Ny Eja

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      <text bytes="2252" sha1="i41ezfl5747z0313l7auhetyv5sykn5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Ny Eja
|asa=[[Mpanoratra-Mpanakanto]]
|firenena=Madagasikara
|anarana hafa=Solonomenjanahary Ranivoarisoa Eugénie
|sary=}}
'''Ny Eja''', na '''Solonomenjanahary Ranivoarisoa Eugénie''' dia mpanakanto vao misondrotra eo amin'ny sehatry ny [[literatiora]]. '''Ny Eja''' dia midika ny '''haingo''' sy ny '''hatsarana'''

== Ny mombamomba azy ==
Mpanoratra ny raibeny : Itompokolahy [[Rakoto Paul]].

Tia manao sary sy maka sary ary manoratra koa ny rainy, Itompokolahy [[Rakoto Léonard]].

Mpanoratra tononkalo sy hira mbola hirain'ny [[tily]] ny anadahin-dreniny, [[Max Géo Lili]], sady sakaizan'i [[Dox (mpanoratra)|Dox]] fony fahavelony.

== Ny fahazazany sy ny fianarana ==
Tany [[Antsiranana]] no nanombohan'i Ny Eja ny sekoly, izay notohizany teny amin'ny [[sekoly]] [[Maria Mpanampy]] tao [[Antananarivo]]. Nandia ny sekoly ambaratonga manokana teny Ampefiloha izy talohan'ny nandalinany ny fianarana sampana Lalàna teny amin'ny [[Oniversite|anjerimanontolo]] teny [[Oniversiten' Antananarivo|Ankatso]]. Nianarany manokana ihany koa ny [[Fizahàn-tany|Fizahan-tany]] ary nanao ny fianarana serasera tamin'ny sekoly iray tsy miankina izy. Ankoatra ny poeziadia tia manoratra tantara kely ho an'ny ankizy&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://laconteusedelagrandeile.blogspot.com/2025/07/les-contes-ecrit-par-ny-eja.html?m=1&lt;/ref&gt; koa Ny Eja ary manokana ny tsangan'asany betsaka ho an'ny ankizy  anisan'izany ny fitantarana angano, famoronana kilalao ho an'ny ankizy .  Nahafantaran'ny Olona azy ny tononkira nosoratany ho an'i Tovo J'Hay &quot;Teny Mamy&quot; ,&quot;Fihin-tananao&quot;.

== Ny asany ==
Mpanoratra mpilaza tantara &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;i Ny Eja.Mpanakanto zatra maneho ny sanganasany amin'ny tamtambazotra fesiboky izy&lt;ref&gt;[https://midi-madagasikara.mg/portrait-ny-eja-initie-a-la-poezia-vao-mafana/ Portrait : Ny Eja initie à la « Poezia vao mafana » -]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny antom-pisiako, lasa ilainao, masiaka ianao ry fiarahamonina, fanahy mendrika, setrin'ilay natolotra, hoan'ny hafa indray, ianao, Lazao izy, ny voady omeko anao, Ilay fitiavako, ny fitiavako, fitia niova lolo, Raha mety ianao an'io, iny olo tiako iny, tena amin'ny foko, teny mamy, lasitra iray,   satria tiako anai.

== Loharano ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Sokajy:Mpanoratra malagasy]]</text>
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|asa=[[Mpanoratra-Mpanakanto]]
|firenena=Madagasikara
|anarana hafa=Solonomenjanahary Ranivoarisoa Eugénie
|sary=}}
'''Ny Eja''', na '''Solonomenjanahary Ranivoarisoa Eugénie''' dia mpanakanto vao misondrotra eo amin'ny sehatry ny [[literatiora]]. '''Ny Eja''' dia midika ny '''haingo''' sy ny '''hatsarana'''

== Ny mombamomba azy ==
Mpanoratra ny raibeny : Itompokolahy [[Rakoto Paul]].

Tia manao sary sy maka sary ary manoratra koa ny rainy, Itompokolahy [[Rakoto Léonard]].

Mpanoratra tononkalo sy hira mbola hirain'ny [[tily]] ny anadahin-dreniny, [[Max Géo Lili]], sady sakaizan'i [[Dox (mpanoratra)|Dox]] fony fahavelony.

== Ny fahazazany sy ny fianarana ==
Tany [[Antsiranana]] no nanombohan'i Ny Eja ny sekoly, izay notohizany teny amin'ny [[sekoly]] [[Maria Mpanampy]] tao [[Antananarivo]]. Nandia ny sekoly ambaratonga manokana teny Ampefiloha izy talohan'ny nandalinany ny fianarana sampana Lalàna teny amin'ny [[Oniversite|anjerimanontolo]] teny [[Oniversiten' Antananarivo|Ankatso]]. Nianarany manokana ihany koa ny [[Fizahàn-tany|Fizahan-tany]] ary nanao ny fianarana serasera tamin'ny sekoly iray tsy miankina izy. Ankoatra ny poeziadia tia manoratra tantara kely ho an'ny ankizy&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://laconteusedelagrandeile.blogspot.com/2025/07/les-contes-ecrit-par-ny-eja.html?m=1&lt;/ref&gt; koa Ny Eja ary manokana ny tsangan'asany betsaka ho an'ny ankizy  anisan'izany ny fitantarana angano, famoronana kilalao ho an'ny ankizy .  Nahafantaran'ny Olona azy ny tononkira nosoratany ho an'i Tovo J'Hay &quot;Teny Mamy&quot; ,&quot;Fihin-tananao&quot;.

== Ny asany ==
Mpanoratra mpilaza tantara &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;i &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20180210-madagascar-apres-midi-contes-perpetuer-tradition-orale Madagascar: des après-midi «contes» pour perpétuer la tradition orale - RFI]&lt;/ref&gt;Ny Eja.Mpanakanto zatra maneho ny sanganasany amin'ny tamtambazotra fesiboky izy&lt;ref&gt;[https://midi-madagasikara.mg/portrait-ny-eja-initie-a-la-poezia-vao-mafana/ Portrait : Ny Eja initie à la « Poezia vao mafana » -]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny antom-pisiako, lasa ilainao, masiaka ianao ry fiarahamonina, fanahy mendrika, setrin'ilay natolotra, hoan'ny hafa indray, ianao, Lazao izy, ny voady omeko anao, Ilay fitiavako, ny fitiavako, fitia niova lolo, Raha mety ianao an'io, iny olo tiako iny, tena amin'ny foko, teny mamy, lasitra iray,   satria tiako anao&lt;ref&gt;[https://vetso.serasera.org/mpanoratra/ny-eja Profile de ny eja - Tononkalo Malagasy]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Loharano ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Sokajy:Mpanoratra malagasy]]</text>
      <sha1>fyuk3k19qu3w01qek40rztzdahj67p8</sha1>
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    <title>Wikipedia:Vaovao</title>
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&lt;!--
Fitsipika momban'ny fanovana ny fizarana &quot;VAOVAO&quot; :
0.   Aza kitihana ity zavatra ity.
1.   Apetraho ny daty nitrangan'ilay vaovao.
2.   Ataovy amin'ny soramahia ny zava-nitranga.
3.   Vaovao izay erak'izao tontolo izao hapetraka.

EO AMBANY EO NY VAOVAO NO HAPETRAKA
--&gt;
-----------------

* '''[[13 Aprily|13]] [[Avrily 2026|avrily]] [[2026]]''' : 
* Namoaka [[fanambaràna]] iraisana, hita amin'ireo pejy [[media sosialy]] an'ireo [[fikambanana]] manana ny lazany sy azo itokisana, ny fikambanana tsy miankina amin'ny fanjakana miisa 70 eto [[Madagasikara]], azo tononina ho Firaisamonim-pirenena, miantso ny mpitondra ny firenena amin'izao fotoana izao hanaja ny [[zo]] sy ny fahafahana fototra miteny sy maneho hevitra. Nomelohin-dry zareo ny fisamborana an-keriny sy tsy ara-dalàna natao tamin'ireo tanora nanao [[fihetsiketsehana]] ny zoma [[10 Aprily|10 avrily]] teo teny [[Ambohijatovo]]. Tsikaritra fa lasa fiampangana mahazatra ny &quot;fanohintohinana ny filaminam-bahoaka&quot; fanaon'ny mpitondra teo aloha efa nesorina. Takìn'ny Firaisamonim-pirenena amin'ny mpitondra noho izany ny:
** Hamotsorana avy hatrany, tsy misy fepetra ireo tanora mpanao fihetsiketsehana ary naneho hevitra am-pilaminana.
** Hanajana ny zo fototra
** Hametrahana sehatra fifampiresahana ofisialy, ahafahan'ireo mpisehatra rehetra, indrindra ny fikambanan'ny tanora, haneho am-pilaminana ny heviny, handroso ny soso-keviny sy ny fijeriny, ao anatin'ny fanajana ny firaisankina sy ny tsy fampiasana herisetra ary ao anaty ny firaisampirenena.

&lt;noinclude&gt;
* '''[[12 Aprily|12]] [[avrily]] [[2026]]''' : 
** Nandresy tamin'ny fifidianana parlemantera [[Hôngroà (vahoaka)|Hongroà]] ny Antoko [[Tisza]] tarihin'i [[Péter Magyar]], namarana ny 16 taona nitondran'ny [[Fidesz]] tarihin'i [[Viktor Orban|Viktor Orbán]].

* '''[[11 Aprily|11]] [[avrily]] [[2026]]''' :
** Nigadona teto an-[[tany]] tao amin'ny [[Oseana Pasifika]] ny [[sambondanitra]] [[Artemis 2]] an'ny [[NASA]], raha niainga ny [[1 Aprily|1 avrily]] teo ka nahavita nihodidina ny [[volana]].

** Nampidirin' ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary]] (IUCN) ho anisan'ny ahiana ho lany tamingana ny '''manchot empereur''' (Aptenodytes forsteri) noho ny fiantraikan'ny [[fiovan' ny toetany]]. 
[[File:Aptenodytes forsteri -Snow Hill Island, Antarctica -adults and juvenile-8.jpg|thumb|Penguin]]
** Tonga any Islamabad, [[Pakistàna|Pakistan]] ireo delegasionan'i [[Etazonia]] sy [[Iràna|Iran]] mba hifampiraharaha ny fampitsaharana ady. Io no fihaonana ambony indrindra teo amin'ny firenena roa tonta hatramin'ny [[Revôlisiôna Iraniana|Revolisiona Iraniana]] 1979. Ny delegasiona Iraniana notarihin'ny filohan'ny parlemanta Iraniana [[Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf]] sy ny Minisitry ny Raharaham-bahiny [[Abbas Araghchi]] ary ny delegasionan'i Etazonia kosa notarihin'ny filoha lefitra [[JD Vance]].
** Nihaona tamin'i [[Xi Jinping]], Sekretera Jeneralin'ny [[Kômonisma|Antoko Kômonista Shinoa]], tao [[Beijing]] ny delegasionan'ny [[Kuomintang]] notarihin'ny Filohany, [[Cheng Li-wen]].

* '''[[8 Aprily|8]] [[avrily]] [[2026]]''' : 
** Nandidy ny '''[[Governemanta Malagasy|fanjakana malagasy]]''' fa tsy hahetsika mandritra ny tapabolana ny vidin'ny '''[[solika]]''' eto Madagasikara. 4900 Ar ny litatry ny [[lasantsy]], 4660 Ar ny litatry ny gazoala ary 3510 ariary ny litatry ny [[solitany]] (pétrole).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.omh.mg/index.php?page=filactus&amp;id=92&lt;/ref&gt; 
** Noho ny fanelanelanana nataon'i '''[[Pakistàna|Pakistan]]''' dia mitsahatra tapabolana ny '''[[ady]]''' ifanaovan'i '''[[Etazonia]]''' sy '''[[Iràna|Iran]]'''
** Ora vitsy taorian'ny fampiatoana ady tao amin'ny faritra, nahafaty olona 357 farafahakeliny ny fanafihana [[Israelianina|israeliana]] tao [[Libàna|Libàna]].

* '''[[7 Aprily|7]] [[avrily]] [[2026]]''' - Filankevitry ny minisitra manambara ny hamehana ara-angovo manerana ny firenena mandritra ny tapabolana noho ny tsi-fahampian'ny solika vokatry ny ady ifanaovan'i [[Etazonia]] sy [[Iràna|Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgj0dzwgzq5o&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[3 Aprily|3]] [[Aprily|avrily]] [[2026]]''' - Olona 13 no ampangain'ny mpitondra ho mikasa hamono ny filoha '''[[Michaël Randrianirina|Randrianirina Michaël]]''', hoy ny mpampanoa lalàna '''Narindra Navalona Rakotoniaina''', 11 no notazonina tamin'izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.africanews.com/2026/04/03/madagascar-13-charged-in-plot-to-kill-interim-leader-randrianirina/&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[31 Martsa|31]] [[Martsa|marsa]] [[2026]]''' - Notendren'ny Filoha '''[[Michaël Randrianirina|Michael Randrianirina]]''' ho Masoivohon'i Madagasikara ao [[Paris]], [[Frantsa]] Atoa '''[[Michel Rabemahefa]]'''.&lt;ref&gt;https://www-africaintelligence-fr.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/afrique-australe-et-iles/2026/03/31/qui-sera-le-nouvel-ambassadeur-d-antananarivo-a-paris,110691441-art&lt;/ref&gt;

  
===Fifanekem-piarahamiasa Madagasikara sy Rwanda amin'ny resaka EBM===
Vita omaly '''30 marsa 2026''' tany '''[[Kigali]]''' renivohitr'i [[Rwanda]], navoaka ao amin'ny pejy Facebook an'ny '''Direction Générale des Impôts''' sy ny tranonkalany&lt;ref&gt;https://www.impots.mg/actualite/84?fbclid=IwY2xjawQ4qOJleHRuA2FlbQIxMABicmlkETFBeTRJeTdRRGY0N2hqbFdvc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQQMjIyMDM5MTc4ODIwMDg5MgABHnWj3dRiHgTTv6X_M7dePf7EptQNwD7nctV7Yk5g5Dg0uQfvZeuWFsFVmOa0_aem_3FySQbmNH21d4ptudmiJvQ&lt;/ref&gt; koa, ny fifanekem-piaraha-miasa (protocole d'accord - Memorandum of Understanding) eo amin'ny Rwanda sy Madagasikara amin'ny hanatanterahina ny famoaham-paktiora elektronika eto Madagasikara na &quot;'''Electronic Billing Machine (EBM)'''&quot;. Nanao sonia izany amin'ny anaran'i Madagasikara ny Tale Jeneralin'ny DGI Atoa '''Edmond Rafaralahy''' ary nisolo tena amin'ny anaran'i Rwanda kosa ny Kômisera Jeneralin'ny RRA (''Rwanda Revenue Anthority'') Atoa '''Ronald Niwenshuti''' ary samy nanatrika teo ihany koa ny delegasiona roa tonta.

Tohiny...&lt;ref&gt;https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wn/mg/2026/03/31/Fifanekem-piarahamiasa_Madagasikara_sy_Rwanda_amin%27ny_famoaham-paktiora_elektr%C3%B4nika&lt;/ref&gt;

===Football: Madagasikara 5-2 Kirghistan===
Araka ny fanambaràna navoakan'ny Federasiona Malagasy ny Football tao amin'ny pejy Facebook dia nomontsanin'ny '''Ekipam-pirenena malagasy ([[Barea]]) 05 - 02 ny ekipam-pirenen'i [[Kirgizistàna|Kirghistan]]''' nandritra ny lalao ara-pirahalahiana notontosaina tany Torkia. Notantarain'i Merveille Welo tao amin'ny '''Africa Top Sports&lt;ref&gt;https://www.africatopsports.com/2026/03/28/amical-madagascar-humilie-le-kirghizistan-en-une-mi-temps/&lt;/ref&gt;''' nivoaka tamin'ny '''28 marsa 2026''' tamin'ny 15:57 aza fa efa nitarika ny Barea tamin'ny isa 04 -01 tamin'ny fidirana voalohany ka tsy maintsy mitady izay fomba tsy haha-afa-baraka azy ny mpifanandrina mandritra ny tapa-potoana faharoa.

===Fiaraha-miasa Fanjakana Mitambatra (UK) - Madagasikara===
[[File:Cib-gov-uk (CoreUI Icons v1.0.0).svg|thumb]]
Namoaka filazana tao amin'ny tranonkalany&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gov.uk/world/madagascar/news&lt;/ref&gt; ofisialy ny Fanjakana Britanika tamin'ny '''26 marsa 2026''' lasa teo fa manomboka izao ny teratany malagasy mangataka Visa ho any amin'io Firenena Mitambatra io dia amin'ny alalan'ny eVisa ihany no hanaovana izany fa tsy amin'ny fomba hafa mba hahamora sy mahomby kokoa ny dia. Vaovao mahafinaritra ho antsika avy aty Madagasikara izany.

===Governemanta Rajaonarison===

Efa misy ny takelaka manokana '''[[Governemanta Rajaonarison]]''' raha mitady izany ianao. Tsindrio io sora-matevina io.  


=== Ireo mpikambana mandrafitra ny governemanta RAJAONARISON Mamitiana Jeannot Ruffin ===
Notendrena ary naseho vahoaka tamin'ny alalan'ny haino aman-jery an'ny fanjakana sy tsy miankina mbamin'ny media sosialy tetsy amin'ny Lapam-panjakana Iavoloha androany alarobia 25 marsa 2026 alina teo ireo mpikambana ao amin'ny governemanta vaovao tarihin'ny Praiminisitra RAJAONARISON Mamitiana. Ireto avy izy ireo :
* Minisitry ny Foloalindahy : Jeneraly RAZAFITOMBO Maminirina Ely
* Minisitry ny Raharaham-bahiny : Dr N'DIAYE Alice
* Minisitry ny Fitsarana, mpitahiry ny tombokasem-panjakana : ERNAIVO Fanirisoa
* Minisitry ny Atitany sy fanapariaham-pahefana: RAKOTONANDRASANA Hanitra Velonjara Tiaray
* Minisitry ny Toekarena sy Fitantanam-bola : RAMIARISON Herinjatovo Aimé
* Minisitry ny Filaminam-bahoaka : IGP ERICK MICHEL WOULI IDRISSA
* Minisitry ny Fanavaozana : RAZAFIMANANTSOA Lobo Hanitriniaina
* Minisitry ny Fanajariana ny tany : GD LYLISON René de Rolland
* Minisitry ny Fahasalamam-bahoaka : Dr MANAGNA Monira
* Minisitry ny Fampianarana Ambony sy ny fikarohana siantifika: Pr RAVONIMANANTSOA Ndaohialy Manda-Vy
* Minisitry ny Fanabeazam-pirenena : RAJAONARISON Sendra Nirina
* Minisitry ny Fampianarana ara-teknika sy fanofanana arak’asa : ANDRIAMAMPANDRY Todisoa Manampy
* Minisitry ny Fambolena sy Fahavitan-tena ara-tsakafo : RAMINDO Gaëtan
* Minisitry ny Fiompiana : RANDRIANOMENJANAHARY Riana Nantenaina
* Minisitry ny Indostria sy fampivelarana sy sehatra tsy miankina : RAHARIMANJATO Ny Riana Nampoina
* Minisitry ny Varotra sy Fanjifana : ANDRIAMADISON Michela Haingotiana Angèle
* Minisitry ny Asa sy Fampanan’asa ary ny asam-panjakana : DENIS FRANCONIO MAC
* Minisitry ny Fitaterana sy Famantarana ny toetrandro : ANDRIANAVALONA RAMANAMBOLA Herizo
* Minisitry ny Angovo sy Akoran'afo: RABEARIMANGA Radonirina Lucas
* Minisitry ny Harena an-kibon’ny tany sy Loharanon-karena stratejika : ANDRIAMPARANY Carl de Mon Espoir
* Minisitry ny Asa vaventy : RAFEFIMANANA Sambilason Richard
* Minisitry ny Jono sy Toekarena manga : Pr MAHARAVO Jean
* Minisitry ny Tontolo iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana lovain-jafy : ANDRIATSIHALA Nolave Luck Aristide
* Minisitry ny Fizahantany sy Asa tanana : VOLOLONIAINA Lucie
* Minisitry ny Rano, ny fanadiovana ary ny fidiovana : RAZAFINDRIANIAINA Minosoa Anjaratiana Elia
* Minisitry ny Haitao ara-kajy Mirindra, Paositra sy fifandraisandavitra : ANDRIAMAMPIADANA Mahefa
* Minisitry ny Mponina sy Firaisankina : RAKOTONIAINA Voahanginiriana Cathia
* Minisitry ny Tanora sy Fanatanjahantena : RASAMBANY Alain Desiré
* Minisitry ny Serasera sy Kolontsaina : MANDRINDRARIVONY O’Gascar Fenosoa
* Minisitry delege misahana ny Zandarimaria : GCA BAMA MARIMA


=== Iraka delegasiona Vaomiera Vondrona Afrikana === 

Namita iraka teto Madagasikara ny delegasiona avy amin'ny Vaomieran'ny Vondrona Afrikana[1] notarihan'ny filohany ny S.E. Mahmoud Ali Youssouf ny 16 ka hatramin'ny 21 marsa 2026 lasa teo. Anto-dian-dry zareo ny hijery sy hanombana ny fahavoazana nateraky ny fandalovan'ny rivodoza Gezani tamin'ny 10 febroary 2026 lasa teo.
Voatomban'ny delegasiona ary fa 478.000 ny isan'ny tra-boina tamin'ny ilany atsinanana sy afovoan'i Madagasikara, mihoatra ny 20.800 ny isan'ny olona voatery nafindra toerana, mihoatra ny 800 ny isan'ny naratra ary 59 ny isan'ny maty tamin'izany. Ho fanehoam-piraisankinan'ny Vondrona Afrikana dia nanamora ny fitsinjarana sakafo sy zavatra mitentina 20.000 dôlara US ny delegasiona ary nofenoin'ny Vatsy Fanampiana maha-olona 200.000 dôlara US izany.

=== Maorisy: Sahirantsaina amin'ny lazany manoloana ny raharaha Ravatomanga ===

[[File:Bleu2.jpg|thumb|Mamy Ravatomanga]]
Araka ny vaovao navoakan'ny [https://www.billionaires.africa/2026/03/22/the-detention-of-malagasy-tycoon-mamy-ravatomanga-in-mauritius-is-threatening-the-islands-financial-reputation-ahead-of-its-2027-fatf-review/ Billionaires Africa] tamin'ny alahady 22 marsa 2026 lasa teo dia manahiran-tsaina ny mpitondra ao Maorisy ity '''raharaha Ravatomanga''' ity. Fitsapana mafy ho an'ny mpitondra izany satria manakaiky ny fanomezana naoty sy fampilaharana ny isam-pirenena amin'ny ady ataony amin'ny famotsiam-bola sy ny ady amin'ny famatsiana ny fampihorohoroana mbamin'ny fampielezana fitaovam-piadiana mahery vaika na ny [https://www.fatf-gafi.org/fr/Sujets/recommandations-du-GAFI.html 2027 FATF (GAFI 2027)]. 


Raha sanatria manko midina ny naotiny noho io raharaha io dia mety hitarika ho amin'ny fahaverezan'ny fitokisan'ny mpampiasa vola izany ka hisy fiantraikany avy hatrany amin'ny toekaren'ity nosy ity. Heverina noho izany fa tsy hanamaivamaivana velively ity raharaha ity ny ao Maorisy fa hitandrina mafy amin'ny zavatra rehetra tokony ataony. Tamin'ny taona 2012 ny FATF/GAFI no namoaka fandrisihana voalohany ireo karazana fenitra arahin'ny isam-pirenena ahafahana miady amin'ny voina ataon'olombelona efa voalaza etsy ambony.


=== Madagasikara : Milina mpamantatra lainga no manao fitsapana ireo te-ho minisitra ===

[[File:Russian-Malagasy talks (2026-02-19) 07.jpg|thumb|Ny Filoha Malagasy nandritra ny fifampidinihana teo amin'ny Rosiana sy ny Malagasy raha nanao fitsidihana amin'ny fomba ofisialy tany ny delegasiona malagasy (19 febroay 2026) 07]] Nanambara ny Filohan'ny Fanavaozana an'i Madagasikara [[Michaël Randrianirina|Randrianirina Michael]] tamin'ny alakamisy 19 marsa 2026 lasa teo fa hosedraina amin'ny milina mpamantatra lainga avokoa izay rehetra te-ho minisitra handrafitra ny governemanta Rajaonarison. Nambarany tamin'ny [[mpanao gazety]] fa avy amin'izany no ahafantarana&lt;ref&gt;https://apnews.com/article/madagascar-lie-detector-tests-coup-politics-ac27f0fac3c812b56e6e233aaa173e0e&lt;/ref&gt; izay mpanao kolikoly ary avy amin'izany ihany koa no ahitana izay afaka manampy azy ireo. Samy mitovy ny nambaran'ireo fampitam-baovao miteny anglisy&lt;ref&gt;https://www.africanews.com/amp/2026/03/20/madagascars-president-orders-polygraph-for-aspiring-ministers/&lt;/ref&gt; fa tsy hoe olona madio 100% no hokarohina fa rehefa mahatratra ny 60% ny fahadiovany dia afaka amin'ny fitsapana voalohany izy.&lt;br&gt;


Voalaza manko fa vao nahazo io milina mpamantatra lainga io (polygraphe) io isika ary misy manampahaizana manokana mikirakira azy ihany koa vonona hanao izany. Afaka amin'io dingana voalohany io ireo te-ho minisitra vao manao dinika amin'ny [[Filoham-pirenena|Filoha]] sy ny [[Praiminisitran'i Madagasikara|Praiminisitra]]. Efa andrasana fatratra moa amin'izao fotoana izao ny fivoahan'ny lisitra ahitana ireo mpikambana ao amin'ny [[Governemanta|governemanta]] vaovao.


==== 29 Aprily 2016 ====
Lozam-pifamoivozana teny amin’ny &lt;big&gt;Digue&lt;/big&gt; sy tany &lt;big&gt;Mahitsy&lt;/big&gt; [[Antananarivo]] : 12 no [[maty]], 37 naratra mafy

Nanoloana izany, dia nitsidika tao amin’ny [[hopitaly]] HJRA (Hopital Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona) an'ireo niharam-boina ny filoha Malagasy ‪[[Hery ‎Rajaonarimampianina]]‬ ny alin'io ihany:  nankahery ireo naratra sy naneho ny fiaraha-miory tamin’ireo fianakaviana namoy havana.

Baiko hentitra no nomen'ny filoha ny tompon’andraikitra rehetra mba hanamafy ny fampiharana ny lalàna sy ny fitsipiky ny fifamoivozana, hampihatra tsy misy indrafo ny famaizana amin’izay mihoa-pefy sy tsy manara-dalàna, ary hanaramaso akaiky ny fanomezana alàlana hamily fiara, indrindra eo amin’ny sehatry ny fitateram-bahoaka.

Niantso ireo mpitatitra ihany koa izy mba ho matihanina ny [[mpamily]] ampiasaina satria ain’olona no lalaovin’ireo manao kitoatoa amin’ny asany. Asiana sampan’ny [[BIANCO]] koa, hoy ny filoha, eny amin’ireo toby fitsirihana ara-teknika mba tsy ho nohon’ny [[kolikoly]] no ahazoana alàlana, kanefa hitera-doza satria tsy tomombana ny fiara.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.presidence.gov.mg/accidents-de-taxibe-application-stricte-des-lois-et-reglements/&lt;/ref&gt;

-----------------

==== Vaovao efa lasa ====
* Voatendry ny Praiministra vaovao
Nampahafantarin'ny Sekretera Jeneralin’ny Fiadidiana ny Repoblika io takariva io teny amin'ny [[lapan'Iavoloha]], ny Didim-panjakana laharana faha-2016-250, izay nanendren’ny Filoham-pirenena an Atoa [[Mahafaly Solonandrasana Olivier|MAHAFALY Solonandrasana Olivier]] ho [[Praiministra]] sady Lehiben’ny [[Governemanta]].
Mandra-pitsangan’ny Governemanta vaovao dia iantohan’ireo mpikambana ao amin’ny Governemanta amperinasa ny fampandehanan-draharaha andavanandro.

* Fifamindram-pahefana : tontosa androany maraina
Androany maraina no nandray ny andraikiny teny amin’ny [[lapan’I Mahazoarivo]] ny Praiministra vaovao Mahafaly Olivier.
Nambarany fa hitsangana haingana ny governemanta izay hotarihiny, ekipa hiray hina sy hiombom-bina amin’ny ady amin’ny fahantrana sy ny ho fihatsaram-pianina amin’ny lafiny rehetra ho an’ny mpiray taninfrazana. Ho takiana amin’ireo [[ministra]] ny vokatra misy fiantraikany mivantana amin’ny vahoaka, hoy izy.

== Ny pejy hafa ahitana vaovao ==
; Vaovao eto amin'i Wikimedia :
* [[Wikipedia:Vaovao Wikimedia|Vaovao Wikimedia]] &amp;amp;ndash; eto amin'i Wikipedia
* [[:m:Wikimedia News|Wikimedia News]] eo amin'i Metawiki.

== 4 martsa 2016 15 ora takariva wikipédia eto Mahajanga ==

Ampitapitao : takariva iray atokana ho an'ny rehetra liana hianatra Wikipédia : fanaovana lahatsoratra, fanokafan-pejy vaovao : [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Mois_de_la_contribution/Mahajanga Wikipédia Mois_de_la_contribution/Mahajanga]--[[Mpikambana:Zanatan|Zanatan]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Zanatan|resaka]]) 14 Febroary 2016 à 12:10 (UTC)
==Closure of Malagasy Wikibooks==
Hi, Malagasy Wikibooks is &lt;s&gt;going&lt;/s&gt; &lt;u&gt;proposed&lt;/u&gt; to be closed. For more information go to [[meta:Proposals for closing projects|Meta Wiki]]. --[[Mpikambana:Doostdar|Doostdar]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Doostdar|resaka]]) 20 Febroary 2018 à 13:24 (UTC)
:Edited. [[Mpikambana:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:StevenJ81|resaka]]) 21 Febroary 2018 à 22:53 (UTC)

== Loharano ==
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&lt;!--
Fitsipika momban'ny fanovana ny fizarana &quot;VAOVAO&quot; :
0.   Aza kitihana ity zavatra ity.
1.   Apetraho ny daty nitrangan'ilay vaovao.
2.   Ataovy amin'ny soramahia ny zava-nitranga.
3.   Vaovao izay erak'izao tontolo izao hapetraka.

EO AMBANY EO NY VAOVAO NO HAPETRAKA
--&gt;
-----------------

* '''[[13 Aprily|13]] [[Avrily 2026|avrily]] [[2026]]''' : 
* Fantatra fa dimy ny isan'ireo Gen Z nitarika ny hetsika 10 avrily 2026 nosamborina sy atao fanadihadiana ao amin'ny Brigade Criminelle ao Anosy.&lt;ref&gt;https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/reunion/madagascar-cinq-jeunes-de-la-gen-z-places-en-garde-a-vue-1691498.html?&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://midi-madagasikara.mg/gen-z-herizo-auditionne-a-la-brigade-criminelle/&lt;/ref&gt;
* Namoaka [[fanambaràna]] iraisana, hita amin'ireo pejy [[media sosialy]] an'ireo [[fikambanana]] manana ny lazany sy azo itokisana, ny fikambanana tsy miankina amin'ny fanjakana miisa 70 eto [[Madagasikara]], azo tononina ho Firaisamonim-pirenena, miantso ny mpitondra ny firenena amin'izao fotoana izao hanaja ny [[zo]] sy ny fahafahana fototra miteny sy maneho hevitra. Nomelohin-dry zareo ny fisamborana an-keriny sy tsy ara-dalàna natao tamin'ireo tanora nanao [[fihetsiketsehana]] ny zoma [[10 Aprily|10 avrily]] teo teny [[Ambohijatovo]]. Tsikaritra fa lasa fiampangana mahazatra ny &quot;fanohintohinana ny filaminam-bahoaka&quot; fanaon'ny mpitondra teo aloha efa nesorina. Takìn'ny Firaisamonim-pirenena amin'ny mpitondra noho izany ny:
** Hamotsorana avy hatrany, tsy misy fepetra ireo tanora mpanao fihetsiketsehana ary naneho hevitra am-pilaminana.
** Hanajana ny zo fototra
** Hametrahana sehatra fifampiresahana ofisialy, ahafahan'ireo mpisehatra rehetra, indrindra ny fikambanan'ny tanora, haneho am-pilaminana ny heviny, handroso ny soso-keviny sy ny fijeriny, ao anatin'ny fanajana ny firaisankina sy ny tsy fampiasana herisetra ary ao anaty ny firaisampirenena.

&lt;noinclude&gt;
* '''[[12 Aprily|12]] [[avrily]] [[2026]]''' : 
** Nandresy tamin'ny fifidianana parlemantera [[Hôngroà (vahoaka)|Hongroà]] ny Antoko [[Tisza]] tarihin'i [[Péter Magyar]], namarana ny 16 taona nitondran'ny [[Fidesz]] tarihin'i [[Viktor Orban|Viktor Orbán]].

* '''[[11 Aprily|11]] [[avrily]] [[2026]]''' :
** Nigadona teto an-[[tany]] tao amin'ny [[Oseana Pasifika]] ny [[sambondanitra]] [[Artemis 2]] an'ny [[NASA]], raha niainga ny [[1 Aprily|1 avrily]] teo ka nahavita nihodidina ny [[volana]].

** Nampidirin' ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena ho an' ny Fitahirizana ny Zavaboary]] (IUCN) ho anisan'ny ahiana ho lany tamingana ny '''manchot empereur''' (Aptenodytes forsteri) noho ny fiantraikan'ny [[fiovan' ny toetany]]. 
[[File:Aptenodytes forsteri -Snow Hill Island, Antarctica -adults and juvenile-8.jpg|thumb|Penguin]]
** Tonga any Islamabad, [[Pakistàna|Pakistan]] ireo delegasionan'i [[Etazonia]] sy [[Iràna|Iran]] mba hifampiraharaha ny fampitsaharana ady. Io no fihaonana ambony indrindra teo amin'ny firenena roa tonta hatramin'ny [[Revôlisiôna Iraniana|Revolisiona Iraniana]] 1979. Ny delegasiona Iraniana notarihin'ny filohan'ny parlemanta Iraniana [[Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf]] sy ny Minisitry ny Raharaham-bahiny [[Abbas Araghchi]] ary ny delegasionan'i Etazonia kosa notarihin'ny filoha lefitra [[JD Vance]].
** Nihaona tamin'i [[Xi Jinping]], Sekretera Jeneralin'ny [[Kômonisma|Antoko Kômonista Shinoa]], tao [[Beijing]] ny delegasionan'ny [[Kuomintang]] notarihin'ny Filohany, [[Cheng Li-wen]].

* '''[[8 Aprily|8]] [[avrily]] [[2026]]''' : 
** Nandidy ny '''[[Governemanta Malagasy|fanjakana malagasy]]''' fa tsy hahetsika mandritra ny tapabolana ny vidin'ny '''[[solika]]''' eto Madagasikara. 4900 Ar ny litatry ny [[lasantsy]], 4660 Ar ny litatry ny gazoala ary 3510 ariary ny litatry ny [[solitany]] (pétrole).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.omh.mg/index.php?page=filactus&amp;id=92&lt;/ref&gt; 
** Noho ny fanelanelanana nataon'i '''[[Pakistàna|Pakistan]]''' dia mitsahatra tapabolana ny '''[[ady]]''' ifanaovan'i '''[[Etazonia]]''' sy '''[[Iràna|Iran]]'''
** Ora vitsy taorian'ny fampiatoana ady tao amin'ny faritra, nahafaty olona 357 farafahakeliny ny fanafihana [[Israelianina|israeliana]] tao [[Libàna|Libàna]].

* '''[[7 Aprily|7]] [[avrily]] [[2026]]''' - Filankevitry ny minisitra manambara ny hamehana ara-angovo manerana ny firenena mandritra ny tapabolana noho ny tsi-fahampian'ny solika vokatry ny ady ifanaovan'i [[Etazonia]] sy [[Iràna|Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgj0dzwgzq5o&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[3 Aprily|3]] [[Aprily|avrily]] [[2026]]''' - Olona 13 no ampangain'ny mpitondra ho mikasa hamono ny filoha '''[[Michaël Randrianirina|Randrianirina Michaël]]''', hoy ny mpampanoa lalàna '''Narindra Navalona Rakotoniaina''', 11 no notazonina tamin'izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.africanews.com/2026/04/03/madagascar-13-charged-in-plot-to-kill-interim-leader-randrianirina/&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[31 Martsa|31]] [[Martsa|marsa]] [[2026]]''' - Notendren'ny Filoha '''[[Michaël Randrianirina|Michael Randrianirina]]''' ho Masoivohon'i Madagasikara ao [[Paris]], [[Frantsa]] Atoa '''[[Michel Rabemahefa]]'''.&lt;ref&gt;https://www-africaintelligence-fr.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/afrique-australe-et-iles/2026/03/31/qui-sera-le-nouvel-ambassadeur-d-antananarivo-a-paris,110691441-art&lt;/ref&gt;

  
===Fifanekem-piarahamiasa Madagasikara sy Rwanda amin'ny resaka EBM===
Vita omaly '''30 marsa 2026''' tany '''[[Kigali]]''' renivohitr'i [[Rwanda]], navoaka ao amin'ny pejy Facebook an'ny '''Direction Générale des Impôts''' sy ny tranonkalany&lt;ref&gt;https://www.impots.mg/actualite/84?fbclid=IwY2xjawQ4qOJleHRuA2FlbQIxMABicmlkETFBeTRJeTdRRGY0N2hqbFdvc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQQMjIyMDM5MTc4ODIwMDg5MgABHnWj3dRiHgTTv6X_M7dePf7EptQNwD7nctV7Yk5g5Dg0uQfvZeuWFsFVmOa0_aem_3FySQbmNH21d4ptudmiJvQ&lt;/ref&gt; koa, ny fifanekem-piaraha-miasa (protocole d'accord - Memorandum of Understanding) eo amin'ny Rwanda sy Madagasikara amin'ny hanatanterahina ny famoaham-paktiora elektronika eto Madagasikara na &quot;'''Electronic Billing Machine (EBM)'''&quot;. Nanao sonia izany amin'ny anaran'i Madagasikara ny Tale Jeneralin'ny DGI Atoa '''Edmond Rafaralahy''' ary nisolo tena amin'ny anaran'i Rwanda kosa ny Kômisera Jeneralin'ny RRA (''Rwanda Revenue Anthority'') Atoa '''Ronald Niwenshuti''' ary samy nanatrika teo ihany koa ny delegasiona roa tonta.

Tohiny...&lt;ref&gt;https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wn/mg/2026/03/31/Fifanekem-piarahamiasa_Madagasikara_sy_Rwanda_amin%27ny_famoaham-paktiora_elektr%C3%B4nika&lt;/ref&gt;

===Football: Madagasikara 5-2 Kirghistan===
Araka ny fanambaràna navoakan'ny Federasiona Malagasy ny Football tao amin'ny pejy Facebook dia nomontsanin'ny '''Ekipam-pirenena malagasy ([[Barea]]) 05 - 02 ny ekipam-pirenen'i [[Kirgizistàna|Kirghistan]]''' nandritra ny lalao ara-pirahalahiana notontosaina tany Torkia. Notantarain'i Merveille Welo tao amin'ny '''Africa Top Sports&lt;ref&gt;https://www.africatopsports.com/2026/03/28/amical-madagascar-humilie-le-kirghizistan-en-une-mi-temps/&lt;/ref&gt;''' nivoaka tamin'ny '''28 marsa 2026''' tamin'ny 15:57 aza fa efa nitarika ny Barea tamin'ny isa 04 -01 tamin'ny fidirana voalohany ka tsy maintsy mitady izay fomba tsy haha-afa-baraka azy ny mpifanandrina mandritra ny tapa-potoana faharoa.

===Fiaraha-miasa Fanjakana Mitambatra (UK) - Madagasikara===
[[File:Cib-gov-uk (CoreUI Icons v1.0.0).svg|thumb]]
Namoaka filazana tao amin'ny tranonkalany&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gov.uk/world/madagascar/news&lt;/ref&gt; ofisialy ny Fanjakana Britanika tamin'ny '''26 marsa 2026''' lasa teo fa manomboka izao ny teratany malagasy mangataka Visa ho any amin'io Firenena Mitambatra io dia amin'ny alalan'ny eVisa ihany no hanaovana izany fa tsy amin'ny fomba hafa mba hahamora sy mahomby kokoa ny dia. Vaovao mahafinaritra ho antsika avy aty Madagasikara izany.

===Governemanta Rajaonarison===

Efa misy ny takelaka manokana '''[[Governemanta Rajaonarison]]''' raha mitady izany ianao. Tsindrio io sora-matevina io.  


=== Ireo mpikambana mandrafitra ny governemanta RAJAONARISON Mamitiana Jeannot Ruffin ===
Notendrena ary naseho vahoaka tamin'ny alalan'ny haino aman-jery an'ny fanjakana sy tsy miankina mbamin'ny media sosialy tetsy amin'ny Lapam-panjakana Iavoloha androany alarobia 25 marsa 2026 alina teo ireo mpikambana ao amin'ny governemanta vaovao tarihin'ny Praiminisitra RAJAONARISON Mamitiana. Ireto avy izy ireo :
* Minisitry ny Foloalindahy : Jeneraly RAZAFITOMBO Maminirina Ely
* Minisitry ny Raharaham-bahiny : Dr N'DIAYE Alice
* Minisitry ny Fitsarana, mpitahiry ny tombokasem-panjakana : ERNAIVO Fanirisoa
* Minisitry ny Atitany sy fanapariaham-pahefana: RAKOTONANDRASANA Hanitra Velonjara Tiaray
* Minisitry ny Toekarena sy Fitantanam-bola : RAMIARISON Herinjatovo Aimé
* Minisitry ny Filaminam-bahoaka : IGP ERICK MICHEL WOULI IDRISSA
* Minisitry ny Fanavaozana : RAZAFIMANANTSOA Lobo Hanitriniaina
* Minisitry ny Fanajariana ny tany : GD LYLISON René de Rolland
* Minisitry ny Fahasalamam-bahoaka : Dr MANAGNA Monira
* Minisitry ny Fampianarana Ambony sy ny fikarohana siantifika: Pr RAVONIMANANTSOA Ndaohialy Manda-Vy
* Minisitry ny Fanabeazam-pirenena : RAJAONARISON Sendra Nirina
* Minisitry ny Fampianarana ara-teknika sy fanofanana arak’asa : ANDRIAMAMPANDRY Todisoa Manampy
* Minisitry ny Fambolena sy Fahavitan-tena ara-tsakafo : RAMINDO Gaëtan
* Minisitry ny Fiompiana : RANDRIANOMENJANAHARY Riana Nantenaina
* Minisitry ny Indostria sy fampivelarana sy sehatra tsy miankina : RAHARIMANJATO Ny Riana Nampoina
* Minisitry ny Varotra sy Fanjifana : ANDRIAMADISON Michela Haingotiana Angèle
* Minisitry ny Asa sy Fampanan’asa ary ny asam-panjakana : DENIS FRANCONIO MAC
* Minisitry ny Fitaterana sy Famantarana ny toetrandro : ANDRIANAVALONA RAMANAMBOLA Herizo
* Minisitry ny Angovo sy Akoran'afo: RABEARIMANGA Radonirina Lucas
* Minisitry ny Harena an-kibon’ny tany sy Loharanon-karena stratejika : ANDRIAMPARANY Carl de Mon Espoir
* Minisitry ny Asa vaventy : RAFEFIMANANA Sambilason Richard
* Minisitry ny Jono sy Toekarena manga : Pr MAHARAVO Jean
* Minisitry ny Tontolo iainana sy ny Fampandrosoana lovain-jafy : ANDRIATSIHALA Nolave Luck Aristide
* Minisitry ny Fizahantany sy Asa tanana : VOLOLONIAINA Lucie
* Minisitry ny Rano, ny fanadiovana ary ny fidiovana : RAZAFINDRIANIAINA Minosoa Anjaratiana Elia
* Minisitry ny Haitao ara-kajy Mirindra, Paositra sy fifandraisandavitra : ANDRIAMAMPIADANA Mahefa
* Minisitry ny Mponina sy Firaisankina : RAKOTONIAINA Voahanginiriana Cathia
* Minisitry ny Tanora sy Fanatanjahantena : RASAMBANY Alain Desiré
* Minisitry ny Serasera sy Kolontsaina : MANDRINDRARIVONY O’Gascar Fenosoa
* Minisitry delege misahana ny Zandarimaria : GCA BAMA MARIMA


=== Iraka delegasiona Vaomiera Vondrona Afrikana === 

Namita iraka teto Madagasikara ny delegasiona avy amin'ny Vaomieran'ny Vondrona Afrikana[1] notarihan'ny filohany ny S.E. Mahmoud Ali Youssouf ny 16 ka hatramin'ny 21 marsa 2026 lasa teo. Anto-dian-dry zareo ny hijery sy hanombana ny fahavoazana nateraky ny fandalovan'ny rivodoza Gezani tamin'ny 10 febroary 2026 lasa teo.
Voatomban'ny delegasiona ary fa 478.000 ny isan'ny tra-boina tamin'ny ilany atsinanana sy afovoan'i Madagasikara, mihoatra ny 20.800 ny isan'ny olona voatery nafindra toerana, mihoatra ny 800 ny isan'ny naratra ary 59 ny isan'ny maty tamin'izany. Ho fanehoam-piraisankinan'ny Vondrona Afrikana dia nanamora ny fitsinjarana sakafo sy zavatra mitentina 20.000 dôlara US ny delegasiona ary nofenoin'ny Vatsy Fanampiana maha-olona 200.000 dôlara US izany.

=== Maorisy: Sahirantsaina amin'ny lazany manoloana ny raharaha Ravatomanga ===

[[File:Bleu2.jpg|thumb|Mamy Ravatomanga]]
Araka ny vaovao navoakan'ny [https://www.billionaires.africa/2026/03/22/the-detention-of-malagasy-tycoon-mamy-ravatomanga-in-mauritius-is-threatening-the-islands-financial-reputation-ahead-of-its-2027-fatf-review/ Billionaires Africa] tamin'ny alahady 22 marsa 2026 lasa teo dia manahiran-tsaina ny mpitondra ao Maorisy ity '''raharaha Ravatomanga''' ity. Fitsapana mafy ho an'ny mpitondra izany satria manakaiky ny fanomezana naoty sy fampilaharana ny isam-pirenena amin'ny ady ataony amin'ny famotsiam-bola sy ny ady amin'ny famatsiana ny fampihorohoroana mbamin'ny fampielezana fitaovam-piadiana mahery vaika na ny [https://www.fatf-gafi.org/fr/Sujets/recommandations-du-GAFI.html 2027 FATF (GAFI 2027)]. 


Raha sanatria manko midina ny naotiny noho io raharaha io dia mety hitarika ho amin'ny fahaverezan'ny fitokisan'ny mpampiasa vola izany ka hisy fiantraikany avy hatrany amin'ny toekaren'ity nosy ity. Heverina noho izany fa tsy hanamaivamaivana velively ity raharaha ity ny ao Maorisy fa hitandrina mafy amin'ny zavatra rehetra tokony ataony. Tamin'ny taona 2012 ny FATF/GAFI no namoaka fandrisihana voalohany ireo karazana fenitra arahin'ny isam-pirenena ahafahana miady amin'ny voina ataon'olombelona efa voalaza etsy ambony.


=== Madagasikara : Milina mpamantatra lainga no manao fitsapana ireo te-ho minisitra ===

[[File:Russian-Malagasy talks (2026-02-19) 07.jpg|thumb|Ny Filoha Malagasy nandritra ny fifampidinihana teo amin'ny Rosiana sy ny Malagasy raha nanao fitsidihana amin'ny fomba ofisialy tany ny delegasiona malagasy (19 febroay 2026) 07]] Nanambara ny Filohan'ny Fanavaozana an'i Madagasikara [[Michaël Randrianirina|Randrianirina Michael]] tamin'ny alakamisy 19 marsa 2026 lasa teo fa hosedraina amin'ny milina mpamantatra lainga avokoa izay rehetra te-ho minisitra handrafitra ny governemanta Rajaonarison. Nambarany tamin'ny [[mpanao gazety]] fa avy amin'izany no ahafantarana&lt;ref&gt;https://apnews.com/article/madagascar-lie-detector-tests-coup-politics-ac27f0fac3c812b56e6e233aaa173e0e&lt;/ref&gt; izay mpanao kolikoly ary avy amin'izany ihany koa no ahitana izay afaka manampy azy ireo. Samy mitovy ny nambaran'ireo fampitam-baovao miteny anglisy&lt;ref&gt;https://www.africanews.com/amp/2026/03/20/madagascars-president-orders-polygraph-for-aspiring-ministers/&lt;/ref&gt; fa tsy hoe olona madio 100% no hokarohina fa rehefa mahatratra ny 60% ny fahadiovany dia afaka amin'ny fitsapana voalohany izy.&lt;br&gt;


Voalaza manko fa vao nahazo io milina mpamantatra lainga io (polygraphe) io isika ary misy manampahaizana manokana mikirakira azy ihany koa vonona hanao izany. Afaka amin'io dingana voalohany io ireo te-ho minisitra vao manao dinika amin'ny [[Filoham-pirenena|Filoha]] sy ny [[Praiminisitran'i Madagasikara|Praiminisitra]]. Efa andrasana fatratra moa amin'izao fotoana izao ny fivoahan'ny lisitra ahitana ireo mpikambana ao amin'ny [[Governemanta|governemanta]] vaovao.


==== 29 Aprily 2016 ====
Lozam-pifamoivozana teny amin’ny &lt;big&gt;Digue&lt;/big&gt; sy tany &lt;big&gt;Mahitsy&lt;/big&gt; [[Antananarivo]] : 12 no [[maty]], 37 naratra mafy

Nanoloana izany, dia nitsidika tao amin’ny [[hopitaly]] HJRA (Hopital Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona) an'ireo niharam-boina ny filoha Malagasy ‪[[Hery ‎Rajaonarimampianina]]‬ ny alin'io ihany:  nankahery ireo naratra sy naneho ny fiaraha-miory tamin’ireo fianakaviana namoy havana.

Baiko hentitra no nomen'ny filoha ny tompon’andraikitra rehetra mba hanamafy ny fampiharana ny lalàna sy ny fitsipiky ny fifamoivozana, hampihatra tsy misy indrafo ny famaizana amin’izay mihoa-pefy sy tsy manara-dalàna, ary hanaramaso akaiky ny fanomezana alàlana hamily fiara, indrindra eo amin’ny sehatry ny fitateram-bahoaka.

Niantso ireo mpitatitra ihany koa izy mba ho matihanina ny [[mpamily]] ampiasaina satria ain’olona no lalaovin’ireo manao kitoatoa amin’ny asany. Asiana sampan’ny [[BIANCO]] koa, hoy ny filoha, eny amin’ireo toby fitsirihana ara-teknika mba tsy ho nohon’ny [[kolikoly]] no ahazoana alàlana, kanefa hitera-doza satria tsy tomombana ny fiara.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.presidence.gov.mg/accidents-de-taxibe-application-stricte-des-lois-et-reglements/&lt;/ref&gt;

-----------------

==== Vaovao efa lasa ====
* Voatendry ny Praiministra vaovao
Nampahafantarin'ny Sekretera Jeneralin’ny Fiadidiana ny Repoblika io takariva io teny amin'ny [[lapan'Iavoloha]], ny Didim-panjakana laharana faha-2016-250, izay nanendren’ny Filoham-pirenena an Atoa [[Mahafaly Solonandrasana Olivier|MAHAFALY Solonandrasana Olivier]] ho [[Praiministra]] sady Lehiben’ny [[Governemanta]].
Mandra-pitsangan’ny Governemanta vaovao dia iantohan’ireo mpikambana ao amin’ny Governemanta amperinasa ny fampandehanan-draharaha andavanandro.

* Fifamindram-pahefana : tontosa androany maraina
Androany maraina no nandray ny andraikiny teny amin’ny [[lapan’I Mahazoarivo]] ny Praiministra vaovao Mahafaly Olivier.
Nambarany fa hitsangana haingana ny governemanta izay hotarihiny, ekipa hiray hina sy hiombom-bina amin’ny ady amin’ny fahantrana sy ny ho fihatsaram-pianina amin’ny lafiny rehetra ho an’ny mpiray taninfrazana. Ho takiana amin’ireo [[ministra]] ny vokatra misy fiantraikany mivantana amin’ny vahoaka, hoy izy.

== Ny pejy hafa ahitana vaovao ==
; Vaovao eto amin'i Wikimedia :
* [[Wikipedia:Vaovao Wikimedia|Vaovao Wikimedia]] &amp;amp;ndash; eto amin'i Wikipedia
* [[:m:Wikimedia News|Wikimedia News]] eo amin'i Metawiki.

== 4 martsa 2016 15 ora takariva wikipédia eto Mahajanga ==

Ampitapitao : takariva iray atokana ho an'ny rehetra liana hianatra Wikipédia : fanaovana lahatsoratra, fanokafan-pejy vaovao : [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Mois_de_la_contribution/Mahajanga Wikipédia Mois_de_la_contribution/Mahajanga]--[[Mpikambana:Zanatan|Zanatan]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Zanatan|resaka]]) 14 Febroary 2016 à 12:10 (UTC)
==Closure of Malagasy Wikibooks==
Hi, Malagasy Wikibooks is &lt;s&gt;going&lt;/s&gt; &lt;u&gt;proposed&lt;/u&gt; to be closed. For more information go to [[meta:Proposals for closing projects|Meta Wiki]]. --[[Mpikambana:Doostdar|Doostdar]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:Doostdar|resaka]]) 20 Febroary 2018 à 13:24 (UTC)
:Edited. [[Mpikambana:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:StevenJ81|resaka]]) 21 Febroary 2018 à 22:53 (UTC)

== Loharano ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bordeaux</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10463</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135332</id>
      <parentid>1130759</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T02:40:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="1123" sha1="6iqo90j9lfg0nl2serjol4d5hikzz1m" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox tanàna
|anarana = Bordeaux
|velarantany = 49.36
|isam-ponina = 254436 
|ben'ny tanàna = Pierre Hurmic
|sary = Place_de_la_Bourse,_Bordeaux,_France.jpg
|saritany =
|firenena = Frantsa
|faritany = [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]
|tanànan-dehibe=1232550
}}

Ny '''Bordeaux''' (amin'ny [[fiteny ôksitana]]: '''Bordèu''') dia tanàna ao amin'ny departementan'i [[Gironde]], ao amin'ny faritra [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]], any [[Frantsa]].

== Jeografia ==
{{...}}
== Jereo koa ==

=== Loharano-karena ===

* Ity lahatsoratra manontolo ity dia nodikaina tamin'ny teny malagasy. Azonao jerena eto ny pejy loharanon'ity lahatsoratra ity : 
=== Rohy ivelany ===

* [http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/co_navigation.co_page?nivgeo=C&amp;codgeo=80027&amp;theme=ALL&amp;typeprod=ALL&amp;lang=FR&amp;quelcas=LISTE Bordeaux eo amin'ny sehatry ny Insee]

* [http://www.ign.fr/affiche_rubrique.asp?rbr_id=1087&amp;CommuneId=56404 Domfront eo amin'ny tranonkalan'i IGN] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ign.fr/affiche_rubrique.asp?rbr_id=1087&amp;CommuneId=56404 |date=20070311192652 }}
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao amin'ny faritr'i Gironde]]
[[Sokajy:Seranan-tsambo frantsay]]</text>
      <sha1>6iqo90j9lfg0nl2serjol4d5hikzz1m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135333</id>
      <parentid>1135332</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T02:41:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135333</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1101" sha1="sq6zunafh7k03htj4lxc3s9m2qbns7n" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox tanàna
|anarana = Bordeaux
|velarantany = 49.36
|isam-ponina = 254436 
|ben'ny tanàna = Pierre Hurmic
|sary = Place_de_la_Bourse,_Bordeaux,_France.jpg
|saritany =
|firenena = Frantsa
|faritany = [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]
|tanànan-dehibe=1232550
}}

Ny '''Bordeaux''' (amin'ny [[fiteny ôksitana]]: '''Bordèu''') dia tanàna ao amin'ny departementan'i [[Gironde]], ao amin'ny faritra [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]], any [[Frantsa]].


== Jereo koa ==

=== Loharano-karena ===

* Ity lahatsoratra manontolo ity dia nodikaina tamin'ny teny malagasy. Azonao jerena eto ny pejy loharanon'ity lahatsoratra ity : 
=== Rohy ivelany ===

* [http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/co_navigation.co_page?nivgeo=C&amp;codgeo=80027&amp;theme=ALL&amp;typeprod=ALL&amp;lang=FR&amp;quelcas=LISTE Bordeaux eo amin'ny sehatry ny Insee]

* [http://www.ign.fr/affiche_rubrique.asp?rbr_id=1087&amp;CommuneId=56404 Domfront eo amin'ny tranonkalan'i IGN] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ign.fr/affiche_rubrique.asp?rbr_id=1087&amp;CommuneId=56404 |date=20070311192652 }}
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao amin'ny faritr'i Gironde]]
[[Sokajy:Seranan-tsambo frantsay]]</text>
      <sha1>sq6zunafh7k03htj4lxc3s9m2qbns7n</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>36292</id>
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      <text bytes="1142" sha1="c5rr5qjwqxe2ntc4z5b2t2dv8joqqf3" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox tanàna
|anarana = Bordeaux
|velarantany = 49.36
|isam-ponina = 254436 
|ben'ny tanàna = Pierre Hurmic
|sary = Place_de_la_Bourse,_Bordeaux,_France.jpg
|saritany =
|firenena = Frantsa
|faritany = [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]
|tanànan-dehibe=1232550
}}

Ny '''Bordeaux''' (amin'ny [[fiteny ôksitana]]: '''Bordèu''') dia tanàna ao amin'ny departementan'i [[Gironde]], ao amin'ny faritra [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]], any [[Frantsa]].


== Jereo koa ==

=== Loharano-karena ===

* Ity lahatsoratra manontolo ity dia nodikaina tamin'ny teny malagasy. Azonao jerena eto ny pejy loharanon'ity lahatsoratra ity : 
=== Rohy ivelany ===

* [http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/co_navigation.co_page?nivgeo=C&amp;codgeo=80027&amp;theme=ALL&amp;typeprod=ALL&amp;lang=FR&amp;quelcas=LISTE Bordeaux eo amin'ny sehatry ny Insee]

* [http://www.ign.fr/affiche_rubrique.asp?rbr_id=1087&amp;CommuneId=56404 Domfront eo amin'ny tranonkalan'i IGN] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ign.fr/affiche_rubrique.asp?rbr_id=1087&amp;CommuneId=56404 |date=20070311192652 }}
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao amin'ny faritr'i Gironde]]
[[Sokajy:Seranan-tsambo frantsay]]
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]</text>
      <sha1>c5rr5qjwqxe2ntc4z5b2t2dv8joqqf3</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dinika:Andrianakotrina</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>11106</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135296</id>
      <parentid>78890</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T00:35:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-23267-48</username>
        <id>39307</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Andrianakotry */ fizarana vaovao</comment>
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      <text bytes="994" sha1="5085j2rmj2w2vuz14w5bk0bb68k53eg" xml:space="preserve">Andrianakotrina dia vehivavy ary Andrianakotry na Andrianakotrio no fiantson'ireo taranany azy eny Ambohimahatsinjo. Tany ampihandohany moa dia nenibe Rarondro na Rafotsy Rabodo ihany koa no tena anarany fa noho izy nitondra ny akotry teto Imerina io dia dia niova ho Andrianakotrina.

Eo Tsiandroràna, ambany andrefan'Ambohitsimeloka, izy no milevina ary eo Andozoro, eo ambanin'ny fasany eo ilay tanim-bary nanaovany ny famokarana ny masom-boly avy amin'ireo akotry vitsy mba voahangony tany Betsileo.

Ireo taranany eo Ambohimahatsinjo koa dia mbola miantso azy hoe: Nenibe rasoavary.

Ilay Andriana atao hoe: Andriananandriana milevina eo Ambohimahatsinjo dia tsy mbola fantatra mazava ny momba azy fa raha ny filazan'ireo tarank'Andrianakotrina dia io no reniny.

== Andrianakotry  ==

aiza no misy n'y doany andrianakotry 

[[Manokana:Fandraisan'anjara/&amp;#126;2026-23267-48|&amp;#126;2026-23267-48]] ([[Dinika amin'ny mpikambana:&amp;#126;2026-23267-48|discussion]]) 15 Aprily 2026 à 00:35 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>5085j2rmj2w2vuz14w5bk0bb68k53eg</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ampondra (kaominina)</title>
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      <parentid>980883</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T11:12:27Z</timestamp>
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        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
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{{infobox tanàna
|anarana=Ampondra
|faritany= [[Faritanin'i Antsiranana|Antsiranana]]
|faritra = [[Faritra Sava|Sava]]
|isam-ponina=11749
|firenena={{Madagasikara}}
}}
'''Ampondra''' dia kaominina malagasy ao amin'ny [[distrikan'i Vohemar]], [[Faritra Sava]], [[Faritanin'i Antsiranana]]. Ny isam-poniny dia 11749 araka ny faminavinana natao tamin'ny taona 2000. Ny kaodin-kaominina dia 71603 ary ny kaodin-distrika dia 716

== Jeografia ==
Ny kaominina Amponda dia eo atsimon’i Vohemar amin’ny [[Lalam-pirenena faha-5a]].

== Vokatry ny fambolena ==
Ny entana faharoa lafo vidy indrindra dia vary.
Ny zava-bolena lehibe indrindra amin'ny lafin'ny velarantany dia vary.
Ny entana fahatelo lafo vidy indrindra dia haricot.
Ny isan'omby dia 18790.
Ny isan'ny taona nisiam-pesitry ny vorona teo anelanelan'ny taona 1999-2001 dia 3.
Ny zava-bolena faharoa lehibe indrindra amin'ny lafin'ny velarantany dia vanille.
Ny entana lafo vidy indrindra dia vanille.
0 isan-jaton'ny tanimbary no voatondraka amin'ny tohidrano na paompy.
99 ny mponina no miasa tany.
0 ny mponina no miasa amin'ny sampandraharaha.

== Ara-tsosialy ==

== Fotodrafitrasa ==
Ahitana tobim-pahasalamana ao.
Andalovan'ny lalam-pirenena ilay kaominina.
Ahitana sekoly ambaratonga fototra.
Misy fitrandrahana harena an-kibon'ny tany amin'ny fomba indostrialy.

== Fitaterana ==
Ny fitaovam-pitaterana ampiasaina matetika indrindra dia autre.
Ny faharetan'ny dia mankany amin'ny renivohi-paritany dia 15 ora.
Ahitana lalana godorô ao amin'ny kaominina.
Ny fotoam-pitaterana mankany amin'ny tanàn-dehibem-paritany amin'ny andro fahavaratra dia 24 ora.
Ny lalan-tany dia azo aleha mandavan-taona.
Ny saran-dalan'ny olona tokana mankany amin'ny tanàn-dehibem-paritany amin'ny andro fahavaratra dia 72500 Fmg.
Ny saran-dalan'ny olona tokana mankany amin'ny tanàn-dehibem-paritany amin'ny haintany dia 72500 Fmg.

== Fahasoavana ==
Ny halavan'ny vanim-potoana mety ahalanian'ny vokatry ny taon-dasa dia 3 volana.
5 isan-jaton'ny mponina no atao hoe manan-karena.
95 isan-jaton'ny mponina no manana fari-piainana antonontonony.

== Endri-javatra ==
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny fanabeazana.
Misy masoivohon'ny ministeran'ny fanabeazana.

== Olana ==
Ahitana miaramila ao amin'ilay kaominina.
Ny isan'ny vono olona tanatin'ny taona 1999-2001 dia 2.
Ny isan'ny vakitrano tanatin'ny taona 1999-2001 dia 5.
Ahitana polisy ao amin'ilay kaominina.
Ahitana zandary ao amin'ilay kaominina.
3 no isan'ireo mpamono olona tratra tanatin'ny taona 1999-2001.

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [http://www.ilo.cornell.edu/ilo/census.xls ilo.cornell.edu] - Statistika momba ny kaominina malagasy ary loharanom-pahaizana namoronana an'ity lahatsoratra ity.

[[Sokajy:Kaominina any Madagasikara]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mary, Queen of Scots</title>
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      <text bytes="1626" sha1="b78j5x26ziqj1aus4nq4n4wzvfvj296" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox olona
|sary= 
|anarana=Mary
|teraka=8 Desambra 1542
|maty=8 Febroary 1587
|firenena=
|mpiaraka=
|asa=

|taona niasàna=
}}
'''Mary, Queen of Scots''' dia  teraka ny 8 Desambra 1542 ary maty ny 8 Febroary 1587.

'''Mary Stuart''' (teraka ny 8 Desambra 1542 tao amin'ny Lapan'i Linlithgow; maty ny 8 Febroary 1587 tao amin'ny Lapan'i Fotheringhay), fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''Mary Steward''', dia 'Mpanjakavavin' ny {{Ekosy}} amin'ny anarana hoe Mary I nanomboka ny 14 Desambra 1542 ka hatramin'ny 24 Jolay 1567 ary, tamin'ny alalan'ny fanambadiany tamin'i [[François II (Frantsa)|François II), izay Mpanjakavavin'i [[Frantsa]] ihany koa nanomboka ny 1559 ka hatramin'ny 1560; avy amin'ny fianakavian'i Stuart izy.

Satria niharan'ny korontana ara-politika sy ara-pivavahana i Ekosy tamin'ny fotoana nahaterahany, dia nentina tany [[Frantsa]] i Mary Stuart tamin'ny faha-dimy taonany ary notezaina tao amin'ny finoana katolika niaraka tamin'i Francis II, vadiny ho avy. Tamin'ny alalan'ny fanambadiany tamin'i Francis II, dia lasa Mpanjakavavin'i Frantsa izy, na dia tsy nandray anjara mivantana tamin'ny fitondrana aza. Ny fahafatesan'i Francis aloha loatra dia namela azy ho mpitondratena teo amin'ny faha-17 taonany, ary niverina tany Ekosy izy tamin'ny 1561.

==Ny fiainany manokana==
I James V of Scotland no rainy. Ny vadiny dia [[François II (Frantsa)]], Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. Ny zanany dia James VI and I. 

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Politika]]


{{commonscat}}
[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan' Ekosy]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1542]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1587]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1649" sha1="ozjzcnljzw9v9sev6cwf6wdku0t8j6k" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox olona
|sary= 
|anarana=Mary
|teraka=8 Desambra 1542
|maty=8 Febroary 1587
|firenena= {{Ekosy}}, {{Frantsa}}
|mpiaraka=
|asa=

|taona niasàna=
}}
'''Mary, Queen of Scots''' dia  teraka ny 8 Desambra 1542 ary maty ny 8 Febroary 1587.

'''Mary Stuart''' (teraka ny 8 Desambra 1542 tao amin'ny Lapan'i Linlithgow; maty ny 8 Febroary 1587 tao amin'ny Lapan'i Fotheringhay), fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''Mary Steward''', dia 'Mpanjakavavin' ny {{Ekosy}} amin'ny anarana hoe Mary I nanomboka ny 14 Desambra 1542 ka hatramin'ny 24 Jolay 1567 ary, tamin'ny alalan'ny fanambadiany tamin'i [[François II (Frantsa)|François II), izay Mpanjakavavin'i [[Frantsa]] ihany koa nanomboka ny 1559 ka hatramin'ny 1560; avy amin'ny fianakavian'i Stuart izy.

Satria niharan'ny korontana ara-politika sy ara-pivavahana i Ekosy tamin'ny fotoana nahaterahany, dia nentina tany [[Frantsa]] i Mary Stuart tamin'ny faha-dimy taonany ary notezaina tao amin'ny finoana katolika niaraka tamin'i Francis II, vadiny ho avy. Tamin'ny alalan'ny fanambadiany tamin'i Francis II, dia lasa Mpanjakavavin'i Frantsa izy, na dia tsy nandray anjara mivantana tamin'ny fitondrana aza. Ny fahafatesan'i Francis aloha loatra dia namela azy ho mpitondratena teo amin'ny faha-17 taonany, ary niverina tany Ekosy izy tamin'ny 1561.

==Ny fiainany manokana==
I James V of Scotland no rainy. Ny vadiny dia [[François II (Frantsa)]], Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. Ny zanany dia James VI and I. 

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Politika]]


{{commonscat}}
[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan' Ekosy]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1542]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1587]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1135300</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-15T00:38:08Z</timestamp>
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        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
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      <text bytes="1650" sha1="fvgh9aqmaonxwg0t7009dng9vdbn4bg" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox olona
|sary= 
|anarana=Mary
|teraka=8 Desambra 1542
|maty=8 Febroary 1587
|firenena= {{Ekosy}}, {{Frantsa}}
|mpiaraka=
|asa=

|taona niasàna=
}}
'''Mary, Queen of Scots''' dia  teraka ny 8 Desambra 1542 ary maty ny 8 Febroary 1587.

'''Mary Stuart''' (teraka ny 8 Desambra 1542 tao amin'ny Lapan'i Linlithgow; maty ny 8 Febroary 1587 tao amin'ny Lapan'i Fotheringhay), fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''Mary Steward''', dia 'Mpanjakavavin' ny {{Ekosy}} amin'ny anarana hoe Mary I nanomboka ny 14 Desambra 1542 ka hatramin'ny 24 Jolay 1567 ary, tamin'ny alalan'ny fanambadiany tamin'i [[François II (Frantsa)|François II]], izay Mpanjakavavin'i [[Frantsa]] ihany koa nanomboka ny 1559 ka hatramin'ny 1560; avy amin'ny fianakavian'i Stuart izy.

Satria niharan'ny korontana ara-politika sy ara-pivavahana i Ekosy tamin'ny fotoana nahaterahany, dia nentina tany [[Frantsa]] i Mary Stuart tamin'ny faha-dimy taonany ary notezaina tao amin'ny finoana katolika niaraka tamin'i Francis II, vadiny ho avy. Tamin'ny alalan'ny fanambadiany tamin'i Francis II, dia lasa Mpanjakavavin'i Frantsa izy, na dia tsy nandray anjara mivantana tamin'ny fitondrana aza. Ny fahafatesan'i Francis aloha loatra dia namela azy ho mpitondratena teo amin'ny faha-17 taonany, ary niverina tany Ekosy izy tamin'ny 1561.

==Ny fiainany manokana==
I James V of Scotland no rainy. Ny vadiny dia [[François II (Frantsa)]], Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. Ny zanany dia James VI and I. 

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Politika]]


{{commonscat}}
[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan' Ekosy]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1542]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1587]]</text>
      <sha1>fvgh9aqmaonxwg0t7009dng9vdbn4bg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135301</id>
      <parentid>1135300</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T00:39:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Jereo koa */</comment>
      <origin>1135301</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1661" sha1="7xu1kmu7cbo212ucp6i505fpqvqmaog" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox olona
|sary= 
|anarana=Mary
|teraka=8 Desambra 1542
|maty=8 Febroary 1587
|firenena= {{Ekosy}}, {{Frantsa}}
|mpiaraka=
|asa=

|taona niasàna=
}}
'''Mary, Queen of Scots''' dia  teraka ny 8 Desambra 1542 ary maty ny 8 Febroary 1587.

'''Mary Stuart''' (teraka ny 8 Desambra 1542 tao amin'ny Lapan'i Linlithgow; maty ny 8 Febroary 1587 tao amin'ny Lapan'i Fotheringhay), fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''Mary Steward''', dia 'Mpanjakavavin' ny {{Ekosy}} amin'ny anarana hoe Mary I nanomboka ny 14 Desambra 1542 ka hatramin'ny 24 Jolay 1567 ary, tamin'ny alalan'ny fanambadiany tamin'i [[François II (Frantsa)|François II]], izay Mpanjakavavin'i [[Frantsa]] ihany koa nanomboka ny 1559 ka hatramin'ny 1560; avy amin'ny fianakavian'i Stuart izy.

Satria niharan'ny korontana ara-politika sy ara-pivavahana i Ekosy tamin'ny fotoana nahaterahany, dia nentina tany [[Frantsa]] i Mary Stuart tamin'ny faha-dimy taonany ary notezaina tao amin'ny finoana katolika niaraka tamin'i Francis II, vadiny ho avy. Tamin'ny alalan'ny fanambadiany tamin'i Francis II, dia lasa Mpanjakavavin'i Frantsa izy, na dia tsy nandray anjara mivantana tamin'ny fitondrana aza. Ny fahafatesan'i Francis aloha loatra dia namela azy ho mpitondratena teo amin'ny faha-17 taonany, ary niverina tany Ekosy izy tamin'ny 1561.

==Ny fiainany manokana==
I James V of Scotland no rainy. Ny vadiny dia [[François II (Frantsa)]], Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. Ny zanany dia James VI and I. 

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Politika]]
+ [[Ekosy]]

{{commonscat}}
[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan' Ekosy]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1542]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1587]]</text>
      <sha1>7xu1kmu7cbo212ucp6i505fpqvqmaog</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135302</id>
      <parentid>1135301</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T00:39:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Jereo koa */</comment>
      <origin>1135302</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1661" sha1="bllsfrfigt8dalggl4v8pwsxxx0x8fu" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox olona
|sary= 
|anarana=Mary
|teraka=8 Desambra 1542
|maty=8 Febroary 1587
|firenena= {{Ekosy}}, {{Frantsa}}
|mpiaraka=
|asa=

|taona niasàna=
}}
'''Mary, Queen of Scots''' dia  teraka ny 8 Desambra 1542 ary maty ny 8 Febroary 1587.

'''Mary Stuart''' (teraka ny 8 Desambra 1542 tao amin'ny Lapan'i Linlithgow; maty ny 8 Febroary 1587 tao amin'ny Lapan'i Fotheringhay), fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''Mary Steward''', dia 'Mpanjakavavin' ny {{Ekosy}} amin'ny anarana hoe Mary I nanomboka ny 14 Desambra 1542 ka hatramin'ny 24 Jolay 1567 ary, tamin'ny alalan'ny fanambadiany tamin'i [[François II (Frantsa)|François II]], izay Mpanjakavavin'i [[Frantsa]] ihany koa nanomboka ny 1559 ka hatramin'ny 1560; avy amin'ny fianakavian'i Stuart izy.

Satria niharan'ny korontana ara-politika sy ara-pivavahana i Ekosy tamin'ny fotoana nahaterahany, dia nentina tany [[Frantsa]] i Mary Stuart tamin'ny faha-dimy taonany ary notezaina tao amin'ny finoana katolika niaraka tamin'i Francis II, vadiny ho avy. Tamin'ny alalan'ny fanambadiany tamin'i Francis II, dia lasa Mpanjakavavin'i Frantsa izy, na dia tsy nandray anjara mivantana tamin'ny fitondrana aza. Ny fahafatesan'i Francis aloha loatra dia namela azy ho mpitondratena teo amin'ny faha-17 taonany, ary niverina tany Ekosy izy tamin'ny 1561.

==Ny fiainany manokana==
I James V of Scotland no rainy. Ny vadiny dia [[François II (Frantsa)]], Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. Ny zanany dia James VI and I. 

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Politika]]
* [[Ekosy]]

{{commonscat}}
[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan' Ekosy]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1542]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1587]]</text>
      <sha1>bllsfrfigt8dalggl4v8pwsxxx0x8fu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135303</id>
      <parentid>1135302</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T00:39:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ny fiainany manokana */</comment>
      <origin>1135303</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1664" sha1="ikb43a759f67ea8ihk4wy4c53b8vuaa" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox olona
|sary= 
|anarana=Mary
|teraka=8 Desambra 1542
|maty=8 Febroary 1587
|firenena= {{Ekosy}}, {{Frantsa}}
|mpiaraka=
|asa=

|taona niasàna=
}}
'''Mary, Queen of Scots''' dia  teraka ny 8 Desambra 1542 ary maty ny 8 Febroary 1587.

'''Mary Stuart''' (teraka ny 8 Desambra 1542 tao amin'ny Lapan'i Linlithgow; maty ny 8 Febroary 1587 tao amin'ny Lapan'i Fotheringhay), fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''Mary Steward''', dia 'Mpanjakavavin' ny {{Ekosy}} amin'ny anarana hoe Mary I nanomboka ny 14 Desambra 1542 ka hatramin'ny 24 Jolay 1567 ary, tamin'ny alalan'ny fanambadiany tamin'i [[François II (Frantsa)|François II]], izay Mpanjakavavin'i [[Frantsa]] ihany koa nanomboka ny 1559 ka hatramin'ny 1560; avy amin'ny fianakavian'i Stuart izy.

Satria niharan'ny korontana ara-politika sy ara-pivavahana i Ekosy tamin'ny fotoana nahaterahany, dia nentina tany [[Frantsa]] i Mary Stuart tamin'ny faha-dimy taonany ary notezaina tao amin'ny finoana katolika niaraka tamin'i Francis II, vadiny ho avy. Tamin'ny alalan'ny fanambadiany tamin'i Francis II, dia lasa Mpanjakavavin'i Frantsa izy, na dia tsy nandray anjara mivantana tamin'ny fitondrana aza. Ny fahafatesan'i Francis aloha loatra dia namela azy ho mpitondratena teo amin'ny faha-17 taonany, ary niverina tany Ekosy izy tamin'ny 1561.

==Ny fiainany manokana==
I James V of Scotland no rainy. Ny vadiny dia [[François II (Frantsa)]], Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. Ny zanany dia [[James VI and I]].

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Politika]]
* [[Ekosy]]

{{commonscat}}
[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan' Ekosy]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1542]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1587]]</text>
      <sha1>ikb43a759f67ea8ihk4wy4c53b8vuaa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Charles I</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189596</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135306</id>
      <parentid>1131642</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T00:43:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135306</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2049" sha1="bl5hpaax9jx2gglae0f7sso7edgczav" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox olona
|sary= King Charles I after original by van Dyck.jpg
|anarana=Charles I
|teraka=19 Novambra 1600
|maty=30 Janoary 1649
|firenena={{Fanjakana Mitambatra}}
|mpiaraka=
|asa=

|taona niasàna=
}}
'''Charles I''' dia mpanjakan' i [[Angletera]] sy [[Ekôsy]] ary [[Irlandy]] nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1625 hatramin' ny namonoana azy tamin' ny taona 1649. Teraka tamin' ny 19 Nôvambra 1600 tao Dunfermline ary maty ny 30 Janoary 1649 tao [[Lôndôna]] izy.

Hatramin' ny nanombohany nanjaka dia nifanandrina tamin' ny Antenimieran' i Angletera i Charles I mba hampitomboany ny fidiram-bolany, nefa ny Antenimiera kosa dia nanao izay hamerana ny zo aman-tombontsoan' ny mpanjaka izay noheverin' ny mpanjaka ho [[zo]] avy amin' [[Andriamanitra (tokana)|Andriamanitra]]. Ny fitsabahany tamin' ny raharaha ara-pivavahan' ny [[Fiangonan' i Angletera]] sy ny Fiangonanr' i Ekôsy, sy ny fisonondrotany ny [[hetra]] tsy nisy ny fankatoavan' ny Antenimiera dia tsy neken' ny mpitory teny [[Prôtestantisma|prôtestanta]] sasany izay nihevitra azy ho mpanjaka tsy refesi-mandidy sy mpanao jadona.

