mba hanomezana sakafo ampy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ny fanovana maharitra ny sakafo sy ny fanoloana ny anzima ao amin'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ary indraindray dia misy fandidiana atao mba hanesorana ireo ampahany amin'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;

Maneran-tany, tamin'ny taona 2015 dia nisy tranganà pancreatitis 8.9 tapitrisa teo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niafara tamin'ny fahafatesana 132 700 izany, raha oharina amin'ny fahafatesana 83 000 tamin'ny 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–44|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny pancreatitis mahery vaika dia mitranga amin'ny olona 30 isaky ny 100.000 isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Misy tranga vaovao amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza mitranga eo amin'ny 8 isaky ny 100.000 olona isan-taona ary amin'izao fotoana izao dia misy fiantraikany eo amin'ny 50 isaky ny 100.000 olona any Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot; /&gt; Fahita kokoa amin'ny lehilahy noho ny vehivavy izany.  Matetika ny pancreatitis mitaiza dia manomboka eo anelanelan'ny 30 sy 40 taona raha mahalana kosa amin'ny ankizy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pancreatitis mahery vaika dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny alalan'ny fizahana faty tamin'ny 1882 raha ny pancreatitis mitaiza kosa dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Muniraj|first=T|last2=Aslanian|first2=HR|last3=Farrell|first3=J|last4=Jamidar|first4=PA|title=Chronic pancreatitis, a comprehensive review and update. Part I: epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical features.|journal=Disease-a-month : DM|date=December 2014|volume=60|issue=12|pages=530–50|pmid=25510320|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2014.11.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1474415|Pancreatitis]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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|name             =Aretin'ny sarakaty
|synonym          =
|image            =Illu pancrease.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =The [[pancreas]] and surrounding [[organ (anatomy)|organs]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Gastroenterology]], [[general surgery]]
|symptoms         =[[epigastrium|Pain in the upper abdomen]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[fever]], [[steatorrhea|fatty stool]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Short or long term&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|causes           =[[Gallstone]]s, heavy [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use, direct trauma, certain medications, [[mumps]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|risks            =Smoking&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Yad2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, blood [[amylase]] or [[lipase]]&lt;ref name=Gastroenterology2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous fluid]]s, [[pain medication]], [[antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =8.9 million (2015)&lt;!-- incidence --&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =132,700 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}
'''Ny pancreatitis''' dia aretina iray izay miavaka amin'ny fivontosan'ny pancreas.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ny sarakaty dia taova lehibe ao ambadiky ny [[vavony]] izay mamokatra anzima fandevonan-kanina sy hormonina maromaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Misy karazany roa lehibe: ny pancreatitis acute, sy ny pancreatitis chronique.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretin'ny pancreatitis ny fanaintainana eo amin'ny tapany ambony amin'ny kibo, ny maloiloy ary ny mandoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny fanaintainana dia mipaka any amin'ny lamosina ary mazàna mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mahery vaika, mety hitranga ny tazo, ary mazàna dia mivaha ao anatin'ny andro vitsivitsy ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza dia mety hitranga ny fihenan-danja, ny fivalanana matavy, ary ny aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gastroenterology2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Witt|first=Heiko|title=Chronic pancreatitis: challenges and advances in pathogenesis, genetics, diagnosis, and therapy|journal=Gastroenterology|date=April 2007|volume=132|issue=4|pages=1557-1573|pmid=17466744|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny aretina, ny rà mandriaka, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta mellitus]], na ny olana amin'ny taova hafa. 

Ny antony roa mahazatra indrindra mahatonga ny pancreatitis mahery dia ny vato ao amin'ny aty izay manakana ny lalan-drano bile rehefa avy nifandray ny lalan-drano pancreatic ; ary ny fisotroana toaka be loatra.  Ny antony hafa dia ahitana ratra mivantana, fanafody sasany, aretina toy ny mony, ary fivontosana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra vokatry ny pancreatitis mahery vaika ny pancreatitis mitaiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika indrindra dia vokatry ny fampiasana toaka be loatra nandritra ny taona maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny antony hafa ny tavy be loatra ao amin'ny ra, ny kalsioma be loatra ao amin'ny ra, ny fanafody sasany, ary ny aretina fototarazo sasany, toy ny fibrosis cystika, ankoatra ny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mampitombo ny mety hisian'ny pancreatitis mahery vaika sy mitaiza ny fifohana sigara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lankisch|first=PG|last2=Apte|first2=M|last3=Banks|first3=PA|title=Acute pancreatitis|journal=Lancet|date=20 January 2015|pmid=25616312|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60649-8|volume=386|issue=9988|pages=85–96}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yad2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yadav|first=D|last2=Lowenfels|first2=AB|title=The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.|journal=Gastroenterology|date=June 2013|volume=144|issue=6|pages=1252–61|pmid=23622135|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.068|pmc=3662544}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana ny pancreatitis acute dia mifototra amin'ny fitomboan'ny amylase na lipase avo telo heny ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ho ara-dalàna ireo fitiliana ireo amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ihany koa ny sary ara-pitsaboana toy ny ultrasound sy ny CT scan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;

Matetika ny pancreatitis mahery dia tsaboina amin'ny ranon-javatra ampidirina amin'ny lalan-dra, fanafody fanaintainana, ary indraindray [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] .  Matetika dia tsy azo atao ny mihinana sy misotro, ary misy fantsona nasogastric apetraka ao amin'ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Azo atao ny fomba fiasa fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) mba handinihana ny lakandrano bile mahazatra distal ary hanesorana vato ao amin'ny apdo raha misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika koa no esorina ny gallbladder amin'ireo manana vato ao amin'ny aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza, ankoatra ireo voalaza etsy ambony ireo, dia azo ampiasaina ny famahanana vetivety amin'ny alalan'ny fantsona nasogastric mba hanomezana sakafo ampy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ny fanovana maharitra ny sakafo sy ny fanoloana ny anzima ao amin'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ary indraindray dia misy fandidiana atao mba hanesorana ireo ampahany amin'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;

Maneran-tany, tamin'ny taona 2015 dia nisy tranganà pancreatitis 8.9 tapitrisa teo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niafara tamin'ny fahafatesana 132 700 izany, raha oharina amin'ny fahafatesana 83 000 tamin'ny 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–44|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny pancreatitis mahery vaika dia mitranga amin'ny olona 30 isaky ny 100.000 isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Misy tranga vaovao amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza mitranga eo amin'ny 8 isaky ny 100.000 olona isan-taona ary amin'izao fotoana izao dia misy fiantraikany eo amin'ny 50 isaky ny 100.000 olona any Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot; /&gt; Fahita kokoa amin'ny lehilahy noho ny vehivavy izany.  Matetika ny pancreatitis mitaiza dia manomboka eo anelanelan'ny 30 sy 40 taona raha mahalana kosa amin'ny ankizy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pancreatitis mahery vaika dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny alalan'ny fizahana faty tamin'ny 1882 raha ny pancreatitis mitaiza kosa dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Muniraj|first=T|last2=Aslanian|first2=HR|last3=Farrell|first3=J|last4=Jamidar|first4=PA|title=Chronic pancreatitis, a comprehensive review and update. Part I: epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical features.|journal=Disease-a-month : DM|date=December 2014|volume=60|issue=12|pages=530–50|pmid=25510320|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2014.11.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1474415|Pancreatitis]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="8028" sha1="ri97axt3x9vk8apjj3os97q8ffbd101" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Aretin'ny sarakaty
|synonym          =
|image            =Illu pancrease.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Ny [[sarakaty]] sy ny  taova manodidina azy
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Gastroenterology]], [[general surgery]]
|symptoms         =[[epigastrium|Pain in the upper abdomen]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[fever]], [[steatorrhea|fatty stool]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Short or long term&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|causes           =[[Gallstone]]s, heavy [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use, direct trauma, certain medications, [[mumps]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|risks            =Smoking&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Yad2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, blood [[amylase]] or [[lipase]]&lt;ref name=Gastroenterology2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous fluid]]s, [[pain medication]], [[antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =8.9 million (2015)&lt;!-- incidence --&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =132,700 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}
'''Ny pancreatitis''' dia aretina iray izay miavaka amin'ny fivontosan'ny pancreas.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ny sarakaty dia taova lehibe ao ambadiky ny [[vavony]] izay mamokatra anzima fandevonan-kanina sy hormonina maromaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Misy karazany roa lehibe: ny pancreatitis acute, sy ny pancreatitis chronique.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretin'ny pancreatitis ny fanaintainana eo amin'ny tapany ambony amin'ny kibo, ny maloiloy ary ny mandoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny fanaintainana dia mipaka any amin'ny lamosina ary mazàna mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mahery vaika, mety hitranga ny tazo, ary mazàna dia mivaha ao anatin'ny andro vitsivitsy ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza dia mety hitranga ny fihenan-danja, ny fivalanana matavy, ary ny aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gastroenterology2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Witt|first=Heiko|title=Chronic pancreatitis: challenges and advances in pathogenesis, genetics, diagnosis, and therapy|journal=Gastroenterology|date=April 2007|volume=132|issue=4|pages=1557-1573|pmid=17466744|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny aretina, ny rà mandriaka, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta mellitus]], na ny olana amin'ny taova hafa. 

Ny antony roa mahazatra indrindra mahatonga ny pancreatitis mahery dia ny vato ao amin'ny aty izay manakana ny lalan-drano bile rehefa avy nifandray ny lalan-drano pancreatic ; ary ny fisotroana toaka be loatra.  Ny antony hafa dia ahitana ratra mivantana, fanafody sasany, aretina toy ny mony, ary fivontosana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra vokatry ny pancreatitis mahery vaika ny pancreatitis mitaiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika indrindra dia vokatry ny fampiasana toaka be loatra nandritra ny taona maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny antony hafa ny tavy be loatra ao amin'ny ra, ny kalsioma be loatra ao amin'ny ra, ny fanafody sasany, ary ny aretina fototarazo sasany, toy ny fibrosis cystika, ankoatra ny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mampitombo ny mety hisian'ny pancreatitis mahery vaika sy mitaiza ny fifohana sigara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lankisch|first=PG|last2=Apte|first2=M|last3=Banks|first3=PA|title=Acute pancreatitis|journal=Lancet|date=20 January 2015|pmid=25616312|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60649-8|volume=386|issue=9988|pages=85–96}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yad2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yadav|first=D|last2=Lowenfels|first2=AB|title=The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.|journal=Gastroenterology|date=June 2013|volume=144|issue=6|pages=1252–61|pmid=23622135|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.068|pmc=3662544}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana ny pancreatitis acute dia mifototra amin'ny fitomboan'ny amylase na lipase avo telo heny ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ho ara-dalàna ireo fitiliana ireo amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ihany koa ny sary ara-pitsaboana toy ny ultrasound sy ny CT scan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;

Matetika ny pancreatitis mahery dia tsaboina amin'ny ranon-javatra ampidirina amin'ny lalan-dra, fanafody fanaintainana, ary indraindray [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] .  Matetika dia tsy azo atao ny mihinana sy misotro, ary misy fantsona nasogastric apetraka ao amin'ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Azo atao ny fomba fiasa fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) mba handinihana ny lakandrano bile mahazatra distal ary hanesorana vato ao amin'ny apdo raha misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika koa no esorina ny gallbladder amin'ireo manana vato ao amin'ny aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza, ankoatra ireo voalaza etsy ambony ireo, dia azo ampiasaina ny famahanana vetivety amin'ny alalan'ny fantsona nasogastric mba hanomezana sakafo ampy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ny fanovana maharitra ny sakafo sy ny fanoloana ny anzima ao amin'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ary indraindray dia misy fandidiana atao mba hanesorana ireo ampahany amin'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;

Maneran-tany, tamin'ny taona 2015 dia nisy tranganà pancreatitis 8.9 tapitrisa teo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niafara tamin'ny fahafatesana 132 700 izany, raha oharina amin'ny fahafatesana 83 000 tamin'ny 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–44|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny pancreatitis mahery vaika dia mitranga amin'ny olona 30 isaky ny 100.000 isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Misy tranga vaovao amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza mitranga eo amin'ny 8 isaky ny 100.000 olona isan-taona ary amin'izao fotoana izao dia misy fiantraikany eo amin'ny 50 isaky ny 100.000 olona any Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot; /&gt; Fahita kokoa amin'ny lehilahy noho ny vehivavy izany.  Matetika ny pancreatitis mitaiza dia manomboka eo anelanelan'ny 30 sy 40 taona raha mahalana kosa amin'ny ankizy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pancreatitis mahery vaika dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny alalan'ny fizahana faty tamin'ny 1882 raha ny pancreatitis mitaiza kosa dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Muniraj|first=T|last2=Aslanian|first2=HR|last3=Farrell|first3=J|last4=Jamidar|first4=PA|title=Chronic pancreatitis, a comprehensive review and update. Part I: epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical features.|journal=Disease-a-month : DM|date=December 2014|volume=60|issue=12|pages=530–50|pmid=25510320|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2014.11.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1474415|Pancreatitis]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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|name             =Aretin'ny sarakaty
|synonym          =
|image            =Illu pancrease.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Ny [[sarakaty]] sy ny  taova manodidina azy
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Gastroenterology]], [[general surgery]]
|symptoms         =[[epigastrium|Pain in the upper abdomen]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[fever]], [[steatorrhea|fatty stool]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Short or long term&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|causes           =[[Gallstone]]s, heavy [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use, direct trauma, certain medications, [[mumps]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|risks            =Smoking&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Yad2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, blood [[amylase]] or [[lipase]]&lt;ref name=Gastroenterology2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous fluid]]s, [[pain medication]], [[antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =8.9 million (2015)&lt;!-- incidence --&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =132,700 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}
'''Ny aretin'ny sarakaty''' dia aretina iray izay miavaka amin'ny fivontosan'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ny sarakaty dia taova lehibe ao ambadiky ny [[vavony]] izay mamokatra anzima fandevonan-kanina sy hormonina maromaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Misy karazany roa lehibe: ny pancreatitis acute, sy ny pancreatitis chronique.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretin'ny pancreatitis ny fanaintainana eo amin'ny tapany ambony amin'ny kibo, ny maloiloy ary ny mandoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny fanaintainana dia mipaka any amin'ny lamosina ary mazàna mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mahery vaika, mety hitranga ny tazo, ary mazàna dia mivaha ao anatin'ny andro vitsivitsy ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza dia mety hitranga ny fihenan-danja, ny fivalanana matavy, ary ny aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gastroenterology2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Witt|first=Heiko|title=Chronic pancreatitis: challenges and advances in pathogenesis, genetics, diagnosis, and therapy|journal=Gastroenterology|date=April 2007|volume=132|issue=4|pages=1557-1573|pmid=17466744|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny aretina, ny rà mandriaka, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta mellitus]], na ny olana amin'ny taova hafa. 

Ny antony roa mahazatra indrindra mahatonga ny pancreatitis mahery dia ny vato ao amin'ny aty izay manakana ny lalan-drano bile rehefa avy nifandray ny lalan-drano pancreatic ; ary ny fisotroana toaka be loatra.  Ny antony hafa dia ahitana ratra mivantana, fanafody sasany, aretina toy ny mony, ary fivontosana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra vokatry ny pancreatitis mahery vaika ny pancreatitis mitaiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika indrindra dia vokatry ny fampiasana toaka be loatra nandritra ny taona maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny antony hafa ny tavy be loatra ao amin'ny ra, ny kalsioma be loatra ao amin'ny ra, ny fanafody sasany, ary ny aretina fototarazo sasany, toy ny fibrosis cystika, ankoatra ny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mampitombo ny mety hisian'ny pancreatitis mahery vaika sy mitaiza ny fifohana sigara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lankisch|first=PG|last2=Apte|first2=M|last3=Banks|first3=PA|title=Acute pancreatitis|journal=Lancet|date=20 January 2015|pmid=25616312|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60649-8|volume=386|issue=9988|pages=85–96}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yad2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yadav|first=D|last2=Lowenfels|first2=AB|title=The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.|journal=Gastroenterology|date=June 2013|volume=144|issue=6|pages=1252–61|pmid=23622135|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.068|pmc=3662544}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana ny pancreatitis acute dia mifototra amin'ny fitomboan'ny amylase na lipase avo telo heny ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ho ara-dalàna ireo fitiliana ireo amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ihany koa ny sary ara-pitsaboana toy ny ultrasound sy ny CT scan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;

Matetika ny pancreatitis mahery dia tsaboina amin'ny ranon-javatra ampidirina amin'ny lalan-dra, fanafody fanaintainana, ary indraindray [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] .  Matetika dia tsy azo atao ny mihinana sy misotro, ary misy fantsona nasogastric apetraka ao amin'ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Azo atao ny fomba fiasa fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) mba handinihana ny lakandrano bile mahazatra distal ary hanesorana vato ao amin'ny apdo raha misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika koa no esorina ny gallbladder amin'ireo manana vato ao amin'ny aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza, ankoatra ireo voalaza etsy ambony ireo, dia azo ampiasaina ny famahanana vetivety amin'ny alalan'ny fantsona nasogastric mba hanomezana sakafo ampy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ny fanovana maharitra ny sakafo sy ny fanoloana ny anzima ao amin'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ary indraindray dia misy fandidiana atao mba hanesorana ireo ampahany amin'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;

Maneran-tany, tamin'ny taona 2015 dia nisy tranganà pancreatitis 8.9 tapitrisa teo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niafara tamin'ny fahafatesana 132 700 izany, raha oharina amin'ny fahafatesana 83 000 tamin'ny 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–44|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny pancreatitis mahery vaika dia mitranga amin'ny olona 30 isaky ny 100.000 isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Misy tranga vaovao amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza mitranga eo amin'ny 8 isaky ny 100.000 olona isan-taona ary amin'izao fotoana izao dia misy fiantraikany eo amin'ny 50 isaky ny 100.000 olona any Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot; /&gt; Fahita kokoa amin'ny lehilahy noho ny vehivavy izany.  Matetika ny pancreatitis mitaiza dia manomboka eo anelanelan'ny 30 sy 40 taona raha mahalana kosa amin'ny ankizy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pancreatitis mahery vaika dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny alalan'ny fizahana faty tamin'ny 1882 raha ny pancreatitis mitaiza kosa dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Muniraj|first=T|last2=Aslanian|first2=HR|last3=Farrell|first3=J|last4=Jamidar|first4=PA|title=Chronic pancreatitis, a comprehensive review and update. Part I: epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical features.|journal=Disease-a-month : DM|date=December 2014|volume=60|issue=12|pages=530–50|pmid=25510320|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2014.11.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134636</id>
      <parentid>1134631</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:26:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ongy.M02</username>
        <id>36647</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1474415|Pancreatitis]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="8035" sha1="6o6j33dnwmv2ca16vu6xu8c8jnwm5i2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Aretin'ny sarakaty
|synonym          =
|image            =Illu pancrease.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Ny [[sarakaty]] sy ny  taova manodidina azy
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Fitsaboana ny vavony sy ny tsinay]], [[Fandidiana ankapobeany]]
|symptoms         =[[Fanaitainan'ny faritra ambony amin'ny kibo]], [[mandoa]], [[tazo]], [[Fivalanana]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Short or long term&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|causes           =[[Gallstone]]s, heavy [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use, direct trauma, certain medications, [[mumps]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|risks            =Smoking&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Yad2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, blood [[amylase]] or [[lipase]]&lt;ref name=Gastroenterology2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous fluid]]s, [[pain medication]], [[antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =8.9 million (2015)&lt;!-- incidence --&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =132,700 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}
'''Ny aretin'ny sarakaty''' dia aretina iray izay miavaka amin'ny fivontosan'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ny sarakaty dia taova lehibe ao ambadiky ny [[vavony]] izay mamokatra anzima fandevonan-kanina sy hormonina maromaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Misy karazany roa lehibe: ny pancreatitis acute, sy ny pancreatitis chronique.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretin'ny pancreatitis ny fanaintainana eo amin'ny tapany ambony amin'ny kibo, ny maloiloy ary ny mandoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny fanaintainana dia mipaka any amin'ny lamosina ary mazàna mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mahery vaika, mety hitranga ny tazo, ary mazàna dia mivaha ao anatin'ny andro vitsivitsy ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza dia mety hitranga ny fihenan-danja, ny fivalanana matavy, ary ny aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gastroenterology2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Witt|first=Heiko|title=Chronic pancreatitis: challenges and advances in pathogenesis, genetics, diagnosis, and therapy|journal=Gastroenterology|date=April 2007|volume=132|issue=4|pages=1557-1573|pmid=17466744|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny aretina, ny rà mandriaka, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta mellitus]], na ny olana amin'ny taova hafa. 

Ny antony roa mahazatra indrindra mahatonga ny pancreatitis mahery dia ny vato ao amin'ny aty izay manakana ny lalan-drano bile rehefa avy nifandray ny lalan-drano pancreatic ; ary ny fisotroana toaka be loatra.  Ny antony hafa dia ahitana ratra mivantana, fanafody sasany, aretina toy ny mony, ary fivontosana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra vokatry ny pancreatitis mahery vaika ny pancreatitis mitaiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika indrindra dia vokatry ny fampiasana toaka be loatra nandritra ny taona maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny antony hafa ny tavy be loatra ao amin'ny ra, ny kalsioma be loatra ao amin'ny ra, ny fanafody sasany, ary ny aretina fototarazo sasany, toy ny fibrosis cystika, ankoatra ny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mampitombo ny mety hisian'ny pancreatitis mahery vaika sy mitaiza ny fifohana sigara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lankisch|first=PG|last2=Apte|first2=M|last3=Banks|first3=PA|title=Acute pancreatitis|journal=Lancet|date=20 January 2015|pmid=25616312|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60649-8|volume=386|issue=9988|pages=85–96}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yad2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yadav|first=D|last2=Lowenfels|first2=AB|title=The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.|journal=Gastroenterology|date=June 2013|volume=144|issue=6|pages=1252–61|pmid=23622135|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.068|pmc=3662544}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana ny pancreatitis acute dia mifototra amin'ny fitomboan'ny amylase na lipase avo telo heny ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ho ara-dalàna ireo fitiliana ireo amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ihany koa ny sary ara-pitsaboana toy ny ultrasound sy ny CT scan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;

Matetika ny pancreatitis mahery dia tsaboina amin'ny ranon-javatra ampidirina amin'ny lalan-dra, fanafody fanaintainana, ary indraindray [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] .  Matetika dia tsy azo atao ny mihinana sy misotro, ary misy fantsona nasogastric apetraka ao amin'ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Azo atao ny fomba fiasa fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) mba handinihana ny lakandrano bile mahazatra distal ary hanesorana vato ao amin'ny apdo raha misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika koa no esorina ny gallbladder amin'ireo manana vato ao amin'ny aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza, ankoatra ireo voalaza etsy ambony ireo, dia azo ampiasaina ny famahanana vetivety amin'ny alalan'ny fantsona nasogastric mba hanomezana sakafo ampy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ny fanovana maharitra ny sakafo sy ny fanoloana ny anzima ao amin'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ary indraindray dia misy fandidiana atao mba hanesorana ireo ampahany amin'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;

Maneran-tany, tamin'ny taona 2015 dia nisy tranganà pancreatitis 8.9 tapitrisa teo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niafara tamin'ny fahafatesana 132 700 izany, raha oharina amin'ny fahafatesana 83 000 tamin'ny 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–44|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny pancreatitis mahery vaika dia mitranga amin'ny olona 30 isaky ny 100.000 isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Misy tranga vaovao amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza mitranga eo amin'ny 8 isaky ny 100.000 olona isan-taona ary amin'izao fotoana izao dia misy fiantraikany eo amin'ny 50 isaky ny 100.000 olona any Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot; /&gt; Fahita kokoa amin'ny lehilahy noho ny vehivavy izany.  Matetika ny pancreatitis mitaiza dia manomboka eo anelanelan'ny 30 sy 40 taona raha mahalana kosa amin'ny ankizy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pancreatitis mahery vaika dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny alalan'ny fizahana faty tamin'ny 1882 raha ny pancreatitis mitaiza kosa dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Muniraj|first=T|last2=Aslanian|first2=HR|last3=Farrell|first3=J|last4=Jamidar|first4=PA|title=Chronic pancreatitis, a comprehensive review and update. Part I: epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical features.|journal=Disease-a-month : DM|date=December 2014|volume=60|issue=12|pages=530–50|pmid=25510320|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2014.11.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:COVID 19</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>298947</id>
    <redirect title="COVID 19" />
    <revision>
      <id>1134628</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:15:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bluerose25</username>
        <id>31052</id>
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      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Mpikambana:COVID 19]] ho [[COVID 19]] i Bluerose25</comment>
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      <text bytes="24" sha1="q9oy752l9somgg7dtk5gvrpns6d6j1n" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[COVID 19]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Paralysisa amin'ny torimaso</title>
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    <id>298948</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134630</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:16:55Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Lemah251</username>
        <id>31061</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457199|Sleep paralysis]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="4537" sha1="ss71cyupqp2vttnfvojxx88e90cxktc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Sleep_paralysis
|synonym          =
|image            =John Henry Fuseli - The Nightmare.JPG
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =''[[The Nightmare]]'' by [[Henry Fuseli]] (1781) is thought to be a depiction of sleep paralysis perceived as a [[demon]]ic visitation.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Sleep medicine]]
|symptoms         =Awareness but inability to move during waking or falling asleep&lt;ref name=Sharp2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Av2011/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Less than a couple of minutes&lt;ref name=Av2011/&gt;
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Narcolepsy]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], alcohol use, [[sleep deprivation]]&lt;ref name=Sharp2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Av2011/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on description&lt;ref name=Av2011/&gt;
|differential     =[[Narcolepsy]], [[atonic seizure]], [[hypokalemic periodic paralysis]], [[night terror]]&lt;ref name=Sharp2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Av2011/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Reassurance, [[sleep hygiene]], [[cognitive behavioral therapy]], [[antidepressants]]&lt;ref name=Sharp2016/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =8–50%&lt;ref name=Av2011/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny paralysisa amin'ny torimaso''' dia toe-javatra iray, mandritra ny fifohazana na ny torimaso, izay ahafahan'ny olona iray mahatsiaro tena saingy tsy afaka mihetsika na miteny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharp2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharpless|first=BA|title=A clinician's guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis.|journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment|date=2016|volume=12|pages=1761–67|doi=10.2147/NDT.S100307|pmid=27486325|pmc=4958367}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Avidan|first=Alon Y.|last2=Zee|first2=Phyllis C.|title=Handbook of Sleep Medicine|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9781451153859|page=Chapter 5|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D66s7fxc-0cC&amp;pg=PT113|language=en|access-date=2020-07-19|archive-date=2020-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630004420/https://books.google.com/books?id=D66s7fxc-0cC&amp;pg=PT113|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandritra ny tranga iray, mety handre, hahatsapa, na hahita zavatra tsy misy ny olona iray, izay matetika miteraka [[tahotra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharp2016&quot; /&gt; Mazàna dia latsaky ny roa minitra monja ny faharetan'ny fizarana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2011&quot; /&gt; Mety hitranga indray mandeha izany na mety hiverimberina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharp2016&quot; /&gt;