==Ny fiainany manokana==
I James VI and I no rainy. Ny vadiny dia Henrietta Maria of France. Ny zanany dia [[Charles II (Angletera)]], Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, [[James II &amp; VII]], Elizabeth Stuart, Princess Anne of England, Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester, Princess Henrietta of England. 
== Jereo koa ==
== Mpanjakan' Angletera ==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 10px solid #0; background-color:#FFFFFF&quot;
|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;DDEEFF&quot;
!nodimbiasany
![[Sary:Flag of England.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan'i [[Angletera]] 
!mpandimby
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
|  [[James VI and I|James I + VI]]&lt;br/&gt;1603-1625 ||  [[Charles I|Charles I]]&lt;br/&gt;1625–1649||    [[Charles II (Angletera)|Charles II]]&lt;br/&gt; 1660-1685
|-bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot;
|-
|}


===Rohy ivelany===
*[[Oliver Cromwell ]]

{{commonscat|Charles I of England}}
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1600]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1649]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Fanjakana Mitambatra]]</text>
      <sha1>bl5hpaax9jx2gglae0f7sso7edgczav</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>James VI and I</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189597</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135304</id>
      <parentid>1107524</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T00:42:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135304</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1238" sha1="2n7mtbucb8t1rujqs0lmaoz8gzieeyb" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox olona
|sary= JamesIEngland.jpg
|anarana=James VI and I
|teraka=19 Jiona 1566
|maty=27 Martsa 1625
|firenena=Fanjakana Mitambatra
|mpiaraka=
|asa=

* [[Poeta]]
* [[mpanao asa soratra]]
|taona niasàna=
}}
'''James VI and I''' dia Poeta, mpanao asa soratra mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]] teraka ny 19 Jiona 1566 ary maty ny 27 Martsa 1625
==Ny fiainany manokana==
I Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley no rainy. Ny vadiny dia Anne of Denmark. Ny zanany dia Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, Margaret Stuart, Charles I, Robert Stuart, [[Mary Stuart]], Sophia of England. 
== Jereo koa ==
== Mpanjakan'ny Angletera ==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 10px solid #0; background-color:#FFFFFF&quot;
|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;DDEEFF&quot;
!nodimbiasany
![[Sary:Flag of England.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan' [[Angletera]] 
!mpandimby
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
|[[Elizabeth I an'i Angletera|Elizabeth I]]&lt;br/&gt;1558-1603 || [[James VI and I]]&lt;br/&gt;1603-1625  || [[Charles I|Charles I]]&lt;br/&gt;1625–1649
|-bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot;
|-
|}

===Rohy ivelany===

{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:mpanao asa soratra]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1566]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1625]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Fanjakana Mitambatra]]</text>
      <sha1>2n7mtbucb8t1rujqs0lmaoz8gzieeyb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135305</id>
      <parentid>1135304</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T00:43:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135305</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1257" sha1="rhu0qvtcjc0bwwmsz3jz6g3s8xexzfr" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox olona
|sary= JamesIEngland.jpg
|anarana=James VI and I
|teraka=19 Jiona 1566
|maty=27 Martsa 1625
|firenena={{Fanjakana Mitambatra}}, {{Angletera}}
|mpiaraka=
|asa=

* [[Poeta]]
* [[mpanao asa soratra]]
|taona niasàna=
}}
'''James VI and I''' dia Poeta, mpanao asa soratra mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]] teraka ny 19 Jiona 1566 ary maty ny 27 Martsa 1625
==Ny fiainany manokana==
I Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley no rainy. Ny vadiny dia Anne of Denmark. Ny zanany dia Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, Margaret Stuart, Charles I, Robert Stuart, [[Mary Stuart]], Sophia of England. 
== Jereo koa ==
== Mpanjakan'ny Angletera ==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 10px solid #0; background-color:#FFFFFF&quot;
|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;DDEEFF&quot;
!nodimbiasany
![[Sary:Flag of England.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan' [[Angletera]] 
!mpandimby
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
|[[Elizabeth I an'i Angletera|Elizabeth I]]&lt;br/&gt;1558-1603 || [[James VI and I]]&lt;br/&gt;1603-1625  || [[Charles I|Charles I]]&lt;br/&gt;1625–1649
|-bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot;
|-
|}

===Rohy ivelany===

{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:mpanao asa soratra]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1566]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1625]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Fanjakana Mitambatra]]</text>
      <sha1>rhu0qvtcjc0bwwmsz3jz6g3s8xexzfr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>François I</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135317</id>
      <parentid>1129832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T01:43:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135317</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1047" sha1="72omry1s6nupmqkju59prb3days4okv" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox olona
|sary= Francis1-1.jpg
|anarana=François I
|teraka=12 Septambra 1494
|maty=31 Martsa 1547
|firenena=Frantsa
|mpiaraka=
|asa=

|taona niasàna=
}}
'''François I''', teraka ''François avy any Angoulême'' tamin'ny 12 Septambra 1494, tao [[Cognac]], ary maty tamin'ny 31 Martsa 1547, tao Rambouillet, no Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] izay nanjaka nanomboka ny 25 Janoary 1515, andro nanendrena azy ho mpanjaka, ka hatramin'ny nahafatesany tamin'ny 1547.

Zanakalahin'i Charles avy any Orléans sy Louise avy any Savoie, anisan'ny sampana Valois-Angoulême ao amin'ny tarana-mpanjaka Capetian izy.

==Ny fiainany manokana==
I Charles, Count of Angoulême no rainy. Ny vadiny dia Claude of France, Eleanor of Austria. Ny zanany dia Charlotte of Valois, Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Henry II of France, Madeleine of Valois, Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans, Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry. 
== Jereo koa ==

{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1494]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1547]]
[[sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Frantsa]]</text>
      <sha1>72omry1s6nupmqkju59prb3days4okv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135318</id>
      <parentid>1135317</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T01:44:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135318</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1060" sha1="phdr1z765mq4d32gx0at6chuogrhted" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox olona
|sary= Francis1-1.jpg
|anarana=François I
|teraka=12 Septambra 1494
|maty=31 Martsa 1547
|firenena={{Frantsa}}
|mpiaraka=
|asa= Mpanjaka

|taona niasàna=
}}
'''François I''', teraka ''François avy any Angoulême'' tamin'ny 12 Septambra 1494, tao [[Cognac]], ary maty tamin'ny 31 Martsa 1547, tao Rambouillet, no Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] izay nanjaka nanomboka ny 25 Janoary 1515, andro nanendrena azy ho mpanjaka, ka hatramin'ny nahafatesany tamin'ny 1547.

Zanakalahin'i Charles avy any Orléans sy Louise avy any Savoie, anisan'ny sampana Valois-Angoulême ao amin'ny tarana-mpanjaka Capetian izy.

==Ny fiainany manokana==
I Charles, Count of Angoulême no rainy. Ny vadiny dia Claude of France, Eleanor of Austria. Ny zanany dia Charlotte of Valois, Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Henry II of France, Madeleine of Valois, Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans, Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry. 
== Jereo koa ==

{{commonscat}}
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'''François I''', teraka ''François avy any Angoulême'' tamin'ny 12 Septambra 1494, tao [[Cognac]], ary maty tamin'ny 31 Martsa 1547, tao Rambouillet, no Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] izay nanjaka nanomboka ny 25 Janoary 1515, andro nanendrena azy ho mpanjaka, ka hatramin'ny nahafatesany tamin'ny 1547.

Zanakalahin'i Charles avy any Orléans sy Louise avy any Savoie, anisan'ny sampana Valois-Angoulême ao amin'ny tarana-mpanjaka Capetian izy.

==Ny fiainany manokana==
I Charles, Count of Angoulême no rainy. Ny vadiny dia Claude of France, Eleanor of Austria. Ny zanany dia Charlotte of Valois, Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Henry II of France, Madeleine of Valois, Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans, Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry. 


== Mpanjakan'i Frantsa ==
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|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;DDEEFF&quot;
!nodimbiasany
![[Sary:Bannière de France style 1500.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] 
!mpandimby
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Louis XII (Frantsa)]] ||    [[François I]]&lt;br/&gt; 1515-1547 || [[Henri II (Frantsa)|Henry]]&lt;br/&gt;1547-1459
|-bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot;
|-
|}

== Jereo koa ==

{{commonscat}}
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|taona niasàna=
}}
'''François I''', teraka ''François avy any Angoulême'' tamin'ny 12 Septambra 1494, tao [[Cognac]], ary maty tamin'ny 31 Martsa 1547, tao Rambouillet, no Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] izay nanjaka nanomboka ny 25 Janoary 1515, andro nanendrena azy ho mpanjaka, ka hatramin'ny nahafatesany tamin'ny 1547.

Zanakalahin'i Charles avy any Orléans sy Louise avy any Savoie, anisan'ny sampana Valois-Angoulême ao amin'ny tarana-mpanjaka Capetian izy.

==Ny fiainany manokana==
I Charles, Count of Angoulême no rainy. Ny vadiny dia Claude of France, Eleanor of Austria. Ny zanany dia Charlotte of Valois, Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Henry II of France, Madeleine of Valois, Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans, Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry. 


== Mpanjakan'i Frantsa ==
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|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;DDEEFF&quot;
!nodimbiasany
![[Sary:Bannière de France style 1500.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] 
!mpandimby
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Louis XII (Frantsa)]] &lt;br/&gt;1498-1515||    [[François I]]&lt;br/&gt; 1515-1547 || [[Henri II (Frantsa)|Henry]]&lt;br/&gt;1547-1459
|-bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot;
|-
|}

== Jereo koa ==

{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1494]]
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|teraka=12 Septambra 1494
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|firenena={{Frantsa}}
|mpiaraka=
|asa= Mpanjaka

|taona niasàna=
}}
'''François I''', teraka ''François avy any Angoulême'' tamin'ny 12 Septambra 1494, tao [[Cognac]], ary maty tamin'ny 31 Martsa 1547, tao Rambouillet, no Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] izay nanjaka nanomboka ny 25 Janoary 1515, andro nanendrena azy ho mpanjaka, ka hatramin'ny nahafatesany tamin'ny 1547.

Zanakalahin'i Charles avy any Orléans sy Louise avy any Savoie, anisan'ny sampana Valois-Angoulême ao amin'ny tarana-mpanjaka Capetian izy.

==Ny fiainany manokana==
I Charles, Count of Angoulême no rainy. Ny vadiny dia Claude of France, Eleanor of Austria. Ny zanany dia Charlotte of Valois, Francis III, Duke of Brittany, [[Henry II (Frantsa)]], Madeleine of Valois, Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans, Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry. 


== Mpanjakan'i Frantsa ==
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|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;DDEEFF&quot;
!nodimbiasany
![[Sary:Bannière de France style 1500.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] 
!mpandimby
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Louis XII (Frantsa)]] &lt;br/&gt;1498-1515||    [[François I]]&lt;br/&gt; 1515-1547 || [[Henri II (Frantsa)|Henry]]&lt;br/&gt;1547-1459
|-bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot;
|-
|}

== Jereo koa ==

{{commonscat}}
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[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1547]]
[[sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Frantsa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mary Stuart Masterson</title>
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|maty= 
|firenena={{Etazonia}}
|mpiaraka=
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* [[mpilalao]]
* [[mpamoaka horonantsary]]
* [[talen-koronantsary]]
|taona niasàna=
}}
'''Mary Stuart Masterson''' dia mpilalao, mpamoaka horonantsary, talen-koronantsary mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i [[Etazonia]] teraka ny 28 Jiona 1966 tao [[New York]]
== Jereo koa ==

{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:mpilalao amerikanina]]
[[sokajy:mpamoaka horonantsary amerikanina]]
[[sokajy:talen-koronantsary amerikanina]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1966]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sokajy:Tanàna ao amin'ny faritr'i Nouvelle-Aquitaine</title>
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      <text bytes="89" sha1="ld9pnzhalbk5bdxud2c7keyb6y7ui0h" xml:space="preserve">[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao Frantsa|Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]</text>
      <sha1>ld9pnzhalbk5bdxud2c7keyb6y7ui0h</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nizera</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1135264</id>
      <parentid>1135193</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-14T15:00:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-23066-21</username>
        <id>39298</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanala ny fanavaozana [[Special:Diff/1135193|1135193]] nataon'i [[Special:Contributions/臺灣象象|臺灣象象]] ([[User talk:臺灣象象|dinika]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="14984" sha1="cc7dh5fojo4wnjqlz8b92xwqq9zltk9" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Flag of Niger.svg|vignette|Sainan' i Nizera|263x263px]]
I '''Nizera''' na '''Nijera''' dia firenena ao [[Afrika Andrefana]], tsy manana morontsiraka, manana velarana mirefy 1&amp;nbsp;267&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;km². I [[Niamey]] ho renivohiny. Atao hoe '''[[Nijeriena]]''' na '''[[Nizeriena]]'''  ny vahoakan' io firenena io.[[Sary:Niger (orthographic projection).svg|vignette|Ny misy an' i Nizera ao Afrika|200x200px]]Ny sisintanin' i Nizera dia nofaritan' ny mpanjanatany ka somary mahitsihitsy tsy manaraka soritra voajanahary. Mamaritra azy ao avaratra i [[Aljeria]] sy i [[Libia]], avy ao atsinanana i [[Tsady]], avy ao atsimo i [[Nizeria]] sy i [[Benîno]], ary avy ao andrefana i [[Borkina Fasô]] sy i [[Mali|Malý]].
[[Sary:Niger carte.gif|vignette|Sarin-tanin' i Nizera|215x215px]]
Mizara faritra ara-jeôgrafia telo i Nizera: ny faritra amin' ny tany efitr' i [[Sahara]] ao avaratra anjakan' ny [[Tangorom-bohitra|tangorom-bohitr]]' i Air izay tsy ahitana zavamaniry firy, ny faritra ao amin' i [[Sahely|Sahel]] izay tany somary karankaina, ary ny lohasahan' ny ony Niger ao atsimo izay hany faritra lonaka ao amin' io firenena io. Toetany mafana sy maina no manjaka ao Nizera.

Ny ankamaroan' ny mponina any dia Miozolmana fa ny Kristiana kosa dia vitsy anisa. Any amin' ny faritra atsimo no ahitana ny ankabetsahan' ny mponin' i Nizera, ao amin' ny faritra ambanivohitra indrindraindrindra. Ny fambolena no loharanon-karena voalohany any Nizera.[[Sary:Niger Regions.png|vignette|Faritra ao Nizera|198x198px]]
Zanatany frantsay taloha i Nizera izay nahazo ny fahaleovan-tenany tamin' ny taona 1960. NIGER IS GAY

== Kolontsaina ==
[[File:Niger peoples ru.svg|vignette|Vondrom-poko :	
  {{Légende|#ff0000|Haosa}}{{Légende|#ffff00|Zarma}} {{Légende|#808000|Toarega}} {{Légende|#b400b4|Folany}} {{Légende|#00ff00|Kanory}} {{Légende|#ff8000|Tobo}} {{Légende|#8c8c8c|Arabo}} {{Légende|#64b464|Gormantse}}]]

=== Vahoaka ao Nizera ===
Tombanana ho 20 tapitrisa ny mponina ao Nizera tamin' ny taona 2018. Ny vonrom-poko samihafa ao dia ireto:
* ny [[Haosa (vahoaka)|Haosa]] (55,4 % amin' ny mponina), izay monina any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' ilay firenena, ara-kolontsaina akaikin' ny avaratra amin' i [[Nizeria|Nizerià]];
* ny [[Zarma (vahoaka)|Zarma]]-[[Sôngay (vahoaka)|Sôngay]] (22,4 %) monina any andrefana amin' ny firenena;
* ny [[Toarega (vahoaka)|Toarega]] (11 %);

* ny [[Folany (vahoaka)|Folany]] (6,5 %) mitsinjara nanerana ny tanim-pirenena misy fivangngoana be ao amin' ny faritr' i Tillabéri;
* ny [[Kanory (vahoaka)|Kanory]] (4,2 %) any atsimo-atsinanana, misy any avaratra-atsinanana (departemantan' i Bilma);
* ny [[Gormantse (vahoaka)|Gormantse]] (0,3 %) any atsimo-andrefana amin' ny firenena;

* ny [[Tobo (vahoaka)|Tobo]] (0,8 %), niparitaka nanerana ny faritra atsinanana amin' i Nizera;
* ny [[Arabo (vahoaka)|Arabo]] (0,4 %), miely indrindra any atsinanana sy avaratra amin' ny firenena, manana vondrona matanjaka ao [[Niamey]] renivohitra;
* ny [[Bodoma (vahoaka)|Bodoma]], vondrona monina eo amin' ny morona sy amin' ireo nosy ao amin' ny Farihy Tchad.

=== Fiteny ao Nizera ===
Ny [[Fiteny ôfisialy|fiteny ôfisiali]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' i Nizera dia ny [[Fiteny haosa]]. Mpikambana ao amin' ny Antenimieran' ny Frankôfônia sy ao amin' ny Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena momba ny Frankôfônia.

Tamin' ny taona 2010, ny fiteny be mpampiasa indrindra dia:

* ny [[fiteny haosa]] (47,2 %), [[fiteny hamitô-semitika]], tenenina ao [[Afrika Andrefana]] sy ao [[Afrika Afovoany]];
* ny [[fiteny zarma]] (18,2 %), [[Fianakaviam-piteny nilô-sahariana|fiteny nilô-sahariana]];
* ny [[fiteny folany]] (8,3 %), [[Fianakaviambem-piteny nizerô-kôngôley|fiteny nizerô-kôngôley]];
* ny [[fiteny sôngay]] (5,2 %), fiteny nilô-sahariana;
* ny [[fiteny amaziga]] (4,8 %), fiteny hamitô-semitika;
* ny [[fiteny kanory]] (4,2 %), fiteny nilô-sahariana;
* ny [[fiteny arabo alzeriana]] (3,4 %), fiteny hamitô-semitika;
* ny [[fiteny môre]] na môsy (0,9 %), fiteny nizerô-kôngôley;
* ny [[fiteny tamaseka]] (0,7 %), fiteny hamitô-semitika;
* ny [[fiteny dendy]] (0,5 %), fiteny nilô-sahariana.

Fanampin' ireo koa ny [[fiteny gormantse]], ny [[fiteny tobo]] ary ny [[fiteny bodoma]], izay fiteny ampiasain' ny ampahany kely amin' ny mponina. Ao koa ny [[fiteny anglisy]], satria ny [[Haosa (vahoaka)|Haosa]] avy any [[Nizeria]] dia mipetraka ao Nizera, ary lehibe ny fifanakalozana eo amin' ny firenena roa tonta.

Manana fitenim-pirenena valo i Nizera, dia ny [[fiteny haosa]],  ny [[fiteny zarma]],  ny [[fiteny tamajeka]], ny [[fiteny folany]], ny [[fiteny kanory]], ny [[fiteny arabo]], ny [[fiteny gormantse]], ny [[fiteny tobo]]. Ny lalàna tamin' ny 2001 dia miresaka koa momba ny [[fiteny bodoma]] sy ny [[fiteny tasaoaka]].

=== Fivavahana ===
[[Sary:Mosque de Tchana Maradi 2.jpg|vignette|Môske Tchana ao Maradi ao atsimo amin' i Nizera]]
Fanjakana [[Fanjakana laîka|laîka]] i Nizera izay misy [[Silamo|Mozilmana]] eo amin' ny 95-99 % amin' ny mponina. Firenena mpikambana ao amin' ny Fikambanam-Piaraha-Miasa Islamika ([[Fiteny anglisy|anglisy]]: ''Organisation of Islamic Cooperation'' / [[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]]: ''Organisation de la coopération islamique'') i Nizera. Ny 59 % hatramin' ny 95 % amin' ny Mozilmana dia [[Sonisma|Sonita]] fa ny 5 % hatramin' ny 7 % kosa dia [[Siisma|Siita]]. Fanampin' izany, ny 47 % dia mpikambana ao amin' ny firahalahiana sofy iray ([[Sofisma (silamo)|sofisma]]), indrindra ny Sufi Tijaniyya. Ny sisa amin' ny mponina dia misy [[Kristianisma|kristiana]] sy mpanaraka ny [[fivavahan-drazana afrikana]] (izay lazaina matetika hoe [[Animisma|animista]]).

Tsy firy ny Kristiana ao Nizera noho ny fampanjakazakana ny kolontsaina silamo taloha tao amin' ny faritra samihafa sy noho ny fahataran' ny fahatongavan' ny misiônera kristiana tamin' ny fotoan' ny fanjanahantany. Ny vahoaka kristiana ao Nizera dia hita indrindra any amin' ny faritr' i Doutchi sy Téra izay ahitana vahoaka animista maro ihany koa.

Ny Kristiana, indrindra fa ny Katôlika, dia antsoina matetika amin' ny anarana &quot;Kreôla&quot;, izay mampahatsiahy ny fanjanahantany frantsay, satria ao amin' ilay firenena, ny finoana silamo dia heverina ho toetra maha-izy azy ny vahoaka nizeriena, indrindra nandritra ny vanim-potoan' ny ady amin' ny fanjanahantany. Tamin' ny taona 2016 dia nisy 70 000 ny Kristiana ([[Katôlisisma|Katôlika]] sy [[Prôtestantisma|Prôtestanta]]) tao Nizera. Manodidina ny 50 000 eo ho eo ny mpanaraka ny fivavahan-drazana, izay saika mivangongo ao amin' ny faritr' i Téra sy Dogondouchie sy Konni ary Gaya.

Ny maha-izy azy ny firenena koa dia niharan' ny kolontsain' ny Haosa any avaratra amin' i Nizerià izay manohy mampita ny fomba fiainany amin' ny Haosa ao Nizera, izay ampahany be indrindra amin' ny mponina ao amin' ilay firenena.

== Toekarena ==

=== Fambolena sy fiompiana ary ny jono ===

==== Fambolena ====
[[Sary:Un champ de Mil au Niger.jpg|vignette|Tanin' ampembambazaha ao Nizera]]
Tsy maharahanka ny fitomboan' ny mponina izay 3,3 % isan-taona ny vokatry ny [[fambolena]] izay iharan' ny [[Haintany|hain-tany]] sy ny fanafihan' ny [[valala]] miverimberina  (taona 2000 sy 2004 ary 2009). Tamin’ ny taona 2004 dia namely ilay firenena ireo loza roa ireo ka niteraka fahasahiranana ara-tsakafo izany tamin’ ny fiandohan’ ny taona 2005.

Ny [[Ampemba|ampemby]] (1 301 800 taonina, tamin' ny taona 2010) sy ny [[Ampembambazaha|ampebimbazaha]] (3 837 500 taonina, 2010) ary ny [[voanemba]] (ilay karazana ''Vigna unguiculata'' subsp. ''unguiculata'') (1 773 400 taonina, 2010).

==== Fiompiana ====
Miompy ny Nizeriana, indrindra any amin' ny 3/4 avaratra-atsinanana amin' ilay firenena. Izany dia mandray anjara amin' ampahany manan-danja amin' ny famokarana sakafo voahodina ao Nizera. Ambany ny fihinanana hena ao Nizera nefa mpanondrana biby fiompy sy [[hoditra]] ary [[hena]] ity firenena ity. Tsy ampy ny famokarana [[ronono]] ka tsy maintsy fenoina amin' ny fanafarana.

Anisan' ny ompiana betsaka any ny [[osy]] (niisa 13 673 000 tamin' ny taona 2010), ny [[ondry]] (10 917 000, taona 2010), ny [[omby]] (9 817 000, taona 2010), ny [[rameva]] (1 670 000, taona 2010), ny [[boriky]] (1 631 000, taona 2010), ary ny [[soavaly]] (242 000, taona 2010). 

==== Jono ====
Manjono any amin’ ny dobo madinika voajanahary any atsimo amin’ ilay firenena (faritra Diffa), sy eo amin’ ny ony [[Niger (ony)|Niger]]. Latsaky ny 1/4 amin' ny famokarana ny fiopiana an-dranomamy. Nihena be ny famokarana (55 860 taonina tamin’ ny taona 2003, 3 380 taonina tamin’ ny taona 2008) nanomboka tamin’ ny taona 2006, ary lasa mpanafatra ilay firenena, na dia nihena be aza ny fanjifana.

=== Taozavabaventy sy fitrandrahana harena an-kibon' ny tany ===

==== Taozavabaventy ====
Ny famonoana biby fiompy sy ny fanodinana ny [[hoditra]] sy hoditra voasa no tena ifororan' ny indostria. Manana orinasa 900 eo ho io sehatra io ary niantoka ny 5 % amin' ny [[harin-karena faobe]] ao amin' ilay firenena tamin' ny taona 2010. Ny sehatry ny fanorenana dia misahana ny 4 % amin' ny harin-karena faobe tamin' ny taona 2009.

==== Fitrandrahana harena an-kibon' ny tany ====
Ny [[sira]] ho an' ny sakafon' olombelona ​sy ny [[natrôna]] ho an' ny sakafom-biby dia alaina hatry ny taonjato maro avy ao amin' ireo lempona masira any amin' ny tany efitra sady volavolaina hanana endrika mofo na [[kitsoloha]] (Teggida N'tessem, Bilma, Manga).

Misy [[firapotsy]] ny any Aïr ary misy [[vy]] ny any akaikin' i Say, atsimon' i [[Niamey]].

Misy [[oranioma]] betsaka amin' ny faritra midadasika ny any Nizera, izay trandrahina any avaratra, ao Arlit sy ao Akouta, ary i Nizera dia anisan' ny mpamokatra oranioma lehibe indrindra eran-tany. Tombanana ho 170 000 taonina mahery ny tahirin' oranioma. Ny famokarana oranioma, izay nihena tamin' ny taompolo 1980 noho ny fihenan' ny [[tinady]], dia marin-toerana teo amin' ny 3 000 taonina isan-taona.

Nitrandraka ihany koa ny tahirin' [[arintany]] (176 000 taonina ny famokarana tamin’ ny 2003) i Nizera.

=== Fitaterana ===

==== Fitaterana an-dalamby ====
Nanomboka ny taona 2014 ny fanitarana [[lalamby]] mampitohy an’ i Niamey (Nizera) mankany [[Cotonou]] mandalo an’ i Parakou ([[Benîno]]), ary novinavinaina ho vita amin’ ny taona 2016. Mbola nitohy ihany anefa ny tetikasa tamin’ ny taona 2018, ary tsy nisy tatitra natao hatramin’ ny taona 2022. Tafiditra ao anatin’ izany ny fanamboarana lalamby vaovao mirefy 574 km avy any Niamey mba hampifandray amin’ ilay zotra efa misy any Parakou (Benîno). Ankoatra an' i Niamey dia hamakivaky ny tanànan' i Dosso sy Gaya ilay lalamby.

==== Fitaterana an' arabe ====
Ny lalana voalohany na vita [[tara]] dia voafetra ho an' ny tanàna lehibe na amin' ny fampifandraisana ny tanàn-dehibe. Ny ankamaroan' ny lalana mankany na any ambanivohitra dia tsy voarakotra rarivato, lalan-tany voapaika na fasika ampy na tsy ampy fikojakojana. Tamin' ny taona 2012 dia nisy 19 675 km ny tamba-jotran-dalana nanerana an' i Nizera, ka ny 4 225 km no vita tara.

==== Fitaterana ana habakabaka ====
Manana seranam-piaramanidina miisa 27 i Nizera, ka ny folo amin' izy ireo  efa misy lalam-piaramanidina vita tara ary ny telo dia manana lalam-piaramanidina mihoatra ny 2 500 m. I Niamey no tena ivon' ny fifamoivoizana iraisam-pirenena, saingy misy ihany koa ny sidina avy any Agadez mankany [[Parisy|Paris]].

==== Fitaterana an-drenirano ====
Ny 300 km amin' ny ony [[Niger (ony)|Niger]] any Nizera dia azo ampiasaina amin' ny fifamoivoizana. Ny vanim-potoana ahafahana mifamoivoy amin' ny  ony Niger dia miovaova arakaraka ny faritra: avy any [[Niamey]] ka hatrany Gaya dia amin' ny Septambra ka hatramin' ny Marsa. Mandrahona ny fitaterana an-drenirano anefa ny fihabetsahan' ny fasika.

=== Sehatr' asa hafa ===

==== Angovo ====
Tsy ampy  ho an' ny filany ny [[Angôvo|angovo]] azon' i Nizera. Ny fanjifana angovo ao amin' ilay firenena dia heverina ho anisan' ny ambany indrindra eran-tany. Ny fahazoana herinaratra eo anelanelan' ny faritry ny tanàn-dehibe toa an' i Niamey dia ahafahana miantoka ny 50 % amin' ny filana herinaratra, ary ny faritra ambanivohitra mahazo 20 hatramin' ny 40 %, ary ny faritra ambany indrindra dia 10 %. Ny [[tinady]] hafa momba ny herinaratra dia omen' ny ''Nigerien Electricity Society'' (NIGELEC) fahafaham-po, manolotra mpamokatra herinaratra amin' ny gazoala sy toeram-pamokarana angovo mampiasa arintany mba hamoronana akora fandrehitra hofaina.

Ny famokarana sy ny fitsinjarana ny herinaratra sy ny entona ary ny rano dia miantoka ny 1 % amin' ny harin-karena faobe tamin' ny taona 2009. Manodidina ny 89 % amin' ny herinaratra zarain' ny NIGELEC no nohafarana avy any Nizerià, ary 8 % ny tahan' ny fahazoana angovon' aratra eo amin' ilay firenena.

==== Fitrandrahana ala ====
Ny kitay no loharanon' angovo voalohany any Nizera (9 400 000 m3 isan-taona). Ny ala ihany koa dia mamokatra gaoma arabo (tanin-kazo mpamokatra gaoma arabo mierfy 160 000 ha, voajanahary na nambolena) amin' ny fomba asan-tanana.

==== Samihafa ====
Ny sehatry ny fitsaboana dia mampiasa olona matihanina manodidina ny 4 200 ary miantoka, ivelan' ny asam-panjakana, manodidina ny 2 % amin’ ny harin-karena faobe tamin' ny taona 2010. Mampiasa mpampianatra 56 200 ny fampianarana amin’ ny toeram-pampianarana miisa 14 300 ary misahana, ivelan' ny asam-panjakana, manodidina ny 2 % amin’ ny harin-karena faobe tamin' ny taona 2010 .

Tsy mandroso ny sehatry ny banky; misy banky 10 sy toeram-pikirakiram-bola 77 tamin' ny taona 2009, ka ny 43 ao [[Niamey]]. Nampiasa olona 40 400 ny asam-panjakana tamin’ ny taona 2010 (mpiasa raikitra sy mpanampy ary nanao fifanarahana). Ny tolotra hafa dia nahatratra 6 % amin' ny harin-karena faobe tamin' ny taona 2010.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Niger (ony)]]

'''Firenena ao Afrika:'''

[[Afrika Atsimo]] - [[Alzeria]] - [[Angôla]] - [[Benino]] - [[Borkina Fasô]] - [[Borondy]] - [[Bôtsoana]] - [[Ejipta]] - [[Eritrea]] - [[Esoatiny]] ([[Soazilandy]] taloha) - [[Etiôpia]] - [[Gabôna]] - [[Gambia]] - [[Ganà]] - [[Ginea]] - [[Ginea Bisao]] - [[Ginea Ekoatôrialy]] - [[Jibotỳ]] - [[Kamerona]] - [[Kapvera]] - [[Kenia]] - [[Kômôro]] - [[Kôtidivoara]] - [[Lezôtô]] - [[Liberia]] - [[Libia]] - [[Madagasikara]] - [[Malaoỳ|Malaoy]] - [[Malỳ]] - [[Maorisy]] - [[Maoritania]] - [[Marôka]] - [[Môzambika]] - [[Namibia]] - '''Nizera''' - [[Nizeria]] - [[Oganda]] - [[Repoblika Arabo Saharaoy Demôkratika]] - [[Repoblika Demôkratikan' i Kôngô]] - [[Repoblikan' i Afrika Afovoany]] - [[Repoblikan' i Kôngô]] - [[Roanda]] - [[Saô Tôme e Prinsipe]] - [[Seisely]] - [[Senegaly]] - [[Siera Leôna]] - [[Sodàna]] - [[Sodàna Atsimo]] - [[Sômalia]] - [[Sômalilandy]] - [[Tanzania]] - [[Tôgô]] - [[Tonizia]] - [[Tsady]] - [[Zambia]] - [[Zimbaboe]]


'''Kôntinenta eto an-tany'''

* [[Afrika]]
* [[Amerika]] ([[Amerika Avaratra]] - [[Amerika Atsimo]])
* [[Azia]]
* [[Eorôpa]]
* [[Ôseania]]
* [[Antarktika]]
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      <id>1135292</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-14T21:18:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A09</username>
        <id>31143</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-23066-21|~2026-23066-21]] ([[User talk:~2026-23066-21|talk]]) to last revision by 臺灣象象 (TwinkleGlobal)</comment>
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      <text bytes="14971" sha1="ozwdrpmvsho0dq9wtiofesf96x02jk3" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Flag of Niger.svg|vignette|Sainan' i Nizera|263x263px]]
I '''Nizera''' na '''Nijera''' dia firenena ao [[Afrika Andrefana]], tsy manana morontsiraka, manana velarana mirefy 1&amp;nbsp;267&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;km². I [[Niamey]] ho renivohiny. Atao hoe '''[[Nijeriena]]''' na '''[[Nizeriena]]'''  ny vahoakan' io firenena io.[[Sary:Niger (orthographic projection).svg|vignette|Ny misy an' i Nizera ao Afrika|200x200px]]Ny sisintanin' i Nizera dia nofaritan' ny mpanjanatany ka somary mahitsihitsy tsy manaraka soritra voajanahary. Mamaritra azy ao avaratra i [[Aljeria]] sy i [[Libia]], avy ao atsinanana i [[Tsady]], avy ao atsimo i [[Nizeria]] sy i [[Benîno]], ary avy ao andrefana i [[Borkina Fasô]] sy i [[Mali|Malý]].
[[Sary:Niger carte.gif|vignette|Sarin-tanin' i Nizera|215x215px]]
Mizara faritra ara-jeôgrafia telo i Nizera: ny faritra amin' ny tany efitr' i [[Sahara]] ao avaratra anjakan' ny [[Tangorom-bohitra|tangorom-bohitr]]' i Air izay tsy ahitana zavamaniry firy, ny faritra ao amin' i [[Sahely|Sahel]] izay tany somary karankaina, ary ny lohasahan' ny ony Niger ao atsimo izay hany faritra lonaka ao amin' io firenena io. Toetany mafana sy maina no manjaka ao Nizera.

Ny ankamaroan' ny mponina any dia Miozolmana fa ny Kristiana kosa dia vitsy anisa. Any amin' ny faritra atsimo no ahitana ny ankabetsahan' ny mponin' i Nizera, ao amin' ny faritra ambanivohitra indrindraindrindra. Ny fambolena no loharanon-karena voalohany any Nizera.[[Sary:Niger Regions.png|vignette|Faritra ao Nizera|198x198px]]
Zanatany frantsay taloha i Nizera izay nahazo ny fahaleovan-tenany tamin' ny taona 1960.

== Kolontsaina ==
[[File:Niger peoples ru.svg|vignette|Vondrom-poko :	
  {{Légende|#ff0000|Haosa}}{{Légende|#ffff00|Zarma}} {{Légende|#808000|Toarega}} {{Légende|#b400b4|Folany}} {{Légende|#00ff00|Kanory}} {{Légende|#ff8000|Tobo}} {{Légende|#8c8c8c|Arabo}} {{Légende|#64b464|Gormantse}}]]

=== Vahoaka ao Nizera ===
Tombanana ho 20 tapitrisa ny mponina ao Nizera tamin' ny taona 2018. Ny vonrom-poko samihafa ao dia ireto:
* ny [[Haosa (vahoaka)|Haosa]] (55,4 % amin' ny mponina), izay monina any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' ilay firenena, ara-kolontsaina akaikin' ny avaratra amin' i [[Nizeria|Nizerià]];
* ny [[Zarma (vahoaka)|Zarma]]-[[Sôngay (vahoaka)|Sôngay]] (22,4 %) monina any andrefana amin' ny firenena;
* ny [[Toarega (vahoaka)|Toarega]] (11 %);

* ny [[Folany (vahoaka)|Folany]] (6,5 %) mitsinjara nanerana ny tanim-pirenena misy fivangngoana be ao amin' ny faritr' i Tillabéri;
* ny [[Kanory (vahoaka)|Kanory]] (4,2 %) any atsimo-atsinanana, misy any avaratra-atsinanana (departemantan' i Bilma);
* ny [[Gormantse (vahoaka)|Gormantse]] (0,3 %) any atsimo-andrefana amin' ny firenena;

* ny [[Tobo (vahoaka)|Tobo]] (0,8 %), niparitaka nanerana ny faritra atsinanana amin' i Nizera;
* ny [[Arabo (vahoaka)|Arabo]] (0,4 %), miely indrindra any atsinanana sy avaratra amin' ny firenena, manana vondrona matanjaka ao [[Niamey]] renivohitra;
* ny [[Bodoma (vahoaka)|Bodoma]], vondrona monina eo amin' ny morona sy amin' ireo nosy ao amin' ny Farihy Tchad.

=== Fiteny ao Nizera ===
Ny [[Fiteny ôfisialy|fiteny ôfisiali]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n' i Nizera dia ny [[Fiteny haosa]]. Mpikambana ao amin' ny Antenimieran' ny Frankôfônia sy ao amin' ny Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenena momba ny Frankôfônia.

Tamin' ny taona 2010, ny fiteny be mpampiasa indrindra dia:

* ny [[fiteny haosa]] (47,2 %), [[fiteny hamitô-semitika]], tenenina ao [[Afrika Andrefana]] sy ao [[Afrika Afovoany]];
* ny [[fiteny zarma]] (18,2 %), [[Fianakaviam-piteny nilô-sahariana|fiteny nilô-sahariana]];
* ny [[fiteny folany]] (8,3 %), [[Fianakaviambem-piteny nizerô-kôngôley|fiteny nizerô-kôngôley]];
* ny [[fiteny sôngay]] (5,2 %), fiteny nilô-sahariana;
* ny [[fiteny amaziga]] (4,8 %), fiteny hamitô-semitika;
* ny [[fiteny kanory]] (4,2 %), fiteny nilô-sahariana;
* ny [[fiteny arabo alzeriana]] (3,4 %), fiteny hamitô-semitika;
* ny [[fiteny môre]] na môsy (0,9 %), fiteny nizerô-kôngôley;
* ny [[fiteny tamaseka]] (0,7 %), fiteny hamitô-semitika;
* ny [[fiteny dendy]] (0,5 %), fiteny nilô-sahariana.

Fanampin' ireo koa ny [[fiteny gormantse]], ny [[fiteny tobo]] ary ny [[fiteny bodoma]], izay fiteny ampiasain' ny ampahany kely amin' ny mponina. Ao koa ny [[fiteny anglisy]], satria ny [[Haosa (vahoaka)|Haosa]] avy any [[Nizeria]] dia mipetraka ao Nizera, ary lehibe ny fifanakalozana eo amin' ny firenena roa tonta.

Manana fitenim-pirenena valo i Nizera, dia ny [[fiteny haosa]],  ny [[fiteny zarma]],  ny [[fiteny tamajeka]], ny [[fiteny folany]], ny [[fiteny kanory]], ny [[fiteny arabo]], ny [[fiteny gormantse]], ny [[fiteny tobo]]. Ny lalàna tamin' ny 2001 dia miresaka koa momba ny [[fiteny bodoma]] sy ny [[fiteny tasaoaka]].

=== Fivavahana ===
[[Sary:Mosque de Tchana Maradi 2.jpg|vignette|Môske Tchana ao Maradi ao atsimo amin' i Nizera]]
Fanjakana [[Fanjakana laîka|laîka]] i Nizera izay misy [[Silamo|Mozilmana]] eo amin' ny 95-99 % amin' ny mponina. Firenena mpikambana ao amin' ny Fikambanam-Piaraha-Miasa Islamika ([[Fiteny anglisy|anglisy]]: ''Organisation of Islamic Cooperation'' / [[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]]: ''Organisation de la coopération islamique'') i Nizera. Ny 59 % hatramin' ny 95 % amin' ny Mozilmana dia [[Sonisma|Sonita]] fa ny 5 % hatramin' ny 7 % kosa dia [[Siisma|Siita]]. Fanampin' izany, ny 47 % dia mpikambana ao amin' ny firahalahiana sofy iray ([[Sofisma (silamo)|sofisma]]), indrindra ny Sufi Tijaniyya. Ny sisa amin' ny mponina dia misy [[Kristianisma|kristiana]] sy mpanaraka ny [[fivavahan-drazana afrikana]] (izay lazaina matetika hoe [[Animisma|animista]]).

Tsy firy ny Kristiana ao Nizera noho ny fampanjakazakana ny kolontsaina silamo taloha tao amin' ny faritra samihafa sy noho ny fahataran' ny fahatongavan' ny misiônera kristiana tamin' ny fotoan' ny fanjanahantany. Ny vahoaka kristiana ao Nizera dia hita indrindra any amin' ny faritr' i Doutchi sy Téra izay ahitana vahoaka animista maro ihany koa.

Ny Kristiana, indrindra fa ny Katôlika, dia antsoina matetika amin' ny anarana &quot;Kreôla&quot;, izay mampahatsiahy ny fanjanahantany frantsay, satria ao amin' ilay firenena, ny finoana silamo dia heverina ho toetra maha-izy azy ny vahoaka nizeriena, indrindra nandritra ny vanim-potoan' ny ady amin' ny fanjanahantany. Tamin' ny taona 2016 dia nisy 70 000 ny Kristiana ([[Katôlisisma|Katôlika]] sy [[Prôtestantisma|Prôtestanta]]) tao Nizera. Manodidina ny 50 000 eo ho eo ny mpanaraka ny fivavahan-drazana, izay saika mivangongo ao amin' ny faritr' i Téra sy Dogondouchie sy Konni ary Gaya.

Ny maha-izy azy ny firenena koa dia niharan' ny kolontsain' ny Haosa any avaratra amin' i Nizerià izay manohy mampita ny fomba fiainany amin' ny Haosa ao Nizera, izay ampahany be indrindra amin' ny mponina ao amin' ilay firenena.

== Toekarena ==

=== Fambolena sy fiompiana ary ny jono ===

==== Fambolena ====
[[Sary:Un champ de Mil au Niger.jpg|vignette|Tanin' ampembambazaha ao Nizera]]
Tsy maharahanka ny fitomboan' ny mponina izay 3,3 % isan-taona ny vokatry ny [[fambolena]] izay iharan' ny [[Haintany|hain-tany]] sy ny fanafihan' ny [[valala]] miverimberina  (taona 2000 sy 2004 ary 2009). Tamin’ ny taona 2004 dia namely ilay firenena ireo loza roa ireo ka niteraka fahasahiranana ara-tsakafo izany tamin’ ny fiandohan’ ny taona 2005.

Ny [[Ampemba|ampemby]] (1 301 800 taonina, tamin' ny taona 2010) sy ny [[Ampembambazaha|ampebimbazaha]] (3 837 500 taonina, 2010) ary ny [[voanemba]] (ilay karazana ''Vigna unguiculata'' subsp. ''unguiculata'') (1 773 400 taonina, 2010).

==== Fiompiana ====
Miompy ny Nizeriana, indrindra any amin' ny 3/4 avaratra-atsinanana amin' ilay firenena. Izany dia mandray anjara amin' ampahany manan-danja amin' ny famokarana sakafo voahodina ao Nizera. Ambany ny fihinanana hena ao Nizera nefa mpanondrana biby fiompy sy [[hoditra]] ary [[hena]] ity firenena ity. Tsy ampy ny famokarana [[ronono]] ka tsy maintsy fenoina amin' ny fanafarana.

Anisan' ny ompiana betsaka any ny [[osy]] (niisa 13 673 000 tamin' ny taona 2010), ny [[ondry]] (10 917 000, taona 2010), ny [[omby]] (9 817 000, taona 2010), ny [[rameva]] (1 670 000, taona 2010), ny [[boriky]] (1 631 000, taona 2010), ary ny [[soavaly]] (242 000, taona 2010). 

==== Jono ====
Manjono any amin’ ny dobo madinika voajanahary any atsimo amin’ ilay firenena (faritra Diffa), sy eo amin’ ny ony [[Niger (ony)|Niger]]. Latsaky ny 1/4 amin' ny famokarana ny fiopiana an-dranomamy. Nihena be ny famokarana (55 860 taonina tamin’ ny taona 2003, 3 380 taonina tamin’ ny taona 2008) nanomboka tamin’ ny taona 2006, ary lasa mpanafatra ilay firenena, na dia nihena be aza ny fanjifana.

=== Taozavabaventy sy fitrandrahana harena an-kibon' ny tany ===

==== Taozavabaventy ====
Ny famonoana biby fiompy sy ny fanodinana ny [[hoditra]] sy hoditra voasa no tena ifororan' ny indostria. Manana orinasa 900 eo ho io sehatra io ary niantoka ny 5 % amin' ny [[harin-karena faobe]] ao amin' ilay firenena tamin' ny taona 2010. Ny sehatry ny fanorenana dia misahana ny 4 % amin' ny harin-karena faobe tamin' ny taona 2009.

==== Fitrandrahana harena an-kibon' ny tany ====
Ny [[sira]] ho an' ny sakafon' olombelona ​sy ny [[natrôna]] ho an' ny sakafom-biby dia alaina hatry ny taonjato maro avy ao amin' ireo lempona masira any amin' ny tany efitra sady volavolaina hanana endrika mofo na [[kitsoloha]] (Teggida N'tessem, Bilma, Manga).

Misy [[firapotsy]] ny any Aïr ary misy [[vy]] ny any akaikin' i Say, atsimon' i [[Niamey]].

Misy [[oranioma]] betsaka amin' ny faritra midadasika ny any Nizera, izay trandrahina any avaratra, ao Arlit sy ao Akouta, ary i Nizera dia anisan' ny mpamokatra oranioma lehibe indrindra eran-tany. Tombanana ho 170 000 taonina mahery ny tahirin' oranioma. Ny famokarana oranioma, izay nihena tamin' ny taompolo 1980 noho ny fihenan' ny [[tinady]], dia marin-toerana teo amin' ny 3 000 taonina isan-taona.

Nitrandraka ihany koa ny tahirin' [[arintany]] (176 000 taonina ny famokarana tamin’ ny 2003) i Nizera.

=== Fitaterana ===

==== Fitaterana an-dalamby ====
Nanomboka ny taona 2014 ny fanitarana [[lalamby]] mampitohy an’ i Niamey (Nizera) mankany [[Cotonou]] mandalo an’ i Parakou ([[Benîno]]), ary novinavinaina ho vita amin’ ny taona 2016. Mbola nitohy ihany anefa ny tetikasa tamin’ ny taona 2018, ary tsy nisy tatitra natao hatramin’ ny taona 2022. Tafiditra ao anatin’ izany ny fanamboarana lalamby vaovao mirefy 574 km avy any Niamey mba hampifandray amin’ ilay zotra efa misy any Parakou (Benîno). Ankoatra an' i Niamey dia hamakivaky ny tanànan' i Dosso sy Gaya ilay lalamby.

==== Fitaterana an' arabe ====
Ny lalana voalohany na vita [[tara]] dia voafetra ho an' ny tanàna lehibe na amin' ny fampifandraisana ny tanàn-dehibe. Ny ankamaroan' ny lalana mankany na any ambanivohitra dia tsy voarakotra rarivato, lalan-tany voapaika na fasika ampy na tsy ampy fikojakojana. Tamin' ny taona 2012 dia nisy 19 675 km ny tamba-jotran-dalana nanerana an' i Nizera, ka ny 4 225 km no vita tara.

==== Fitaterana ana habakabaka ====
Manana seranam-piaramanidina miisa 27 i Nizera, ka ny folo amin' izy ireo  efa misy lalam-piaramanidina vita tara ary ny telo dia manana lalam-piaramanidina mihoatra ny 2 500 m. I Niamey no tena ivon' ny fifamoivoizana iraisam-pirenena, saingy misy ihany koa ny sidina avy any Agadez mankany [[Parisy|Paris]].

==== Fitaterana an-drenirano ====
Ny 300 km amin' ny ony [[Niger (ony)|Niger]] any Nizera dia azo ampiasaina amin' ny fifamoivoizana. Ny vanim-potoana ahafahana mifamoivoy amin' ny  ony Niger dia miovaova arakaraka ny faritra: avy any [[Niamey]] ka hatrany Gaya dia amin' ny Septambra ka hatramin' ny Marsa. Mandrahona ny fitaterana an-drenirano anefa ny fihabetsahan' ny fasika.

=== Sehatr' asa hafa ===

==== Angovo ====
Tsy ampy  ho an' ny filany ny [[Angôvo|angovo]] azon' i Nizera. Ny fanjifana angovo ao amin' ilay firenena dia heverina ho anisan' ny ambany indrindra eran-tany. Ny fahazoana herinaratra eo anelanelan' ny faritry ny tanàn-dehibe toa an' i Niamey dia ahafahana miantoka ny 50 % amin' ny filana herinaratra, ary ny faritra ambanivohitra mahazo 20 hatramin' ny 40 %, ary ny faritra ambany indrindra dia 10 %. Ny [[tinady]] hafa momba ny herinaratra dia omen' ny ''Nigerien Electricity Society'' (NIGELEC) fahafaham-po, manolotra mpamokatra herinaratra amin' ny gazoala sy toeram-pamokarana angovo mampiasa arintany mba hamoronana akora fandrehitra hofaina.

Ny famokarana sy ny fitsinjarana ny herinaratra sy ny entona ary ny rano dia miantoka ny 1 % amin' ny harin-karena faobe tamin' ny taona 2009. Manodidina ny 89 % amin' ny herinaratra zarain' ny NIGELEC no nohafarana avy any Nizerià, ary 8 % ny tahan' ny fahazoana angovon' aratra eo amin' ilay firenena.

==== Fitrandrahana ala ====
Ny kitay no loharanon' angovo voalohany any Nizera (9 400 000 m3 isan-taona). Ny ala ihany koa dia mamokatra gaoma arabo (tanin-kazo mpamokatra gaoma arabo mierfy 160 000 ha, voajanahary na nambolena) amin' ny fomba asan-tanana.

==== Samihafa ====
Ny sehatry ny fitsaboana dia mampiasa olona matihanina manodidina ny 4 200 ary miantoka, ivelan' ny asam-panjakana, manodidina ny 2 % amin’ ny harin-karena faobe tamin' ny taona 2010. Mampiasa mpampianatra 56 200 ny fampianarana amin’ ny toeram-pampianarana miisa 14 300 ary misahana, ivelan' ny asam-panjakana, manodidina ny 2 % amin’ ny harin-karena faobe tamin' ny taona 2010 .

Tsy mandroso ny sehatry ny banky; misy banky 10 sy toeram-pikirakiram-bola 77 tamin' ny taona 2009, ka ny 43 ao [[Niamey]]. Nampiasa olona 40 400 ny asam-panjakana tamin’ ny taona 2010 (mpiasa raikitra sy mpanampy ary nanao fifanarahana). Ny tolotra hafa dia nahatratra 6 % amin' ny harin-karena faobe tamin' ny taona 2010.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Niger (ony)]]

'''Firenena ao Afrika:'''

[[Afrika Atsimo]] - [[Alzeria]] - [[Angôla]] - [[Benino]] - [[Borkina Fasô]] - [[Borondy]] - [[Bôtsoana]] - [[Ejipta]] - [[Eritrea]] - [[Esoatiny]] ([[Soazilandy]] taloha) - [[Etiôpia]] - [[Gabôna]] - [[Gambia]] - [[Ganà]] - [[Ginea]] - [[Ginea Bisao]] - [[Ginea Ekoatôrialy]] - [[Jibotỳ]] - [[Kamerona]] - [[Kapvera]] - [[Kenia]] - [[Kômôro]] - [[Kôtidivoara]] - [[Lezôtô]] - [[Liberia]] - [[Libia]] - [[Madagasikara]] - [[Malaoỳ|Malaoy]] - [[Malỳ]] - [[Maorisy]] - [[Maoritania]] - [[Marôka]] - [[Môzambika]] - [[Namibia]] - '''Nizera''' - [[Nizeria]] - [[Oganda]] - [[Repoblika Arabo Saharaoy Demôkratika]] - [[Repoblika Demôkratikan' i Kôngô]] - [[Repoblikan' i Afrika Afovoany]] - [[Repoblikan' i Kôngô]] - [[Roanda]] - [[Saô Tôme e Prinsipe]] - [[Seisely]] - [[Senegaly]] - [[Siera Leôna]] - [[Sodàna]] - [[Sodàna Atsimo]] - [[Sômalia]] - [[Sômalilandy]] - [[Tanzania]] - [[Tôgô]] - [[Tonizia]] - [[Tsady]] - [[Zambia]] - [[Zimbaboe]]


'''Kôntinenta eto an-tany'''

* [[Afrika]]
* [[Amerika]] ([[Amerika Avaratra]] - [[Amerika Atsimo]])
* [[Azia]]
* [[Eorôpa]]
* [[Ôseania]]
* [[Antarktika]]
&lt;br /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ozwdrpmvsho0dq9wtiofesf96x02jk3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Homo sapiens</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>266037</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135381</id>
      <parentid>1118491</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T10:35:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy hadisoam-pitendrena</comment>
      <origin>1135381</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1340" sha1="pd87zoamn60ws0znc8qavo0k6jg6upt" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Skeleton diagram.svg|vignette|405x405px|Karan' ny ''Homo sapiens'']]
Ny '''''Homo sapiens''''' dia anarana siantifika ilazana ny karazana ara-tsiansa anondroana ny [[olombelona]] ankehitriny, izay ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Homo]]'' sy ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Hominidae]]''. Tao [[Afrika]] no heverin' ny mpikaroka fa nipoiran' ny ''Homo sapiens'', 150&amp;nbsp;000 hatramin' ny 300&amp;nbsp;000 taona tany aloha. Avy ao izy no niely maneran-tany. Ny karandohan' olona hita tao [[Etiôpia]] tamin' ny taona 2003 dia heverin' ny manampahaizana fa karandohan' ny ''Homo sapiens'', izay mety niaina 160&amp;nbsp;000 taona tany aloha. Ara-bakiteny dia midika hoe &quot;olona marani-tsaina&quot; ny teny latina notefena hoe ''Homo sapiens''. Teny ao amin' ny sokajin' ny [[anarana]] ny hoe ''homo'' (&quot;olona&quot;) fa [[mpamari-toetra]] kosa ny hoe ''sapiens'' (&quot;mahay&quot;, &quot;hedry&quot;, &quot;marani-tsaina&quot;).

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Primates]]
** [[Haplorrhini|Haplorhini]]
*** [[Simiiformes]]
**** ''[[Hominidae]]''
***** [[Homininae]]
****** [[Hominini]]
******* ''[[Homo]]''
******** '''''Homo sapiens'''''
* ''[[Homo sapiens sapiens]] - [[Homo sapiens idaltu]] - [[Homo sapiens neanderthalensis]]''

* ''[[Homo faber]]'' (filôzôfia)
* ''[[Homo economicus]]'' (toekarena)
* ''[[Homo sociologicus]]'' (sôsiôlôjia)

[[Sokajy:Homo sapiens]]
[[Sokajy:Arkeôlojia]]</text>
      <sha1>pd87zoamn60ws0znc8qavo0k6jg6upt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mialy Rajoelina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>283835</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135359</id>
      <parentid>1131805</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T08:52:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nampiditry loharano</comment>
      <origin>1135359</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2177" sha1="tqnfh6cf9unfee7r36yk34dbg5lwoks" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Razakandisa Mialy (Mialy Rajoelina)|teraka=27 may 1977|toerana=Antsirabe (Antananarivo)|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=Filoham-pikambanana|asa hafa=Mpanao pôlitika|image=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mialy_Rajoelina_2022_(cropped).jpg}}

I '''Mialy Razakandisa Rajoelina''' (teraka ny [[29 Mey]] 1977 tao [[Antsirabe]]) dia vehivavy malagasy vadin' i [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]], filohan' ny [[Madagasikara|Repoblikan' i Madagasikara]] nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2019 ka hatramin'ny taona 2025.

== Ny mombamomba azy ==

=== Fahazazany ===
Teraka tao [[Antananarivo]] i Mialy Rajoelina, nipoitra avy amina fianakaviana somary manana ihany. Ny reniny, i Nicole Razakandisa, izay mpino ao amin' ny [[Fiangonan' i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara]] (FJKM), mpahay simia, tompon' ny orinasa mpamokatra simika, dia maty tamin' ny taona 2012&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201210251579.html&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fianarany ===
Rehefa nahazo ny bakalôrea izy dia nankany [[Parisy|Paris]] mba hanohy fianarana ambony ao amin' ny ''Conservatoire national des arts et métiers''. Niverina teto [[Madagasikara]] izy tamin' ny taona 2000, ary nanatanteraka ny fanambadiany tamin' io taona io ihany&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.lechodusud.com/qui-est-mialy-razakandisa-rajoelina/&lt;/ref&gt;. Samy niasa amin' ny fampisehoana dokambarotra izy mivady.

=== Politika ===
Niara-niasa tamin' ny vadiny tamin' ny fanaovana pôlitika i Mialy ka lasa Vehivavy voalohan' i Madagasikara nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2009 nanonganana an' i [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]], izany hoe fony ny vadiny no filohan' ny Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita, ka hatramin' ny 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;nandraisan' i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]] ny fitondrana, sy nanomboka tamin' ny 18 Janoary 2019 indray, izay daty nidiran' ny vadiny voafidy ho filohan' ny Repoblika taorin' ny fahaliana ho filoha.

Izy no nanangana sy mpitondra teny sady filohan' ny fikambanana mpanao asa soa &quot;Fitia&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Niaro volavolan-dalàna manohitra ny herisetra mifototra amin' ny maha lahy sy maha vavy i Mialy Rajoelina.

== Loharano ==
{{reflist}}
[[Sokajy:Andry Rajoelina]]</text>
      <sha1>tqnfh6cf9unfee7r36yk34dbg5lwoks</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135360</id>
      <parentid>1135359</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T08:56:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jereo koa</comment>
      <origin>1135360</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2214" sha1="c6pls0umkydi30ndsq75r654iuk3ibi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Razakandisa Mialy (Mialy Rajoelina)|teraka=27 may 1977|toerana=Antsirabe (Antananarivo)|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=Filoham-pikambanana|asa hafa=Mpanao pôlitika|image=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mialy_Rajoelina_2022_(cropped).jpg}}

I '''Mialy Razakandisa Rajoelina''' (teraka ny [[29 Mey]] 1977 tao [[Antsirabe]]) dia vehivavy malagasy vadin' i [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]], filohan' ny [[Madagasikara|Repoblikan' i Madagasikara]] nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2019 ka hatramin'ny taona 2025.

== Ny mombamomba azy ==

=== Fahazazany ===
Teraka tao [[Antananarivo]] i Mialy Rajoelina, nipoitra avy amina fianakaviana somary manana ihany. Ny reniny, i Nicole Razakandisa, izay mpino ao amin' ny [[Fiangonan' i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara]] (FJKM), mpahay simia, tompon' ny orinasa mpamokatra simika, dia maty tamin' ny taona 2012&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201210251579.html&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fianarany ===
Rehefa nahazo ny bakalôrea izy dia nankany [[Parisy|Paris]] mba hanohy fianarana ambony ao amin' ny ''Conservatoire national des arts et métiers''. Niverina teto [[Madagasikara]] izy tamin' ny taona 2000, ary nanatanteraka ny fanambadiany tamin' io taona io ihany&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.lechodusud.com/qui-est-mialy-razakandisa-rajoelina/&lt;/ref&gt;. Samy niasa amin' ny fampisehoana dokambarotra izy mivady.

=== Politika ===
Niara-niasa tamin' ny vadiny tamin' ny fanaovana pôlitika i Mialy ka lasa Vehivavy voalohan' i Madagasikara nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2009 nanonganana an' i [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]], izany hoe fony ny vadiny no filohan' ny Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita, ka hatramin' ny 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;nandraisan' i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]] ny fitondrana, sy nanomboka tamin' ny 18 Janoary 2019 indray, izay daty nidiran' ny vadiny voafidy ho filohan' ny Repoblika taorin' ny fahaliana ho filoha.

Izy no nanangana sy mpitondra teny sady filohan' ny fikambanana mpanao asa soa &quot;Fitia&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Niaro volavolan-dalàna manohitra ny herisetra mifototra amin' ny maha lahy sy maha vavy i Mialy Rajoelina.

== Jereo koa ==
[[Rajoelina Andry]]

== Loharano ==
{{reflist}}
[[Sokajy:Andry Rajoelina]]</text>
      <sha1>c6pls0umkydi30ndsq75r654iuk3ibi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135362</id>
      <parentid>1135360</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T09:03:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ZoAndriamifidisoa</username>
        <id>36396</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1135362</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2221" sha1="qv3r5sbs6a135xn1i298u3i6ma3yoog" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Razakandisa Mialy (Mialy Rajoelina)|teraka=27 may 1977|toerana=Antsirabe (Antananarivo)|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=Filoham-pikambanana|asa hafa=Mpanao pôlitika|image=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mialy_Rajoelina_2022_(cropped).jpg}}

I '''Mialy Razakandisa Rajoelina''' (teraka ny [[29 Mey]] 1977 tao [[Antsirabe]]) dia vehivavy malagasy vadin' i [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]], filohan' ny [[Madagasikara|Repoblikan' i Madagasikara]] nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2019 ka hatramin'ny taona 2025.

== Ny mombamomba azy ==

=== Fahazazany ===
Teraka tao [[Antananarivo]] i Mialy Rajoelina, nipoitra avy amina fianakaviana  manana ny ampy. Ny reniny, i Nicole Razakandisa, izay mpino ao amin' ny [[Fiangonan' i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara]] (FJKM), mpahay simia, tompon' ny orinasa mpamokatra simika, dia maty tamin' ny taona 2012&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201210251579.html&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fianarany ===
Rehefa nahazo ny bakalôrea izy dia nankany [[Parisy|Paris]] mba hanohy fianarana ambony ao amin' ny ''Conservatoire national des arts et métiers''. Niverina teto [[Madagasikara]] izy tamin' ny taona 2000, ary nanatanteraka ny fanambadiany tamin' io taona io ihany&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.lechodusud.com/qui-est-mialy-razakandisa-rajoelina/&lt;/ref&gt;. Samy niasa amin' ny sehatry ny dokambarotra izy mivady.

=== Politika ===
Niara-niasa tamin' ny vadiny tamin' ny fanaovana pôlitika i Mialy ka lasa Vehivavy voalohan' i (Ramatoan' i) Madagasikara nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2009 nanonganana an' i [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]], izany hoe fony  filohan' ny Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita ny vadiny, ka hatramin' ny 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;nandraisan' i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]] ny fitondrana, sy nanomboka tamin' ny 18 Janoary 2019 indray, izay daty nidiran' ny vadiny ho filohan' ny Repoblika indray taorin' ny fahalaniany ho filoha.

Izy no nanangana sy mpitondra teny sady filohan' ny fikambanana mpanao asa soa &quot;Fitia&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Niaro volavolan-dalàna manohitra ny herisetra mifototra amin' ny maha lahy sy maha vavy i Mialy Rajoelina.

== Jereo koa ==
[[Rajoelina Andry]]

== Loharano ==
{{reflist}}
[[Sokajy:Andry Rajoelina]]</text>
      <sha1>qv3r5sbs6a135xn1i298u3i6ma3yoog</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135363</id>
      <parentid>1135362</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T09:11:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ZoAndriamifidisoa</username>
        <id>36396</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135363</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2239" sha1="smw5yxvvjdfiu831pf7vnac5q45t9v7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Razakandisa Mialy (Mialy Rajoelina)|teraka=27 may 1977|toerana=Antsirabe (Antananarivo)|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=Filoham-pikambanana|asa hafa=Mpanao pôlitika|image=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mialy_Rajoelina_2022_(cropped).jpg}}

I '''Mialy Razakandisa Rajoelina''' (teraka ny [[29 Mey]] 1977 tao [[Antsirabe]]) dia vehivavy malagasy vadin' i [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]], filohan' ny [[Madagasikara|Repoblikan' i Madagasikara]] nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2019 ka hatramin'ny taona 2025.

== Ny mombamomba azy ==

=== Fahazazany ===
Teraka tao [[Antananarivo]] i Mialy Rajoelina, nipoitra avy amina fianakaviana  manana ny ampy. Ny reniny, i Nicole Razakandisa, izay mpino ao amin' ny [[Fiangonan' i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara]] (FJKM), mpahay simia, mpandraharaha tompon'  orinasa mpamoaka vokatra simika, dia maty tamin' ny taona 2012&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201210251579.html&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fianarany ===
Rehefa nahazo ny bakalôrea izy dia nankany [[Parisy|Paris]] mba hanohy fianarana ambony ao amin' ny ''Conservatoire national des arts et métiers''. Niverina teto [[Madagasikara]] izy tamin' ny taona 2000, ary nanatanteraka ny fanambadiany tamin' io taona io ihany&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.lechodusud.com/qui-est-mialy-razakandisa-rajoelina/&lt;/ref&gt;. Samy niasa amin' ny sehatry ny dokambarotra izy mivady.

=== Politika ===
Niara-niasa tamin' ny vadiny tamin' ny fanaovana pôlitika i Mialy ka lasa Vehivavy voalohan' i (Ramatoan' i) Madagasikara nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2009 nanonganana an' i [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]], izany hoe fony  filohan' ny Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita ny vadiny, ka hatramin' ny 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;nandraisan' i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]] ny fitondrana, sy nanomboka tamin' ny 18 Janoary 2019 indray, izay daty nidiran' ny vadiny ho filohan' ny Repoblika indray taorin' ny fahalaniany ho filoha.

Izy no nanangana sy mpitondra teny sady filohan' ny fikambanana mpanao asa soa &quot;Fitia&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Niaro volavolan-dalàna manohitra ny herisetra mifototra amin' ny maha lahy sy maha vavy i Mialy Rajoelina.

== Jereo koa ==
[[Rajoelina Andry]]

== Loharano ==
{{reflist}}
[[Sokajy:Andry Rajoelina]]</text>
      <sha1>smw5yxvvjdfiu831pf7vnac5q45t9v7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135375</id>
      <parentid>1135363</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T10:04:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ZoAndriamifidisoa</username>
        <id>36396</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135375</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2345" sha1="pvakr3d7w4y5vd0xnrcukhvo19toke9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Razakandisa Mialy (Mialy Rajoelina)|teraka=27 may 1977|toerana=Antsirabe (Antananarivo)|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=Filoham-pikambanana|asa hafa=Mpanao pôlitika|image=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mialy_Rajoelina_2022_(cropped).jpg}}

I '''Mialy Razakandisa Rajoelina''' (teraka ny [[29 Mey]] 1977 tao [[Antananarivo]] ) dia Ramatoan' i Madagasikara vadin' i [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]], izay filohan' ny [[Madagasikara|Repoblikan' i Madagasikara]] voafidy nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2019 ka hatramin'ny taona 2023 ary avy eo taona 2023 rehefa voafidy indray ny vadiny ka hatramin'ny oktobra 2025.

== Ny mombamomba azy ==

=== Fahazazany ===
Teraka tao [[Antananarivo]] i Mialy Rajoelina, nipoitra avy amina fianakaviana  manana ny ampy. Ny reniny, i Nicole Razakandisa, izay mpino ao amin' ny [[Fiangonan' i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara]] (FJKM), mpahay simia, mpandraharaha tompon'  orinasa mpamoaka vokatra simika, dia maty tamin' ny taona 2012&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201210251579.html&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fianarany ===
Rehefa nahazo ny bakalôrea izy dia nankany [[Parisy|Paris]] mba hanohy fianarana ambony ao amin' ny ''Conservatoire national des arts et métiers''. Niverina teto [[Madagasikara]] izy tamin' ny taona 2000, ary nanatanteraka ny fanambadiany tamin' io taona io ihany&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.lechodusud.com/qui-est-mialy-razakandisa-rajoelina/&lt;/ref&gt;. Samy niasa amin' ny sehatry ny dokambarotra izy mivady.

=== Politika ===
Niara-niasa tamin' ny vadiny tamin' ny fanaovana pôlitika i Mialy ka lasa Vehivavy voalohan' i (Ramatoan' i) Madagasikara nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2009 nanonganana an' i [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]], izany hoe fony  filohan' ny Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita ny vadiny, ka hatramin' ny 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;nandraisan' i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]] ny fitondrana, sy nanomboka tamin' ny 18 Janoary 2019 indray, izay daty nidiran' ny vadiny ho filohan' ny Repoblika indray taorin' ny fahalaniany ho filoha.

Izy no nanangana sy mpitondra teny sady filohan' ny fikambanana mpanao asa soa &quot;Fitia&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Niaro volavolan-dalàna manohitra ny herisetra mifototra amin' ny maha lahy sy maha vavy i Mialy Rajoelina.

== Jereo koa ==
[[Rajoelina Andry]]

== Loharano ==
{{reflist}}
[[Sokajy:Andry Rajoelina]]</text>
      <sha1>pvakr3d7w4y5vd0xnrcukhvo19toke9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135380</id>
      <parentid>1135375</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T10:35:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ZoAndriamifidisoa</username>
        <id>36396</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135380</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2572" sha1="ot3oxcm61fuprue4gs0amxry1sfq3mq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Razakandisa Mialy (Mialy Rajoelina)|teraka=27 may 1977|toerana=Antsirabe (Antananarivo)|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=Filoham-pikambanana|asa hafa=Mpanao pôlitika|image=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mialy_Rajoelina_2022_(cropped).jpg}}

I '''Mialy Razakandisa Rajoelina''' (teraka ny [[29 Mey]] 1977 tao [[Antananarivo]] ) dia Ramatoan' i Madagasikara vadin' i [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]], izay filohan' ny [[Madagasikara|Repoblikan' i Madagasikara]] voafidy nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2019 ka hatramin'ny taona 2023 ary avy eo taona 2023 rehefa voafidy indray ny vadiny ka hatramin'ny oktobra 2025.

== Ny mombamomba azy ==

=== Fahazazany ===
Teraka tao [[Antananarivo]] i Mialy Rajoelina, nipoitra avy amina fianakaviana  manana ny ampy. Ny reniny, i Nicole Razakandisa, izay mpino ao amin' ny [[Fiangonan' i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara]] (FJKM), mpahay simia, mpandraharaha tompon'  orinasa mpamoaka vokatra simika, dia maty tamin' ny taona 2012&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201210251579.html&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fianarany ===
Rehefa nahazo ny bakalôrea izy dia nankany [[Parisy|Paris]] mba hanohy fianarana ambony ao amin' ny ''Conservatoire national des arts et métiers''. Niverina teto [[Madagasikara]] izy tamin' ny taona 2000, ary nanatanteraka ny fanambadiany tamin' io taona io ihany&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.lechodusud.com/qui-est-mialy-razakandisa-rajoelina/&lt;/ref&gt;. Samy niasa amin' ny sehatry ny dokambarotra izy mivady.

=== Politika ===
Niara-niasa tamin' ny vadiny tamin' ny fanaovana pôlitika i Mialy ka lasa Vehivavy voalohan' i (Ramatoan' i) Madagasikara nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2009 nanonganana an' i [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]], izany hoe fony  filohan' ny Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita ny vadiny, ka hatramin' ny 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;nandraisan' i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]] ny fitondrana, sy nanomboka tamin' ny 18 Janoary 2019 indray, izay daty nidiran' ny vadiny ho filohan' ny Repoblika indray taorin' ny fahalaniany ho filoha.

Izy no nanangana sy mpitondra teny sady filohan' ny fikambanana mpanao asa soa &quot;Fitia&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Niaro volavolan-dalàna manohitra ny herisetra mifototra amin' ny maha lahy sy maha vavy i Mialy Rajoelina.

== Raki-tsary ==

[[File:Andry Rajoelina with Joe Biden.jpg|thumb|Mialy sy Andry Rajoelina miaraka amin'i Joe Biden sy ny vadiny]]

[[File:Mialy Rajoelina at TEDxTNR 2011.jpg|thumb|Mialy Rajoelina nandritra ny TEDxTNR 2011]]


== Jereo koa ==
[[Rajoelina Andry]]

== Loharano ==
{{reflist}}
[[Sokajy:Andry Rajoelina]]</text>
      <sha1>ot3oxcm61fuprue4gs0amxry1sfq3mq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135390</id>
      <parentid>1135380</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T11:10:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135390</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2642" sha1="3szyuko8jo9jkxhjhpksx32b1q1lwlv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Razakandisa Mialy (Mialy Rajoelina)|teraka=27 may 1977|toerana=Antsirabe (Antananarivo)|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=Filoham-pikambanana|asa hafa=Mpanao pôlitika|image=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mialy_Rajoelina_2022_(cropped).jpg}}

I '''Mialy Razakandisa Rajoelina''' (teraka ny [[29 Mey]] 1977 tao [[Antananarivo]] ) dia Ramatoan' i Madagasikara vadin' i [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]], izay filohan' ny [[Madagasikara|Repoblikan' i Madagasikara]] voafidy nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2019 ka hatramin'ny taona 2023 ary avy eo taona 2023 rehefa voafidy indray ny vadiny ka hatramin'ny oktobra 2025.

== Ny mombamomba azy ==

=== Fahazazany ===
Teraka tao [[Antananarivo]] i Mialy Rajoelina, nipoitra avy amina fianakaviana  manana ny ampy. Ny reniny, i Nicole Razakandisa, izay mpino ao amin' ny [[Fiangonan' i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara]] (FJKM), mpahay simia, mpandraharaha tompon'  orinasa mpamoaka vokatra simika, dia maty tamin' ny taona 2012&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201210251579.html&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fianarany ===
Rehefa nahazo ny bakalôrea izy dia nankany [[Parisy|Paris]] mba hanohy fianarana ambony ao amin' ny ''Conservatoire national des arts et métiers''. Niverina teto [[Madagasikara]] izy tamin' ny taona 2000, ary nanatanteraka ny fanambadiany tamin' io taona io ihany&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.lechodusud.com/qui-est-mialy-razakandisa-rajoelina/&lt;/ref&gt;. Samy niasa amin' ny sehatry ny dokambarotra izy mivady.

=== Politika ===
Niara-niasa tamin' ny vadiny tamin' ny fanaovana pôlitika i Mialy ka lasa Vehivavy voalohan' i (Ramatoan' i) Madagasikara nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2009 nanonganana an' i [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]], izany hoe fony  filohan' ny Fahefana Avon' ny Tetezamita ny vadiny, ka hatramin' ny 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;nandraisan' i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]] ny fitondrana, sy nanomboka tamin' ny 18 Janoary 2019 indray, izay daty nidiran' ny vadiny ho filohan' ny Repoblika indray taorin' ny fahalaniany ho filoha.

Izy no nanangana sy mpitondra teny sady filohan' ny fikambanana mpanao asa soa &quot;Fitia&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Niaro volavolan-dalàna manohitra ny herisetra mifototra amin' ny maha lahy sy maha vavy i Mialy Rajoelina.

== Raki-tsary ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Andry Rajoelina with Joe Biden.jpg|thumb|Mialy sy Andry Rajoelina miaraka amin'i Joe Biden sy ny vadiny

File:Mialy Rajoelina at TEDxTNR 2011.jpg|thumb|Mialy Rajoelina nandritra ny TEDxTNR 2011
File:Isaac Herzog visit to Rwanda, April 2024 (MYN 5609).jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;
== Jereo koa ==
[[Rajoelina Andry]]
== Loharano ==
{{reflist}}
[[Sokajy:Andry Rajoelina]]</text>
      <sha1>3szyuko8jo9jkxhjhpksx32b1q1lwlv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Logia</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1135343</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-15T04:58:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy hadisoam-pitendrena</comment>
      <origin>1135343</origin>
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      <text bytes="2323" sha1="n93j7fkoiru52i13d4drms8ip5mdpx2" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''logia''''' ([[Fiteny grika|grika]]: λόγια raha maro) na '''''logion''''' (grika: λόγιον, raha tokana), tany [[Grisia Taloha|Grisia]] tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha]], dia teny vokatry ny [[Tsindrimandry (fivavahana)|tsindrimandry]] avy amin' ny [[Andriamanitra (ankapobeny)|andriamanitra]] na avy amin' [[Andriamanitra (tokana)|Andriamanitra]] na masina. Ao amin' ny lovantsofin' ny [[jodaisma helenistika]] sy ao amin' ny [[kristianisma]], io teny io dia mitovy amin' ny hoe &quot;Tenin' ny Tompo&quot;.

Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, ny mpamakafaka ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]] dia saika nampiasa an' io teny io hanondroana ny &quot;teny&quot; nataon' i [[Jesoa]] (na [[Jesoa|Jesosy]]) manokana. Mitana toerana ivo eo amin' ny fikatsahana an' i [[Jesoa ara-tantara]] ireo ''logia'' ireo satria mifandray amin' ny fiandohan' ny [[Filazantsara kanônika]], indrindra ny [[Filazantsara sinôptika|sinôptika]]. Ny [[Loharano Q]] izay nofaritan' ny [[petra-kevitry ny loharano roa]], raha ny marina, dia fitambaran' ny ''logia'' (teny) nataon' i Jesoa izay nampiasain' i [[Matio]] sy i [[Lioka]].

Ny teny hoe ''logia'' na ''logion'' dia nampiasaina amin' ny fomba samihafa ao amin' ny asasoratra tamin' ny Andro Taloha sy teo amin' ny manam-pahaizana môderina momba ny fifandraisana avy amin' Andriamanitra. Raha ny vanim-potoana nampanjaka ny [[paganisma]] dia &quot;filazana&quot; no tena hevitr' io teny io, fa ny asasoratra [[Jodaisma|jiosy]] sy [[Kristianisma|kristiana]] kosa dia nampiasa ny teny hoe ''logia'' hiresahana indrindra &quot;ny [[Soratra Masina]] avy amin' ny tsindrimandrin' Andriamanitra&quot;.

Ny fisehoan' io teny io malaza sy niteraka adihevitra be dia ao amin' ny fitantaran' i [[Papiasy avy any Hierapôlisy]] momba ny niandohan' ny [[Filazantsara kanônika]]. Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-19, ny manam-pahaizana momba ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]] dia nirona tamin' ny fanokanana ny teny hoe ''logion'' hanondroana ny tenin' Andriamanitra, indrindra fa ny tenin' i Jesoa, mifanohitra amin' ny fitantarana, ary niantso ny fitambaran' ireo teny ireo, araka ny nasehon' ny [[Filazantsaran' i Tômasy]] hoe ''logia''.