Mety hitranga amin'ireo izay salama tsara na ireo voan'ny narcolepsy ity aretina ity, na mety ho lova avy amin'ny fianakaviana vokatry ny fiovan'ny  fitarambasina manokana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2011&quot; /&gt; Mety ho vokatry ny tsy fahampian-torimaso, ny rarin-tsaina, na ny tsingerin'ny torimaso tsy ara-dalàna ny toe-javatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2011&quot; /&gt; Ny antony fototra dia heverina fa misy fiantraikany amin'ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny torimaso REM.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2011&quot; /&gt; Ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny toe-batan'ny olona iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2011&quot; /&gt; Ny toe-javatra hafa mety hiseho mitovy amin'izany dia ahitana ny narcolepsy, ny atonic seizure, ary ny hypokalemic periodic paralysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2011&quot; /&gt;

Tsy dia voadinika tsara ireo fomba fitsaboana ny paralysisa amin'ny torimaso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharp2016&quot; /&gt; Amporisihina ny olona mba ahatoky tena fa mahazatra ity aretina ity ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia tsy dia mampidi-doza loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharp2016&quot; /&gt; Ny ezaka hafa azo andramana dia ahitana ny fahadiovana amin'ny torimaso, ny fitsaboana ara-tsaina momba ny fitondran-tena, ary ny fanafody mampitony ny fahaketrahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharp2016&quot; /&gt;

Eo anelanelan'ny 8% sy 50%-n'ny olona no mahatsapa paralysisa amin'ny torimaso amin'ny fotoana iray eo amin'ny fiainany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bri2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharpless|first=Brian A.|last2=Barber|first2=Jacques P.|title=Lifetime prevalence rates of sleep paralysis: A systematic review|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|date=October 2011|volume=15|issue=5|pages=311–315|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2011.01.007|pmid=21571556|pmc=3156892}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny 5%-n'ny olona no manana tranga tsy tapaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2011&quot; /&gt; Mitovy ny fiantraikan'izany eo amin'ny lahy sy ny vavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2011&quot; /&gt; Efa voalaza nandritra ny tantara ny tsy fahafahan'ny olona matory tsara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharp2016&quot; /&gt; Inoana fa nandray anjara tamin'ny famoronana tantara momba ny fakana an-keriny vahiny sy tranga hafahafa hafa izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharp2016&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>ss71cyupqp2vttnfvojxx88e90cxktc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lefakozatra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1134634</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:23:25Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Lemah251</username>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1492050|Polio]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="6547" sha1="azcxmr2vi5em5wgti97xs9zxsjl18so" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Polio
|synonym          =Poliomyelitis, infantile paralysis
|image            =Polio lores134.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =A man with a [[wasting|smaller]] right leg due to poliomyelitis
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|oʊ|l|i|oʊ|ˌ|m|aɪ|ə|'|l|aɪ|t|ɪ|s}}
|specialty        =[[Neurology]], [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =[[Muscle weakness]] resulting in an [[flaccid paralysis|inability to move]]&lt;ref name = PinkBook2009/&gt;
|onset            =Few hours to days&lt;ref name = PinkBook2009/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Poliovirus]] spread by [[fecal-oral route]]&lt;ref name = PinkBook2009/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Finding the virus in the [[feces]] or [[antibodies]] in the blood&lt;ref name = PinkBook2009/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[Polio vaccine]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =98 wild cases (2024)&lt;ref name=GP2025/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny Polio''', fanafohezana '''ny poliomyelitis''', dia aretina mifindra vokatry ny poliovirus.&lt;ref name=&quot;PinkBook2009&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny 0.5 isan-jaton'ny tranga eo ho eo, dia misy fahalemena hozatra ka mahatonga ny tsy fahafahana mihetsika.&lt;ref name=&quot;PinkBook2009&quot; /&gt; Mety hitranga ao anatin'ny ora vitsivitsy ka hatramin'ny andro vitsivitsy izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;PinkBook2009&quot; /&gt;  Ny fahalemena dia matetika mahakasika ny tongotra, saingy mety tsy dia mahakasika ny hozatry ny loha, ny tenda ary ny diaphragm.&lt;ref name=&quot;PinkBook2009&quot; /&gt; Maro ny olona sitrana tanteraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;PinkBook2009&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay manana fahalemena hozatra, eo amin'ny 2 ka hatramin'ny 5 isan-jaton'ny ankizy ary 15 ka hatramin'ny 30 isan-jaton'ny olon-dehibe no maty.  Ho an'ireo rehetra voan'ny aretina, hatramin'ny 70 isan-jaton'ny aretina dia tsy misy soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;PinkBook2009&quot; /&gt; 25 isan-jaton'ny olona hafa no manana soritr'aretina madinika toy ny tazo sy tenda maharary, ary hatramin'ny 5 isan-jato no manana aretin'andoha, fihenjanana eo amin'ny hatoka ary fanaintainana eo amin'ny sandry sy ny tongotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;PinkBook2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ireo olona ireo dia mazàna miverina amin'ny laoniny ao anatin'ny herinandro na roa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PinkBook2009&quot; /&gt; Taona maro aorian'ny fahasitranana, mety hitranga ny &quot;post-polio syndrome&quot;, miaraka amin'ny fivoarana miadana amin'ny fahalemen'ny hozatra mitovy amin'ny an'ilay olona nandritra ny aretina voalohany. 

Matetika ny poliovirus dia mifindra amin'ny olona iray mankany amin'ny olona iray hafa amin'ny alalan'ny diky voan'ny aretina ka tafiditra ao am-bava .  Mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny sakafo na rano misy dikin'olombelona ihany koa izy io ary tsy dia fahita firy amin'ny alalan'ny rora misy ny tsimok'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;PinkBook2009&quot; /&gt;  Ireo izay voan'ny aretina dia mety hampiely ny aretina mandritra ny enina herinandro na dia tsy misy soritr'aretina aza.&lt;ref name=&quot;PinkBook2009&quot; /&gt; Azo fantarina ny aretina amin'ny alalan'ny fahitana ny viriosy ao amin'ny [[Tay|fivalanana]] na amin'ny fahitana ireo hery fiarovana manohitra azy ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;PinkBook2009&quot; /&gt; Ny aretina dia miseho ho azy amin'ny olombelona ihany.&lt;ref name=&quot;PinkBook2009&quot; /&gt;

Azo sorohina amin'ny alalan'ny vaksiny polio ity aretina ity; na izany aza, ilaina ny fatra maromaro mba hampahomby azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Manoro hevitra ny fampiasana vaksiny polio ho an'ny mpandeha sy ireo mipetraka any amin'ny firenena misy ny aretina ny Foibe Amerikana misahana ny Fanaraha-maso sy ny Fisorohana ny Aretina .  Raha vao voan'ny aretina dia tsy misy fitsaboana manokana azo atao.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2018, nisy tranga polio 33 tany an'ala ary tranga polio 104 avy amin'ny vaksiny.  Nihena izany raha oharina amin'ny tranga 350.000 tany an'ala tamin'ny 1988.  Tamin'ny taona 2024, niparitaka teo amin'ny olona tany [[Afganistàna|Afghanistan]] sy [[Pakistàna|Pakistan]] ihany ity aretina ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;GP2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=GPEI-Wild Poliovirus count|url=https://polioeradication.org/wild-poliovirus-count/|access-date=31 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2024 dia nisy tranga polio 98 ary farafahakeliny tranga polio 190 avy amin'ny vaksiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;GP2025&quot; /&gt; 

Efa an'arivo taona maro no nisian'ny Poliomyelitis, ary efa nisy sary maneho io aretina io tamin'ny zavakanto fahiny.  Ny [[dokotera]] anglisy Michael Underwood no voalohany nahalala io aretina io ho aretina miavaka tamin'ny taona 1789.&lt;ref name=&quot;PinkBook2009&quot; /&gt; Ny viriosy mahatonga azy dia voafaritry ny manam-pahaizana momba ny hery fiarovana Aotrisianina Karl Landsteiner sy ny mpanampy azy, Erwin Popper, tamin'ny 1908.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daniel1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Daniel|first=Thomas M.|last2=Robbins|first2=Frederick C.|editor2-last=Robbins|title=Polio|date=1997|publisher=University of Rochester Press|location=Rochester, N.Y.|isbn=1-878822-90-X|page=11|edition=1st|chapter=1. A history of poliomyelitis}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanomboka nitranga tamin'ny faramparan'ny taonjato faha-19 tany Eoropa sy Etazonia [[Valanaretina|ny fihanaky ny valanaretina]] lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;PinkBook2009&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 dia lasa iray amin'ireo aretina mampanahy indrindra amin'ny fahazazana any amin'ireny faritra ireny izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wheeler&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Downes|first=John J.|editor2-last=Wong|editor3-last=Shanley|title=Science and practice of pediatric critical care medicine|date=2009|publisher=Springer|location=London|isbn=978-1-84800-920-2|chapter=1. Development of pediatric critical care medicine- how did we get here and why?|pages=10–11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny vaksiny polio voalohany dia novolavolain'i [[Jonas Salk]] tamin'ny taona 1950 ary taoriana kelin'izay, dia namorona vaksiny am-bava i Albert Sabin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jong2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Helfrich|first=Alison M.|last2=Tajnik|first2=Michael|editor-last=Jong|editor-first=Elaine C.|editor2-last=Stevens|editor2-first=Dennis L.|title=Netter's Infectious Diseases|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-71159-3|pages=29-33|edition=2nd|language=en|chapter=7. Poliomyelitis (polio) and polio viruses|access-date=25 September 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020154446/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>azcxmr2vi5em5wgti97xs9zxsjl18so</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Video:Pelvic binder</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298950</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134638</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:37:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ongy.M02</username>
        <id>36647</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1473881|Video:Pelvic binder]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="3220" sha1="9sd7u8nxy464qc8zcmo2g1e43anfggs" xml:space="preserve">{{Videowiki|Youtube=_HDzxD9gcpw}}{{Clear}}

== famantarana ==
Amporisihina ny famatorana ny valahana raha vao heverina fa tapaka ny valahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;RH2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Roberts and Hedges' clinical procedures in emergency medicine and acute care|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9780323547949|pages=939-940|edition=Seventh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Diastasis_symphysis_pubis_1300500.JPG|center|500x500px]]
{{Clear}}

== FITAOVANA ==
Ny fitaovana ilaina dia ahitana takelaka manify sy fatorana tariby roa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ATLS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=ATLS - Advanced Trauma Life Support - Student Course Manual|date=2018|publisher=American College of Surgeons|isbn=9780996826235|edition=10|page=96–97, 352}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CabTie2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Practice Guidelines : Trauma – Early management of pelvic injuries in children|url=https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Trauma_%E2%80%93_Early_management_of_pelvic_injuries_in_children/|website=www.rch.org.au|access-date=22 March 2021|language=en|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418185940/https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Trauma_%E2%80%93_Early_management_of_pelvic_injuries_in_children/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:EquipmentforPelvicBinder.jpg|center|500x500px]]
{{Clear}}

== Dingana 1 ==
Apetraho eo ambony fandriana ny lamba manify aforitra mitsivalana, eo amin'ny haavon'ny valahana alohan'ny hahatongavan'ny marary.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMS2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Emergency Stabilization of Unstable Pelvic Fractures|url=https://www.emsworld.com/article/10323983/emergency-stabilization-unstable-pelvic-fractures|website=EMS World|access-date=22 March 2021|language=en|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019165449/http://www.emsworld.com/article/10323983/emergency-stabilization-unstable-pelvic-fractures|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:PelvicBinderPrep.wbm.webm|center|500x500px]]
{{Clear}}

== Dingana 2 ==
Ampifantohy eo ambonin'ny femur ambony ilay lamba ary asio tsindry kely.&lt;ref name=&quot;TCCC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Shackelford|first=S|last2=Hammesfahr|first2=R|last3=Morissette|first3=D|last4=Montgomery|first4=HR|last5=Kerr|first5=W|last6=Broussard|first6=M|last7=Bennett|first7=BL|last8=Dorlac|first8=WC|last9=Bree|first9=S|last10=Butler|first10=FK|title=The Use of Pelvic Binders in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: TCCC Guidelines Change 1602 7 November 2016.|journal=Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals|date=Spring 2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=135-147|pmid=28285493|url=https://rmf.ims.allogy.com/pf.tlx?6Q6nc6Fq3Gc|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:PelvicBind1.webm|center|500x500px]]
{{Clear}}

== Dingana faha-3 ==
[[Template:VW playall|Endrika:VW playall]] Ampifandraiso amin'ny tariby ny tapany roa.&lt;ref name=&quot;TCCC2016&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:PelvicBinder2.webm|center|500x500px]]
{{Clear}}

== Dingana faha-4 ==
[[Template:VW playall|Endrika:VW playall]] Apetaho miaraka ireo rantsan-tongotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;ATLS2018&quot; /&gt; Ary vita ianao.
[[Sary:PelvicBinder4.webm|center|500x500px]]
{{Clear}}

== Loharano ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    </revision>
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      <id>1134649</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:51:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ongy.M02</username>
        <id>36647</id>
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      <origin>1134649</origin>
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      <text bytes="3221" sha1="fpl5gcv29ctyyktveml2m36gha789jw" xml:space="preserve">{{Videowiki|Youtube=_HDzxD9gcpw}}{{Clear}}

== famantarana ==
Amporisihina ny famatorana ny valahana raha vao heverina fa tapaka ny valahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;RH2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Roberts and Hedges' clinical procedures in emergency medicine and acute care|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9780323547949|pages=939-940|edition=Seventh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Diastasis_symphysis_pubis_1300500.JPG|center|500x500px]]
{{Clear}}

== FITAOVANA ==
Ny fitaovana ilaina dia ahitana takelaka manify sy fatorana tariby roa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ATLS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=ATLS - Advanced Trauma Life Support - Student Course Manual|date=2018|publisher=American College of Surgeons|isbn=9780996826235|edition=10|page=96–97, 352}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CabTie2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clinical Practice Guidelines : Trauma – Early management of pelvic injuries in children|url=https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Trauma_%E2%80%93_Early_management_of_pelvic_injuries_in_children/|website=www.rch.org.au|access-date=22 March 2021|language=en|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418185940/https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Trauma_%E2%80%93_Early_management_of_pelvic_injuries_in_children/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:EquipmentforPelvicBinder.jpg|center|500x500px]]
{{Clear}}

== Dingana 1 ==
Apetraho eo ambony fandriana ny lamba manify aforitra mitsivalana, eo amin'ny haavon'ny valahana alohan'ny hahatongavan'ny marary.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMS2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Emergency Stabilization of Unstable Pelvic Fractures|url=https://www.emsworld.com/article/10323983/emergency-stabilization-unstable-pelvic-fractures|website=EMS World|access-date=22 March 2021|language=en|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019165449/http://www.emsworld.com/article/10323983/emergency-stabilization-unstable-pelvic-fractures|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:PelvicBinderPrep.wbm.webm|center|500x500px]]
{{Clear}}

== Dingana n2 ==
Ampifantohy eo ambonin'ny femur ambony ilay lamba ary asio tsindry kely.&lt;ref name=&quot;TCCC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Shackelford|first=S|last2=Hammesfahr|first2=R|last3=Morissette|first3=D|last4=Montgomery|first4=HR|last5=Kerr|first5=W|last6=Broussard|first6=M|last7=Bennett|first7=BL|last8=Dorlac|first8=WC|last9=Bree|first9=S|last10=Butler|first10=FK|title=The Use of Pelvic Binders in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: TCCC Guidelines Change 1602 7 November 2016.|journal=Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals|date=Spring 2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=135-147|pmid=28285493|url=https://rmf.ims.allogy.com/pf.tlx?6Q6nc6Fq3Gc|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:PelvicBind1.webm|center|500x500px]]
{{Clear}}

== Dingana faha-3 ==
[[Template:VW playall|Endrika:VW playall]] Ampifandraiso amin'ny tariby ny tapany roa.&lt;ref name=&quot;TCCC2016&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:PelvicBinder2.webm|center|500x500px]]
{{Clear}}

== Dingana faha-4 ==
[[Template:VW playall|Endrika:VW playall]] Apetaho miaraka ireo rantsan-tongotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;ATLS2018&quot; /&gt; Ary vita ianao.
[[Sary:PelvicBinder4.webm|center|500x500px]]
{{Clear}}

== Loharano ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>fpl5gcv29ctyyktveml2m36gha789jw</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Video:Tuberculosis</title>
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      <id>1134639</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:39:18Z</timestamp>
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        <id>30270</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1473885|Video:Tuberculosis]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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== Topimaso ==
Ny raboka (na TB) dia aretina mifindra, izay matetika vokatry ny [[bakteria]] ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/|title=Tuberculosis Fact sheet N°104|date=October 2015|website=WHO|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823143802/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/|archive-date=23 August 2012|access-date=11 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny dia misy fiantraikany amin'ny [[havokavoka]] ny raboka, saingy mety hisy fiantraikany amin'ny faritra hafa amin'ny vatana ihany koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Overview_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.myupchar.com/en/disease/tuberculosis-tb|title=Tuberculosis (TB): symptoms, causes, treatment, medicine, prevention, diagnosis|website=myUpchar|access-date=2020-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
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== soritr'aretina ==
Ny ankamaroan'ny olona voan'ny raboka dia tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina, ary mihotrika ilay aretina. Antsoina hoe tioberkilaozy miafina izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Na izany aza, eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ireo aretina miafina no mivoatra ho aretina mavitrika, izay, raha tsy tsaboina, dia mahafaty ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Symptoms_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== Kohaka maharitra ===
Ny soritr'aretina mahazatra amin'ny tioberkilaozy mavitrika dia kohaka maharitra, misy ra ny rora, tazo, hatsembohana amin'ny alina, ary fihenan-danja.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Chronic_Cough_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== Fihenan-danja ===
Ny soritr'aretina farany dia ny fihenan-danja, mety ho miharihary loatra ka nanome ny TB anarana ara-tantara hoe &quot;fihinanana&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cha1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|page=352|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&amp;pg=RA1-PA352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906201311/https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&amp;pg=RA1-PA352|archive-date=6 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Weight_Loss_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== Aretina hafa ===
Ny aretina amin'ny taova hafa dia mety hiteraka soritr'aretina isan-karazany, anisan'izany ny fahalemena, ny hatsembohana amin'ny alina, ary ny fivontosan'ny fihary atodinaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;ID10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dolin|first=[edited by] Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, Raphael|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|page=Chapter 250|edition=7th}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Other_Infections_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

== HAMPITOERANA ==
Tena mifindra ny tioberkilaozy mahavoa ny havokavoka. Raha ny marina, tena mifindra tokoa izy io ka afaka mampiely izany amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra ny olona iray, amin'ny alalan'ny zavatra tsotra toy ny kohaka, rora, fitenenana na [[Evina|fievina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012B&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Basic TB Facts|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm|website=CDC|access-date=11 February 2016|date=March 13, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206032136/http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm|archive-date=6 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Causes_Infections_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== Tranga ahitana fahasarotany ===
Ary ny tranga ahitana fahasarotany dia mety hitranga kokoa amin'ny olona voan'ny VIH na SIDA, ireo izay manana hery fiarovana ambany, ary ireo izay mifoka sigara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Active_Infection_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== TB miafina ===
Etsy ankilany, ny olona voan'ny tioberkilaozy miafina dia tsy mampiely ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Latent_TB_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

== aretina ==
Ny fitiliana ny raboka mavitrika dia mifototra amin'ny taratra X-tratra, ary koa ny fizahana mikroskopika, ary ny kolontsaina amin'ny tsiranoka ao amin'ny vatana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Konstantinos A|year=2010|title=Testing for tuberculosis|journal=Australian Prescriber|volume=33|issue=1|pages=12–18|url=http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/1/12/18/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804052035/http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/1/12/18|archive-date=4 August 2010|doi=10.18773/austprescr.2010.005}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Diagnosis_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== Famantarana ny tioberkilaozy miafina ===
Ny fitiliana ny rà amin'ny alalan'ny fitsapana ny hoditra amin'ny alalan'ny tuberculin (izay antsoina koa hoe fitsapana ny hoditra Mantoux), na fitiliana ra, no ahafahana mamantatra ny fisian'ny tioberkilaozy miafina.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Diagnosis_of_Latent_TB_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

== Fisorohana ==
Ny fisorohana ny tioberkilaozy dia ahitana ny fitiliana ireo olona atahorana ho voan'izany, ny famantarana sy fitsaboana mialoha ny tranga, ary ny fanaovana vaksiny haingana amin'ny alalan'ny vaksiny bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).&lt;ref name=&quot;Haw2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawn TR, Day TA, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M, Hanekom WA, Evans TG, Churchyard GJ, Kublin JG, Bekker LG, Self SG|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|pmc=4248657|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harr2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Randall E.|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|page=682|ref=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&amp;pg=PA682}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TBCon2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Organization|first=World Health|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&amp;pg=PA179}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo olona atahorana ho voan'ny tioberkilaozy dia ahitana ny olona ao an-tokantrano, any am-piasana, ary ireo olona mifandray ara-tsosialy amin'ny olona voan'ny tioberkilaozy mavitrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;TBCon2008&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Prevention_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

== fitsaboana ==
Mitaky ny fampiasana [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] maromaro mandritra ny fotoana maharitra ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Mahatonga ny tioberkilaozy ho sarotra tsaboina ny fanoherana ny antibiotika, miaraka amin'ny fitomboan'ny tahan'ny tioberkilaozy mahatohitra fanafody maro (antsoina hoe MDR-TB), ary ny tioberkilaozy mahatohitra fanafody betsaka (antsoina hoe XDR-TB).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Treatment_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
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== References ==
{{Reflist}}En:Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Tuberculose

[[https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Tuberkulosi]]
[[https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Cutar tarin fuka]]
[[https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/വിക്കിപീഡിയ:വീഡിയോവിക്കി/Tuberculosis]]
[[https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:ଭିଡିଓୱିକି/ଯକ୍ଷ୍ମା]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1134645</id>
      <parentid>1134639</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:45:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>38469</id>
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      <text bytes="7790" sha1="05ri9mf97ochr7n27yk5sc2vos8zxpk" xml:space="preserve">{{Videowiki}} 

== Topimaso ==
Ny raboka (na TB) dia aretina mifindra, izay matetika vokatry ny [[bakteria]] ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/|title=Tuberculosis Fact sheet N°104|date=October 2015|website=WHO|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823143802/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/|archive-date=23 August 2012|access-date=11 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny dia misy fiantraikany amin'ny [[havokavoka]] ny raboka, saingy mety hisy fiantraikany amin'ny faritra hafa amin'ny vatana ihany koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Overview_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.myupchar.com/en/disease/tuberculosis-tb|title=Tuberculosis (TB): symptoms, causes, treatment, medicine, prevention, diagnosis|website=myUpchar|access-date=2020-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
{{Clear}}

== soritr'aretina ==
Ny ankamaroan'ny olona voan'ny raboka dia tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina, ary mihotrika ilay aretina. Antsoina hoe tioberkilaozy miafina izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Na izany aza, eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ireo aretina miafina no mivoatra ho aretina mavitrika, izay, raha tsy tsaboina, dia mahafaty ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Symptoms_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== Kohaka maharitra ===
Ny soritr'aretina mahazatra amin'ny tioberkilaozy mavitrika dia kohaka maharitra, misy ra ny rora, tazo, hatsembohana amin'ny alina, ary fihenan-danja.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Chronic_Cough_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== Fihenan-danja ===
Ny soritr'aretina farany dia ny fihenan-danja, mety ho miharihary loatra ka nanome ny TB anarana ara-tantara hoe &quot;fihinanana&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cha1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|page=352|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&amp;pg=RA1-PA352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906201311/https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&amp;pg=RA1-PA352|archive-date=6 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Weight_Loss_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== Aretina hafa ===
Ny aretina amin'ny taova hafa dia mety hiteraka soritr'aretina isan-karazany, anisan'izany ny fahalemena, ny hatsembohana amin'ny alina, ary ny fivontosan'ny fihary atodinaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;ID10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dolin|first=[edited by] Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, Raphael|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|page=Chapter 250|edition=7th}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Other_Infections_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