Ny toetoetran' ireo ''logia'' ireo dia niadian-kevitra hatramin' i Papiasy avy any Hierapôlisy, ary hatramin' ny nahitana ny Filazantsaran' i Tômasy izay [[Apôkrifan' ny Testamenta Vaovao|apôkrifa]].</text>
      <sha1>n93j7fkoiru52i13d4drms8ip5mdpx2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kapibara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>289262</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135290</id>
      <parentid>1135185</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-14T20:19:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135290</origin>
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      <text bytes="1656" sha1="kyxpc4kfr79obz08t1mn8gikc18ojv2" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hydrochoeris_hydrochaeris_in_Brazil_in_Petrópolis,_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brazil_09.jpg|thumb|250px|Kapibara]]

Ny '''kapibara''' na '''kapincho''' ([[anarana siantifika]]: '''''Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris''''') dia karazana [[biby mampinono]] mpikiky ao amin'ny fianakaviana [[Caviidae]] sy ny zana-pianakaviana [[Hydrochoerinae]]. Ny mpanoratra sasany mihevitra fa tokony hosokajiana ao amin'ny fianakaviana manokana izy. Izy io dia tafiditra ao anatin'ny vondrona mpikiky mitovy amin'izay anasokajiana ny pakas, agoutis, cavies, ary [[kisoa guinea]]. Mitranga manerana an'i [[Amerika Atsimo]] atsinanan'ny [[Andes]] izy io, amin'ny toeram-ponenana mifandray amin'ny renirano, farihy ary heniheny, manomboka amin'ny haabon'ny ranomasina ka hatramin'ny haavo 1300 m. Tena azo ampifanarahana izy io, ary mety hitranga any amin'ny tontolo novain'ny olombelona.

Io no biby mpikiky lehibe indrindra eran-tany, milanja hatramin'ny 91 kg, mirefy 1,2 m ny halavany ary 60 sm ny haavony. Ny palitaony dia matevina, mena ka hatramin'ny volontany maizina. Azo atao ny manavaka ny lahy noho ny fisian'ny [[fihary]] lehibe eo amin'ny [[orona]], na dia tsy dia hita maso aza ny dimôrfisma ara-pananahana. Misy andiana fampifanarahana ao amin'ny [[rafitra fandevonan-kanina]] ho an'ny [[herbivory]], indrindra ao amin'ny [[cecum]]. Mahatratra 1,5 taona eo ho eo ny [[fahamatorana ara-nofo]], ary ny vavy amin'ny ankapobeny dia miteraka zaza efatra isaky ny mandeha, milanja hatramin'ny 1,5 kilao, ary teraka efa manana volo sy nify maharitra. Amin'ny fahababoana, dia afaka miaina hatramin'ny 12 taona izy.

==Jereo koa==

[[Sokajy:Biby mampinono]]
[[Sokajy:Caviidae]]</text>
      <sha1>kyxpc4kfr79obz08t1mn8gikc18ojv2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135315</id>
      <parentid>1135290</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T01:30:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135315</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1769" sha1="s8g5mor08v37rqaxfxvhorxjss7hldv" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hydrochoeris_hydrochaeris_in_Brazil_in_Petrópolis,_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brazil_09.jpg|thumb|250px|Kapibara]]
[[File:073 Capybara mother and baby in Encontro das Águas State Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|thumb|Kapibara]]
Ny '''kapibara''' na '''kapincho''' ([[anarana siantifika]]: '''''Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris''''') dia karazana [[biby mampinono]] mpikiky ao amin'ny fianakaviana [[Caviidae]] sy ny zana-pianakaviana [[Hydrochoerinae]]. Ny mpanoratra sasany mihevitra fa tokony hosokajiana ao amin'ny fianakaviana manokana izy. Izy io dia tafiditra ao anatin'ny vondrona mpikiky mitovy amin'izay anasokajiana ny pakas, agoutis, cavies, ary [[kisoa guinea]]. Mitranga manerana an'i [[Amerika Atsimo]] atsinanan'ny [[Andes]] izy io, amin'ny toeram-ponenana mifandray amin'ny renirano, farihy ary heniheny, manomboka amin'ny haabon'ny ranomasina ka hatramin'ny haavo 1300 m. Tena azo ampifanarahana izy io, ary mety hitranga any amin'ny tontolo novain'ny olombelona.

Io no biby mpikiky lehibe indrindra eran-tany, milanja hatramin'ny 91 kg, mirefy 1,2 m ny halavany ary 60 sm ny haavony. Ny palitaony dia matevina, mena ka hatramin'ny volontany maizina. Azo atao ny manavaka ny lahy noho ny fisian'ny [[fihary]] lehibe eo amin'ny [[orona]], na dia tsy dia hita maso aza ny dimôrfisma ara-pananahana. Misy andiana fampifanarahana ao amin'ny [[rafitra fandevonan-kanina]] ho an'ny [[herbivory]], indrindra ao amin'ny [[cecum]]. Mahatratra 1,5 taona eo ho eo ny [[fahamatorana ara-nofo]], ary ny vavy amin'ny ankapobeny dia miteraka zaza efatra isaky ny mandeha, milanja hatramin'ny 1,5 kilao, ary teraka efa manana volo sy nify maharitra. Amin'ny fahababoana, dia afaka miaina hatramin'ny 12 taona izy.

==Jereo koa==

[[Sokajy:Biby mampinono]]
[[Sokajy:Caviidae]]</text>
      <sha1>s8g5mor08v37rqaxfxvhorxjss7hldv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135316</id>
      <parentid>1135315</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T01:31:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135316</origin>
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      <text bytes="1818" sha1="5o25ipcyc63g0pbkx2zkh24phqn2zan" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hydrochoeris_hydrochaeris_in_Brazil_in_Petrópolis,_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brazil_09.jpg|thumb|250px|Kapibara]]
[[File:073 Capybara mother and baby in Encontro das Águas State Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|thumb|Kapibara]]
Ny '''kapibara''' na '''kapincho''' ([[anarana siantifika]]: '''''Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris''''') dia karazana [[biby mampinono]] mpikiky ao amin'ny fianakaviana [[Caviidae]] sy ny zana-pianakaviana [[Hydrochoerinae]]. Ny mpanoratra sasany mihevitra fa tokony hosokajiana ao amin'ny fianakaviana manokana izy. Izy io dia tafiditra ao anatin'ny vondrona mpikiky mitovy amin'izay anasokajiana ny pakas, agoutis, cavies, ary [[kisoa guinea]]. Mitranga manerana an'i [[Amerika Atsimo]] atsinanan'ny [[Andes]] izy io, amin'ny toeram-ponenana mifandray amin'ny renirano, farihy ary heniheny, manomboka amin'ny haabon'ny ranomasina ka hatramin'ny haavo 1300 m. Tena azo ampifanarahana izy io, ary mety hitranga any amin'ny tontolo novain'ny olombelona.

Io no biby mpikiky lehibe indrindra eran-tany, milanja hatramin'ny 91 kg, mirefy 1,2 m ny halavany ary 60 sm ny haavony. Ny palitaony dia matevina, mena ka hatramin'ny volontany maizina. Azo atao ny manavaka ny lahy noho ny fisian'ny [[fihary]] lehibe eo amin'ny [[orona]], na dia tsy dia hita maso aza ny dimôrfisma ara-pananahana. Misy andiana fampifanarahana ao amin'ny [[rafitra fandevonan-kanina]] ho an'ny [[herbivory]], indrindra ao amin'ny [[cecum]]. Mahatratra 1,5 taona eo ho eo ny [[fahamatorana ara-nofo]], ary ny vavy amin'ny ankapobeny dia miteraka zaza efatra isaky ny mandeha, milanja hatramin'ny 1,5 kilao, ary teraka efa manana volo sy nify maharitra. Amin'ny fahababoana, dia afaka miaina hatramin'ny 12 taona izy.

==Jereo koa==
{{commonscat|Category:Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris}}
[[Sokajy:Biby mampinono]]
[[Sokajy:Caviidae]]</text>
      <sha1>5o25ipcyc63g0pbkx2zkh24phqn2zan</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135320</id>
      <parentid>1135316</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T01:51:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
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      <origin>1135320</origin>
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      <text bytes="1829" sha1="mry8fee0ait8s5nb2evrucipfbbbqh2" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Hydrochoeris_hydrochaeris_in_Brazil_in_Petrópolis,_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brazil_09.jpg|thumb|250px|Kapibara]]
[[File:073 Capybara mother and baby in Encontro das Águas State Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|thumb|Kapibara]]
Ny '''kapibara''' na '''kapincho''' ([[anarana]] [[Siansa|siantifika]]: '''''Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris''''') dia karazana [[biby mampinono]] mpikiky ao amin'ny fianakaviana [[Caviidae]] sy ny zana-pianakaviana [[Hydrochoerinae]]. Ny mpanoratra sasany mihevitra fa tokony hosokajiana ao amin'ny fianakaviana manokana izy. Izy io dia tafiditra ao anatin'ny vondrona mpikiky mitovy amin'izay anasokajiana ny pakas, agoutis, cavies, ary [[kisoa guinea]]. Mitranga manerana an'i [[Amerika Atsimo]] atsinanan'ny [[Andes]] izy io, amin'ny toeram-ponenana mifandray amin'ny renirano, farihy ary heniheny, manomboka amin'ny haabon'ny ranomasina ka hatramin'ny haavo 1300 m. Tena azo ampifanarahana izy io, ary mety hitranga any amin'ny tontolo novain'ny olombelona.

Io no biby mpikiky lehibe indrindra eran-tany, milanja hatramin'ny 91 kg, mirefy 1,2 m ny halavany ary 60 sm ny haavony. Ny palitaony dia matevina, mena ka hatramin'ny volontany maizina. Azo atao ny manavaka ny lahy noho ny fisian'ny [[fihary]] lehibe eo amin'ny [[orona]], na dia tsy dia hita maso aza ny dimôrfisma ara-pananahana. Misy andiana fampifanarahana ao amin'ny [[rafitra fandevonan-kanina]] ho an'ny [[herbivory]], indrindra ao amin'ny [[cecum]]. Mahatratra 1,5 taona eo ho eo ny [[fahamatorana ara-nofo]], ary ny vavy amin'ny ankapobeny dia miteraka zaza efatra isaky ny mandeha, milanja hatramin'ny 1,5 kilao, ary teraka efa manana volo sy nify maharitra. Amin'ny fahababoana, dia afaka miaina hatramin'ny 12 taona izy.

==Jereo koa==
{{commonscat|Category:Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris}}
[[Sokajy:Biby mampinono]]
[[Sokajy:Caviidae]]</text>
      <sha1>mry8fee0ait8s5nb2evrucipfbbbqh2</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sokajy:Mpanao gazety alemainy</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>291588</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135349</id>
      <parentid>1132464</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T05:30:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy nofotsiana</comment>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leptadenia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>292839</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135272</id>
      <parentid>1129396</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-14T16:50:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy hadisoam-pitendrena</comment>
      <origin>1135272</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2614" sha1="6injmx4dl2wfy5qco0yafa50pxisofc" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Leptadenia hastata MS4996.JPG|vignette|''Leptadenia hastata'' (syn ''Leptadenia lanceolata'')|298x298px]]Ny '''''Leptadenia''''' dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Apocynaceae]]'', nofaritana voalohany tamin' ny taona 1810. Teratany aty [[Afrika]] izy io, anisan' izany i [[Madagasikara]], ary koa any amin' ny faritra atsimo-andrefan' i [[Azia]] sy any amin' ny [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana|Zana-kôntinenta Indiana]].
[[Sary:Leptadenia reticulata climber.JPG|ankavia|vignette|220x220px|''Leptadenia reticulata'']].
Arakaraka ny karazana dia mety ho [[hazo madinika]],  [[hazobotry]], na [[vahy]] ny ''Leptadenia'' izay matetika misy [[lateksa]]. Matetika ireo karazana ireo no maro dia maro rantsana. Kely dia kely na maharitra ny raviny.
Misy karazany 6 ka hatramin' ny mihoatra ny 20 ny ''Leptadenia'', arakaraka ny loharano.

== Karazana ==
Inty ny lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Leptadenia'':

* ''[[Leptadenia albida]]'' (Schinz) Bruyns – [[Angôla]] sy [[Namibia]] ary Cape Provinces
* ''[[Leptadenia arborea]]'' (Forssk.) Schweinf. - [[Sodàna]], [[Etiôpia]]
* ''[[Leptadenia gossweileri]]'' (C.Norman) Bruyns – Angôla
* ''[[Leptadenia jasminiflora]]'' (Decne.) Bruyns – [[Repoblika Demôkratikan' i Kôngô]] hatrany [[Afrika Atsimo]]
* ''[[Leptadenia hastata]]'' (Pers.) Decne. na ''[[Leptadenia lanceolata]]''
* ''[[Leptadenia lancifolia]]'' (Schumach. &amp; Thonn.) Decne. - [[Faritra Afrôtrôpikaly|Afrika Trôpikaly]]
* ''[[Leptadenia madagascariensis]]'' Decne. - [[Madagasikara]] (mojy, taratarika, tarikarika, taritarika, vaheronto, vahirano, vahironto, vahirontovavy)
* ''[[Leptadenia pyrotechnica]]'' (Forssk.) Decne. - [[Aljeria]] hatrany [[India]]
* ''[[Leptadenia reticulata]]'' (Retz.) Wight &amp; Arn. - [[Madagasikara]] (vahirontolahy), [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana]], [[Mianmara]], ary [[Kambôdia]]
* ''[[Leptadenia viminea]]'' (Wight) Bruyns – Himalaya andrefana sy afovoany ary India

Nampidirina tao taloha nefa nafindra vondron-karazana (''[[Genianthus]]'', ''[[Periploca]]'') ireto karazana manaraka ireto: 
* ''Leptadenia elliptica'' Blume na ''[[Genianthus ellipticus]]'' (Blume) Bakh. f.
* '''Leptadenia visciformis'' Vatke na ''[[Periploca visciformis]]'' (Vatke) K. Schum.

[[Sary:Leptadenia pyrotechnica Marco Schmidt 0771.jpg|vignette|285x285px|''Leptadenia pyrotechnica'']][[Sary:Leptadenia pyrotechnica 03.JPG|vignette|247x247px|Vonin' ny ''Leptadenia pyrotechnica''|ankavia]]
[[Sary:Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. (31787609488).jpg|vignette|''Leptadenia pyrotechnica'']]
== Jereo koa ==
* ''[[Genianthus]]''
* ''[[Periploca]]''</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Greta Thunberg</title>
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      <text bytes="196524" sha1="j1t9sdvqifuxeds8hv5auxai2o37ru9" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox olona
|sary     = Greta Thunberg in Stockholm (cropped 2).jpg
|anarana  = Greta Thunberg
|teraka   = 3 Janoary 2003
|toerana  = [[Stockholm]], {{Soeda}}
|maty     = 
|firenena = {{Soeda}}
|mpiaraka=
|asa=
}}

'''Greta Tintin Eleonora Ernman Thunberg''' ({{AAI|/ˈɡrêːta ˈtʉ̂ːnbærj/|lang|sv-Greta Thunberg.ogg}}; teraka ny 3 Janoary 2003) dia [[mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro]] sy [[mpikatroka ara-politika]] soedoà, izay fantatra voalohany tamin' ny fanamby nataony tamin' ny mpitondra maneran-tany mba handray andraikitra haingana hanatanterahana ny [[fampihenana ny fiovan' ny toetrandro|fepetra hampihenana]] ny voka-dratsin' ny [[fiovan' ny toetrandro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=23 Avrily 2019 |title=It's an existential crisis. Listen to scientists |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-48018034/climate-change-activist-greta-thunberg-listen-to-climate-scientists |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814200923/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-48018034/climate-change-activist-greta-thunberg-listen-to-climate-scientists |archive-date=14 Aogositra 2019 |access-date=31 Aogositra 2019 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Teraka tao [[Stockholm]], nanomboka ny hetsika maha-mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro i Thunberg rehefa nandresy lahatra ny ray aman-dreniny izy mba hanaiky [[fepetra ara-piainana manokana momba ny fiovan' ny toetrandro|fiainana]] izay mampihena ny [[famakiana entona karbonina|famoahana karbônina]] ataon' ny fianakaviany. Tamin' ny Aogositra 2018, tamin' ny faha-15 taonany, dia nanomboka tsy nianatra i Thunberg, ary nanao fianianana fa tsy hiverina any an-tsekoly raha tsy efa vita ny [[fifidianana soedoà tamin' ny 2018]] mba hiezaka hisy fiantraikany amin' ny vokatra. Nanao fihetsiketsehana teo ivelan' ny [[Riksdag|Parlemanta soedoà]] izy niantso hanaovana [[fampihenana ny fiovan' ny toetrandro|hetsika hentitra amin' ny fiovan' ny toetrandro]] sady nitondra famantarana ''Skolstrejk för klimatet'' ([[Fitokonana tsy mandeha an-tsekoly ho an' ny toetrandro]]) sy nizara taratasy fampahafantarana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Gibson |first=Caitlin |date=16 Martsa 2020 |title=Before Greta Thunberg was a global icon, she was a tormented child who refused to eat or speak |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/on-parenting/before-greta-thunberg-was-a-global-icon-she-was-a-tormented-child-who-refused-to-eat-or-speak/2020/03/16/eea2967a-63a4-11ea-acca-80c22bbee96f_story.html |access-date=15 Septambra 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317180306/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/on-parenting/before-greta-thunberg-was-a-global-icon-she-was-a-tormented-child-who-refused-to-eat-or-speak/2020/03/16/eea2967a-63a4-11ea-acca-80c22bbee96f_story.html |archive-date=17 Martsa 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa vita ny fifidianana, dia niteny teo anoloan' ny mpanohana i Thunberg ary nilaza taminy mba hampiasa finday handraketana azy. Avy eo dia nilaza izy fa hanohy ny fitokonana amin' ny zoma rehetra mandra-pahatongan' i Soeda hanaraka ny [[Fifanarahana tao Paris|fifanarahana momba ny toetrandro tao Paris]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Watts |first1=Jonathan |date=11 Martsa 2019 |title=Greta Thunberg, schoolgirl climate change warrior: 'Some people can let things go. I can't' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/11/greta-thunberg-schoolgirl-climate-change-warrior-some-people-can-let-things-go-i-cant |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311104430/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/11/greta-thunberg-schoolgirl-climate-change-warrior-some-people-can-let-things-go-i-cant |archive-date=11 Martsa 2019 |access-date=16 Septambra 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fahatanoran' i Thunberg sy ny fomba fiteniny mivantana dia nanampy azy ho lasa olo-malaza eran-tany.&lt;ref name=Time&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Alter |first1=Charlotte |last2=Haynes |first2=Suyin |last3=Worland |first3=Justin |editor-last=Arbugaeva |editor-first=Evgenia |date=11 Desambra 2019 |title=Greta Thunberg: Time's Person of the Year 2019 |url=https://time.com/person-of-the-year-2019-greta-thunberg/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211125355/https://time.com/person-of-the-year-2019-greta-thunberg/ |archive-date=11 Desambra 2019 |url-status=live |magazine=Time |access-date=11 Desambra 2019 |archivedate=2019-12-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213190507/https://time.com/person-of-the-year-2019-greta-thunberg/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taorian' ny fitokonana an-tsekoly voalohany nataon' i Thunberg ho an' ny toetrandro, dia nisy mpianatra hafa nanatevin-daharana tamin' ny fihetsiketsehana mitovitovy amin' izany. Nifankahery sy nikarakara ny hetsika fitokonana an-tsekoly ho an' ny toetrandro izy ireo. Taorian' ny lahatenin' i Thunberg tao amin' ny [[Fihaonambe momba ny fiovan' ny toetrandro 2018 nataon' ny Firenena Mikambana]], dia nisy fitokonana isaky ny Zoma maneran-tany. Tamin' ny taona 2019, nisy fihetsiketsehana nifanarahana tany amin' ireo tanàna maro izay nandraisan' ny mpianatra mihoatra ny iray tapitrisa anjara tsirairay avy. &lt;ref&gt;[https://time.com/5595365/global-climate-strikes-greta-thunberg/ &quot;Mpianatra avy amin' ny tanàna 1.600 no niala teny an-tsekoly mba hanoherana ny fiovan' ny toetrandro. Mety ho fitokonana lehibe indrindra nataon' i Greta Thunberg izany&quot;] {{Wayback|url=https://time.com/5595365/global-climate-strikes-greta-thunberg/ |date=20190723164619 }}, Suyin Haynes, Time, 24 Mey 2019 (Tahiry: 23 Jolay 2019, Fidirana: 22 Jolay 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

Mba hialana amin' ny dia an-habakabaka mamoaka karbônina be loatra, dia nandeha tamin' ny sambokely tsy misy entona karbônina avy any Angletera mankany New York i Thunberg, izay niteny tao amin' ny [[Fihaonambe momba ny hetsika ho an' ny toetrandro 2019 nataon' ny Firenena Mikambana]]. Tao amin' ny lahateniny, dia nananatra ireo mpitondra eran-tany i Thunberg tamin' ny teny hoe ''&quot;How dare you&quot;'' (&quot;Ahoana no ahasahianareo&quot;) noho ny tsy firaharahiany sy ny tsy fihetseham-pony manoloana ny krizin' ny toetrandro. Ny fananarany dia niteraka lohateny lehibe maneran-tany. &lt;ref&gt;
* [https://www.nytimes.com/video/climate/100000006732168/greta-thunberg-united-nations.html &quot;Lahatsary: 'Sahinao ve': Greta Thunberg tao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana&quot;], The New York Times, 23 Septambra 2019 (Tahiry: 19 Septambra 2023, Fidirana: 16 Septambra 2023)  
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2019/sep/23/greta-thunberg-to-world-leaders-how-dare-you-you-have-stolen-my-dreams-and-my-childhood-video &quot;Greta Thunberg tamin' ireo mpitondra eran-tany: 'Sahinao ve – nangalatra ny nofiko sy ny fahazazako ianareo' – lahatsary&quot;], The Guardian, 23 Septambra 2019 (Tahiry: 16 Oktobra 2023, Fidirana: 16 Septambra 2023)  
* [https://globalnews.ca/news/5940258/greta-thunberg-speech-un/ &quot;'Sahinao ve': Nanao lahateny mahery vaika sy feno fihetseham-po tao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana i Greta Thunberg&quot;], Global News, 23 Septambra 2019 (Tahiry: 29 Septambra 2023, Fidirana: 16 Septambra 2023)&lt;/ref&gt;


==Fiandohan' ny fiainana==
Greta Tintin Eleonora Ernman Thunberg&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.everyonegroup.com/EveryOne/MainPage/Entries/2019/5/19_The_2019_Makwan_Prize_is_awarded_to_Greta_Thunberg.html The 2019 Makwan Prize dia nomena an' i Greta Thunberg] {{Wayback|url=http://www.everyonegroup.com/EveryOne/MainPage/Entries/2019/5/19_The_2019_Makwan_Prize_is_awarded_to_Greta_Thunberg.html |date=20190831162831 }} (19 Mey 2019). EveryOne Group. everyonegroup.com. Nalaina tamin' ny 30 Desambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 31 Aogositra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rtl.de/themen/personen/greta-thunberg-t11146.html Greta Thunberg dia mpikatroka tontolo iainana soedoà. Miady ho an' ny fiarovana ny toetrandro sy ny hoavy tsaratsara kokoa izy.] [[RTL (fantsona fahitalavitra alemàna)|RTL]]. Nalaina tamin' ny 29 Novambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 6 Novambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; dia teraka tamin' ny 3 Janoary 2003, tao [[Stockholm]], Soeda,&lt;ref&gt;[https://arcticportal.org/ap-library/news/2110-greta-thunberg-s-climate-campaig Greta Thunberg's climate campaign]. Arctic Portal. 21 Febroary 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 20 Septambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 20 Septambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sympatico.ca/actualites/decouvertes/a-15-ans-elle-remet-les-dirigeants-mondiaux-a-leur-place-1.8622552 Amin' ny faha-15 taonany, nampahatsiahy ny mpitondra maneran-tany izy!] Anne-Marie Lobbe. Sympatico. 13 Desambra 2018. Nalaina tamin' ny 20 Septambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 18 Martsa 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; avy amin' ny mpihira opera [[Malena Ernman]] sy ny mpilalao [[Svante Thunberg]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Democracy Now&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hattenstone-2021&quot;&gt;Simon Hattenstone. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2021/sep/25/greta-thunberg-i-really-see-the-value-of-friendship-apart-from-the-climate-almost-nothing-else-matters Greta Thunberg: 'I really see the value of friendship. Apart from the climate, almost nothing else matters']. ''The Guardian''. 25 Septambra 2021. Nalaina tamin' ny 26 Febroary 2022. Notehirizina tamin' ny 30 Oktobra 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny raibeny amin' ny rainy dia ilay mpilalao sy talen' ny teatra [[Olof Thunberg]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://heavy.com/news/2018/12/greta-thunberg/ Greta Thunberg: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know]. Ellyn Santiago. Heavy.com. 14 Desambra 2018. Nalaina tamin' ny 5 Febroary 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 7 Febroary 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.democracynow.org/2018/12/11/meet_the_15_year_old_swedish School Strike for Climate: Meet 15-Year-Old Activist Greta Thunberg, Who Inspired a Global Movement] (info manan-danja amin' ny 34:45). Democracy Now!. 11 Desambra 2018. Nalaina tamin' ny 3 Febroary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 17 Jolay 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dw.com/en/greta-thunbergs-grandfather-veteran-swedish-actor-olof-thunberg-dies/a-52534367 Ny raiben' i Greta Thunberg, ilay mpilalao soedoà efa za-draharaha Olof Thunberg, dia maty]. Deutsche Welle. 25 Febroary 2020. Nalaina tamin' ny 26 Febroary 2022. Notehirizina tamin' ny 27 Febroary 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny hazavain' ny ''[[The Week]]'' “amin' ny rainy mpilalao teatra sy ny reniny mpihira, dia tsy mahagaga raha manana anarana somary tsy mahazatra i Thunberg... Mizara ny anarany faharoa amin' ilay toetra mpanao fandehanana foronin' i Georges Remi, mpanao tantara an-tsary belza, fantatra kokoa amin' ny hoe Hergé, i Thunberg.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theweek.co.uk/greta-thunberg/954652/five-things-you-didnt-know-greta-thunberg PROFILA: Greta Thunberg: zavatra dimy mety tsy fantatrao momba azy]. ''The Week''. 2 Novambra 2021. Nalaina tamin' ny 26 Janoary 2023. Notehirizina tamin' ny 26 Janoary 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Manana anabavy kely atao hoe Beata izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hattenstone-2021&quot; /&gt;

Nilaza i Thunberg fa vao naheno momba ny [[fiovan' ny toetrandro]] izy tamin' ny 2011, tamin' izy valo taona, ary tsy azony hoe nahoana no kely loatra ny zavatra atao amin' izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube-Thunberg(2018-11-24)&quot;&gt;Greta Thunberg. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAmmUIEsN9A&amp;t=1m46s School strike for climate – save the world by changing the rules]. TEDxStockholm. 24 Novambra 2018. Nalaina tamin' ny 29 Janoary 2019. “Voamarina fa manana aretina Asperger aho, OCD, ary tsy miteny raha tsy voatery... indrindra amin' ny resaka krizin' ny faharetana, izay miteny foana ny rehetra fa fandrahonana ny fiainana ny fiovan' ny toetrandro ary olana lehibe indrindra, nefa mbola mitohy ny fiainana tahaka ny teo aloha.” Notehirizina tamin' ny 11 Novambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hattenstone-2021&quot; /&gt; Nahakivy azy izany, ka tamin' ny faha-11 taonany dia saika tsy niteny intsony izy, nampihena mafy ny sakafony, ary very 10 kg tao anatin' ny roa volana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.commondreams.org/news/2018/12/19/depressed-and-then-diagnosed-autism-greta-thunberg-explains-why-hope-cannot-save “Depressed and Then Diagnosed With Autism, Greta Thunberg Explains Why Hope Cannot Save Planet But Bold Climate Action Still Can”]. Jon Queally. ''Common Dreams''. 19 Desambra 2018. Nalaina tamin' ny 3 Janoary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 28 Novambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nohamarina fa manana [[aretina Asperger]], ''trouble obsessionnel compulsif'' (OCD), ary [[fahalemena miteny voafantina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube-Thunberg(2018-11-24)&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hattenstone-2021&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny iray amin' ny lahateniny voalohany nangatahana hetsika ara-toetrandro, dia nilaza izy fa ny tsy fitenenany raha tsy ilaina dia midika hoe &quot;miteny ihany izy rehefa ilaina&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube-Thunberg(2018-11-24)&quot;/&gt; Nifandona tamin' ny fahaketrahana nandritra ny efa-taona izy talohan' ny nanombohany ny hetsika fanoherana tany an-tsekoly.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50901789 Greta Thunberg's father: 'She is happy, but I worry']. ''BBC News''. 30 Desambra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 30 Desambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 30 Desambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa nanomboka nanao hetsika izy, tsy nanohana ny fandraisany anjara ny ray aman-dreniny. Nilaza rainy fa tsy tiany ny tsy fanatrehany ny sekoly saingy nanampy hoe “Manaja izahay fa tiany ny hijoro. Afaka mipetraka ao an-trano izy ka ho tena malahelo, na manao hetsika ary ho sambatra.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Crouch-2018&quot;&gt;David Crouch. [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/sep/01/swedish-15-year-old-cutting-class-to-fight-the-climate-crisis Ilay zazavavy soedoà 15 taona izay miala kilasy mba hiady amin' ny krizin' ny toetrandro]. ''The Guardian''. 1 Septambra 2018. Nalaina tamin' ny 12 Mey 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 4 Janoary 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fahitana fa manana aretina Asperger i Thunberg dia nataon' ny reniny ho fantatry ny besinimaro manerana an' i Soeda tamin' ny Mey 2015, mba hanampiana ireo fianakaviana amin' ny toe-javatra mitovitovy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.expressen.se/halsoliv/halsa/det-har-varit-ett-helvetiskt-ar Det har varit ett helvetiskt år] Christer Olsson. ''Expressen''. 20 Mey 2015. Stockholm. (Dika: &quot;Taona tena sarotra no lasa&quot;). Notehirizina tamin' ny 10 Oktobra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia niaiky aza izy fa &quot;nampihena azy taloha&quot; ny fahasahiranany, tsy mijery ny Asperger ho aretina i Thunberg, fa nantsoiny ho &quot;hery manokana&quot; mihitsy aza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rourke&quot;&gt;Alison Rourke. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/02/greta-thunberg-responds-to-aspergers-critics-its-a-superpower Greta Thunberg mamaly ireo mpitsikera momba ny Asperger: 'Hery manokana izany'] ''The Guardian''. 2 Septambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 2 Septambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tatỳ aoriana izy nofaritana ho tsy ny mpikatroka miaro ny tontolo iainana malaza indrindra ihany, fa koa ny mpikatroka malaza indrindra amin' ny [[hetsiky ny zon' ny autista]].&lt;ref name=hattenstone/&gt; Tamin' ny 2021, nilaza i Thunberg fa maro amin' ireo olona ao amin' ny hetsika ''Fridays for Future'' no autista, ary tena mandray sy mandefitra. Mihevitra izy fa ny antony mahatonga ny olona autista maro lasa mpikatroka toetrandro dia satria tsy afaka tsy hijery izy ireo, ary tsy maintsy milaza ny marina araka ny hitany “Mahafantatra olona maro aho izay niady tamin' ny fahaketrahana, ary avy eo niditra tao amin' ny hetsika fiarovana ny toetrandro na ny ''Fridays for Future'', ka nahita tanjona amin' ny fiainana, nahazo namana ary nahita fiarahamonina nandray azy.” Ny zavatra tsara indrindra avy amin' ny fandraisany anjara amin' ny hetsika, hoy izy, dia ny fisiana namana sy ny fahasambarana.&lt;ref name=hattenstone/&gt;

Nandritra ny roa taona teo ho eo, nanery ny ray aman-dreniny i Thunberg mba hampihena ny [[marika karbonin' ny fianakaviana]] sy ny [[Fiantraikan' ny olombelona amin' ny tontolo iainana|fiantraikany amin' ny tontolo iainana]] amin' ny alalan' ny fiovany ho [[Veganisma#Veganisma tontolo iainana|veganisma]], [[famerenana manavao (upcycling)]], ary ny [[Henatra amin' ny sidina|fialàna amin' ny fandehanana amin' ny fiaramanidina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Democracy Now&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Agence France-Presse. [https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/climate-crusading-schoolgirl-greta-thunberg-pleads-next-generations-case Mpitolona amin' ny toetrandro, Greta Thunberg, tovovavy mpianatra, miaro ny raharaham-pirazanana manaraka]. ''The Straits Times''. 5 Desambra 2018. Nalaina tamin' ny 22 Desambra 2018. Notehirizina tamin' ny 6 Desambra 2018 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Watts. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/11/greta-thunberg-schoolgirl-climate-change-warrior-some-people-can-let-things-go-i-cant Greta Thunberg, tovovavy mpianatra mpiady amin' ny fiovan' ny toetrandro: 'Misy olona afaka mamela zavatra. Tsy afaka aho']. ''The Guardian''. 11 Martsa 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 24 Oktobra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 11 Martsa 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nilaza izy fa nasehony grafika sy tahirin-kevitra ny fianakaviany, fa rehefa tsy nisy vokany izany, dia nampitandrina azy ireo izy fa mangalatra ny hoaviny izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Maria Chiorando. [https://www.plantbasednews.org/news/vegan-greta-thunberg-made-parents-feel-guilty-eating-meat-dairy Greta Thunberg, mpiaro ny tontolo iainana, nampihatra henatra tamin' ny ray aman-dreniny tamin' ny fihinanana hena sy ronono] {{Wayback|url=https://www.plantbasednews.org/news/vegan-greta-thunberg-made-parents-feel-guilty-eating-meat-dairy |date=20190927162030 }}. ''Vegan News, Plant Based Living, Food, Health &amp; more''. 29 Aprily 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 28 Oktobra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 27 Septambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fialàna tamin' ny sidina dia niteraka ny fandavana ny reniny amin' ny tetikasa iraisam-pirenena amin' ny asany amin' ny opera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crouch-2018&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny resadresaka tamin' ny Desambra 2019 nataon' ny [[BBC]], nilaza rainy hoe “Raha ny marina, tsy nataon' ny reniny hamonjena ny toetrandro izany. Nataony hamonjena ny zanany izany, satria hitany hoe inona no dikan' izany taminy, ary rehefa nataony izany, dia hitany ny fitomboan' i Greta tamin' izany, sy ny hery azony tamin' izany.”&lt;ref&gt;Dominic McGrath. [https://www.thejournal.ie/greta-thunberg-climate-strike-dad-4949862-Dec2019/ 'Nihevitra izahay fa hevitra ratsy izany': Nilaza rainy fa nanahy momba ny fihetsiketsehana ho an' ny toetrandro i Greta Thunberg]. ''TheJournal.ie''. 31 Desambra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 4 Janoary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 31 Desambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Manome voninahitra amin' ny fihetsiky ny ray aman-dreniny tatỳ aoriana sy ny fanovana fiainana izy ho nahatonga azy hahazo fanantenana sy finoana fa afaka manao fahasamihafana izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Democracy Now&quot; /&gt; Rehefa nanontaniana tamin' ny Septambra 2021 izy raha nanenina tamin' ny fanapahana ny asan-dreniny iraisam-pirenena, dia gaga tamin' ny fanontaniana izy hoe “Safidiny izany. Tsy nampanao zavatra aho taminy. Nanome vaovao ihany aho mba hahafahany mandray fanapahan-kevitra.”&lt;ref name=hattenstone/&gt; Ny tantaran' ny fianakaviana dia tantaraina ao amin' ny boky ''[[Scenes from the Heart]]'' tamin' ny 2018,&lt;ref&gt;Petra Lambeck. [https://livewire.thewire.in/politics/greta-thunberg-film-childhood8491/ 'Scenes From the Heart': Tantara miafina momba an' i Greta Thunberg, mpikatroka toetrandro 16 taona]. ''The Wire''. 6 Mey 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 31 Aogositra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 1 Jolay 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; nohavaozina tamin' ny 2020 ho ''Our House Is on Fire: Scenes of a Family and a Planet in Crisis'', niaraka tamin' ny fandraisana anjara avy amin' ireo zanaka vavy, ary ny fianakaviana iray manontolo dia voasoratra ho mpanoratra.&lt;ref name=hattenstone/&gt;&lt;ref name=onfire&gt;Greta Thunberg. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/25/our-house-is-on-fire-greta-thunberg16-urges-leaders-to-act-on-climate Our house is on fire: Greta Thunberg, 16 taona, miantso ny mpitarika ao Davos hanao hetsika ho an' ny toetrandro]. ''The Guardian''. 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 14 Febroary 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 25 Jolay 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine. “Mirehitra ny tranontsika. Eto aho milaza, mirehitra ny tranontsika. Araka ny IPCC dia latsaky ny roa ambin' ny folo taona no sisa alohan' ny tsy fahafahantsika manitsy ny hadisoantsika.”&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hetsika ==

[[Sary:Greta Thunberg 4.jpg|thumb|Thunberg eo anoloan' ny [[Riksdag|Parlemantasoedoà]], mitazona sora-baventy “{{Lang|sv|Skolstrejk för klimatet|italic=no}}”({{translation|Fikomian' ny sekoly ho an' ny Toetrandro}}), [[Stockholm]],Aogositra 2018]]

=== Fitokonana teo amin' ny Riksdag ===

[[Sary:Old town Stockholm the bike of Greta.jpeg|thumb|Bisikileta aoStockholm misy hafatra miresaka an' i Thunberg: “Tsy maintsytsaboina ho krizy ny [[fiakaran' ny maripana maneran-tany|krizin' ny toetrandro]]! Ny toetrandro no olana lehibe indrindra amin' ny fifidianana!”(11 Septambra 2018)]][[Sary:&quot;FridaysForFuture&quot; protest Berlin 14-12-2018 03.jpg|thumb|Sora-baventyao [[Berlin]], 14 Desambra 2018]][[Sary:Austrian World Summit Climate Kirtag (47958591021).jpg|thumb|Thunbergmiteny ao amin' ny fihaonambe isan-taona momba ny toetrandro, Austrian WorldSummit, 2019]]Tamin' ny Aogositra 2018, nanomboka ny fikomian' ny sekoly momba ny toetrandro sy ny lahateny ampahibemaso i Thunberg, izay nahatonga azyho [[mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro]] ankasitrahana maneran-tany. Tamin' ny resadresaka nifanaovany tamin’ [[Amy Goodman]] ao amin’ i ''[[Democracy Now!]]'', nilaza izy fa naka hevitra hanao fikomiana noho ny toetrandro taorian’ny [[Stoneman Douglas High School shooting|famonoana olona tany an-tsekoly tany Etazonia tamin' ny Febroary 2018]] izay nitarika tanora maromaro tsy hiverina hianatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Democracy Now&quot;&gt;[https://www.democracynow.org/2018/12/11/meet_the_15_year_old_swedish SchoolStrike for Climate: Mihaona amin' ilay mpikatroka 15 taona Greta Thunberg,nampiteraka hetsika maneran-tany] Greta Thunberg noresahin’ [[Amy Goodman]].''Democracy Now!''. 11 Desambra 2018. Nalaina 22 Jolay 2019. Nofafàna 17Jolay 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo tanora mpikatroka tao amin' ny ''[[Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School]]'' ao [[Parkland, Florida]], dia nikarakara ny [[March for Our Lives]] ho fanohanana ny [[fifehezanabasy]] lehibe kokoa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGmBkIUwYkA Teenactivist on climate change: If we don't do anything right now, we're screwed]Greta Thunberg noresahin’ [[Fareed Zakaria]]. [[CNN]] amin' ny alalan' iYouTube. 23 Desambra 2018. Nalaina 10 Febroary 2019. Nofafàna 15 Martsa 2019tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/feb/07/the-guardian-view-on-teenage-activists-look-whos-pulling-the-strings Hevitryny The Guardian momba ny tanora mpikatroka: mpanao fihetsiketsehana fa tsysaron-tava] ''The Guardian''. 7 Febroary 2019. Nalaina 11 Febroary 2019.Nofafàna 11 Febroary 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin’ny Mey 2018, nahazo ny fifaninanana lahatsoratra momba ny fiovan' ny toetrandro nokarakarain' ny gazety soedoà ''[[Svenska Dagbladet]]'' i Thunberg. Anisan' izay nosoratany: &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;I want to feel safe. How can I feel safe when I know we are in the greatest crisis in human history?&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;“Te hahatsapa ho azo antoka aho. Ahoana no hahatsapako ho azoantoka raha fantatro fa ao anatin' ny krizy lehibe indrindra teo amin' ny tantaran' ny olombelona isika?”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEWS-Wired(6-6-2019)&quot; /&gt;Rehefa nivoaka ny lahatsorany, nifandray taminy i Bo Thorén avy ao amin' ny ''Fossil Free Dalsland'', vondrona te hanao zavatra momba ny fiovan' ny toetrandro. Nanatrika fivoriana vitsivitsy tamin' izy ireo i Thunberg. Tamin’ny iray tamin' ireo, nanolo-kevitra i Thorén fa afaka mitokona ho an' ny toetrandro ny ankizy an-tsekoly.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.goodthingsguy.com/opinion/greta-thunberg/ GretaThunberg: Fitokonana amin' ny sekoly ho an' ny toetrandro sy hamonjena an’izao tontolo izao!] 5 Mey 2019. ''Good Things Guy''. Nalaina 12 Mey 2019.Nofafàna 11 Jona 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Niezaka nandresy lahatra an' ny tanora hafa izy mba hiara-hiditra, saingy “tsy dia nisy tena liana”, ka farany dia nanapa-kevitra izy hanomboka irery ny fitokonana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Democracy Now&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny 20 Aogositra 2018, i Thunberg izay vao niditra kilasy faha-9, dia nanapa-kevitra ny tsy hiditra an-tsekoly mandra-pahatongan' ny [[fifidianana ankapoben' i Soeda 2018]] tamin' ny 9 Septambra; nanomboka ny hetsika noho ny [[2018 European heat wave|onjam-hafanana]] sy ny [[doro tanety tao Soeda tamin' ny 2018]] nandritra ny fahavaratra mafana indrindra tao Soeda tao anatin' ny 262 taona farafahakeliny izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crouch-2018&quot;/&gt; Nyfangatahany dia ny hampihenan' ny governemanta soedoà ny [[famoahana karbôna]] mifanaraka amin' ny [[fifanarahana tao Paris]], ary nanao hetsika izy tamin' ny fipetrahany ivelan' ny [[Riksdag]] isan’ andro nandritrany telo herinandro tamin' ny ora fianarana niaraka tamin' ny sora-baventy ''{{lang|sv|Skolstrejk för klimatet}}'' (“Fitokonana amin' ny sekoly ho an’ny toetrandro”).&lt;ref name=&quot;Newyorker1&quot;&gt;[https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-fifteen-year-old-climate-activist-who-is-demanding-a-new-kind-of-politics Ilaympikatroka toetrandro 15 taona mitaky karazana politika vaovao] Masha Gessen.''The New Yorker''. 2 Oktobra 2018. Nalaina 22 Jolay 2019. Nofafàna 5Janoary 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.techwarrant.com/time-person-of-the-year-is-greta-thunberg/ OlonaTamin' ny Taona, araka ny ''Time'': Greta Thunberg] 12 Desambra 2019. ''TechWarrant''. Nalaina 15 Desambra 2019. Nofafàna 15 Desambra 2019 tao amin' nyWayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;Nilaza i Thunberg fa nifampizara hevitra ny mpampianatra azy momba ny fahabangany an-tsekoly hanaovana ny hetsika. Hoy izy: &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;As people, they think what I am doing is good, but as teachers, they say I should stop.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;“Amin' ny maha-olona, heverin' izy ireo fa tsara izay ataoko,fa amin' ny maha-mpampianatra, milaza izy ireo fa tokony hijanona aho.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crouch-2018&quot; /&gt;

=== Hetsika tamin' ny media sosialy ===
Rehefa nampakatra sary tamin' ny andro voalohany nisian' ny fitokonan' ny sekoly tao amin' ny [[Instagram]] sy [[Twitter]] i Thunberg, dia haingana no nisy kaonty hafa tao amin' ny media sosialy nanohana ny asany. Nampiely ny lahatsorany tao amin' ny Instagram ireo [[tanora mpikatroka]] malaza, ary tamin' ny andro faharoa dia nisy mpikatroka hafa nanatevin-daharana azy. Solontenan' ny banky soedoà [[Nordea]] dia nitanisa ny iray tamin' ireo bitsik’ i Thunberg tamin' ny olona maherin' ny 200.000 mpanaraka. Nahasarika mpanao gazety teo an-toerana ny mombamomba azy tao amin' ny media sosialy, izay nanana fandrakofana maneran-tany tao anatin' ny herinandro monja.&lt;ref name=&quot;wired.co.uk&quot;&gt;Amelia Tait. [https://www.wired.co.uk/article/greta-thunberg-climate-crisis Greta Thunberg: Ahoana no nahatonga zazavavy iray ho feon' izao tontolo izao]. ''Wired''. 6 Jona 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 23 Aogositra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Orinasa soedoà mifantoka amin' ny media sosialy momba ny toetrandro iray dia ny We Don't Have Time (WDHT), naorin' i Ingmar Rentzhog. Nilaza izy fa nanomboka nahasarika ny sainam-bahoaka ny fitokonan' i Thunberg taorian' ny nisehoany niaraka tamin' ny mpaka sary tsy miankina sy ny nametrahany ny sarin' i Thunberg tao amin' ny pejy Facebook-ny sy ny kaonty Instagram-ny, ary horonantsary amin' ny teny anglisy tao amin' ny fantsona YouTube-n' ny orinasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheLocal&quot;&gt;[https://www.thelocal.se/20190209/start-up-used-child-climate-activist-to-raise-millions Start-up nampiasa zazavavy mpikatroka toetrandro hanangonana vola an-tapitrisany: hoy ny gazety soedoà] ''The Local''. 9 Febroary 2019. Nalaina 22 Jolay 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 27 Jolay 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nangataka tamin' i Thunberg i Rentzhog mba ho mpanolotsaina tanora an-tsitrapo ho an' ny WDHT. Avy eo nampiasa ny anarany sy ny sariny tsy nahalalàny na nahazoan-dàlana izy mba hanangonana vola an-tapitrisany ho an' ny sampana mitady tombontsoa WDHT, We Don't Have Time AB, izay izy no tale jeneraliny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Politico-Feb11&quot;&gt;Kalina Oroschakoff. [https://www.politico.eu/article/greta-thunberg-teen-climate-icon-used-for-fundraising-without-her-knowledge Zazavavy mpiaro ny toetrandro nampiasaina hanangonana vola tsy nahalalàny]. ''Politico Europe''. 11 Febroary 2019. Nalaina 22 Jolay 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 2 Jolay 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nilaza i Thunberg fa tsy nahazo vola tamin' ilay orinasa izy&lt;ref name=&quot;TheLocal&quot;/&gt; ary najanony ny anjara asany maha-mpanolotsaina an-tsitrapo tao amin' ny WDHT rehefa tsapany fa nampiasa ny anarany hahazoana vola izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;GretaFeb2Facebook&quot;&gt;Greta Thunberg. [https://www.facebook.com/732846497083173/posts/767646880269801/ Vao haingana aho nahita tsaho maro...] Facebook. 2 Febroary 2019. Nalaina 15 Febroary 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 12 Febroary 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny taona 2018, nivadika avy amin' ny fitokonana irery ny fandraisan’ anjara nataon' i Thunberg ho lasa fandraisana anjara tamin' ny fihetsiketsehana manerana an' i Eoropa, nanao lahateny ampahibemaso maro malaza, ary nampientanentana ny mpanaraka azy tao amin' ny sehatra media sosialy. Tamin' ny Desambra, taorian' ny fifidianana ankapobeny 2018 tao Soeda, dia mbola nanohy ny fitokonan' ny sekoly i Thunberg fa tamin' ny zoma ihany. Nampirisika mpianatra maneran-tany izy handray anjara amin' ny fitokonan' ny sekoly amin' ny zoma. Tamin' ny Desambra irery, olona maherin' ny 20.000 mpianatra no nanao fitokonana farafahakeliny tao amin' ny tanàna 270.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2&quot;&gt;Damian Carrington. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/dec/04/leaders-like-children-school-strike-founder-greta-thunberg-tells-un-climate-summit 'Ny mpitondra antsika dia tahaka ny ankizy', hoy ny mpanorina ny fitokonan' ny sekoly tamin' ny fihaonambe momba ny toetrandro]. ''The Guardian''. 4 Desambra 2018. Nalaina 22 Jolay 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 2 Janoary 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Naneho ny heviny i Thunberg tamin' ny fanadinana [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|''National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)'']] 2020 sy [[Joint Entrance Examination|''Joint Entrance Examination'']] 2020, izay natao tao India tamin' ny Septambra. Nilaza izy fa tsy rariny ny hanery ny mpianatra hanao fanadinana mandritra ny valanaretina maneran-tany. Nilaza ihany koa izy fa voadona mafy ny mpianatra tao India noho ny tondra-drano namely ireo fanjakana toa an' i [[Bihar]] sy [[Assam]], izay nahatonga fandravana be.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/conduction-of-national-exams-unfair-for-students-greta-thunberg-on-neet-jee-exams-2020-1714841-2020-08-25 Tsy rariny ho an' ny mpianatra: Greta Thunberg mangataka ny hanemorana ny fanadinana JEE, NEET 2020] ''India Today''. 25 Aogositra 2020. Nalaina 25 Aogositra 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 25 Aogositra 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 3 Febroary 2021, nanao bitsika i Thunberg&lt;ref&gt;Greta Thunberg. [https://twitter.com/GretaThunberg/status/1356694884615340037 We stand in solidarity with the #FarmersProtest in India.] Twitter. 3 Febroary 2021. Nalaina 5 Febroary 2021. Notehirizina tamin' ny 5 Febroary 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; ho fanohanana ny [[Fihetsiketsehan' ny tantsaha indianina tamin' ny taona 2010-2021]]. Nodoran' ny nasionalista [[Hindutva]] izay nanohitra ny fihetsiketsehan' ny tantsaha tany Delhi ny sarivongan' i Thunberg.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/04/greta-thunberg-effigies-burned-in-delhi-after-tweets-on-farmers-protests Sarivongan' i Greta Thunberg nodorana tao Delhi taorian' ny bitsika momba ny fihetsiketsehan' ny tantsaha] ''The Guardian''. 4 Febroary 2021. Nalaina 4 Febroary 2021. Notehirizina tamin' ny 4 Febroary 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nosazin' ny governemanta indianina tarihin' ny [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ilay bitsika nataony, nilaza fa “olana anatiny” izany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.deccanherald.com/national/greta-thunberg-faces-backlash-after-toolkit-tweet-key-things-to-know-947733.html Greta Thunberg niharan' ny tsikera taorian' ny bitsika ‘toolkit’: zavatra lehibe tokony ho fantatra] ''Deccan Herald''. 5 Febroary 2021. Nalaina 5 Febroary 2021. Notehirizina tamin' ny 10 Febroary 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tao amin' ny bitsika voalohany nataony, nampifandray amin' ny antontan-taratasy manome fitaovana ho an' ny fampielezan-kevitra ho an' izay te hanohana ny fihetsiketsehan' ny tantsaha izy. Nisy torohevitra momba ny “hashtags” sy ny fomba fanaovana sonia amin' ny fangatahana izany, ary nisy hetsika hafa soso-kevitra mihoatra ny mivantana momba ny tantsaha. Tsy ela dia nofoanany ilay bitsika, nilaza fa “tsy vaovao intsony” ilay antontan-taratasy, ary nampifandray amin' ny iray hafa izy&lt;ref&gt;Greta Thunberg. [https://twitter.com/GretaThunberg/status/1357054451769606147 Here's an updated toolkit by people on the ground in India if you want to help.] Twitter. 3 Febroary 2021. Nalaina 5 Febroary 2021. Notehirizina tamin' ny 5 Febroary 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://cryptpad.fr/pad/#/2/pad/view/ehTz+drfKPwi4fP5dn0mivwVCKhwNe7OD1YHDiBUj0Y/ Farmers Protest In India]. Cryptpad. Nalaina 5 Febroary 2021. Notehirizina tamin' ny 5 Febroary 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; “mba hahafahan' izay tsy mahazatra amin' ny fihetsiketsehan' ny tantsaha ao India mahafantatra tsara kokoa ny toe-draharaha ary mandray fanapahan-kevitra momba ny fomba hanohanana ny tantsaha mifototra amin' ny fandinihany manokana”.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIFeb21&quot;&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/greta-tweets-deletes-farmprotest-toolkit-creates-uproar/articleshow/80679959.cms Greta Thunberg manao bitsika, mamafa ary manavao ny ‘toolkit’ amin' ny fihetsiketsehan' ny tantsaha] ''The Times of India''. 4 Febroary 2021. Nalaina 4 Febroary 2021. Notehirizina tamin' ny 4 Febroary 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTVFeb21&quot;&gt;Swati Bhasin. [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/greta-thunberg-tweets-toolkit-on-farmers-protest-deletes-shares-update-2362804 Greta Thunberg manao bitsika toolkit momba ny fihetsiketsehan' ny tantsaha, mamafa, mizara fanavaozana] NDTV. 4 Febroary 2021. Nalaina 4 Febroary 2021. Notehirizina tamin' ny 4 Febroary 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Ilay mpikatroka toetrandro indianina nanitsy ilay toolkit, [[Disha Ravi]], dia nosamborina noho ny fiampangana ho [[famadihana tanindrazana]] sy [[firaisan-tetika hanaovana heloka bevava]] tamin' ny 16 Febroary 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-farmers-protests/indias-arrest-of-activist-tied-to-greta-thunbergs-movement-sparks-outrage-idUSKBN2AF0I4 Nosamborin' i India ilay mpikatroka mifandray amin' ny hetsika ataon' i Greta Thunberg, niteraka hatezerana] Chandini Monnappa Jain. Reuters. 15 Febroary 2021. Nalaina 15 Febroary 2021. Notehirizina tamin' ny 15 Febroary 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fihetsiketsehana sy lahateny tany Eoropa ===

Niely be ny lahatenin' i Thunberg nandritra ny [[fivoriana feno]] tamin' ny [[2018 Fifanarahana momba ny Fiovan' ny Toetrandro tao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana|Fihaonambe momba ny Fiovan' ny Toetrandro (COP24) 2018]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npr.org/2019/06/07/730383662/greta-thunberg-are-we-running-out-of-time-to-save-our-planet Greta Thunberg: Moa ve lany fotoana isika hamonjena ny planetantsika?] ''NPR''. 7 Janoary 2019. Nalaina 30 Janoary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 31 Janoary 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nilaza izy fa tsy “matotra ampy hiteny ny marina” ireo mpitarika maneran-tany teo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/16/world/greta-thunberg-cop24/index.html Tanora milaza amin' ny mpifampiraharaha momba ny toetrandro fa tsy ampy fahamatorana] John Sutter sy Lawrence Davidson. [[CNN]]. 16 Desambra 2018. Nalaina 30 Janoary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 2 Desambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny tapany voalohan' ny taona 2019, nanatevin-daharana fihetsiketsehana nataon' ny mpianatra tany Eoropa izy, ary nasaina nanao lahateny tamin' ny sehatra sy parlemanta isan-karazany. Tamin' ny [[World Economic Forum]] tamin' ny Janoary 2019, nanao lahateny izy izay nilazany hoe: &lt;blockquote&gt;“Mirehitra ny tranontsika.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/trump-attend-davos-impeachment-iran-concerns-loom-200114141412998.html Trump hanatrika an' i Davos raha mivangongo ny ahiahy momba ny fitsarana sy i Iran] Bryce Baschuk. ''Al Jazeera''. 14 Janoary 2020. Nalaina 31 Janoary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 31 Janoary 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanao lahateny teo anivon' ny [[Parlemantan' ny Fanjakana Mitambatra]], [[Parlemanta Eoropeana]] ary [[Parlemanta frantsay]] izy; tamin' ity farany ity dia nisy mpanao politika [[Havia havanana|havanan' ny politika]] nanohitra tsy nety nanatrika.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49092653 Solombavambahoaka frantsay nanao ankivy an' i Thunberg, ‘mpampianatra loza'] ''BBC News''. 23 Jolay 2019. Nalaina 31 Janoary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 31 Oktobra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ft.com/content/37d4b088-6704-11e9-9adc-98bf1d35a056 Greta Thunberg miteny ao amin' ny parlemantan' i Angletera] ''Financial Times''. 25 Aprily 2019. Nalaina 31 Janoary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 31 Janoary 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny fivoriana fohy nifanaovany tamin' i [[Papa Fransoa]], dia nisaotra azy ny papa ary namporisika azy hanohy ny hetsika ataony.&lt;ref&gt;Rosa Die Alcolea. [https://zenit.org/articles/pope-thanks-and-encourages-greta-thunberg-in-her-commitment-to-defend-the-environment/ Papa misaotra sy mamporisika an' i Greta Thunberg amin' ny fanoloran-tenany hiaro ny tontolo iainana]. ''Zenit''. 17 Aprily 2019. Nalaina 31 Janoary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 31 Janoary 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Martsa 2019, mbola nanao ny fitokonany tsy tapaka teo ivelan' ny parlemanta soedoà i Thunberg isaky ny Zoma, izay indraindray nisy mpianatra hafa nanatevin-daharana azy. Araka ny filazan-drainy, tsy nanelingelina ny fianarany ny fandraisany anjara amin' ny hetsika, saingy nihena ny fotoam-pialany.&lt;ref name=&quot;jw01&quot;&gt;Jonathan Watts. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/11/greta-thunberg-schoolgirl-climate-change-warrior-some-people-can-let-things-go-i-cant Greta Thunberg, tovovavy mpianatra mpiady amin' ny fiovan' ny toetrandro: ‘Misy olona afaka mamela zavatra. Tsy afaka aho'] ''The Guardian''. 11 Martsa 2019. Nalaina 11 Martsa 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 11 Martsa 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nahavita ny [[Fanabeazana ao Soeda|sekoly ambaratonga faharoa ambany]] izy niaraka tamin' ny naoty tsara: 14 A sy 3 B.&lt;ref&gt;Leonid Bershidsky. [https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-06-18/greta-thunberg-s-other-lesson-is-about-compulsory-school Lesona hafa avy amin' i Greta Thunberg momba ny sekoly] ''Bloomberg''. 18 Jona 2019. Nalaina 3 Febroary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 12 Febroary 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny Jolay 2019, nitatitra ny ''[[Time (gazety)|Time]]'' fa haka “[[:en:Gap year|taona fialan-tsasatra]]” amin' ny sekoly i Thunberg, mikasa ny handeha manerana an' i Amerika ary hihaona amin' ny olona avy amin' ny [[hetsika fiarovana ny toetrandro]] mandritra ny diany hankanesana sy handraisan' anjara amin' ny [[2019 Fifanarahana momba ny Fiovan' ny Toetrandro tao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana|Fihaonambe momba ny Fiovan' ny Toetrandro 2019]] (COP25).&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Suyin Haynes. [https://time.com/5637506/greta-thunberg-atlantic-americas-trip/ Mpikatroka toetrandro Greta Thunberg hiampita an-dranomasina ho any Amerika] {{Wayback|url=https://time.com/5637506/greta-thunberg-atlantic-americas-trip/ |date=20191004192450 }} ''Time''. 29 Jolay 2019. Nalaina 3 Oktobra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 4 Oktobra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taona fitsaharana ===
[[Sary:Dina Titus listened to Greta Thunberg on Climate Change.jpg|thumb|right|Kongresim-behivavy amerikanina [[Dina Titus]] mihaino an' i Thunberg sy ireo mpikatroka mpiara-dia aminy miresaka ny filàna maika hiatrehana ny fiovan' ny toetrandro, 2019]]

Tamin' ny Aogositra 2019, niampita ny Ranomasimbe Atlantika avy any [[Plymouth, Angletera]], ho any New York City i Thunberg, tamin' ny sambon-tsambo haingam-pandeha mirefy 20 metatra ''[[Malizia II]]'', izay misy [[takelaka masoandro]] sy [[torbinina]] anaty rano. Nambara fa io dia [[fiampitan-dranomasina Atlantika tsy mamoaka entona karbôna]] ho fampisehoana ny finoan' i Thunberg momba ny maha-zava-dehibe ny fampihenana ny entona mivoaka.&lt;ref&gt;[https://time.com/5663534/greta-thunberg-arrives-sail-atlantic/ Greta Thunberg, 16 taona, tonga tao New York rehefa niampita ny Atlantika] {{Wayback|url=https://time.com/5663534/greta-thunberg-arrives-sail-atlantic/ |date=20191102100913 }} ''Time''. 28 Aogositra 2019. Nalaina 16 Septambra 2023. Notehirizina tamin' ny 6 Septambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Naharitra 15 andro ny dia, manomboka ny 14 ka hatramin' ny 28 Aogositra 2019. [[France 24]] dia nitatitra fa hisidina ho any New York ny mpikambana vitsivitsy amin' ny ekipa mba hitondra miverina ny sambo ''Malizia II'' hiverina any Eoropa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/20190826-greta-thunberg-s-yacht-due-in-new-york-on-tuesday Ny sambon' i Greta Thunberg ho tonga ao New York amin' ny Talata] Agence France-Presse. ''France 24''. 26 Aogositra 2019. Nalaina 4 Oktobra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 26 Septambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny diany niverina niaraka tamin' ny sambo [[La Vagabonde (catamaran)|''La Vagabonde'']], dia nofintininy fa nisafidy ny hiondrana sambo izy mba handefasana hafatra amin' izao tontolo izao fa tsy misy safidy tena maharitra hahafahana miampita ranomasina.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-50659318 Fiampitàna an' i Atlantika nataon' i Greta Thunberg: 'Nahoana aho no te hanampy'] ''BBC News''. 4 Desambra 2019. Nalaina 16 Septambra 2023. Notehirizina tamin' ny 6 Desambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Raha tany New York izy, dia nasaina hanome fijoroana vavolombelona tao amin' ny [[United States House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis|Vaomiera misafidy ao amin' ny Antenimieran-doholona amerikanina momba ny Krizin' ny Toetrandro]] tamin' ny 18 Septambra. Tsy nanao fijoroana anefa izy fa nanome fanambarana misy fehezanteny valo ary nametraka ny [[Tatitra manokana momba ny fiakaran' ny maripana maneran-tany 1,5 °C]] an' ny IPCC ho porofo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/hearings?ID=206DAC73-8EAB-41CA-96F7-2C2FD5B47E46 Voices Leading the Next Generation on the Global Climate Crisis] {{Wayback|url=https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/hearings?ID=206DAC73-8EAB-41CA-96F7-2C2FD5B47E46 |date=20190920070200 }} Greta Thunberg. Antenimieran-doholona amerikanina. 18 Septambra 2019. Nalaina 19 Septambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 20 Septambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fihaonambe momba ny Hetsika Toetrandro tao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana ===

Tamin' ny 23 Septambra 2019, nanatrika ny [[2019 UN Climate Action Summit|Fihaonambe momba ny Hetsika Toetrandro ao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana]] tao New York City i Thunberg.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Watts. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/aug/14/greta-thunberg-sets-sail-plymouth-climate-us-trump Greta Thunberg miondrana sambo ho any New York amin' ny sambon-tsambo tsy mamoaka karbôna] ''The Guardian''. 14 Aogositra 2019. Nalaina 1 Septambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 1 Septambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEWS-CNN(2019-08-28)&quot;&gt;Rob Picheta. [https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/28/us/greta-thunberg-new-york-landfall-scli-intl/index.html Tonga tao New York i Greta Thunberg rehefa niampita sambo nandritra ny 15 andro] [[CNN]]. 29 Aogositra 2019. Nalaina 28 Aogositra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 28 Aogositra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' izany andro izany ihany koa, nanao valan-dresaka ho an' ny mpanao gazety ny [[Fikambanana momba ny Ankizy ao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana|UNICEF]] izay niaraka tamin' i Thunberg sy ankizy 15 hafa, anisan' izany i [[Ayakha Melithafa]], [[Alexandria Villaseñor]], [[Catarina Lorenzo]], [[Ridhima Pandey]] ary Carl Smith.

Niara-nanambara ny vondrona fa nanao fitarainana ofisialy tamin' ny firenena dimy izy ireo noho izy ireo tsy manaraka ny tanjona fampihenana entona izay nampanantenainy tao amin' ny fifanarahana tao Paris: Arzantina, Brezila, Frantsa, Alemaina, ary [[Famoahana entona mitroka hafanana nataon' i Torkia|Torkia]].&lt;ref&gt;Georgina Thompson &amp; Helen Wylie. [https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/16-children-including-greta-thunberg-file-landmark-complaint-united-nations Ankizy 16, anisan' izany Greta Thunberg, nanao fitarainana manan-tantara tao amin' ny Komitin' ny Zon' ny Ankizy ao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana]. ''UNICEF''. 25 Septambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 25 Septambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1047292 Firenena mandika ny zon' ny ankizy amin' ny fiovan' ny toetrandro, hoy ny mpikatroka tanora ao amin' ny fitarainana manan-tantara ao amin' ny ONU] {{Wayback|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1047292 |date=20190925105953 }} ''UN News''. 24 Septambra 2019. Nalaina 25 Septambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 25 Septambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nampitahain' ilay fitarainana ireo firenena ireo teo ambanin' ny Fanampim-pitsipika fahatelo amin' ny [[Fifanarahana momba ny Zon' ny Ankizy]]. Rafitra “quasi-judiciaire” izany, izay ahafahan' ny ankizy na solontenany, raha mino izy ireo fa voahitsakitsaka ny zony, mitondra fitarainana eo anatrehan' ny “vatana mpanao fifanarahana” mifandraika amin' izany, dia ny Komitin' ny Zon' ny Ankizy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.childrightsconnect.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/CRC_OP3_info_pack_web.pdf Torolàlana momba ny Fanampim-pitsipika amin' ny Fifanarahana momba ny Zon' ny Ankizy momba ny Fomba Fifandraisana (OP3 CRC)] ''Child Rights Connect''. Nalaina 13 Oktobra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 13 Oktobra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Raha mahomby ny fitarainana, dia hangatahana ireo firenena ireo hamaly, saingy tsy mamatotra amin' ny lalàna ny soso-kevitra rehetra.&lt;ref&gt;Brian Kahn. [https://earther.gizmodo.com/its-kids-vs-the-world-in-a-landmark-new-climate-lawsui-1838343565 Ankizy vs. izao tontolo izao amin' ny raharaha ara-pitsarana manan-tantara momba ny toetrandro] {{Wayback|url=https://earther.gizmodo.com/its-kids-vs-the-world-in-a-landmark-new-climate-lawsui-1838343565 |date=20190923170617 }} ''Gizmodo''. 23 Septambra 2019. Nalaina 23 Septambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 23 Septambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Lee. [https://news.bloombergenvironment.com/environment-and-energy/greta-thunberg-leads-young-people-in-climate-complaint-to-un Greta Thunberg mitarika tanora amin' ny fitarainana momba ny toetrandro ao amin' ny ONU] {{Wayback|url=https://news.bloombergenvironment.com/environment-and-energy/greta-thunberg-leads-young-people-in-climate-complaint-to-un|date=20190924120107}} [[Bloomberg L.P.]]. 23 Septambra 2019. Nalaina 23 Septambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 24 Septambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fihetsiketsehana maneran-tany tamin' ny fararano ===
Tamin' ny faran' ny Septambra 2019, niditra tao Kanada i Thunberg izay nandray anjara tamin' ny fihetsiketsehana momba ny toetrandro tao [[Montréal]], [[Edmonton]] ary [[Vancouver]], anisan' izany ny nitarihan' izy hetsika lehibe ho anisan' ny [[Fitokonana maneran-tany momba ny toetrandro Septambra 2019]] tao Montreal tamin' ny 27 Septambra 2019.&lt;ref&gt;Sidhartha Banerjee. [https://www.nationalobserver.com/2019/09/27/news/teen-climate-activist-greta-thunberg-greeted-star-montreal-march Tanora mpikatroka toetrandro Greta Thunberg noraisina toy ny kintana tao amin' ny diabe tao Montreal] ''Canada's National Observer''. 27 Septambra 2019. Nalaina 24 Septambra 2023. Notehirizina tamin' ny 5 Oktobra 2022 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Araka ny filazan' ny iray tamin' ireo mpikarakara, olona maherin' ny efatra tapitrisa no nandray anjara tamin' ny fitokonan' ny sekoly ho an' ny toetrandro tamin' ny 20 sy 27 Septambra 2019.&lt;ref&gt;Eliza Barclay sy Brian Resnick. [https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/9/20/20876143/climate-strike-2019-september-20-crowd-estimate Ohatrinona ny haben' ny fitokonana maneran-tany momba ny toetrandro? Olona 4 tapitrisa, hoy ny tombanan' ny mpikatroka] ''Vox''. 22 Septambra 2019. Nalaina 21 Septambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 21 Septambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; An' arivony maro no nandray anjara tamin' ilay fihetsiketsehana, izay voalaza fa lehibe indrindra teo amin' ny tantaran' ilay tanàna. Nanome azy ny loka “Freedom of the City” ny ben' i Montreal. Tamin' izany fotoana izany dia nanatrika koa ny Praiminisitra [[Justin Trudeau]], ary niresaka vetivety taminy i Thunberg.&lt;ref&gt;Kalina Laframboise. [https://globalnews.ca/news/5957337/montreal-climate-change-march-sept-27/ 'Tsy ho mpijery fotsiny izahay': Hoy i Greta Thunberg tamin' ny an' arivony maro tao amin' ny diabe tao Montreal] ''Global News''. 27 Septambra 2019. Nalaina 16 Oktobra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 30 Septambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Raha tany Etazonia izy, dia nandray anjara tamin' ny fihetsiketsehana momba ny toetrandro tany New York City niaraka tamin' i Alexandria Villaseñor sy [[Xiye Bastida]]; tany Washington, D.C., niaraka tamin' i [[Jerome Foster II]]; tao [[Iowa City, Iowa|Iowa City]]; Los Angeles; [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]]; [[Denver]] niaraka tamin' i [[Haven Coleman]]; ary tao amin' ny [[Standing Rock Indian Reservation]] niaraka tamin' i [[Tokata Iron Eyes]]. Tao amin' ireo tanàna isan-karazany ireo, nanomboka ny lahateniny i Thunberg tamin' ny fanekena fa nitsangana teo amin' ny tany izay tany am-boalohany an' ny [[Vahoaka teratany ao Amerika|vahoaka teratany]], nanao hoe: &lt;blockquote&gt;“In acknowledging the enormous injustices inflicted upon these people, we must also mention the many enslaved and indentured servants whose labour the world still profits from today.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“Amin' ny fankatoavana ny tsy rariny lehibe natao tamin' ireo olona ireo, tsy maintsy manonona koa isika ny maro izay nandevozina sy ireo mpanompo voafatotra, izay mbola anohanan' izao tontolo izao tombontsoa amin' ny asany mandraka ankehitriny.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Aimee Breaux sy Zachary Oren Smith. [https://www.press-citizen.com/story/news/2019/10/04/greta-thunberg-speech-transcript-iowa-climate-strike/3868695002/ Greta Thunberg nandeha Tesla ho any Iowa. Izao no nolazainy.] ''Iowa City Press-Citizen''. 26 Novambra 2019. Nalaina 7 Novambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 3 Janoary 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Aristos Georgiou. [https://www.newsweek.com/greta-thunberg-friday-climate-strike-world-leaders-1464823 Greta Thunberg nilaza fa ny fitokonana amin' ny zoma dia hitohy ‘mandra-pahavitan' ny fitarihan' ny mpitondra eran-tany amin' ny hetsika'] ''Newsweek''. 12 Oktobra 2019. Nalaina 7 Novambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 6 Novambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fandraisana anjara tamin' ny COP25 ===
Nikasika hijanona tany Amerika i Thunberg mba handeha an-tanety hanatrika ny [[2019 Fihaonambe momba ny Fiovan' ny Toetrandro tao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana]] (COP25) izay nokasaina hatao tany Santiago, Chile tamin' ny Desambra. Na izany aza, nambara tampoka fa hafindra ho any Madrid, Espaina, ny COP25 noho ny [[2019–20 Fihetsiketseham-bahoaka tao Chile|korontana goavana tany Chile]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50233678 Nofoanan' i Chile ny fihaonambe maneran-tany momba ny toetrandro noho ny korontana] ''BBC News''. 30 Oktobra 2019. Nalaina 31 Oktobra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 31 Oktobra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandà ny hisidina i Thunberg noho ny entona karbôna ateraky ny dia an'habakabaka, ka namoaka tao amin' ny tambajotra sosialy izy fa mila fitaterana hiampita an' i Atlantika. Riley Whitelum sy ny vadiny Elayna Carausu, Aostraliana roa izay nandeha nanodidina izao tontolo izao tamin' ny sambo {{convert|48|ft|m|adj=on}} ''[[Sailing La Vagabonde|La Vagabonde]]'', dia nanolotra ny hanatitra azy. Tamin' ny 13 Novambra 2019, niondrana sambo avy any [[Hampton, Virginia]], ho any [[Lisboa]], Portiogaly i Thunberg. Ny hafatra nentiny tamin' ny fialany dia toy ny efa nataony hatramin' izy nanomboka ny fanoherana: &lt;blockquote&gt;“My message to the Americans is the same as to everyone—that is to unite behind the science and to act on the science.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“Ny hafatro ho an' ny Amerikanina dia mitovy amin' ny ho an' ny rehetra—izany hoe hifandray ao ambadiky ny siansa ary hiasa mifanaraka amin' ny siansa.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sengupta&quot;&gt;Somini Sengupta. [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/12/climate/greta-thunberg-return-europe.html Greta Thunberg miondrana indray, rehefa nafindra toerana ny fifampidinihana momba ny toetrandro] ''The New York Times''. 12 Novambra 2019. Nalaina 14 Novambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 14 Novambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rhiannon Shine &amp; James Carmody. [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-13/australian-sailors-taking-greta-thunberg-back-to-un-cop25-summit/11699990 Mpivady aostraliana sy ny zanany tonga nanampy an' i Greta Thunberg hiverina amin' ny COP25] ''ABC News''. 13 Novambra 2019. Nalaina 14 Novambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 14 Novambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Emily Holden. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/12/greta-thunberg-climate-crisis-message-vote Greta Thunberg nandao an' i Etazonia niaraka tamin' ny hafatra tsotra momba ny krizin' ny toetrandro: mifidiana] ''The Guardian''. 12 Novambra 2019. Nalaina 14 Novambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 14 Novambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tonga tao amin' ny Seranan-tsambo ao [[Lisboa]] i Thunberg tamin' ny 3 Desambra 2019,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/greta-thunberg-to-sail-into-lisbon-on-tuesday/52199 Greta Thunberg hiondrana sambo ho ao Lisbôna amin' ny Talata] ''The Portugal News''. 2 Desambra 2019. Nalaina 2 Desambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 2 Desambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Claire Corkery. [https://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/greta-thunberg-to-arrive-in-madrid-in-time-for-climate-summit-1.946126 Greta Thunberg ho tonga any Madrid ara-potoana amin' ny fihaonambe momba ny toetrandro] ''The National (Abu Dhabi)''. 3 Desambra 2019. Nalaina 3 Desambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 3 Desambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; avy eo nandeha nankany [[Madrid]] izy mba hanao lahateny tao amin' ny COP25 sy handray anjara niaraka tamin' ireo mpanao fitokonana amin' ny toetrandro ao amin' ny ''[[Fridays for Future]]''. Nandritra ny valan-dresaka ho an' ny mpanao gazety mialoha ny diabe, niantso izy mba hanao “hetsika azo tsapain-tanana” bebe kokoa, nilaza fa ny onjam-pitokonana maneran-tany nataon' ny mpianatra tamin' ny taona lasa dia “tsy nahatratra na inona na inona” satria mbola nitombo hatrany ny [[famoahana entona mitroka hafanana]]—nitombo 4% hatramin' ny 2015.&lt;ref&gt;Fiona Harvey. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/06/greta-thunberg-says-school-strikes-have-achieved-nothing Hoy i Greta Thunberg: tsy nahatratra na inona na inona ny fitokonan' ny sekoly] ''The Guardian''. 6 Desambra 2019. Nalaina 6 Desambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 7 Desambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Isabella Kaminski. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greta-thunberg-climate-conference-madrid-chile-samoa-brianna-fruean-a9236676.html 'Tsy nahatratra na inona na inona izahay': Greta Thunberg miantso 'hetsika azo tsapain-tanana' nandritra ny fihaonambe tao Madrid] ''The Independent''. 7 Desambra 2019. Nalaina 7 Desambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 7 Desambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hetsika fanampiny tany Eoropa sy fiafaran' ny taona fitsaharana ===

I Thunberg no [[Lisitr' ireo tonian-dahatsoratry ny fandaharana Today|tonian-dahatsoratra vahiny]] tamin' ny fandaharana malaza momba ny raharaham-pirenena amin' ny onjam-peo BBC Radio, ny ''[[Today Programme]]'' tamin' ny faran' ny taona 2019.&lt;ref&gt;Samuel Osborne. [https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/greta-thunberg-david-attenborough-interview-climate-change-bbc-radio-4-today-a9262261.html Greta Thunberg hifanatrika amin' i David Attenborough amin' ny fizarana manokana amin' ny fandaharana ''Today''] ''The Independent''. 28 Desambra 2019. Nalaina 30 Desambra 2019. Notehirizina tamin' ny 29 Desambra 2019 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nisy tafatafa momba ny fiovan' ny toetrandro niaraka tamin' i [[Sir David Attenborough]], ny lehiben' ny [[Bank of England]] [[Mark Carney]], Robert Del Naja avy ao amin' ny [[Massive Attack]], ary ny mpitantana ao amin' ny [[Shell Oil]] Maarten Wetselaar. Navoaka ho ''podcast'' izany&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07z5h48 BBC Radio 4 – Best of Today, Greta Thunberg no tonian-dahatsoratra] BBC Radio 4. 30 Desambra 2019. Nalaina 16 Janoary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 14 Janoary 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; izay nahitana ireo tafatafa ireo sy ireo zava-nisongadina hafa. Iray volana tatỳ aoriana dia niantso ny orinasa alemana [[Siemens]] izy mba hanajanona ny fanaterana fitaovana ho an' ny lalamby ho an' ilay [[Toeram-pitrandrahana arina Carmichael]] izay tantanin' ny sampan' orinasa Indiana [[Adani Group]] any Aostralia,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.faz.net/1.6576039 Greta Thunberg mitaky amin' i Siemens mba hiala amin' ilay tetikasa arina any Aostralia] ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung''. Nalaina 12 Janoary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 12 Martsa 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; saingy tamin' ny 13 Janoary, nilaza i Siemens fa hanaja hatrany ny fifanarahana nataony tamin' i Adani.&lt;ref&gt;Graham Readfearn. [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jan/13/adani-coalmine-siemens-ceo-has-empathy-for-environment-but-will-honour-contract Toeram-pitrandrahana arina Adani: Nilaza ny CEO an' i Siemens fa manana 'fahatsapana' ho an' ny tontolo iainana izy saingy tsy hiala amin' ny fifanarahana] ''The Guardian''. 13 Janoary 2020. Nalaina 13 Janoary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 13 Janoary 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Niverina tao amin' ny [[World Economic Forum]] natao tany [[Davos]], {{Soisa}}, i Thunberg tamin' ny 21 Janoary 2020. Nanao lahateny roa izy ary nandray anjara tamin' ny adihevitra niarahana tamin' ny ''[[The New York Times]]'' sy ny World Economic Forum. Nampiasa ireo lohahevitra navoakany tamin' ny lahateniny teo aloha i Thunberg, saingy nifantoka indrindra tamin' ny iray: &lt;blockquote&gt;“Mirehitra hatrany ny tranontsika.”&lt;/blockquote&gt; Nanao hatsikana i Thunberg nilaza fa tsy afaka mitaraina amin' ny tsy fihainoana azy izy, ka niteny hoe: &lt;blockquote&gt;“Mihaino ahy mandrakariva ny olona.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Somini Sengupta. [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/21/climate/greta-thunberg-davos.html Hafatr' i Greta Thunberg tao amin' ny Davos Forum: 'Mirehitra hatrany ny tranontsika'] ''The New York Times''. 21 Janoary 2020. Nalaina 21 Janoary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 21 Janoary 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Larry Elliott. [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jan/21/greta-thunberg-calls-on-world-leaders-to-heed-global-heating-science-davos Greta Thunberg miantso ny mpitondra eran-tany tao Davos mba hanaja ny siansa momba ny fiakaran' ny hafanana] ''The Guardian''. 21 Janoary 2020. Nalaina 21 Janoary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 21 Janoary 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://time.com/5768561/greta-thunberg-davos-panel-time/ Thunberg tao amin' ny tontonana Time: 'Saika tsy nisy zavatra vita' momba ny toetrandro] {{Wayback|url=https://time.com/5768561/greta-thunberg-davos-panel-time/ |date=20200121174416 }} ''Time''. 21 Janoary 2020. Nalaina 21 Janoary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 21 Janoary 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Volana manaraka, dia nandeha tany amin' ny [[Oniversiten' i Oxford]] izy hihaona amin' i [[Malala Yousafzai]], mpikatroka pakistane nahazo ny Loka Nobel Fandriampahalemana ho an' ny fanabeazana ny vehivavy, izay notifirin' ny [[Taliban]] tamin' ny lohany tamin' izy mbola mpianatra. Avy eo dia nanatevin-daharana fitokonana an-tsekoly tao [[Bristol]] i Thunberg.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-51632654 Greta Thunberg nihaona tamin' i Malala Yousafzai tao amin' ny Oniversiten' i Oxford] ''BBC News''. 25 Febroary 2020. Nalaina 25 Febroary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 12 Jolay 2022 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanatrika fivoriana miavaka tamin' ny Komitin' ny Tontolo Iainana ao amin' ny [[Parlemanta Eoropeana]] ihany koa izy mba hiresaka momba ny Lalàna Eoropeana momba ny Toetrandro. Tao izy no nilaza fa ny tolo-kevitra vaovao momba ny lalàna momba ny toetrandro navoakan' ny [[Vaomiera Eoropeana]] dia toa fialana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20200304IPR73905/greta-thunberg-to-meps-we-will-not-allow-you-to-surrender-our-future Greta Thunberg tamin' ny solombavambahoaka eoropeana: 'Tsy havelanay ianareo hanary ny hoavintsika'] ''Parlemanta Eoropeana''. 4 Martsa 2020. Nalaina 5 Martsa 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 5 Martsa 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nifarana tamin' ny Aogositra 2020 ny taona fitsaharany. Ny dia nandritra ny taona manaraka dia voafetra noho ny [[valanaretina COVID-19]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://apnews.com/article/279f81a47adf48e412d205e3a2a928f6 Greta Thunberg niverina nianatra taorian' ny herintaona] ''Associated Press News''. 25 Aogositra 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 12 Martsa 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-53902468 Inona no nataon' i Greta Thunberg nandritra ny taona fitsaharany tamin' ny sekoly] ''BBC News''. 25 Aogositra 2020. Nalaina 28 Aogositra 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 26 Aogositra 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fikatrohana nanomboka tamin' ny 2020 ka hatramin' ny 2021 ===
Tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taona 2020, ny fiparitahan' ny valanaretina COVID-19 dia nitarika ny [[Valin' ny firenena tamin' ny valanaretina COVID-19|fampiharana maneran-tany]] ny [[Fepetra ara-pahasalamana hiatrehana ny COVID-19|fepetra fisorohana]], anisan' izany ny [[Fepetra elanelana ara-tsosialy mifandraika amin' ny valanaretina COVID-19|elanelana ara-tsosialy]], ny [[Famelezana COVID-19|famelezana]], ary ny [[Saron-tava nandritra ny valanaretina COVID-19|saron-tava]].&lt;ref&gt;Yacong Bo; Cui Guo; Changqing Lin; Yiqian Zeng; Hao Bi Li; Yumiao Zhang; Md Shakhaoat Hossain; Jimmy W.M. Chan; David W. Yeung; Kin On Kwok; Samuel Y.S. Wong; Alexis K.H. Lau; Xiang Qian Lao. &quot;Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 transmission in 190 countries from 23 January to 13 April 2020&quot;. ''International Journal of Infectious Diseases''. Volana Janoary 2021. Nalaina 28 Oktobra 2020. PMID 33129965. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.066. PMC 7598763.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 13 Martsa 2020, nilaza i Thunberg fa: &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;In a crisis we change our behavior and adapt to the new circumstances for the greater good of society.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Raha misy krizy dia manova ny fitondran-tenantsika isika ary manitsy amin' ny toe-javatra vaovao ho amin' ny soa iombonan' ny fiarahamonina.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt; Taorian'izany dia nafindran' i Thunberg sy ny [[Fitokonana an-tsekoly ho an' ny toetrandro]] anaty aterineto ny hetsika nataon' izy ireo.&lt;ref&gt;Shola Lawal. [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/climate/coronavirus-online-climate-protests.html Koronavirus nanakana ny fihetsiketsehana an-dalambe, saingy manana drafitra ny mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro] ''The New York Times''. 19 Martsa 2020. Nalaina 22 Aogositra 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 20 Aogositra 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Emily Chan. [https://www.vogue.com.au/culture/features/how-greta-thunberg-and-other-climate-activists-are-taking-their-campaign-online/news-story/f23dfd68b16067e280495ac8b91899be Manao hetsika virtoaly ny mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro – izao no fomba ahafahanao mandray anjara avy any an-trano] ''Vogue Australia''. 21 Aprily 2020. Nalaina 22 Aogositra 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 16 Novambra 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 20 Aogositra 2020, faha-roa taona nanombohan' i Thunberg nanao fitokonana, dia nihaona tamin' ny Kanseliera Alemana [[Angela Merkel]] tao Berlin i Thunberg sy ireo mpiara-mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro [[Luisa Neubauer]], [[Anuna De Wever van der Heyden]] ary [[Adélaïde Charlier]].&lt;ref&gt;Alice Tidey. [https://www.euronews.com/2020/08/20/greta-thunberg-and-angela-merkel-meet-to-discuss-climate-crisis Hijery: Miantso ny mpitarika momba ny toetrandro i Greta Thunberg taorian' ny fihaonany tamin' i Merkel] ''Euronews''. 20 Aogositra 2020. Nalaina 22 Aogositra 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 21 Aogositra 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanambara izy ireo avy eo fa hanomana fitokonana maneran-tany hafa amin' ny 25 Septambra 2020. Nilaza i Neubauer fa ny maha-virtoaly na eny an-dalambe ny fitokonana amin' ny volana Septambra dia miankina amin' ny toe-javatra ateraky ny valanaretina. Tamin' ny fihaonambe niarahana tamin' ireo mpiara-mpikatroka naneho ny heviny ihany koa, dia nilaza i Neubauer fa: &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;The climate crisis doesn't pause.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Tsy mijanona ny krizin' ny toetrandro.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/young-activists-meet-merkel-press-case-climate-action-72491266 I Thunberg sy ireo mpiara-mpikatroka mitaky amin' i Merkel hanao zavatra momba ny toetrandro] ''ABC News''. 22 Aogositra 2020. Nalaina 22 Aogositra 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 22 Aogositra 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fikatrohana nanomboka tamin' ny 2020 ka hatramin' ny 2021 ===
Tamin' ny 14 Desambra 2020, nampiasa Twitter i Thunberg hanakiana ny [[Governemanta Lehiben' ny Asa fahenina ao Novely Zelandy]] noho ny [[Fiovan' ny toetrandro ao Novely Zelandy#Fanoloran-kevitra filazana vonjy taitra momba ny toetrandro|filazana vonjy taitra momba ny toetrandro]] vao haingana nataony ho “[[:en:Virtue signalling|fanehoana hatsaram-panahy]]”, nilazany fa ny Governemantan' ny Lehiben' ny Asa ao Novely Zelandy dia nanolo-tena hampihena latsaky ny iray isan-jaton' ny famoahana karbônan' i Novely Zelandy hatramin' ny 2025 fotsiny.&lt;ref&gt;[[The New Zealand Herald]]. [https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/national/greta-thunberg-calls-out-new-zealand-over-lack-of-climate-change-action/ ‘Tsy misy miavaka': Greta Thunberg namely an' i NZ noho ny vonjy taitra momba ny toetrandro]. ''Newstalk ZB''. 14 Desambra 2020. Nalaina 14 Desambra 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 14 Desambra 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SMH climate emergency&quot;&gt;Eloise Gibson. [https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/ardern-and-thunberg-in-spat-over-climate-emergency-declaration-20201214-p56nea.html Nifanditra i Ardern sy Thunberg momba ny filazana vonjy taitra momba ny toetrandro]. ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. 14 Desambra 2020. Nalaina 14 Desambra 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 14 Desambra 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho valin' izany, ny Praiminisitra [[Jacinda Ardern]] sy ny minisitra misahana ny fiovan' ny toetrandro [[James Shaw (New Zealand politician)|James Shaw]] dia niaro ny filazana vonjy taitra nataon' i Novely Zelandy ho toy ny fiandohan' ny tanjona fampihenana ny voka-dratsin' ny toetrandro ao amin' ny firenena.&lt;ref name=&quot;SMH climate emergency&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Heath Moore. [https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/james-shaw-responds-after-greta-thunberg-calls-out-nz-over-lack-of-climate-change-action/O2IQVQ6QZ2O7OLYIKLI5FAAR3I/ Mamaly i James Shaw taorian' ny nanakianan' i Greta Thunberg an' i NZ noho ny tsy fahampian' ny hetsika momba ny toetrandro]. ''The New Zealand Herald''. 14 Desambra 2020. Nalaina 14 Desambra 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 14 Desambra 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 29 Desambra 2020, nandritra ny tafatafa natao tamin' ny [[BBC]], nilaza i Thunberg fa tsy henoin' ny olona ny manampahaizana momba ny toetrandro na dia nasehon' ny valanaretina COVID-19 aza ny maha-zava-dehibe ny fampiasana siansa hiatrehana olana tahaka izany. Nanampy izy fa ny krizin' ny COVID-19 dia “nampamirapiratra” ny fomba “tsy ho vitantsika raha tsy misy siansa”.&lt;ref&gt;[''We cannot make it without science'': Hoy i Greta Thunberg, tsy raharahiana ny manampahaizana momba ny toetrandro]. ''The Guardian''. 29 Desambra 2020. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/29/we-cannot-make-it-without-science-greta-thunberg-says-climate-experts-are-being-ignored Rohy]. Nalaina 22 Febroary 2023. Notehirizina tamin' ny 29 Desambra 2020 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sary:Greta Thunberg und Luisa Neubauer demonstrieren mit Fridays For Future.jpg|thumb|Thunberg mitarika hetsika amin' ny megaphone ao Berlin, 2021]]

I Thunberg sy ireo mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro hafa dia nanomboka ny kaonsera isan-taona [[Climate Live]] hampisongadina ny fiovan' ny toetrandro. Tamin' ny Aprily 2021 no natao ny konsèrta voalohany.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-58952383 Greta Thunberg nihira hira an' i Rick Astley tamin' ny konsèrta momba ny toetrandro]. ''BBC News''. Nalaina 23 Septambra 2022. Notehirizina tamin' ny 23 Septambra 2022 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny Mey 2021, nitodika indray tamin' ny krizin' ny COVID-19 izy, niantso fanovana ny rafitra famokarana sakafo sy fiarovana ny biby sy ny toeram-ponenany. Nisy ihany koa ny fanamarihana momba ny fahasalamana mifandraika amin' ny fiarovana ny biby sy ny tontolo iainana, tao anatin' ny antso hanoloana sakafo tsy misy hena. Nilaza i Thunberg fa ny fomba andravantsika toeram-ponenan' ny biby dia mamorona fepetra tonga lafatra hielezan' ny aretina; nanamarika ireo [[aretina avy amin' ny biby ho an' ny olombelona]] toy ny COVID-19, Zika, Ebola, tazon' ny Nil andrefana, SARS, MERS, sns.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dw.com/en/climate-activist-greta-thunberg-takes-on-food-industry/a-57633673 Mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro Greta Thunberg mihantsy ny indostrian' ny sakafo]. ''Deutsche Welle''. 23 Mey 2021. Nalaina 23 Mey 2021. Notehirizina tamin' ny 21 Desambra 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny Jolay 2021, nahazo ny [[Vaksiny COVID-19|vaksiny COVID]] i Thunberg, nilaza hoe: &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;I am extremely grateful and privileged to be able to live in a part of the world where I can already get vaccinated. The vaccine distribution around the world is extremely unequal. No one is safe until everyone is safe. But when you get offered a vaccine, don't hesitate. It saves lives.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“Feno fankasitrahana sy tombon-tsoa aho afaka miaina amin' ny faritra iray amin' izao tontolo izao izay efa ahafahako misitraka vaksiny. Tsy mitovy lavitra ny fizarana vaksiny maneran-tany. Tsy misy ho azo antoka raha tsy efa azo antoka ny rehetra. Fa rehefa atolotra anao ny vaksiny, aza misalasala. Mamonjy aina izany.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Laura Harding (''PA Media'') amin' ny alalan' i Yahoo! News. [https://uk.news.yahoo.com/greta-thunberg-extremely-grateful-privileged-143144435.html Greta Thunberg ‘feno fankasitrahana sy tombon-tsoa' nahazo vaksiny Covid]. 27 Jolay 2021. Nalaina 25 Janoary 2023. Notehirizina tamin' ny 25 Janoary 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny andiany voalohany amin' ny ''[[Vogue Scandinavia]]'' (Aogositra–Septambra 2021) dia nanasongadina sary fonon' ny gazetiboky misy an' i Thunberg nalain' i Iris sy Mattias Alexandrov Klum, mpakasary sy mpiaro ny tontolo iainana soedoà, sy tafatafa taminy.&lt;ref name=&quot;voguescan&quot;&gt;Tom Pattinson. [https://www.voguescandinavia.com/articles/greta-the-great Vakio ny tafatafa fonon' ny Vogue Scandinavia: Greta momba ny fikatrohana, Trump, ary ny ho lasa feon' ny taranaka]. ''Vogue Scandinavia''. 8 Aogositra 2021. Nalaina. Notehirizina tamin' ny 21 Desambra 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Maneho an' i Thunberg mitafy palitao lava (trench coat) mipetraka miaraka amin' ny [[soavaly islandey]] eo anaty ala ivelan' i Stockholm ny fonony.&lt;ref name=&quot;voguescan&quot;/&gt; Tao amin' ilay tafatafa, nanakiana ny fampielezan-kevitra ampiasain' ny indostrian' ny lamaody izy mba hiseho ho maharitra nefa “tsy manao na inona na inona hiarovana ny tontolo iainana”, ary niantso izany hoe “[[:en:Greenwashing|fanadiovana maitso]]”.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dw.com/en/greta-thunberg-criticizes-fast-fashion-in-vogue-scandinavia/a-58802865 Greta Thunberg manakiana ny ''fast fashion'' ao amin' i Vogue Scandinavia]. ''Deutsche Welle''. 9 Aogositra 2021. Nalaina 10 Aogositra 2021. Notehirizina tamin' ny 21 Desambra 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' io andro io ihany, nampiasa Twitter izy hanakiana ny indostrian' ny lamaody ho “mpandray anjara lehibe” amin' ny “vonjy taitra” momba ny toetrandro sy tontolo iainana, ary “tsy lazaina intsony ny fiantraikany amin' ireo mpiasa sy fiarahamonina an'arivony eran-tany ampijaliana mba hisian' ny [[fast fashion]] izay ataon' ny maro ho entana ariana fotsiny”.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-58145465 Thunberg niantso ny fiantraikan' ny lamaody amin' ny toetrandro ao amin' ny tafatafa amin' i Vogue]. ''BBC News''. 9 Aogositra 2021. Nalaina 10 Aogositra 2021. Notehirizina tamin' ny 21 Desambra 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitafiana [[volon' ondry]] noraisiny tamin' ilay fakan-tsary dia niteraka fanehoan-kevitra avy amin' ireo vegan hafa, nilaza fa mampiroborobo herisetra amin' ny biby. Araka ny filazan' ny [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]], tsy fantany fa tena volon' biby marina ilay lamba.&lt;ref&gt;Mohsina Dodhiya. [https://www.totallyveganbuzz.com/news/greta-thunberg-blasted-wool-vogue/ Notohin' ny sasany i Greta Thunberg noho ny fitafy volon' ondry ao amin' ny fonon' i ''Vogue''] ''Totally Vegan Buzz''. 18 Aogositra 2021. Nalaina 25 Janoary 2023. Notehirizina tamin' ny 25 Janoary 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 28 Septambra 2021, nanakiana ny filohan' i Etazonia [[Joe Biden]], ny praiminisitry ny Fanjakana Mitambatra [[Boris Johnson]], ny praiminisitry ny India [[Narendra Modi]] ary mpitarika hafa i Thunberg noho ny fampanantenany hiatrika ny krizin' ny toetrandro, tamin' ny lahateny nataony tao amin' ny Youth4Climate ao [[Milano]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/greta-thunberg-boris-johnson-youth4climate-b1928555.html 'Build back better, blah blah blah': Nentin' i Greta Thunberg nanao hatsikana i Joe Biden sy Boris Johnson tamin' ny lahateny momba ny toetrandro]. ''The Independent''. 28 Septambra 2021. Nalaina 30 Oktobra 2021. Notehirizina tamin' ny 21 Desambra 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanakiana sy nisalasala tamin' ny mpikarakara fihaonambe momba ny toetrandro ihany koa izy, nilaza hoe: &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;They invite cherry-picked young people to meetings like this to pretend they are listening to us. But they are not.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“Manasa tanora voafantina amin' ny tanana izy ireo amin' ny fivoriana tahaka izao mba hisehoana ho mihaino anay. Saingy tsy mihaino izy ireo.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/09/29/swedish-climate-activist-greta-thunberg-criticizes-world-leaders-at-youth-climate-summit/ Mpikatroka soedoà Greta Thunberg manakiana ny mpitondra eran-tany tao amin' ny Youth Climate Summit – 29 Septambra 2021]. ''Daily News Brief''. 29 Septambra 2021. Nalaina 4 Oktobra 2021. Notehirizina tamin' ny 21 Desambra 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Iray volana iray tatỳ aoriana dia nandray anjara tamin' ny fihetsiketsehana tao Londres i Thunberg, nitaky ny rafitra ara-bola hampitsahatra ny famatsiam-bola ireo orinasa sy tetikasa mampiasa [[solitany fôsily]], toy ny arina, solitany ary entona voajanahary.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-59090943 Greta Thunberg: Miantso ny banky hampitsahatra ny famatsiam-bola ny ‘fandravana'] ''BBC News''. 29 Oktobra 2021. Nalaina 31 Oktobra 2021. Notehirizina tamin' ny 21 Desambra 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny andianà hetsika manerana ireo foibe ara-bola eran-tany io fihetsiketsehana io, ao anatin' izay i New York City, San Francisco ary [[Nairobi]], Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc2021&quot; /&gt; Nilazany tamin' ny mpanao gazety ao amin' ny BBC [[Andrew Marr]] fa tokony “hampitsahatra ny famatsiam-bola ny fandravantsika” ny banky, mialoha ny fihaonambe momba ny toetrandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc2021&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny [[2021 Fifanarahana momba ny Fiovan' ny Toetrandro tao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana]] (COP26) tao Glasgow, nanatrika tontonana momba ny toetrandro notarihin' ilay mpilalao britanika [[Emma Watson]] i Thunberg.&lt;ref&gt;Anna Bryan. [https://www.scotsman.com/news/environment/cop26-harry-potter-actress-emma-watson-hosts-panel-event-attended-by-greta-thunberg-at-glasgow-climate-change-summit-3445690 COP26: Emma Watson, mpilalao ao amin' i Harry Potter, nitarika tontonana natrehan' i Greta Thunberg tao amin' ny fihaonambe momba ny toetrandro ao Glasgow]. ''The Scotsman''. 4 Novambra 2021. Nalaina 7 Martsa 2022. Notehirizina tamin' ny 12 Jolay 2022 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Novambra 2021, i Thunberg niaraka tamin' ireo mpikatroka hafa dia nandefa fitarainana tamin' ny Firenena Mikambana, nangataka azy hanambara [[Filazana vonjy taitra momba ny toetrandro|vonjy taitra]] maneran-tany ambaratonga 3, mikendry ny hamorona ekipa manokana handrindra ny valin-kafatra amin' ny krizin' ny toetrandro amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena.&lt;ref&gt;Miranda Bryant. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/10/youth-activists-petition-un-to-declare-systemwide-climate-emergency Tanora mpikatroka mangataka amin' ny ONU hanambara ‘vonjy taitra manerana ny rafitra' momba ny toetrandro]. ''The Guardian''. 10 Novambra 2021. Nalaina 12 Novambra 2021. Notehirizina tamin' ny 21 Desambra 2021 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny Desambra 2021, naverin' i Thunberg ny fanakianany ny filohan' i Etazonia Joe Biden, nilaza hoe: &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;If you call him a leader – I mean, it's strange that people think of Joe Biden as a leader for the climate when you see what his administration is doing&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“Raha antsoinao hoe mpitarika izy—tiako lazaina fa hafahafa ny fiheveran' ny olona an' i Joe Biden ho mpitarika amin' ny toetrandro rehefa jerena izay ataon' ny fitondrany.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Manondro ny fanitaran' i Etazonia ny fampiasana solitany fôsily nandritra ny fitondrana Biden. Nanampy i Thunberg fa mampalahelo fa mbola ilaina ny mpikatroka sy ny tanora mba hampahatsiahy ny olona momba ny fiovan' ny toetrandro.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/greta-thunberg-hits-out-at-biden-says-it-e2-80-99s-e2-80-98strange-e2-80-99-he-e2-80-99s-considered-a-leader-on-climate/ar-AASd4jY Greta Thunberg namely an' i Biden, nilaza fa ‘hafahafa' ny fiheverana azy ho mpitarika amin' ny toetrandro]. MSN. 29 Desambra 2021. Nalaina 3 Janoary 2022. Notehirizina tamin' ny 5 Janoary 2022 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fikatrohana nanomboka 2022 ka hatramin' ny fiandohan' ny 2023 ===
Tamin' ny fiandohan' ny 2022, nanameloka ny orinasa britanika [[Beowulf Mining|Beowulf]] sy ny fitrandrahany vy amin' ny tanin' ny [[Vahoaka Sámi|Sámi]] i Thunberg. Nilaza izy hoe: &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;We believe that the climate, the environment, clean air, water, reindeer herding, indigenous rights and the future of humanity should be prioritized above the short-term profit of a company. The Swedish government needs to stop the colonization of Sami.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“Minoinay fa tokony hatao laharam-pahamehana mihoatra ny tombombarotra vetivety azon' ny orinasa ny toetrandro, ny tontolo iainana, ny rivotra madio, ny rano, ny fiompiana reniala, ny zon' ny vazimba teratany ary ny hoavin' ny zanak' olombelona. Tokony hatsahatrin' ny governemanta soedoà ny fanjanahantany an' i Sámi.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/greta-thunberg-greta-thunberg-news-permanent-negative-impact-activist-greta-thunberg-protests-sweden-mine-2751751 &quot;Permanent Negative Impact&quot;: Mpikatroka Greta Thunberg manao hetsika amin' ny toeram-pitrandrahana ao Soeda] NDTV.com. 17 Febroary 2022. Notehirizina tamin' ny 12 Jolay 2022 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Taorian' ny [[Fidiran' ny Rosia an' i Okraina|fanafihan' ny tafika rosiana an' i Okraina]], natambany tamin' ny fanoherana ny ady ny fitokonany isam-bolana zoma. Nijoro teo ivelan' ny masoivohon' i Rosia tao Stockholm izy nitazona sora-baventy hoe ''“Stand With Ukraine”'' (&quot;Mijoro ho an' i Okraina&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/activist-thunberg-protests-against-ukraine-invasion-outside-russian-embassy-2022-02-25/ Mpikatroka Thunberg manao hetsika manohitra ny fanafihana an' i Okraina eo ivelan' ny masoivoho rosiana ao Stockholm] Reuters. 25 Febroary 2022. Notehirizina tamin' ny 5 Jona 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny 29 Jona 2023, nihaona tamin' ny filohan' i {{Okraina}} [[Volodymyr Zelensky]] sy olo-malaza eoropeana hafa i Thunberg hamorona vondrona miasa hiatrika ny fahasimban' ny tontolo iainana nateraky ny fanafihana naharitra 16 volana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-zelensky-greta-thunberg-d72e2ab20a8eacb340e3de74aef8b6a9 Mihaona amin' i Greta Thunberg sy ny hafa i Zelensky momba ny fiantran' ny ady amin' ny ekôlôjia] AP News. 29 Jona 2023. Notehirizina tamin' ny 30 Jona 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 2022, nanakiana ny [[Parlemanta Eoropeana]] i Thunberg noho ny fandatsaham-bato mametraka ny entona fôsily sy ny angovo nokleary ho “maitso”. Niantso izany ho “fihatsarambelatsihy” izy, nanao hoe: &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;This will delay a desperately needed real sustainable transition and deepen our dependency on Russian fuels. The hypocrisy is striking, but unfortunately not surprising.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“Hampihemotra ny fiovàna tena maharitra tena ilaintsika mafy izany ary hampitombo ny fiankinantsika amin' ny solika avy amin' i Rosia. Mahagaga ny fihatsarambelatsihy, saingy tsy zava-baovao indrisy.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/06/world/europe/eu-green-energy-gas-nuclear.html Eoropa miantso ny entona sy ny angovo nokleary ho ‘maitso'] ''The New York Times''. 6 Jolay 2022. Nalaina 11 Septambra 2023. Notehirizina tamin' ny 17 Martsa 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny Novambra, i Thunberg niaraka tamin' ny tanora maherin' ny 600 avy amin' ny vondrona tanora soedoà {{lang|sv|Auroramålet}} dia nametraka fitoriana tao amin' ny fitsarana distrikan' i Stockholm manohitra ny governemanta soedoà noho ny tsy fihetsika amin' ny toetrandro. Navelan' ny [[Fitsarana Distrikan' i Nacka]] hiroso ilay fitoriana iombonana milaza fa “tsy ampy” ny politikam-piovan' ny toetrandro ao Soeda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/greta-thunberg-climate-activists-get-court-nod-sue-swedish-state-2023-03-21/ Greta Thunberg sy ny mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro mahazo fankatoavan' ny fitsarana hitory ny fanjakana soedoà] Reuters. 21 Martsa 2023. Notehirizina tamin' ny 22 Martsa 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny faran' ny 2022, nivoaka ny ''[[The Climate Book]]''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/26/the-climate-book-by-greta-thunberg-review-global-warning ''The Climate Book'' nosoratan' i Greta Thunberg – famerenana] ''The Guardian''. 26 Oktobra 2022. Notehirizina tamin' ny 6 Novambra 2022 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Ity boky ity, nosoratan' i Thunberg, dia fanangonana lahatsoratra avy amin' ny manampahaizana maherin' ny zato—geôfizisiana, ôseanôgrafa, sy meteorôlôga; injeniera, toekarena, sy matematisiona; mpahay tantara, filozofa, ary mpitarika vazimba teratany—mifantoka amin' ny fiovan' ny toetran' ny Tany. Nandray anjara manoratra ihany koa i Thunberg ary izy no voasoratra ho mpanoratra. Nohavalorany ho an' ny fototra natsangany ny zony ara-tsoratra sy ny tamby rehetra azo amin' ny boky ary tsy handray tombombarotra manokana izy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.who.int/news/item/19-04-2021-greta-thunberg-climate-and-environment-activist-joins-world-health-organization-s-call-for-vaccine-equity Greta Thunberg, mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro sy tontolo iainana, manatevin-daharana ny antson' ny OMS momba ny fitovian' ny vaksiny] OMS. 19 Aprily 2021. Notehirizina tamin' ny 8 Desambra 2022 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/21/greta-thunberg-sets-up-non-profit-with-alternative-nobel-prize-money.html Greta Thunberg manangana fikambanana tsy mitady tombombarotra amin' ny volan' ny “Nobel hafa”] CNBC. 21 Febroary 2020. Notehirizina tamin' ny 8 Desambra 2022 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny fialan-tsasany afovoany tamin' ny 2022, nanao fampahafantarana betsaka momba ny boky izy,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqkhpxguKeY ''The Russell Howard Hour'' | Andiany 6, Fizarana 8 (sary feno)] 4 Novambra 2022. Nalaina 6 Novambra 2022. Notehirizina tamin' ny 6 Novambra 2022 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; ary navoakan' ny [[Penguin Random House|Penguin]] amin' ny marika [[Allen Lane (imprint)|Allen Lane]].&lt;ref&gt;Greta Thunberg. [https://www.amazon.com/Climate-Book-Facts-Solutions-ebook/dp/B0B1BT4N13?sa-no-redirect=1 ''The Climate Book: The Facts and the Solutions''] Penguin Press. 14 Febroary 2023. Notehirizina tamin' ny 7 Septambra 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Misy sombiny sy famerenana navoaka amin' ilay boky.&lt;ref name=&quot;vince-2022&quot;&gt;Gaia Vince. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/26/the-climate-book-by-greta-thunberg-review-global-warning ''The Climate Book'' – Global warning] ''The Guardian''. 26 Oktobra 2022. Notehirizina tamin' ny 26 Oktobra 2022 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brand-2022&quot;&gt;Christian Brand. [https://ukerc.ac.uk/news/ukerc-in-greta-thunbergs-the-climate-book/ Manampahaizana UKERC nandray anjara tao amin' ''The Climate Book''] UK Energy Research Centre. 27 Oktobra 2022. Notehirizina tamin' ny 27 Oktobra 2022 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Janoary 2023, niteny nandritra ny fihetsiketsehana tao [[Lützerath]] i Thunberg, niantso ny manampahefana alemana hampitsahatra ny fanitarana toeram-pitrandrahana arina eo akaiky eo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/14/greta-thunberg-calls-for-protest-against-expansion-of-german-coal-mine-lutzerath Greta Thunberg miantso hetsi-panoherana manohitra ny fanitarana toeram-pitrandrahana arina alemana] ''The Guardian''. 14 Janoary 2023. Notehirizina tamin' ny 14 Janoary 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nosamborin' ny polisy alemana izy sy ireo mpikatroka hafa tamin' ny 17 Janoary teo amin' ny toeram-pitrandrahana misokatra [[Garzweiler surface mine|Garzweiler 2]], manodidina ny {{convert|9|km}} miala ny tanàna, rehefa nampitandrina ny vondrona ny polisy fa hotanana izy ireo raha tsy hiala amin' ny sisin' ny lavaka. Ny tompon' ny toeram-pitrandrahana [[RWE]] dia efa nifanaraka tamin' ny governemanta teo aloha ny fandravana an' i Lützerath noho ny fivoahana haingana kokoa amin' ny arina sy ny famonjena tanàna dimy tokony haravana. Navotsotra izy tamin' io andro io ihany rehefa vita ny fanamarinana mombamomba azy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/german-police-detain-greta-thunberg-german-coal-village-protests-2023-01-17/ Hoy ny polisy: Navotsotra i Greta Thunberg taorian' ny fisamborana fohy tamin' ny hetsika tao amin' ny toeram-pitrandrahana alemana] Reuters. 17 Janoary 2023. Notehirizina tamin' ny 18 Janoary 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taorian' ny nahavitany ny lisea ===
Nahitany diplaoma tamin' ny Jona 2023 i Thunberg ary nanamarika ny andro tamin' ny fanatrikiana ny fitokonany farany ho an' ny toetrandro talohan' ny nandraisany ny diplaoma. Nanao akanjo fotsy fomban-drazana amin' ny fankalazana diplaoma soedoà sy {{lang|sv|studentmössa}} (satroka) fotsy izy teny amin' ny fihetsiketsehana, ary nianiana hanohy, nilaza fa &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;fight has only just begun&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“vao manomboka ihany ny adiko.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Remy Tumin. [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/10/world/europe/greta-thunberg-graduates-activism.html Greta Thunberg mampitsahatra ny fitokonana an-tsekoly aorian' ny 251 herinandro]. ''The New York Times''. 10 Jona 2023. Nalaina 11 Septambra 2023. Nofafàna tamin' ny 12 Jona 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://apnews.com/article/greta-thunberg-climate-graduation-protests-fridays-c60cec5b666550b9240648227649e91f Mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro Greta Thunberg tsy hikitoko an-tsekoly intsony aorian' ny diplaoma fa mbola hanao fihetsiketsehana] AP News. 9 Jona 2023. Nalaina 11 Septambra 2023. Nofafàna tamin' ny 9 Oktobra 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ireo sary fihetsiketsehana navoakany tatỳ aoriana tao amin' ny tambajotra sosialy dia mbola niseho ny sora-baventy “Fitokonana an-tsekoly ho an' ny toetrandro” tamin' ny sary vondrona sasany. Taty aoriana tamin' io taona io, nanomboka fianarana licence tao amin' ny [[Oniversiten' i Stockholm]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/greta-thunbergs-nya-vagval-pluggar-dubbelt/ Làlana vaovao nosafidian' i Greta Thunberg – izao no ianarany] ''Expressen''. 22 Septambra 2023. Nalaina 12 Desambra 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Jona 2023, nandray anjara tamin' ny hetsika Reclaim the Future tao [[Malmö]], Soeda, i Thunberg, ary niampangàna tsy nankato tamin' ny didin' ny polisy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/greta-thunberg-charged-with-disobeying-police-order-climate-protest-2023-07-05/ Voampanga i Greta Thunberg noho ny tsy fankatoavana ny baikon' ny polisy tamin' ny fihetsiketsehana momba ny toetrandro] Reuters. 5 Jolay 2023. Nalaina 11 Septambra 2023. Nofafàna tamin' ny 16 Septambra 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Natao tao amin' ny [[Fitsarana Distrikan' i Malmö]] ny fitsarana ka nanoloran' ny mpampanoa lalàna ny raharaha momba ny tsy fankatoavana manampahefana taorian' ny fanakorontanana fifamoivoizana sy ny fandavana hanaraka ny baikon' ny polisy. Nanaiky i Thunberg fa marina ny zava-misy, saingy nilaza izy fa noho ny fandrahonana manerantany sy iainana ateraky ny indostrian' ny solitany fôsily, dia endrika fiarovan-tena ny hetsika nataony. Notsarain' ny fitsarana handoa lamandy mitentina {{Currency|2500|SEK2|link=yes}} (mitovy amin' ny US$240).&lt;ref name=&quot;defiant&quot;&gt;[https://apnews.com/article/sweden-greta-thunberg-climate-protest-b577049479e8103037866b90efb73d19 Greta Thunberg mitohy tsy milefitra aorian' ny namandian' ny fitsarana azy noho ny tsy fankatoavana ny polisy] AP News. 24 Jolay 2023. Nalaina 15 Septambra 2023. Nofafàna tamin' ny 29 Septambra 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Ora vitsy taorian' ny nanamelohan' ny fitsarana azy dia nanatrika hetsika mitovitovy indray izy, izay nandraran' ny Reclaim the Future kamiao mitondra solika teny amin' ny lalana tao Malmö. Nesorin' ny polisy indray izy ary niampangàna heloka indray tatỳ aoriana. Fitsarana soedoà faharoa noho ny tsy fankatoavana (tsy nankato tamin' ny baikon' ny polisy hielezana) no natao tamin' ny Oktobra. Hitan' ny fitsarana fa meloka izy tamin' ilay tranga teo aloha ary nampandoavina lamandy {{Currency|4500|SEK2|link=no}} (mitovy amin' ny $414).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/swedish-court-fines-greta-thunberg-again-disobeying-police-orders-2023-10-11/ Fitsarana soedoà mamandrika indray an' i Greta Thunberg noho ny tsy fankatoavana ny baikon' ny polisy] Reuters. 12 Oktobra 2023. Nalaina 15 Oktobra 2023. Nofafàna tamin' ny 12 Oktobra 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nofoanan' i Thunberg ny fisehoany tao amin' ny [[Edinburgh International Book Festival]] tamin' ny Aogositra mba hampiroborobo ny bokiny: ''The Climate Book''. Nilaza izy fa amin' ny maha-mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro azy dia tsy afaka manatrika hetsika tohanan' i [[Baillie Gifford]]—orinasa fitantanana fampiasam-bola—noho ny fifandraisany amin' ny indostrian' ny solitany fôsily.&lt;ref&gt;Niamh Kennedy. [https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/04/world/greta-thunberg-edinburgh-intl-scli-climate/index.html Greta Thunberg miala amin' ny Festivalin' ny Boky ao Edinburgh rehefa nanome tsiny ny mpanohana lehibe ho manao “fanadiovana maitso”] CNN. 4 Aogositra 2023. Nalaina 11 Septambra 2023. Nofafàna tamin' ny 10 Aogositra 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny fanambaràna, nilaza i Nick Barley avy amin' ny festival fa diso fanantenana izy nefa manaja ny fanapahan-kevitr' i Thunberg. &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;I share Greta's view that in all areas of society the rate of progress is not enough.&quot; ... &quot;We strongly believe that Baillie Gifford are part of the solution to the climate emergency.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“Mitovy hevitra amin' i Greta aho fa amin' ny sehatra rehetra amin' ny fiarahamonina dia tsy ampy ny hafainganam-pandrosoana.” ... “Matoky mafy izahay fa anisan' ny vahaolana amin' ny vonjy taitra momba ny toetrandro i Baillie Gifford.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Libby Brooks. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/aug/04/greta-thunberg-accuses-edinburgh-book-festival-sponsor-of-greenwashing Greta Thunberg miampanga ny mpanohana amin' ny Festivalin' ny Boky ao Edinburgh ho manao ‘fanadiovana maitso'] ''The Guardian''. 4 Aogositra 2023. Nalaina 11 Septambra 2023. Nofafàna tamin' ny 9 Aogositra 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tao amin' ny valinteniny, nilaza i Baillie Gifford fa tsy mpampiasa vola lehibe amin' ny solitany fôsily izy, ka 2% monja amin' ny volan' ny mpanjifany no ampiasaina amin' ireo orinasa misy raharaham-barotra mifandraika amin' ny solitany fôsily raha 11% ny salanisa eo amin' ny tsena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Edinburgh Festival&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-66407059 Greta Thunberg miala amin' ny Festivalin' ny Boky ao Edinburgh noho ny ‘fanadiovana maitso'] ''BBC News''. 4 Aogositra 2023. Nalaina 15 Septambra 2023. Nofafàna tamin' ny 29 Septambra 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nosamborina tao Londres i Thunberg tamin' io Oktobra io noho ny anjara toerany tamin' ny hetsika nanohitra ny Energy Intelligence Forum, izay nofaritana ho “[[:en:Academy Awards|Oscars]] an' ny solika”.&lt;ref&gt;Damien Gayle. [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/oct/18/greta-thunberg-charged-public-order-offence-london-oil-protest Voampanga noho ny heloka momba ny filaminam-bahoaka i Greta Thunberg taorian' ny hetsika tao Londres] ''The Guardian''. 18 Oktobra 2023. Nalaina 20 Oktobra 2023. Nofafàna tamin' ny 19 Oktobra 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Voampanga izy noho ny tsy fanarahana baikon' ny mpitandro filaminana hielezana, “fepetra napetraka eo ambanin' ny Andininy faha-14 amin' ny [[Lalàna momba ny Filaminam-bahoaka 2023|Public Order Act]]”. Niseho tao amin' ny [[Fitsarana Mpitsara mpanadihady ao Westminster]] izy ary nilaza “tsy meloka”.&lt;ref&gt;Caitlin Danaher. [https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/18/europe/greta-thunberg-charged-london-climate-intl-gbr/index.html Voampanga noho ny heloka momba ny filaminam-bahoaka i Greta Thunberg taorian' ny fisamborana tamin' ny fihetsiketsehana tao Londres] CNN. 18 Oktobra 2023. Nalaina 20 Oktobra 2023. Nofafàna tamin' ny 19 Oktobra 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Helena Horton. [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/nov/15/greta-thunberg-pleads-not-guilty-breaching-public-order-uk-protest Greta Thunberg milaza tsy meloka tamin' ny fandikàna filaminam-bahoaka tamin' ny hetsika tao Royaume-Uni] ''The Guardian''. 15 Novambra 2023. Nalaina 21 Novambra 2023. Nofafàna tamin' ny 19 Novambra 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taona manaraka dia nolavin' ny mpitsara ny raharaha rehefa namarana ny porofo ny mpampanoa lalàna. Nanaiky ny fiarovana ny mpitsara fa “tsy nahavita nanolotra porofo ampy hanaporofoana ny raharahany ny corona”.&lt;ref&gt;Damien Gayle. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/feb/02/judge-throws-out-case-against-greta-thunberg-and-other-london-protesters Nolavin' ny mpitsara ny raharaha iampangana an' i Greta Thunberg sy ireo mpanao fihetsiketsehana hafa tao Londres] ''The Guardian''. 2 Febroary 2024. Nalaina 2 Febroary 2024. Nofafàna tamin' ny 2 Febroary 2024 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fikatrohana manohana an' i Palestina ===
[[Sary:Greta Thunberg at klimaatmars.jpg|thumb|Thunberg mitafy [[Kefiyeh palestiniana|kefiyeh]] ho firaisankina amin' i Palestina tamin' ny hetsika tao [[Amsterdam]] tamin' ny 2023]]

Tamin' ny Oktobra 2023, nandefa sary nandritra ny fitokonany Zoma mahazatra momba ny toetrandro i Thunberg, mampiseho azy sy mpanao fihetsiketsehana telo hafa mitazona sora-baventy. Ny sora-baventy iray dia milaza hoe “climate justice now” ary ny telo hafa maneho fanohanana ny Palestiniana ao amin' ny [[Sahan' i Gaza]] afovoan' ny [[Ady ao Gaza]]. Ny lahatsorany tao amin' ny X (Twitter taloha) sy Instagram dia nampiditra rohy efatra ambin' ny folo mankany amin' ireo kaonty “firaisankina amin' i Palestina” izay nilazany fa “ahafahanao mahita vaovao momba ny fomba ahafahanao manampy”.&lt;ref&gt;Nick Mordowanec. [https://www.newsweek.com/greta-thunberg-pro-palestine-message-1836437 Hafatry ny fanohanana an' i Palestina nataon' i Greta Thunberg nahasarika ny saina]. ''Newsweek''. 20 Oktobra 2023. Nofafàna tamin' ny 21 Oktobra 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Nohitsakitsahin' ny olona avy hatrany izy noho ny tsy fanamelohany ny [[Fanafihana 7 Oktobra]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dw.com/en/greta-thunberg-faces-backlash-for-pro-palestinian-post/a-67172344 Nahazo tsikera i Thunberg noho ny lahatsorany manohana an' i Palestina – 21/10/2023] ''Deutsche Welle''. Nalaina 4 Septambra 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Andro iray taorian' izany dia namoaka izy hoe: &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;It goes without saying – or so I thought – that I'm against the horrific attacks by Hamas. As I said, 'the world needs to speak up and call for an immediate ceasefire, justice and freedom for Palestinians and all civilians affected.'&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“Tsy mila lazaina intsony—na izany no nieritreretako—fa manohitra ny fanafihana mahatsiravina nataon' i Hamas aho. Araka ny nolazaiko, ‘tsy maintsy miteny izao tontolo izao ka miantso fampitsaharana ady avy hatrany, rariny sy fahafahana ho an' ny Palestiniana sy ny sivily rehetra voadona.'”&lt;/blockquote&gt; Namaly ny [[Ministeran' ny Fanabeazana (Isiraely)|Ministeran' ny Fanabeazana ao Isiraely]] tamin' ny fanesorana “fanasan-kevitra samihafa ao amin' ny fandaharam-pianarana manolotra an' i Thunberg ho ohatra sy aingam-panahy ho an' ny tanora” noho ny “fanambaràny manohana an' i Gaza tsy nanameloka an' i Hamas”.&lt;ref&gt;Kaitlin Lewis. [https://www.newsweek.com/israel-removes-greta-thunberg-curriculum-over-pro-palestinian-message-1837068 Esorin' i Isiraely ao amin' ny fandaharam-pianarana i Greta Thunberg noho ny hafatra manohana an' i Palestina]. ''Newsweek''. 23 Oktobra 2023. Nofafàna tamin' ny 25 Oktobra 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Desambra 2023, i Thunberg miaraka amin' ny mpikaroka sy mpikatroka telo avy amin' ny Fridays for Future Soeda dia namoaka lahatsoratra an-tsaina ao amin' ny ''The Guardian'' mitondra ny lohateny hoe “Tsy hijanona izahay tsy hitabataba momba ny fijalian' i Gaza—tsy misy rariny momba ny toetrandro raha tsy misy zon' olombelona.” Naneho ny fanohanany ny [[Krizin' olombelona ao Gaza (2023–ankehitriny)|sivily Palestiniana ao amin' ny Sahan' i Gaza afovoan' ny ady]] izy ireo. Nilaza ihany koa ilay lahatsoratra fa “miankina amin' ny vondrona tsirairay ny Fridays for Future rehetra, ary ity lahatsoratra ity dia maneho ny hevitry ny FFF Soeda ihany”.&lt;ref name=&quot;thunberg-etal-2023&quot;&gt;Greta Thunberg; Alde Nilsson; Jamie Mater; Raquel Frescia. [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/dec/05/gaza-climate-justice-human-rights-greta-thunberg Tsy hijanona izahay tsy hitabataba momba ny fijalian' i Gaza – tsy misy rariny momba ny toetrandro raha tsy misy zon' olombelona]. ''The Guardian''. 5 Desambra 2023. Nofafàna tamin' ny 5 Desambra 2023 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine. Misokatra.&lt;/ref&gt; Namaly ny tsikera fa lasa “radikaly” sy “miditra politika” ny Fridays for Future izy ireo tamin' ny fanamafisana fa hatramin' izy niorina dia hetsika ara-rariny izy ka politika hatrany. Ho an' ny FFF Soeda dia midika izany hoe “miteny rehefa mijaly ny olona, naongana an-trano, na vonoina—na inona na inona antony”.&lt;ref name=&quot;thunberg-etal-2023&quot;/&gt; Ny Fridays for Future International, na dia tsy maka toerana aza amin' ny fifandirana, dia mitsipaka ady—namoaka antso izy hoe tsy maintsy atao ny fandriampahalemana sy ny fanalàna fitaovam-piadiana mba hahafahana mamaha ny krizin' ny toetrandro, satria ny fampiakarana ny FIB dia mampitombo mivantana ny tanjaky ny miaramila. Vondrona 24 (anisan' izay ny [[Scientist Rebellion]]) sy mpahay siansa 61 (isan' izay [[Michael Meeropol]] sy [[Don Trent Jacobs]]) no nanao sonia ilay antso.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/100070807404456/posts/743004578069782/ Mpahay siansa sy mpikatroka malaza: mba hitsaharan' ny krizin' ny toetrandro, ajanony aloha ny ady ary ovay ny rafitra] Extinction Rebellion Tunisia (Facebook). Nalaina 11 Jona 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Notanana tamin' ny volana Mey i Thunberg noho ny nandray anjara tamin' ny fihetsiketsehana manohana an' i Palestina teo ivelan' ny [[Malmö Arena]] nandritra ny [[Eurovision Song Contest 2024]], ary nanao fanambaràna izy avy eo nanohitra ny [[Isiraely amin' ny Eurovision 2024|fandraisan' anjaran' i Isiraely amin' ny fifaninanana]].&lt;ref&gt;Shannon Vavra. [https://ca.news.yahoo.com/greta-thunberg-detained-eurovision-protest-220335954.html Notanana i Greta Thunberg tamin' ny fihetsiketsehana Eurovision]. Yahoo News. 11 Mey 2024. Nofafàna tamin' ny 15 Mey 2024 tao amin' ny Wayback Machine.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny Septambra, nosamborin' ny polisy danois i Thunberg nandritra ny fihetsiketsehana manohana an' i Palestina tao Kaopenagy manohitra ny ady ao Gaza; notanana izy sy olona dimy hafa taorian' ny fanakanana fidirana amin' ny tranobe ao amin' ny [[Oniversiten' i Kaopenagy]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240904-greta-thunberg-arrested-pro-palestinian-protest-denmark Nosamborina i Greta Thunberg tamin' ny fihetsiketsehana pro-Palestina tao Danemark] ''France 24''. 4 Septambra 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Latsaky ny herinandro tatỳ aoriana, “noentina niala” tao amin' ny tranombokin' ny [[Oniversiten' i Stockholm]] izy taorian' ny fananganana toby anaty trano, ka nilazany ho “famoretana” ny valin-kafatr' ny polisy.&lt;ref&gt;Elena Giordano. [https://www.politico.eu/article/greta-thunberg-arrested-at-pro-palestinian-demonstration-again/ Entina miala indray i Greta Thunberg amin' ny fihetsiketsehana pro-Palestina] ''Politico''. 9 Septambra 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Taorian' izany, notondroin' ny [[StopAntisemitism]] izy ho “antisemita tamin' ny herinandro”.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-820466 Voatonona ho ‘antisemita tamin' ny herinandro' i Greta Thunberg noho ny hetsika manohitra an' i Isiraely] ''The Jerusalem Post''. 17 Septambra 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Anjali Thakur. [https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/greta-thunberg-labelled-antisemite-of-the-week-by-jewish-advocacy-group-6582377 Notondroin' ny vondrona jiosy i Greta Thunberg ho ‘antisemita tamin' ny herinandro'] NDTV. 17 Septambra 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Raha niteny tamin' ny famoriam-bahoaka pro-Palestina tao [[Mannheim]] any Alemaina tamin' ny Desambra, dia nilaza i Thunberg hoe “Fuck Germany and fuck Israel.” Namaly azy i [[Manuel Hagel]], mpanao politika ao amin' ny [[Antokon' ny Demaokrasia Kristianina ao Alemaina]], fa “mihetsika am-pahalalana eo akaikin' ny fankahalana jiosy” i Thunberg.&lt;ref&gt;James Crisp. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/12/10/watch-greta-thunberg-declares-f-israel-german-demonstration/ Jerena: Milaza ‘f--- Israel' i Greta Thunberg tamin' ny fihetsiketsehana tao Alemaina] ''The Telegraph''. 10 Desambra 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Nandinika ny fikatrohany pro-Palestina izy dia nilaza hoe:&lt;ref name=&quot;Rasmus Canbäck&quot;&gt;Rasmus Canbäck. [https://blankspot.se/thunberg-in-tbilisi-climate-activism-and-human-rights-are-united/ Thunberg ao Tbilisi: “Miray ny fikatrohana momba ny toetrandro sy ny zon' olombelona”] ''Blankspot''. 5 Novambra 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;For me, it hasn't been solely about the climate at all. The media often wants to simplify things, like 'she's the one who works on climate.' They want to put a face to the issue. I mean, we're talking about climate justice. All forms of justice are included within climate justice. In the last year, when I started getting involved in Palestinian activism, that view has shifted.
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ho ahy, tsy momba ny toetrandro fotsiny velively izany. Matetika ny media te hanatsotra zavatra, hoe ‘izy ilay miasa amin' ny toetrandro'. Te hanome endrika iray amin' ny olana izy ireo. Tiako lazaina fa momba ny rariny momba ny toetrandro no resahintsika. Tafiditra ao amin' ny rariny momba ny toetrandro ny endrika rariny rehetra. Tao anatin' ny taona lasa, raha nanomboka niditra tamin' ny fikatrohana Palestiniana aho, dia niova io fomba fijery io.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Fanafoanana ny fandraisana anjara tamin' ny COP29 ===
[[File:Eco-activist Greta Thunberg's protest in front of the UN office (COP-29), [[Yerevan]], [[Armenia]], 3.jpg|thumb|Ny fihetsiketsehan' i Thunberg teo anoloan' ny biraon' ny Firenena Mikambana tao Yerevan, Armenia, 16 Novambra 2024]]
Nanao fanafoanana i Thunberg ny [[COP29]], notontosaina tamin' ny 2024 tao [[Azerbaijàna]] nataon' ny fitondran' ilay mpitondra mpanao didy jadona [[Ilham Aliyev]], noho ny [[Zon' olombelona ao Azerbaijan|fanitsakitsahana zon' olombelona]] sy [[Fandroahana ny Armeniana avy ao Nagorno-Karabakh|famongorana ara-poko ny Armeniana]] tao amin' ny faritra nifanolanana [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], ary nitsidika an' i Jeôrjia sy Armenia manodidina izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;z664&quot;/&gt; Tany Jeôrjia izy dia nanatevin-daharana [[Fihetsiketsehana tao Jeôrjia 2023–2024|fihetsiketsehana politika]] manohitra ny [[Georgian Dream|fitondran' i Jeôrjia]] tao [[Tbilisi]], nilaza hoe &quot;Ato aho hanambara ny fanohanako sy firaisankinako amin' ireo mpikatroka sy olom-pirenena rehetra izay mitolona hiaro ny zony fototra tahaka ny fahafahana, ny rariny ary ny demaokrasia.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;pt41124&quot;&gt;Elena Giordano. [https://www.politico.eu/article/greta-thunberg-joins-rally-against-georgia-new-government/ Greta Thunberg nanatevin-daharana fihetsiketsehana manohitra ny fitondran' i Jeôrjia]. ''Politico''. 4 Novambra 2024. Novangiana ny 19 Novambra 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny tafatafa iray izy nilaza hoe &quot;Ny hany vokatra hivoaka amin' ny [COP29] dia fianjerana, fifampiraharahana bebe kokoa, ary fanapahan-kevitra an' ohatra izay toa tsara an-tsoratra fotsiny nefa tena fandokafana maitso ihany.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rasmus Canbäck&quot;/&gt;

Avy eo izy nitsidika an' i Armenia, izay nilazany hoe &quot;Tsy maintsy atsahatsika ny fanaovana fivoriana momba ny toetrandro any amin' ny tany toa an' i Azerbaijan, firenena izay mampijaly mafy ny mponina ao aminy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Emily Hanna. [https://www.civilnet.am/en/news/806097/greta-thunberg-in-armenia-the-intersection-of-climate-and-human-rights-at-cop29/ Greta Thunberg ao Armenia: Ny fihaonan' ny toetrandro sy ny zon' olombelona ao amin' ny COP29]. ''CivilNet''. 19 Novambra 2024. Novangiana ny 19 Novambra 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny fihetsiketsehana iray teo anoloan' ny foiben' ny delegasionan' ny Firenena Mikambana tao [[Yerevan]], nilaza izy hoe &quot;Mampirisika ny haino aman-jery iraisam-pirenena sy ireo manana fahefana ao [[Baku]] izahay mba hitsidika ireo babo Armeniana sy hitaky ny famotsorana avy hatrany ny gadra politika, ny gadra an' ady ary ny babo rehetra.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newarab.com/news/greta-thunberg-urges-release-armenians-azerbaijan Mpikatroka Greta Thunberg miantso ny famotsorana Armeniana ao Azerbaijan]. ''The New Arab''. 16 Novambra 2024. Novangiana ny 19 Novambra 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;z664&quot;&gt;Anna Harutyunyan. [https://armenianweekly.com/2024/11/18/greta-thunberg-visits-armenia-denounces-azerbaijans-crimes/ Greta Thunberg nitsidika an' i Armenia, nanameloka ny helok' i Azerbaijan]. ''The Armenian Weekly''. 18 Novambra 2024. Novangiana ny 12 Jona 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;a096&quot;&gt;[https://armenpress.am/en/article/1204754 Taorian' ny fanafoanana ny COP-29 tao Baku, Greta Thunberg nitsidika an' i Armenia]. ''Armenpress''. 13 Novambra 2024. Novangiana ny 12 Jona 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tany Armenia koa izy nitsidika ny [[Pink Armenia]], izay nilaza hoe &quot;Misaotra an' i Greta Thunberg izahay noho izy nampiakatra ny olana lehibe misy any Armenia teo amin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena sy noho izy nampiseho firaisankina tamin' ny hetsika LGBT+.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;l083&quot;&gt;[https://pinkarmenia.org/en/news-events/24recap11/ Famintinana {{!}} Novambra 2024]. ''Pink Armenia''. 2 Desambra 2024. Novangiana ny 12 Jona 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fihevitr' i Thunberg momba ny fiovan' ny toetrandro ==
[[File:Greta Thunberg- World Economic Forum (Davos).webm|thumb|right|thumbtime=05:27|Lahatsary misy an' i Thunberg miteny tamin' ny [[World Economic Forum]] 2019 tao Davos]]
[[File:FFF Berlin 2019-07-19 055.jpg|thumb|right|Thunberg manao kabary tamin' ny fitokonana an-tsekoly ho an' ny fiovan' ny toetrandro tamin' ny Jolay 2019 tao Berlin]]

Nilazan' i Thunberg fa miatrika [[Krizin' ny toetrandro|krizy iankinan' ny aina noho ny hafanan' ny tany]] ny olombelona&lt;ref name=&quot;politico.eu&quot;&gt;Kalina Oroschakoff. [https://www.politico.eu/article/global-climate-icon-finds-that-political-change-is-complicated/ Sari-tarehin' ny toetrandro Greta Thunberg mahita fa “sarotra” ny fiovana ara-politika]. ''Politico''. 16 Avrily 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190806050104/https://www.politico.eu/article/global-climate-icon-finds-that-political-change-is-complicated/ (6 Aogositra 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; ary mitazona ho tompon' andraikitra ny [[tarana-maro be taorian' ny ady]] sy ny taranaka nifandimby rehetra tamin' ny famoronana sy fanohizana fiovana manimba ny toetran' ny Tany.&lt;ref&gt;Greta Thunberg. [https://www.democracynow.org/2018/12/13/you_are_stealing_our_future_greta ''Mangalaranareo ny hoavinay'': Greta Thunberg, 15 taona, manameloka ny tsy fandraisan' izao tontolo izao andraikitra amin' ny fiovan' ny toetrandro]. ''Democracy Now!''. 13 Desambra 2018. Novangiana ny 13 Desambra 2018. Mpanadihady: [[Amy Goodman]]. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190104231252/https://www.democracynow.org/2018/12/13/you_are_stealing_our_future_greta (4 Janoary 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; Mampiasa ohatra sary mazava izy (ohatra hoe “may ny tranontsika”) hanasongadinana ny ahiahiny ary matetika miteny mivantana amin' ny mpitarika ara-barotra sy ara-politika momba ny tsy fahombiazan' izy ireo handray andraikitra iraisana hentitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nation0128&quot;&gt;Mark Hertsgaard. [https://www.thenation.com/article/greta-thunberg-climate-change-davos/ Tonga ny Ankizin' ny Toetrandro]. ''[[The Nation]]''. 28 Janoary 2019. Novangiana ny 14 Febroary 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050427/https://www.thenation.com/article/greta-thunberg-climate-change-davos/ (15 Febroary 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;Andrea Germanos. [https://www.commondreams.org/news/2018/10/31/our-darkest-hour-declaration-rebellion-new-group-vows-mass-civil-disobedience-save ''Ity no ora maizintsika indrindra'': Amin' ny Fanambarana fikomiana, vondrona vaovao manome toky hanao tsy fankatoavana sivily faobe hamonjena ny Tany]. ''Common Dreams''. 31 Oktobra 2018. Novangiana ny 22 Jolay 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20181118205840/https://www.commondreams.org/news/2018/10/31/our-darkest-hour-declaration-rebellion-new-group-vows-mass-civil-disobedience-save (18 Novambra 2018).&lt;/ref&gt;

Nilaza i Thunberg fa hisy fiantraikany tsy mitovy amin' ny tanora ny fiovan' ny toetrandro, izay hisy vokany lalina amin' ny hoaviny. Nilazany fa mety tsy hanana hoavy intsony ny taranany satria &quot;novidiana ilay hoavy mba hahazoan' olona vitsy vola tsy hay eritreretina.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian MPS Speech&quot;&gt;Greta Thunberg. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/23/greta-thunberg-full-speech-to-mps-you-did-not-act-in-time ''Tsy nanao ara-potoana ianareo'': ny lahatenin' i Greta Thunberg feno tamin' ny parlemanta]. ''The Guardian''. 23 Avrily 2019. Novangiana ny 31 Aogositra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190831214211/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/23/greta-thunberg-full-speech-to-mps-you-did-not-act-in-time (31 Aogositra 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; Nilazany koa fa ny olona ao amin' ny [[Atsimon' izao tontolo izao]] no hijaly indrindra amin' ny fiovan' ny toetrandro, na dia izy ireo aza no nandray anjara kely indrindra tamin' ny famoahana gazy karbonika.&lt;ref&gt;Jake Johnson. [https://www.commondreams.org/news/2019/06/07/challenging-us-all-confront-realities-climate-crisis-greta-thunberg-and-fridays ''Noho ny nananany hery hanentanana antsika rehetra hiatrika ny zava-misy amin' ny krizin' ny toetrandro,'' Greta Thunberg sy ny Fridays for Future nandresy ny loka lehibe indrindra momba ny zon' olombelona avy amin' i Amnesty]. ''Common Dreams''. 7 Jona 2019. Novangiana ny 26 Janoary 2020. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20200127022414/https://www.commondreams.org/news/2019/06/07/challenging-us-all-confront-realities-climate-crisis-greta-thunberg-and-fridays (27 Janoary 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; Naneho fanohanana ireo mpikatroka tanora hafa avy amin' ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana izy izay efa miatrika ny [[vokatry ny fiovan' ny toetrandro]]. Tamin' ny fitenenana nataony tao Madrid tamin' ny Desambra 2019 dia nilaza izy hoe &quot;Isika miresaka momba ny hoavintsika, izy ireo miresaka momba ny ankehitriny.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP Focus on Others&quot;&gt;Frank Jordans; Aritz Parra. [https://apnews.com/baa29614a79cbcd2edb83b9e3f7de90f Be loatra ny momba an' i Greta ve? Mpikatroka miantso ny hanomezana lanja ny hafa]. ''[[Associated Press News]]''. 9 Desambra 2019. Novangiana ny 9 Febroary 2020. Tahiry: https://archive.today/20200209212828/https://apnews.com/baa29614a79cbcd2edb83b9e3f7de90f (9 Febroary 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, manakiana ny mpitarika eran-tany izy satria mino fa tsy ampy ny hetsika raisina hampihenana ny famoahana entona maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Greta Thunberg. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjsLm5PCdVQ&amp;t=2m23s ''Tiako hihorohoro ianareo'': zazavavy 16 taona manome fampitandremana momba ny toetrandro tao Davos]. ''Guardian News'' tamin' ny alalan' ny YouTube. 25 Janoary 2019. Novangiana ny 22 Jolay 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190917150326/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjsLm5PCdVQ&amp;t=2m23s (17 Septambra 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; Nilazany fa tsy ampy ny fampihenana famoahana, fa tsy maintsy aotra tanteraka raha tiana ho voatazona ambanin' ny 1,5 °C ny hafanan' ny tany. Tamin' ny fitenenana nataony tao amin' ny [[Parlemanta Britanika]] tamin' ny Avrily 2019 dia nilaza izy hoe &quot;Ny zava-misy fa miresaka momba ny 'fampihenana' fa tsy ny 'fampitsaharana' famoahana isika no mety ho hery lehibe indrindra mahatonga ny fitohizan' ny raharaha toy ny mahazatra.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Our house is on fire&quot;&gt;Greta Thunberg. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/25/our-house-is-on-fire-greta-thunberg16-urges-leaders-to-act-on-climate ''May ny tranontsika'': Greta Thunberg, 16 taona, manentana mpitarika mba haka andraikitra amin' ny toetrandro]. ''The Guardian''. 25 Janoary 2019. Novangiana ny 14 Febroary 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190725051443/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/25/our-house-is-on-fire-greta-thunberg16-urges-leaders-to-act-on-climate (25 Jolay 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Christopher Caldwell. [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/02/opinion/climate-change-greta-thunberg.html Hevitra | Ny olana amin' ny fikatrohan' i Greta Thunberg momba ny toetrandro]. ''The New York Times''. 2 Aogositra 2019. Novangiana ny 21 Aogositra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190819194121/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/02/opinion/climate-change-greta-thunberg.html (19 Aogositra 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; Nilazany koa fa amin' ny fandraisana andraikitra ilaina dia tsy tokony hihaino azy ny mpanao politika, fa tokony hihaino ny siantifika izay manazava ny fomba hikarakarana ny krizy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-48018034/climate-change-activist-greta-thunberg-listen-to-climate-scientists ''Krizin' ny toetrandro iankinan' ny aina. Henoy ny siantifika'']. ''[[BBC News]]''. 14 Aogositra 2019. Novangiana ny 31 Aogositra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190814200923/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-48018034/climate-change-activist-greta-thunberg-listen-to-climate-scientists (14 Aogositra 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Our house is on fire&quot;/&gt; Araka ny voalazan' ireo mpahay siansa ara-politika Mattia Zulianello sy Diego Ceccobelli, azo faritana ho ekôcentrisma teknokratika ny hevitr' i Thunberg, izay miorina amin' ny &quot;fanandratana ny vox scientifica&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Mattia Zulianello; Diego Ceccobelli. ''Don't Call it Climate Populism: on Greta Thunberg's Technocratic Ecocentrism''. ''The Political Quarterly''. 2020. Vol. 91, laharana 3, p. 623–631. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12858. Novangiana ny 3 Septambra 2021. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210903160758/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-923X.12858 (3 Septambra 2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

Manokana kokoa, nilaza i Thunberg fa tsy ampy ny fifanarahana natao tao amin' ny Fifanarahana tao Paris mba hamerana ny fiakaran' ny hafanan' ny tany ho 1,5 °C, ary ilaina ny mihen-danja haingana ny fiakaran' ny tsipika famoahana entona manafana ny tany tsy tara kokoa noho ny taona 2020, araka ny voalazan' ny [[Tatitra manokana momba ny fiakaran' ny hafanan' ny tany 1.5 °C|Tatitra manokana momba ny fiakaran' ny hafanan' ny tany 1,5 °C]] navoakan' ny IPCC tamin' ny 2018.&lt;ref&gt;Andrea Germanos. [https://www.commondreams.org/news/2019/07/29/deliver-fundamental-message-survival-future-generations-greta-thunberg-sail-atlantic Hanaterana 'Hafatra Fototra' ho an' ny 'Fahaveloman' ny taranaka ho avy,' Greta Thunberg hananika sambo hanandrana ny Atlantika ho an' i Amerika]. ''Common Dreams''. 29 Jolay 2019. Novangiana ny 31 Aogositra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190831085522/https://www.commondreams.org/news/2019/07/29/deliver-fundamental-message-survival-future-generations-greta-thunberg-sail-atlantic (31 Aogositra 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian MPS Speech&quot; /&gt; Tamin' ny Febroary 2019, tamin' ny fivoriana tao amin' ny [[Vaomieran' ny Toekarena sy ny Fiaraha-monina Eoropeana]], nilaza izy fa ny tanjon' ny Vondrona Eoropeana amin' ny fampihenana 40% amin' ny famoahana entona hatramin' ny taona 2030 dia &quot;tsy ampy hiarovana ny hoavin' ny ankizy mitombo amin' izao fotoana izao&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;not sufficient to protect the future for children growing up today&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
ary tsy maintsy mampihena 80% ny famoahana {{CO2}} ny EU, indroa avo heny noho ilay tanjona 40%.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;Lachlan Carmichael. [https://news.yahoo.com/climate-activist-thunberg-urges-eu-double-carbon-reduction-111042030.html Mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro Thunberg miantso ny EU hanamafy avo roa heny ny tanjon' ny fampihenana karbônina]. ''Agence France-Presse'' tamin' ny alalan' i Yahoo! News. 22 Febroary 2019. Novangiana ny 22 Febroary 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190221172831/https://news.yahoo.com/climate-activist-thunberg-urges-eu-double-carbon-reduction-111042030 (21 Febroary 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jennifer Rankin. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/21/greta-thunberg-tells-eu-your-greenhouse-gas-targets-are-too-low Greta Thunberg milaza amin' ny EU: ambany loatra ny tanjonareo momba ny entona manafana ny tany]. ''The Guardian''. 21 Febroary 2019. Novangiana ny 31 Aogositra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190901001043/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/21/greta-thunberg-tells-eu-your-greenhouse-gas-targets-are-too-low (1 Septambra 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

Namerina ny heviny momba ny tsy fandraisana andraikitra ara-politika indray i Thunberg tamin' ny tafatafa iray tamin' ny Novambra 2020 izay nilazany hoe &quot;faly ny mpitondra mametraka tanjona ho an' ny am-polony taona ho avy, nefa misalasala rehefa ilaina ny hetsika maika.&quot;
&lt;ref name=&quot;carrington-2020-11-09&quot;&gt;Damian Carrington. [''Mpihatsaravelatsihy sy fandokafana maitso'': Greta Thunberg manakiana mpitondra amin' ny krizin' ny toetrandro]. ''The Guardian''. 9 Novambra 2020. Novangiana ny 9 Novambra 2020. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20201109130732/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/nov/09/hypocrites-and-greenwash-greta-thunberg-climate-crisis (9 Novambra 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; Nanakiana ny [[Drafitra maitso eoropeana]] izy, izay mikendry ny hahatonga ny Vondrona Eoropeana ho [[aotra karbonina]] amin' ny taona 2050,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/21/greta-thunberg-says-eu-recovery-plans-climate-provisions-inadequate Greta Thunberg milaza fa tsy ampy ny fepetra momba ny toetrandro ao amin' ny drafitra famerenana amin' laoniny ny EU]. ''The Guardian''. 21 Jolay 2020. Novangiana ny 30 Oktobra 2021. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20211030041531/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/21/greta-thunberg-says-eu-recovery-plans-climate-provisions-inadequate (30 Oktobra 2021).&lt;/ref&gt; nilaza fa &quot;mandefa hafatra mazava fa misy hetsika tena izy sy ampy atao, nefa tsy misy akory izany. Tsy mifampiraharaha ny natiora, ary tsy afaka manao fifanarahana amin' ny fizika ianao.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://euobserver.com/green-deal/147633 Thunberg miantso ny lalàna vaovao momba ny toetrandro EU hoe 'fandresena lahatra']. ''EUobserver''. 5 Martsa 2020. Novangiana ny 30 Oktobra 2021. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20211030041520/https://euobserver.com/green-deal/147633 (30 Oktobra 2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Jolay 2020, i Thunberg, [[Luisa Neubauer]], [[Anuna De Wever]] ary [[Adélaïde Charlier]] dia nanoratra taratasy misokatra ho an' ireo mpitarika rehetra ao amin' ny EU sy ireo filoha mpanjaka nilaza fa tsy maintsy &quot;miaro ny hanaovana ny [[ekosida]] ho heloka iraisam-pirenena eo anivon' ny Fitsarana Heloka Bevava Iraisam-pirenena.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Sophie Yeo. [https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201105-what-is-ecocide Ekosida: Tokony ho heloka ve ny famonoana ny natiora?]. ''BBC''. 6 Novambra 2020. Novangiana ny 16 Jona 2023. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230907204335/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201105-what-is-ecocide (7 Septambra 2023).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.stopecocide.earth/supporters Mpanohana ny Lalàn' ny Ekosida]. ''Stop Ecocide International''. Novangiana ny 16 Jona 2023. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230606045438/https://www.stopecocide.earth/supporters (6 Jona 2023).&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny Jona 2023, niantso ny famotehana ny tohodranon' i Kakhovka tany Okraina nataon' i Rosia ho ekosida i Thunberg ary niantso ny hampiantsoana fitsarana, nilaza hoe &quot;Tsy maintsy tompon' andraikitra amin' ny hetsika sy ny heloka nataony i Rosia. Ny mason' izao tontolo izao dia mitodika amin' izy ireo izao.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/thunberg-criticises-russia-over-ukraine-dam-ecocide-2023-06-09 Thunberg manakiana an' i Rosia momba ny 'ekosida' tamin' ny tohodranon' i Okraina]. ''Reuters''. 9 Jona 2023. Novangiana ny 16 Jona 2023. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230611185745/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/thunberg-criticises-russia-over-ukraine-dam-ecocide-2023-06-09 (11 Jona 2023).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.yahoo.com/greta-thunberg-joins-rally-bonn-112305595.html Greta Thunberg nanatevin-daharana fihetsiketsehana tao Bonn manohitra ny ekosidan' i Rosia tao Okraina]. ''Yahoo News''. 15 Jona 2023. Novangiana ny 16 Jona 2023. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230616133130/https://news.yahoo.com/greta-thunberg-joins-rally-bonn-112305595.html (16 Jona 2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny tafatafa iray vetivety talohan' ny [[Fivoriana 2021 momba ny fiovan' ny toetrandro ao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana]] (COP26) tao Glasgow, rehefa nanontaniana an' i Thunberg hoe hatraiza ny fanantenany fa hahazo vokatra ilay fivoriana, dia namaly izy hoe &quot;Tsy nisy zavatra niova hatramin' ny taona lasa. Hilaza ny mpitondra hoe 'hataontsika izao sy izao, hanambatra hery isika dia hahatratra an' izao', nefa tsy hanao na inona na inona. Mety misy zavatra an' ohatra fotsiny, kaonty foronina, zavatra tsy misy fiantraikany lehibe. Afaka manana COP maro isika, saingy tsy hisy tena vokatra hivoaka avy aminy.&quot;&lt;ref name=hattenstone&gt;Simon Hattenstone. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2021/sep/25/greta-thunberg-i-really-see-the-value-of-friendship-apart-from-the-climate-almost-nothing-else-matters Tafatafa: Ny fiovàn' i Greta Thunberg]. ''The Guardian''. 25 Septambra 2021. Novangiana ny 25 Septambra 2021. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164705/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2021/sep/25/greta-thunberg-i-really-see-the-value-of-friendship-apart-from-the-climate-almost-nothing-else-matters (30 Oktobra 2021).&lt;/ref&gt; Niantso an' i [[Xi Jinping]], filohan' i Sina, izy ho &quot;mpitarika fitondrana jadona&quot;
ary nilaza fa &quot;ny demokrasia no vahaolana voalohany amin' ny krizin' ny toetrandro, satria ny hany afaka manavotra antsika amin' ity toe-javatra ity dia ... tsindry goavana avy amin' ny vahoaka.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/12/greta-thunberg-cop26-interview Greta Thunberg: vonona hihaona amin' i Biden amin' ny Cop26 aho saingy aza manantena be]. ''The Guardian''. 12 Oktobra 2021. Novangiana ny 30 Oktobra 2021. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20211030041519/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/12/greta-thunberg-cop26-interview (30 Oktobra 2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanehoan-kevitra sy fiantraikany avy amin' ny besinimaro ==

=== Akademisiana ===
Tamin' ny Febroary 2019, akademisiana 224 no nanao sonia taratasy misokatra fanohanana nilaza fa nahazo aingam-panahy tamin' ny hetsiky ny Thunberg sy ireo ankizy mpianatra nitokona izy ireo tamin' ny fanaovana re feo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/13/school-climate-strike-childrens-brave-stand-has-our-support Fitokonana noho ny toetrandro ataon' ny ankizy an-tsekoly: mijoro am-pahasahiana, manohana izahay]. ''The Guardian''. 13 Febroary 2019. Fidirana 22 Jolay 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190825072245/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/13/school-climate-strike-childrens-brave-stand-has-our-support (25 Aogositra 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; Io fanohanana avy amin' ny akademisiana, anisan' izany ny mpahay siansa maro, io dia mifanohitra tanteraka amin' ny fanoherana izay matetika azon' i Thunberg avy amin' ny mpanao politika.&lt;ref&gt;Briand F. 2012. ''Making research count in marine governance – The communication challenge''. ''CIESM Marine Policy Series'' laharana 3, 36 p. ISSN 2306-4897 [https://www.ciesm.org/FBriand_comm&amp;governance.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mpanao politika ===
Nifanena tamin' ny mpanao politika sy mpitarika eran-tany maro i Thunberg saingy nilaza fa tsy mahita na mpanao politika iray akory izy izay nahatonga azy ho gaga. Rehefa nanontaniana momba an' i [[Jacinda Ardern]], Praiminisitra an' i Novely Zelandy, izay nilaza fa olana iankinan' ny aina na fahafatesana ny krizin' ny toetrandro, dia naneho hevitra i Thunberg hoe: “Mahatsikaiky fa heverin' ny olona ho mpitarika amin' ny toetrandro i Jacinda Ardern sy ny toa azy. Izay no mampiseho fa tena kely ny fahalalan' ny olona momba ny krizin' ny toetrandro.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;It's funny that people believe Jacinda Ardern and people like that are climate leaders. That just tells you how little people know about the climate crisis.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Nilaza i Thunberg fa tsy miraharaha teny sy fihetseham-po izy: “Mazava loatra fa tsy nihena ny famoahana entona. Tsy ilaina akory ny milaza fa tsy manao na inona na inona ireo olona ireo.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Obviously the emissions haven't fallen. It goes without saying that these people are not doing anything.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Raha ny marina, nitombo 2% tamin' ny 2019 ny famoahana entona manafana ny toetrandro ao Novely Zelandy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hattenstone-2021&quot; /&gt;

Sekretera Jeneralin' ny Firenena Mikambana [[António Guterres]] dia nanohana ny fitokonana sekoly natombok' i Thunberg, niaiky hoe: “Ny taranako tsy nahavita namaly araka ny tokony ho izy ny fanamby lehibe ateraky ny fiovan' ny toetrandro. Tsapan' ny tanora lalina izany. Tsy mahagaga raha tezitra izy ireo.”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;My generation has failed to respond properly to the dramatic challenge of climate change. This is deeply felt by young people. No wonder they are angry.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;António Guterres. [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/15/climate-strikers-urgency-un-summit-world-leaders Tokony hanentana antsika rehetra handray andraikitra amin' ny fivoriana manaraka an' ny ONU ny mpitokona noho ny toetrandro]. ''The Guardian''. 15 Martsa 2019. Fidirana 18 Martsa 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190318075042/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/15/climate-strikers-urgency-un-summit-world-leaders (18 Martsa 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny hetsika iray tao Novely Zelandy tamin' ny Mey 2019, nilaza i Guterres fa “tsy mandresy amin' ny ady amin' ny fiovan' ny toetrandro” ny taranany ary anjaran' ny tanora no “hamonjy ny tany”.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;not winning the battle against climate change&quot; / &quot;rescue the planet&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jason Walls. [https://www.nzherald.co.nz/politics/news/article.cfm?c_id=280&amp;objectid=12230530 Sekretera Jeneralin' ny ONU Antonio Guterres nilaza fa tokony nanao bebe kokoa momba ny fiovan' ny toetrandro ny taranany]. ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]''. 13 Mey 2019. Fidirana 22 Jolay 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190516124801/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/politics/news/article.cfm?c_id=280&amp;objectid=12230530 (16 Mey 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Greta Thunberg urges MEPs to show climate leadership - 49617793623.jpg|thumb|Thunberg miantso ny [[MPE]] haneho fitarika amin' ny toetrandro, nahazo fiderana mitsangana, 2020.]]