== HAMPITOERANA ==
Tena mifindra ny tioberkilaozy mahavoa ny havokavoka. Raha ny marina, tena mifindra tokoa izy io ka afaka mampiely izany amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra ny olona iray, amin'ny alalan'ny zavatra tsotra toy ny kohaka, rora, fitenenana na [[Evina|fievina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012B&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Basic TB Facts|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm|website=CDC|access-date=11 February 2016|date=March 13, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206032136/http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm|archive-date=6 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Causes_Infections_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== Tranga ahitana fahasarotany ===
Ary ny tranga ahitana fahasarotany dia mety hitranga kokoa amin'ny olona voan'ny VIH na SIDA, ireo izay manana hery fiarovana ambany, ary ireo izay mifoka sigara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Active_Infection_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== TB miafina ===
Etsy ankilany, ny olona voan'ny tioberkilaozy miafina dia tsy mampiely ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Latent_TB_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

== aretina ==
Ny fitiliana ny raboka mavitrika dia mifototra amin'ny taratra X-tratra, ary koa ny fizahana mikroskopika, ary ny kolontsaina amin'ny tsiranoka ao amin'ny vatana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Konstantinos A|year=2010|title=Testing for tuberculosis|journal=Australian Prescriber|volume=33|issue=1|pages=12–18|url=http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/1/12/18/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804052035/http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/1/12/18|archive-date=4 August 2010|doi=10.18773/austprescr.2010.005}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Diagnosis_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== Famantarana ny tioberkilaozy miafina ===
Ny fitiliana ny rà amin'ny alalan'ny fitsapana ny hoditra amin'ny alalan'ny tuberculin (izay antsoina koa hoe fitsapana ny hoditra Mantoux), na fitiliana ra, no ahafahana mamantatra ny fisian'ny tioberkilaozy miafina.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Diagnosis_of_Latent_TB_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

== Fisorohana ==
Ny fisorohana ny tioberkilaozy dia ahitana ny fitiliana ireo olona atahorana ho voan'izany, ny famantarana sy fitsaboana mialoha ny tranga, ary ny fanaovana vaksiny haingana amin'ny alalan'ny vaksiny bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).&lt;ref name=&quot;Haw2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawn TR, Day TA, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M, Hanekom WA, Evans TG, Churchyard GJ, Kublin JG, Bekker LG, Self SG|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|pmc=4248657|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harr2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Randall E.|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|page=682|ref=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&amp;pg=PA682}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TBCon2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Organization|first=World Health|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&amp;pg=PA179}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo olona atahorana ho voan'ny tioberkilaozy dia ahitana ny olona ao an-tokantrano, any am-piasana, ary ireo olona mifandray ara-tsosialy amin'ny olona voan'ny tioberkilaozy mavitrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;TBCon2008&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Prevention_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

== fitsaboana ==
Mitaky ny fampiasana [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] maromaro mandritra ny fotoana maharitra ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Mahatonga ny tioberkilaozy ho sarotra tsaboina ny fanoherana ny antibiotika, miaraka amin'ny fitomboan'ny tahan'ny tioberkilaozy mahatohitra fanafody maro (antsoina hoe MDR-TB), ary ny tioberkilaozy mahatohitra fanafody betsaka (antsoina hoe XDR-TB).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Treatment_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}En:Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Tuberculose

[[https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Tuberkulosi]]
[[https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Cutar tarin fuka]]
[[https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/വിക്കിപീഡിയ:വീഡിയോവിക്കി/Tuberculosis]]
[[https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:ଭିଡିଓୱିକି/ଯକ୍ଷ୍ମା]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>05ri9mf97ochr7n27yk5sc2vos8zxpk</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134647</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:47:54Z</timestamp>
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== Topimaso ==
Ny raboka (na TB) dia aretina mifindra, izay matetika vokatry ny [[bakteria]] ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/|title=Tuberculosis Fact sheet N°104|date=October 2015|website=WHO|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823143802/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/|archive-date=23 August 2012|access-date=11 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny dia misy fiantraikany amin'ny [[havokavoka]] ny raboka, saingy mety hisy fiantraikany amin'ny faritra hafa amin'ny vatana ihany koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Overview_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.myupchar.com/en/disease/tuberculosis-tb|title=Tuberculosis (TB): symptoms, causes, treatment, medicine, prevention, diagnosis|website=myUpchar|access-date=2020-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
{{Clear}}

== soritr'aretina ==
Ny ankamaroan'ny olona voan'ny raboka dia tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina, ary mihotrika ilay aretina. Antsoina hoe tioberkilaozy miafina izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Na izany aza, eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ireo aretina miafina no mivoatra ho aretina mavitrika, izay, raha tsy tsaboina, dia mahafaty ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Symptoms_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== Kohaka maharitra ===
Ny soritr'aretina mahazatra amin'ny tioberkilaozy mavitrika dia kohaka maharitra, misy ra ny rora, tazo, hatsembohana amin'ny alina, ary fihenan-danja.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Chronic_Cough_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== Fihenan-danja ===
Ny soritr'aretina farany dia ny fihenan-danja, mety ho miharihary loatra ka nanome ny TB anarana ara-tantara hoe &quot;fihinanana&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cha1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|page=352|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&amp;pg=RA1-PA352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906201311/https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&amp;pg=RA1-PA352|archive-date=6 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Weight_Loss_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== Aretina hafa ===
Ny aretina amin'ny taova hafa dia mety hiteraka soritr'aretina isan-karazany, anisan'izany ny fahalemena, ny hatsembohana amin'ny alina, ary ny fivontosan'ny fihary atodinaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;ID10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dolin|first=[edited by] Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, Raphael|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|page=Chapter 250|edition=7th}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Other_Infections_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

== HAMPITOERANA ==
Tena mifindra ny tioberkilaozy mahavoa ny havokavoka. Raha ny marina, tena mifindra tokoa izy io ka afaka mampiely izany amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra ny olona iray, amin'ny alalan'ny zavatra tsotra toy ny kohaka, rora, fitenenana na [[Evina|fievina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012B&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Basic TB Facts|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm|website=CDC|access-date=11 February 2016|date=March 13, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206032136/http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm|archive-date=6 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Causes_Infections_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== Tranga ahitana fahasarotany ===
Ary ny tranga ahitana fahasarotany dia mety hitranga kokoa amin'ny olona voan'ny VIH na SIDA, ireo izay manana hery fiarovana ambany, ary ireo izay mifoka sigara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Active_Infection_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

=== TB miafina ===
Etsy ankilany, ny olona voan'ny tioberkilaozy miafina dia tsy mampiely ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Latent_TB_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

== aretina ==
Ny fitiliana ny raboka mavitrika dia mifototra amin'ny taratra X-tratra, ary koa ny fizahana mikroskopika, ary ny kolontsaina amin'ny tsiranoka ao amin'ny vatana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Konstantinos A|year=2010|title=Testing for tuberculosis|journal=Australian Prescriber|volume=33|issue=1|pages=12–18|url=http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/1/12/18/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804052035/http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/1/12/18|archive-date=4 August 2010|doi=10.18773/austprescr.2010.005}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Diagnosis_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
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=== Famantarana ny tioberkilaozy miafina ===
Ny fitiliana ny rà amin'ny alalan'ny fitsapana ny hoditra amin'ny alalan'ny tuberculin (izay antsoina koa hoe fitsapana ny hoditra Mantoux), na fitiliana ra, no ahafahana mamantatra ny fisian'ny tioberkilaozy miafina.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Diagnosis_of_Latent_TB_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
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== Fisorohana ==
Ny fisorohana ny tioberkilaozy dia ahitana ny fitiliana ireo olona atahorana ho voan'izany, ny famantarana sy fitsaboana mialoha ny tranga, ary ny fanaovana vaksiny haingana amin'ny alalan'ny vaksiny bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).&lt;ref name=&quot;Haw2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawn TR, Day TA, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M, Hanekom WA, Evans TG, Churchyard GJ, Kublin JG, Bekker LG, Self SG|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|pmc=4248657|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harr2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Randall E.|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|page=682|ref=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&amp;pg=PA682}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TBCon2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Organization|first=World Health|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&amp;pg=PA179}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo olona atahorana ho voan'ny tioberkilaozy dia ahitana ny olona ao an-tokantrano, any am-piasana, ary ireo olona mifandray ara-tsosialy amin'ny olona voan'ny tioberkilaozy mavitrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;TBCon2008&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Prevention_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

== fitsaboana ==
Mitaky ny fampiasana [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] maromaro mandritra ny fotoana maharitra ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Mahatonga ny tioberkilaozy ho sarotra tsaboina ny fanoherana ny antibiotika, miaraka amin'ny fitomboan'ny tahan'ny tioberkilaozy mahatohitra fanafody maro (antsoina hoe MDR-TB), ary ny tioberkilaozy mahatohitra fanafody betsaka (antsoina hoe XDR-TB).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Treatment_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Endrika:Videowiki</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:42:13Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « {{infobox | abovestyle = background:#ccc | above      = &lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{{name}}} or &lt;nowiki&gt;{{PAGENAME}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt; ([[WikiProjectMed:VideoWiki/Tutorial|Tutorial]]) | headerstyle = background:#eee;&lt;!-- not used in this template, set same as sister template just in case --&gt;  |  data5 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{#ifexist:Media:Mg.Video-{{PAGENAMEE}}.webm|En.MD.Video-{... »</comment>
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|  data7 = [[File:Filler900.png|frameless|440px|link=|alt=]]
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| header8 = Steps for video creation

| label12  = Step 1
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| label13  = Step 2
|  data13  = [https://videowiki.wmcloud.org/en/videowiki/{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}?wikiSource=https://mdwiki.org&amp;action=export Upload to Commons] (10 min)

}}
{{VEFriendly}}
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{{documentation}} 
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[[Category:Videowiki scripts]]</text>
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| headerstyle = background:#eee;&lt;!-- not used in this template, set same as sister template just in case --&gt;

|  data5 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image= &lt;includeonly&gt;En.Video-{{SUBPAGENAMEE}}.webm&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;VideowikiWikimania2019Part1.webm&lt;/noinclude&gt;|size={{{image_size|{{{width|}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright=2|alt={{{alt|}}}|thumbtime={{{thumbtime|}}}}}
|  data6 = [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mg.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-{{SUBPAGENAMEE}}.webm Link to Commons]

| header7 = Steps for video creation

| label12  = Step 1
|  data12  = [https://videowiki.wmcloud.org/en/videowiki/{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}?wikiSource=https://mg.wikipedia.org&amp;viewerMode=editor Preview my changes] (10 sec)

| label13  = Step 2
|  data13  = [https://videowiki.wmcloud.org/en/videowiki/{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}?wikiSource=https://mg.wikipedia.org&amp;action=export Upload to Commons] (10 min)
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{{VEFriendly}}
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[[Category:Videowiki scripts]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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{{infobox
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| label13  = Step 2
|  data13  = [https://videowiki.wmcloud.org/en/videowiki/{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}?wikiSource=https://mg.wikipedia.org&amp;action=export Upload to Commons] (10 min)
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{{documentation}}
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&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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| headerstyle = background:#eee;&lt;!-- not used in this template, set same as sister template just in case --&gt;

|  data5 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image= &lt;includeonly&gt;Mg.Video-{{SUBPAGENAMEE}}.webm&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;VideowikiWikimania2019Part1.webm&lt;/noinclude&gt;|size={{{image_size|{{{width|}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright=2|alt={{{alt|}}}|thumbtime={{{thumbtime|}}}}}
|  data6 = [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mg.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-{{SUBPAGENAMEE}}.webm Link to Commons]

| header7 = Steps for video creation

| label12  = Step 1
|  data12  = [https://videowiki.wmcloud.org/mg/videowiki/{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}?wikiSource=https://mg.wikipedia.org&amp;viewerMode=editor Preview my changes] (10 sec)

| label13  = Step 2
|  data13  = [https://videowiki.wmcloud.org/mg/videowiki/{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}?wikiSource=https://mg.wikipedia.org&amp;action=export Upload to Commons] (10 min)
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{{documentation}}
[[Category:Videowiki scripts]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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{{infobox
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| headerstyle = background:#eee;&lt;!-- not used in this template, set same as sister template just in case --&gt;

|  data5 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image= &lt;includeonly&gt;Mg.Video-{{SUBPAGENAMEE}}.webm&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;VideowikiWikimania2019Part1.webm&lt;/noinclude&gt;|size={{{image_size|{{{width|}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright=2|alt={{{alt|}}}|thumbtime={{{thumbtime|}}}}}
|  data6 = [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mg.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-{{SUBPAGENAMEE}}.webm Link to Commons]

| header7 = Dingana amin'ny famoronana horonan-tsary

| label12  = Dingana volaohany
|  data12  = [https://videowiki.wmcloud.org/mg/videowiki/{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}?wikiSource=https://mg.wikipedia.org&amp;viewerMode=editor Fijerena mialoha ny fanovana] (10 segondra)

| label13  = Dingana faharoa
|  data13  = [https://videowiki.wmcloud.org/mg/videowiki/{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}?wikiSource=https://mg.wikipedia.org&amp;action=export Alefaso any amin'ny Commons] (10 minitra)
}}
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[[Category:Videowiki scripts]]
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  <page>
    <title>Celosia argentea</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1134641</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:43:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Amaranthaceae</comment>
      <origin>1134641</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3196" sha1="kwz6aeeg5vdkzunu91l8tsmmj3e4una" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:青葙 20190422202754.jpg|vignette|381x381px|Anandasoa (''Celosia argentea'')]]
Ny '''''Celosia argentea''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] trôpikaly ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Amaranthaceae]]''. Atao hoe  '''anandasoa''' na '''mamiratsy''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Ovan-karazana maro amin' ny andiana ''Cristata'', tsy mitovy amin' ny karazana filamatra no ambolena ho haingo noho ny voniny miloko marevaka. 