Ireo kandidà Demaokrata tamin' ny [[Fifidianana filohan' i Etazonia 2020]], anisan' izany [[Kamala Harris]], [[Beto O'Rourke]], ary [[Bernie Sanders]], dia naneho fanohanana taorian' ny lahateniny tamin' ny fivoriana hetsika tamin' ny Septambra 2019 tao New York.&lt;ref&gt;Tess Bonn. [https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/462777-climate-change-activist-greta-thunberg-terrifies-people Mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro: ny “lasa endrik' ity olana ity” i Thunberg dia mampatahotra olona maro]. ''[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]''. 24 Septambra 2019. Fidirana 26 Janoary 2020. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20191207021714/https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/462777-climate-change-activist-greta-thunberg-terrifies-people (7 Desambra 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; Nanamarika ny Kansilera alemà Angela Merkel fa ny mpikatroka tanora toa an' i Thunberg no nanosika ny governemantany hihafaingana amin' ny hetsika momba ny toetrandro.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/20190719-merkel-says-greta-thunberg-drove-us-move-climate-change Nilaza i Merkel fa “noteren' i Greta Thunberg” izy ireo hiroso amin' ny fiovan' ny toetrandro]. ''[[France 24]]''. 19 Jolay 2019. Fidirana 28 Janoary 2020. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20200128111722/https://www.france24.com/en/20190719-merkel-says-greta-thunberg-drove-us-move-climate-change (28 Janoary 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

Noharanitan' ny mpanao politika ihany koa i Thunberg sy ny fampielezany, manomboka amin' ny fanafihana manokana ka hatramin' ny filazana fa manatsotra tafahoatra olana sarotra izy. Anisan' ireo mpitsikera i [[Scott Morrison]], Praiminisitra Aostraliana,&lt;ref&gt;David Crowe. [https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/morrison-warns-against-needless-anxiety-after-thunberg-climate-speech-20190925-p52uma.html Morrison mampitandrina amin' ny “fiahiahiana tsy ilaina” taorian' ny lahatenin' i Thunberg momba ny toetrandro]. ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. 25 Septambra 2019. Fidirana 31 Oktobra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20191031131722/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/morrison-warns-against-needless-anxiety-after-thunberg-climate-speech-20190925-p52uma.html (31 Oktobra 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; ny kansilera alemà [[Angela Merkel]],&lt;ref&gt;Oliver Moody. [https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/worlds-leaders-turn-on-greta-thunberg-after-legal-move-over-carbon-emissions-w3dnr75bs Mpitarika eran-tany mihodina manohitra an' i Greta Thunberg taorian' ny hetsika ara-dalàna momba ny entona karbônina]. ''[[The Times]]''. 26 Septambra 2019. Fidirana 31 Oktobra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20191031132127/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/worlds-leaders-turn-on-greta-thunberg-after-legal-move-over-carbon-emissions-w3dnr75bs (31 Oktobra 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; ny filoha frantsay [[Emmanuel Macron]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.businessinsider.com/french-president-reacts-to-greta-thunbergs-climate-change-lawsuit-2019-9 Nilazan' i Emmanuel Macron fa “hampiteraka fifandrafiana” i Thunberg rehefa nitory an' i Frantsa noho ny tsy fandraisana andraikitra amin' ny hafanan' ny tany]. ''Business Insider''. 24 Septambra 2019. Fidirana 30 Oktobra 2021. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20211030041519/https://www.businessinsider.com/french-president-reacts-to-greta-thunbergs-climate-change-lawsuit-2019-9 (30 Oktobra 2021).&lt;/ref&gt; ny filoha rosiana [[Vladimir Putin]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-putin-thunberg-idUSKBN1WH1FM Putin: Tsy mizara hafaliana amin' ny lahatenin' i Greta Thunberg ao amin' ny ONU aho]. ''[[Reuters]]''. 2 Oktobra 2019. Fidirana 30 Oktobra 2021. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20201126023602/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-putin-thunberg-idUSKBN1WH1FM (26 Novambra 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; ny [[OPEC]] (Fikambanan' ny Fanjakana Mpamokatra Solitany) ary imbetsaka ny filoha amerikanina [[Donald Trump]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.afp.com/en/news/826/climate-campaigners-greatest-threat-oil-sector-opec-doc-1i79w11 Mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro no “fandrahonana lehibe indrindra” ho an' ny sehatry ny solitany: hoy ny OPEC]. Agence France-Presse. 2 Jolay 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190704220750/https://www.afp.com/en/news/826/climate-campaigners-greatest-threat-oil-sector-opec-doc-1i79w11 (4 Jolay 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Septambra 2019, nizara lahatsary i Trump ahitana an' i Thunberg tezitra niteny tamin' ny mpitarika eran-tany, miaraka amin' ny teniny hoe “maty ny olona, potika tanteraka ny rafitra tontolo iainana; eo am-piandohan' ny [[Fongotra Holosena|fongotra faobe]] isika.” Nanoratra i Trump tao amin' ny Twitter hoe: “Toa tovovavy sambatra be izy, miandrandra hoavy mamirapiratra sy mahafinaritra. Mahafinaritra ny mahita!” Namaly i Thunberg tamin' ny fanovana ny mombamomba azy ao Twitter araka ny famaritany, ary nilaza fa tsy azony “ny antony hisafidianan' ny olon-dehibe haneso ankizy sy tanora noho ny fifandraisana sy ny fandraisana andraikitra amin' ny siansa raha afaka manao zavatra tsara izy ireo.”&lt;ref&gt;Loharano maromaro:

* Veronica Stracqualursi. [https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/24/politics/trump-greta-thunberg-climate-change-trnd/index.html Trump maneso an' i Greta Thunberg, tanora mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro]. ''[[CNN]]''. 25 Septambra 2019. Fidirana 5 Oktobra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20191005131531/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/24/politics/trump-greta-thunberg-climate-change-trnd/index.html (5 Oktobra 2019).
* Michelle Nichols. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-un-thunberg/teenage-climate-activist-thunberg-takes-on-trumps-twitter-taunt-idUSKBN1W9299 Tanora mpikatroka Thunberg mamaly ny fanesoan' i Trump ao Twitter]. ''[[Reuters]]''. 25 Septambra 2019. Fidirana 5 Oktobra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20191005073433/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-un-thunberg/teenage-climate-activist-thunberg-takes-on-trumps-twitter-taunt-idUSKBN1W9299 (5 Oktobra 2019).
* Rob Gilles; Frank Jordans. [https://www.apnews.com/deb9b5aea9b24ee6a579f242d9149982 Greta: Maneso ankizy ny olon-dehibe satria atahoran' izy ireo ny fomba fijeriny]. ''[[Associated Press News]]''. 28 Septambra 2019. Fidirana 5 Oktobra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190930202854/https://www.apnews.com/deb9b5aea9b24ee6a579f242d9149982 (30 Septambra 2019).
* [https://news.yahoo.com/trump-slammed-trolling-greta-thunberg-climate-speech-071912588.html Voatsikera i Trump noho ny fanesoana ny lahatenin' i Greta Thunberg]. [[Agence France-Presse]]. 25 Septambra 2019. Fidirana 5 Oktobra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20191006232010/https://news.yahoo.com/trump-slammed-trolling-greta-thunberg-climate-speech-071912588.html (6 Oktobra 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny Desambra 2019, naneso azy indray i Trump rehefa notononina ho ''Time'' Olona 2019 i Thunberg, ka nibitsika hoe: “Tena adaladala. Tokony hiasa amin' ny olan' ny fitantanana hatezerany i Greta, dia handeha hijery sarimihetsika taloha tsara miaraka amin' ny namana! Milamina Greta, milamina!”&lt;ref&gt;Laurel Wamsley. [https://www.npr.org/2019/12/12/787488397/after-greta-thunberg-wins-time-honor-trump-tweets-chill-and-go-to-the-movies Rehefa nahazo ny voninahitr' ny ''Time'' i Greta Thunberg, i Trump manoro hevitra hoe “milamìna” ary hijery sarimihetsika]. ''NPR''. 12 Desambra 2019. Fidirana 21 Janoary 2023. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20230121224810/https://www.npr.org/2019/12/12/787488397/after-greta-thunberg-wins-time-honor-trump-tweets-chill-and-go-to-the-movies (21 Janoary 2023).&lt;/ref&gt; Namaly i Thunberg tamin' ny fanovana ny mombamomba azy tao Twitter ho: “Tovovavy iray miasa amin' ny olan' ny fitantanana hatezerana. Amin' izao fotoana izao dia miala sasatra ary mijery sarimihetsika taloha miaraka amin' ny namana.”&lt;ref&gt;Derrick Bryson Taylor. [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/12/us/politics/greta-thunberg-trump.html Trump maneso an' i Greta Thunberg ao amin' ny Twitter, ary mamaly izy]. ''The New York Times''. 12 Desambra 2019. Fidirana 14 Desambra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20191214194438/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/12/us/politics/greta-thunberg-trump.html (14 Desambra 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny [[Fifidianana filohan' i Etazonia 2020]], namaly ny bitsik' i Trump “Stop the count!” i Thunberg toy izao: “Tena adaladala. Tokony hiasa amin' ny olan' ny fitantanana hatezerana i Donald, dia handeha hijery sarimihetsika taloha tsara miaraka amin' ny namana! Milamina Donald, milamina!”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dw.com/en/greta-thunberg-mocks-trump-over-election-fraud-claims/a-55516598 Greta Thunberg maneso an' i Trump momba ny filazan' ny hosoka tamin' ny fifidianana]. ''[[Deutsche Welle]]''. Fidirana 15 Janoary 2021. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210121001221/https://www.dw.com/en/greta-thunberg-mocks-trump-over-election-fraud-claims/a-55516598 (21 Janoary 2021).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://globalnews.ca/news/7447420/greta-thunberg-donald-trump-tweet/ Greta Thunberg maneso ny hatezeran' i Trump: ‘Milamina, Donald, milamina!']. ''[[Global News]]''. Fidirana 15 Janoary 2021. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20210121070803/https://globalnews.ca/news/7447420/greta-thunberg-donald-trump-tweet/ (21 Janoary 2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny Oktobra 2019, nilaza i Putin fa “ankizivavy tsara sy marina fo” i Thunberg, sady nanolo-kevitra fa ampiasaina hanompoan' ny tombontsoan' ny hafa izy. Nitsikera azy izy ho “tsy ampy fampahafantarana”, nanampy hoe: “Tsy nisy nanazava tamin' i Greta fa sarotra sy tsy mitovy ny tontolo maoderina, ary ny olona ao Afrika na any amin' ny firenena aziatika maro te hiaina amin' ny haavon' ny harena mitovy amin' ny any Soeda.” Tahaka ny namaliany an' i Trump, dia novain' i Thunberg hanaraka io famaritana io ny mombamomba azy ao Twitter.&lt;ref&gt;Loharano maromaro:

* Tania Snuggs. [https://news.sky.com/story/climate-change-activist-greta-thunberg-poorly-informed-claims-vladimir-putin-11826259 Putin: Tsy “ampy fampahafantarana” i Greta Thunberg]. ''[[Sky News]]''. 3 Oktobra 2019. Fidirana 4 Oktobra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20191004014745/https://news.sky.com/story/climate-change-activist-greta-thunberg-poorly-informed-claims-vladimir-putin-11826259 (4 Oktobra 2019).
* [https://www.france24.com/en/20191004-greta-thunberg-mocks-putin-s-kind-girl-jibes-on-twitter Greta Thunberg maneso ny teny fanambanian' i Putin hoe “ankizivavy tsara” ao amin' ny Twitter]. ''[[France 24]]''. 4 Oktobra 2019. Fidirana 15 Oktobra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20191015213230/https://www.france24.com/en/20191004-greta-thunberg-mocks-putin-s-kind-girl-jibes-on-twitter (15 Oktobra 2019).
* [https://apnews.com/6ea9262e7ea24efab5acf6ee877945fe Manambara i Putin fa ampiasaina ilay tanora mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro]. ''[[Associated Press News]]''. 3 Oktobra 2019. Fidirana 5 Oktobra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20191004082941/https://apnews.com/6ea9262e7ea24efab5acf6ee877945fe (4 Oktobra 2019).
* Vladimir Soldatkin; Dmitry Zhdannikov. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-putin-thunberg/putin-i-dont-share-excitement-about-greta-thunbergs-un-speech-idUSKBN1WH1FM Putin: Tsy mizara hafaliana amin' ny lahatenin' i Greta Thunberg ao amin' ny ONU aho]. ''[[Reuters]]''. 2 Oktobra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20191117151345/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-putin-thunberg/putin-i-dont-share-excitement-about-greta-thunbergs-un-speech-idUSKBN1WH1FM (17 Novambra 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny Desambra 2019, nibitsika i Thunberg hoe: “Raha tena marina, novonoina mihitsy ireo vahoaka teratany satria niezaka niaro ny ala amin' ny [[Fandravan-kazo tsy ara-dalàna ao amin' ny Ala Amazonia|fandravan-kazo tsy ara-dalàna]]. Im-betsaka. Mahamenatra fa mangina izao tontolo izao momba izany.” Rehefa nanontaniana momba io lohahevitra io roa andro tatỳ aoriana, dia namaly ny filohan' i Brezila tamin' izay [[Jair Bolsonaro]] hoe: “Nilaza i Greta fa maty ny Indiana satria niezaka niaro ny [[Ala Amazonia|Amazonia]] izy ireo. Mahavariana ny fomba anomezan' ny gazety feo ny zazavavy maditra tahaka izany.” Tamin' io andro io ihany dia novain' i Thunberg ny mombamomba azy ho {{lang|pt|pirralha}}, teny pôrtiogey midika hoe {{gloss|zazakely maditra}} nampiasain' i Bolsonaro.&lt;ref&gt;[https://g1.globo.com/natureza/noticia/2019/12/10/ativista-greta-thunberg-muda-descricao-no-twitter-para-pirralha-apos-declaracao-de-bolsonaro.ghtml Mpikatroka Greta Thunberg manova ny famaritana ao amin' ny Twitter ho ‘pirralha' taorian' ny tenin' i Bolsonaro]. ''G1''. 10 Desambra 2019. Fidirana 10 Desambra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20191210155236/https://g1.globo.com/natureza/noticia/2019/12/10/ativista-greta-thunberg-muda-descricao-no-twitter-para-pirralha-apos-declaracao-de-bolsonaro.ghtml (10 Desambra 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tom Phillips. [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/10/greta-thunberg-jair-bolsonaro-brazil-indigenous-amazon Nampiantsika an' i Greta ho “pirralha” ny mpitarika farany havanana Breziliana Jair Bolsonaro]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. 10 Desambra 2019. Fidirana 26 Febroary 2022. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20220126133932/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/10/greta-thunberg-jair-bolsonaro-brazil-indigenous-amazon (26 Janoary 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny tantara navoakan' ny ''Time'' tamin' ny Mey 2019, namaly ny fanehoan-kevitra manevateva azony an-tserasera i Thunberg hoe: “Tena mampihomehy rehefa ny hany azon' ny olona atao dia ny maneso anao, na miresaka ny bika aman' endrinao na toetranao, satria midika izany fa tsy manana adihevitra na zavatra hafa holazaina izy ireo.”&lt;ref name=&quot;time.com&quot;&gt;Suyin Haynes. [https://time.com/collection/next-generation-leaders/5584902/greta-thunberg-next-generation-leaders/ ‘Ankehitriny dia miteny amin' izao tontolo izao aho.' Ahoana no nahatonga ny tanora mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro Greta Thunberg henoina] {{Wayback|url=https://time.com/collection/next-generation-leaders/5584902/greta-thunberg-next-generation-leaders/ |date=20190722212014 }}. ''Time''. 16 Mey 2019. Fidirana 22 Jolay 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20190722212014/https://time.com/collection-post/5584902/greta-thunberg-next-generation-leaders/ (22 Jolay 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; Filohan' i Etazonia teo aloha sady solon-toeran' i Trump tatỳ aoriana [[Joe Biden]] dia namaly ny fanesoan' i Trump taorian' ny nahatongavan' i Thunberg ho Olona 2019 an' ny ''Time'', nibitsika tamin' i Trump hoe: “Karazana filoha manao tsindry hazo lena amin' ny tanora ve ianao? @realDonaldTrump, afaka mianatra amin' i Greta ianao momba ny dikan' ny maha-mpitarika.”&lt;ref&gt;Veronica Stracqualursi. [https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/12/politics/trump-greta-thunberg-time-person-of-the-year/index.html Trump maneso indray an' i Greta Thunberg, tanora mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro]. ''[[CNN]]''. 13 Desambra 2019. Fidirana 14 Desambra 2019. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20191214214004/https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/12/politics/trump-greta-thunberg-time-person-of-the-year/index.html (14 Desambra 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin' ny 30 Martsa 2021, [[Frans Timmermans]], Komisionera Eoropeana misahana ny Hetsika momba ny Toetrandro, dia nilaza tao amin' ny bitsika taorian' ny niresahany tamin' i Thunberg fa “Mijanona hifikitra amin' ny fanoloran-tena” ny Vaomiera hampanao ny [[Paikady iombonana momba ny fambolena]] “hanatanteraka ny tanjon' ny” [[Drafitra maitso eoropeana]].&lt;ref&gt;Politico. [https://www.politico.eu/article/greta-thunberg-timmermans-not-doing-enough-to-green-eu-farm-policy/ Greta Thunberg: tsy ampy ny ataon' i Timmermans amin' ny fanalefahana ny politika ambanivohitra EU]. ''Politico''. 30 Martsa 2021. Fidirana 30 Oktobra 2021. Tahiry: https://web.archive.org/web/20211030041519/https://www.politico.eu/article/greta-thunberg-timmermans-not-doing-enough-to-green-eu-farm-policy/ (30 Oktobra 2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gazety ===
[[File:Greta Thunberg at the Parliament (33744698908).jpg|thumb|Thunberg nobahanan' ny mpanao gazety tao amin' ny Parlemanta Eoropeana, 2019]]

Tamin' ny Aogositra 2019, nosoratan' i Scott Walsman tao amin' ''[[Scientific American]]'' fa ireo mpanohitra an' i Thunberg dia nanao fanafihana manokana, nanevateva ny &quot;autisme&quot;-ny, ary miha-miantehitra amin' ny fanafihana [[ad hominem]] mba hanalefahana ny fiantraikany.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;launched personal attacks&quot;, &quot;bash [her] autism&quot;, ary &quot;increasingly rely on ad hominem attacks to blunt her influence&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-deniers-launch-personal-attacks-on-teen-activist/ &quot;Mpandainga ny fiovan' ny toetrandro manafika ankizy mpikatroka amin' ny fomba manokana.&quot; Scott Waldman, Scientific American, 9 Aogositra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 29 Aogositra 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 10 Aogositra 2019.]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nosoratan' i Aditya Chakrabortty tao amin' ''The Guardian'', nilaza izy fa ireo mpanao gazety anisan' izany i [[Brendan O'Neill (mpanao gazety)|Brendan O'Neill]], [[Toby Young]], ny bilaogy ''[[Guido Fawkes]]'', ary koa [[Helen Dale]] sy [[Rod Liddle]] tao amin' ''[[The Spectator]]'' sy ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', dia nanao fanafihana manokana feno habibiana tamin' i Thunberg.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;ugly personal attacks&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/may/01/greta-thunberg-right-environmental-activist-attacks &quot;Ny fanenjehana an' i Greta Thunberg dia porofo fa lany hevitra ny ankavanana.&quot; Aditya Chakrabortty, The Guardian, 1 Mey 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 22 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 21 Jolay 2019.] 
&lt;/ref&gt;
Mpanao gazety britanika amin' ny fahitalavitra [[Piers Morgan]] koa dia naneso an' i Thunberg. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/piers-morgan-gret-thunberg-extinction-rebellion-good-morning-britain_uk_5d9c5f7ee4b099389806106c &quot;Nanesoeso an' i Greta Thunberg i Piers Morgan raha nanafika ireo 'mpihatsaravelatsihy Extinction Rebellion tsy menatra' izy.&quot; Ash Percival, HuffPost, 8 Oktobra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 1 Janoary 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 12 Martsa 2021.]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ho ampahany amin' ny [[fandavana ny fiovan' ny toetrandro]], ny antoko [[havan' ny havanana]] alemana [[Alternative for Germany]] (AfD) dia nanafika an' i Thunberg amin' ny fomba tena mahery vaika, hoy i Jakob Guhl, mpikaroka ao amin' ny [[Institute for Strategic Dialogue]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;in fairly vicious ways&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/14/germanys-afd-attacks-greta-thunberg-as-it-embraces-climate-denial &quot;AfD any Alemaina mihodina manohitra an' i Greta Thunberg rehefa mandray ny fandavana ny fiovan' ny toetrandro.&quot; Kate Connolly, The Guardian, 14 Mey 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 22 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 17 Jolay 2019.]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny lahatsoratra Twitter nataon' i [[Arron Banks]] nilaza fa misy lozam-piaramanidina an-tsambo hafahafa mitranga amin' ny volana Aogositra mikasika an' i Thunberg dia nampahatezitra solombavambahoaka britanika maro, olo-malaza ary akademisiana.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;freak yachting accidents do happen in August&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Nilaza i [[Tanja Bueltmann]], mpanorina ny EU Citizens' Champion, fa nampiditra ny faharendrehan' ny ankizy ho amin' ny fialam-boliny i Banks ary nilaza izy fa ny ankamaroan' ireo manafika an' i Thunberg dia lehilahy fotsy, eo anelanelan' ny taona, avy amin' ny ankavanana ara-politika. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/aug/15/arron-banks-jokes-about-greta-thunberg-and-freak-yachting-accidents &quot;Manao hatsikana momba an' i Greta Thunberg sy ny lozam-piaramanidina hafahafa i Arron Banks.&quot; Mattha Busby, The Guardian, 15 Aogositra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 21 Aogositra 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 20 Aogositra 2019.]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nosoratan' i [[Gaby Hinsliff]] tao amin' ''The Guardian'' fa lasa toby vaovao amin' ny ady ara-kolontsaina Brexit i Thunberg, ary nilaza fa ny hatezerana ateraky ny fanafihana manokana nataon' ny Brexiteers tamin' i Thunberg dia manome azy ireo ny oksizenina tian' izy ireo amin' ny fifantohana ara-panjakana.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;the new front in the Brexit culture war&quot; ... &quot;gives them the welcome oxygen of publicity&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/aug/17/greta-thunberg-brexit-culture-war-nigel-farage &quot;Ahoana no nahatonga an' i Greta Thunberg ho toby vaovao amin' ny ady ara-kolontsaina Brexit.&quot; Gaby Hinsliff, The Guardian, 17 Aogositra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 21 Aogositra 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 20 Aogositra 2019.]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tamin' ny Septambra 2019, nosoratan' i [[Nick Gillespie]] tao amin' ''[[Reason (gazety)|Reason]]'' fa mety avy am-po ny fihetsika feno fihetseham-po ataon' i Greta Thunberg, saingy na izany na ireo valiny mahatsiravina aterany aza dia tsy manome tari-dalana ho amin' ny politika ara-tontolo iainana tsara amin' izao tontolo izao mihamahan-karena isan' andro izao.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Greta Thunberg's histrionics are likely heartfelt but neither they nor the deplorable responses they conjure are a guide forward to good environmental policy in a world that is getting richer every day.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://reason.com/2019/09/24/think-globally-shame-constantly-the-rise-of-greta-thunberg-environmentalism/ &quot;Mieritrereta manerantany, menatra tsy an-kijanona: Ny fiakaran' ny tontolo iainana Greta Thunberg.&quot; Nick Gillespie, Reason, 24 Septambra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 12 Jolay 2022. Voatahiry tamin' ny 12 Jolay 2022.]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tamin' ny Aogositra 2021, nosoratan' i Yasmeen Serhan tao amin' ''[[The Atlantic]]'' fa i Thunberg dia lasa lasibatra amin' ny fampielezan-kevitra feno lainga sy teôria tsy marina avy amin' ny havanana sy ny [[ankavanana mpanohitra]], isan' izany ny famaritana azy ho toy ny ankizy tsy mitombina, fitaovan' ny havia, ary na dia ho [[Nazi]] aza.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;the target of a barrage of disinformation and conspiracies&quot; ... &quot;including depictions of her as a spoiled child, a leftist pawn, and even a Nazi&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2021/08/greta-thunberg-far-right-climate/619748/ &quot;Rehefa mifandona amin' ny zatovo ny havanana.&quot; Yasmeen Serhan, The Atlantic, 14 Aogositra 2021. Nalaina tamin' ny 14 Aogositra 2021. Voatahiry tamin' ny 14 Aogositra 2021.]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== &quot;Greta Effect&quot; ===
[[File:GrèveClimatGenève-27sept2019-041-RuesBasses.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fitokonana momba ny toetrandro Septambra 2019]] tao Genève]]

Amin' ny famintinana ny fiantraikan' i Thunberg maneran-tany eo amin' ny adihevitra momba ny toetrandro, ny BBC dia nilaza fa izy dia ankasitrahana noho ny fampakarany ny fahatsiarovan' ny vahoaka maneran-tany momba ny fiovan' ny toetrandro, indrindra eo amin' ny tanora. Mpaneho hevitra maro no miantso izany hoe &quot;vokatry Greta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, &quot;Greta Thunberg: Iza moa ny mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro ary inona no vitany?&quot; 29 Novambra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 26 Oktobra 2023. Voatahiry tamin' ny 25 Oktobra 2023. [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49918719]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ho setrin' ny fijoroany mahery, mpanao politika isan-karazany koa dia nanaiky ny filàna mifantoka amin' ny fiovan' ny toetrandro. Ny sekreteran' i Britaina misahana ny tontolo iainana, [[Michael Gove]], dia nilaza fa tsapany ny fankasitrahana lehibe, saingy koa andraikitra sy fahadisoana, rehefa nihaino azy izy. Nanaiky izy fa tsy nanao ampy ny taranaka misy azy hamahana ny olana. Ny mpanao politika avy amin' ny antoko Labour, [[Ed Miliband]], izay nampiditra ny [[Climate Change Act 2008]], dia nilaza hoe efa nampifoha anay ianao ary nampianatra lesona lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEWS-Guardian(2019-04-23)&quot; /&gt; 

[[File:20200112 &quot;Climate crisis&quot; vs &quot;Climate emergency&quot; - Google search term usage.png|thumb|right|Nanomboka tamin' ny fiandohan' ny 2019, miaraka amin' ny fankasitrahana ampahibemaso mitombo ny asan' i Thunberg, ny angona avy amin' ny [[Google Trends]] dia mampiseho fitomboan' ny fikarohana ny teny hoe ''olana maika momba ny toetrandro'' (mena), sy ny teny hoe ''[[krizin' ny toetrandro]]'' (manga). Ny fiakarana tamin' ny 2006 dia nifandray tamin' ny famoahana ny sarimihetsika nataon' i [[Al Gore]], ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]''.]]

Tamin' ny Febroary 2019, nizara sehatra niaraka tamin' ny Filohan' ny Vaomiera Eoropeana [[Jean-Claude Juncker]] i Thunberg izay nilaza fa &quot;Amin' ny vanim-potoana ara-bola manaraka 2021–2027, ny euro fahaefatra laniana ao amin' ny teti-bolan' ny EU dia ho amin' ny hetsika hanalefahana ny fiovan' ny toetrandro&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Clare Roth, &quot;Mpitarika mpianatra soedoà mahazo toky avy amin' ny EU handany miliara amin' ny toetrandro.&quot; Reuters, 21 Febroary 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 22 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 25 Jona 2019. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climatechange-teen-activist-idUSKCN1QA1RF]&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray anjara lehibe ihany koa ny olan' ny toetrandro tamin' ny [[Fifidianana Parlemanta Eoropeana 2019]] tamin' ny Mey 2019,&lt;ref name=&quot;Huggler&quot;&gt;Justin Huggler, &quot;Vokatry Greta? Ny toetrandro no lasa ivon' ny fifidianana eoropeana.&quot; The Daily Telegraph, 19 Mey 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 22 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 27 Mey 2019. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/05/19/europes-greens-sense-moment-climate-takes-centre-stage-elections/]&lt;/ref&gt; rehefa nahazo vokatra tsara indrindra teo amin' ny tantara ny antoko Maitso,&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian.com&quot;&gt;Jon Henley, &quot;Zavatra dimy nianarantsika tamin' ny vokatra fifidianana manerana an' i Eoropa.&quot; The Guardian, 27 Mey 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 22 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 13 Jolay 2019. [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/may/27/five-things-we-have-learned-from-the-election-results-across-europe]&lt;/ref&gt; nampiakatra ny isan' ny MEP-ny avy amin' ny 52 ho 72.&lt;ref&gt;Parlemanta Eoropeana, &quot;2019 European election results Comparative tool.&quot; Nalaina tamin' ny 5 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 5 Jolay 2019. [https://www.election-results.eu/tools/comparative-tool/]&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan' ny fitomboana dia avy any amin' ireo firenena eoropeana avaratra izay nandeha an-dalambe ny tanora nentanin' i Thunberg.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian.com&quot; /&gt; 

Tamin' ny Jona 2019, fanadihadiana nataon' ny [[YouGov]] tao Britaina dia nahita fa niakatra be ny ahiahy ampahibemaso momba ny tontolo iainana hatramin' ny nidiran' i Thunberg sy ny Extinction Rebellion &quot;namaky ny fipoahan' ny fandavana&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Matthew Todd, &quot;Miasa ny paikadin' ny Extinction Rebellion. Namaky ny fipoahan' ny fandavana.&quot; The Guardian, 10 Jona 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 22 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 23 Jolay 2019. [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jun/10/extinction-rebellion-bubble-denial-climate-crisis]&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny Aogositra 2019, navoaka sy nivarotra avo roa heny noho ny tamin' ny taona lasa ny bokin' ny ankizy momba ny krizin' ny toetrandro. Nambaran' ny mpamoaka fa noho ny &quot;vokatry Greta&quot; izany.&lt;ref&gt;Donna Ferguson, &quot;'Vokatry Greta' mitondra fiakaran' ny boky ho an' ny ankizy momba ny tontolo iainana.&quot; The Guardian, 11 Aogositra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 21 Aogositra 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 20 Aogositra 2019. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/aug/11/greta-thunberg-leads-to-boom-in-books-aimed-at-empowering-children-to-save-planet]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tamin' ny Novambra 2019, nantsoin' i [[Margaret Atwood]] i Thunberg hoe &quot;ny [[Joan of Arc]] an' ny tontolo iainana&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Sanya Burgess, &quot;Milaza i Margaret Atwood fa i Greta Thunberg no 'Joan of Arc an' ny tontolo iainana'.&quot; Sky News, 6 Novambra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 15 Jolay 2025. [https://news.sky.com/story/margaret-atwood-says-greta-thunberg-is-the-joan-of-arc-of-the-environment-11855734]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nentanin' i Thunberg, mpanome sy mpampiasa vola manan-karena avy any Etazonia dia nanome vola manodidina ny 600.000 USD&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor-2019&quot; /&gt; hanohanana ny Extinction Rebellion sy ny vondrona fitokonana sekoly mba hamorona ny Climate Emergency Fund.&lt;ref&gt;ClimateEmergencyFund.org. Nalaina tamin' ny 22 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 23 Jolay 2019. [http://climateemergencyfund.org/]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Roberts, &quot;'Our bet is paying off': nahoana no manangona vola ho an' ny mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro ny mpanome vola.&quot; Vox, 8 Oktobra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 4 Janoary 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 28 Desambra 2019. [https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/10/8/20899908/climate-change-protest-emergency-fund]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Paulina Firozi, &quot;The Energy 202: Cash, banners and bullhorns: Mpanome vola lehibe manohana mpikatroka manakorontana momba ny toetrandro.&quot; The Washington Post, 12 Jolay 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 4 Janoary 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 18 Desambra 2019. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/paloma/the-energy-202/2019/07/12/the-energy-202-cash-banners-and-bullhorns-big-philanthropists-throw-weight-behind-disruptive-climate-activists/5d278ea6a7a0a47d87c570e5/]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Trevor Neilson]], iray amin' ireo mpanome vola, dia nilaza fa ireo mpanorina telo dia hifandray amin' ny namana manankarena maneran-tany mba hanome &quot;in-100&quot; bebe kokoa ao anatin' ny herinandro sy volana manaraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor-2019&quot;&gt;Matthew Taylor, &quot;Mpanome vola amerikana maniry hanangona miliara ho an' ny mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro.&quot; The Guardian, 12 Jolay 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 22 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 21 Jolay 2019. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/12/us-philanthropists-vow-to-raise-millions-for-climate-activists]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tamin' ny Desambra 2019, ny ''New Scientist'' dia namaritana ny fiantraikan' i Thunberg sy ny Extinction Rebellion tamin' ny lohateny hoe: &quot;Ny taona nandinihan' izao tontolo izao ny fiovan' ny toetrandro&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Adam Vaughan, &quot;Ny taona nifoha izao tontolo izao amin' ny fiovan' ny toetrandro.&quot; New Scientist, 18 Desambra 2019, volana 244, laharana 3261/62, pejy 20–21. Nalaina tamin' ny 3 Janoary 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 22 Desambra 2019. [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24432613-000-the-world-started-to-wake-up-to-climate-change-in-2019-now-what/]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Araka ny fanadihadiana tamin' ny 2021, &quot;ireo mahafantatra kokoa an' i Greta Thunberg dia manana faniriana ambony kokoa handray andraikitra iombonana hampihenana ny hafanan' ny tany ary ny finoana momba ny fahombiazan' ny fiaraha-mientana no manampy amin' izany fifandraisana izany. Ity fifandraisana eo amin' ny fahalalana an' i Greta Thunberg, ny finoana amin' ny fahombiazan' ny fiaraha-mientana, ary ny faniriana amin' ny hetsika iombonana ity dia mbola hita na dia rehefa mandinika ny fanohanana ankapobeny ny mpamaly ny fihetsiketsehana momba ny toetrandro aza.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Anandita Sabherwal et al., &quot;The Greta Thunberg Effect: Familiarity with Greta Thunberg predicts intentions to engage in climate activism in the United States.&quot; Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2021, volana 51, laharana 4, pejy 321–333. doi:10.1111/jasp.12737&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Flugskam'' (Henatra amin' ny sidina) ===

I Thunberg no nitari-dalana ny hetsika manohitra ny fiaramanidina, nampiroborobo ny dia an-dalamby noho ny antony ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;How Greta Thunberg and 'flygskam' are forcing aviation industry to act on climate change.&quot; The Local, 9 Jona 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 28 Janoary 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 24 Jolay 2019. [https://www.thelocal.se/20190609/have-greta-thunberg-and-swedes-flygskam-forced-aviation-industry-to-act-on-climate-change]&lt;/ref&gt; Ny teny malaza ampiasaina amin' ity hetsika ity dia [[henatra amin' ny sidina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Henley2019&quot;&gt;Jon Henley, &quot;#stayontheground: Misafidy ny lalamby ny Soedoà noho ny henatra amin' ny sidina.&quot; The Guardian, 4 Jona 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 22 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 21 Jolay 2019. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/04/stayontheground-swedes-turn-to-trains-amid-climate-flight-shame]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richard Orange, &quot;Dia an-dalamby nataon' i Greta Thunberg manerana an' i Eoropa mampiseho ny hetsika tsy hiaramanidina.&quot; The Guardian, 26 Aprily 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 4 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 4 Jolay 2019. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/26/greta-thunberg-train-journey-through-europe-flygskam-no-fly]&lt;/ref&gt; Zava-mitranga iray izany izay mahatonga ny olona hahatsapa tsindry ara-tsosialy tsy hiaramanidina noho ny fiakaran' ny entona mpamokatra hafanana avy amin' ny indostrian' ny fiaramanidina. Tany am-boalohany dia tohanan' ilay atleta olympika soedoà [[Björn Ferry]], saingy nahazo hery be izany taorian' ny fandavan' i Thunberg hiaramanidina noho ny antony ara-tontolo iainana. Nanohana ilay fanentanana hampihena ny sidina i Thunberg ary nataony ho ampahany amin' ny &quot;dia fampahafantarana&quot; nataony tany Eoropa tamin' ny 2019.&lt;ref&gt;BBC, &quot;Inona no atao hoe flygskam? Miteny momba ny 'henatra amin' ny sidina' i Greta – CBBC Newsround.&quot; Nalaina tamin' ny 25 Janoary 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 4 Febroary 2020. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/49032117]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nitatitra i Soeda fihenana 4% amin' ny dia an'habakabaka anatiny tamin' ny 2019 sy fitomboana amin' ny fampiasana lalamby. Nilaza ny BBC fa mety hampihena ho antsasany ny fitomboan' ny dia maneran-tany amin' ny fiaramanidina ity hetsika ity, saingy nilaza kosa i Airbus sy Boeing fa mbola manantena fitomboana 4% eo ho eo hatramin' ny taona 2035.&lt;ref&gt;Jocelyn Timperley, &quot;Nahoana ny 'henatra amin' ny sidina' no mahatonga ny olona hisafidy lalamby fa tsy fiaramanidina.&quot; BBC Future, 10 Septambra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 13 Janoary 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 10 Janoary 2020. [https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190909-why-flight-shame-is-making-people-swap-planes-for-trains]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sweden manome henatra ny olona tsy hiaramanidina.&quot; 10 Daily, 13 Janoary 2020. Nalaina tamin' ny 13 Janoary 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 13 Janoary 2020. [https://10daily.com.au/news/world/a200113zjhcl/sweden-is-shaming-people-into-not-travelling-by-plane-20200113]&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny Jona 2019, [[Swedish Railways]] (SJ) dia nitatitra fa nitombo 8% tamin' ny taon-dasa ny isan' ny Soedoà nandray ny lamasinina ho an' ny dia anatiny, maneho ny fitomboan' ny ahiahy ampahibemaso momba ny fiantraikan' ny sidina amin' ny famokarana {{CO2}}.&lt;ref&gt;SJ AB, &quot;Klimatoro ger kraftig förändring av svenskars resvanor&quot; [Ny fiovan' ny toetrandro mahatonga fiovana lehibe eo amin' ny fahazarana mandeha an-dalan' ny Soedoà]. 31 Mey 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 24 Febroary 2023. Voatahiry tamin' ny 24 Febroary 2023. [https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/sj/pressreleases/klimatoro-ger-kraftig-foeraendring-av-svenskars-resvanor-2881081]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Henley2019&quot;/&gt;

== Ao amin' ny kolontsaina sy ny zavakanto ==
[[File:Street art mural featuring Greta Thunberg in Istanbul-Kadıköy, Türkiye.jpg|thumb|Sary an-drindrina avo marom-pahitra misy an' i Thunberg any Istanbul, Torkia]]

Efa naseho tao amin' ny kolontsaina sy ny zavakanto i Thunberg.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grozdanic-2019&quot;&gt;Sanja Grozdanic, &quot;5 Fomba fanehoana malaza an' i Greta Thunberg amin' ny zavakanto.&quot; Sleek-mag.com, 16 Desambra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 20 Janoary 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 30 Martsa 2020. [https://www.sleek-mag.com/article/depictions-of-greta-thunberg/]&lt;/ref&gt; ''Greta and the Giants'', boky nosoratan' i Zoë Tucker sy Zoe Persico, navoakan' ny [[The Quarto Group|Frances Lincoln Children's Books]], dia nofahan-kevitra tamin' ny fiainan' i Thunberg.&lt;ref&gt;Zoë Tucker, ''Greta and the Giants: inspired by Greta Thunberg's stand to save the world'', Frances Lincoln Children's Books, Novambra 2019. ISBN 978-0711253773. Nalaina tamin' ny 3 Janoary 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 12 Martsa 2021. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-oe4DwAAQBAJ]&lt;/ref&gt; {{Anchor|Make the World Greta Again}} Ny artista Arzantina Andrés Iglesias dia namoaka sary an-drindrina mirefy 18 metatra misy an' i Thunberg ambonin' ny arabe Mason, akaikin' ny Union Square any San Francisco.&lt;ref&gt;Tessa McLean, &quot;Sary an-drindrina goavana misy an' i Greta Thunberg apetraka ao Union Square.&quot; San Francisco Chronicle, 8 Novambra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 7 Oktobra 2022. Voatahiry tamin' ny 7 Oktobra 2022. [https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Greta-Thunberg-mural-native-sons-building-cobre-sf-14820674.php]&lt;/ref&gt; Ny mpanao hosodoko amerikanina [[Elizabeth Peyton]] dia nisafidy ny sariny ''Greta Thunberg'' tamin' ny 2019 ho sary lehibe amin' ny iray amin' ny fampirantiany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grozdanic-2019&quot; /&gt; Naseho tao amin' ny sary an-drindrina maro izy. Any [[Bristol]], sary an-drindrina mirefy {{convert|15|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} nataon' ny artista Jody Thomas, mampiseho ny antsasaky ny endriny ambany toy ny hoe efa rakotry ny [[fiakaran' ny ranomasina]] nanomboka tamin' ny Mey 2019.&lt;ref&gt;Alex Howick &amp; Dion Hesson, &quot;Sary an-drindrina goavana misy an' i Greta Thunberg hosodoko ao amin' ny rindrina any Bristol.&quot; BBC News, 31 Mey 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 22 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 10 Aogositra 2019. [https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-bristol-48471558/huge-greta-thunberg-mural-painted-on-bristol-wall]&lt;/ref&gt; Naseho tao amin' ny fonon' ny gazety ''[[Time]]'' tamin' ny volana Mey 2019 i Thunberg, izay voatondro ho modely sy iray amin' ireo &quot;[[Time Next Generation Leaders|Mpitarika Taranaka Manaraka]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;time.com&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WEB-PBN(2019-05-16)&quot;&gt;Liam Gilliver, &quot;Greta Thunberg eo amin' ny fonon' ny Time: 'Ankehitriny dia miteny amin' izao tontolo izao aho'.&quot; Plant Based News, 16 Mey 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 22 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 30 Jona 2019. [https://www.plantbasednews.org/post/greta-thunberg-cover-time] {{Wayback|url=https://www.plantbasednews.org/post/greta-thunberg-cover-time |date=20190630045412 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Izy sy olona dimy ambin' ny folo hafa dia naseho tao amin' ny fonon' ny gazety lamaody ''[[British Vogue]]'' novokarin' i [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex]] tamin' ny Septambra 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;IT-2019-07-31&quot;&gt;The Irish Times, &quot;Meghan Markle mametraka an' i Sinéad Burke amin' ny fonon' ny Vogue ho an' ny volana Septambra.&quot; 29 Jolay 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 31 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 29 Jolay 2019. [https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/fashion/meghan-markle-puts-sinéad-burke-on-the-cover-of-vogue-s-september-issue-1.3970604]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny [[Kabary nataon' i Greta Thunberg|kabary nataon' i Thunberg]] sasany dia nampidirina tao anaty mozika. Tamin' ny 2019, nanome feo ho an' ny hira &quot;[[The 1975 (2019 song)|The 1975]]&quot; i Thunberg, hira an' ilay tarika anglisy [[The 1975]]. Nofaranany ilay hira tamin' ny fanentanana hoe: &quot;Noho izany, ianareo rehetra any ivelany, izao no fotoana hanaovana tsy fankatoavana ara-tsosialy. Fotoana izao hanombohana ny fikomiana.&quot; Nomena ny [[Extinction Rebellion]] ny vola azo tamin' izany araka ny fangatahany.&lt;ref name=&quot;snapes-2019&quot;&gt;Laura Snapes, &quot;'Fotoana hikomy': Manampy feo amin' ny hira vaovao an' ny The 1975 i Greta Thunberg.&quot; The Guardian, 25 Jolay 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 25 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 24 Jolay 2019. [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/jul/25/time-to-rebel-greta-thunberg-makes-musical-debut-on-the-1975-track]&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin' ny Septambra 2019, i John Meredith dia nametraka ny kabariny tao amin' ny UN Action Summit tamin' ny endrika death metal.&lt;ref&gt;Elizabeth Chuck, &quot;Lasa malaza tao amin' ny aterineto ny kabarin' i Greta Thunberg tao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana napetraka amin' ny mozika death metal.&quot; NBC News, 30 Septambra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 2 Febroary 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 3 Febroary 2020. [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/video-greta-thunberg-s-u-n-speech-set-death-metal-n1060266]&lt;/ref&gt; Ny mpanakanto aostraliana [[Megan Washington]] sy ny mpamoron-kira [[Robert Davidson (mpamoron-kira)|Robert Davidson]] dia nampiasa ilay kabary &quot;how dare you&quot; tamin' ny fampisehoana iray momba ny hoavin' ny mozika.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ny kabary 'how dare you' an' i Greta Thunberg nataon' i Megan Washington sy Robert Davidson – horonantsary.&quot; The Guardian, 9 Desambra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 2 Febroary 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 14 Febroary 2020. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2019/dec/09/greta-thunbergs-how-dare-you-speech-performed-by-megan-washington-and-robert-davidson-video]&lt;/ref&gt; Namorona mashup tamin' ity kabary ity miaraka amin' ny hiran-dihiny &quot;[[Right Here, Right Now (Fatboy Slim song)|Right Here, Right Now]]&quot; i DJ [[Fatboy Slim]].&lt;ref&gt;Christian Eede, &quot;Milalao ny mash-up 'Right Here, Right Now' miaraka amin' i Greta Thunberg i Fatboy Slim.&quot; DJ Mag, 10 Oktobra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 2 Febroary 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 1 Febroary 2020. [https://djmag.com/news/fatboy-slim-plays-greta-thunberg-right-here-right-now-mash-watch]&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[File:Project Pressure Voices For The Future. Photo Klaus Thymann.jpg|thumb|[[Project Pressure]], ''Voices for the Future'', nampiseho teny nalain' i Thunberg teo amin' ny trano Firenena Mikambana tao New York alohan' ny [[Fivorian' ny Firenena Mikambana momba ny Toetrandro 2019|UN Climate Action Summit]], 2019.]]

Tamin' ny 2019, niara-niasa tamin' ny fikambanana mpanao asa soa momba ny toetrandro [[Project Pressure]] i Thunberg tamin' ny sangan' asa nampisehoana teny tao amin' ny [[Tranon' ny Sekretarian' ny Firenena Mikambana]] tao New York alohan' ny fivorian' ny UN Climate Action Summit tamin' io taona io, izay nampiseho ny feon' ny mpikatroka tanora enina, anisan' izany i Thunberg. Nasehon' i Joseph Michael, nosoratan' i [[Klaus Thymann]] ary nohiran' i [[Brian Eno]], ny fanehoan-kevitra nataon' izy ireo dia momba ny krizin' ny toetrandro sy ny hetsika maika tokony hatao hampihenana ny vokany.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Voices for the Future: ny fihetsiketsehana momba ny toetrandro manazava ny Firenena Mikambana – amin' ny sary.&quot; The Guardian, 20 Septambra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 6 Mey 2022. Voatahiry tamin' ny 21 Mey 2022. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2019/sep/20/voices-for-the-future-climate-activism-lights-up-the-un-headquarters-new-york-in-pictures]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tamin' ny Mey 2020, naseho tao amin' ny horonan-tsary mozikan' ny [[Pearl Jam]] &quot;[[Retrograde (Pearl Jam song)|Retrograde]]&quot; i Thunberg. Miseho izy ho mpaminany, misy sary ao amin' ny baolina vato manazava fiantraikan' ny fiovan' ny toetrandro any amin' ny firenena maro.&lt;ref&gt;Gary Dinges, &quot;Pearl Jam, Greta Thunberg mandoko sarin' ny hoavin' ny tontolo iainana amin' ny horonan-tsary 'Retrograde'.&quot; USA Today, 14 Mey 2020. Nalaina tamin' ny 1 Jona 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 30 Mey 2020. [https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2020/05/14/pearl-jam-music-video-features-greta-thunberg-climate-change-activism/5191460002/]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tamin' ny 3 Septambra 2020, naseho voalohany tao amin' ny [[Fetiben' ny Sarimihetsika any Venizia]] ny sarimihetsika fanadihadiana [[cinéma vérité]] ''[[I Am Greta]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Bradshaw, &quot;Fanadihadiana 'I Am Greta' – tsotra fa tsy lalina.&quot; The Guardian, 16 Septambra 2020. Nalaina tamin' ny 29 Septambra 2021. Voatahiry tamin' ny 29 Septambra 2021. [https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/sep/16/i-am-greta-review-slick-yet-shallow-thunberg-documentary]&lt;/ref&gt; Ny sarimihetsika dia notarihin' i Nathan Grossman, izay nitondra irery ny fakantsary sy ny feo raha nanangona ny asan' i Thunberg momba ny toetrandro &quot;avy amin' ny andro voalohany irery tamin' ny fitokonany tao amin' ny sekoly tamin' ny Aogositra 2018, hatramin' ny dia an-dranomasina roa herinandro nanerana ny Atlantika avy any Eoropa ho any New York mba handray anjara amin' ny Fivorian' ny Firenena Mikambana momba ny Toetrandro tamin' ny Septambra 2019.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Manori Ravindran, &quot;'I Am Greta' – Antony mahatonga an' i Greta Thunberg hahatonga ny olona hiverina any amin' ny sinema.&quot; San Francisco Chronicle, 6 Septambra 2020. Nalaina tamin' ny 14 Septambra 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 6 Septambra 2020. [https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/I-Am-Greta-Director-on-Why-Greta-Thunberg-15546231.php]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manori Ravindran, &quot;Sary fanadihadiana Hulu momba an' i Greta Thunberg hahazo famoahana any Eoropa sy Amerika Avaratra (manokana).&quot; Variety, 4 Septambra 2020. Nalaina tamin' ny 9 Septambra 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 9 Septambra 2020. [https://variety.com/2020/film/news/greta-thunberg-hulu-doc-european-north-american-theatrical-release-dogwoof-1234759221/]&lt;/ref&gt; Taorian' ny famoahana voalohany tao Venizia, naseho voalohany tany Amerika Avaratra ny sarimihetsika tamin' ny [[Fetiben' ny Sarimihetsika Iraisam-pirenena any Toronto]] tamin' ny 11 Septambra 2020,&lt;ref&gt;TIFF, &quot;I Am Greta.&quot; Septambra 2020. Nalaina tamin' ny 29 Septambra 2021. Voatahiry tamin' ny 29 Septambra 2021. [https://www.tiff.net/events/i-am-greta]&lt;/ref&gt; ary nivoaka tany amin' ny sinema manerana an' i Eoropa, Amerika Avaratra ary Aostralia tamin' ny Oktobra.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ora famoahana an' ny sarimihetsika I Am Greta akaikin' i Fairfax, VA.&quot; Showtimes.com, 25 Oktobra 2020. Nalaina tamin' ny 25 Oktobra 2020. Voatahiry tamin' ny 17 Novambra 2020. [https://www.showtimes.com/movie-times/i-am-greta-151797/fairfax-va/]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tamin' ny Martsa 2021, ny [[Oniversiten' i Winchester]] dia nametraka sarivongana mitovy habe amin' ny tena izy an' i Thunberg tao amin' ny kianjany.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sarivongana an' i Greta Thunberg ao amin' ny oniversite Winchester miteraka hatezerana.&quot; BBC News, 30 Martsa 2021. Nalaina tamin' ny 31 Martsa 2021. Voatahiry tamin' ny 7 Aprily 2021. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-56565683]&lt;/ref&gt; [[BBC Studios]] dia namokatra andian-tantara telo fizarana ''[[Greta Thunberg: A Year to Change the World]]'',&lt;ref&gt;Jake Kanter, &quot;BBC/PBS manohana ny andian-tantara fanadihadiana Greta Thunberg avy amin' ny BBC Studios.&quot; Deadline, 15 Febroary 2021. Nalaina tamin' ny 29 Septambra 2021. Voatahiry tamin' ny 25 Oktobra 2021. [https://deadline.com/2021/02/greta-thunberg-bbc-pbs-board-bbc-studios-documentary-1234693825/]&lt;/ref&gt; na dia nofoanana aza ny fitsidihana firenena isan-karazany noho ny valanaretina COVID-19.

== Loka amam-boninahitra ==
Nandray loka sy voninahitra maro i Thunberg nandritra ny fotoanan' ny firotsahany. Tamin' ny Mey 2018, talohan' ny nanombohany ny fitokonany teny an-tsekoly, isan' ny mpandresy tamin' ny fifaninanana lahatsoratra momba ny [[fiovan' ny toetrandro]] nataon' ny ''[[Svenska Dagbladet]] (The Swedish Daily News)'' ho an' ny tanora izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEWS-Wired(6-6-2019)&quot;&gt;Amelia Tait, &quot;Greta Thunberg: Ahoana no nahatonga tovovavy iray ho feon' ny planeta.&quot; ''Wired'', 6 Jona 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 24 Aogositra 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 23 Aogositra 2019. [https://www.wired.co.uk/article/greta-thunberg-climate-crisis]&lt;/ref&gt; Nandà ny hanatrika lanonana na hanaiky loka i Thunberg raha mitaky sidina izany, toy ny amin' ny [[Loka Iraisam-pirenena ho an' ny Fandriampahalemana ho an' ny Ankizy|International Children's Peace Prize]].&lt;ref&gt;CityNews Edmonton, &quot;Mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro Greta Thunberg mandresy loka ho an' ny ankizy&quot;, 4 Oktobra 2019. Nalaina tamin' ny 13 Oktobra 2019. Voatahiry tamin' ny 13 Oktobra 2019. [https://edmonton.citynews.ca/2019/10/04/climate-activist-greta-thunberg-wins-childrens-award/]&lt;/ref&gt; Nahazo loka avy amin' ny fikambanana tsy miankina amin' ny fanjakana sy andrim-pikarohana siantifika maro izy noho ny fampiakarany ny fahatsiarovan' ny besinimaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;n10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEWS-BelgianTimes(5-16-2019)&quot; /&gt;

* ''[[Time (gazety)|Time]]'' 25 tamin' ny tanora manana fiantraikany indrindra tamin' ny 2018, Desambra 2018, lisitra isan-taona avy amin' ny ''Time''.&lt;ref&gt;''Time'', &quot;Time's 25 Most Influential Teens of 2018&quot;, 7 Desambra 2018. Nalaina tamin' ny 22 Desambra 2018. Voatahiry tamin' ny 8 Desambra 2018. [https://time.com/5463721/most-influential-teens-2018/] {{Wayback|url=https://time.com/5463721/most-influential-teens-2018/ |date=20190525095246 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Fryshuset]] — vatsim-pianarana, 2018, ho an' ny Tanora Ohatra amin' ny Taona.&lt;ref&gt;Lina Rosengren, &quot;Greta Thunberg lasa Tanora Ohatra amin' ny Taona&quot;, Aktuell Hållbarhet, 22 Novambra 2018. Nalaina 22 Desambra 2018. Voatahiry 24 Novambra 2018. [https://www.aktuellhallbarhet.se/greta-thunberg-blir-arets-unga-forebild/]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Loka Nobel momba ny Fandriampahalemana]] — tolo-kevitra, 2019, avy amin' ny solombavambahoakan' ny [[Storting|Parlemanta Norveziana]] telo.&lt;ref name=&quot;av01&quot;&gt;Alanna Vagianos, &quot;Tovolahy 16 taona mpikatroka momba ny toetrandro Greta Thunberg natolotra ho Loka Nobel momba ny Fandriampahalemana&quot;, 14 Martsa 2019. ''HuffPost''. Nalaina 22 Martsa 2019. Voatahiry 28 Martsa 2019. [https://www.huffpost.com/entry/climate-activist-greta-thunberg-nobel-peace-prize_n_5c8a4ab8e4b0fbd7662145a4]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Straits Times, &quot;Tolo-kevitra ho Loka Nobel ho an' i Greta Thunberg&quot;, 15 Martsa 2019. Nalaina 24 Desambra 2019. Voatahiry 23 Desambra 2019. [https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/nobel-peace-prize-nomination-for-student-climate-campaigner-greta-thunberg]&lt;/ref&gt; Indray tamin' ny 2020 nataon' ny mpanao lalàna soedoà roa.&lt;ref name=&quot;voguescandinavia&quot; /&gt; Notolorana tamin' ny 2021, 2022 ary 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;nobel21&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;scmp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;voguescandinavia&quot;&gt;Vogue Scandinavia, &quot;Notolorana ho Loka Nobel momba ny Fandriampahalemana i Greta Thunberg&quot;, 2 Febroary 2023. Nalaina 29 Mey 2023. Voatahiry 29 Mey 2023. [https://www.voguescandinavia.com/articles/greta-thunberg-has-been-nominated-for-the-nobel-peace-prize]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Vehivavy Soedoà amin' ny Taona]] (Årets Svenska Kvinna), Martsa 2019, avy amin' ny [[Fikambanan' ny Fampianarana ho an' ny Vehivavy Soedoà|Swedish Women's Educational Association]].&lt;ref&gt;SWEA, &quot;Årets Svenska Kvinna 2019&quot;, 30 Martsa 2019. Nalaina 5 Oktobra 2019. Voatahiry 26 Septambra 2019. [https://ask.swea.org/2019/arets-svenska-kvinna-2019/] {{Wayback|url=https://ask.swea.org/2019/arets-svenska-kvinna-2019/ |date=20190926075431 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Loka Rachel Carson (loka tontolo iainana)|Loka Rachel Carson]], Martsa 2019, ho an' ny vehivavy niavaka tamin' ny asa momba ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;Hilde Torgersen, &quot;Hajaina amin' ny loka tontolo iainana i Greta Thunberg&quot;, NRK, 22 Martsa 2019. Nalaina 9 Janoary 2020. Voatahiry 12 Martsa 2021. [https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Frogaland%2Fgreta-thunberg-hedres-med-miljopris-1.14485056]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rachel Carson Prisen, &quot;Inona ny Loka Rachel Carson&quot;, Nalaina 9 Janoary 2020. Voatahiry 20 Aprily 2019. [http://www.rachelcarsonprisen.no/eng/The-Prize/What-is-the-Rachel-Carson-Prize]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Goldene Kamera]] — loka sarimihetsika sy fahitalavitra, Martsa 2019, Loka manokana ho an' ny Asa momba ny Toetrandro; natokan' i Thunberg ho an' ireo mpikatroka miaro ny Ala Hambach.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEWS-DW(3-31-2019)&quot;&gt;dpa, AFP, &quot;Mandresy ny Golden Camera alemà i Greta Thunberg&quot;, ''Deutsche Welle'', 31 Martsa 2019. Nalaina 24 Aogositra 2019. Voatahiry 12 Martsa 2021. [https://p.dw.com/p/3FxK2]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Loka Fritt Ord]], Aprily 2019, niarahany tamin' ny [[Natur og Ungdom]], “mankalaza ny fahalalahana miteny”; natolony amin' ny raharaha hitsaharan' ny [[fikatsahana solika]] ao Arktika ny ampahany amin' ny vola.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEWS-TNP(4-24-2019)&quot;&gt;The Nordic Page, &quot;Hampiasain' ny mpikatroka soedoà ny volan' ny loka avy any Norvegia hanenjehana an' i Norvegia&quot;, 24 Aprily 2019. Nalaina 24 Aogositra 2019. Voatahiry 19 Jona 2019. [https://www.tnp.no/norway/politics/swedish-climate-activist-will-use-prize-money-from-norway-to-sue-norway]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]], Aprily 2019, lisitry ny 100 olona nisy fiantraikany indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;Emma González, &quot;Greta Thunberg&quot;, ''Time''. Nalaina 18 Aprily 2019. Voatahiry 17 Aprily 2019. [https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567758/greta-thunberg/] {{Wayback|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567758/greta-thunberg/ |date=20190417232254 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Loka Laudato si']], Aprily 2019, avy amin' ny Fundacion Milarepa Chile, mifanaraka amin' ny &quot;fikarakara ny trano iombonana&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Fundacion Milarepa Chile, &quot;Greta Thunberg Winner of the Laudato Si' Prize 2019!&quot;, 19 Aprily 2019. Nalaina 20 Aprily 2019. Voatahiry 20 Aprily 2019. [https://fundacionmilarepachile.org/2019/04/19/greta-thunberg-winner-of-the-laudato-si-prize-2019/]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mari-pahaizana manokana ''[[Dokotera honoris causa]]'' (dr.h.c.), Mey 2019, avy amin' ny [[Oniversiten' i Mons]] noho ny “fandraisana anjara amin' ny fampahafantarana ny fampandrosoana maharitra”.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEWS-BelgianTimes(5-16-2019)&quot;&gt;Oscar Schneider, &quot;Oniversite belza hanome voninahitra an' i Greta Thunberg&quot;, ''The Belgian Times'', 16 Mey 2019. Nalaina 25 Aogositra 2019. Voatahiry 25 Aogositra 2019. [https://www.brusselstimes.com/all-news/belgium-all-news/56837/university-of-mons-to-honor-greta-thunberg-nicolas-hulot-nicolas-terne/]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Valery Saintghislain, &quot;Ny fidiran' ny taom-pianarana ao UMONS 10/10/2019 eo ambanin' ny fampandrosoana maharitra&quot;, 2 Septambra 2019. Nalaina 13 Oktobra 2019. Voatahiry 13 Oktobra 2019. [https://web.umons.ac.be/fr/la-rentree-academique-de-lumons-du-10-10-2019-placee-sous-le-signe-du-developpement-durable-et-des-10-ans-de-la-fusion/]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ambasadaoron' ny Feon' ny Saina|Ambassador of Conscience Award]], Jona 2019, loka ambony indrindra an' ny [[Amnesty International]], niarahany tamin' ny Fridays for Future.&lt;ref&gt;Amnesty International, &quot;Greta Thunberg sy Fridays for Future omena ny loka ambony indrindra&quot;, 7 Jona 2019. Nalaina 7 Jona 2019. Voatahiry 7 Jona 2019. [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/06/greta-thunberg-and-fridays-for-future-win-ambassador-of-conscience-2019-award/]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amnesty International, &quot;Mandray ny loka ambony indrindra i Greta Thunberg sy Fridays for Future&quot;, 16 Septambra 2019. Nalaina 25 Septambra 2019. Voatahiry 25 Septambra 2019. [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/09/greta-thunberg-and-fridays-for-future-receive-amnesty-internationals-top-honour/]&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Freedom Prize, Jolay 2019, avy amin' i [[Normandy (faritra ara-pitantanana)|Normandy]]; nomeny ho an' ny vondrona efatra (25.000 €).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;Chris Mills Rodrigo, &quot;Mandray ny Freedom Prize i Greta Thunberg, manolotra ny vola amin' ny vondrona momba ny toetrandro&quot;, ''The Hill'', 22 Jolay 2019. Nalaina 25 Septambra 2019. Voatahiry 25 Septambra 2019. [https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/454143-greta-thunberg-receives-normandys-first-freedom-prize-donates-prize]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Medaly Geddes momba ny Tontolo iainana]], Jolay 2019, avy amin' ny [[Royal Scottish Geographical Society]].&lt;ref&gt;''The Herald'', &quot;Mandresy loka malaza any Ekosy i Greta&quot;, 12 Jolay 2019. Nalaina 13 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry 12 Jolay 2019. [https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/17767185.greta-wins-prestigious-scottish-award/]&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[Firahalahiana manokana ao amin' ny Royal Scottish Geographical Society]] (FRSGS), Jolay 2019, miaraka amin' ny loka Geddes.&lt;ref&gt;RSGS, &quot;Honorary Fellowship&quot;, 10 Jona 2019. Nalaina 22 Jolay 2019. Voatahiry 20 Septambra 2019. [https://www.rsgs.org/honorary-fellowship]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Right Livelihood Award]], Septambra 2019, &quot;ho amin' ny aingam-panahy sy fampitomboana ny fitakiana politika amin' ny hetsika maika mifototra amin' ny zava-misy siantifika&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Johan Ahlander, &quot;Mandresy ny 'Nobel hafa' i Greta Thunberg&quot;, ''Reuters'', 25 Septambra 2019. Nalaina 25 Septambra 2019. Voatahiry 25 Septambra 2019. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sweden-award-right-livelihood-idUSKBN1WA0L8]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Fanalahidin' ny Tanànan' i Montreal]], Septambra 2019, avy amin' ny Ben'ny Tanàna [[Valérie Plante]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Daily Hive-2019&quot;&gt;''Daily Hive'', &quot;Faly i Greta Thunberg nandray ny fanalahidin' i Montreal&quot;, 28 Septambra 2019. Nalaina 29 Septambra 2019. Voatahiry 29 Septambra 2019. [https://dailyhive.com/montreal/greta-thunberg-key-city-montreal-2]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Loka Iraisam-pirenena ho an' ny Fandriampahalemana ho an' ny Ankizy]], Oktobra 2019, niarahany tamin' i [[Divina Maloum]] 14 taona, avy amin' ny [[KidsRights Foundation]].&lt;ref&gt;PR Newswire, &quot;Desmond Tutu manambara ny mpandresy 2019&quot;, 4 Oktobra 2019. Nalaina 13 Oktobra 2019. Voatahiry 7 Oktobra 2019. [https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/desmond-tutu-announces-the-winners-of-the-international-children-s-peace-prize-2019-greta-thunberg-16-from-sweden-and-divina-maloum-14-from-cameroon-802168463.html]&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{lang|lkt|Maphiyata echiyatan hin win}} ({{lit|Vehivavy avy any Lanitra}}), anarana foko [[Lakota]] nomena, Oktobra 2019, tao amin' ny Toeram-ponenan' ny Indianina ao Standing Rock.&lt;ref&gt;Oliver Milman, &quot;Hajaina ao Standing Rock i Greta Thunberg&quot;, ''The Guardian'', 9 Oktobra 2019. Nalaina 9 Oktobra 2019. Voatahiry 9 Oktobra 2019. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/09/greta-thunberg-standing-rock-north-south-dakota-nobel-peace-prize]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;KFYR-TV, &quot;Mitsidika an' i Standing Rock i Greta Thunberg&quot;, 8 Oktobra 2019. Nalaina 9 Oktobra 2019. Voatahiry 9 Oktobra 2019. [https://www.kfyrtv.com/content/news/Swedish-climate-activist-Greta-Thunberg-visits-Standing-Rock-562574651.html]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Loka momba ny Tontolo iainana an' ny Filankevitra Nordika]], Oktobra 2019. Nandà i Thunberg handray izany sy ny {{Currency|350000|DKK2|link=no}} (mitovy amin' ny {{Currency|47000|EUR|link=no}} tamin' ny Oktobra 2019) noho ny tsy fahampian' ny fihenan' ny entona any amin' ny firenena nordika.&lt;ref&gt;CNN, &quot;Nolavin' i Greta Thunberg ny loka satria mila asa fa tsy loka&quot;, 29 Oktobra 2019. Nalaina 30 Oktobra 2019. Voatahiry 30 Oktobra 2019. [https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/29/world/greta-thunberg-nordic-award-decline-trnd/index.html]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;AFP, &quot;‘Tsy mila loka ny toetrandro': Mandà i Greta Thunberg&quot;, ''The Guardian'', 29 Oktobra 2019. Nalaina 30 Oktobra 2019. Voatahiry 30 Oktobra 2019. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/29/greta-thunberg-declines-award-climate-crisis]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Olona amin' ny Taona an' ny Time|''Time'' Olona amin' ny Taona]], Desambra 2019, voalohany teraka tamin' ny taonjato faha-21 ary zandriny indrindra.&lt;ref&gt;NBC News, &quot;Greta Thunberg no Olona amin' ny Taona 2019 an' ny Time&quot;, 11 Desambra 2019. Nalaina 11 Desambra 2019. Voatahiry 11 Desambra 2019. [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/greta-thunberg-time-s-2019-person-year-n1099396]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost1&quot;&gt;Hannah Knowles, ''The Washington Post'', &quot;Time 2019 Person of the Year is Greta Thunberg&quot;, 11 Desambra 2019. Nalaina 11 Desambra 2019. Voatahiry 11 Desambra 2019. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/12/11/time-person-year/]&lt;/ref&gt; Ho amin' ny nahombiazany tamin' ny fanovana toe-tsaina maneran-tany, sy ny fanairana hetsika maika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;(Teny tany am-boalohany: &quot;creating a global attitudinal shift, transforming millions of vague, middle-of-the-night anxieties into a worldwide movement calling for urgent change.&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Frank Jordans, &quot;Gaga kely i Thunberg amin' ny fisafidianana azy&quot;, ''Associated Press'', 11 Desambra 2019. Nalaina 13 Desambra 2019. Voatahiry 13 Desambra 2019. [https://apnews.com/61a7c2fabb9b5639357244ecb372001b]&lt;/ref&gt; Ary: ho amin' ny fanairana momba ny fifandraisana mpanararaotra amin' ny tany onenantsika tokana.&lt;ref&gt;(Teny tany am-boalohany: &quot;For sounding the alarm about humanity's predatory relationship with the only home we have...&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Loka ''Glamour'' Vehivavy amin' ny Taona]] 2019, 12 Novambra 2019, avy amin' ny ''[[Glamour (gazety)|Glamour]]''; noraisin' i Jane Fonda tamin' ny anarany.&lt;ref&gt;''Glamour'', &quot;Glamour Women of the Year Awards 2019: The Best Moments&quot;, 12 Novambra 2019. Nalaina 1 Martsa 2020. Voatahiry 1 Martsa 2020. [https://www.glamour.com/story/women-of-the-year-awards-2019]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Glamour Videos'', &quot;Jane Fonda mandray ny loka amin' ny anaran' i Greta Thunberg&quot;. Nalaina 4 Febroary 2020. Voatahiry 3 Febroary 2020. [https://www.glamour.com/video/watch/women-of-the-year-jane-fonda-accepts-award-on-greta-thunberg-s-behalf]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Our Town, &quot;Greta Thunberg sy 'Shop Stop'&quot;, 10 Oktobra 2019. Nalaina 28 Febroary 2020. Voatahiry 28 Febroary 2020. [http://www.ourtownny.com/news/greta-thunberg-and-shop-stop-YY573364]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Anisan' ny vehivavy 100 an' ny BBC tamin' ny 2019.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, &quot;BBC 100 Women 2019: Iza no ao amin' ny lisitra?&quot;, 15 Oktobra 2019. Nalaina 17 Desambra 2022. Voatahiry 9 Desambra 2021. [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-50042279]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Nature's 10]], Desambra 2019, &quot;olona zava-dehibe folo amin' ny siansa&quot;, amin' ny maha &quot;catalyst&quot; ny toetrandro azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;n10&quot;&gt;Nature, &quot;Nature's 10: Ten people who mattered in science in 2019&quot;, 2019; 576(7787):361–372. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-03749-0. Nalaina 31 Desambra 2019. [https://www.nature.com/]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Lisitra ''Forbes'' amin' ny Vehivavy 100 Manan-kery Indrindra Eran-tany|''Forbes'' Vehivavy 100 Manan-kery Indrindra]], 2019
* [[Forbes 30 Latsaky ny 30|''Forbes'' 30 Latsaky ny 30]] Eoropa 2020 – Mpandraharaha Sosialy&lt;ref&gt;Forbes, &quot;Greta Thunberg&quot;, Nalaina 7 Aogositra 2022. Voatahiry 7 Septambra 2023. [https://www.forbes.com/nft-profile/greta-thunberg/]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Human Act Award, Andron' ny Tany, 22 Avrily 2020, avy amin' ny Human Act Foundation; ny USD 100.000 nomena UNICEF ary nampitomboin' ny Fondation.&lt;ref&gt;Jonas Gregersen, &quot;Human Act Award 2020&quot;, 29 Avrily 2020. Nalaina 3 Mey 2020. Voatahiry 13 Mey 2020. [https://humanact.org/human-act-award-2020/] {{Wayback|url=https://humanact.org/human-act-award-2020/ |date=20200513073428 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Best in Activism (Tech &amp; Innovation) amin' ny [[Loka Shorty faha-12]], 3 Mey 2020.&lt;ref&gt;Shorty Awards, &quot;BEST IN ACTIVISM&quot;, 3 Mey 2020. Nalaina 12 Jolay 2022. Voatahiry 12 Jolay 2022. [https://shortyawards.com/category/12th/activism]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Loka Gulbenkian ho an' ny Olombelona]], Jolay 2020, mpandray voalohany; ny {{Currency|1000000|EUR|link=no}} nomena tetikasa miady amin' ny krizin' ny toetrandro sy ekôlôjia, indrindra ao amin' ny [[Atsimo Globaly]].&lt;ref&gt;Gulbenkian, &quot;Greta Thunberg dia mpandresy voalohany amin' ny Loka Gulbenkian&quot;, 20 Jolay 2020. Nalaina 22 Jolay 2020. Voatahiry 12 Jolay 2022. [https://gulbenkian.pt/en/news/greta-thunberg-is-the-winner-of-the-first-gulbenkian-prize-for-humanity/]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Women in Youth Activism Award amin' ny 2021 Women of Europe Awards, 2 Desambra 2021, noho ny “fitarihana sahy amin' ny rariny ara-toetrandro sy fiovana sosialy”.&lt;ref&gt;Euronews, &quot;Mandresy i Greta Thunberg sy Angela Merkel ao amin' ny Women of Europe Awards&quot;, 2 Desambra 2021. Nalaina 13 Jolay 2022. Voatahiry 13 Jolay 2022. [https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2021/12/02/greta-thunberg-and-angela-merkel-triumph-at-the-women-of-europe-awards]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mari-pahaizana manokana ''[[Dokotera amin' ny Lalàna]]'' (LLD), 31 Mey 2021, avy amin' ny [[Oniversiten' i British Columbia, Kianja Okanagan]], noho ny “fanairana ireo mpitarika eran-tany”.&lt;ref&gt;Global News, &quot;Dr. Bonnie Henry, Greta Thunberg hahazo mari-pahaizana manokana&quot;, Nalaina 22 Febroary 2023. Voatahiry 12 Jolay 2022. [https://globalnews.ca/news/7732631/bonnie-henry-greta-thunberg-ubc-honorary-degrees/]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;UBC News, Thandi Fletcher, 31 Martsa 2021, &quot;Greta Thunberg sy Dr. Bonnie Henry hahazo mari-pahaizana manokana&quot;. Nalaina 22 Febroary 2023. Voatahiry 12 Jolay 2022. [https://news.ubc.ca/2021/03/31/greta-thunberg-dr-bonnie-henry-to-receive-honorary-degrees-from-ubc/]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;UBC Okanagan, &quot;2021 Honorary Degree Recipients&quot;. Nalaina 22 Febroary 2023. Voatahiry 12 Jolay 2022. [https://graduation.ok.ubc.ca/honorary-degrees/2021-honorary-degree-recipients/]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Dokotera amin' ny Teolojia]] manokana avy amin' ny [[Oniversiten' i Helsinki]]. Azo tamin' ny Jona 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Helsingin Sanomat, Noona Bäckren, &quot;Omena voninahitra ambony i Greta Thunberg avy amin' ny Oniversiten' i Helsinki&quot;, 21 Martsa 2023. Nalaina 23 Martsa 2023. Voatahiry 21 Martsa 2023. [https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/helsinki/art-2000009457323.html]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karazana biby nomena anarana mitovy amin' i Thunberg ===
Ireto karazana manaraka ireto no nofaritana ary nomena anarana avy amin' i Thunberg:
* ''[[Nelloptodes gretae]]'', nosoratan' i Michael Darby, Natural History Museum, UK, Desambra 2019, bibikely vaovao avy any [[Kenya]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana [[Ptiliidae]].&lt;ref&gt;Natural History Museum, &quot;412 karazany vaovao nofaritan' ny mpahay siansa amin' ity taona ity&quot;. Nalaina 31 Desambra 2019. Voatahiry 12 Jolay 2022. [https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2019/december/museum-scientists-described-412-new-species-this-year.html]&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tandron-doha lava dia mitovy amin' ny tava roa mirandrana azy.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News, &quot;Bibikely vaovao nomena anarana avy amin' i Greta Thunberg&quot;, 25 Oktobra 2019. Voatahiry 12 Jolay 2022. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-50182815]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM&quot;&gt;Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, Michael Darby, 2019, 155(4):239–257. doi:10.31184/M00138908.1554.3999.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Craspedotropis gretathunbergae]]'', Schilthuizen sy mpiara-miasa, 2020, sifotra an-tanety vaovao avy any Borneo ao amin' ny [[Cyclophoridae]].&lt;ref&gt;Biodiversity Data Journal, 20 Febroary 2020, 8:e47484. doi:10.3897/BDJ.8.e47484. (Misy fidirana maimaim-poana)&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Thunberga greta'', ao amin' ny tarika vaovao ''[[Thunberga]] gen. nov.'', nosoratan' i [[Peter Jäger]], Jona 2020, hala mpihaza afrikanina atsinanana ao amin' ny [[Sparassidae]].&lt;ref&gt;France 24, &quot;Hala vaovao nomena anarana avy amin' i Greta&quot;, 12 Jona 2020. Nalaina 12 Jona 2020. Voatahiry 12 Jona 2020. [https://www.france24.com/en/20200612-new-spider-species-named-after-greta]&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin' ny {{as of|2022|04}}, ny ''Thunberga'' dia nisy karazana 29 vao voasoratra,&lt;ref name=&quot;WSC_g5796&quot;&gt;World Spider Catalog v20.0, &quot;Gen. Thunberga Jäger, 2020&quot;. Nalaina 1 Aprily 2022. doi:10.24436/2. [http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/5796]&lt;/ref&gt; avy any Madagasikara sy Mayotte, maro homena anarana ho fanomezam-boninahitra ny tanora aingam-panahy.&lt;ref&gt;''BBC Wildlife'', &quot;Greta spiders&quot;, Mey 2021, p.27.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Opacuincola gretathunbergae]]'', Verhaegen &amp; Haase, 2021, sifotra rano mamy vaovao avy any Zeorzeylanda Vaovao ao amin' ny [[Tateidae]].&lt;ref&gt;European Journal of Taxonomy, 18 Janoary 2021, is.731, p.71–96. doi:10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1205. (Maimaim-poana)&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Pristimantis gretathunbergae]]'', Mebert sy mpiara-miasa, 2022, sahona avy any Panama.&lt;ref&gt;Nathaniel Janowitz, &quot;Nahazo anaran' ny sahona vao hita i Greta Thunberg&quot;, ''Vice'', 19 Janoary 2022. Nalaina 3 Oktobra 2023. Voatahiry 28 Janoary 2022. [https://www.vice.com/en/article/greta-thunberg-just-had-a-newly-discovered-frog-named-after-her]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsiahy ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[sokajy:Biografia]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 2003]]</text>
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    <title>Charles II (Angletera)</title>
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[[File:William Dobson - Charles II, 1630 - 1685. King of Scots 1649 - 1685. King of England and Ireland 1660 - 1685 (When Prince of Wales, with a page) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|Charles II]]
'''Charles II''' (*29 Mey 1630 - 6 Febroary 1685) [c] dia Mpanjakan' {{Ekosy}} nanomboka tamin'ny 1649 ka hatramin'ny 1651 ary Mpanjakan' {{Angletera}}, {{Ekosy}} ary [[Irlandy]] nanomboka tamin'ny Famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny fanjakany tamin'ny 1660 ka hatramin'ny nahafatesany tamin'ny 1685.

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![[Sary:Flag of England.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan'i [[Angletera]] 
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|  [[Charles I|Charles I]]&lt;br/&gt;1625–1649||    [[Charles II (Angletera)|Charles II]]&lt;br/&gt; 1660-1685 ||  [[James II (Angletera)|James II &amp; VII]]&lt;br/&gt;1685–1688  sy &lt;br/&gt;[[William III an'i Angletera|William III]] - 1689-1694      
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{{commonscat|Charles II of England}}

[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1630]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1685]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Fanjakana Mitambatra]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan'Ekosy]]</text>
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[[File:William Dobson - Charles II, 1630 - 1685. King of Scots 1649 - 1685. King of England and Ireland 1660 - 1685 (When Prince of Wales, with a page) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|Charles II]]
'''Charles II''' (*29 Mey 1630 - 6 Febroary 1685) [c] dia Mpanjakan' {{Ekosy}} nanomboka tamin'ny 1649 ka hatramin'ny 1651 ary Mpanjakan' {{Angletera}}, {{Ekosy}} ary [[Irlandy]] nanomboka tamin'ny Famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny fanjakany tamin'ny 1660 ka hatramin'ny nahafatesany tamin'ny 1685.

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![[Sary:Flag of England.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan'i [[Angletera]] 
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|  [[Charles I|Charles I]]&lt;br/&gt;1625–1649||    [[Charles II (Angletera)|Charles II]]&lt;br/&gt; 1660-1685 ||  [[James II (Angletera)|James II &amp; VII]]&lt;br/&gt;1685–1688  sy &lt;br/&gt;[[William III an'i Angletera|William III]] - 1689-1694      
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{{commonscat|Charles II of England}}

[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1630]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1685]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Fanjakana Mitambatra]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan' Ekosy]]</text>
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[[File:William Dobson - Charles II, 1630 - 1685. King of Scots 1649 - 1685. King of England and Ireland 1660 - 1685 (When Prince of Wales, with a page) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|Charles II]]
'''Charles II''' (*29 Mey 1630 - 6 Febroary 1685) [c] dia Mpanjakan' {{Ekosy}} nanomboka tamin'ny 1649 ka hatramin'ny 1651 ary Mpanjakan' {{Angletera}}, {{Ekosy}} ary [[Irlandy]] nanomboka tamin'ny Famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny fanjakany tamin'ny 1660 ka hatramin'ny nahafatesany tamin'ny 1685.

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!mpandimby
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|  [[Charles I|Charles I]]&lt;br/&gt;1625–1649||    [[Charles II (Angletera)|Charles II]]&lt;br/&gt; 1660-1685 ||  [[James II (Angletera)|James II &amp; VII]]&lt;br/&gt;1685–1688  sy &lt;br/&gt;[[William III an'i Angletera|William III]] - 1689-1694      
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{{commonscat|Charles II of England}}

[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1630]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1685]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Fanjakana Mitambatra]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan' Ekosy]]</text>
      <sha1>rp0jultskf1ndin1vmudz6ai5dnn1gx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>295578</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135378</id>
      <parentid>1134232</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T10:25:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-96630-1</username>
        <id>38575</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy hadisoam-pitendrena</comment>
      <origin>1135378</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27635" sha1="5hb792wx8s8lxrjo2679j4w33ufte2r" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Madagascar Fish Eagle, Lake Ravelobe, Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar 1.jpg|vignette|[[Ankoay]] (''Icthyophaga vociferoides'')]]
Ity '''lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy''' ity dia tsy mahafaoka ny anaram-borona rehetra fa hofenoina miandalana, anisan' izany na ny vorona tsy misy eto [[Madagasikara]] nefa manana anarana amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Misy amin' ireo anarana ireo ny manondro karazam-borona tokana (ohatra: [[ankoay]], [[toloho]]), misy ny manondro vondron-karazana iray na ampahany (ohatra: [[Aotirisy (vorona)|aotirisy]]), fianakaviana iray na ampahany (ohatra: [[gisa]], [[akanga]], [[Torotoroka|tororoka]]), filaharana iray na ampahany (ohatra: [[vorondolo]], [[voronkely]]), misy ny manondro karazam-borona maromaro tsy misy ifandraisany (ohatra: [[firasa]]). Ao amin' ireo anarana ireo koa dia misy ny anarana roa na mihoatra izay manondro karazana tokana izay miova arakaraka ny [[Fitenim-paritra malagasy|faritra]] eto [[Madagasikara]] (ohatra: [[railovy]] sy [[Railovy|drongo]]) na vondrona tokana: vondron-karazana iray manontolo na apahany (ohatra: [[takodara]], [[Takodara|barao]], [[Takodara|drao]] sns), fianakaviana iray manontolo na apahany (ohatra: [[Vivy (vorona)|vivy]] sy [[kiborano]]).

Tamin' ny taona 2022 dia nisy karazam-borona 304 i [[Madagasikara]]. Amin' ireo karazana ireo dia manao akany eto amin' ny Nosy ny 210, ka ny 110 amin' ireo, izany hoe ny antsasany, dia tsy misy afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. Mihoatra ny 20 ny filaharana misy, manodidina ny 60 ny fianakaviana.

[[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#A|A]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#B|B]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#D|D]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#E|E]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#F|F]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#G|G]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#H|H]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#I|I]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#J|J]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#K|K]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#L|L]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#M|M]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#N|N]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#O|O]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#P|P]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#R|R]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#S|S]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#T|T]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#V|V]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#Z|Z]]

== Lisitra ==

=== A ===
[[Sary:Gallus gallus domesticus (Parque Quevedo).001 - Leon.jpg|vignette|225x225px|[[Akoho]] (''Gallus gallus domesticus'')]]
[[abilimborona]] - [[abosanga]] - [[adibo]] - [[agana]] - [[agisa]] - [[ahakañy]] - [[Aka (vorona)|aka]] - [[Akaka (vorona)|akaka]] - [[akakamainty]] - [[akanga]] - akanga hako (akangadia) - akangalahy (lahin' akanga) - akangarano (akanga foy fahavaratra) - akangavavy (vavin' akanga) - [[akoho]] - akohokely (zanak' akoho mbola kely) - akoholahy (lahin' akoho) - [[akoholahinala]] - akoho masombika (akoho fiompy manana volo olioly) - [[akohonala]] - akoho satroka - akohovavy (vavin' akoho) - [[akohovohitsa]] - akoho vazaha (akoho lava tongotra sady lehibe) - 
[[Sary:Gallina de Guinea (Numida meleagris), parque nacional del lago Nakuru, Kenia, 2024-05-18, DD 40.jpg|ankavia|vignette|226x226px|Akanga (''[[Numida meleagris]]'')]]
akoho vorombato (akoho mitovitovy amin' ny akoho vazaha, fa kely vava) - [[akoka]] - akôlahy (akoholahy) - [[aliotse]] - [[alihotsy]] - [[Aloy (vorona)|aloy]] - [[Ambaramaty (vorona)|ambaramaty]] - [[ambirobitry]] - [[ambosanga]] - [[Ampala (vorona)|ampala]] - anakaomby (angakadia vaventiventy) - [[anatsoy]] - [[andevokorova]] - [[andovy]] - [[Andrandra (vorona)|andrandra]] - [[andreta]] - [[andritika]] - [[angàka]] - [[Anganga (vorona)|anganga]] - [[Angitra (vorona)|angitra]] - [[angongo]] - [[anjoy]] - [[ankanga]] - [[ankoay]] - [[ankoe]] - [[antodiana]] - [[Aotirisy (vorona)|aositrisy]] - [[Aotirisy (vorona)|aositritsy]] - [[Aotirisy (vorona)|aotrisy]] - [[Aotirisy (vorona)|aotrisy]] - [[Ara (vorona)|ara]] -  [[arefy]] - [[aretaka]] - [[ariha]] - [[arondovy]] - [[arosy]] - [[asity]] - [[asaity]] - [[avoka]] 

[[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#A|A]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#B|B]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#D|D]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#E|E]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#F|F]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#G|G]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#H|H]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#I|I]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#J|J]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#K|K]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#L|L]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#M|M]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#N|N]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#O|O]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#P|P]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#R|R]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#S|S]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#T|T]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#V|V]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#Z|Z]] 

=== B ===
[[Sary:Coracopsis vasa -Madagascar-8.jpg|vignette|237x237px|[[Boloky]] (''[[Coracopsis vasa]]'')]]
bakantiny - baminandro - bandrolahy - bantakoko - barao - barara - batakonko - bedoko - belela - bemanana - betankoho - bintsy - birina - birovy - bitsibitsy - bitsy - boaiza - boaka - bobake - bobaky - bodoloha - bodomavo - [[boaiza]] - [[boeza]] - [[boezy]] - bojy - bojo - bokazava - bokazavo - bokeoke - boky - [[boloky]] - bonekantsikotrony - bonoka - boreta - boretiky - boria - borom-baratra

[[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#A|A]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#B|B]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#D|D]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#E|E]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#F|F]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#G|G]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#H|H]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#I|I]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#J|J]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#K|K]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#L|L]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#M|M]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#N|N]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#O|O]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#P|P]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#R|R]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#S|S]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#T|T]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#V|V]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#Z|Z]]

=== D ===
[[Sary:Madagascar Grebe.jpg|vignette|Dokoa na drakidrakirano (''[[Tachybaptus pelzelnii]]'')]]
daho foana - dangero - dangoro - dangorofotsy - dangoromainty - darasiny - deho - dehoka - dehoky - demoaina - demodemoka - demoy - deofone - diandiana - dimohy - dimpitra - dimpotra - diviky - dokera - dokitry - [[Tachybaptus pelzelnii|dokoa]] - [[dokotra]] - dokotse - domohe - domohimalotra - [[domohina]] - drakidraky - [[drakidrakirano]] - drao - dridry - drondra - [[dronga]] - [[drongo]] - droviky - drovitry

[[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#A|A]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#B|B]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#D|D]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#E|E]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#F|F]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#G|G]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#H|H]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#I|I]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#J|J]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#K|K]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#L|L]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#M|M]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#N|N]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#O|O]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#P|P]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#R|R]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#S|S]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#T|T]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#V|V]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#Z|Z]]

=== E ===
eindry - endry - [[eoke]] - [[eoky]] - etrika

=== F ===
[[Sary:Foudia madagascariensis, Praslin Island.jpg|vignette|Fody (''[[Foudia madagascariensis]]'')]]
fadionga - fadronga - falamakavava - [[famakiakora]] - famakiankôra - famakisifotra - famefaganty - famefakangaty - fanalamote - fanalamotimboay - fañalinandro - fandeainga - fandiafasika - fandikalalana - fandikanala - fandiorano - [[fandrasa]] - fandrasalambo - [[fandrasangara]] - fandravazana - fandrohikibo - fangalamotimboay - fangalatrovy - fangaoka - fanihy - faniky - fanily - fanindry - fanotoforona - fantio - fantsasatra - faralambotra - faravoanemba - fara vody tatatra - farifitra - farifotra - fasasatra - fatio - feheaky - feka - fente - feta - fetiliadambo - fiaika - fiaky - fiandrivoditatatra - fiandrivoditatratra - fihiaka - fihiake - fihiaky - filambotra - filanivotra - finaingo - finengo - finigo - finingo- finjo - fino - firaokibo - [[firasa]] - [[firasambalala]] - [[firasy]] - fireo - fireringakely - firio - firioka - firiotsandro - firiringa - fisindriky - fisoroky - fitapatatra - fitatenona - fitatra - fitatrala - fitiliadabo - fitiliandriaka - fitiliandro - fitilibengy - fitily - fitilisaisy - fitilitatema - fitilivaratsa - fitimoky - fodiala - fodifetsy - [[fody]] - fodilahy - fodilahimena - fodileimena - fodimainty - fodimavo - fodimena - [[fodisahy]] - [[fodisay]] - [[fodisaina]] - [[fodise]] - [[fodisiay]] - foditany - foliay - fona - fondra - fonengo - fony - fonimaitso - foningo - foningomaitso - foñohoka - forisatra - fotsielatra - [[fotsimaso]]

[[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#A|A]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#B|B]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#D|D]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#E|E]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#F|F]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#G|G]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#H|H]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#I|I]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#J|J]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#K|K]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#L|L]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#M|M]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#N|N]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#O|O]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#P|P]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#R|R]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#S|S]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#T|T]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#V|V]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#Z|Z]]

=== G ===
[[Sary:Greylag Goose Anser anser by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN7305 (4).jpg|vignette|Gisa (''[[Anser]]'' sp)]]
gadragadra - gagà - gaja - gana - [[ganagana]] - gañake - garade - [[gisa]] - gisalahy - gisavavy - gisy - giso - goaga - goagoaka - [[goaika]] - goaka - goakarano - goake - goaky - gohaka - [[goribe]]

=== H ===
[[Sary:Madagascar Kestrel RWD.jpg|ankavia|vignette|219x219px|[[Hitsikitsika]] (''Falco newtoni'')]]
hake - haky - [[haliotse]] - [[haliotsy]] - [[hanka]] - [[hankana]] - [[hankoay]] - hara - harakaraka - haretaka - hatoto - heoke - hindry - hitikitika - hitikitike - hitikitiky - [[hitsikitsika]] - [[hitsikitsikala]] - hoetrika - hora - horova - horovana - horovy

[[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#A|A]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#B|B]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#D|D]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#E|E]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#F|F]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#G|G]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#H|H]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#I|I]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#J|J]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#K|K]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#L|L]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#M|M]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#N|N]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#O|O]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#P|P]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#R|R]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#S|S]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#T|T]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#V|V]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#Z|Z]]

=== I ===
iarovana - iboria - ifihika - ifonengo - ihitsikitsika - ikitiky - indovy - indribemanana

=== J ===
jararoko - jery - jokoreva - jorio  

=== K ===
[[Sary:Madagascar_Buttonquail_RWD.jpg|vignette|250x250px|Kibobo (''Turnix nigricollis'')]]
kabana -  kabatiñy - [[kadibake]] - kaboka - kakihio - kakio - kana - kanakana -  [[Taontaonkafa|kankafotra]] - kararôka - karaza - kariaky - katolo - katoto - katrakatraka - katrakatra - kavoka - kazazaka - kekemavo - kekeoka  keliarivo - keokeoka - ketso - kia - [[Kibo (vorona)|kibo]] - [[kibobo]] - [[kibokely]] - kibonaomby - kibondolo - [[Vivy (vorona)|kiborano]] - [[kibotay]] - kijily - kijoa - kilandy - [[kimitse]] - [[kimitsy]] - kintobeloha - kinto - kiokioke - kipoy - kiriodanitra - kiriokirio - kiriondanitra - kiririoky - kirivorona - [[kirombo]] - kiroty - kitanotano - kitaotao - kitilitilinandro - kititrio - kitokely - kitôto - kitreoke - kitrioky - kitriotriotra - kitsikitsika - kivongo - koadrano - koaka - koake - koaky - koakoaka - koama - kobabe - koera - kokoho - koloka - kolokoloka - kotika - kotolahy - kotreoky - kraoma

[[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#A|A]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#B|B]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#D|D]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#E|E]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#F|F]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#G|G]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#H|H]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#I|I]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#J|J]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#K|K]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#L|L]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#M|M]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#N|N]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#O|O]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#P|P]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#R|R]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#S|S]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#T|T]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#V|V]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#Z|Z]]

=== L ===
[[Sary:Lophotibis_cristata_-Bronx_Zoo-8.jpg|vignette|252x252px|Lampirana (''Lophotibis cristata'')]]
lairovy - laivozake - [[lampirana]] - langaraka - langaroka - langaroke - langaro - langopaka - langoro - langoroaomby - langorobe - langorofotsy - [[Vanokagira|langoromavo]] - langorovalala - langorovoanga - lapira - lavaelatra - lavasalaka - leidorongo - [[lejabe]] - limohy - loho - [[lombokohomana]] - [[lombokoma]] - [[lombokomana]] - [[lomokoma]] - lovalova - [[love]]

=== M ===
maheriloha - malemilava (''Ardeola idae, Ardea humbloti'') - mamantsiñe - manaboandro - manarana - manaviandro - mandreto - manekinko - mangimike - mantavazana - maorara - maria - [[mariha]] - [[maritaina]] - [[marotaina]] - matahy - [[matoriandro]] - matsika - menamaso - menapenda - menavava - mokokoy - moty

[[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#A|A]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#B|B]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#D|D]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#E|E]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#F|F]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#G|G]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#H|H]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#I|I]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#J|J]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#K|K]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#L|L]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#M|M]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#N|N]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#O|O]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#P|P]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#R|R]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#S|S]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#T|T]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#V|V]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#Z|Z]]

=== N ===

=== O ===
oho - oitika - olioly - [[ombikomana]] - [[ongongo]] - onjo - [[Otrika (vorona)|otrika]]

=== P ===
[[Sary:Coturnix coturnix, Fraunberg, Bayern, Deutschland 2, Ausschnitt.jpg|vignette|212x212px|[[Papelika (vorona)|Papelika]] (''Coturnix coturnix'')]]
pakatova - [[papango]] - papangofotsy - [[Papelika (vorona)|papelika]] - [[Pera (vorona)|pera]] - pareteka - parety - pariamaso - [[patsatsatra]] - peretika - piapiakakoho - pijina - pinjo - pizina - pompa - poretake - pory

[[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#A|A]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#B|B]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#D|D]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#E|E]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#F|F]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#G|G]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#H|H]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#I|I]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#J|J]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#K|K]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#L|L]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#M|M]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#N|N]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#O|O]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#P|P]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#R|R]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#S|S]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#T|T]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#V|V]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#Z|Z]]

=== R ===
[[Sary:Crested drongo (Dicrurus forficatus forficatus) feeding.jpg|vignette|213x213px|[[Railovy]] (''Dicrurus forficatus'')]]
[[rafanopoka]] - rahoetraky - [[raidonga]] - [[railomba]] - [[railombo]] - [[railonga]] - [[railovy]] - rainibao - ramangara - ramangavia - ramanjeona - ramanjereke - ramanjereky - [[ramanjerika]] - rangady - rangado - rangimboay - rasanga - [[rasangetra]] - ravoravo - [[relonga]] - [[relove]] - reniakoho - renivitro - [[Rere (vorona)|rere]] - [[roatelo]]

=== S ===
[[Sary:005c Greater flamingos courtship display in the Camargue during mating season Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|ankavia|vignette|Sama (''[[Phoenicopterus roseus]]'')]]
sabery - sadakely - sakaizamboay - [[sakobokomana]] - [[sakobonkomana]] - [[salobokomana]] - [[salobonkomana]] - salahy - [[Sama (vorona)|sama]] - samby - [[sarindokotra]] - [[sarivaza]] - [[sarivazo]] - seritse - siay - [[sidintsidina]] - sidisidina - [[sihotse]] - [[sihotsy]] - [[siketriala]] - [[siketribe]] - [[siketry]] - [[singetra]] - sitaromaso - sivongo - sobitiky - sohihy - sohimanga - soiangaly - soikely - [[soimanga]] - soisoy - soy - sokonina - sokoreva - soritry - soritsa - soroanja - [[sorohitra]] - soroitsa

[[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#A|A]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#B|B]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#D|D]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#E|E]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#F|F]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#G|G]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#H|H]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#I|I]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#J|J]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#K|K]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#L|L]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#M|M]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#N|N]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#O|O]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#P|P]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#R|R]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#S|S]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#T|T]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#V|V]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#Z|Z]]

=== T ===
[[Sary:Scopus umbretta (flying).jpg|vignette|[[Takatra]] (''Scorpus umbretta'')]]
tadroadroaka - tafala - tafiho - tahia - [[taitso]] - [[takadalana]] - [[takatra]] - [[takodara]] - takodera - takoka - takoko - talaka - talevana - taleva - tambomalitra - tamefe - tamenake - tantary - [[taontaonkafa]] - taotso - tararaka - tataraka - tataro - tavazo - tekiteky - tenôro - tentena - tikoza - [[timpoy]] - tinoro - [[tivoka]] - [[tivoke]] - [[tivoky]] - todiana - [[tokambolo]] - tolohoranto - [[toloho]] - tolohovozake - tomendry - tontoroka - [[torotoroka]] - totoroka - tovetoveko - [[traotrao]] - [[treotreo]] - tretreky - tretremavo - triotrio - tsakapia - tsakirovy - tsakodara - [[tsakokomanga]] - tsamalao - tsangaritra - tsaporitika - tsaramaso - tsararaoka - tsaravanja - tsava - [[tseatseake]] - [[tserikamena]] - [[tsiatsiaka]] - tsibokie - tsidintsidina - tsihitsiky - tsihotry - tsiketriky - [[tsikety]] - tsikia - tsikibe - tsikiranta - tsikirikirio - [[tsikirity]] - tsikoha - tsikohokoho -  [[tsikokofotsy]] - tsikoreva - tsikorevo - tsikorotana - [[tsikorovana]] - tsikorova - tsikotry - tsikoza - [[tsilangetra]] - [[tsiloko]] - tsilotsilonandro - tsimadekitatama - [[tsimalaho]] - tsimala - tsimandrialina - tsimatimangina - tsiniala - [[tsintsina]] - tsintsindahy - tsiotra - tsiotry - [[tsipara]] - tsipiritikala - [[tsipoy]] - tsiraràka - [[Tsiriry (vorona)|tsiriry]] - [[tsiriry vorona]] - tsivoko -  tsivongo - tsohontsoho - tsokoja - tsokoza - tsondro - tsopara - tsoporitiky

[[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#A|A]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#B|B]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#D|D]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#E|E]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#F|F]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#G|G]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#H|H]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#I|I]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#J|J]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#K|K]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#L|L]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#M|M]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#N|N]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#O|O]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#P|P]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#R|R]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#S|S]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#T|T]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#V|V]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#Z|Z]]

=== V ===
[[Sary:Malagasy Kingfisher, Kirindy, Madagascar.jpg|vignette|[[Vintsy]] (''Corythornis vintsioides'')]]
[[vanga]] - [[vano]] - [[vanobe]] - [[vanofotsy]] - [[vanokagira]] - [[vanokitsangy]] - [[vanomainty]] - vantotrakoho - vantsatra - vantsiona - varevaka - vazakakio - [[Vaza (vorona)|vaza]] - veoveoka - vikoviko - [[vintsiala]] - [[vintsimena]] - vintsirano - [[vintsy]] - vitotsy - vitro - [[Vivy (vorona)|vivy]] - [[voltora]] - vorokosy - vorokotsy - [[voromahailala dia]]  - [[voromahailala]] - [[voromahery]] - [[voromailala]] - voromamanga - [[voromanga]] - vorombandana - vorombaratra - vorombato - [[vorombazaha]] - [[vorombe]] - [[vorombola]] - vorombozaka - vorompano - [[vorompatrana]] - [[vorompatsa]] - [[vorompotsy]] - voronakondro - voronandrano - - [[voronantambo]] (= roatelo, ''Mesitornis unicolor'') - voronavasatisaty - [[vorona]] - [[vorondolo]] - [[vorondrano]] - [[vorondreo]] - [[vorondriaka]] - [[vorinjaza]] - [[voronjaza]] - voronjozoro - voronkahaka - [[voronkely]] - voronkontsy - voronomby - voronosy - vôroño - vorontrandraka - [[vorontsiloza]] - [[voropatrana]] - vorosoy - 

=== Z ===
zanavitro (zanak' ankanga)

[[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#A|A]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#B|B]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#D|D]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#E|E]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#F|F]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#G|G]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#H|H]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#I|I]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#J|J]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#K|K]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#L|L]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#M|M]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#N|N]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#O|O]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#P|P]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#R|R]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#S|S]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#T|T]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#V|V]] - [[Lisitry ny anaram-borona amin' ny teny malagasy#Z|Z]]

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Lisitry ny karazam-borona eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Toetanin' i Madagasikara]]
* [[Biby eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Lisitry ny amfibiana eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Lisitry ny reptiliana eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Lisitry ny karazam-borona eto  Madagasikara]]
* [[Lisitry ny biby mampinono eto Madagasikara]]

== Rohy ivelany ==
* &quot;[https://amp.wildmadagascar.org/conservation/parks/Andasibe_birds.html Birds species in Andasibe]&quot;, ''amp.wildmadagascar.org''

* &quot;[https://www.environnement.mg/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/3-FICHE-TECHNIQUE-COMPLETE-rechesse-biologique-TSinjoriake_A5_2.pdf? Fiches techniques stipulant les éléments essentiels a retenir sur la richesse biologique, richesse culturelle de la NAP Tsinjoriake]&quot;, ''www.environnement.mg''
* &quot;[https://www.madacamp.com/Birds_of_Madagascar Birds of Madagascar]&quot;, ''www.madacamp.com'' (tena tsara vakina)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Polux</title>
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      <text bytes="6101" sha1="26ew7t04vbipdaer4jck007u7zus649" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Polux 5 - Brésil 2.jpg|vignette|Fanadihadiana an'ny Polux 5]]
'''Polux''' dia fitaovana fandrefesana ahafahana manamarina ny toetry ny tsato-kazo hazo ampiasaina amin’ny herinaratra sy fifandraisan-davitra.

== Famaritana ==
Ny teknolojia Polux dia ahafahana manao fanombanana momba ny fiarovana sy ny fikojakojana&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |titre=Sécurité et durabilité des infrastructures sur poteaux en bois : un enjeu stratégique |url=https://www.construction21.org/france/articles/h/securite-et-durabilite-des-infrastructures-sur-poteaux-en-bois-un-enjeu-strategique.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireo fandrefesana dia manampy amin’ny fiarovana ny fiakarana amin’ny tsato-kazo ataon’ny mpiasa ary manamarina ny toetry ny hazo mba hanombanana ny androm-piainany sisa&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=fr |auteur=Fabienne Tisserand |titre=CBS : expertise des bois anciens et préconisations pour leur réemploi |url=http://www.leboisinternational.com/deuxieme-transformation/construction-bois/cbs-expertise-des-bois-anciens-et-preconisations-pour-leur-reemploi-702883.php/?latest |accès url=libre |site=www.leboisinternational.com, Le Bois International |date=2022-07-22 |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://artecbtp.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/IPS-3.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.

Miasa miaraka amin’ny rindranasa Picus izy, izay mampiasa angona azo avy amin’ny fandrefesana ny hakitroky ny hazo eo amin’ny haavon’ny tany sy ny fandrefesana hygroscopique&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |titre=The Importance of the Nondestructive Technologies for Wooden Poles Network Asset Management |url=https://www.ndt.net/article/v11n04/benoit/benoit.htm |site=www.ndt.net |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;https://poles.com/WebRoot/Store4/Shops/08fd78c5-abfa-4217-9263-68fec9605ccc/MediaGallery/Internal_Treatment_Data__Doc/SEPOLECONF20112CMikeFreemanInspectionDevices2CCostBenefitAnalysis.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Polux® a Practical Non-Destructive Technology for Measurement of Wood Pole Strength |url=https://electricenergyonline.com/energy/magazine/10/article/Polux-a-Practical-Non-Destructive-Technology-for-Measurement-of-Wood-Pole-Strength.htm |site=Electric Energy Online |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Tantara ==
Ny teknolojia Polux dia novolavolaina tamin’ny fiandohan’ny taona 1990 nataon’ny profesora [[Jean-Luc Sandoz]], ho setrin’ny fangatahan’ny EDF izay niatrika olana roa: ny fiarovana sy ny faharetan’ny tsato-kazony&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=fr |auteur=Jean-Luc Sandoz |titre=Le bois dans la construction: innovations et perspectives |url=https://doi.org/10.5169/seals-80287 |site=Tracés - bulletin technique de la Suisse romande |date=19.06.2002 |doi=10.5169/seals-80287 |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Entin’ny orinasa CBS-Lifteam izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Tamin’ny 2003, naseho tamin’ny faha-17 Congrès international des réseaux électriques de distribution tao Barcelone ity teknolojia ity&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |auteur=[[Jean-Luc Sandoz]], Yann Benoit |titre=In field non destructive tests for wooden poles for the security and the maintenance of the overhead power lines. |url=http://www.cired.net/publications/cired2003/reports/R%201-52.pdf |format=pdf |accès url=libre |site=cired.net |date=12-15 mai 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamin’ny 2006, ny faha-14 symposium iraisam-pirenena momba ny fitsapana tsy manimba dia nampiseho ny fandrosoana nataon’ity teknolojia ity&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.
Tamin’ny 2011, ny seminera iraisam-pirenena momba ny mpamatsy angovo herinaratra dia nampiseho ny fampiasana ny Polux any Alemaina, indrindra amin’ny ohatra an’ny Deutsche Telekom&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cired.net/publications/cired2011/part1/papers/CIRED2011_1115_final.pdf CIRED]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny kinova faha-5 dia ahafahana manangona sy manodina angona haingana kokoa, miaraka amin’ny fitaovana kely kokoa sy ny rindranasa Picus azo alaina amin’ny smartphone&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|auteur=Sophie Marenne |titre=CBS-CBT, l’expert mondial du bois enraciné en Suisse romande |url=https://agefi.com/actualites/entreprises/cbs-cbt-lexpert-mondial-du-bois-enracine-en-suisse-romande |accès url=limité |site=Agefi.com, [[L'Agefi]] |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Lien web |auteur=Fabienne Tisserand |titre=CBT : le contrôle non destructif du bois au service de son usage efficient |url=http://www.leboisinternational.com/premiere-transformation/exploitation-forestiere/cbt-le-controle-non-destructif-du-bois-au-service-de-son-usage-efficient-701246.php/?latest |accès url=libre |site=Le Bois International |date=2022-06-07 |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny teknolojia Polux dia ampiasaina any amin’ny firenena maro, indrindra any Etazonia, Kanada ary Aostralia&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en-US |nom=beardsworth |titre=POLUX - Non Destructive Wood Pole Inspection |url=https://www.cleantech.org/1999/06/11/polux-non-destructive-wood-pole-inspection/ |site=Cleantech.Org |date=1999-06-11 |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/b59b478e-7b06-4b61-a5f0-e89532c5f6cf/downloads/1ch3kglpi_212058.pdf?ver=1552081674329 PowerPoint Presentation]&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |titre=Nos anciens ont du talent : Zoom sur Jean-Luc Sandoz, promo 1983 |url=https://www.enstib.univ-lorraine.fr/fr/nos-anciens-ont-du-talent-zoom-sur-jean-luc-sandoz-promo-1983/ |site=[[École Nationale Supérieure des Technologies et Industries du Bois d'Épinal|ENSTIB]] |date=2021-06-08 |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |titre=Innovative products for asset life extension {{!}} TEN Group |url=https://www.tengroup.com.au/blogs/news/2019/May/24/innovative_products_for_asset_life_extension |site=tengroup.com.au |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Loka sy mari-boninahitra ==

* Tamin’ny 2003, ny Wall Street Journal dia nanome ny loka voalohany amin’ny fanavaozana ho an’ny teknolojia Polux&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB107004194977850100 Pole Position - WSJ]&lt;/ref&gt;.
== Fanampiny ==
=== Jereo koa ===
* [[Sylvatest]]

== Fanamarihana ==
[[Catégorie:Mesure physique]]
[[Catégorie:Contrôle non destructif]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6058" sha1="jh81el4zdppluiuttxurvgh9dmpugdm" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Polux 5 - Brésil 2.jpg|vignette|Fanadihadiana an'ny Polux 5]]
'''Polux''' dia fitaovana fandrefesana ahafahana manamarina ny toetry ny tsato-kazo hazo ampiasaina amin’ny herinaratra sy fifandraisan-davitra.

== Famaritana ==
Ny teknolojia Polux dia ahafahana manao fanombanana momba ny fiarovana sy ny fikojakojana&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |titre=Sécurité et durabilité des infrastructures sur poteaux en bois : un enjeu stratégique |url=https://www.construction21.org/france/articles/h/securite-et-durabilite-des-infrastructures-sur-poteaux-en-bois-un-enjeu-strategique.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireo fandrefesana dia manampy amin’ny fiarovana ny fiakarana amin’ny tsato-kazo ataon’ny mpiasa ary manamarina ny toetry ny hazo mba hanombanana ny androm-piainany sisa&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=fr |auteur=Fabienne Tisserand |titre=CBS : expertise des bois anciens et préconisations pour leur réemploi |url=http://www.leboisinternational.com/deuxieme-transformation/construction-bois/cbs-expertise-des-bois-anciens-et-preconisations-pour-leur-reemploi-702883.php/?latest |accès url=libre |site=www.leboisinternational.com, Le Bois International |date=2022-07-22 |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://artecbtp.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/IPS-3.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.

Miasa miaraka amin’ny rindranasa Picus izy, izay mampiasa angona azo avy amin’ny fandrefesana ny hakitroky ny hazo eo amin’ny haavon’ny tany sy ny fandrefesana hygroscopique&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |titre=The Importance of the Nondestructive Technologies for Wooden Poles Network Asset Management |url=https://www.ndt.net/article/v11n04/benoit/benoit.htm |site=www.ndt.net |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;https://poles.com/WebRoot/Store4/Shops/08fd78c5-abfa-4217-9263-68fec9605ccc/MediaGallery/Internal_Treatment_Data__Doc/SEPOLECONF20112CMikeFreemanInspectionDevices2CCostBenefitAnalysis.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Polux® a Practical Non-Destructive Technology for Measurement of Wood Pole Strength |url=https://electricenergyonline.com/energy/magazine/10/article/Polux-a-Practical-Non-Destructive-Technology-for-Measurement-of-Wood-Pole-Strength.htm |site=Electric Energy Online |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Tantara ==
Ny teknolojia Polux dia novolavolaina tamin’ny fiandohan’ny taona 1990 nataon’ny profesora [[Jean-Luc Sandoz]], ho setrin’ny fangatahan’ny EDF izay niatrika olana roa: ny fiarovana sy ny faharetan’ny tsato-kazony&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=fr |auteur=Jean-Luc Sandoz |titre=Le bois dans la construction: innovations et perspectives |url=https://doi.org/10.5169/seals-80287 |site=Tracés - bulletin technique de la Suisse romande |date=19.06.2002 |doi=10.5169/seals-80287 |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Entin’ny orinasa CBS-Lifteam izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Tamin’ny 2003, naseho tamin’ny faha-17 Congrès international des réseaux électriques de distribution tao Barcelone ity teknolojia ity&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |auteur=[[Jean-Luc Sandoz]], Yann Benoit |titre=In field non destructive tests for wooden poles for the security and the maintenance of the overhead power lines. |url=http://www.cired.net/publications/cired2003/reports/R%201-52.pdf |format=pdf |accès url=libre |site=cired.net |date=12-15 mai 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamin’ny 2006, ny faha-14 symposium iraisam-pirenena momba ny fitsapana tsy manimba dia nampiseho ny fandrosoana nataon’ity teknolojia ity&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.
Tamin’ny 2011, ny seminera iraisam-pirenena momba ny mpamatsy angovo herinaratra dia nampiseho ny fampiasana ny Polux any Alemaina, indrindra amin’ny ohatra an’ny Deutsche Telekom&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cired.net/publications/cired2011/part1/papers/CIRED2011_1115_final.pdf CIRED]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny kinova faha-5 dia ahafahana manangona sy manodina angona haingana kokoa, miaraka amin’ny fitaovana kely kokoa sy ny rindranasa Picus azo alaina amin’ny smartphone&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|auteur=Sophie Marenne |titre=CBS-CBT, l’expert mondial du bois enraciné en Suisse romande |url=https://agefi.com/actualites/entreprises/cbs-cbt-lexpert-mondial-du-bois-enracine-en-suisse-romande |accès url=limité |site=Agefi.com, L'Agefi |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Lien web |auteur=Fabienne Tisserand |titre=CBT : le contrôle non destructif du bois au service de son usage efficient |url=http://www.leboisinternational.com/premiere-transformation/exploitation-forestiere/cbt-le-controle-non-destructif-du-bois-au-service-de-son-usage-efficient-701246.php/?latest |accès url=libre |site=Le Bois International |date=2022-06-07 |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny teknolojia Polux dia ampiasaina any amin’ny firenena maro, indrindra any Etazonia, Kanada ary Aostralia&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en-US |nom=beardsworth |titre=POLUX - Non Destructive Wood Pole Inspection |url=https://www.cleantech.org/1999/06/11/polux-non-destructive-wood-pole-inspection/ |site=Cleantech.Org |date=1999-06-11 |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/b59b478e-7b06-4b61-a5f0-e89532c5f6cf/downloads/1ch3kglpi_212058.pdf?ver=1552081674329 PowerPoint Presentation]&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |titre=Nos anciens ont du talent : Zoom sur Jean-Luc Sandoz, promo 1983 |url=https://www.enstib.univ-lorraine.fr/fr/nos-anciens-ont-du-talent-zoom-sur-jean-luc-sandoz-promo-1983/ |site=École Nationale Supérieure des Technologies et Industries du Bois d'Épinal ENSTIB |date=2021-06-08 |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |titre=Innovative products for asset life extension {{!}} TEN Group |url=https://www.tengroup.com.au/blogs/news/2019/May/24/innovative_products_for_asset_life_extension |site=tengroup.com.au |consulté le=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Loka sy mari-boninahitra ==

* Tamin’ny 2003, ny Wall Street Journal dia nanome ny loka voalohany amin’ny fanavaozana ho an’ny teknolojia Polux&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB107004194977850100 Pole Position - WSJ]&lt;/ref&gt;.
== Fanampiny ==
=== Jereo koa ===
* [[Sylvatest]]

== Fanamarihana ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Sokajy:Fitaovana]]</text>
      <sha1>jh81el4zdppluiuttxurvgh9dmpugdm</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sylvatest</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>296421</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135247</id>
      <parentid>1135239</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-14T14:04:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stabilo77</username>
        <id>37599</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1135247</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3684" sha1="e7w2bno2vruwvd51vx0lf1xnafyppjo" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Réemploi test Sylvatest.jpg|vignette|Fanadihadiana an'ny Sylvatest 4 ]]
Ny '''Sylvatest''' dia fitaovana fandrefesana mampiasa ny ''ultrasons'' izay ahafahana manao fitiliana ankapobeny ny singa hazo iray mba hitsapana ny heriny na ny faharetany (résistance mécanique).

== Famaritana ==
Ny '''Sylvatest''' dia fitaovana fandrefesana mampiasa onja ultrasonika amin'ny fanaovana diagnostic amin'ny fomba feno momba ny singa hazo, amin'ny alalan'ny fandrefesana ny hafainganam-pandeha sy ny fandraisana angovo amin'ny onja ultrasonika mandalo amin'ny hazo. Izany dia manampy amin'ny fanombanana ny faharetan'ny hazo amin'ny alalan'ny toe-javatra ara-pahasalamany ny tron'ny hazo na ny hazo andrefesana, raha tsy misy fahavoazana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|auteur=Fabienne Tisserand|titre=CBT : le contrôle non destructif du bois au service de son usage efficient|url=http://www.leboisinternational.com/premiere-transformation/exploitation-forestiere/cbt-le-controle-non-destructif-du-bois-au-service-de-son-usage-efficient-701246.php/?latest|accès url=libre|site=www.leboisinternational.com, Le Bois International|date=2022-06-07|consulté le=2023-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}

== Teknolojia ==
Ity fitaovana ity dia miasa amin'ny fandefasana onja ultrasonika mankany amin'ny hazo, mandrefy ny hafainganam-pandehan'ireny onja ireny ary ny angovo raisin'ny hazo. Izy io dia novolavolain'ny Profesora [[Jean-Luc Sandoz]] tamin'ny EPFL tamin'ny taona 1984, ary ny fivoarany dia natanterahina tamin'ny taona 1998 miaraka amin'ny fikarohana nataon'i Yann Benoit. Tamin'ny taona 2022, ny dikan-teny vaovao an'ny Sylvatest dia nampiasa ny teknolojia Bluetooth, ka izany dia tsy mitaky tariby intsony&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cahiers-techniques-batiment.fr/article/plus-d-ingenierie-moins-de-matiere-dans-la-construction-bois.68527 « Plus d’ingénierie, moins de matière dans la construction bois » - Cahiers Techniques du Bâtiment (CTB)]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fampiasana ==
Ny Sylvatest dia ampiasaina manerana izao tontolo izao amin'ny tanjona isan-karazany, ao anatin'izany ny:
- **Fanombanana hazo**: Manampy amin'ny fandrefesana ny kalitaon'ny hazo sy ny faharetany amin'ny tetikasa fanorenana.
- **Fanamboarana amin'ny lova ara-tantara**: Ampiasaina amin'ny fandrefesana ny toetry ny hazo amin'ny fanamboarana tranobe ara-tantara toy ny Entrepôts des magasins généraux de Paris, ny Cité Interdite ao Peking&lt;ref&gt;[https://immobilier.lefigaro.fr/article/de-la-fleche-de-notre-dame-a-la-cite-interdite-de-pekin-cette-technologie-franco-suisse-ausculte-le-bois-dans-tous-ses-etats-20251119 De la flèche de Notre-Dame à la Cité interdite de Pékin, cette technologie franco-suisse ausculte le bois dans tous ses états]&lt;/ref&gt;, ny Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris ary ny Château de Valère.
- **Fankatoavana kalitao**: Ampiasaina ihany koa amin'ny fanombanana sy fanamarinana ny kalitaon'ny hazo ho an'ny fanomezana marika **Appellation d'origine contrôlée** (AOC), toy ny **Bois des Alpes** sy **Bois de Chartreuse**. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.afriqueopinion.ch/sylvatest-de-bafoussam-a-valere/ SYLVATEST : De Bafoussam à Valère ! – Afrique Opinion]&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy an'ny Sylvatest ao anaty tany any amin'ny toerana ohatran'ny Azia. &lt;ref&gt;[https://bois.fordaq.com/news/Sylvatest_Asie_Sandoz_AlfadB_111743.html Le Sylvatest à la conquête de l'Asie]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsiahy sy Loharano ==
&lt;references/&gt;
*

== Lahatsoratra mifandraika ==
* [[Polux]]

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [Sylvatest – IPETech](https://ipetech.tech/tecnologias/sylvatest/)
* [Sylvatest 4 – Dianjiang Group](http://www.dianjianghk.com/product/showproduct.php?lang=en&amp;id=1226)

{{Portail|forêt|Technologie|Suisse}}
[[Sokajy:Fitaovana]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3669" sha1="rzyn1de3tqy51vja15szq2vrpdj1rbj" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Réemploi test Sylvatest.jpg|vignette|Fanadihadiana an'ny Sylvatest 4 ]]
Ny '''Sylvatest''' dia fitaovana fandrefesana mampiasa ny ''ultrasons'' izay ahafahana manao fitiliana ankapobeny ny singa hazo iray mba hitsapana ny heriny na ny faharetany (résistance mécanique).

== Famaritana ==
Ny '''Sylvatest''' dia fitaovana fandrefesana mampiasa onja ultrasonika amin'ny fanaovana diagnostic amin'ny fomba feno momba ny singa hazo, amin'ny alalan'ny fandrefesana ny hafainganam-pandeha sy ny fandraisana angovo amin'ny onja ultrasonika mandalo amin'ny hazo. Izany dia manampy amin'ny fanombanana ny faharetan'ny hazo amin'ny alalan'ny toe-javatra ara-pahasalamany ny tron'ny hazo na ny hazo andrefesana, raha tsy misy fahavoazana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|auteur=Fabienne Tisserand|titre=CBT : le contrôle non destructif du bois au service de son usage efficient|url=http://www.leboisinternational.com/premiere-transformation/exploitation-forestiere/cbt-le-controle-non-destructif-du-bois-au-service-de-son-usage-efficient-701246.php/?latest|accès url=libre|site=www.leboisinternational.com, Le Bois International|date=2022-06-07|consulté le=2023-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}

== Teknolojia ==
Ity fitaovana ity dia miasa amin'ny fandefasana onja ultrasonika mankany amin'ny hazo, mandrefy ny hafainganam-pandehan'ireny onja ireny ary ny angovo raisin'ny hazo. Izy io dia novolavolain'ny Profesora [[Jean-Luc Sandoz]] tamin'ny EPFL tamin'ny taona 1984, ary ny fivoarany dia natanterahina tamin'ny taona 1998 miaraka amin'ny fikarohana nataon'i Yann Benoit. Tamin'ny taona 2022, ny dikan-teny vaovao an'ny Sylvatest dia nampiasa ny teknolojia Bluetooth, ka izany dia tsy mitaky tariby intsony&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cahiers-techniques-batiment.fr/article/plus-d-ingenierie-moins-de-matiere-dans-la-construction-bois.68527 « Plus d’ingénierie, moins de matière dans la construction bois » - Cahiers Techniques du Bâtiment (CTB)]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fampiasana ==
Ny Sylvatest dia ampiasaina manerana izao tontolo izao amin'ny tanjona isan-karazany, ao anatin'izany ny:

''Fanombanana hazo'': Manampy amin'ny fandrefesana ny kalitaon'ny hazo sy ny faharetany amin'ny tetikasa fanorenana.

''Fanamboarana amin'ny lova ara-tantara:'' Ampiasaina amin'ny fandrefesana ny toetry ny hazo amin'ny fanamboarana tranobe ara-tantara toy ny Entrepôts des magasins généraux de Paris, ny Cité Interdite ao Peking&lt;ref&gt;[https://immobilier.lefigaro.fr/article/de-la-fleche-de-notre-dame-a-la-cite-interdite-de-pekin-cette-technologie-franco-suisse-ausculte-le-bois-dans-tous-ses-etats-20251119 De la flèche de Notre-Dame à la Cité interdite de Pékin, cette technologie franco-suisse ausculte le bois dans tous ses états]&lt;/ref&gt;, ny Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris ary ny Château de Valère.

''Fankatoavana kalitao'': Ampiasaina ihany koa amin'ny fanombanana sy fanamarinana ny kalitaon'ny hazo ho an'ny fanomezana marika Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC), toy ny Bois des Alpes sy Bois de Chartreuse. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.afriqueopinion.ch/sylvatest-de-bafoussam-a-valere/ SYLVATEST : De Bafoussam à Valère ! – Afrique Opinion]&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy an'ny Sylvatest ao anaty tany any amin'ny toerana ohatran'ny Azia. &lt;ref&gt;[https://bois.fordaq.com/news/Sylvatest_Asie_Sandoz_AlfadB_111743.html Le Sylvatest à la conquête de l'Asie]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsiahy sy Loharano ==
&lt;references/&gt;
*

== Lahatsoratra mifandraika ==
* [[Polux]]

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [Sylvatest – IPETech](https://ipetech.tech/tecnologias/sylvatest/)
* [Sylvatest 4 – Dianjiang Group](http://www.dianjianghk.com/product/showproduct.php?lang=en&amp;id=1226)

{{Portail|forêt|Technologie|Suisse}}
[[Sokajy:Fitaovana]]</text>
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'''Michel Abdollahi''' (teraka ny 20 Aprily 1981 tao [[Teheran]]) dia mpanolotra fandaharana amin'ny fahitalavitra [[Alemaina|Alemana]]-[[Iran|Iraniana]], mpampiantrano fandaharana, mpanakanto fampisehoana, poeta slam, mpanao hosodoko ary mpanao gazety.

==Fiainana==
Teraka tao [[Teheran]] i Abdollahi ary nifindra tany {{Alemaina}} niaraka tamin'ny fianakaviany tamin'ny 1986. Nanomboka tamin'ny taona 2000, dia nisoratra anarana tao amin'ny Oniversiten'i [[Hamburg]] izy, izay nianarany lalàna voalohany ary avy eo nianatra fianarana Islamika.

Nandritra ny naha-chancellor an'i Ole von Beust, dia niasa tao amin'ny Chancellery Antenimieran-doholona tao Hamburg izy ary mpikambana tao amin'ny komitin'ny fanjakana [[CDU]] ho an'ny fampidirana.

==Jereo koa==

[[Sokajy:mpanao gazety alemà]]</text>
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'''Michel Abdollahi''' (teraka ny 20 Aprily 1981 tao [[Teheran]]) dia mpanolotra fandaharana amin'ny fahitalavitra [[Alemaina|Alemana]]-[[Iran|Iraniana]], mpampiantrano fandaharana, mpanakanto fampisehoana, poeta slam, mpanao hosodoko ary mpanao gazety.

==Fiainana==
Teraka tao [[Teheran]] i Abdollahi ary nifindra tany {{Alemaina}} niaraka tamin'ny fianakaviany tamin'ny 1986. Nanomboka tamin'ny taona 2000, dia nisoratra anarana tao amin'ny Oniversiten'i [[Hamburg]] izy, izay nianarany lalàna voalohany ary avy eo nianatra fianarana Islamika.

Nandritra ny naha-chancellor an'i Ole von Beust, dia niasa tao amin'ny Chancellery Antenimieran-doholona tao Hamburg izy ary mpikambana tao amin'ny komitin'ny fanjakana [[CDU]] ho an'ny fampidirana.

==Jereo koa==

[[Sokajy:mpanao gazety alemà]]
[[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1961]]</text>
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'''Michel Abdollahi''' (teraka ny 20 Aprily 1981 tao [[Teheran]]) dia mpanolotra fandaharana amin'ny fahitalavitra [[Alemaina|Alemana]]-[[Iran|Iraniana]], mpampiantrano fandaharana, mpanakanto fampisehoana, poeta slam, mpanao hosodoko ary mpanao gazety.

==Fiainana==
Teraka tao [[Teheran]] i Abdollahi ary nifindra tany {{Alemaina}} niaraka tamin'ny fianakaviany tamin'ny 1986. Nanomboka tamin'ny taona 2000, dia nisoratra anarana tao amin'ny Oniversiten'i [[Hamburg]] izy, izay nianarany lalàna voalohany ary avy eo nianatra fianarana Islamika.

Nandritra ny naha-chancellor an'i Ole von Beust, dia niasa tao amin'ny Chancellery Antenimieran-doholona tao Hamburg izy ary mpikambana tao amin'ny komitin'ny fanjakana [[CDU]] ho an'ny fampidirana.

==Jereo koa==

[[Sokajy:mpanao gazety alemà]]
[[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1981]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Efemerida/17 Aprily</title>
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      <text bytes="1271" sha1="hckzrij1j3yb1lhdmw7yyt3rooqk8lb" xml:space="preserve">'''Androany [[17 Aprily|17 avrily]]''':

* '''[[1521]]''' – Niseho teo anatrehan'ny ''Diete de Worms'' i Martin Luther, nandà tsy handao ny fampianarany, ary voaroaka tsy ho isan'ny Fiangonana Katolika.

* '''[[1888]]''' - Nitsanganan'ny ligy football matihanina voalohany tao Angletera.

* '''[[1895]]''' - Sonian' ny Fifanarahana Shimonoseki nanoloran' ny Dinastia Qing an'i Taiwan sy ireo nosy kely manodidina azy ho an'i Japana ary ny tsy ilazany intsony fa ao anatin'i Shina i Korea.

* '''[[1961]]''' - Nanafika ny Hoalan'i Kisoa, Kiobà, ny borigady kiobàna faha-2506 sesitany tao Etazonia ary nampiofanin'ny CIA sy nirahin'ny filohan'i Etazonia John F. Kennedy, mba handrodana ny governemantan'i Fidel Castro, saingy resy tanteraka tao anatin'ny telo andro.

* '''[[1970]]''' - Niverina soa aman-tsara ny Apollo 13 (sary).

* '''[[1975]]''' - Azon'ny Khmer Rouge i Phnom Penh, renivohitr'i Kambôdza. Izy no mifehy ny firenena. 

* '''[[1989]]''' - Mpianatra 4.000 nanao diabe tao an-kianjan'i Tiananmen any Beijing, Shina, hisaona an'i Hu Yaobang sy hitaky ny fanavaozana ny demokrasia.

* '''[[2014]]''' - Nanambara ny NASA ny nahitana an'i Kepler 186f, planeta ivelany voalohany mitovy amin'ny Tany hita ao amin'ny faritra azo iainana amin'ny kintana hafa.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1135356</id>
      <parentid>1135354</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T08:36:12Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1667" sha1="6d0ulzos87oeqh73yxzou4pipkmhfqt" xml:space="preserve">'''Androany [[17 Aprily|17 avrily]]''':
[[File:Le Palais Royal (Phnom Penh) (6997773481).jpg|thumb|Lapan' ny mpanjaka (Phnom Penh)]]
* '''[[1521]]''' – Niseho teo anatrehan'ny ''Diete de Worms'' i [[Martin Luther]], nandà tsy handao ny fampianarany, ary voaroaka tsy ho isan'ny [[Fiangonana Katolika]].

* '''[[1888]]''' - Nitsanganan'ny ligy football matihanina voalohany tao [[Angletera]].

* '''[[1895]]''' - Sonian' ny Fifanarahana Shimonoseki nanoloran' ny Tarana-mpanjaka Qing an'i Taiwan sy ireo nosy kely manodidina azy ho an'i [[Japàna|Japana]] ary ny tsy ilazany intsony fa ao anatin'i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Shina]] i [[Kôrea|Korea]].

* '''[[1961]]''' - Nanafika ny Hoalan' ny Kisoa&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9barquement_de_la_baie_des_Cochons&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Kiobà]], ny borigady kiobàna faha-2506 sesitany tao [[Etazonia]] ary nampiofanin'ny CIA sy nirahin'ny filohan'i Etazonia [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy|John F. Kennedy]], mba handrodana ny governemantan'i [[Fidel Castro]], saingy resy tanteraka tao anatin'ny telo andro.

* '''[[1970]]''' - Niverina soa aman-tsara ny Apollo 13.

* '''[[1975]]''' - Azon'ny [[Khmer Rouge]] i [[Phnom Penh]] (sary), renivohitr'i [[Kambôdia|Kambôdza]]. Tapitra ny ady an-trano fa manomboka ny fandripaham-bahoaka. 

* '''[[1989]]''' - Mpianatra 4.000 nanao diabe tao an-kianjan'i Tiananmen any [[Beijing]], Shina, hisaona an'i [[Hu Yaobang]] sy hitaky ny fanavaozana ny [[Demôkrasia|demokrasia]].

* '''[[2014]]''' - Nanambaran' ny NASA ny nahitana an'i [[Kepler 186f]], planeta ivelany voalohany mitovy amin'ny Tany hita ao amin'ny faritra azo iainana any amin'ny kintana (masoandro) hafa.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Paca</title>
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      <text bytes="2333" sha1="6qcbg80x3sejqvfyzmzivo3topltwxy" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Paca walking in grass close up - DPLA - 826590946052c7217e313ec0a53c7f17.jpg|thumb|Paca]]
[[File:Spotted (Lowland) paca Cuniculus paca distribution map.png|thumb|left|Distribution Paca]]
Ny '''paca''' (''Cuniculus paca'') dia karazana [[biby]] mpikiky anisan'ny karazana ''Cuniculus'' ao anatin'ny sokajy ''[[Cuniculidae]]''

== Endrika==
Ny paca, miaraka amin'ny capybara sy ny pacarana, dia iray amin'ireo biby mpikiky lehibe indrindra any [[Amerika Atsimo]]. Ny vatany matanjaka dia tena mahavariana, somary mampahatsiahy ny an'ny [[Kapibara]], miavaka amin'ny loha miolikolika, lamosina miolikolika mitovy amin'ny an'ny agoutis, ary rantsana fohy.

== Fizarana ==
Ny paca dia monina any Amerika Atsimo atsinanan'ny [[Andes]], ary koa any amin'ny faritra tropikaly sy subtropikaly any Amerika Afovoany.

== Fiarovana ==
Any [[Brezila]], arovana ity biby ity, saingy tsy miraharaha izany ireo olo-malaza ao amin'ny firenena, ka mahatonga azy ho mora lany tamingana.Vao haingana izay, tratra nanendy ireo biby mahantra sy arovana ireo ny filohan'i {{Brazila}}: nahazo sazy an-tranomaizina 15 taona izy. &lt;ref&gt;(pt)[https://www.terra.com.br/vida-e-estilo/degusta/carne-de-paca-servida-por-janja-a-lula-e-proibida-no-brasil-entenda-o-que-diz-a-lei,3dc6781cf58f911c1b47929b3aa8239fprefp6kg.html Carne de paca servida por Janja a Lula é proibida no Brasil]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fihazana==
Heloka bevava any [[Brezila]] ny fihazana biby rehetra (ankoatra ny lambodia). Na izany aza, ireo mpihaza miparitaka manerana ny firenena dia manohy io fomba fanao io ao anatin'ny aloka.

Atao amim-pitandremana sy amim-pitandremana ny fihazana; amin'ny ankapobeny dia mampiasa tetika ny mpihaza mba hanovana ny fahazarany, toy ny famahanana ny biby amin'ny toerana iray mba ho lasa fahazarany, ary avy eo, rehefa mora ny rembiny, dia manomboka ny dingana fisamborana izy ireo. Tsara hotadidina fa tsy ara-dalàna io fomba fanao io ary atao tsy misy fanaraha-maso.

==Fiterahana==
Matetika ny paca dia miteraka indray mandeha na indroa isan-taona, ary amin'ny ankamaroan'ny tranga dia miteraka zanaka iray ihany, ary amin'ny tranga tsy fahita firy, mety hiteraka kambana. Eo amin'ny 114 ka hatramin'ny 119 andro (3 volana) eo ho eo ny fe-potoana fitondrana vohoka. Fotoana fitondrana vohoka lava izany.

[[Sokajy:biby mampinono]]
[[De: Paka]]
[[pt:Paca]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jean-Luc Sandoz</title>
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      <text bytes="6655" sha1="bkaj6awpupqv1oyaqh90l9hlubsaj9b" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- schweizbezogen --&gt;[[Sary:Jean-Luc Sandoz EPFL.jpg|vignette|Mpampianatra tao amin'ny EPFL Jean-Luc Sandoz ]]


'''Jean-Luc Sandoz''' (* [[1960]] tao Montandon) dia Soisa avy amin’ny faritra miteny frantsay injeniera izay niasa voalohany ho mpikaroka, avy eo ho mpampianatra ary tatỳ aoriana ho mpandraharaha. Amin’ny maha-mpandraharaha azy dia nanangana orinasa maromaro teo amin’ny sehatry ny injeniera, ny indostria ary ny fanorenana amin’ny hazo izy. Izy no CEO an’ny vondrona orinasa CBS-CBT, izay miorina ao Paris ary manana sampana any amin’ny firenena maro&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.calameo.com/read/005111039892ee157530a Seite 598 Aus Hz 33 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fiainana ==
Teraka tao amin’ny fianakaviana mpamboly avy ao amin’ny Haut-Doubs izy, ary tamin’ny fianarany ho mpanao asa tanana amin’ny hazo no nahafantarany tsara ny hazo. Taorian’izany dia nanao fiofanana ho mpanamboatra fanaka izy, ary avy eo nianatra tao amin’ny sekoly hazo ao Mouchard, izay nahazoany mari-pahaizana teknisiana (BTS) momba ny fanorenana amin’ny hazo tamin’ny 1976.

Taorian’ny fianarana injeniera tao amin’ny École nationale supérieure des technologies et industries du bois (ENSTIB) any Épinal nanomboka tamin’ny 1983&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.enstib.univ-lorraine.fr/fr/actualite/nos-anciens-ont-du-talent-zoom-sur-jean-luc-sandoz-promo-1983/ Nos anciens ont du talent : Zoom sur Jean-Luc Sandoz, promo 1983 - ENSTIB]&lt;/ref&gt;, izay nahazoany diplaoma, dia nanomboka niasa ho mpanampy mpampianatra momba ny fanorenana amin’ny hazo tao amin’ny École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) izy tamin’ny 1985, niaraka tamin’i [[Julius Natterer]] tao amin’ny Ibois. Tamin’ny 1990 dia nahazo mari-pahaizana doktora izy tamin’ny lohahevitra ''fanombanana ny fomba ultrasound amin’ny fisafidianana sy ny fahamendrehan’ny hazo fanorenana''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/31330?ln=fr|title=Triage et fiabilité des bois de construction validité de la méthode ultrason|date=1990|author=Jean-Luc Sandoz|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nahazo ny diplaoma doctorat izy tamin’ny taona 1990. Izy no namolavola sy nanangana ireo fitaovana [[Sylvatest]] sy [[Polux]] ary rafitra ara-konstrôksiona toy ny tafo sy takelaka, Dalles O’Portune sy D-Dalle&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/devant-ile-bois-neuchatel-decouvre-gigantisme-dexpo02 Devant son île de bois, Neuchâtel découvre le gigantisme d'Expo.02 - Le Temps]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Asa ==
=== Fikarohana sy fampianarana ===
Tamin’ny 1993 dia notendren’i Jean-Claude Badoux ho profesora mpanampy momba ny fanorenana amin’ny hazo izy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fr.calameo.com/read/005111039fef5073bf72a|title=Nomination des professeurs par Jean-Claude Badoux, Président EPFL|date=1993-10-05|publisher=FLASH EPFL}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tao izy dia nifantoka tamin’ny lohahevitra roa lehibe: ny teknolojia tsy manimba handrefesana ny kalitao mekanikan’ny hazo ary ny fanatsarana ara-statika ny rafitra hazo hahafahana mahazo elanelana lehibe kokoa.

Nandritra izany dia nandray anjara tamin’ny famoahana boky sy fikarohana iraisam-pirenena izy, ary ny asany, indrindra ny momba ny fitsapana amin’ny alalan’ny ultrasound, dia fantatra maneran-tany&lt;ref&gt;[https://bois.fordaq.com/news/Jean-LucSandoz_constructionbois_60ans_69281.html Jean-Luc Sandoz, théorie et pratique]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nandritra ny fikarohana nataony tao amin’ny EPFL dia nangataka patanty maromaro izy, anisan’izany ny [[Sylvatest]], fitaovana mandinika ny toetry ny hazo amin’ny alalan’ny ultrasound, ary koa rafitra hafa hanamarinana ny fahasimban’ny rafitra hazo.

Tamin’ny 1999 dia niala tamin’ny fikarohana eny amin’ny oniversite izy mba hifantoka amin’ny asa tsy miankina amin’ny orinasa. Nampianatra hatrany anefa izy hatramin’ny 2004, ary nandray anjara tamin’ny fampianarana sy fihaonambe maro maneran-tany&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.leboisinternational.com/deuxieme-transformation/construction-bois/reimpression-dun-ouvrage-phare-sur-la-construction-bois-840751.php Réimpression d’un ouvrage phare sur la construction bois - Le bois International]&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Asa maha-mpandraharaha ===
Tamin’ny 1991 dia nanangana ny birao injeniera Concept Bois Structure (CBS) tao [[Lausanne]] izy ary tany amin'ny Guyane ihany koa&lt;ref&gt;[https://immobilier.lefigaro.fr/article/le-centre-spatial-de-kourou-accueille-un-immeuble-en-bois_112f9d84-0cbc-11ec-ab99-eaedc6e0ba3c Le centre spatial de Kourou accueille un immeuble en bois]&lt;/ref&gt;, ary tatỳ aoriana ny Concept Bois Technologie (CBT)&lt;ref&gt;[https://agefi.com/actualites/entreprises/cbs-cbt-lexpert-mondial-du-bois-enracine-en-suisse-romande CBS-CBT, l’expert mondial du bois enraciné en Suisse romande | Agefi.com]&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamin’ny 2005 dia nanangana ny orinasa Ecotim izy, ary avy eo ny Lifteam.

Nanitatra ny asany tany Alemaina izy tamin’ny 2011, ary namindra ny foiben’ny CBS ho any Paris tamin’ny 2012. Tamin’ny 2015 dia nanokatra sampana tany Amerika Atsimo izy.

Ankehitriny ny CBS-CBT dia manana mpiasa maherin’ny 100, ary i Jean-Luc Sandoz no CEO&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/on-peut-tout-faire-avec-le-bois.1368874 « On peut tout faire avec le bois »]&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Toekarena maharitra ===
Jean-Luc Sandoz dia manohana ny fiarovana ny toetrandro sy ny fampiasana akora amin’ny fomba mahomby sy eo an-toerana. Araka ny voalazan’ny [[IUCN|Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature]], dia isan’ireo mpialoha lalana izy amin’ny fampiasana rafitra hazo avy amin’ny loharano eo an-toerana.

== Fanamarinana trano ==
* 2002: Fanadihadiana ny rafitra hazo rehetra ao amin’ny Lapan’ny fitsarana ao Bukarest.
* 2006–2007: Fanamarinana ny rafitra hazo ao amin’ny Tanàna Voarara any Peking alohan’ny Olympische Sommerspiele 2008.

== Asa vita (safidy) ==
* 2002: Fanorenana sehatra amin’ny rano ho an’ny Expo.02.
* 2017: Tetikasa ho an’ny Weltraumbahnhof any [[Kourou]].
* 2019: Fanamboarana ny trano ''Vortex'' tao Lausanne.
* 2021: Fanorenana auditorium vonjimaika ho an’ny Forum International Bois Construction.

== Fanorenana amin’ny hazo ==
Mampiasa hazo amin’ny karazana fanorenana rehetra izy, ary mikendry ny hanatsara ny faharetana sy hampihena ny entona CO2.

== Asa soratra (safidy) ==
* miaraka amin’i [[Julius Natterer]]: ''Construction en Bois'' (1996)

== Loka ==
* 2016: Medaly avy amin’ny Académie d’architecture
* 2020: Loka La Canopée tao [[Nancy]]

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=fr&amp;user=5pLba6sAAAAJ Google Scholar]

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
&lt;references responsive /&gt;
[[Sokajy:Mpampianatra]]
[[Sokajy:Injeniera]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Takelaka O'portune</title>
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      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « '''Dalle O’Portune''' dia takelaka hazo mitsivalana iray manana velaran-tany izay mety ho tena lehibe.  == Tantara == Miaraka amin’ny firoboroboan’ny fanorenana amin’ny hazo, dia nipoitra ny valindrihana hazo ary nahafahana nandray anjara tamin’ny fanamboarana trano maharitra sy manaja ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |url=[https://issuu.com/detail-magazine/docs/bk-det-2023-6_architektur_u_klimaschutz_issn2627-2/s/25181441](https://issuu.com/... »</comment>
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      <text bytes="9884" sha1="p6z3dhtrf2wf9yxnhil43qgx97m1bvp" xml:space="preserve">'''Dalle O’Portune''' dia takelaka hazo mitsivalana iray manana velaran-tany izay mety ho tena lehibe.

== Tantara ==
Miaraka amin’ny firoboroboan’ny fanorenana amin’ny hazo, dia nipoitra ny valindrihana hazo ary nahafahana nandray anjara tamin’ny fanamboarana trano maharitra sy manaja ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |url=[https://issuu.com/detail-magazine/docs/bk-det-2023-6_architektur_u_klimaschutz_issn2627-2/s/25181441](https://issuu.com/detail-magazine/docs/bk-det-2023-6_architektur_u_klimaschutz_issn2627-2/s/25181441) |titel=Nachhaltiges Bauen, Holzbau Sustainable Construction Timber Construction |sprache=de |abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny takelaka O’Portune dia noforonin’i [[Jean-Luc Sandoz]], tamin’ny 1999, izay lehiben’ny sampana fikarohana sy fampandrosoana momba ny akora hazo ao amin’ny École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ho an’ny fampirantiana nasionaly soisa tamin’ny 2002. Tamin’ny taona 2000 dia maherin’ny 50.000 m² amin’ny gorodona hazo an-dranomasina napetraka tamin’ny fantsona metaly, fantsona entona taloha notapahana ho fizarana, no napetraka teo amin’ny Bielersee Farihy Bieler sy Neuenburgersee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |url=[https://www.holzkurier.com/content/holz/holzkurier/de/holzbau/2005/02/holzbau_und_mehr.html](https://www.holzkurier.com/content/holz/holzkurier/de/holzbau/2005/02/holzbau_und_mehr.html) |titel=Holzbau und mehr |datum=2005-02-19 |sprache=de |abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Literatur |Titel=Devant son île de bois, Neuchâtel découvre le gigantisme d'Expo.02 - Le Temps |Datum=2000-03-26 |ISSN=1423-3967 |Online=[https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/devant-ile-bois-neuchatel-decouvre-gigantisme-dexpo02](https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/devant-ile-bois-neuchatel-decouvre-gigantisme-dexpo02) |Abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny takelaka O’Portune dia natao patanty tamin’ny 1999, ka nifarana tamin’ny 2019 ny fiarovana ara-patanty ary nanomboka tamin’io taona io dia lasa singa ara-drafitra ampiasaina amin’ny fanorenana hazo mivaingana izy, indrindra noho ny vokany ara-tontolo iainana sy ny fahafahany averina ampiasaina indray,&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |url=[https://www.arcinfo.ch/neuchatel-canton/littoral/lignieres/les-vestiges-d-expo02-reconvertis-en-tables-de-jardin-92148](https://www.arcinfo.ch/neuchatel-canton/littoral/lignieres/les-vestiges-d-expo02-reconvertis-en-tables-de-jardin-92148) |titel=Les vestiges d'Expo.02 reconvertis en tables de jardin |sprache=fr |abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary koa noho ny fahombiazany amin’ny feo izay manatsara ny fampiononana ao amin’ny trano.

== Fampandrosoana ==

=== Hazo tropikaly ===
Ny fomba fiasa izay natao voalohany ho an’ny hazo sapin sy épicéa dia azo ampiharina amin’ny karazana hazo isan-karazany toy ny peuplier na koa hazo tropikaly, izay ampiasain’ny masoivoho frantsay misahana ny habakabaka (CNES) ho an’ny tranony vaovao ao amin’ny Centre spatial guyanais foibe habakabaka Guyana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Internetquelle |url=[https://www.forum-boisconstruction.com/conferences/09_FBC2018_Laracine_Maignant.pdf](https://www.forum-boisconstruction.com/conferences/09_FBC2018_Laracine_Maignant.pdf) |titel=Mit tropischem Holz in Guyana bauen |abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hazo eo an-toerana ===
Misy asa fikarohana momba ny fampiharana amin’ny karazana hazo samihafa, indrindra amin’ny peuplier.&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |url=[https://www.peupliersdefrance.org/uploads/uploads-FR/DocumentsTechniques/JAY%20APOLLINE%20MEMOIRE.pdf](https://www.peupliersdefrance.org/uploads/uploads-FR/DocumentsTechniques/JAY%20APOLLINE%20MEMOIRE.pdf) |titel=Mit Pappelholz bauen. Am Beispiel der vernagelten Holzdecke |abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanorenana hazo–beton hybrid ===
Ny takelaka O’Portune miaraka amin’ny sosona beton eo ambony dia mamorona rafitra hazo–beton mitambatra antsoina hoe D-Dalle ary mampitombo ny fahombiazan’ny rafitra ara-mekanika sy ara-akoustika arakaraka ny filàn’ny trano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Literatur |Autor=Jean-Luc Sandoz |Titel=Le bois dans la construction: innovations et perspectives |Datum=2002-06-19 |DOI=10.5169/SEALS-80287 |Online=[https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=bts-004:2002:128::268](https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=bts-004:2002:128::268) |Abruf=2024-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Namboarin’ny orinasa soisa CBS-CBT izy io.&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |autor=Frédéric Gluzicki |url=[https://www.acpresse.fr/cbs-cbt-pionner-dalle-mixte-bois-beton/](https://www.acpresse.fr/cbs-cbt-pionner-dalle-mixte-bois-beton/) |titel=CBS-CBT, un pionner de la dalle mixtes bois-béton |datum=2023-02-04 |sprache=fr |abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ity rafitra mitambatra ity dia afaka mandrakotra elanelana 8 hatramin’ny 18 m tsy misy tohana afovoany, sady maivana (250 hatramin’ny 400 kg/m²).&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |url=[https://www.woodsurfer.com/planchers-mixtes-bois-beton-alliance-de-competences/2955422](https://www.woodsurfer.com/planchers-mixtes-bois-beton-alliance-de-competences/2955422) |titel=Planchers mixtes bois-béton : alliance de compétences |werk=woodsurfer.com |datum=2022-04-26 |sprache=fr |abruf=2024-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Famaritana ara-teknika ==
Ny takelaka O’Portune dia amboarina eny amin’ny toeram-panorenana na ao amin’ny atrikasa, ary rafitra iray amin’ny endrika takelaka mitsivalana manana fahombiazana ara-mekanika avo sy/na elanelana lehibe – hatramin’ny 12 m tsy misy tohana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Literatur |Autor=Le Moniteur |Titel=Dalles O'portune |Datum=2013-06-05 |Online=[https://www.lemoniteur.fr/photo/bois-des-alpes-pour-batiment-multifonctionnel.781824/dalles-o-portune.5](https://www.lemoniteur.fr/photo/bois-des-alpes-pour-batiment-multifonctionnel.781824/dalles-o-portune.5) |Abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny takelaka dia ahitana hazo fisaka izay apetaka mifandimby sy afatotra amin’ny visy na fantsika, ka mampitombo ny fahombiazan’ny rafitra ara-batana sy akoustika nefa tsy mampitombo ny lanjany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |url=[https://www.construction21.org/france/products/h/82/plancher-porteur-bois-schilliger.html](https://www.construction21.org/france/products/h/82/plancher-porteur-bois-schilliger.html) |titel=Plancher porteur bois SCHILLIGER |sprache=fr |abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny singa amin’ny gorodona dia amboarina mialoha ao amin’ny atrikasa ary ahitana hazo fisaka 180 × 50 mm napetraka mifandimby. Izany dia mampitombo ny haavon’ny rafitra ara-statika. Rehefa mampiasa hazo 180 mm ny haavony miaraka amin’ny fifandrakofana 80 mm eo anelanelan’ny sosona ambany sy ambony, dia mahatratra 280 mm ny haavon’ny rafitra raisina amin’ny kajy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Literatur |Autor=Le Moniteur |Titel=Modules de plancher préfabriqués en bois lamellé |Datum=2007-09-01 |Online=[https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/modules-de-plancher-prefabriques-en-bois-lamelle.465529](https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/modules-de-plancher-prefabriques-en-bois-lamelle.465529) |Abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny hazo fisaka dia afatotra amin’ny visy 6 mm savaivony sy 180 mm halavany. Mba hiantohana ny fizarana mitovy ny hery manerana ny takelaka, dia asiana OSB (11 mm hateviny) na takelaka Kerto (27 mm hateviny) amin’ny faritra mahazatra sy amin’ny terrasse na toerana fitahirizana. Ireo takelaka ireo dia afatotra amin’ny visy isaky ny 300 mm eo amin’ny sisiny ambony amin’ny hazo fisaka. Amin’ny lafiny hery mitsivalana, dia miasa toy ny rafitra iray mitovy (homogène) izy io, toy ny membrane.

Ny masoivoho Wilmotte et Associés dia nametraka ny takelaka O’Portune ho eo amin’ny laharana faha-13 amin’ny fanangonana singa ara-maritrano voatondro ho referansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Literatur |Autor=AMC |Titel=L' agence Wilmotte &amp; associés |Datum=2012-09-01 |Online=[https://www.amc-archi.com/article/l-agence-wilmotte-associes.39458](https://www.amc-archi.com/article/l-agence-wilmotte-associes.39458) |Abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Literatiora ==

* M. Chaplain, T. Dethan, P. Castera: ''Effects Of Climatic Conditions Changes On Crack Growth.'' In: ''9th World Conference on Timber Engineering 2006 (WCTE 2006). Portland, Oregon, USA. 6–10 August 2006.'' Band 1. Curran Associates, New York 2006, ISBN 978-1-62276-285-9, S. 130.
* Hartwig N. Schneider, Uli Baierlipp, Robert Thomé: ''Holz! Beiträge zum Seminar. Sommersemester 2005.'' Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Fakultät für Architektur, Aachen 2005, S. 140–141, ([[https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/5204666/reader-lena-klein](https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/5204666/reader-lena-klein) Yumpu-Reader]).
* Rachel Amiot und Vincent Lombard: ''Apotheke und Praxis in Plancher-Bas.'' In: Christian Schittich (Hrsg.): ''Kosteneffizient Bauen. Ökonomische Konzepte – Wirtschaftliche Konstruktionen.'' Reihe: ''Im Detail.'' Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 2007, ISBN 978-3-7643-8413-5, S. 31–33.
* Jean-Marc Franssen: ''Recherches sur le comportement au feu des structures en bois menées à l’Université de Liège.'' 2013, S. 10–14 ([[https://www.academia.edu/86561230/Recherches_sur_le_comportement_au_feu_des_structures_en_bois_men%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_l_Universit%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge](https://www.academia.edu/86561230/Recherches_sur_le_comportement_au_feu_des_structures_en_bois_men%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_l_Universit%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge) PDF; 8,5 MB]).
* Assaad Taoum: ''Application of Local Post-Tensioning to New and Existing Structures.'' Hochschulschrift, University of Tasmania, Februar 2016, S. 12–13 (auf Englisch).
* Julien Mussier und Mathieu Fuchs: ''Construire avec le bois.'' Editions Le Moniteur, Antony 2019, ISBN 978-2-281-14222-8, S. 216.
* Gabriela Ladeia Andrade Martins: ''Guia de soluções de madeira para reabilitação.'' Hochschulschrift, Universität Minho, Universidade do Minho, Oktober 2021, S. 46, ([[https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/83028](https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/83028) PDF; 9,5 MB]).</text>
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'''Ny Dalle O’Portune''' dia takelaka hazo mitsivalana iray manana velaran-tany izay mety ho tena lehibe.

== Tantara ==
Miaraka amin’ny firoboroboan’ny fanorenana amin’ny hazo, dia nipoitra ny valindrihana hazo ary nahafahana nandray anjara tamin’ny fanamboarana trano maharitra sy manaja ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |url=[https://issuu.com/detail-magazine/docs/bk-det-2023-6_architektur_u_klimaschutz_issn2627-2/s/25181441](https://issuu.com/detail-magazine/docs/bk-det-2023-6_architektur_u_klimaschutz_issn2627-2/s/25181441) |titel=Nachhaltiges Bauen, Holzbau Sustainable Construction Timber Construction |sprache=de |abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny takelaka O’Portune dia noforonin’i [[Jean-Luc Sandoz]], tamin’ny 1999, izay lehiben’ny sampana fikarohana sy fampandrosoana momba ny akora hazo ao amin’ny École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ho an’ny fampirantiana nasionaly soisa tamin’ny 2002. Tamin’ny taona 2000 dia maherin’ny 50.000 m² amin’ny gorodona hazo an-dranomasina napetraka tamin’ny fantsona metaly, fantsona entona taloha notapahana ho fizarana, no napetraka teo amin’ny Bielersee Farihy Bieler sy Neuenburgersee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |url=[https://www.holzkurier.com/content/holz/holzkurier/de/holzbau/2005/02/holzbau_und_mehr.html](https://www.holzkurier.com/content/holz/holzkurier/de/holzbau/2005/02/holzbau_und_mehr.html) |titel=Holzbau und mehr |datum=2005-02-19 |sprache=de |abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Literatur |Titel=Devant son île de bois, Neuchâtel découvre le gigantisme d'Expo.02 - Le Temps |Datum=2000-03-26 |ISSN=1423-3967 |Online=[https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/devant-ile-bois-neuchatel-decouvre-gigantisme-dexpo02](https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/devant-ile-bois-neuchatel-decouvre-gigantisme-dexpo02) |Abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny takelaka O’Portune dia natao patanty tamin’ny 1999, ka nifarana tamin’ny 2019 ny fiarovana ara-patanty ary nanomboka tamin’io taona io dia lasa singa ara-drafitra ampiasaina amin’ny fanorenana hazo mivaingana izy, indrindra noho ny vokany ara-tontolo iainana sy ny fahafahany averina ampiasaina indray,&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |url=[https://www.arcinfo.ch/neuchatel-canton/littoral/lignieres/les-vestiges-d-expo02-reconvertis-en-tables-de-jardin-92148](https://www.arcinfo.ch/neuchatel-canton/littoral/lignieres/les-vestiges-d-expo02-reconvertis-en-tables-de-jardin-92148) |titel=Les vestiges d'Expo.02 reconvertis en tables de jardin |sprache=fr |abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary koa noho ny fahombiazany amin’ny feo izay manatsara ny fampiononana ao amin’ny trano.