== Famariparitana ==
Zavamaniry ahitra manana tahony miendrika [[varingarina]] maro sampana ny ''Celosia argentea''. Mahatratra hatramin' ny 70 sm ny haavon' ny ''Celosia argentea''.

=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:青葙 20190422202856.jpg|vignette|240x240px|Ravina sy vondrom-bonin' ny ''Celosia argentea'']]
Feno ny ravin' ny ''Celosia argentea'' sady mipetaka amin' ny tahony manaraka rindra mitangolika. 

=== Vony ===
Tena kely ny vonin' ny ''Celosia argentea''. Mavokely, mena, na fotsy, ary mamorona vondrombony miendrika salohy lehibe izy ireo. Mamelana amin' ny volana Jolay ka hatramin' ny Septambra izy io any amin' ny ila-bolantany avaratra.

=== Voa ===
Mainty ny vihim-boan' ny ''Celosia argentea''.

== Tsinjara toerana ==
Maniry hoazy amin' ny faritra trôpikaly rehetra eran' izao tontolo izao itỳ karazana itỳ. Azo inoana fa teratany aty Afrika trôpikaly izy io noho ny fahasamihafan' ny fahitana karazana maro samihafa ao amin' io faritra io.

== Ovan-karazana ==
[[Sary:Celosia argentea (Silver cockscomb) W IMG 0985.jpg|vignette|227x227px|''Celosia argentea'' fotsy vony]]
[[Sary:Celosia argentea in Philippines.jpg|ankavia|vignette|239x239px|''Celosia argentea'']]
Indreto ny ovan-karazana ao amin' ny ''Celosia argentea'':

* ''Celosia argentea'' var. ''argentea''
* ''Celosia argentea'' var. ''cristata''
* ''Celosia argentea'' var. ''plumosa''

== Fampiasana ==

=== Sakafo ===
Fanao sakafo nentim-paharazana atỳ [[Afrika]] ny ''Celosia argentea'', izay anana tsy dia fantatra loatra. Zavamaniry azo anatsarana ny sakafo izy io, izay azo anamafisana ny fanjarian-tsakafo, ampiroboroboana ny fampandrosoana eny ambanivohitra, ary anohanana ny fanajariana maharitra ny tany.

Azo hanina ny ravina sy ny vonin' ny ''Celosia argentea'' ary ambolena amin' izany tanjona izany atỳ Afrika sy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana|Azia Atsimo Atsinanana]] ity zavamaniry ity.

Iray amin' ny anana ahandroina indrindra any [[Afrika Andrefana]], hatrany [[Senegaly]] ka hatrany [[Kamerona]], ary indrindra any [[Nizerià]] ny ''Celosia argentea'' var. ''argentea''. Any izy io dia antsoina hoe &quot;''soko yòkòtò&quot;'' amin' ny [[Fiteny iôroba|teny]] [[Fiteny iôroba|iôroba]] na &quot;''farar áláyyafó''&quot; amin' ny [[Fiteny haosa|teny haosa]]. Any [[Kôtidivoara]] izy dia &quot;''sôkô''&quot; na &quot;''sôrkô''&quot; no iantsoana ny raviny izay amin' ny ankapobeny afangaro amin' ny [[epinara]] sy ravim-[[Vomanga|bomanga]] ary hanina atao &quot;saosy ravina&quot;.

=== Haingo ===
Ny ''Celosia argentea'' var. ''cristata'' dia ahitana endrka maro ambolena eran-tany noho ny voniny miloko marevaka, mivondrona anaty sampaho.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Celosia]]''
* ''[[Celosia cristata]]''
* ''[[Celosia trigyna]]''</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1134650</id>
      <parentid>1134641</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:54:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
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      <comment>Nandamina lahatsoratra</comment>
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      <text bytes="4375" sha1="89xwk4z9imqpacwge3wgys3qjzvqg0o" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:青葙 20190422202754.jpg|vignette|381x381px|Anandasoa (''Celosia argentea'')]]
Ny '''''Celosia argentea''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] trôpikaly ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Amaranthaceae]]''. Atao hoe  '''anandasoa''',  '''mamiratsy''' '''sanganakoholahy''', '''sangasanga''' izy io amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Ovan-karazana maro amin' ny andiana ''Cristata'', tsy mitovy amin' ny karazana filamatra no ambolena ho haingo noho ny voniny miloko marevaka. 

== Famariparitana ==
Zavamaniry ahitra manana tahony miendrika [[varingarina]] maro sampana ny ''Celosia argentea''. Mahatratra hatramin' ny 70 sm ny haavon' ny ''Celosia argentea''.

=== Ravina ===
Feno ny ravin' ny ''Celosia argentea'' sady mipetaka amin' ny tahony manaraka rindra mitangolika. 

=== Vony ===
Tena kely ny vonin' ny ''Celosia argentea''. Mavokely, mena, na fotsy, ary mamorona vondrombony miendrika salohy lehibe izy ireo. Mamelana amin' ny volana Jolay ka hatramin' ny Septambra izy io any amin' ny ila-bolantany avaratra.

=== Voa ===
Mainty ny vihim-boan' ny ''Celosia argentea''.

== Tsinjara toerana ==
Maniry hoazy amin' ny faritra trôpikaly rehetra eran' izao tontolo izao itỳ karazana itỳ. Azo inoana fa teratany aty Afrika trôpikaly izy io noho ny fahasamihafan' ny fahitana karazana maro samihafa ao amin' io faritra io.

== Anarana ==
[[Sary:Celosia argentea Schmidt1144 WP37 SDr9800.JPG|vignette|247x247px|''Celosia argentea'']]
Indreto ny anarana ara-tsiansa taloha ahafantarana ny ''Celosia argentea'':

* ''Amaranthus cristatus'' Noronha
* ''Amaranthus huttonii'' H.J.Veitch
* ''Amaranthus purpureus'' Nieuwl.
* ''Amaranthus pyramidalis'' Noronha
* ''Celosia aurea'' T.Moore
* ''Celosia castrensis'' L.
* ''Celosia cernua'' Roxb.
* ''Celosia coccinea'' L.
* ''Celosia comosa'' Retz.
* ''Celosia cristata'' L.
* ''Celosia debilis'' S.Moore
* ''Celosia huttonii'' Mast.
* ''Celosia japonica'' Houtt.
* ''Celosia japonica'' Mart.
* ''Celosia linearis'' Sweet ex Hook.f.
* ''Celosia margaritacea'' L.
* ''Celosia marylandica'' Retz.
* ''Celosia pallida'' Salisb.
* ''Celosia plumosa'' (Voss) Burv.
* ''Celosia purpurea'' J.St.-Hil.
* ''Celosia purpurea'' A.St.-Hil. ex Steud.
* ''Celosia pyramidalis'' Burm.f.
* ''Celosia splendens'' Schumach. &amp; Thonn.
* ''Celosia swinhoei'' Hemsl.
* ''Chamissoa margaritacea'' (L.) Schouw
* ''Lophoxera comosa'' Raf.
* ''Lophoxera racemosa'' Raf.​

== Ovan-karazana ==
[[Sary:Celosia argentea (Silver cockscomb) W IMG 0985.jpg|vignette|227x227px|''Celosia argentea'' fotsy vony]]
[[Sary:Celosia argentea in Philippines.jpg|ankavia|vignette|239x239px|''Celosia argentea'']]
Indreto ny ovan-karazana ao amin' ny ''Celosia argentea'':

* ''Celosia argentea'' var. ''argentea''
* ''Celosia argentea'' var. ''cristata''
* ''Celosia argentea'' var. ''plumosa''

== Fampiasana ==

=== Sakafo ===
[[Sary:青葙 20190422202856.jpg|vignette|240x240px|Ravina sy vondrom-bonin' ny ''Celosia argentea'']]
Fanao sakafo nentim-paharazana atỳ [[Afrika]] ny ''Celosia argentea'', izay anana tsy dia fantatra loatra. Zavamaniry azo anatsarana ny sakafo izy io, izay azo anamafisana ny fanjarian-tsakafo, ampiroboroboana ny fampandrosoana eny ambanivohitra, ary anohanana ny fanajariana maharitra ny tany.

Azo hanina ny ravina sy ny vonin' ny ''Celosia argentea'' ary ambolena amin' izany tanjona izany atỳ Afrika sy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana|Azia Atsimo Atsinanana]] ity zavamaniry ity.

Iray amin' ny anana ahandroina indrindra any [[Afrika Andrefana]], hatrany [[Senegaly]] ka hatrany [[Kamerona]], ary indrindra any [[Nizerià]] ny ''Celosia argentea'' var. ''argentea''. Any izy io dia antsoina hoe &quot;''soko yòkòtò&quot;'' amin' ny [[Fiteny iôroba|teny]] [[Fiteny iôroba|iôroba]] na &quot;''farar áláyyafó''&quot; amin' ny [[Fiteny haosa|teny haosa]]. Any [[Kôtidivoara]] izy dia &quot;''sôkô''&quot; na &quot;''sôrkô''&quot; no iantsoana ny raviny izay amin' ny ankapobeny afangaro amin' ny [[epinara]] sy ravim-[[Vomanga|bomanga]] ary hanina atao &quot;saosy ravina&quot;.

=== Haingo ===
Ny ''Celosia argentea'' var. ''cristata'' (atao amin'ny teny malagasy hoe sangasanga, sangasanganakoholahy) dia ahitana endrika maro ambolena eran-tany noho ny voniny miloko marevaka, mivondrona anaty sampaho.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Celosia]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus]]''
* ''[[Chamissoa]]''
* ''[[Lophoxera]]''</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1475256|Menstruation]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="5013" sha1="d022hs0mgqwjn77qkhxn1m9vku5gamw" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Figure_28_02_07.jpg|right|thumb|634x634px| Sary mampiseho ny fivoaran'ny tsingerin'ny fadimbolana sy ireo hormonina samihafa mandray anjara amin'izany]]
'''Ny fadimbolana''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''fadimbolana''' na '''isam-bolana''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Women's Gynecologic Health|date=2011|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=9780763756376|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pj_ourS3PBMC&amp;pg=PA94|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120253/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pj_ourS3PBMC&amp;pg=PA94|archive-date=26 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; dia ny fivoahan'ny ra sy [[Hodimando|ny sela mucosal]] (fantatra amin'ny hoe fadimbolana) tsy tapaka avy amin'ny rindrin'ny tranonjaza mankany amin'ny [[Lalanjaza|fivaviana]] .  Ny fadimbolana voalohany dia mazàna manomboka eo anelanelan'ny roa ambin'ny folo sy dimy ambin'ny folo taona, fotoana iray fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe menarche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones2011&quot; /&gt; Na izany aza, mety manomboka amin'ny valo taona ny fadimbolana indraindray ary mbola heverina ho ara-dalàna ihany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women2014Men&quot; /&gt; Ny salan-taonan'ny fadimbolana voalohany dia matetika tara kokoa any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]], ary aloha kokoa any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Diaz2006&quot; /&gt; Ny faharetan'ny fotoana mahazatra eo anelanelan'ny andro voalohany amin'ny fadimbolana iray sy ny andro voalohany amin'ny manaraka dia 21 ka hatramin'ny 45 andro ho an'ny vehivavy tanora, ary 21 ka hatramin'ny 31 andro ho an'ny olon-dehibe (eo amin'ny 28 andro eo ho eo).&lt;ref name=&quot;Women2014Men&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Diaz2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Diaz A, Laufer MR, Breech LL, ((American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence)), ((American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Adolescent Health))|title=Menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign|journal=Pediatrics|volume=118|issue=5|pages=2245–50|date=November 2006|pmid=17079600|doi=10.1542/peds.2006-2481|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika maharitra 2 ka hatramin'ny 7 andro eo ho eo ny rà mandriaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women2014Men&quot; /&gt; Mijanona ny fadimbolana aorian'ny fadimbolana, izay matetika mitranga eo anelanelan'ny 45 sy 55 taona.  Mijanona ihany koa ny fadimbolana mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] ary mazàna tsy miverina intsony mandritra ireo volana voalohany amin'ny fampinonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women2014Men&quot; /&gt;