== Fampandrosoana ==

=== Hazo tropikaly ===
Ny fomba fiasa izay natao voalohany ho an’ny hazo sapin sy épicéa dia azo ampiharina amin’ny karazana hazo isan-karazany toy ny peuplier na koa hazo tropikaly, izay ampiasain’ny masoivoho frantsay misahana ny habakabaka (CNES) ho an’ny tranony vaovao ao amin’ny Centre spatial guyanais foibe habakabaka Guyana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Internetquelle |url=[https://www.forum-boisconstruction.com/conferences/09_FBC2018_Laracine_Maignant.pdf](https://www.forum-boisconstruction.com/conferences/09_FBC2018_Laracine_Maignant.pdf) |titel=Mit tropischem Holz in Guyana bauen |abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hazo eo an-toerana ===
Misy asa fikarohana momba ny fampiharana amin’ny karazana hazo samihafa, indrindra amin’ny peuplier.&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |url=[https://www.peupliersdefrance.org/uploads/uploads-FR/DocumentsTechniques/JAY%20APOLLINE%20MEMOIRE.pdf](https://www.peupliersdefrance.org/uploads/uploads-FR/DocumentsTechniques/JAY%20APOLLINE%20MEMOIRE.pdf) |titel=Mit Pappelholz bauen. Am Beispiel der vernagelten Holzdecke |abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fanorenana hazo–beton hybrid ===
Ny takelaka O’Portune miaraka amin’ny sosona beton eo ambony dia mamorona rafitra hazo–beton mitambatra antsoina hoe D-Dalle ary mampitombo ny fahombiazan’ny rafitra ara-mekanika sy ara-akoustika arakaraka ny filàn’ny trano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Literatur |Autor=Jean-Luc Sandoz |Titel=Le bois dans la construction: innovations et perspectives |Datum=2002-06-19 |DOI=10.5169/SEALS-80287 |Online=[https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=bts-004:2002:128::268](https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=bts-004:2002:128::268) |Abruf=2024-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Namboarin’ny orinasa soisa CBS-CBT izy io.&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |autor=Frédéric Gluzicki |url=[https://www.acpresse.fr/cbs-cbt-pionner-dalle-mixte-bois-beton/](https://www.acpresse.fr/cbs-cbt-pionner-dalle-mixte-bois-beton/) |titel=CBS-CBT, un pionner de la dalle mixtes bois-béton |datum=2023-02-04 |sprache=fr |abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ity rafitra mitambatra ity dia afaka mandrakotra elanelana 8 hatramin’ny 18 m tsy misy tohana afovoany, sady maivana (250 hatramin’ny 400 kg/m²).&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |url=[https://www.woodsurfer.com/planchers-mixtes-bois-beton-alliance-de-competences/2955422](https://www.woodsurfer.com/planchers-mixtes-bois-beton-alliance-de-competences/2955422) |titel=Planchers mixtes bois-béton : alliance de compétences |werk=woodsurfer.com |datum=2022-04-26 |sprache=fr |abruf=2024-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Famaritana ara-teknika ==
Ny takelaka O’Portune dia amboarina eny amin’ny toeram-panorenana na ao amin’ny atrikasa, ary rafitra iray amin’ny endrika takelaka mitsivalana manana fahombiazana ara-mekanika avo sy/na elanelana lehibe – hatramin’ny 12 m tsy misy tohana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Literatur |Autor=Le Moniteur |Titel=Dalles O'portune |Datum=2013-06-05 |Online=[https://www.lemoniteur.fr/photo/bois-des-alpes-pour-batiment-multifonctionnel.781824/dalles-o-portune.5](https://www.lemoniteur.fr/photo/bois-des-alpes-pour-batiment-multifonctionnel.781824/dalles-o-portune.5) |Abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny takelaka dia ahitana hazo fisaka izay apetaka mifandimby sy afatotra amin’ny visy na fantsika, ka mampitombo ny fahombiazan’ny rafitra ara-batana sy akoustika nefa tsy mampitombo ny lanjany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |url=[https://www.construction21.org/france/products/h/82/plancher-porteur-bois-schilliger.html](https://www.construction21.org/france/products/h/82/plancher-porteur-bois-schilliger.html) |titel=Plancher porteur bois SCHILLIGER |sprache=fr |abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny singa amin’ny gorodona dia amboarina mialoha ao amin’ny atrikasa ary ahitana hazo fisaka 180 × 50 mm napetraka mifandimby. Izany dia mampitombo ny haavon’ny rafitra ara-statika. Rehefa mampiasa hazo 180 mm ny haavony miaraka amin’ny fifandrakofana 80 mm eo anelanelan’ny sosona ambany sy ambony, dia mahatratra 280 mm ny haavon’ny rafitra raisina amin’ny kajy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Literatur |Autor=Le Moniteur |Titel=Modules de plancher préfabriqués en bois lamellé |Datum=2007-09-01 |Online=[https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/modules-de-plancher-prefabriques-en-bois-lamelle.465529](https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/modules-de-plancher-prefabriques-en-bois-lamelle.465529) |Abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny hazo fisaka dia afatotra amin’ny visy 6 mm savaivony sy 180 mm halavany. Mba hiantohana ny fizarana mitovy ny hery manerana ny takelaka, dia asiana OSB (11 mm hateviny) na takelaka Kerto (27 mm hateviny) amin’ny faritra mahazatra sy amin’ny terrasse na toerana fitahirizana. Ireo takelaka ireo dia afatotra amin’ny visy isaky ny 300 mm eo amin’ny sisiny ambony amin’ny hazo fisaka. Amin’ny lafiny hery mitsivalana, dia miasa toy ny rafitra iray mitovy (homogène) izy io, toy ny membrane.

Ny masoivoho Wilmotte et Associés dia nametraka ny takelaka O’Portune ho eo amin’ny laharana faha-13 amin’ny fanangonana singa ara-maritrano voatondro ho referansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Literatur |Autor=AMC |Titel=L' agence Wilmotte &amp; associés |Datum=2012-09-01 |Online=[https://www.amc-archi.com/article/l-agence-wilmotte-associes.39458](https://www.amc-archi.com/article/l-agence-wilmotte-associes.39458) |Abruf=2023-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Literatiora ==

* M. Chaplain, T. Dethan, P. Castera: ''Effects Of Climatic Conditions Changes On Crack Growth.'' In: ''9th World Conference on Timber Engineering 2006 (WCTE 2006). Portland, Oregon, USA. 6–10 August 2006.'' Band 1. Curran Associates, New York 2006, ISBN 978-1-62276-285-9, S. 130.
* Hartwig N. Schneider, Uli Baierlipp, Robert Thomé: ''Holz! Beiträge zum Seminar. Sommersemester 2005.'' Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Fakultät für Architektur, Aachen 2005, S. 140–141, ([[https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/5204666/reader-lena-klein](https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/5204666/reader-lena-klein) Yumpu-Reader]).
* Rachel Amiot und Vincent Lombard: ''Apotheke und Praxis in Plancher-Bas.'' In: Christian Schittich (Hrsg.): ''Kosteneffizient Bauen. Ökonomische Konzepte – Wirtschaftliche Konstruktionen.'' Reihe: ''Im Detail.'' Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 2007, ISBN 978-3-7643-8413-5, S. 31–33.
* Jean-Marc Franssen: ''Recherches sur le comportement au feu des structures en bois menées à l’Université de Liège.'' 2013, S. 10–14 ([[https://www.academia.edu/86561230/Recherches_sur_le_comportement_au_feu_des_structures_en_bois_men%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_l_Universit%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge](https://www.academia.edu/86561230/Recherches_sur_le_comportement_au_feu_des_structures_en_bois_men%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_l_Universit%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge) PDF; 8,5 MB]).
* Assaad Taoum: ''Application of Local Post-Tensioning to New and Existing Structures.'' Hochschulschrift, University of Tasmania, Februar 2016, S. 12–13 (auf Englisch).
* Julien Mussier und Mathieu Fuchs: ''Construire avec le bois.'' Editions Le Moniteur, Antony 2019, ISBN 978-2-281-14222-8, S. 216.
* Gabriela Ladeia Andrade Martins: ''Guia de soluções de madeira para reabilitação.'' Hochschulschrift, Universität Minho, Universidade do Minho, Oktober 2021, S. 46, ([[https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/83028](https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/83028) PDF; 9,5 MB]).</text>
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'''Ny Dalle O’Portune''' dia takelaka hazo mitsivalana iray manana velaran-tany izay mety ho tena lehibe.

== Tantara ==
Miaraka amin’ny firoboroboan’ny fanorenana amin’ny hazo, dia nipoitra ny valindrihana hazo ary nahafahana nandray anjara tamin’ny fanamboarana trano maharitra sy manaja ny tontolo iainana&lt;ref&gt;[https://issuu.com/detail-magazine/docs/bk-det-2023-6_architektur_u_klimaschutz_issn2627-2/s/25181441 Nachhaltiges Bauen, Holzbau Sustainable Construction Timber Construction - Issuu]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny takelaka O’Portune dia noforonin’i [[Jean-Luc Sandoz]], tamin’ny 1999, izay lehiben’ny sampana fikarohana sy fampandrosoana momba ny akora hazo ao amin’ny École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ho an’ny fampirantiana nasionaly soisa tamin’ny 2002. Tamin’ny taona 2000 dia maherin’ny 50.000 m² amin’ny gorodona hazo an-dranomasina napetraka tamin’ny fantsona metaly, fantsona entona taloha notapahana ho fizarana, no napetraka teo amin’ny Bielersee Farihy Bieler sy Neuenburgersee&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.holzkurier.com/holzbau/2005/02/holzbau_und_mehr.html Holzbau und mehr.]''19.Februar 2005&amp;#x2C; abgerufen am 1.Dezember 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/devant-ile-bois-neuchatel-decouvre-gigantisme-dexpo02 Devant son île de bois, Neuchâtel découvre le gigantisme d'Expo.02 - Le Temps]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny takelaka O’Portune dia natao patanty tamin’ny 1999, ka nifarana tamin’ny 2019 ny fiarovana ara-patanty ary nanomboka tamin’io taona io dia lasa singa ara-drafitra ampiasaina amin’ny fanorenana hazo mivaingana izy, indrindra noho ny vokany ara-tontolo iainana sy ny fahafahany averina ampiasaina indray&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arcinfo.ch/neuchatel-canton/littoral/lignieres/les-vestiges-d-expo02-reconvertis-en-tables-de-jardin-92148 Les vestiges d'Expo.02 reconvertis en tables de jardin]&lt;/ref&gt;, ary koa noho ny fahombiazany amin’ny feo izay manatsara ny fampiononana ao amin’ny trano.

== Fampandrosoana ==

=== Hazo tropikaly ===
Ny fomba fiasa izay natao voalohany ho an’ny hazo sapin sy épicéa dia azo ampiharina amin’ny karazana hazo isan-karazany toy ny peuplier na koa hazo tropikaly, izay ampiasain’ny masoivoho frantsay misahana ny habakabaka (CNES) ho an’ny tranony vaovao ao amin’ny Centre spatial guyanais foibe habakabaka Guyana&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.forum-boisconstruction.com/conferences/09_FBC2018_Laracine_Maignant.pdf 09_FBC2018_Laracine_Maignant.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Hazo eo an-toerana ===
Misy asa fikarohana momba ny fampiharana amin’ny karazana hazo samihafa, indrindra amin’ny peuplier&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.peupliersdefrance.org/uploads/uploads-FR/DocumentsTechniques/JAY%20APOLLINE%20MEMOIRE.pdf JAY APOLLINE MEMOIRE.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fanorenana hazo–beton hybrid ===
Ny takelaka O’Portune miaraka amin’ny sosona beton eo ambony dia mamorona rafitra hazo–beton mitambatra antsoina hoe D-Dalle ary mampitombo ny fahombiazan’ny rafitra ara-mekanika sy ara-akoustika arakaraka ny filàn’ny trano&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=bts-004%3A2002%3A128%3A%3A1139 E-Periodica - Le bois dans la construction: innovations et perspectives]&lt;/ref&gt;. Namboarin’ny orinasa soisa CBS-CBT izy io&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.acpresse.fr/cbs-cbt-pionner-dalle-mixte-bois-beton/ CBS-CBT, un pionner de la dalle mixte bois-béton - ACPresse]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ity rafitra mitambatra ity dia afaka mandrakotra elanelana 8 hatramin’ny 18 m tsy misy tohana afovoany, sady maivana (250 hatramin’ny 400 kg/m²)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.woodsurfer.com/planchers-mixtes-bois-beton-alliance-de-competences/2955422 Planchers mixtes bois-béton : alliance de compétences - Woodsurfer]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Famaritana ara-teknika ==
Ny takelaka O’Portune dia amboarina eny amin’ny toeram-panorenana na ao amin’ny atrikasa, ary rafitra iray amin’ny endrika takelaka mitsivalana manana fahombiazana ara-mekanika avo sy/na elanelana lehibe – hatramin’ny 12 m tsy misy tohana&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lemoniteur.fr/photo/bois-des-alpes-pour-batiment-multifonctionnel.781824/dalles-o-portune.5 Bois des Alpes pour bâtiment multifonctionnel]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny takelaka dia ahitana hazo fisaka izay apetaka mifandimby sy afatotra amin’ny visy na fantsika, ka mampitombo ny fahombiazan’ny rafitra ara-batana sy akoustika nefa tsy mampitombo ny lanjany&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.construction21.org/france/products/h/82/plancher-porteur-bois-schilliger.html Tuile rustique coloris Mesnil]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny singa amin’ny gorodona dia amboarina mialoha ao amin’ny atrikasa ary ahitana hazo fisaka 180 × 50 mm napetraka mifandimby. Izany dia mampitombo ny haavon’ny rafitra ara-statika. Rehefa mampiasa hazo 180 mm ny haavony miaraka amin’ny fifandrakofana 80 mm eo anelanelan’ny sosona ambany sy ambony, dia mahatratra 280 mm ny haavon’ny rafitra raisina amin’ny kajy&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/modules-de-plancher-prefabriques-en-bois-lamelle.465529 Modules de plancher préfabriqués en bois lamellé]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny hazo fisaka dia afatotra amin’ny visy 6 mm savaivony sy 180 mm halavany. Mba hiantohana ny fizarana mitovy ny hery manerana ny takelaka, dia asiana OSB (11 mm hateviny) na takelaka Kerto (27 mm hateviny) amin’ny faritra mahazatra sy amin’ny terrasse na toerana fitahirizana. Ireo takelaka ireo dia afatotra amin’ny visy isaky ny 300 mm eo amin’ny sisiny ambony amin’ny hazo fisaka. Amin’ny lafiny hery mitsivalana, dia miasa toy ny rafitra iray mitovy (homogène) izy io, toy ny membrane.

Ny masoivoho Wilmotte et Associés dia nametraka ny takelaka O’Portune ho eo amin’ny laharana faha-13 amin’ny fanangonana singa ara-maritrano voatondro ho referansa&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/modules-de-plancher-prefabriques-en-bois-lamelle.465529 Modules de plancher préfabriqués en bois lamellé]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Literatiora ==

* M. Chaplain, T. Dethan, P. Castera: ''Effects Of Climatic Conditions Changes On Crack Growth.'' In: ''9th World Conference on Timber Engineering 2006 (WCTE 2006). Portland, Oregon, USA. 6–10 August 2006.'' Band 1. Curran Associates, New York 2006, ISBN 978-1-62276-285-9, S. 130.
* Hartwig N. Schneider, Uli Baierlipp, Robert Thomé: ''Holz! Beiträge zum Seminar. Sommersemester 2005.'' Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Fakultät für Architektur, Aachen 2005, S. 140–141, ([[https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/5204666/reader-lena-klein](https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/5204666/reader-lena-klein) Yumpu-Reader]).
* Rachel Amiot und Vincent Lombard: ''Apotheke und Praxis in Plancher-Bas.'' In: Christian Schittich (Hrsg.): ''Kosteneffizient Bauen. Ökonomische Konzepte – Wirtschaftliche Konstruktionen.'' Reihe: ''Im Detail.'' Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 2007, ISBN 978-3-7643-8413-5, S. 31–33.
* Jean-Marc Franssen: ''Recherches sur le comportement au feu des structures en bois menées à l’Université de Liège.'' 2013, S. 10–14 ([[https://www.academia.edu/86561230/Recherches_sur_le_comportement_au_feu_des_structures_en_bois_men%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_l_Universit%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge](https://www.academia.edu/86561230/Recherches_sur_le_comportement_au_feu_des_structures_en_bois_men%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_l_Universit%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge) PDF; 8,5 MB]).
* Assaad Taoum: ''Application of Local Post-Tensioning to New and Existing Structures.'' Hochschulschrift, University of Tasmania, Februar 2016, S. 12–13 (auf Englisch).
* Julien Mussier und Mathieu Fuchs: ''Construire avec le bois.'' Editions Le Moniteur, Antony 2019, ISBN 978-2-281-14222-8, S. 216.
* Gabriela Ladeia Andrade Martins: ''Guia de soluções de madeira para reabilitação.'' Hochschulschrift, Universität Minho, Universidade do Minho, Oktober 2021, S. 46, ([[https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/83028](https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/83028) PDF; 9,5 MB]).

== Fanamarihana ==
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      <text bytes="7965" sha1="3h5jjzmewlhcsnsgi9uh2l8azy4d3bt" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:O'Portune Decke.png|vignette|Takelaka O'portune]]


'''Ny Dalle O’Portune''' dia takelaka hazo mitsivalana iray manana velaran-tany izay mety ho tena lehibe.

== Tantara ==
Miaraka amin’ny firoboroboan’ny fanorenana amin’ny hazo, dia nipoitra ny valindrihana hazo ary nahafahana nandray anjara tamin’ny fanamboarana trano maharitra sy manaja ny tontolo iainana&lt;ref&gt;[https://issuu.com/detail-magazine/docs/bk-det-2023-6_architektur_u_klimaschutz_issn2627-2/s/25181441 Nachhaltiges Bauen, Holzbau Sustainable Construction Timber Construction - Issuu]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny takelaka O’Portune dia noforonin’i [[Jean-Luc Sandoz]], tamin’ny 1999, izay lehiben’ny sampana fikarohana sy fampandrosoana momba ny akora hazo ao amin’ny École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ho an’ny fampirantiana nasionaly soisa tamin’ny 2002. Tamin’ny taona 2000 dia maherin’ny 50.000 m² amin’ny gorodona hazo an-dranomasina napetraka tamin’ny fantsona metaly, fantsona entona taloha notapahana ho fizarana, no napetraka teo amin’ny Bielersee Farihy Bieler sy Neuenburgersee&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.holzkurier.com/holzbau/2005/02/holzbau_und_mehr.html Holzbau und mehr.]''19.Februar 2005&amp;#x2C; abgerufen am 1.Dezember 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/devant-ile-bois-neuchatel-decouvre-gigantisme-dexpo02 Devant son île de bois, Neuchâtel découvre le gigantisme d'Expo.02 - Le Temps]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny takelaka O’Portune dia natao patanty tamin’ny 1999, ka nifarana tamin’ny 2019 ny fiarovana ara-patanty ary nanomboka tamin’io taona io dia lasa singa ara-drafitra ampiasaina amin’ny fanorenana hazo mivaingana izy, indrindra noho ny vokany ara-tontolo iainana sy ny fahafahany averina ampiasaina indray&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arcinfo.ch/neuchatel-canton/littoral/lignieres/les-vestiges-d-expo02-reconvertis-en-tables-de-jardin-92148 Les vestiges d'Expo.02 reconvertis en tables de jardin]&lt;/ref&gt;, ary koa noho ny fahombiazany amin’ny feo izay manatsara ny fampiononana ao amin’ny trano.

== Fampandrosoana ==

=== Hazo tropikaly ===
Ny fomba fiasa izay natao voalohany ho an’ny hazo sapin sy épicéa dia azo ampiharina amin’ny karazana hazo isan-karazany toy ny peuplier na koa hazo tropikaly, izay ampiasain’ny masoivoho frantsay misahana ny habakabaka (CNES) ho an’ny tranony vaovao ao amin’ny Centre spatial guyanais foibe habakabaka Guyana&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.forum-boisconstruction.com/conferences/09_FBC2018_Laracine_Maignant.pdf 09_FBC2018_Laracine_Maignant.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Hazo eo an-toerana ===
Misy asa fikarohana momba ny fampiharana amin’ny karazana hazo samihafa, indrindra amin’ny peuplier&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.peupliersdefrance.org/uploads/uploads-FR/DocumentsTechniques/JAY%20APOLLINE%20MEMOIRE.pdf JAY APOLLINE MEMOIRE.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fanorenana hazo–beton hybrid ===
Ny takelaka O’Portune miaraka amin’ny sosona beton eo ambony dia mamorona rafitra hazo–beton mitambatra antsoina hoe D-Dalle ary mampitombo ny fahombiazan’ny rafitra ara-mekanika sy ara-akoustika arakaraka ny filàn’ny trano&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=bts-004%3A2002%3A128%3A%3A1139 E-Periodica - Le bois dans la construction: innovations et perspectives]&lt;/ref&gt;. Namboarin’ny orinasa soisa CBS-CBT izy io&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.acpresse.fr/cbs-cbt-pionner-dalle-mixte-bois-beton/ CBS-CBT, un pionner de la dalle mixte bois-béton - ACPresse]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ity rafitra mitambatra ity dia afaka mandrakotra elanelana 8 hatramin’ny 18 m tsy misy tohana afovoany, sady maivana (250 hatramin’ny 400 kg/m²)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.woodsurfer.com/planchers-mixtes-bois-beton-alliance-de-competences/2955422 Planchers mixtes bois-béton : alliance de compétences - Woodsurfer]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Famaritana ara-teknika ==
Ny takelaka O’Portune dia amboarina eny amin’ny toeram-panorenana na ao amin’ny atrikasa, ary rafitra iray amin’ny endrika takelaka mitsivalana manana fahombiazana ara-mekanika avo sy/na elanelana lehibe – hatramin’ny 12 m tsy misy tohana&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lemoniteur.fr/photo/bois-des-alpes-pour-batiment-multifonctionnel.781824/dalles-o-portune.5 Bois des Alpes pour bâtiment multifonctionnel]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny takelaka dia ahitana hazo fisaka izay apetaka mifandimby sy afatotra amin’ny visy na fantsika, ka mampitombo ny fahombiazan’ny rafitra ara-batana sy akoustika nefa tsy mampitombo ny lanjany&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.construction21.org/france/products/h/82/plancher-porteur-bois-schilliger.html Tuile rustique coloris Mesnil]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny singa amin’ny gorodona dia amboarina mialoha ao amin’ny atrikasa ary ahitana hazo fisaka 180 × 50 mm napetraka mifandimby. Izany dia mampitombo ny haavon’ny rafitra ara-statika. Rehefa mampiasa hazo 180 mm ny haavony miaraka amin’ny fifandrakofana 80 mm eo anelanelan’ny sosona ambany sy ambony, dia mahatratra 280 mm ny haavon’ny rafitra raisina amin’ny kajy&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/modules-de-plancher-prefabriques-en-bois-lamelle.465529 Modules de plancher préfabriqués en bois lamellé]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny hazo fisaka dia afatotra amin’ny visy 6 mm savaivony sy 180 mm halavany. Mba hiantohana ny fizarana mitovy ny hery manerana ny takelaka, dia asiana OSB (11 mm hateviny) na takelaka Kerto (27 mm hateviny) amin’ny faritra mahazatra sy amin’ny terrasse na toerana fitahirizana. Ireo takelaka ireo dia afatotra amin’ny visy isaky ny 300 mm eo amin’ny sisiny ambony amin’ny hazo fisaka. Amin’ny lafiny hery mitsivalana, dia miasa toy ny rafitra iray mitovy (homogène) izy io, toy ny membrane.

Ny masoivoho Wilmotte et Associés dia nametraka ny takelaka O’Portune ho eo amin’ny laharana faha-13 amin’ny fanangonana singa ara-maritrano voatondro ho referansa&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/modules-de-plancher-prefabriques-en-bois-lamelle.465529 Modules de plancher préfabriqués en bois lamellé]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Literatiora ==

* M. Chaplain, T. Dethan, P. Castera: ''Effects Of Climatic Conditions Changes On Crack Growth.'' In: ''9th World Conference on Timber Engineering 2006 (WCTE 2006). Portland, Oregon, USA. 6–10 August 2006.'' Band 1. Curran Associates, New York 2006, ISBN 978-1-62276-285-9, S. 130.
* Hartwig N. Schneider, Uli Baierlipp, Robert Thomé: ''Holz! Beiträge zum Seminar. Sommersemester 2005.'' Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Fakultät für Architektur, Aachen 2005, S. 140–141, ([[https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/5204666/reader-lena-klein](https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/5204666/reader-lena-klein) Yumpu-Reader]).
* Rachel Amiot und Vincent Lombard: ''Apotheke und Praxis in Plancher-Bas.'' In: Christian Schittich (Hrsg.): ''Kosteneffizient Bauen. Ökonomische Konzepte – Wirtschaftliche Konstruktionen.'' Reihe: ''Im Detail.'' Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 2007, ISBN 978-3-7643-8413-5, S. 31–33.
* Jean-Marc Franssen: ''Recherches sur le comportement au feu des structures en bois menées à l’Université de Liège.'' 2013, S. 10–14 ([[https://www.academia.edu/86561230/Recherches_sur_le_comportement_au_feu_des_structures_en_bois_men%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_l_Universit%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge](https://www.academia.edu/86561230/Recherches_sur_le_comportement_au_feu_des_structures_en_bois_men%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_l_Universit%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge) PDF; 8,5 MB]).
* Assaad Taoum: ''Application of Local Post-Tensioning to New and Existing Structures.'' Hochschulschrift, University of Tasmania, Februar 2016, S. 12–13 (auf Englisch).
* Julien Mussier und Mathieu Fuchs: ''Construire avec le bois.'' Editions Le Moniteur, Antony 2019, ISBN 978-2-281-14222-8, S. 216.
* Gabriela Ladeia Andrade Martins: ''Guia de soluções de madeira para reabilitação.'' Hochschulschrift, Universität Minho, Universidade do Minho, Oktober 2021, S. 46, ([[https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/83028](https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/83028) PDF; 9,5 MB]).

== Fanamarihana ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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[[Sokajy:Takelaka]]</text>
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'''Ny Dalle O’Portune''' dia takelaka hazo mitsivalana iray manana velaran-tany izay mety ho tena lehibe.

== Tantara ==
Miaraka amin’ny firoboroboan’ny fanorenana amin’ny hazo, dia nipoitra ny valindrihana hazo ary nahafahana nandray anjara tamin’ny fanamboarana trano maharitra sy manaja ny tontolo iainana&lt;ref&gt;[https://issuu.com/detail-magazine/docs/bk-det-2023-6_architektur_u_klimaschutz_issn2627-2/s/25181441 Nachhaltiges Bauen, Holzbau Sustainable Construction Timber Construction - Issuu]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny takelaka O’Portune dia noforonin’i [[Jean-Luc Sandoz]], tamin’ny 1999, izay lehiben’ny sampana fikarohana sy fampandrosoana momba ny akora hazo ao amin’ny École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ho an’ny fampirantiana nasionaly soisa tamin’ny 2002. Tamin’ny taona 2000 dia maherin’ny 50.000 m² amin’ny gorodona hazo an-dranomasina napetraka tamin’ny fantsona metaly, fantsona entona taloha notapahana ho fizarana, no napetraka teo amin’ny Bielersee Farihy Bieler sy Neuenburgersee&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.holzkurier.com/holzbau/2005/02/holzbau_und_mehr.html Holzbau und mehr.]''19.Februar 2005&amp;#x2C; abgerufen am 1.Dezember 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/devant-ile-bois-neuchatel-decouvre-gigantisme-dexpo02 Devant son île de bois, Neuchâtel découvre le gigantisme d'Expo.02 - Le Temps]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny takelaka O’Portune dia natao patanty tamin’ny 1999, ka nifarana tamin’ny 2019 ny fiarovana ara-patanty ary nanomboka tamin’io taona io dia lasa singa ara-drafitra ampiasaina amin’ny fanorenana hazo mivaingana izy, indrindra noho ny vokany ara-tontolo iainana sy ny fahafahany averina ampiasaina indray&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arcinfo.ch/neuchatel-canton/littoral/lignieres/les-vestiges-d-expo02-reconvertis-en-tables-de-jardin-92148 Les vestiges d'Expo.02 reconvertis en tables de jardin]&lt;/ref&gt;, ary koa noho ny fahombiazany amin’ny feo izay manatsara ny fampiononana ao amin’ny trano.

== Fampandrosoana ==

=== Hazo tropikaly ===
Ny fomba fiasa izay natao voalohany ho an’ny hazo sapin sy épicéa dia azo ampiharina amin’ny karazana hazo isan-karazany toy ny peuplier na koa hazo tropikaly, izay ampiasain’ny masoivoho frantsay misahana ny habakabaka (CNES) ho an’ny tranony vaovao ao amin’ny Centre spatial guyanais foibe habakabaka Guyana&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.forum-boisconstruction.com/conferences/09_FBC2018_Laracine_Maignant.pdf 09_FBC2018_Laracine_Maignant.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Hazo eo an-toerana ===
Misy asa fikarohana momba ny fampiharana amin’ny karazana hazo samihafa, indrindra amin’ny peuplier&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.peupliersdefrance.org/uploads/uploads-FR/DocumentsTechniques/JAY%20APOLLINE%20MEMOIRE.pdf JAY APOLLINE MEMOIRE.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fanorenana hazo–beton hybrid ===
Ny takelaka O’Portune miaraka amin’ny sosona beton eo ambony dia mamorona rafitra hazo–beton mitambatra antsoina hoe D-Dalle ary mampitombo ny fahombiazan’ny rafitra ara-mekanika sy ara-akoustika arakaraka ny filàn’ny trano&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=bts-004%3A2002%3A128%3A%3A1139 E-Periodica - Le bois dans la construction: innovations et perspectives]&lt;/ref&gt;. Namboarin’ny orinasa soisa CBS-CBT izy io&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.acpresse.fr/cbs-cbt-pionner-dalle-mixte-bois-beton/ CBS-CBT, un pionner de la dalle mixte bois-béton - ACPresse]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ity rafitra mitambatra ity dia afaka mandrakotra elanelana 8 hatramin’ny 18 m tsy misy tohana afovoany, sady maivana (250 hatramin’ny 400 kg/m²)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.woodsurfer.com/planchers-mixtes-bois-beton-alliance-de-competences/2955422 Planchers mixtes bois-béton : alliance de compétences - Woodsurfer]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Famaritana ara-teknika ==
Ny takelaka O’Portune dia amboarina eny amin’ny toeram-panorenana na ao amin’ny atrikasa, ary rafitra iray amin’ny endrika takelaka mitsivalana manana fahombiazana ara-mekanika avo sy/na elanelana lehibe – hatramin’ny 12 m tsy misy tohana&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lemoniteur.fr/photo/bois-des-alpes-pour-batiment-multifonctionnel.781824/dalles-o-portune.5 Bois des Alpes pour bâtiment multifonctionnel]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny takelaka dia ahitana hazo fisaka izay apetaka mifandimby sy afatotra amin’ny visy na fantsika, ka mampitombo ny fahombiazan’ny rafitra ara-batana sy akoustika nefa tsy mampitombo ny lanjany&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.construction21.org/france/products/h/82/plancher-porteur-bois-schilliger.html Tuile rustique coloris Mesnil]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny singa amin’ny gorodona dia amboarina mialoha ao amin’ny atrikasa ary ahitana hazo fisaka 180 × 50 mm napetraka mifandimby. Izany dia mampitombo ny haavon’ny rafitra ara-statika. Rehefa mampiasa hazo 180 mm ny haavony miaraka amin’ny fifandrakofana 80 mm eo anelanelan’ny sosona ambany sy ambony, dia mahatratra 280 mm ny haavon’ny rafitra raisina amin’ny kajy&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/modules-de-plancher-prefabriques-en-bois-lamelle.465529 Modules de plancher préfabriqués en bois lamellé]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny hazo fisaka dia afatotra amin’ny visy 6 mm savaivony sy 180 mm halavany. Mba hiantohana ny fizarana mitovy ny hery manerana ny takelaka, dia asiana OSB (11 mm hateviny) na takelaka Kerto (27 mm hateviny) amin’ny faritra mahazatra sy amin’ny terrasse na toerana fitahirizana. Ireo takelaka ireo dia afatotra amin’ny visy isaky ny 300 mm eo amin’ny sisiny ambony amin’ny hazo fisaka. Amin’ny lafiny hery mitsivalana, dia miasa toy ny rafitra iray mitovy (homogène) izy io, toy ny membrane.

Ny masoivoho Wilmotte et Associés dia nametraka ny takelaka O’Portune ho eo amin’ny laharana faha-13 amin’ny fanangonana singa ara-maritrano voatondro ho referansa&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/modules-de-plancher-prefabriques-en-bois-lamelle.465529 Modules de plancher préfabriqués en bois lamellé]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Literatiora ==

* M. Chaplain, T. Dethan, P. Castera: ''Effects Of Climatic Conditions Changes On Crack Growth.'' In: ''9th World Conference on Timber Engineering 2006 (WCTE 2006). Portland, Oregon, USA. 6–10 August 2006.'' Band 1. Curran Associates, New York 2006, ISBN 978-1-62276-285-9, S. 130.
* Hartwig N. Schneider, Uli Baierlipp, Robert Thomé: ''Holz! Beiträge zum Seminar. Sommersemester 2005.'' Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Fakultät für Architektur, Aachen 2005, S. 140–141, ([[https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/5204666/reader-lena-klein](https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/5204666/reader-lena-klein) Yumpu-Reader]).
* Rachel Amiot und Vincent Lombard: ''Apotheke und Praxis in Plancher-Bas.'' In: Christian Schittich (Hrsg.): ''Kosteneffizient Bauen. Ökonomische Konzepte – Wirtschaftliche Konstruktionen.'' Reihe: ''Im Detail.'' Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 2007, ISBN 978-3-7643-8413-5, S. 31–33.
* Jean-Marc Franssen: ''Recherches sur le comportement au feu des structures en bois menées à l’Université de Liège.'' 2013, S. 10–14 ([[https://www.academia.edu/86561230/Recherches_sur_le_comportement_au_feu_des_structures_en_bois_men%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_l_Universit%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge](https://www.academia.edu/86561230/Recherches_sur_le_comportement_au_feu_des_structures_en_bois_men%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_l_Universit%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge) PDF; 8,5 MB]).
* Assaad Taoum: ''Application of Local Post-Tensioning to New and Existing Structures.'' Hochschulschrift, University of Tasmania, Februar 2016, S. 12–13 (auf Englisch).
* Julien Mussier und Mathieu Fuchs: ''Construire avec le bois.'' Editions Le Moniteur, Antony 2019, ISBN 978-2-281-14222-8, S. 216.
* Gabriela Ladeia Andrade Martins: ''Guia de soluções de madeira para reabilitação.'' Hochschulschrift, Universität Minho, Universidade do Minho, Oktober 2021, S. 46, ([[https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/83028](https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/83028) PDF; 9,5 MB]).

== Fanamarihana ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Sokajy:Hazo]]</text>
      <sha1>kl6ujhh58939obefrj09e931z1kf189</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aretina bubonika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299049</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135250</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-14T14:08:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458898|Bubonic plague]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1135250</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8660" sha1="kx8nopbi21h30bn56hgjb4w5sbc2ubn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Bubonic plague
|synonym          =
|image            =Plague_-buboes.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =A ''[[bubo]]'' on the upper thigh of a person infected with bubonic plague.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =[[Fever]], [[headache]]s, vomiting, swollen [[lymph node]]s&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2012Sym/&gt;
|onset            =1–7 days after exposure&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =''[[Yersinia pestis]]'' spread by [[fleas]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Finding the bacterium in the blood, [[sputum]], or lymph nodes&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Antibiotics such as [[streptomycin]], [[gentamicin]], or [[doxycycline]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2012Tx/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =650 cases reported a year&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|deaths           =10% mortality with treatment&lt;ref name=Lancet2007/&gt;&lt;br&gt;30-90% if untreated&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2007/&gt;
}}
'''Ny pesta bubonika''' dia iray amin'ireo karazana pesta telo vokatry ny bakteria ''Yersinia pestis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=World Health Organization|title=Plague Fact sheet N°267|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/|access-date=10 May 2015|date=November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424065540/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/|archive-date=24 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iray ka hatramin'ny fito andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny bakteria dia mipoitra ny soritr'aretina toy ny gripa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ireo soritr'aretina ireo ny tazo, aretin'andoha ary fandoavana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Miseho eo amin'ny faritra akaiky indrindra ny toerana nidiran'ny bakteria tao amin'ny hoditra ny fihary atodinaina mivonto sy maharary.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/symptoms/index.html|title=Plague Symptoms|date=13 June 2012|access-date=21 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819134608/http://www.cdc.gov/plague/symptoms/index.html|archive-date=19 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indraindray, mety ho vaky ireo fihary atodinaina mivonto.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;

Ny karazana pesta telo dia vokatry ny lalan'ny aretina: pesta bubonika, pesta septikemia, ary pesta pulmonari.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ny pesta bubonika dia miparitaka indrindra amin'ny alalan'ny [[parasy]] voan'ny aretina avy amin'ny [[biby]] kely.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Mety ho vokatry ny fifohana ranon-javatra avy amin'ny biby maty voan'ny areti-mandringana ihany koa izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Tran&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/transmission/index.html|title=Plague Ecology and Transmission|date=13 June 2012|access-date=21 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822100946/http://www.cdc.gov/plague/transmission/index.html|archive-date=22 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin'ny endrika pesta bubonika, miditra amin'ny hoditra amin'ny alalan'ny kaikitry ny parasy ny bakteria ary mandeha amin'ny alalan'ny lalan-dra lymphatic mankany amin'ny node lymph, ka mahatonga azy hivonto.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ny fitiliana dia atao amin'ny alalan'ny fitadiavana bakteria ao amin'ny ra, rora, na ranon-javatra avy amin'ny fihary atodinaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;

Ny fisorohana dia amin'ny alalan'ny fepetra ara-pahasalamana ho an'ny daholobe toy ny tsy fikirakirana biby maty any amin'ny faritra ahitana pesta matetika.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Tsy dia hita fa tena ilaina amin'ny fisorohana ny areti-mandringana [[Vaksiny|ny vaksiny]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] maromaro mahomby amin'ny fitsaboana, anisan'izany ny streptomycin, gentamicin, ary [[doxycycline]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Prentice MB, Rahalison L|title=Plague|journal=Lancet|volume=369|issue=9568|pages=1196–207|date=April 2007|pmid=17416264|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60566-2|s2cid=208790222}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/healthcare/clinicians.html|title=Plague Resources for Clinicians|date=13 June 2012|access-date=21 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821214546/http://www.cdc.gov/plague/healthcare/clinicians.html|archive-date=21 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha tsy misy fitsaboana, dia mety ho faty ny 30% ka hatramin'ny 90% amin'ireo voan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2007&quot; /&gt; Raha mitranga izany dia mazàna ao anatin'ny folo andro ny fahafatesana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Keyes|first=Daniel C.|title=Medical response to terrorism : preparedness and clinical practice|date=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia [u.a.]|isbn=9780781749862|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4uCV4Gm82YC&amp;pg=PA74|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727140038/https://books.google.com/books?id=y4uCV4Gm82YC&amp;pg=PA74|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny 10% eo ho eo ny mety hahafaty rehefa tsaboina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2007&quot; /&gt; Manerantany teo anelanelan'ny taona 2010 sy 2015 dia nisy tranga 3248 voarakitra an-tsoratra, izay niafara tamin'ny fahafatesana 584.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ny [[Repoblika Demôkratikan'i Kôngô|Repoblika Demokratikan'i Kongo]], [[Madagasikara]], ary [[Però|Però no]] firenena manana tranga betsaka indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;

Ny areti-mandringana no anton'ny [[Fahafatesana Mainty]] izay nanenika an'i Azia, Eoropa ary Afrika tamin'ny taonjato faha-14 ary nahafaty olona tombanana ho 50 tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Haensch S, Bianucci R, Signoli M, Rajerison M, Schultz M, Kacki S, Vermunt M, Weston DA, Hurst D, Achtman M, Carniel E, Bramanti B|title=Distinct Clones of ''Yersinia pestis'' Caused the Black Death|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=6|issue=#10|pages=e1001134|year=2010|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001134|pmid=20949072|pmc=2951374}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin'ny 25% ka hatramin'ny 60% eo ho eo amin'ny mponina Eoropeana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Hx&quot; /&gt; Satria nahafaty olona maro tao amin'ny mpiasa ny areti-mandringana, dia niakatra ny karama noho ny filàna mpiasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Hx&quot; /&gt; Misy mpahay tantara mahita izany ho toy ny teboka fiovana eo amin'ny fampandrosoana ara-toekarena Eoropeana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Hx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/history/index.html|title=Plague History|date=13 June 2012|access-date=21 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821062557/http://www.cdc.gov/plague/history/index.html|archive-date=21 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Io aretina io ihany koa no nahatonga ny areti-mandringana Justiniana izay niainga avy tao amin'ny [[Empira Bizantina|Empira Romana Atsinanana]] tamin'ny taonjato faha-6 am.f.i., ary koa ny valanaretina fahatelo izay namely an'i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Shina]], [[Môngôlia|Mongolia]] ary [[India]] izay niainga avy tao amin'ny [[Yunnan|Faritanin'i Yunnan]] tamin'ny 1855.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cohn SK|title=Epidemiology of the Black Death and successive waves of plague|journal=Medical History Supplement|issue=27|pages=74–100|date=2008|volume=52|doi=10.1017/S0025727300072100|pmid=18575083|pmc=2630035}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny teny hoe ''bubonic'' dia avy amin'ny teny grika hoe [[wikt:βουβών|βουβών]], izay midika hoe &quot;feny&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=LeRoux|first=Neil|date=2007|title=Martin Luther As Comforter: Writings on Death Volume 133 of Studies in the History of Christian Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJK9MucO298C&amp;pg=PA247|publisher=BRILL|page=247|isbn=9789004158801|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727142346/https://books.google.com/books?id=HJK9MucO298C&amp;pg=PA247|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny teny hoe &quot; buboes &quot; dia ampiasaina ihany koa hilazana ireo fihary lymph mivonto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Edman|first=Bruce F. Eldridge, John D.|title=Medical Entomology a Textbook on Public Health and Veterinary Problems Caused by Arthropods|date=2004|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9789400710092|page=390|edition=Rev..|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61vuCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA390|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727140150/https://books.google.com/books?id=61vuCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA390|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aretin-tsaina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299050</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135252</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-14T14:12:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1496140|Schizophrenia]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1135252</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14779" sha1="862bqwdwv1oio8vr2webpfvx9wm5wx6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Schizophrenia
|synonym          =
|image            =Cloth embroidered by a schizophrenia sufferer.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =A white cloth with seemingly random, unconnected text sewn into it using multiple colors of thread
|caption          =Cloth embroidered by a person diagnosed with schizophrenia
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|k|ɪ|t|s|ə|ˈ|f|r|iː|n|i|ə}}, {{nowrap|{{small|UK also}} {{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|k|ɪ|d|z|ə|-}}}}, {{nowrap|{{small|US also}} {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|f|r|ɛ|n|i|ə}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Jones D | author-link = Daniel Jones (phonetician) | title = English Pronouncing Dictionary | editor-first1 = Peter | editor-last1 = Roach | editor-first2 = James | editor-last2 = Hartmann |editor-first3 = Jane | editor-last3 = Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 | isbn = 978-3-12-539683-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =[[Hallucination]]s (usually [[auditory hallucination#Schizophrenia|hearing voices]]), [[delusion]]s, [[thought disorder|confused thinking]]&lt;ref name=WHO2019/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|onset            =Ages 16 to 30&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|duration         =Chronic&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|causes           =Environmental and genetic factors&lt;ref name=Lancet2016/&gt;
|risks            =[[Family history (medicine)|Family history]], [[cannabis]] use in adolescence, problems during pregnancy, childhood adversity, birth in late winter or early spring, older father, being born or raised in a city&lt;ref name=Lancet2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gruebner&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gruebner O, Rapp MA, Adli M, et al |title=Cities and mental health |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=114 |issue=8 |pages=121–127 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28302261 |pmc=5374256 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on observed behavior, reported experiences, and reports of others familiar with the person&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|differential     =[[Substance abuse]], [[Huntington's disease]], [[mood disorders]] ([[bipolar disorder]]), [[autism]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferri&quot;&gt;{{cite book|vauthors=Ferri FF |title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-323-07699-9|page=Chapter S|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[borderline personality disorder]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Paris&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Paris J | title = Differential Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder. | journal = The Psychiatric Clinics of North America | date = December 2018 | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages=575–582 | doi = 10.1016/j.psc.2018.07.001 | pmid = 30447725}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Counseling, job training&lt;ref name=WHO2019/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2016/&gt;
|medication       =[[Antipsychotic|Antipsychotics]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2016/&gt;
|prognosis        =20 years shorter [[life expectancy]]&lt;ref name=SBU2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Laursen&quot;/&gt;
|frequency        =~0.5%&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferri2019&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Ferri's clinical advisor 2019 : 5 books in 1 |pages=1225–1226|date=2019 |isbn=9780323530422 |last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|deaths           =~17,000 (2015)&lt;ref name=GDB2015/&gt;
}}Aretina ara-tsaina ny '''skizofrenia''' izay miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny aretin -tsaina mitohy na miverimberina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Owen MJ, Sawa A, Mortensen PB|title=Schizophrenia|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10039|pages=86–97|date=July 2016|pmid=26777917|pmc=4940219|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01121-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny soritr'aretina lehibe ny fahitana zavatra tsy misy (matetika mandre feo ), ny fisafotofotoana (manana finoana tsy iombonan'ny hafa), ary ny fisainana tsy milamina.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5.|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse|url-access=registration|date=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/99 99]–105|edition=5th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny soritr'aretina hafa ny fisintahana amin'ny fiaraha-monina, ny fihenan'ny fanehoana fihetseham-po, ary ny tsy fahampian'ny antony manosika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MINDUK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Types of psychosis|url=https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/psychosis/types-of-psychosis/|website=www.mind.org.uk|access-date=25 January 2020|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125165257/https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/psychosis/types-of-psychosis/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ireo soritr'aretina dia miseho tsikelikely, manomboka amin'ny fahatanorana, ary amin'ny ankamaroan'ny tranga dia tsy mivaha mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Schizophrenia|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|access-date=3 February 2016|date=January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125145206/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml|archive-date=25 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Maro amin'ireo olona voan'ny skizofrenia no manana aretina ara-tsaina hafa toy ny aretin'ny tebiteby, anisan'izany ny fikorontanan'ny tahotra, ny fikorontanan'ny fihetsika tsy voafehy, na ny fikorontanan'ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny antony mahatonga izany ny fototarazo sy ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot; /&gt; Ny anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra dia ahitana karazana fiovaovan-toetra mahazatra sy tsy fahita firy.&lt;ref name=&quot;van de Leemput&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=van de Leemput J, Hess JL, Glatt SJ, Tsuang MT|date=2016|title=Genetics of Schizophrenia: Historical Insights and Prevailing Evidence.|journal=Advances in Genetics|volume=96|pages=99–141|doi=10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.08.001|pmid=27968732}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hitranga eo amin'ny tontolo iainana ny fitaizana azy an- tanàn-dehibe, ny fampiasana rongony mandritra ny fahatanorana, ny aretina, ny taonan'ny reny na ny ray, ary ny tsy fahampian -tsakafo mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Parakh2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Parakh P, Basu D|title=Cannabis and psychosis: have we found the missing links?|journal=Asian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=4|pages=281–7|date=August 2013|pmid=23810133|doi=10.1016/j.ajp.2013.03.012|type=Review|quote=Cannabis acts as a component cause of psychosis, that is, it increases the risk of psychosis in people with certain genetic or environmental vulnerabilities, though by itself, it is neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause of psychosis.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy misy fitiliana diagnostika tsy mitanila; ny diagnostika dia mifototra amin'ny fitondran-tena voamarika, tantara izay ahitana ny zavatra niainan'ilay olona notaterina, ary tatitra avy amin'ny olon-kafa mahafantatra azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Mba hahitana ny aretina dia mila misy mandritra ny enim-bolana ( DSM-5 ), na iray volana ( ICD-11 ) ny soritr'aretina sy ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fiasan'ny vatana.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferri2019&quot; /&gt;

Eo amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voamarina fa voan'ny skizofrenia no hihatsara kokoa rehefa ela ny ela ary tsy hiverina intsony ny aretina, ary ampahany kely amin'izy ireo no ho sitrana tanteraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vita&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vita A, Barlati S|s2cid=35299996|title=Recovery from schizophrenia: is it possible?|journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry|date=May 2018|volume=31|issue=3|pages=246–255|doi=10.1097/YCO.0000000000000407|pmid=29474266}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny antsasany hafa kosa dia hanana fahasembanana mandritra ny androm-piainana,&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Ryan E.|last2=First|first2=Michael B.|last3=Lieberman|first3=Jeffrey A.|chapter=Chapter 48: Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses|editor2-last=Kay|editor3-last=Lieberman|editor4-last=First|editor5-last=Riba|title=Psychiatry|edition=fourth|date=2015|pages=798, 816, 819|doi=10.1002/9781118753378.ch48|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd|isbn=978-1-118-84547-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary mety hampidirina hopitaly imbetsaka ireo tranga mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vita&quot; /&gt; Ireo olana ara-tsosialy toy ny tsy fananana asa maharitra, ny fahantrana, ny tsy fananana trano, ny fanararaotana ary ny fijaliana dia voka-dratsy mahazatra ateraky ny skizofrenia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Killaspy&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Killaspy H|title=Contemporary mental health rehabilitation|journal=East Asian Archives of Psychiatry|volume=24|issue=3|pages=89–94|date=September 2014|pmid=25316799}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Charleson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Charlson FJ, Ferrari AJ, Santomauro DF, et al|title=Global Epidemiology and Burden of Schizophrenia: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016|journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin|date=17 October 2018|volume=44|issue=6|pages=1195–1203|doi=10.1093/schbul/sby058|pmid=29762765|pmc=6192504}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha ampitahaina amin'ny mponina amin'ny ankapobeny, ny olona voan'ny skizofrenia dia manana tahan'ny famonoan-tena ambony kokoa (eo amin'ny 5% amin'ny ankapobeny) ary olana ara-pahasalamana bebe kokoa,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=[[Jim van Os|van Os J]], [[Shitij Kapur|Kapur S]]|s2cid=208792724|title=Schizophrenia|journal=Lancet|volume=374|issue=9690|pages=635–45|date=August 2009|pmid=19700006|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60995-8|url=http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19525360/611943554/name/Schizophrenia+-+The+Lancet.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623065810/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19525360/611943554/name/Schizophrenia+-+The+Lancet.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 June 2013|access-date=23 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jop2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hor K, Taylor M|title=Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors|journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology|volume=24|issue=4 Suppl|pages=81–90|date=November 2010|pmid=20923923|pmc=2951591|doi=10.1177/1359786810385490}}&lt;/ref&gt; izay mitarika ho amin'ny fihenan'ny [[Fanantenam-pahela velona|androm-piainana]] eo amin'ny 20 taona eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Laursen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Laursen TM, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB|title=Excess early mortality in schizophrenia.|journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology|date=2014|volume=10|pages=425–48|doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153657|pmid=24313570}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, tombanana ho 17 000 ny fahafatesana vokatry ny skizofrenia.&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fitsaboana fototra dia fanafody antipsychotic, miaraka amin'ny torohevitra, fiofanana momba ny asa, ary fanarenana ara-tsosialy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot; /&gt; Hatramin'ny ampahatelon'ny olona no tsy mamaly ny fanafody antipsychotic voalohany, ka amin'izay tranga izay dia azo ampiasaina ny clozapine antipsychotic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Siskind2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Siskind D, Siskind V, Kisely S|title=Clozapine Response Rates among People with Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Data from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=62|issue=11|pages=772–777|date=November 2017|pmid=28655284|doi=10.1177/0706743717718167|pmc=5697625}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha misy ny mety hisian'ny ratra amin'ny tena na ny hafa, dia mety ilaina ny fampidirana hopitaly tsy nahy vetivety.&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckerKilian2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Becker T, Kilian R|title=Psychiatric services for people with severe mental illness across western Europe: what can be generalized from current knowledge about differences in provision, costs and outcomes of mental health care?|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum|volume=113|issue=429|pages=9–16|year=2006|pmid=16445476|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00711.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ilaina ny fidirana hopitaly maharitra ho an'ny olona vitsivitsy voan'ny skizofrenia mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cap2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Capdevielle D, Boulenger JP, Villebrun D, Ritchie K|title=[Schizophrenic patients' length of stay: mental health care implication and medicoeconomic consequences]|language=French|journal=Encephale|volume=35|issue=4|pages=394–9|date=September 2009|pmid=19748377|doi=10.1016/j.encep.2008.11.005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any amin'ireo firenena izay voafetra na tsy misy ny tolotra fanohanana, dia mahazatra kokoa ny fijanonana maharitra any amin'ny hopitaly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Narayan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Narayan KK, Kumar DS|title=Disability in a Group of Long-stay Patients with Schizophrenia: Experience from a Mental Hospital.|journal=Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine|date=January 2012|volume=34|issue=1|pages=70–5|doi=10.4103/0253-7176.96164|pmid=22661812|pmc=3361848}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin'ny 0.3% ka hatramin'ny 0.7% eo ho eo amin'ny olona no voan'ny skizofrenia mandritra ny androm-piainany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Javitt1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Javitt DC|title=Balancing therapeutic safety and efficacy to improve clinical and economic outcomes in schizophrenia: a clinical overview|journal=The American Journal of Managed Care|volume=20|issue=8 Suppl|pages=S160-5|date=June 2014|pmid=25180705}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, tombanana ho 1.1 tapitrisa ny tranga vaovao ary tamin'ny taona 2019 dia nahatratra 20 tapitrisa ny tranga maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James SL, Abate D|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017|journal=The Lancet|date=November 2018|volume=392|issue=10159|pages=1789–1858|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7|pmid=30496104|pmc=6227754}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Ny lehilahy no matetika voan'izany ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia manomboka aloha kokoa izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Schizophrenia Fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia|website=www.who.int|date=4 October 2019|access-date=22 January 2020|language=en|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327174732/https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/schizophrenia/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Syndrome Down</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1493439|Down syndrome]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="10773" sha1="fwjnrc5j04q2q1kpa2kcg9w6jghlsvc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Down syndrome
|synonym          =Down's syndrome, Down's, trisomy 21
|image            =Down syndrome lg.jpg &lt;!-- Do not change this picture without discussing it in the Down syndrome discussion page. Because of continued vandalism, pictures will be immediately reverted. --&gt;
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome
|caption          =Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Medical genetics]], [[pediatrics]]
|symptoms         =Delayed [[child development|physical growth]], characteristic [[dysmorphic feature|facial features]], mild to moderate [[intellectual disability]]&lt;ref name=Wei2010/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =Third copy of [[chromosome 21 (human)|chromosome 21]]&lt;ref name=Patt2009/&gt;
|risks            =[[Advanced maternal age|Older age of mother]], prior affected child&lt;ref name=Mor2002&gt;{{cite journal|last=Morris|first=JK|author2=Mutton, DE |author3=Alberman, E |title=Revised estimates of the maternal age specific live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome|journal=Journal of Medical Screening|year=2002|volume=9|issue=1|pages=2–6|pmid=11943789|doi=10.1136/jms.9.1.2|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Down syndrome - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=17 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308035402/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Prenatal testing|Prenatal screening]], [[genetic testing]]&lt;ref name=NIH2014Diag/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Educational support, sheltered work environment&lt;ref name=Roi2003/&gt;&lt;ref name=NADS/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Life expectancy 50 to 60 years (developed world)&lt;ref name=Malt2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Nelson2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ts2020&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tsou |first1=Amy Y. |last2=Bulova |first2=Peter |last3=Capone |first3=George |last4=Chicoine |first4=Brian |last5=Gelaro |first5=Bryn |last6=Harville |first6=Terry Odell |last7=Martin |first7=Barry A. |last8=McGuire |first8=Dennis E. |last9=McKelvey |first9=Kent D. |last10=Peterson |first10=Moya |last11=Tyler |first11=Carl |last12=Wells |first12=Michael |last13=Whitten |first13=Michelle Sie |title=Medical Care of Adults With Down Syndrome: A Clinical Guideline |journal=JAMA |date=20 October 2020 |volume=324 |issue=15 |pages=1543 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.17024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|frequency        =0.1% of newborns (5.4 million)&lt;ref name=Wei2010/&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =26,500 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}
'''Ny Down syndrome''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''trisomie 21''', dia aretina ara-pandovan-toetra vokatry ny fisian'ny dika mitovy fahatelo amin'ny chromosome 21 manontolo na ampahany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Patt2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Patterson|first=D|title=Molecular genetic analysis of Down syndrome.|journal=Human Genetics|date=Jul 2009|volume=126|issue=1|pages=195–214|pmid=19526251|doi=10.1007/s00439-009-0696-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika izy io dia mifandray amin'ny fahatarana amin'ny fitomboana ara-batana, fahasembanana ara-tsaina malefaka ka hatramin'ny antonony, ary endrika mampiavaka ny tarehy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wei2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weijerman|first=ME|last2=de Winter, JP|title=Clinical practice. The care of children with Down syndrome.|journal=European Journal of Pediatrics|date=Dec 2010|volume=169|issue=12|pages=1445–52|pmid=20632187|doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1253-0|pmc=2962780}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny salan'isa IQ an'ny tanora manana Down syndrome dia 50, mitovy amin'ny fahaiza-misaina an'ny zaza 8 na 9 taona, saingy mety miovaova be izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malt2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Malt|first=EA|last2=Dahl, RC|last3=Haugsand, TM|last4=Ulvestad, IH|last5=Emilsen, NM|last6=Hansen, B|last7=Cardenas, YE|last8=Skøld, RO|last9=Thorsen, AT|last10=Davidsen, EM|title=Health and disease in adults with Down syndrome|journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, NY Raekke|date=Feb 5, 2013|volume=133|issue=3|pages=290–94|pmid=23381164|doi=10.4045/tidsskr.12.0390|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika ara- dalàna ny fototarazon'ny ray aman-drenin'ilay olona voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Steph2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hammer|first=edited by Stephen J. McPhee, Gary D.|title=Pathophysiology of disease : an introduction to clinical medicine|year=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-162167-0|pages=Chapter 2|edition=6th|chapter=Pathophysiology of Selected Genetic Diseases}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitombo avy amin'ny latsaky ny 0.1% amin'ny reny 20 taona ny mety hisian'ny zaza ka hatramin'ny 3% amin'ny reny 45 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mor2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Morris|first=JK|title=Revised estimates of the maternal age specific live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome|journal=Journal of Medical Screening|year=2002|volume=9|issue=1|pages=2–6|pmid=11943789|doi=10.1136/jms.9.1.2|doi-access=free|last2=Mutton, DE|last3=Alberman, E}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inoana fa kisendrasendra ny fisian'ny krômôzôma fanampiny, tsy misy fihetsika na anton-javatra ara-tontolo iainana fantatra izay manova ny mety hitranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Cause&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What causes Down syndrome?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx|access-date=6 January 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105082310/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=5 January 2016|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo fantarina mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka ny &quot;syndrome Down&quot; amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana mialoha ny fiterahana arahin'ny fitiliana diagnostika na aorian'ny fiterahana amin'ny alalan'ny fandinihana mivantana sy ny fitiliana fototarazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How do health care providers diagnose Down syndrome?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|website=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=4 March 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142500/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=7 March 2016|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin'ny nampidirana ny fitiliana dia matetika no [[Fahafahan-jaza|ajanona]] [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] izay voamarina fa voan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nat2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Natoli|first=JL|last2=Ackerman, DL|last3=McDermott, S|last4=Edwards, JG|title=Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome: a systematic review of termination rates (1995–2011)|journal=Prenatal Diagnosis|date=Feb 2012|volume=32|issue=2|pages=142–53|pmid=22418958|doi=10.1002/pd.2910}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mans1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mansfield|first=C|last2=Hopfer, S|last3=Marteau, TM|title=Termination rates after prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome, spina bifida, anencephaly, and Turner and Klinefelter syndromes: a systematic literature review. European Concerted Action: DADA (Decision-making After the Diagnosis of a fetal Abnormality)|journal=Prenatal Diagnosis|date=Sep 1999|volume=19|issue=9|pages=808–12|pmid=10521836|doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199909)19:9&lt;808::aid-pd637&gt;3.0.co;2-b}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amporisihina mandritra ny androm-piainan'ny olona iray ny fanaovana fitiliana tsy tapaka ireo olana ara-pahasalamana mahazatra amin'ny Syndrome Down.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malt2013&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy fanafody ho an'ny Down syndrome.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Down Syndrome: Other FAQs|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/faqs.aspx|access-date=6 January 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106221704/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/faqs.aspx|archive-date=6 January 2016|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hita fa manatsara ny kalitaon'ny fiainana ny fanabeazana sy ny fikarakarana sahaza azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roi2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roizen, NJ|last2=Patterson, D|title=Down's syndrome|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9365|pages=1281–89|date=April 2003|pmid=12699967|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12987-X|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy ankizy manana Down syndrome mianatra any an-tsekoly mahazatra, fa ny hafa kosa mila fampianarana manokana kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADS&quot; /&gt; Misy olona manana Down syndrome mahazo diplaoma amin'ny lise, ary misy vitsivitsy manohy fianarana ambony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stein2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Steinbock|first=Bonnie|title=Life before birth the moral and legal status of embryos and fetuses|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-971207-6|page=222|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ehYs43QBYAC&amp;pg=PA222|edition=2nd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123082359/https://books.google.com/books?id=1ehYs43QBYAC&amp;pg=PA222|archive-date=2017-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa lehibe, eo amin'ny 20% eo ho eo any Etazonia no manao asa karamaina amin'ny lafiny sasany,  ary maro amin'izy ireo no mitaky tontolo iasana voaaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Facts About Down Syndrome|publisher=National Association for Down Syndrome|url=http://www.nads.org/pages_new/facts.html|access-date=20 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403162637/http://www.nads.org/pages_new/facts.html|archive-date=3 April 2012|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika no ilaina ny fanohanana amin'ny raharaha ara-bola sy ara-dalàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson2011&quot; /&gt; Eo anelanelan'ny 50 sy 60 taona eo ny androm-piainana&amp;nbsp;taona maro any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]] miaraka amin'ny fikarakarana ara-pahasalamana sahaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malt2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Robert M.|last=Kliegma|title=Nelson textbook of pediatrics|year=2011|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-0755-7|pages=Chapter 76.2|edition=19th|chapter=Down Syndrome and Other Abnormalities of Chromosome Number}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ts2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last2=Bulova |first2=Peter |last3=Capone |first3=George |last4=Chicoine |first4=Brian |last5=Gelaro |first5=Bryn |last6=Harville |first6=Terry Odell |last7=Martin |first7=Barry A. |last8=McGuire |first8=Dennis E. |last9=McKelvey |first9=Kent D. |last10=Peterson |first10=Moya |last11=Tyler |first11=Carl |last12=Wells |first12=Michael |last13=Whitten |first13=Michelle Sie |title=Medical Care of Adults With Down Syndrome: A Clinical Guideline |journal=JAMA |date=20 October 2020 |volume=324 |issue=15 |pages=1543 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.17024|last=Tsou|first=Amy Y.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aretin'i Crohn</title>
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      <text bytes="3547" sha1="cekev89za6649i5mcgr0880n0zbd1gq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Crohn's disease
|synonym          =Crohn disease, Crohn syndrome, granulomatous enteritis, regional enteritis, Leśniowski-Crohn disease
|image            =Patterns_of_Crohn's_Disease.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =The three most common sites of intestinal involvement in Crohn's disease
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Gastroenterology]]
|symptoms         =[[Abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]] (may be bloody), [[fever]], [[weight loss]]&lt;ref name=Baumgart2012/&gt;
|onset            =20 to 30&lt;ref name=&quot;NIDDK2017&quot; /&gt;
|duration         =Long-term&lt;ref name=Baumgart2012/&gt;
|causes           =
|risks            =Tobacco smoking&lt;ref name=Cosnes2004/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Biopsy]], [[medical imaging]]&lt;ref name=Baumgart2012/&gt;
|differential     =[[Irritable bowel syndrome]], [[celiac disease]], [[Behçet's disease]], [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] enteropathy, intestinal [[tuberculosis]]&lt;ref name=Baumgart2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WGO-IBD&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/UserFiles/file/guidelines/inflammatory-bowel-disease-english-2015.pdf|title=Inflammatory Bowel Disease|date=August 2015|publisher=World Gastroenterology Organization|access-date=March 13, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314014940/http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/UserFiles/file/guidelines/inflammatory-bowel-disease-english-2015.pdf|archive-date=March 14, 2016|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =
|medication       =[[Corticosteroid]]s, [[methotrexate]]&lt;ref name=Baumgart2012/&gt;
|prognosis        =Slightly reduced [[life expectancy]]&lt;ref name=Baumgart2012/&gt;
|frequency        =3.2 per 1,000 (developed world)&lt;ref name=Mol2012/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny aretin'i Crohn''' dia karazana aretin'ny tsinay mamaivay (IBD) izay mety hisy fiantraikany amin'ny ampahany rehetra amin'ny [[Fitaovam-pandevonan-kanina|taratasy mivalona amin'ny tsinay]] manomboka amin'ny [[vava]] ka hatrany amin'ny [[Lavabody|lava-pitombenana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIDDK2017&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny soritr'aretina dia ahitana fanaintainan'ny kibo, aretim-pivalanana (izay mety hisy rà raha mafy ny fivontosana), tazo, ary fihenan-danja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Baumgart DC, Sandborn WJ|title=Crohn's disease|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9853|pages=1590–605|date=August 2012|pmid=22914295|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60026-9|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIDDK2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Crohn's Disease|website=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]] (NIDDK)|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/crohns-disease/all-content|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208230827/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/crohns-disease/all-content|archive-date=December 8, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=December 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fahasarotana hafa ivelan'ny lalan-drà dia mety ahitana ny tsy fahampian-dra, ny maimaika amin'ny hoditra, ny aretin-tonon-taolana, ny fivontosan'ny maso, ary ny havizanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ho vokatry ny aretina sy ny pyoderma gangrenosum na ny erythema nodosum ny mangidihidy amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hitranga ny tsentsina amin'ny tsinay ho toy ny fahasarotan'ny fivontosana mitaiza, ary ireo izay voan'io aretina io dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'ny homamiadan'ny tsinaibe sy ny tsinay kely.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot; /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ALS</title>
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      <text bytes="14904" sha1="oyvsyy7216js92y0mn0uijcga0vgxel" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
|synonym          =Lou Gehrig's disease; Charcot's disease; motor neurone disease (MND)&lt;ref name=Orphanet2009&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wijesekera LC, Leigh PN | title = Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | journal = Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | volume = 3  | issue = 4  | pages = 3   | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19192301 | pmc = 2656493 | doi = 10.1186/1750-1172-4-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image            =ALS Coronal.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =An [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] with increased [[Magnetic resonance imaging|signal]] in the posterior part of the [[internal capsule]] that can be tracked to the [[motor cortex]], consistent with the diagnosis of ALS
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Neurology]]
|symptoms         =[[spasticity|Stiff muscles]], [[fasciculation|muscle twitching]], gradually worsening weakness&lt;ref name=NINDS2014MND/&gt;
|onset            =50s–60s&lt;ref name=Lancet2011/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =Unknown (most), inherited (few)&lt;ref name=Lancet2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=NINDS2014/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms&lt;ref name=NINDS2014/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Non-invasive ventilation]]&lt;ref name=Support2016/&gt;
|medication       =[[Riluzole]], [[edaravone]]&lt;ref name=CD001447/&gt;&lt;ref name=FDA2017&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm557102.htm|title=FDA approves drug to treat ALS|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|date=5 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508180037/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm557102.htm|archive-date=8 May 2017|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508180037/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm557102.htm |date=8 May 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prognosis        =Life expectancy 2–4 years&lt;ref name=Support2016/&gt;
|frequency        =2.6/100,000 per year (Europe)&lt;ref name=Har2017/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny sklerose amyotrophique lateral''' ( '''ALS''' ), fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''aretin'ny neurone motor''' ( '''MND''' ) na '''aretin'i Lou Gehrig''', dia aretina izay mahatonga ny fahafatesan'ny neurons izay mifehy ny hozatra an-tsitrapo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Amyotrophic-Lateral-Sclerosis-ALS-Fact-Sheet|publisher=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]|access-date=2 January 2015|date=19 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105002627/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Amyotrophic-Lateral-Sclerosis-ALS-Fact-Sheet|archive-date=5 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHSchoices&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Motor neurone disease|url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Motor-neurone-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx|access-date=2 January 2015|publisher=NHS Choices|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229064258/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Motor-neurone-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx|archive-date=29 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy ihany koa mampiasa ny teny hoe aretin'ny neuron motor ho an'ny vondron'ny aretina izay ny ALS no mahazatra indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014MND&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/motor_neuron_diseases/detail_motor_neuron_diseases.htm|title=Motor Neuron Diseases Fact Sheet|publisher=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]|access-date=7 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413093035/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/motor_neuron_diseases/detail_motor_neuron_diseases.htm|archive-date=13 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ALS dia miavaka amin'ny hozatra henjana, fihetsehana hozatra, ary fahalemena miharatsy tsikelikely noho ny fihenan'ny haben'ny hozatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014MND&quot; /&gt; Mety hanomboka amin'ny fahalemena eo amin'ny sandry na ny tongotra izany, na amin'ny fahasarotana miteny na mitelina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hardiman O, Al-Chalabi A, Chio A, Corr EM, Logroscino G, Robberecht W, Shaw PJ, Simmons Z, van den Berg LH|title=Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=3|issue=17071|pages=17071|date=October 2017|pmid=28980624|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.71|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/122838/1/WR_ALS-Hardiman_V3_EDITED_FOR_AUTHOR_APPROVAL_FINAL_APPROVED-1.pdf|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201185718/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/122838/1/WR_ALS-Hardiman_V3_EDITED_FOR_AUTHOR_APPROVAL_FINAL_APPROVED-1.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany no manana olana kely amin'ny fisainana sy ny fitondran-tena ary ny ankamaroan'ny olona dia mahatsapa fanaintainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=van Es MA, Hardiman O, Chio A, Al-Chalabi A, Pasterkamp RJ, Veldink JH, van den Berg LH|title=Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10107|pages=2084–2098|date=November 2017|pmid=28552366|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31287-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pain2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chiò A, Mora G, Lauria G|title=Pain in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|journal=The Lancet. Neurology|volume=16|issue=2|pages=144–57|date=February 2017|pmid=27964824|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30358-1|arxiv=1607.02870}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroany amin'ny farany dia tsy afaka mandeha, mampiasa ny tanany, miteny, mitelina ary miaina intsony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Support2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hobson EV, McDermott CJ|title=Supportive and symptomatic management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|journal=Nature Reviews. Neurology|volume=12|issue=9|pages=526–38|date=September 2016|pmid=27514291|doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2016.111|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/104445/1/16.pdf|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201183335/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/104445/1/16.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy fantatra ny antony amin'ny 90% ka hatramin'ny 95% amin'ny tranga,&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014&quot; /&gt; fa inoana fa misy ifandraisany amin'ny fototarazo sy ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wingo2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wingo TS, Cutler DJ, Yarab N, Kelly CM, Glass JD|title=The heritability of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a clinically ascertained United States research registry|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=11|pages=e27985|year=2011|pmid=22132186|pmc=3222666|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0027985|bibcode=2011PLoSO...627985W}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny 5–10%-n'ny tranga sisa dia nolovaina tamin'ny ray aman-drenin'ny olona iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kiernan MC, Vucic S, Cheah BC, Turner MR, Eisen A, Hardiman O, Burrell JR, Zoing MC|title=Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|journal=Lancet|volume=377|issue=9769|pages=942–55|date=March 2011|pmid=21296405|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61156-7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin'ny antsasaky ny tranga ara-pandovan-toetra ireo dia vokatry ny iray amin'ireo [[fototarazo]] roa manokana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014&quot; /&gt; Ny mekanisma fototra dia ny fahasimban'ny neuron motor ambony sy ambany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014MND&quot; /&gt; Ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretin'ny olona iray, miaraka amin'ny fitiliana atao mba hanitsiana ny mety ho antony hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy fanafody fantatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014&quot; /&gt; Ny tanjon'ny fitsaboana dia ny hanatsara ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2017&quot; /&gt; Mety hanalava ny androm-piainana mandritra ny roa ka hatramin'ny telo volana eo ho eo ny fanafody antsoina hoe riluzole.&lt;ref name=&quot;CD001447&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Miller RG, Mitchell JD, Moore DH|title=Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neuron disease (MND)|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=3|issue=3|pages=CD001447|date=March 2012|pmid=22419278|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001447.pub3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hanatsara ny kalitao sy ny faharetan'ny fampiasana rivotra tsy miditra an-tsehatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Support2016&quot; /&gt; Afaka manalava ny androm-piainana ny fampiasana &quot;ventilation&quot; mekanika saingy tsy manakana ny fivoaran'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Care2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Soriani M, Desnuelle C|title=Care management in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|journal=Revue Neurologique|volume=173|issue=5|pages=288–89|date=May 2017|pmid=28461024|doi=10.1016/j.neurol.2017.03.031}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hanampy ny fantsona famahanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Conn2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Connolly S, Galvin M, Hardiman O|title=End-of-life management in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|journal=The Lancet. Neurology|volume=14|issue=4|pages=435–42|date=April 2015|pmid=25728958|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70221-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hisy fiantraikany amin'ny olona amin'ny sokajin-taona rehetra ity aretina ity, saingy matetika manomboka eo amin'ny faha-60 taonany eo ho eo ary amin'ny tranga nolovaina eo amin'ny faha-50 taonany eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2011&quot; /&gt; Roa ka hatramin'ny efa-taona ny salan'isa fahavelomana manomboka amin'ny fiandohan'ny aretina ka hatramin'ny fahafatesana, na dia mety miovaova aza izany, ary eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo no velona mihoatra ny 10 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Support2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Swinnen B, Robberecht W|title=The phenotypic variability of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|journal=Nature Reviews. Neurology|volume=10|issue=11|pages=661–70|date=November 2014|pmid=25311585|doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.184|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/469667|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043137/https://limo.libis.be/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=LIRIAS548693&amp;context=L&amp;vid=Lirias&amp;search_scope=Lirias&amp;tab=default_tab&amp;lang=en_US&amp;fromSitemap=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014&quot; /&gt; Ny ankamaroany dia maty noho ny tsy fahafahan'ny taovam-pisefoana miasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2011&quot; /&gt; Any Eoropa, ity aretina ity dia misy fiantraikany eo amin'ny olona roa ka hatramin'ny telo isaky ny 100.000 isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Har2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hardiman O, Al-Chalabi A, Brayne C, Beghi E, van den Berg LH, Chio A, Martin S, Logroscino G, Rooney J|title=The changing picture of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: lessons from European registers|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry|volume=88|issue=7|pages=557–63|date=July 2017|pmid=28285264|doi=10.1136/jnnp-2016-314495|url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-changing-picture-of-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis(93e2a283-3125-4464-88ed-009897be906c).html|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151144/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-changing-picture-of-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis(93e2a283-3125-4464-88ed-009897be906c).html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy mazava ny tahan'ny any amin'ny ankamaroan'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;Conspiracy&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Al-Chalabi A, Hardiman O|title=The epidemiology of ALS: a conspiracy of genes, environment and time|journal=Nature Reviews. Neurology|volume=9|issue=11|pages=617–28|date=November 2013|pmid=24126629|doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2013.203}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia, mahazatra kokoa amin'ny olona fotsy hoditra noho [[Mainty hoditra|ny olona mainty hoditra]] izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;MMWR 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mehta P, Kaye W, Raymond J, Punjabi R, Larson T, Cohen J, Muravov O, Horton K|title=Prevalence of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis – United States, 2015|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=67|issue=46|pages=1285–1289|date=November 2018|pmid=30462626|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6746a1|pmc=5858037}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny famaritana ny aretina dia efa tamin'ny taona 1824 farafahakeliny nataon'i Charles Bell.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rowland2001&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny 1869, ny fifandraisana misy eo amin'ny soritr'aretina sy ny olana ara-pitatitra fototra dia nohazavain'i [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] voalohany, izay nanomboka nampiasa ny teny hoe ''sklerose amyotrophique lateral'' tamin'ny 1874.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rowland2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rowland LP|title=How amyotrophic lateral sclerosis got its name: the clinical-pathologic genius of Jean-Martin Charcot|journal=Archives of Neurology|volume=58|issue=3|pages=512–15|date=March 2001|pmid=11255459|doi=10.1001/archneur.58.3.512}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanjary nalaza tany Etazonia tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 izany rehefa nisy fiantraikany tamin'ilay mpilalao baseball [[Lou Gehrig]] tamin'ny 1939 ary taty aoriana eran-tany taorian'ny nahitana ny aretina tamin'ny 1963 nataon'ilay kosmolojista [[Stephen Hawking]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kel2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kelly|first=Evelyn B.|title=Encyclopedia of human genetics and disease|date=2013|publisher=Greenwood|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-0-313-38713-5|pages=79–80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqMYt17klVIC&amp;pg=PA79|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908005608/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqMYt17klVIC&amp;pg=PA79|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Youngson|first=David B. Jacoby, Robert M.|title=Encyclopedia of family health|date=2004|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|location=Tarrytown, NY|isbn=978-0-7614-7486-9|page=1256|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUA8DQCONgUC&amp;pg=PA1256|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908005608/https://books.google.com/books?id=VUA8DQCONgUC&amp;pg=PA1256|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hita tamin'ny 1993 ny fototarazo ALS voalohany raha novolavolaina tamin'ny 1994 kosa ny modely biby voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Neuroscience2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Renton AE, Chiò A, Traynor BJ|title=State of play in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genetics|journal=Nature Neuroscience|volume=17|issue=1|pages=17–23|date=January 2014|pmid=24369373|pmc=4544832|doi=10.1038/nn.3584|hdl=2318/156177}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MouseModels2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lutz C|title=Mouse models of ALS: Past, present and future|journal=Brain Research|volume=1693|issue=Part A|pages=1–10|date=August 2018|pmid=29577886|doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2014, niparitaka be tao amin'ny Aterineto ireo lahatsary momba ny Ice Bucket Challenge ary nampitombo ny fahatsiarovan'ny vahoaka momba io aretina io.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Song P|title=The Ice Bucket Challenge: The public sector should get ready to promptly promote the sustained development of a system of medical care for and research into rare diseases|journal=Intractable &amp; Rare Diseases Research|volume=3|issue=3|pages=94–96|date=August 2014|pmid=25364651|pmc=4214244|doi=10.5582/irdr.2014.01015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Syndrome Ehlers-Danlos</title>
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|name             =Ehlers–Danlos syndromes
|synonym          =
|image            =File:PMC3504533 1471-2415-12-47-2 (cropped).png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Individual with EDS displaying skin hyperelasticity
|pronounce        =ey-lerz dan-los
|specialty        =[[Medical genetics]], [[rheumatology]]
|symptoms         =Overly flexible joints, stretchy skin, abnormal scar formation&lt;ref name=NIHGHR2016/&gt;
|onset            =Birth or early childhood&lt;ref name=Net2012/&gt;
|duration         =Lifelong&lt;ref name=Law2005/&gt;
|causes           =Genetic&lt;ref name=NIHGHR2016/&gt;
|risks            =Family history&lt;ref name=NIHGHR2016/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Genetic testing]], [[skin biopsy]]&lt;ref name=Law2005/&gt;
|differential     =[[Marfan syndrome]], [[cutis laxa syndrome]], [[familial joint hypermobility syndrome]]&lt;ref name=Law2005/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[supportive treatment|Supportive]]&lt;ref name=Fer2016/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Depends on specific disorder&lt;ref name=Law2005/&gt;
|frequency        =1 in 5,000&lt;ref name=NIHGHR2016/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny aretin'i Ehlers–Danlos''' ( '''EDS''' ) dia vondron'aretina tsy fahita firy amin'ny sela mpampitohy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ehlers–Danlos syndrome|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/ehlers-danlos-syndrome#expand-collapse-start|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=8 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508023748/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/ehlers-danlos-syndrome#expand-collapse-start|archive-date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ahitana tonon-taolana mivaha, fanaintainan'ny tonon-taolana, hoditra mivelatra sy malefaka, ary fiforonan'ny holatra tsy ara-dalàna ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Mety ho tsikaritra ireo raha vao teraka na amin'ny fahazazana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Net2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=Bryan E.|title=The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations - Integumentary System E-Book|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455726646|page=235|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOBYSIiRL8oC&amp;pg=PA235|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105195522/https://books.google.com/books?id=LOBYSIiRL8oC&amp;pg=PA235|archive-date=2017-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny fandidiana ny aorta, ny fifindran'ny tonon-taolana, ny scoliosis, ny fanaintainana maharitra, na ny osteoarthritis aloha loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lawrence EJ|title=The clinical presentation of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome|journal=Advances in Neonatal Care|volume=5|issue=6|pages=301–14|date=December 2005|pmid=16338669|doi=10.1016/j.adnc.2005.09.006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mitranga ny EDS noho ny fiovaovan'ny [[fototarazo]] mihoatra ny 19 samihafa izay misy hatramin'ny nahaterahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Ny fototarazo manokana voakasik'izany no mamaritra ny karazana EDS.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Ny tranga sasany dia vokatry ny fiovaovana vaovao mitranga mandritra ny fivoarana voalohany, raha ny hafa kosa dia nolovaina tamin'ny fomba autosomal dominant na recessive.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Matetika, ireo fiovaovana ireo dia miteraka lesoka amin'ny firafitry na ny fanodinana ny proteinina kolagène.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina ary voamarina amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana fototarazo na biopsy amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot; /&gt; Na izany aza, mety ho diso ny famaritana ny olona amin'ny voalohany hoe hypochondriac, fahaketrahana, na chronic fatigue syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy fanafody fantatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Netter Patient Advisor|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323393249|page=939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz_dCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA939|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105195522/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz_dCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA939|archive-date=2017-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fanohanana ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot; /&gt; Mety hanampy amin'ny fanamafisana ny hozatra sy ny fanohanana ny tonon-taolana ny fitsaboana ara-batana sy ny fanohanana ny hozatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot; /&gt; Na dia miteraka [[Fanantenam-pahela velona|androm-piainana]] ara-dalàna aza ny karazana EDS sasany, ireo izay misy fiantraikany amin'ny lalan-dra dia mampihena ny androm-piainana amin'ny ankapobeny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot; /&gt;