Mahatratra 80%-n'ny vehivavy no mitatitra fa misy soritr'aretina sasany alohan'ny fadimbolana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2011&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretina mahazatra [[ny mony]], ny nono mangozohozo, ny fivontosana, ny fahatsapana ho reraka, ny fahasosorana ary ny fiovan'ny toe-po.  Mety hanelingelina ny fiainana ara-dalàna ireo, ka azo sokajiana ho aretin'ny fadimbolana mialoha ny fadimbolana, amin'ny 20 ka hatramin'ny 30%-n'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2011&quot; /&gt; Ao amin'ny 3 ka hatramin'ny 8%, dia mafy ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Biggs WS, Demuth RH|title=Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder|journal=American Family Physician|volume=84|issue=8|pages=918–24|date=October 2011|pmid=22010771}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny tsy fahatongavan'ny fadimbolana, fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe amenorrhea, dia rehefa tsy tonga ny fadimbolana amin'ny faha-15 taonany na tsy tonga tao anatin'ny 90 andro.  Ny olana hafa amin'ny tsingerin'ny fadimbolana dia ahitana ny fanaintainana amin'ny fadimbolana sy ny rà mandriaka tsy ara-dalàna toy ny rà mandriaka eo anelanelan'ny fadimbolana na rà mandriaka be.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women2014Men&quot; /&gt; Ny fadimbolana amin'ny biby hafa dia mitranga amin'ny [[Primates|rajako]] ( [[Hominoidea|rajako]] sy [[rajako]] ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kris2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kristin H. Lopez|title=Human Reproductive Biology|date=2013|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780123821850|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4kEdSnS-pkC&amp;pg=PA53|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621165031/https://books.google.ca/books?id=M4kEdSnS-pkC&amp;pg=PA53|archive-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Martin RD|title=The evolution of human reproduction: a primatological perspective|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=Suppl 45|pages=59–84|year=2007|pmid=18046752|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20734}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mitranga ny tsingerin'ny fadimbolana noho ny fiakarana sy ny fihenan'ny hormonina .  Io tsingerina io dia miteraka fihatevin'ny rindrin'ny tranonjaza, ary fitomboan'ny atody (izay ilaina amin'ny [[fitondrana vohoka]] ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Women2014Men&quot; /&gt; Avoaka avy amin'ny ovaire ny atody eo amin'ny andro faha-14 amin'ny tsingerina; ny sosona matevina amin'ny tranonjaza no manome otrikaina ho an'ny embryon aorian'ny fametrahana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women2014Men&quot; /&gt; Raha tsy mitranga ny fametrahana ny tranonjaza, dia avoaka ny sosona anatiny amin'ny antsoina hoe fadimbolana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women2014Men&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Tramadol</title>
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|Verifiedfields   =changed
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =451973921
|drug_name        =Tramadol
|image            =Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg
|width            =250px
|image2           =Tramadol 3D.png
|width2           =250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        =tra' ma dole
|tradename        =Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;
|synonyms         =
|IUPAC_name       =2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|uses             =&lt;!-- primary uses --&gt;
|side_effects     =&lt;!-- common side effects and notable side effects --&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =C
|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pregnancy_US     =N
|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;
|pregnancy_category=
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal
|onset            =Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;
|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|defined_daily_dose=300 mg&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02AX02 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=4 September 2020 |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725030617/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02AX02 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =
|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}
|MedlinePlus      =a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S4
|legal_CA         =Rx only
|legal_NZ         =Prescription Medicine
|legal_UK         =Class C – Schedule 3 CD
|legal_US         =Schedule IV
|legal_status     =Rx-only
|DailyMedID       =Tramadol
|licence_US       =Tramadol
|licence_EU       =

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|protein_bound    =20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;
|metabolism       =[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;
|metabolites      =O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol
|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|excretion        =Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =16
|H                =25
|N                =1
|O                =2
|SMILES           =CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O
|StdInChI         =1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|melting_point    =180
|melting_high     =181
}}
'''Ny Tramadol''', amidy amin'ny anarana hoe '''Ultram''' ankoatra ny hafa,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; dia fanafody fanaintainana opioid ampiasaina hitsaboana fanaintainana antonony ka hatramin'ny antonony.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny dia tsy dia tian'ny olona loatra izy io raha oharina amin'ny fanafody fanaintainana hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa raisina am-bava amin'ny endrika mamoaka avy hatrany, dia matetika manomboka ao anatin'ny adiny iray ny fanamaivanana ny fanaintainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Azo alaina amin'ny alalan'ny tsindrona ihany koa izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo amidy miaraka amin'ny paracetamol (acetaminophen) na amin'ny endrika fanafody maharitra kokoa ny fiasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

Araka ny mahazatra amin'ny opiacés, ny voka-dratsy matetika aterak'izany dia ny fitohanana, ny mangidihidy,ny maloiloy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana ny voka-dratsiny lehibe ny fikorontanan-tsaina, ny fitomboan'ny mety hisian'ny serotonin syndrome, ny fihenan'ny fahatsiarovan-tena, ary ny fiankinan-doha amin'ny zava-mahadomelina.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ny fanovana ny fatra ho an'ireo manana olana amin'ny voa na aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Tsy soso-kevitra ho an'ireo izay mety [[mpikambana:Bluerose25/Mamono Tena|hamono tena]] na ireo izay [[Fitondrana vohoka|bevohoka izany]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; Na dia tsy soso-kevitra ho an'ny vehivavy mampinono aza, ireo izay mihinana fatra tokana dia tsy tokony hampijanona ny fampinonoana amin'ny ankapobeny.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin'ny aty, ny Tramadol dia miova ho &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mweg&quot;&gt;O-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), opioid izay mifamatotra mafy kokoa amin'ny receptor μ-opioid.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol koa dia mpanakana ny serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nahazo patanty ny Tramadol tamin'ny 1963 ary navoaka tamin'ny anarana hoe &quot;Tramal&quot; tamin'ny 1977 nataon'ny orinasa fanafody Alemana Andrefana Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny tapaky ny taona 1990, dia nekena tany Royaume-Uni sy Etazonia izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; Azo vidiana amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io ary amidy amin'ny marika maro maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; Any Etazonia, latsaky ny 0.05 dolara amerikana isaky ny fatra ny vidin'ny ambongadiny tamin'ny taona 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Kanada dia mitentina eo amin'ny 1.20 CAD eo ho eo isaky ny fatra amin'ny taona 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-32 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny 21 tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>ergy2zlfr8v5npg570henqglsy4pel5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fentanyl</title>
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        <id>34462</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458399|Fentanyl]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="14149" sha1="27otr15fdl5ovlti2nd47uxwgbdbey4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =443760208
|image            =Fentanyl2DCSD.svg
|image2           =Fentanyl-xtal-3D-balls.png

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        =/ˈfɛntənɪl/ or /ˈfɛntənəl/
|tradename        =Actiq, Duragesic, Fentora, others
|synonyms         =
|IUPAC_name       =''N''-phenyl-''N''-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]propanamide

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[Opioid]]
|uses             =&lt;!-- primary uses --&gt;
|side_effects     =&lt;!-- common side effects and notable side effects --&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =C
|pregnancy_US     =C
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=[[Oral mucosa|Buccal]], [[epidural]], [[Intramuscular injection|IM]], [[Intrathecal administration|IT]], [[Intravenous therapy|IV]], [[sublingual]], [[Transdermal patch|skin patch]]
|onset            =5 minutes&lt;ref name=Cl2010&gt;{{cite book|title=Clinically Oriented Pharmacology|date=2010|publisher=Quick Review of Pharmacology|page=172|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaOhT_4zBL8C&amp;pg=PA172}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|duration_of_action={{Abbr|IV|Intravaneous}}: 30–60 minutes&lt;ref name=Cl2010/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://rcp.nshealth.ca/sites/default/files/clinical-practice-guidelines/fentanyl.pdf |title=Guideline for administration of fentanyl for pain relief in labour |publisher=RCP |access-date=7 October 2015 |quote=Onset of action after IV administration of Fentanyl is 3–5 minutes; duration of action is 30–60 minutes. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100402/http://rcp.nshealth.ca/sites/default/files/clinical-practice-guidelines/fentanyl.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|defined_daily_dose=600 ug (nasal, under tongue)&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDDa&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02AB03 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725011020/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02AB03 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;1,200 ug (skin patch)&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDDa /&gt;
|typical_dose     =
|dependency_liability=High&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bonewit-West |first1=Kathy |last2=Hunt |first2=Sue A. |last3=Applegate |first3=Edith |title=Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures |date=2012 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9781455701506 |page=571 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&amp;pg=PA571 |language=en |access-date=2020-08-06 |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728034412/https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&amp;pg=PA571 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|fentanyl-citrate}}
|MedlinePlus      =a605043

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S8
|legal_BR         =Class A1
|legal_CA         =Schedule I
|legal_DE         =Anlage III
|legal_UK         =Class A
|legal_US         =Schedule II
|legal_status     =
|DailyMedID       =Fentanyl
|licence_EU       =yes

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =92% (transdermal)&lt;br /&gt;89% (intranasal)&lt;br /&gt;50% (buccal)&lt;br /&gt;33% (ingestion)&lt;br/&gt;100% (intramuscular)/&gt; 55% (inhaled)
|protein_bound    =80–85%
|metabolism       =[[Liver]], primarily by [[CYP3A4]]
|elimination_half-life={{Abbr|IV|Intravaneous}}: 6&amp;nbsp;mins (T1/2 α)&lt;br /&gt; 1&amp;nbsp;hours (T1/2 β)&lt;br /&gt; 16&amp;nbsp;hours (T1/2 ɣ)&lt;br /&gt;Intranasal: 6.5&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;br /&gt;Transdermal: 20–27&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=AHFS2017/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sublingual/buccal (single dose): 2.6–13.5&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=AHFS2017/&gt;
|excretion        =Mostly urinary (metabolites, &lt;10% unchanged drug)&lt;ref name=AHFS2017/&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =22
|H                =28
|N                =2
|O                =1
|SMILES           =O=C(CC)N(C1CCN(CC1)CCc2ccccc2)c3ccccc3
|StdInChI         =1S/C22H28N2O/c1-2-22(25)24(20-11-7-4-8-12-20)21-14-17-23(18-15-21)16-13-19-9-5-3-6-10-19/h3-12,21H,2,13-18H2,1H3
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =PJMPHNIQZUBGLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|density          =1.1
|melting_point    =87.5
|urine            =2 days to 4 wks&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT) |url=https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025202836/https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|drug_name        =Fentanyl
}}
'''Ny Fentanyl''', izay soratana koa hoe '''fentanil''', dia opioid ampiasaina ho fanafody fanaintainana ary miaraka amin'ny fanafody hafa ho an'ny fanatoranana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fentanyl, Fentanyl Citrate, Fentanyl Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fentanyl-fentanyl-citrate-fentanyl-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214015004/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fentanyl-fentanyl-citrate-fentanyl-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=14 December 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ampiasaina ho zava-mahadomelina fialamboly ihany koa ny Fentanyl, matetika afangaro amin'ny héroïne na [[Kôkainina|cocaïne]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fentanyl Drug Overdose|url=https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/opioids/fentanyl.html|website=CDC Injury Center|access-date=14 December 2017|date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000701/https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/opioids/fentanyl.html|archive-date=15 December 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manomboka haingana izy io ary maharitra latsaky ny adiny roa ny vokany.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt; Ara-pitsaboana, ny fentanyl dia ampiasaina amin'ny tsindrona, famafazana orona, takelaka hoditra, na miditra amin'ny takolaka (transmucosal) toy ny vatomamy na takelaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=tablets|url=https://www.goodrx.com/fentanyl-buccal?dosage=400mcg&amp;form=buccal-tablet&amp;label_override=fentanyl+buccal&amp;quantity=224|date=|website=|access-date=|archive-date=2020-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731055135/https://www.goodrx.com/fentanyl-buccal?dosage=400mcg&amp;form=buccal-tablet&amp;label_override=fentanyl+buccal&amp;quantity=224|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fandoavana, [[fitohanana]], fampitoniana, fisafotofotoana, fahitana zavatra tsy misy dikany, ary ratra mifandraika amin'ny tsy fahaiza-mifehy tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SFX2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Fentanyl Side Effects in Detail - Drugs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny voka-dratsy lehibe ny fihenan'ny fifohana rivotra (fahaketrahana ara-pisefoana), ny serotonin syndrome, ny tosidra ambany, ny fiankinan-doha, na ny koma.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SFX2018&quot; /&gt; Ny fiasan'ny Fentanyl dia amin'ny alàlan'ny fampandehanana ireo mpandray μ-opioid.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt; Mahery vaika in-100 eo ho eo noho ny morphine izy io, ary ny sasany amin'ireo fanafody mitovy aminy toy ny carfentanil dia mahery vaika in-10.000 eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2017CND&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2017/March/commission-on-narcotic-drugs-takes-decisive-step-to-help-prevent-deadly-fentanyl-overdoses.html|title=Commission on Narcotic Drugs takes decisive step to help prevent deadly fentanyl overdoses|publisher=Commission on Narcotic Drugs, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|date=16 March 2017|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052640/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2017/March/commission-on-narcotic-drugs-takes-decisive-step-to-help-prevent-deadly-fentanyl-overdoses.html|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny Fentanyl dia novokarin'i Paul Janssen voalohany tamin'ny 1960 ary nekena ho ampiasaina amin'ny fitsaboana any Etazonia tamin'ny 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan1992&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stanley TH|title=The history and development of the fentanyl series|journal=Journal of Pain and Symptom Management|volume=7|issue=3 Suppl|pages=S3-7|date=April 1992|pmid=1517629|doi=10.1016/0885-3924(92)90047-L}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, {{Convert|1,600|kg|lb}} no nampiasaina tamin'ny fitsaboana maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Narcotic Drugs Estimated World Requirements for 2017 Statistics for 2015|date=2016|publisher=United Nations|location=New York|isbn=978-92-1-048163-2|page=40|url=https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2016/Narcotic_Drugs_Publication_2016.pdf|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022041515/https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2016/Narcotic_Drugs_Publication_2016.pdf|archive-date=22 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2017}} , fentanyl no opioid sentetika be mpampiasa indrindra amin'ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fentanyl And Analogues|url=https://livertox.nlm.nih.gov//FentanylAndAnalogues.htm|website=LverTox|date=16 October 2017|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107002718/https://livertox.nlm.nih.gov/FentanylAndAnalogues.htm|archive-date=7 January 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana ny takelaka Fentanyl ho an'ny fanaintainan'ny homamiadana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2016, ny fentanyl sy ireo fanafody mitovy aminy no antony mahazatra indrindra mahatonga ny fahafatesana vokatry ny overdose any Etazonia, mihoatra ny 20.000, izany hoe eo amin'ny antsasaky ny fahafatesana rehetra mifandraika amin'ny opioid.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIDA2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Overdose Death Rates|url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates|website=National Institute on Drug Abuse|access-date=14 December 2017|date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213234138/https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates|archive-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hedegaard H, Bastian BA, Trinidad JP, Spencer M, Warner M|title=Drugs Most Frequently Involved in Drug Overdose Deaths: United States, 2011-2016|journal=National Vital Statistics Reports|volume=67|issue=9|pages=1–14|date=December 2018|pmid=30707673}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan'ireo fahafatesana vokatry ny overdose ireo dia vokatry ny fentanyl vita tsy ara-dalàna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fentanyl Drug Overdose|url=https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/opioids/fentanyl.html|website=CDC|access-date=28 April 2019|date=21 December 2018|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000701/https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/opioids/fentanyl.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ho an'ny 100&amp;nbsp;tavoara kely mikrograma, ny salan'isa vidin'ny ambongadiny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] dia {{US$}} 0.66 tamin'ny taona 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;MSH2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Single Drug Information|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=343&amp;searchYear=2015|website=International Medical Products Price Guide|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000351/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=343&amp;searchYear=2015|archive-date=15 December 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, ny vidiny tany Etazonia dia 0.49 {{US$}} ho an'io vola io ihany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medi2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2017-12-13|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2017-12-13/iqwu-vhmf|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014538/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2017-12-13/iqwu-vhmf|archive-date=14 December 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia, ny takelaka 800 mcg dia lafo kokoa in-6.75 heny noho ny vatomamy tamin'ny taona 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fentanyl Buccal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/fentanyl-buccal?dosage=800mcg&amp;form=buccal-tablet&amp;label_override=fentanyl+buccal&amp;quantity=1|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731044214/https://www.goodrx.com/fentanyl-buccal?dosage=800mcg&amp;form=buccal-tablet&amp;label_override=fentanyl+buccal&amp;quantity=1|archive-date=2020-07-31|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fentanyl Citrate Generic Actiq|url=https://www.goodrx.com/fentanyl-citrate?dosage=800mcg&amp;form=lozenge&amp;label_override=fentanyl+citrate&amp;quantity=1|website=GoodRx|access-date=27 May 2020|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731065535/https://www.goodrx.com/fentanyl-citrate?dosage=800mcg&amp;form=lozenge&amp;label_override=fentanyl+citrate&amp;quantity=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-250 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny 1.7 tapitrisa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fentanyl - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Fentanyl|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201150/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Fentanyl|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Fahasalamana]]
[[Category:Zava mahadomelona]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>27otr15fdl5ovlti2nd47uxwgbdbey4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Video:Cholera</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1475643|Video:Cholera]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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== Topimaso ==
Aretin'ny tsinay kely vokatry ny [[bakteria]] ''Vibrio cholerae'' '''ny kôlerà'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fink2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Finkelstein|first=Richard|title=Medical microbiology|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8407/|access-date=14 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901014519/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8407/|archive-date=1 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health &amp; Medical Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=January 6, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|archive-date=20 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Overview.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Topimaso momba ny Kôlera]]
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== soritr'aretina ==
Mety tsy hisy soritr'aretina, na malemy, na mafy, saingy matetika ahitana aretim-pivalanana be dia be izay maharitra andro vitsivitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper – August 2017.|journal=Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire|date=25 August 2017|volume=92|issue=34|pages=477-98|pmid=28845659|url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/258763/WER9234.pdf;jsessionid=D2901DAA743145CB4317D1642A44E82A?sequence=1|access-date=30 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Symptoms.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Soritr'aretin'ny kôlerà]]
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=== Soritr'aretina hafa ===
Mety hitranga ihany koa ny fandoavana sy ny fihenjanana amin'ny hozatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Other_symptoms.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Soritr'aretina hafa amin'ny kôlerà]]
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=== tsy fahampian-drano ===
Mety ho mafy dia mafy ny aretim-pivalanana, ka miteraka tsy fahampian-drano sy tsy fifandanjan'ny elektrolita ao anatin'ny ora vitsivitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Dehydration.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Fahaverezan-drano vokatry ny kôlerà]]
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=== Famantarana ny tsy fahampian-drano ===
Ny tsy fahampian-drano mafy dia mety hahatonga ny olona ho mihoaka maso, hangatsiaka hoditra, hiketrona ny tanany sy ny tongony, ary hampihena ny fihisatry ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=JB|last2=LaRocque|first2=RC|last3=Qadri|first3=F|last4=Ryan|first4=ET|last5=Calderwood|first5=SB|title=Cholera.|journal=Lancet|date=30 June 2012|volume=379|issue=9835|pages=2466–76|pmid=22748592|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x|pmc=3761070}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ny tsy fahampian-drano koa dia mety hahatonga ny hoditra hivaloaraka, ho matromatroka, na hangana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bailey|first=Diane|title=Cholera|date=2011|publisher=Rosen Pub.|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4358-9437-2|page=7|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&amp;pg=PA7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190215/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&amp;pg=PA7|archive-date=2016-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Signs_of_dehydration.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Famantarana ny tsy fahampian-drano - Kôlera]]
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=== Fotoana hisehoan'ny soritr'aretina ===
Matetika manomboka roa ora ka hatramin'ny dimy andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny aretina ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Timing_of_symptoms.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Fotoana isehoan'ny soritr'aretina - Kôlera]]
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== HAMPITOERANA ==
Mety ho vokatry ny karazana ''Vibrio cholerae'' samihafa ny kôlerà, ary ny karazany sasany dia miteraka aretina mafy kokoa noho ny hafa, izay mety hahatonga ny fihanaky ny aretina sasany ho mafy kokoa noho ny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Cause.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Antony mahatonga ny kôlerà]]
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=== Mihanaka ===
Ny antony lehibe mahatonga ny kôlerà dia ny fisotroana rano tsy azo antoka, izay voaloto tamin'ny dikin'olombelona misy bakteria, na [[Fanapoizinana ara-tsakafo|sakafo tsy azo antoka]] voaloto tamin'ny rano voaloto.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Spread.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Fiparitahan'ny Kôlera]]
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=== Sakafo tsy masaka tsara ===
[[Hazan-dranomasina|Ny hazan-dranomasina]] tsy masaka tsara no loharanon'ny aretina mahazatra &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sources of Infection &amp; Risk Factors|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312223337/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|archive-date=12 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary ny olombelona ihany no biby voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Poorly_cooked_food.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Sakafo tsy masaka tsara - Kôlera]]
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=== Ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza ===
Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny tsy fahampian'ny fahadiovana, ny tsy fahampian'ny rano fisotro madio, ary [[Fahantrana|ny fahantrana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Risk_factors.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza amin'ny kôlerà]]
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=== Fiantraikan'ny fiakaran'ny maripana maneran-tany ===
Misy ny ahiahy fa ny fiakaran'ny ranomasina, vokatry ny fiakaran'ny maripana maneran-tany, dia hampitombo ny tahan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec.|date=March 26, 2010|volume=85|issue=13|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020218/http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|archive-date=April 13, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Effect_of_global_warming.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Vokatry ny fiakaran'ny mari-pana maneran-tany - Kôlera]]
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== aretina ==
Azo fantarina amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana ny fivalanana ny kôlerà.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Diagnosis.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Famantarana ny kôlerà]]
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== Fisorohana ==
Anisan'ny fomba fisorohana ny fanatsarana ny fahadiovana, ny fahazoana rano madio, ary ny fahadiovana tsara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Prevention.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Fisorohana ny kôlerà]]
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=== vaksiny ===
Ny vaksiny kôlerà izay omena am-bava dia manome fiarovana sahaza amin'ny aretina mandritra ny enim-bolana eo ho eo, ary manana tombony fanampiny amin'ny fiarovana amin'ny karazana aretim-pivalanana hafa vokatry ny ''E. coli.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwASo&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;coli''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Vaccination.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Vaksiny - Kôlera]]
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== fitsaboana ==
Ny fitsaboana voalohany dia ny fitsaboana amin'ny alalan'ny rano indray — ny fanoloana ny rano amin'ny ranoka mamy sy masira kely.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt; Aleo kokoa ny vahaolana vita amin'ny vary.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2010&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Treatment.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Fitsaboana ny kôlerà]]
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=== fanitso ===
Ilaina amin'ny ankizy ny fanampin-tsakafo zinc.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Zinc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042338/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|archive-date=11 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Zinc_Supplementation.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Famenon-tsakafo Zinc - Kôlera]]
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=== Ranon-javatra IV sy antibiotika ===
Amin'ny tranga mafy, mety ilaina ny fampidirana ranoka amin'ny lalan-dra, toy ny Ringer's lactate, ary mety hahasoa [[Antibiôtika|ny antibiotika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt; Ny fitiliana mba hahitana hoe antibiotika inona no mora voan'ny kôlerà dia afaka manampy amin'ny fisafidianana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:IV_fluids_and_antibiotics.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Ranon-javatra IV sy Antibiotika - Kôlera]]
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== Epidemiolojia ==
Tombanana ho 1 isa-3 ka hatramin'ny 4 ny fiantraikan'ny kôlerà&amp;nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany ary miteraka 21000 ka hatramin'ny 143000&amp;nbsp;fahafatesana isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Epidemiology.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Epidemiolojia - Kôlera]]
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=== Firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana ===
Na dia sokajiana ho aretina areti-mandringana aza izy io {{as of|2017|lc=y}} , tsy fahita firy any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]] izany, ary ny ankizy any amin'ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana no tena voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=October 27, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031930/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|archive-date=17 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Developing_nations.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana - Kôlera]]
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=== Fiparitahan'ny aretina vs aretina mitaiza ===
Mitranga amin'ny alalan'ny [[Valanaretina|fihanaky ny aretina]] sy ny aretina mitaiza ny kôlerà any amin'ny faritra sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ireo faritra mety hisian'ny aretina [[Afrika|i Afrika]] sy [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana|Azia Atsimo Atsinanana]] izay saika ahitana ny tranga rehetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Outbreaks_vs_chronic_disease.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Fiparitahan'ny aretina vs. aretina mitaiza - Kôlera]]
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=== Mety ho faty ===
Ny mety hahafaty ireo olona voakasik'izany dia mazàna latsaky ny 1%, saingy mety hahatratra 5% ihany koa &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt; Mampitombo be ny mety ho fahafatesana ny tsy fahafahana mahazo fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Risk_of_death.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Loza mety hahafaty - Kôlera]]
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== FIAINANY TALOHA ==
Hita tamin'ny taonjato faha-5 talohan'i JK tamin'ny [[Fiteny sanskrity|teny Sanskrit]] ny famaritana ny kôlerà.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt; Ny fandinihana ny kôlerà tany Angletera nataon'i John Snow, teo anelanelan'ny taona 1849 sy 1854, dia nitarika fandrosoana lehibe teo amin'ny sehatry ny epidemiolojia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Timmreck|first=Thomas C.|title=An introduction to epidemiology|date=2002|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|location=Sudbury, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-0060-7|page=77|edition=3.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&amp;pg=PA77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190442/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&amp;pg=PA77|archive-date=2016-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fipoahana goavana fito no nitranga tao anatin'ny 200 taona farany, izay nahafatesana olona an-tapitrisany maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt; 
[[Sary:History.webm|left|thumb|100x100px| Tantaran'ny Kôlera]]
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== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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