Farafahakeliny olona iray amin'ny 5.000 maneran-tany no voan'ny EDS.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Miankina amin'ny aretina manokana ny vinavina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot; /&gt; Ny fivezivezena tafahoatra dia nofaritan'i [[Hippocrate]] voalohany tamin'ny taona 400 talohan'i JK.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Beighton|first=Peter H.|last2=Grahame|first2=Rodney|last3=Bird|first3=Howard A.|title=Hypermobility of Joints|date=2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781848820852|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ludlEZJC5iEC&amp;pg=PA1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105195522/https://books.google.com/books?id=ludlEZJC5iEC&amp;pg=PA1|archive-date=2017-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nomena anarana avy amin'ny dokotera roa, Edvard Ehlers avy any [[Danemarka|Danemark]] sy Henri-Alexandre Danlos avy any [[Frantsa]], ireo aretina ireo, izay nilazalaza azy ireo tamin'ny fiandohan'ny taonjato faha-20.
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456247|Ehlers–Danlos syndromes]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="5462" sha1="8ls973knfzz7iq00lirz7h7apue57k2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Ehlers–Danlos syndromes
|synonym          =
|image            =File:PMC3504533 1471-2415-12-47-2 (cropped).png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Individual with EDS displaying skin hyperelasticity
|pronounce        =ey-lerz dan-los
|specialty        =[[Medical genetics]], [[rheumatology]]
|symptoms         =Overly flexible joints, stretchy skin, abnormal scar formation&lt;ref name=NIHGHR2016/&gt;
|onset            =Birth or early childhood&lt;ref name=Net2012/&gt;
|duration         =Lifelong&lt;ref name=Law2005/&gt;
|causes           =Genetic&lt;ref name=NIHGHR2016/&gt;
|risks            =Family history&lt;ref name=NIHGHR2016/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Genetic testing]], [[skin biopsy]]&lt;ref name=Law2005/&gt;
|differential     =[[Marfan syndrome]], [[cutis laxa syndrome]], [[familial joint hypermobility syndrome]]&lt;ref name=Law2005/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[supportive treatment|Supportive]]&lt;ref name=Fer2016/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Depends on specific disorder&lt;ref name=Law2005/&gt;
|frequency        =1 in 5,000&lt;ref name=NIHGHR2016/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny aretin'i Ehlers–Danlos''' ( '''EDS''' ) dia vondron'aretina tsy fahita firy amin'ny sela mpampitohy fototarazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ehlers–Danlos syndrome|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/ehlers-danlos-syndrome#expand-collapse-start|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=8 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508023748/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/ehlers-danlos-syndrome#expand-collapse-start|archive-date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ahitana tonon-taolana mivaha, fanaintainan'ny tonon-taolana, hoditra mivelatra sy malefaka, ary fiforonan'ny holatra tsy ara-dalàna ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Mety ho tsikaritra ireo raha vao teraka na amin'ny fahazazana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Net2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=Bryan E.|title=The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations - Integumentary System E-Book|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455726646|page=235|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOBYSIiRL8oC&amp;pg=PA235|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105195522/https://books.google.com/books?id=LOBYSIiRL8oC&amp;pg=PA235|archive-date=2017-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny fandidiana ny aorta, ny fifindran'ny tonon-taolana, ny scoliosis, ny fanaintainana maharitra, na ny osteoarthritis aloha loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lawrence EJ|title=The clinical presentation of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome|journal=Advances in Neonatal Care|volume=5|issue=6|pages=301–14|date=December 2005|pmid=16338669|doi=10.1016/j.adnc.2005.09.006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mitranga ny EDS noho ny fiovaovan'ny [[fototarazo]] mihoatra ny 19 samihafa izay misy hatramin'ny nahaterahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Ny fototarazo manokana voakasik'izany no mamaritra ny karazana EDS.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Ny tranga sasany dia vokatry ny fiovaovana vaovao mitranga mandritra ny fivoarana voalohany, raha ny hafa kosa dia nolovaina tamin'ny fomba autosomal dominant na recessive.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Matetika, ireo fiovaovana ireo dia miteraka lesoka amin'ny firafitry na ny fanodinana ny proteinina kolagène.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina ary voamarina amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana fototarazo na biopsy amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot; /&gt; Na izany aza, mety ho diso ny famaritana ny olona amin'ny voalohany hoe hypochondriac, fahaketrahana, na chronic fatigue syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy fanafody fantatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Netter Patient Advisor|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323393249|page=939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz_dCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA939|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105195522/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz_dCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA939|archive-date=2017-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fanohanana ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot; /&gt; Mety hanampy amin'ny fanamafisana ny hozatra sy ny fanohanana ny tonon-taolana ny fitsaboana ara-batana sy ny fanohanana ny hozatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot; /&gt; Na dia miteraka [[Fanantenam-pahela velona|androm-piainana]] ara-dalàna aza ny karazana EDS sasany, ireo izay misy fiantraikany amin'ny lalan-dra dia mampihena ny androm-piainana amin'ny ankapobeny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot; /&gt;

Farafahakeliny olona iray amin'ny 5.000 maneran-tany no voan'ny EDS.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHGHR2016&quot; /&gt; Miankina amin'ny aretina manokana ny vinavina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law2005&quot; /&gt; Ny fivezivezena tafahoatra dia nofaritan'i [[Hippocrate]] voalohany tamin'ny taona 400 talohan'i JK.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Beighton|first=Peter H.|last2=Grahame|first2=Rodney|last3=Bird|first3=Howard A.|title=Hypermobility of Joints|date=2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781848820852|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ludlEZJC5iEC&amp;pg=PA1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105195522/https://books.google.com/books?id=ludlEZJC5iEC&amp;pg=PA1|archive-date=2017-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nomena anarana avy amin'ny dokotera roa, Edvard Ehlers avy any [[Danemarka|Danemark]] sy Henri-Alexandre Danlos avy any [[Frantsa]], ireo aretina ireo, izay nilazalaza azy ireo tamin'ny fiandohan'ny taonjato faha-20. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>8ls973knfzz7iq00lirz7h7apue57k2</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Gabapentin</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456676|Gabapentin]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="12596" sha1="0htnjajreeceqit3ax2fvzuxzwjak9h" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|verifiedrevid    =461115603
|drug_name        =Gabapentin
|INN              =
|image            =Gabapentin2DACS.svg
|width            =
|alt              =
|image2           =Gabapentin3Dan.gif
|width2           =
|alt2             =
|caption          =
|type             =&lt;!-- empty --&gt;

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        =
|tradename        =Neurontin, others&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com&quot; &gt;[https://www.drugs.com/international/gabapentin.html Drugs.com international listings for Gabapentin] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216074247/http://www.drugs.com/international/gabapentin.html |date=16 February 2016 }} Page accessed 9 February 2016&lt;/ref&gt;
|synonyms         =CI-945; GOE-3450; DM-1796 (Gralise)
|IUPAC_name       =1-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic acid

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[Gabapentinoid]]
|uses             =[[Partial seizures]], [[neuropathic pain]], [[hot flashes]], [[restless legs syndrome]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Wij2015/&gt;
|side_effects     =[[Somnolence|Sleepiness]], [[dizziness]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =B1
|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com Pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Gabapentin Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=2 December 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/gabapentin.html | access-date=21 December 2019 | archive-date=29 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829040336/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/gabapentin.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pregnancy_US     =C
|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com Pregnancy&quot; /&gt;
|pregnancy_category=
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]]
|onset            =
|duration_of_action=
|defined_daily_dose=1.8 gram&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N03AX12 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818185127/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N03AX12 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =
|dependency_liability=Low
|addiction_liability=Low

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|gabapentin}}
|MedlinePlus      =a694007

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S4
|legal_AU_comment =
|legal_BR         =&lt;!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F--&gt;
|legal_BR_comment =
|legal_CA         =Rx-only
|legal_CA_comment =
|legal_DE         =&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled--&gt;
|legal_DE_comment =
|legal_NZ         =&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;
|legal_NZ_comment =
|legal_UN         =&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;
|legal_UN_comment =
|legal_UK         =Class C
|legal_UK_comment =
|legal_US         =Rx-only
|legal_US_comment =/&amp;nbsp;Schedule V in some states
|legal_status     =&lt;!--For countries not listed above--&gt;
|DailyMedID       =Gabapentin
|licence_US       =Gabapentin
|licence_CA       =&lt;!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;
|licence_EU       =&lt;!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) --&gt;

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =27–60% (inversely proportional to dose; a high fat meal also increases bioavailability)&lt;ref name=MSR&gt;{{cite web |title = Neurontin, Gralise (gabapentin) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more |work = Medscape Reference |publisher = WebMD |access-date = 6 April 2014 |url = http://reference.medscape.com/drug/neurontin-gralise-gabapentin-343011#showall |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141216215811/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/neurontin-gralise-gabapentin-343011#showall |archive-date = 16 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = drugs93&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Goa KL, Sorkin EM | title = Gabapentin. A review of its pharmacological properties and clinical potential in epilepsy | journal = Drugs | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 409–427 | date = September 1993 | pmid = 7693432 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-199346030-00007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|protein_bound    =Less than 3%&lt;ref name = MSR /&gt;&lt;ref name = drugs93 /&gt;
|metabolism       =Not significantly metabolized&lt;ref name = MSR /&gt;&lt;ref name = drugs93 /&gt;
|metabolites      =
|elimination_half-life=5 to 7 hours&lt;ref name = MSR /&gt;&lt;ref name = drugs93 /&gt;
|excretion        =[[Kidney]]&lt;ref name = MSR /&gt;&lt;ref name = drugs93 /&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =9
|H                =17
|N                =1
|O                =2
|chemical_formula =
|SMILES           =O=C(O)CC1(CN)CCCCC1
|StdInChI         =1S/C9H17NO2/c10-7-9(6-8(11)12)4-2-1-3-5-9/h1-7,10H2,(H,11,12)
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChI_comment =
|StdInChIKey      =UGJMXCAKCUNAIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|Jmol             =
|molecular_weight =
|density          =
|density_notes    =
|melting_point    =
|melting_high     =
|melting_notes    =
|boiling_point    =
|boiling_notes    =
|solubility       =
|sol_units        =
|specific_rotation=
}}
'''Ny Gabapentin''', amidy amin'ny anarana marika '''Neurontin''' ankoatra ny hafa, dia fanafody anticonvulsant ampiasaina hitsaboana ny androbe ampahany, ny fanaintainana neuropathique, ny hafanana tampoka, ary ny restless legs syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gabapentin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/gabapentin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 Oct 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819150204/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/gabapentin.html|archive-date=19 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wij2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wijemanne S, Jankovic J|title=Restless legs syndrome: clinical presentation diagnosis and treatment|journal=Sleep Medicine|volume=16|issue=6|pages=678–90|date=June 2015|pmid=25979181|doi=10.1016/j.sleep.2015.03.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aroso ho iray amin'ireo fanafody laharana voalohany amin'ny fitsaboana ny fanaintainan'ny nerveo vokatry ny neuropathy diabetika, ny neuralgia postherpetika, ary ny fanaintainan'ny nerveo afovoany izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Attal2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R, Haanpää M, Hansson P, Jensen TS, Nurmikko T|title=EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision|journal=European Journal of Neurology|volume=17|issue=9|pages=1113–e88|date=September 2010|pmid=20402746|doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02999.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny 15%-n'ny olona voan'ny neuropathy diabetika na neuralgia postherpetika no manana tombony azo refesina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiffen2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, Rice AS, Tölle TR, Phillips T, Moore RA|title=Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|pages=CD007938|date=June 2017|pmid=28597471|pmc=6452908|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007938.pub4|hdl=10044/1/52908}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabapentin dia raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fahatsapana rendremana sy ny fanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny lehibe ny fitomboan'ny mety hisian'ny [[mpikambana:Bluerose25/Mamono Tena|famonoan-tena]], ny fitondran-tena mahery setra, ary ny fihetseham-po vokatry ny fanafody.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava raha azo antoka ampiasaina mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] na ny fampinonoana izy io.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gabapentin Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/gabapentin.html|access-date=13 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829040336/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/gabapentin.html|archive-date=29 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aroso ny fatra ambany kokoa ho an'ireo olona tsy dia miasa tsara ny voa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Gabapentin dia gabapentinoïde.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid27345098&quot; /&gt; Manana rafitra molekiola mitovy amin'ny an'ny neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) izy ary miasa amin'ny alàlan'ny fanakanana ny fantsona kalsioma sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sneader2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sneader|first=Walter|title=Drug Discovery: A History|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-0-470-01552-0|pages=219–220|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&amp;pg=PA219|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908192246/https://books.google.com/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&amp;pg=PA219|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid27345098&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Calandre EP, Rico-Villademoros F, Slim M|title=2delta ligands, gabapentin, pregabalin and mirogabalin: a review of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use|journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics|volume=16|issue=11|pages=1263–1277|date=November 2016|pmid=27345098|doi=10.1080/14737175.2016.1202764}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21150315&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Uchitel OD, Di Guilmi MN, Urbano FJ, Gonzalez-Inchauspe C|title=Acute modulation of calcium currents and synaptic transmission by gabapentinoids|journal=Channels|volume=4|issue=6|pages=490–6|year=2010|pmid=21150315|doi=10.4161/chan.4.6.12864|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nekena voalohany hampiasaina tamin'ny 1993 ny Gabapentin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Pitkänen|first=Asla|last2=Schwartzkroin|first2=Philip A.|last3=Moshé|first3=Solomon L.|title=Models of Seizures and Epilepsy|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier|location=Burlington|isbn=978-0-08-045702-4|page=539|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qw6KqLjwtZQC&amp;pg=PA539|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908192246/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qw6KqLjwtZQC&amp;pg=PA539|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neurontin label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Neurontin- gabapentin capsule Neurontin- gabapentin tablet, film coated Neurontin- gabapentin solution|website=[[DailyMed]]|date=11 April 2019|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee9ad9ed-6d9f-4ee1-9d7f-cfad438df388|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707221151/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee9ad9ed-6d9f-4ee1-9d7f-cfad438df388|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Efa azo ampiasaina ho fanafody tsy misy fangarony any Etazonia izy io nanomboka tamin'ny taona 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ny vidin'ny ambongadiny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] {{as of|2015|lc=y}}  teo amin'ny {{USD|10.80|link=yes}} isam-bolana teo ho eo; &lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gabapentin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1036&amp;searchYear=2015|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140529/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1036&amp;searchYear=2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; tany Etazonia, dia 100 dolara amerikana ka hatramin'ny 200 dolara amerikana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-284-05756-0|page=327}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody fahiraika ambin'ny folo be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny 46 tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gabapentin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Gabapentin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411200205/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Gabapentin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny taona 1990, nanomboka nampiasa teknika tsy ara-dalàna maromaro ny Parke-Davis, sampan'ny Pfizer, mba hampirisihana [[Dokotera|ny dokotera]] any Etazonia hampiasa gabapentin amin'ny fampiasana tsy nahazoana alalana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hen2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henney JE|title=Safeguarding patient welfare: who's in charge?|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=145|issue=4|pages=305–7|date=August 2006|pmid=16908923|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-145-4-200608150-00013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandoa vola an-tapitrisany dolara izy ireo mba handaminana ny fitoriana momba ireo hetsika ireo. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Methylphenidate</title>
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|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =464371569
|drug_name        =Methylphenidate
|image            =Methylphenidate-2D-skeletal.svg
|width            =200
|alt              =
|image2           =Methylphenidate-enantiomers-3D-balls.png
|width2           =225
|caption          =

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|əl|ˈ|f|ɛ|n|ɪ|d|eɪ|t|,_|-|ˈ|f|iː|-}}
|tradename        =Ritalin, Concerta, [[Methylphenidate#Names|others]]
|synonyms         =
|IUPAC_name       =Methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate&lt;!-- the locant '2' for acetic acid is not cited --&gt;

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            ={{abbr|CNS|central nervous system}} [[stimulant]]
|uses             =[[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]], [[narcolepsy]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2018/&gt;
|side_effects     =Difficulty sleeping, decreased appetite, anxiety, weight loss&lt;ref name=AHFS2018/&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =B3
|pregnancy_US     =C
|pregnancy_category=
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]], [[transdermal]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2018/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration_of_action=
|defined_daily_dose=30 mg&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06BA04 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601053243/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06BA04 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601053243/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06BA04 |date=1 June 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =
|dependency_liability=High&lt;ref name=AHFS2018/&gt;
|addiction_liability=High&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bonewit-West |first1=Kathy |last2=Hunt |first2=Sue A. |last3=Applegate |first3=Edith |title=Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures |date=2012 |page=571 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9781455701506 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&amp;pg=PA571 |language=en |access-date=5 August 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728034412/https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&amp;pg=PA571 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929161302/https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&amp;pg=PA571#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |date=29 September 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|methylphenidate-hydrochloride}}
|MedlinePlus      =a682188

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S8
|legal_CA         =Schedule III
|legal_DE         =Anlage III
|legal_UK         =Class B
|legal_US         =Schedule II
|legal_status     =
|licence_US       =Methylphenidate
|licence_EU       =

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =Approx. 30% (range: 11–52%)
|protein_bound    =10–33%
|metabolism       =[[Liver]] (80%) mostly [[Carboxylesterase 1|CES1A1]]-mediated
|elimination_half-life=2–3 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10628897&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kimko HC, Cross JT, Abernethy DR | title = Pharmacokinetics and clinical effectiveness of methylphenidate | journal = Clinical Pharmacokinetics | volume = 37 | issue = 6 | pages = 457–70 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 10628897 | doi = 10.2165/00003088-199937060-00002 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|excretion        =[[Urine]] (90%)

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =14
|H                =19
|N                =1
|O                =2
|SMILES           =O=C(OC)C(C1CCCCN1)C2=CC=CC=C2
|StdInChI         =1S/C14H19NO2/c1-17-14(16)13(11-7-3-2-4-8-11)12-9-5-6-10-15-12/h2-4,7-8,12-13,15H,5-6,9-10H2,1H3
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =DUGOZIWVEXMGBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|molecular_weight =233.31
|molecular_weight_unit=g/mol
|melting_point    =74
|melting_notes    =&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem properties&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Methylphenidate|section-url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=4158#x27|website=Pubchem Compound|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information|section=Chemical and Physical Properties|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106100442/http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=4158#x27|url-status=live|url=http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=4158#x27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|boiling_point    =136
|boiling_notes    =&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem properties&quot; /&gt;
}}
'''Ny Methylphenidate''', amidy amin'ny anarana ara-barotra '''Ritalin''' ankoatra ny hafa, dia fanafody mampientanentana ampiasaina hitsaboana [[Aretin'ny tsy fahampian'ny fifantohana sy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra|ny fikorontanan'ny fifantohana sy ny fiasan'ny saina]] (ADHD) sy ny narcolepsy .  Fanafody voalohany ho an'ny ADHD izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Azo raisina am-bava na ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Samy hafa ny faharetan'ny vokany amin'ny karazana fanafody samihafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsin'ny methylphenidate ny fahasarotana amin'ny torimaso, ny fihenan'ny fahazotoan-komana, ny tebiteby ary ny fihenan-danja.  Mety ahitana voka-dratsy lehibe kokoa ny aretin-tsaina, ny fihetseham-po mahazaka, ny fananganana maharitra, ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina, ary ny olana amin'ny fo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Inoana fa miasa amin'ny alàlan'ny fanakanana ny fidiran'ny dopamine sy norepinephrine indray ataon'ny [[Nerônina|neurons]] ny Methylphenidate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arn2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Arnsten AF, Li BM|title=Neurobiology of Executive Functions: Catecholamine Influences on Prefrontal Cortical Functions|journal=Biological Psychiatry|volume=57|issue=11|pages=1377–84|year=2005|pmid=15950011|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;St4th&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stahl|first=Stephen M.|title=Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1107686465|edition=4th|date=11 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Methylphenidate dia mpandrisika ny rafi-pitatitra foibe (CNS) ao amin'ny kilasy phenethylamine sy piperidine.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Preedy|first=Victor R.|title=Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions|date=2016|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780128006771|page=651|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yu9eBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA651|language=en|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829151101/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yu9eBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA651|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny Methylphenidate dia novokarina voalohany tamin'ny 1944 ary nekena ho ampiasaina amin'ny fitsaboana any Etazonia tamin'ny 1955.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lang2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, Tucha O|title=The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|journal=ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders|volume=2|issue=4|pages=241–55|year=2010|pmid=21258430|pmc=3000907|doi=10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Namidin'ny orinasa soisa CIBA, izay Novartis Corporation ankehitriny, izy io tany am-boalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lang2010&quot; /&gt; Tombanana ho 2.4 lavitrisa fatra methylphenidate no noraisina maneran-tany tamin'ny taona 2013.  Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-47 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny 16 tapitrisa.   Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Any Etazonia, ny vidin'ny fanafody ambongadiny amin'ny famoahana eo no ho eo dia latsaky ny US$0.30 isaky ny fatra tamin'ny taona 2018. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>gp30zyffp4pjsl8fnudiiryhe8mxl0b</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Herpes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1135262</id>
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        <id>34924</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458239|Herpes]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1135262</origin>
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      <text bytes="11318" sha1="dk565inbjq15uhw1u8kfj1i11mnfjoo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Herpes
|synonym          =Cold sores, fever blisters
|image            =Herpes(PHIL 1573 lores).jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Herpes labialis]] of the lower lip. Note the blisters in a group marked by an arrow.
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɜɹ|p|iː|z}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Blisters that break open and form small [[ulcer]]s, fever, swollen [[lymph node]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2014F/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =2–4 weeks&lt;ref name=CDC2014F/&gt;
|causes           =[[Herpes simplex virus]] spread by direct contact&lt;ref name=CDC2014F/&gt;
|risks            =[[immunosuppression|Decreased immune function]], stress, sunlight&lt;ref name=Bal2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cancer&quot;/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, [[PCR]],  [[viral culture]]&lt;ref name=CDC2014F/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bal2014/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =
|medication       =[[Aciclovir]], [[valaciclovir]], [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen), topical lidocaine&lt;ref name=CDC2014F/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bal2014/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =60–95% (adults)&lt;ref name=Peds09/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny Herpes''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''herpes simplex''', dia aretina vokatry ny viriosy herpes simplex.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Genital Herpes – CDC Fact Sheet|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/STDFact-Herpes-detailed.htm|website=cdc.gov|access-date=31 December 2014|date=December 8, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231122747/http://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/STDFact-Herpes-detailed.htm|archive-date=31 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mizara ho sokajy araka ny faritra voakasiky ny vatana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrew2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=James|first=William D.|last2=Elston|first2=Dirk|last3=Treat|first3=James R.|last4=Rosenbach|first4=Misha A.|last5=Neuhaus|first5=Isaac|title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-323-54753-6|pages=362-370|edition=13th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA362&amp;dq=human&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=19. Viral diseases|access-date=2022-05-28|archive-date=2022-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604031910/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA362&amp;dq=human&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny herpes am-bava dia mahakasika ny tarehy na ny vava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrew2020&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka vay kely miangona maromaro izay matetika antsoina hoe fery mangatsiaka na vay vokatry ny tazo izany, na mety hiteraka tenda maharary fotsiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Balasubramaniam|first=R|last2=Kuperstein|first2=AS|last3=Stoopler|first3=ET|title=Update on oral herpes virus infections.|journal=Dental Clinics of North America|date=April 2014|volume=58|issue=2|pages=265–80|pmid=24655522|doi=10.1016/j.cden.2013.12.001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mosby|title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323112581|pages=836–37|edition=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aW0zkZl0JgQC&amp;pg=PA836|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210724/https://books.google.com/books?id=aW0zkZl0JgQC&amp;pg=PA836|archive-date=2017-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny herpes amin'ny fivaviana, izay matetika fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe herpes, dia mety tsy dia misy soritr'aretina firy na mamorona vay izay vaky ka miteraka fery kely.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Matetika ireo dia sitrana ao anatin'ny roa ka hatramin'ny efatra herinandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Mety hitranga ny mangidihidy na ny fanaintainana tampoka alohan'ny hisehoan'ny vay.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Miovaova ny tsingerin'ny herpes eo anelanelan'ny vanim-potoanan'ny aretina mavitrika arahin'ny vanim-potoana tsy misy soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny tranga voalohany dia mahery kokoa ary mety mifandray amin'ny tazo, fanaintainan'ny hozatra, fivontosan'ny fihary atodinaina ary aretin'andoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Rehefa mandeha ny fotoana, mihena ny hamafin'ny fisehoan'ny aretina sy ny hamafiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Ireto avy ireo aretina hafa ateraky ny herpes simplex: herpetic whitlow rehefa mahakasika ny rantsantanana,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wu|first=IB|last2=Schwartz|first2=RA|title=Herpetic whitlow.|journal=Cutis|date=March 2007|volume=79|issue=3|pages=193–06|pmid=17674583}}&lt;/ref&gt; herpes amin'ny maso,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rowe|first=AM|last2=St Leger|first2=AJ|last3=Jeon|first3=S|last4=Dhaliwal|first4=DK|last5=Knickelbein|first5=JE|last6=Hendricks|first6=RL|title=Herpes keratitis.|journal=Progress in Retinal and Eye Research|date=January 2013|volume=32|pages=88–101|pmid=22944008|doi=10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.08.002|pmc=3529813}}&lt;/ref&gt; aretin'ny herpes amin'ny atidoha,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Steiner|first=I|last2=Benninger|first2=F|title=Update on herpes virus infections of the nervous system.|journal=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|date=December 2013|volume=13|issue=12|pages=414|pmid=24142852|doi=10.1007/s11910-013-0414-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary herpes amin'ny zaza vao teraka rehefa mahakasika ny zaza vao teraka, ankoatra ny hafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stephenson-Famy|first=A|last2=Gardella|first2=C|title=Herpes Simplex Virus Infection During Pregnancy.|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America|date=December 2014|volume=41|issue=4|pages=601–14|pmid=25454993|doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2014.08.006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy karazany roa ny viriosy herpes simplex, ny karazany 1 (HSV-1) sy ny karazany 2 (HSV-2).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Ny HSV-1 dia matetika kokoa miteraka aretina manodidina ny vava raha toa kosa ny HSV-2 dia matetika kokoa miteraka aretina amin'ny taovam-pananahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt; Mifindra amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana mivantana amin'ny tsiranoka na fery amin'ny olona voan'ny aretina izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Mety mbola hisy ny fifindran'ny aretina na dia tsy misy aza ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Voasokajy ho aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo ny herpes amin'ny fivaviana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Mety hifindra amin'ny zaza mandritra ny fiterahana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Aorian'ny aretina, dia alefa amin'ny alalan'ny ozatra sensorika mankany amin'ny vatan'ny sela nerveo ireo viriosy, izay ipetrahany mandritra ny androm-piainany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana ireto antony mahatonga ny fiverenan'ny aretina ireto: fihenan'ny hery fiarovana, adin-tsaina, ary fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cancer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Elad S|title=A systematic review of viral infections associated with oral involvement in cancer patients: a spotlight on Herpesviridea|journal=Support Care Cancer|volume=18|issue=8|pages=993–1006|date=August 2010|pmid=20544224|doi=10.1007/s00520-010-0900-3|last2=Zadik Y|last3=Hewson I|display-authors=3|last4=Hovan|first4=Allan|last5=Correa|first5=M. Elvira P.|last6=Logan|first6=Richard|last7=Elting|first7=Linda S.|last8=Spijkervet|first8=Fred K. L.|last9=Brennan|first9=Michael T.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny herpes amin'ny vava sy ny taovam-pananahana dia voamarina mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina miseho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt; Azo hamarinina amin'ny alalan'ny kolontsaina virosy na ny fahitana ny ADN herpes ao anaty ranon-javatra avy amin'ny vay ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Ny fitiliana ny ra mba hahitana hery fiarovana amin'ny viriosy dia afaka manamarina ny aretina efa nisy teo aloha saingy ho ratsy kosa ny vokany amin'ny aretina vaovao.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt;

Ny fomba mahomby indrindra hisorohana ny aretina amin'ny taovam-pananahana dia ny fisorohana ny firaisana ara-nofo amin'ny fivaviana, am-bava ary lava-pitombenana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Mampihena ny risika ny fampiasana kapaoty.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Ny fanafody antiviral isan'andro raisin'ny olona voan'ny aretina dia afaka mampihena ny fihanaky ny aretina ihany koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Tsy misy [[vaksiny]] azo ampiasaina &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; ary rehefa voan'ny aretina dia tsy misy fanafodiny intsony.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina ny Paracetamol (acetaminophen) sy ny lidocaine eo an-toerana mba hanampiana amin'ny fanalefahana ireo soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt; Ny fitsaboana amin'ny fanafody antiviral toy ny aciclovir na valaciclovir dia afaka mampihena ny hamafin'ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt;

Eo anelanelan'ny 60% sy 95% eo ho eo ny tahan'ny HSV-1 na HSV-2 maneran-tany amin'ny olon-dehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peds09&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny HSV-1 dia azo mandritra ny fahazazana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Mitombo ny tahan'ny roa tonta rehefa mihantitra ny olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peds09&quot; /&gt; Eo anelanelan'ny 70% sy 80% ny tahan'ny HSV-1 amin'ny mponina manana fari-piainana ara-tsosialy sy ara-toekarena ambany ary 40% ka hatramin'ny 60% amin'ny mponina manana fari-piainana ara-tsosialy sy ara-toekarena mihatsara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peds09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chayavichitsilp P, Buckwalter JV, Krakowski AC, Friedlander SF|title=Herpes simplex|journal=Pediatr Rev|volume=30|issue=4|pages=119–29; quiz 130|date=April 2009|pmid=19339385|doi=10.1542/pir.30-4-119|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c6007147e5b196be342f5881d263149ae404a32f|access-date=2020-07-11|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828105541/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Herpes-simplex.-Chayavichitsilp-Buckwalter/c6007147e5b196be342f5881d263149ae404a32f|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho 536 tapitrisa ny olona eran-tany (16%-n'ny mponina) no voan'ny HSV-2 tamin'ny taona 2003, ary ambony kokoa ny tahan'izany eo amin'ny vehivavy sy ireo any amin'ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Looker2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Looker|first=KJ|last2=Garnett, GP|last3=Schmid, GP|title=An estimate of the global prevalence and incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=October 2008|volume=86|issue=10|pages=805–12, A|pmid=18949218|pmc=2649511|doi=10.2471/blt.07.046128}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan'ny olona voan'ny HSV-2 dia tsy mahatsapa fa voan'ny aretina izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Avy amin'ny [[Template:Lang-grc-gre|Endrika:Lang-grc-gre]] ''herpēs'' ny anarana, izay mifandray amin'ny dikan'ny hoe &quot;mivezivezy&quot;, izay manondro ny fiparitahan'ny vay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Beswick|first=TSL|title=The Origin and the Use of the Word Herpes|journal=Med Hist|volume=6|date=1962|issue=3|pages=214–232|doi=10.1017/S002572730002737X|pmid=13868599|pmc=1034725}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy manondro ny fahatarana ny anarana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Reese|first=Vail|title=Countering Creeping Confusion: A Proposal to Re-Name Herpes Virus TAXONOMY|url=http://ojcpcd.com/reese-v/countering-creeping-confusion-a-proposal-to-re-name-herpes-virus-taxonomy/|website=Online Journal of Community and Person-Centered Dermatology|publisher=Dr. David Elpern|access-date=22 September 2018|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923005836/http://ojcpcd.com/reese-v/countering-creeping-confusion-a-proposal-to-re-name-herpes-virus-taxonomy/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kardiomiopatia hypertrophique</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299058</id>
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      <id>1135263</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1492957|Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="11811" sha1="ksq74hyhx2oaz50h3f8p0kxxpngv0ec" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
|synonym          =Asymmetric septal hypertrophy; idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Other Names for Cardiomyopathy|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/names|website=NHLBI|access-date=31 August 2016|date=June 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728023504/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/names|archive-date=28 July 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
|image            =Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.png
|image_size       =220px
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Cardiology]]
|symptoms         =Frequently none, [[fatigue|feeling tired]], [[pedal edema|leg swelling]], [[shortness of breath]], [[chest pain]], [[syncope (medicine)|fainting]]&lt;ref name=AHA2022/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2022Sym/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Genetics]], [[Fabry disease]], [[Friedreich's ataxia]], certain medications&lt;ref name=Fer2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2016Ca/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Electrocardiography|Electrocardiogram]], [[echocardiogram]], [[stress testing]], [[genetic testing]]&lt;ref name=AHAGuide2020/&gt;
|differential     =[[Hypertensive heart disease]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[athlete's heart]]&lt;ref name=Fer2018/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Medications, [[implantable cardiac defibrillator]], surgery (transaortic septal myectomy)&lt;ref name=AHAGuide2020/&gt;&lt;ref name=Raja2020/&gt;
|medication       =[[Beta blockers]], [[verapamil]], [[disopyramide]]&lt;ref name=Raja2020/&gt;
|prognosis        =Less than 1% per year risk of death (with treatment)&lt;ref name=Mar2014/&gt;
|frequency        =Up to 1 in 200 people&lt;ref name=Raja2020/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny kardiomyopathie hypertrophique''' ( '''HCM''' ) dia aretim-po izay mihatevina ny ampahany amin'ny [[fo]] nefa tsy fantatra mazava ny antony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raja2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cui|first=Hao|last2=Schaff|first2=Hartzell V.|editor-last=Raja|editor-first=Shahzad G.|title=Cardiac Surgery: A Complete Guide|date=2020|publisher=Springer|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-24176-6|pages=735-748|language=en|chapter=80. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|access-date=2022-10-13|archive-date=2022-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013073118/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kcPPDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA735|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miovaova ny soritr'aretina manomboka amin'ny tsy misy na havizanana, fivontosan'ny tongotra, ary sempotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Sym&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka fanaintainan'ny tratra na fanina ihany koa izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2022Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/signs|website=NHLBI|publisher=National Heart Lung and Blood Institute|access-date=13 October 2022|date=24 March 2022|archive-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728023343/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/signs|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny fahasarotana ny tsy fahombiazan'ny fo, ny fitempon'ny fo tsy ara-dalàna, ary ny fahafatesana tampoka vokatry ny fo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Is Cardiomyopathy?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 November 2017|date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110172002/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SCD2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barsheshet A, Brenyo A, Moss AJ, Goldenberg I|s2cid=25887172|title=Genetics of sudden cardiac death|journal=Current Cardiology Reports|volume=13|issue=5|pages=364–76|date=October 2011|pmid=21789574|doi=10.1007/s11886-011-0209-y}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika no lova avy amin'ny ray aman-drenin'ny olona iray izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Causes Cardiomyopathy?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 November 2017|date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005114628/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/causes|archive-date=5 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika izany dia vokatry ny fiovan'ny [[fototarazo]] sasany izay tafiditra amin'ny famokarana proteinina ao amin'ny hozatry ny fo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Ca&quot; /&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny antony hafa ny aretin'i Fabry, ny ataxia Friedreich, ary ny fanafody sasany toy ny tacrolimus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323529570|page=246|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA246|access-date=2017-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225010/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA246|archive-date=2017-11-10|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karazana kardiomiopatia izy io, vondron'aretina izay misy fiantraikany voalohany indrindra amin'ny hozatry ny fo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016What&quot; /&gt; Ny hozatry ny fo mihamafy dia miteraka tsy fahafahan'ny fo mikoriana [[ra]] intsony ary ny septum interventricular mihatevina dia mety hiteraka fanakanana ny fikorianan'ny ra avy amin'ny ventricle havia mankany amin'ny aorta ary fihenan'ny valizy mitral.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHA2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=AHA|title=Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)|url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiomyopathy/what-is-cardiomyopathy-in-adults/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy|website=www.heart.org|publisher=American Heart Association|access-date=13 October 2022|language=en|date=13 May 2022|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006155510/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiomyopathy/what-is-cardiomyopathy-in-adults/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raja2020&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitiliana dia atao amin'ny alalan'ny electrocardiogram sy echocardiogram.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHAGuide2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ommen|first=Steve R.|last2=Mital|first2=Seema|last3=Burke|first3=Michael A.|last4=Day|first4=Sharlene M.|last5=Deswal|first5=Anita|last6=Elliott|first6=Perry|last7=Evanovich|first7=Lauren L.|last8=Hung|first8=Judy|last9=Joglar|first9=José A.|last10=Kantor|first10=Paul|last11=Kimmelstiel|first11=Carey|last12=Kittleson|first12=Michelle|last13=Link|first13=Mark S.|last14=Maron|first14=Martin S.|last15=Martinez|first15=Matthew W.|title=2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Executive Summary|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|date=22 December 2020|volume=76|issue=25|pages=3022–3055|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.044|pmid=33229115|url=https://www.jacc.org/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.044|access-date=14 October 2022|archive-date=16 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016125440/https://www.jacc.org/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.044|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ahitana fitiliana ny adin-tsaina sy ny fitiliana ny fototarazo ny fitiliana hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHAGuide2020&quot; /&gt; Mety hisy ny fitiliana ny havana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHAGuide2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Phelan2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Phelan|first=Dermot M.|last2=Symanski|first2=John|editor-last=EngelEngel|editor-first=David J.|editor2-last=Phelan|editor2-first=Dermot M.|title=Sports Cardiology: Care of the Athletic Heart from the Clinic to the Sidelines|date=2021|publisher=Springer|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-69383-1|pages=97-110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABAtEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq|language=en|chapter=7. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|access-date=2022-10-14|archive-date=2022-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014103414/https://books.google.com/books?id=ABAtEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny dia manomboka amin'ny beta blockers, verapamil, ary disopyramide ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raja2020&quot; /&gt; Mitandrema tsara amin'ny fampiasana fanafody fanalefahana ny fo satria mety hampihena ny habetsahan'ny fo sy ny fivoahan'ny ra ao amin'ny ventricle havia.&lt;ref name=&quot;emed.treatment2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Shah|first=Sandy N.|title=Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Treatment &amp; Management: Approach Considerations, Left Ventricular Myomectomy and Mitral Valve Replacement, Pacemaker Implantation|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152913-treatment?icd=ssl_login_success_221013|publisher=emedicine|access-date=13 October 2022|date=29 April 2022|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013073117/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152913-treatment?icd=ssl_login_success_221013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho soso-kevitra ny fampiasana &quot; implantable cardiac defibrillator&quot; ho an'ireo manana karazana fitempon'ny fo tsy ara-dalàna sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHAGuide2020&quot; /&gt; Azo atao ny fandidiana, amin'ny endrika myectomy septal na famindrana fo, ho an'ireo izay tsy mihatsara amin'ny alalan'ny fomba hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHA2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ralph2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ralph-Edwards|first=Anthony|last2=Vanderlaan|first2=Rachel D.|last3=Bajona|first3=Pietro|title=Transaortic septal myectomy: techniques and pitfalls|journal=Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery|date=July 2017|volume=6|issue=4|pages=410–415|doi=10.21037/acs.2017.07.08|pmid=28944183|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5602211/|issn=2225-319X|access-date=2022-10-13|archive-date=2022-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013091542/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5602211/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa voatsabo dia latsaky ny iray isan-jato isan-taona ny mety ho fahafatesana vokatry ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mar2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Maron BJ, Ommen SR, Semsarian C, Spirito P, Olivotto I, Maron MS|title=Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: present and future, with translation into contemporary cardiovascular medicine|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=64|issue=1|pages=83–99|date=July 2014|pmid=24998133|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.003|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Olona iray amin'ny 200 no voan'ny HCM.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raja2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ralph2017&quot; /&gt; Mitovy ny tahan'ny aretina eo amin'ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Type&quot; /&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany ny olona amin'ny sokajin-taona rehetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Type&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Types of Cardiomyopathy|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/types|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 November 2017|date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004214624/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/types|archive-date=4 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana maoderina voalohany momba ity aretina ity dia nataon'i Donald Teare tamin'ny 1958.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Teare D|title=Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults|journal=British Heart Journal|volume=20|issue=1|pages=1–8|date=January 1958|pmid=13499764|pmc=492780|doi=10.1136/hrt.20.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=McKenna WJ, Sen-Chowdhry S|title=From Teare to the present day: a fifty year odyssey in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a paradigm for the logic of the discovery process|journal=Revista Espanola de Cardiologia|volume=61|issue=12|pages=1239–44|date=December 2008|pmid=19080961|doi=10.1016/S1885-5857(09)60050-5|url=http://www.revespcardiol.org/en/from-teare-to-the-present/articulo/13130628/|access-date=2017-02-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111041703/http://www.revespcardiol.org/en/from-teare-to-the-present/articulo/13130628/|archive-date=2017-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fahatairana septika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457038|Septic shock]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="7086" sha1="2zqnla7lsnvok420gpapdzko817y2kc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Septic_shock
|synonym          =
|image            =Gabriel Metsu - La Fille malade.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =''The Sick Girl'' by [[Gabriël Metsu]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         ='''Early''': Temperature &gt; {{convert|38|C|F|1}}, [[fast heart rate]], [[narrow pulse pressure]]&lt;ref name=ATLS2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Worsens''': Confusion, [[cyanosis|bluish skin]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =Infection&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;
|risks            =[[Diabetes]], [[cancer]], [[liver disease|liver]] or [[kidney problems]], [[corticosteroid]] use, [[burns]], poor immune function, extremes of age&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on MAP &lt; 65 mmHg and lactate &lt; 2 mmol/L despite [[intravenous fluids|fluids]]&lt;ref name=LF2020/&gt;
|differential     =Other types of [[circulatory shock|shock]], [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[adrenal crisis]], drug overdose&lt;ref name=ATLS2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Antibiotic|Antibiotics]], removing infected tissue, [[intravenous fluids]], [[norepinephrine (medication)|norepinephrine]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =
|deaths           =Risk &gt; 40%&lt;ref name=Sing2016/&gt;
}}
'''Ny fahatairana septika''' dia karazana sepsis mafy izay mijanona ho ambany ny tosidra ary mihoatra ny 2 mmol/L (&gt;18 mg/dL) ny laktate na dia ampy aza ny ranoka miditra amin'ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sing2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC|display-authors=6|title=The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)|journal=JAMA|volume=315|issue=8|pages=801–10|date=February 2016|pmid=26903338|pmc=4968574|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.0287}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSingerDeutschmanSeymourShankar-Hari2016&quot;&gt;Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et&amp;nbsp;al. (February 2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4968574 &quot;The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)&quot;]. ''JAMA''. '''315''' (8): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;801–&lt;/span&gt;10. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2016.0287 10.1001/jama.2016.0287]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4968574 4968574]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26903338 26903338].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LF2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sepsis Definitions and Diagnosis • LITFL • CCC Sepsis|url=https://litfl.com/sepsis-definitions-and-diagnosis/|website=Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL • Medical Blog|access-date=5 January 2021|date=3 November 2020|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118001932/https://litfl.com/sepsis-definitions-and-diagnosis/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny soritr'aretina voalohany dia mety ahitana mari-pana mihoatra ny {{Convert|38|C|F|1}} na latsaky ny {{Convert|36|C|F|1}}, fitempon'ny fo haingana, tsindrin'ny fitempon'ny fo tery, ary fitomboan'ny tahan'ny fifohana rivotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;ATLS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=ATLS - Advanced Trauma Life Support - Student Course Manual|date=2018|publisher=American College of Surgeons|isbn=78-0-9968262|pages=51|edition=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mahapatra|first=S|last2=Heffner|first2=AC|title=Septic Shock|date=January 2020|pmid=28613689|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMahapatraHeffner2020&quot;&gt;Mahapatra, S; Heffner, AC (January 2020). &quot;Septic Shock&quot;. ''StatPearls''. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28613689 28613689].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ahitana fisafotofotoana sy hoditra manga ny soritr'aretina mahery kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny &quot;acute respiratory distress syndrome&quot; sy ny &quot;multiple organ dysfunction syndrome&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

Ny karazana aretina mahazatra indrindra dia [[Bakteria|ny bakteria]], miaraka amin'ny aretina bakteria gram-negatif izay hita amin'ny 62% amin'ny tranga ary aretina bakteria gram-positive izay hita amin'ny 47% amin'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Latsaky ny 5%-n'ny tranga no voakasik'izany [[Virosy|viriosy]] na [[katsentsitra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ny toerana mahazatra indrindra ahitana aretina dia ny havokavoka (42%), ny ra (21%), ary ny urine (10%), na dia tsy mazava aza ny toerana misy azy amin'ny ampahatelon'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza amin'ny sepsis [[Diabeta|ny diabeta]], homamiadana, olana amin'ny aty na voa, fampiasana corticosteroid, may, tsy fahampian'ny hery fiarovana, ary ny fahanterana tafahoatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Karazana fahatairana mizara izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;ITLS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers|date=2018|publisher=Pearson Education Limited|isbn=978-1292-17084-8|pages=175|edition=8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fitsaboana dia ahitana fitsaboana mialoha ny tanjona, amin'ny fampiasana [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]], fanesorana ny sela voan'ny aretina, ranoka ampidirina amin'ny lalan-dra, ary akora vasoactive toy ny norepinephrine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana ny fampidirana rivotra mekanika sy ny corticosteroids ny fepetra hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Mitranga amin'ny olona 750.000 eo ho eo (300 isaky ny 100.000) isan-taona any Etazonia ny sepsis mafy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ronco|first=Claudio|last2=Bellomo|first2=Rinaldo|last3=Kellum|first3=John A.|title=Critical Care Nephrology|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4160-4252-5|page=831|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=XkKn96HThzEC&amp;pg=PA831|language=en|access-date=2021-01-05|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829053548/https://books.google.ca/books?id=XkKn96HThzEC&amp;pg=PA831|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jos2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=FCCM|first=Joseph E. Parrillo, MD|last2=MS|first2=R. Phillip Dellinger, MD|title=Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-08929-6|page=339|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=NXuzAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA339|language=en|access-date=2021-01-05|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829053812/https://books.google.ca/books?id=NXuzAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA339|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mihoatra ny 40% ny mety ho fahafatesana ary ny sasany amin'ireo izay tafavoaka velona dia manana fahasembanana maharitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sing2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jos2013&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fiterahana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1496361|Childbirth]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="11846" sha1="o49hxx6pe5ps2tj9bzkcca1kd56lasy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Childbirth
|synonym          =Labour and delivery, labor and delivery, partus, giving birth, parturition, birth, confinement&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/confinement|title=confinement - Definition of confinement in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries - English|access-date=2020-07-26|archive-date=2018-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154402/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/confinement|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/confinement|title=CONFINEMENT - meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|access-date=2020-07-26|archive-date=2021-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506125625/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/confinement|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image            =Postpartum baby2.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Newborn baby and mother
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Obstetrics]], [[midwifery]]
|symptoms         =
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Pregnancy]]
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[Birth control]], [[abortion]]
|treatment        =
|medication       =[[Azithromycin]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2023/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =135 million (2015)&lt;ref name=CIA2015/&gt;
|deaths           =500,000 [[maternal deaths]] a year&lt;ref name=WHO2008Ed/&gt;
}}
'''Ny fiterahana''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''fiterahana''', dia ny fiafaran'ny [[fitondrana vohoka]] izay ivoahan'ny [[Zazakely|zaza]] iray na maromaro avy ao amin'ny [[tranonjaza]] amin'ny alàlan'ny [[Lalanjaza|fivaviana]] na amin'ny alalan'ny fandidiana sesarienne.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mart2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=Elizabeth|title=Concise Colour Medical l.p.Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-968799-2|page=375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA375|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA375|archive-date=2017-09-11|year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, nisy [[Fahaterahana|zaza teraka]] 135 tapitrisa teo ho eo maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=30 July 2016|date=July 11, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116011033/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|archive-date=16 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teraka talohan'ny 37 herinandron'ny fitondrana vohoka ny 15 tapitrisa eo ho eo,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/|website=WHO|access-date=30 July 2016|date=November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307050438/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/|archive-date=7 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; raha teo anelanelan'ny 3 sy 12 isan-jato kosa no teraka taorian'ny 42 herinandro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Buck|first=Germaine M.|last2=Platt|first2=Robert W.|title=Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-985774-6|page=163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=by1lwSpfruQC&amp;pg=PA163|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=by1lwSpfruQC&amp;pg=PA163|archive-date=2017-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any amin'ny [[Firenena mandroso|firenena mandroso,]] ny ankamaroan'ny fiterahana dia mitranga any amin'ny hopitaly,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Co-Operation|first=Organisation for Economic|last2=Development|title=Doing better for children|date=2009|publisher=OECD|location=Paris|isbn=978-92-64-05934-4|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA105|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA105|archive-date=2017-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Olsen O, Clausen JA|title=Planned hospital birth versus planned home birth|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=9|pages=CD000352|date=September 2012|pmid=22972043|pmc=4238062|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub2}}&lt;/ref&gt; raha any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] kosa dia any an-trano no misy ny ankamaroan'ny fiterahana miaraka amin'ny fanohanan'ny mpitsabo nentim-paharazana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fossard|first=Esta de|last2=Bailey|first2=Michael|title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education|date=2016|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-93-5150-758-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT138|access-date=31 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT138|archive-date=11 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fomba fiterahana mahazatra indrindra dia ny fiterahana amin'ny alalan'ny fivaviana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mem2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Memon HU, Handa VL|title=Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders|journal=Women's Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=265–77; quiz 276–77|date=May 2013|pmid=23638782|pmc=3877300|doi=10.2217/whe.13.17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy dingana telo amin'ny fiterahana izany: ny fanafohezana sy ny fisokafan'ny vozon-tranonjaza, ny fidinana sy ny fahaterahan'ny zaza, ary ny fiterahana ny placenta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Col2016&quot; /&gt; Maharitra 12 ka hatramin'ny 19 ora ny dingana voalohany, 20 minitra ka hatramin'ny adiny roa ny dingana faharoa, ary dimy ka hatramin'ny 30 minitra ny dingana fahatelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; Ny dingana voalohany dia manomboka amin'ny fanaintainan'ny kibo na lamosina izay maharitra antsasak'adiny eo ho eo ary mitranga isaky ny 10 ka hatramin'ny 30 minitra.  Mihamafy sy miha-mifanakaiky kokoa ny fanaintainana rehefa mandeha ny fotoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth|url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|website=Women's Health|access-date=31 July 2016|date=September 27, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000124/http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|archive-date=28 July 2016|quote=The first stage begins with the onset of labor and ends when the cervix is fully opened. It is the longest stage of labor, usually lasting about 12 to 19 hours&lt;br&gt;..&lt;br&gt;The second stage involves pushing and delivery of your baby. It usually lasts 20 minutes to two hours.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandritra ny dingana faharoa, mety hitranga ny fanosehana miaraka amin'ny fihenjanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny dingana fahatelo, ny famehezana ny tadim-poitra dia matetika atolotra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=McDonald SJ, Middleton P, Dowswell T, Morris PS|title=Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=7|issue=7|pages=CD004074|date=July 2013|pmid=23843134|pmc=6544813|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004074.pub3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fomba maro afaka manampy amin'ny fanaintainana, toy ny teknika fialan-tsasatra, opioids, ary spinal blocks.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt;

Ny ankamaroan'ny zazakely dia teraka aloha ny lohany ; na izany aza, eo amin'ny 4% eo ho eo no teraka aloha ny tongotra na ny fitombenana, fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe &quot;breech&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hofmeyr GJ, Hannah M, Lawrie TA|title=Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=7|pages=CD000166|date=July 2015|pmid=26196961|pmc=6505736|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000166.pub2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny loha dia miditra ao amin'ny valahana mitodika amin'ny ilany iray, ary avy eo mihodina mitodika midina.  Mandritra ny fiterahana, ny vehivavy dia afaka mihinana sy mihetsika araka izay tiany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NBK2016&quot; /&gt; Na izany aza, tsy soso-kevitra ny manosika mandritra ny dingana voalohany na mandritra ny fiterahana ny loha, ary tsy soso-kevitra ny fampiasana enema.&lt;ref name=&quot;NBK2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Childbirth: Labour, Delivery and Immediate Postpartum Care|date=2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154935-6|page=Chapter D|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326674/|access-date=31 July 2016|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326674/|archive-date=11 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mahazatra aza ny fandidiana amin'ny vava, fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe episiotomy, dia tsy ilaina izany amin'ny ankapobeny.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2012, niteraka 23 tapitrisa teo ho eo tamin'ny alalan'ny fandidiana Caesarean, izay fandidiana natao teo amin'ny kibo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mol2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Molina G, Weiser TG, Lipsitz SR, Esquivel MM, Uribe-Leitz T, Azad T, Shah N, Semrau K, Berry WR, Gawande AA, Haynes AB|title=Relationship Between Cesarean Delivery Rate and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality|journal=JAMA|volume=314|issue=21|pages=2263–70|date=December 2015|pmid=26624825|doi=10.1001/jama.2015.15553|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho soso-kevitra ny fandidiana sesariana ho an'ny [[kambana]], famantarana ny fahasahiranana eo amin'ny zaza, na ny toerana misy ny soroka.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; Mety haharitra ela kokoa ny fahasitranana amin'ity fomba fiterahana ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina hisorohana ny aretina any amin'ireo firenena tsy dia manana aretina [[Firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana|firy (LMICs)]] ny fatra tokana amin'ny antibiotika, azithromycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tita|first=Alan T.N.|last2=Carlo|first2=Waldemar A.|last3=McClure|first3=Elizabeth M.|last4=Mwenechanya|first4=Musaku|last5=Chomba|first5=Elwyn|last6=Hemingway-Foday|first6=Jennifer J.|last7=Kavi|first7=Avinash|last8=Metgud|first8=Mrityunjay C.|last9=Goudar|first9=Shivaprasad S.|last10=Derman|first10=Richard|last11=Lokangaka|first11=Adrien|last12=Tshefu|first12=Antoinette|last13=Bauserman|first13=Melissa|last14=Bose|first14=Carl|last15=Shivkumar|first15=Poonam|title=Azithromycin to Prevent Sepsis or Death in Women Planning a Vaginal Birth|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=30 March 2023|volume=388|issue=13|pages=1161–1170|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2212111}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Isan-taona, ny fahasarotana ateraky ny fitondrana vohoka sy ny fiterahana dia miteraka fahafatesan'ny reny eo amin'ny 500.000 eo ho eo, vehivavy fito tapitrisa no manana olana lehibe maharitra, ary vehivavy 50 tapitrisa no manana olana ara-pahasalamana ratsy aorian'ny fiterahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008Ed&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organisation|location=Geneva [Switzerland]|isbn=978-92-4-154666-9|edition=2nd|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|page=3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002801/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=2015-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan’ireo tranga ireo dia miseho any amin’ny tontolo an-dalam-pandrosoana.[17] Ny fahasarotana manokana dia ahitana ny Obstructed labour, ny Postpartum bleeding, ny Eclampsia, ary ny Postpartum infection.[17]

Ny fahasarotana mety hitranga amin’ny zaza kosa dia ahitana ny tsy fahampian’ny oksizena amin’ny fahaterahana (Birth asphyxia), ny ratra ara-batana amin’ny fahaterahana (Birth trauma), ny fahaterahana mialoha ny fotoana (Preterm birth), ary ny aretina.[18][19]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Priapisma</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457432|Priapism]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="6725" sha1="a40jfd68lkqtc1f7j23n9aq1nnrkt85" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Priapism
|synonym          =
|image            =Pompeya erótica6.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Fresco in [[Pompeii]] depicting [[Priapus]]
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|aɪ|ə|p|ɪ|z|əm}}&lt;ref&gt;''[[OED]]'' 2nd edition, 1989 as {{IPA|/ˈpraɪəpɪz(ə)m/}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Definition of PRIAPISM|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/priapism|website=www.merriam-webster.com|access-date=7 March 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606061141/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/priapism|archive-date=6 June 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606061141/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/priapism |date=6 June 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|specialty        =[[Urology]], [[emergency medicine]]
|symptoms         =[[Penis]] remains [[erection|erect]] for hours&lt;ref name=EM2017/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Sickle cell disease]], [[antipsychotic]]s, [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|SSRIs]], [[anticoagulants|blood thinners]], [[cocaine]], [[cannabis]], trauma&lt;ref name=EM2017/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        ='''Ischemic''': Removal of blood from the [[Corpus cavernosum penis|corpus cavernosum]] with a [[hypodermic needle|needle]]&lt;ref name=EM2017/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Non-ischemic''': Cold packs and compression&lt;ref name=EM2017/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =1 in 60,000 males per year&lt;ref name=EM2017/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny Priapisma''' dia toe-javatra iray izay ahafahan'ny [[filahiana]] mijoro mihoatra ny 4 ora raha tsy misy fientanentanana na rehefa tapitra ny fientanentanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Podolej|first=GS|last2=Babcock|first2=C|title=Emergency Department Management Of Priapism.|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|date=January 2017|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1–16|pmid=28027457}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fan2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fantus|first=RJ|last2=Brannigan|first2=RE|last3=Davis|first3=AM|title=Diagnosis and Management of Priapism.|journal=JAMA|date=8 August 2023|volume=330|issue=6|pages=559-560|doi=10.1001/jama.2023.13377|pmid=37471069}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazany telo: ischemic (tsy dia misy fikorianan'ny ra), nonischemic (misy fikorianan'ny ra be), ary ischemic miverimberina (tsy dia misy fikorianan'ny ra).&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt; Ny ankamaroan'ny tranga dia ischemic.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt; Mazàna maharary ny priapisma ischemic raha tsy maharary kosa ny priapisma nonischemic.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny priapisma ischemic, ny ankamaroan'ny filahiana dia mafy; na izany aza, ny glans penis dia tsy mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny priapisma tsy ischemic, somary mafy ihany ny filahiana manontolo.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt; Indraindray vao mitranga amin'ny vehivavy ny priapisma clitoral.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmiller2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Psychology of Human Sexuality|publisher=[[John Wiley &amp; Sons]]|isbn=978-1119164708|year=2014|page=545|access-date=February 8, 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytk5DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT545|archive-date=August 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820034940/https://books.google.com/books?id=ytk5DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT545|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny aretin'ny sela antsy fijinjana no antony mahazatra indrindra mahatonga ny priapisma ischemic.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny antony hafa ny fanafody toy ny antipsychotics, SSRIs, fanafody manalefaka ny ra ary prostaglandin E1, ary koa ny zava-mahadomelina toy ny [[Kôkainina|cocaïne]] sy [[Rongony|cannabis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alprostadil|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/alprostadil.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116185111/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/alprostadil.html|archive-date=16 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt; Mitranga ny priapisma iskemika rehefa tsy ampy ny fikorianan'ny ra avy amin'ny filahiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt; Ny priapisma tsy ischemic dia matetika vokatry ny fifandraisana misy eo amin'ny lalan-dra sy ny corpus cavernosum na ny fikorontanan'ny rafi-pitatitra parasympathetic izay mahatonga fitomboan'ny fikorianan'ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt; Mety hisy  ny priapisma tsy ischemic aorian'ny ratra amin'ny filahiana na ratra amin'ny hazondamosina.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt; Azo tohanana amin'ny alalan'ny fanadihadiana ny entona ao amin'ny ra avy amin'ny filahiana na amin'ny alalan'ny &quot;échographie&quot; ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt;

Miankina amin'ny karazana ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt; Ny priapisma ischemic dia matetika tsaboina amin'ny fanakanana ny nerveo amin'ny filahiana arahin'ny fanesorana ra avy amin'ny corpora cavernosa.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt; Raha tsy ampy izany, dia azo tondrahana amin'ny ranoka saline mangatsiaka sy ara-dalàna na tsindrona phenylephrine ny corpus cavernosum.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny priapisma tsy ischemic dia tsaboina amin'ny fonosana mangatsiaka sy fanerena.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt; Azo atao ny fandidiana raha tsy mahomby ireo fomba mahazatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt; Ao amin'ny priapisma ischemic, ny mety hisian'ny holatra maharitra amin'ny filahiana dia manomboka mitombo rehefa afaka adiny efatra ary mitranga tokoa rehefa afaka 48 ora.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Salam|first=Muhammad A.|title=Principles &amp; Practice of Urology: A Comprehensive Text|date=2003|publisher=Universal-Publishers|isbn=9781581124118|page=342|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=QPSWilXhECkC&amp;pg=PA342|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427100327/https://books.google.ca/books?id=QPSWilXhECkC&amp;pg=PA342|archive-date=2017-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny priapisma dia mitranga amin'ny lehilahy 1 amin'ny 20.000 ka hatramin'ny 1 amin'ny 100.000 isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM2017&quot; /&gt; Avy amin'ny andriamanitra Grika Priapus, andriamanitry ny fahavokarana, izay matetika aseho amin'ny fananganana maharitra sy lehibe tsy mitovy ny anarana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Al Aboud|first=Khalid|last2=Al Aboud|first2=Daifullah|last3=Munshi|first3=Sameer|last4=Halawi|first4=Ali assiry|title=Eponyms in andrology|journal=Basic and Clinical Andrology|date=December 2014|volume=24|issue=1|doi=10.1186/2051-4190-24-7|pmid=25780581|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4349483/|access-date=2023-08-03|archive-date=2023-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805134223/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4349483/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aretin'ny toetra schizotypal</title>
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      <id>1135268</id>
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        <id>34924</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1459093|Schizotypal personality disorder]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="3152" sha1="bkm21oykz9f19qkv3diyzbtfeubvcc8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Schizotypal personality disorder
|synonym          =
|image            =Cute StPD Icon.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =People with schizotypal personality disorder often dress in eccentric ways.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =Strange thinking, lack of friends, unusual appearance, [[suspicion (emotion)|suspiciousness]]&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|onset            =By early adulthood&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Family history (medicine)|Family history]]&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Psychosis]], [[autism spectrum disorder]], [[substance misuse]], other [[personality disorder]]s&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Counselling&lt;ref name=Hal2008/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =0.6 to 4.6%&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}{{Personality disorders sidebar}}
'''Ny fikorontanan'ny toetra schizotypal''' ( '''STPD''' ) dia miavaka amin'ny tsy fahazoana aina maharitra miaraka amin'ny fifandraisana akaiky sy fitondran-tena hafahafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book||title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=Fifth|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/655 655-659]|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.156852}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho tafiditra amin'izany ny ahiahy, ny fitafy tsy mahazatra, ary ny [[finoanoam-poana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Vitsy amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany no voan'ny skizofrenia.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny tantaram-pianakaviana momba ity aretina ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Mety hampitombo ny soritr'aretina ny adin-tsaina ara-tsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Aretin-toetra ao amin'ny vondrona A izy io, vondrona iray miavaka amin'ny fitondran-tena hafahafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Ny famaritana ny aretina dia mitaky ny fiheverana ny kolontsain'ny olona iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;

Amin'ny ankapobeny dia misy torohevitra ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hal2008&quot; /&gt; Indraindray ny olona no mangataka fanampiana amin'ny tebiteby na fahaketrahana fa tsy ny fikorontanan'ny toetra mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Mahakasika olona eo amin'ny 0.6 ka hatramin'ny 4.6% eo ho eo izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Manomboka amin'ny fiandohan'ny fahamatorana.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Ny lehilahy no tena voan'izany matetika kokoa noho ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Ny teny hoe &quot;schizotype&quot; dia nanomboka nampiasaina tamin'ny 1956 nataon'i Sandor Rado.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hal2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hales|first=Robert E.|title=The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry|date=2008|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub|isbn=978-1-58562-257-3|page=836|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2RzFWRIAsPAC&amp;pg=PA836|language=en|access-date=2021-01-13|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829050625/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2RzFWRIAsPAC&amp;pg=PA836|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>bkm21oykz9f19qkv3diyzbtfeubvcc8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Molluscum contagiosum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299063</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135269</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-14T16:01:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1459139|Molluscum contagiosum]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1135269</origin>
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      <text bytes="8441" sha1="i68h3bi36nwotgcg43jy3yuasqmivc2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Molluscum contagiosum
|synonym          =Water warts
|image            =Molluscaklein.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Typical flesh-colored, dome-shaped and pearly lesions
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Dermatology]]
|symptoms         =Small, raised, pink lesions with a dimple in the center&lt;ref name=CDC2015/&gt;
|onset            =Children 1 to 10 years of age&lt;ref name=CDC2015Risk/&gt;
|duration         =Usually 6-12 months, may last up to four years&lt;ref name=CDC2015/&gt;
|causes           =''[[Molluscum contagiosum virus]]'' spread by direct contact or contaminated objects&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tran/&gt;
|risks            =[[immunosuppression|Weak immune system]], [[atopic dermatitis]], crowded living conditions&lt;ref name=CDC2015Risk/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on appearance&lt;ref name=Ramdass2015/&gt;
|differential     =[[Wart|Warts]], [[herpes simplex]], [[chickenpox]], [[folliculitis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter M|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =[[Hand washing]], not sharing personal items&lt;ref name=CDC2015Pre/&gt;
|treatment        =None, [[cryotherapy|freezing]], opening up the lesion and scraping the inside, [[laser therapy]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;
|medication       =[[Cimetidine]], [[podophyllotoxin]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =122&amp;nbsp;million / 1.8% (2010)&lt;ref name=LancetEpi2012/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny Molluscum contagiosum''' ( '''MC''' ), izay antsoina indraindray hoe '''&quot;water warts&quot;''', dia aretina vokatry ny virosy amin'ny [[hoditra]] izay miteraka fery kely mavokely mitsangana miaraka amin'ny lavaka eo afovoany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616211957/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/|archive-date=16 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho mangidihidy na maharary indraindray izy ireo, ary miseho tsirairay na miaraka amin'ny vondrona.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt; Mety ho voakasika avokoa ny faritra rehetra amin'ny hoditra, ka ny kibo, ny tongotra, ny sandry, ny vozona, ny faritra filahiana ary ny tarehy no tena fahita matetika.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt; Fito herinandro eo ho eo aorian'ny aretina no manomboka ny fery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramdass2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ramdass|first=P|last2=Mullick|first2=S|last3=Farber|first3=HF|title=Viral Skin Diseases|journal=Primary Care|date=December 2015|volume=42|issue=4|pages=517–67|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.08.006|pmid=26612372|access-date=|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika izy ireo dia afaka ao anatin'ny herintaona tsy misy holatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt;

Ny aretina dia vokatry ny poxvirus antsoina hoe ''molluscum contagiosum virus'' (MCV).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt; Miparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana mivantana, anisan'izany ny firaisana ara-nofo, na amin'ny alalan'ny zavatra voaloto toy ny lamba famaohana, ny viriosy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tran&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/transmission.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610150359/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/transmission.html|archive-date=10 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hiparitaka any amin'ny faritra hafa amin'ny vatana ihany koa ity aretina ity, raha ny tenan'ilay olona mihitsy no manao izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tran&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny hery fiarovana malemy, ny dermatitis atopika, ary ny fiainana feno olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Risk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Risk Factors {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/risk.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610203738/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/risk.html|archive-date=10 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aorian'ny aretina iray dia mety ho voan'ny aretina indray ianao.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Comp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Long Term Effects {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/long-term-effects.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617205755/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/long-term-effects.html|archive-date=17 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny fisehoan'ny fery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramdass2015&quot; /&gt;

Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny fanasana tanana sy ny tsy fizarana entana manokana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617205753/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/prevention.html|archive-date=17 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia tsy ilaina aza ny fitsaboana, ny sasany mety maniry ny hanesorana ireo fery noho ny antony ara-tarehy na mba hisorohana ny fiparitahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Treatment Options {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/treatment.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617205751/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/treatment.html|archive-date=17 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hitranga amin'ny alalan'ny fampangatsiahana, fitsaboana amin'ny laser, na fanokafana ny fery sy ny fikikisana ny ao anatiny ny fanesorana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka holatra anefa ny fikikisana ny fery.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Comp&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina ihany koa ny fanafody cimetidine atelina, na podophyllotoxin, cantharidin na crème potassium hydroxide ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ton|first=Joey|title=#232 Muscling out molluscum contagiosum: Which treatments work?|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp232/|website=CFPCLearn|access-date=16 June 2023|date=1 April 2019|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129132507/https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp232/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eo amin'ny 122 eo ho eo&amp;nbsp;Olona an-tapitrisany eran-tany no voan'ny molluscum contagiosum tamin'ny taona 2010 (1.8%-n'ny mponina).&lt;ref name=&quot;LancetEpi2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vos|first=Theo|title=Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2163–96|last2=Flaxman|last3=Naghavi|last4=Lozano|last5=Michaud|last6=Ezzati|last7=Shibuya|last8=Salomonn|last9=Abdalla|last10=Aboyans|last11=Abraham|last12=Ackerman|last13=Aggarwal|last14=Ahn|last15=Ali|first2=Abraham D|first3=Mohsen|first4=Rafael|first5=Catherine|first6=Majid|first7=Kenji|first8=Joshua A|first9=Safa|first10=Victor|first11=Jerry|first12=Ilana|first13=Rakesh|first14=Stephanie Y|first15=Mohammed K|pmid=23245607|pmc=6350784|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2|display-authors=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika kokoa no hita amin'ny ankizy eo anelanelan'ny herintaona sy folo taona izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Risk&quot; /&gt; Niha-mahazatra kokoa ity aretina ity tany Etazonia nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1966.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Risk&quot; /&gt; Tsy antony tokony tsy andehananan'ny zaza hianatra any an-tsekoly na any amin'ny akanin-jaza ny fisian'ny aretina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Day Care Centers and Schools {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/day_care.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617205806/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/day_care.html|archive-date=17 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>i68h3bi36nwotgcg43jy3yuasqmivc2</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fivontosana stromal amin'ny tady firaisana ara-nofo-gonad</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299064</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135270</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-14T16:35:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456928|Sex cord–gonadal stromal tumour]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1135270</origin>
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      <text bytes="7238" sha1="jm29ow2t2be41y2dpwaespv6vxbpdx4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Sex cord–gonadal stromal tumor
|synonym          =Sex cord–stromal tumour,&lt;ref name=Type2020/&gt; sex cord tumor&lt;ref name=NCI2021Def/&gt;
|image            =Granulosa cell tumour2.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Micrograph]] of a [[granulosa cell tumour]], a type of sex-cord–gonadal stromal tumour. [[H&amp;E stain]].
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Oncology]], [[gynecology]], [[urology]]
|symptoms         ='''Females''' [[Adnexal mass]], abdominal bloating, [[hirsutism|male pattern hair growth]], [[menstrual]] changes&lt;ref name=Sch2016/&gt;:&lt;br&gt;'''Males''': Painless [[testicular mass]]&lt;ref name=Orph2021Test/&gt;
|onset            =Variable&lt;ref name=Sch2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kap2020/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Supported by [[medical imaging]] and [[blood tests]], confirmed by [[microscopic examination]]&lt;ref name=CRUK2021/&gt;&lt;ref name=Orph2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Orphanet: Malignant sex cord stromal tumor of ovary |url=https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&amp;Expert=35808 |website=www.orpha.net |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029164759/https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&amp;Expert=35808 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Kap2020/&gt;
|differential     =Other [[ovarian tumor|ovarian]] or [[testicular tumors]]&lt;ref name=Type2020/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kap2020/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Surgery&lt;ref name=Sch2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kap2020/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =~5% of [[ovarian tumors|ovarian]] and [[testicular tumor]]s&lt;ref name=Sch2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kap2020/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny fivontosana stromal amin'ny tady firaisana ara-nofo–gonadal''' dia vondron'ny fivontosana avy amin'ny stroma na tady firaisana ara-nofo amin'ny ovaire na testis.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRUK2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2021Def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/sex-cord-stromal-tumor|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/sex-cord-stromal-tumor|website=www.cancer.gov|access-date=22 February 2021|language=en|date=2 February 2011|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413143648/https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/sex-cord-stromal-tumor|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho tsy mampidi-doza na homamiadana izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRUK2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sex cord stromal ovarian tumours {{!}} Ovarian cancer {{!}} Cancer Research UK|url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/ovarian-cancer/types/sex-cord-stromal|website=www.cancerresearchuk.org|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829054801/https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/ovarian-cancer/types/sex-cord-stromal|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ny vehivavy, mety ahitana fivontosana eo amin'ny adnexal ny soritr'aretina, ny fivontosan'ny kibo, ny fitomboan'ny volo toy ny an'ny lehilahy, ary ny fiovan'ny fadimbolana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sch2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schultz|first=KA|last2=Harris|first2=AK|last3=Schneider|first3=DT|last4=Young|first4=RH|last5=Brown|first5=J|last6=Gershenson|first6=DM|last7=Dehner|first7=LP|last8=Hill|first8=DA|last9=Messinger|first9=YH|last10=Frazier|first10=AL|title=Ovarian Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors.|journal=Journal of oncology practice|date=October 2016|volume=12|issue=10|pages=940-946|doi=10.1200/JOP.2016.016261|pmid=27858560}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny fihovitrovitra amin'ny ovaire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sch2016&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny lehilahy, ny soritr'aretina dia indraindray ahitana fivontosana tsy misy fanaintainana eo amin'ny testikely na koa antsoina hoe atodin-dehilahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orph2021Test&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Orphanet: Sex cord stromal tumor of testis|url=https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Search.php?lng=EN&amp;data_id=22311&amp;Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseGroup=sex-cord-stromal-tumor-&amp;Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseType=Pat&amp;Disease(s)/group%20of%20diseases=Sex-cord-stromal-tumor-of-testis&amp;title=Sex%20cord-stromal%20tumor%20of%20testis&amp;search=Disease_Search_Simple|website=www.orpha.net|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829054804/https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Search.php?lng=EN&amp;data_id=22311&amp;Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseGroup=sex-cord-stromal-tumor-&amp;Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseType=Pat&amp;Disease%28s%29%2Fgroup+of+diseases=Sex-cord-stromal-tumor-of-testis&amp;title=Sex+cord-stromal+tumor+of+testis&amp;search=Disease_Search_Simple|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan'ny karazany ny fivontosana granulosa, ny fivontosana sela sertoli, ny fivontosana tady firaisana ara-nofo misy fantsona boribory, ny gynandroblastoma, ny fivontosana sela stéroïde, ary ny fivontosana sela Leydig.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2021Def&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Type2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO classification|url=https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/ovarytumorwhoclassif.html|website=www.pathologyoutlines.com|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117032449/https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/ovarytumorwhoclassif.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo tohanana amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana ara-pitsaboana sy ny fitiliana ra ny aretina ary hamarinina amin'ny alalan'ny fizahana mikroskopika.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRUK2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orph2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Orphanet: Malignant sex cord stromal tumor of ovary |url=https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&amp;Expert=35808 |website=www.orpha.net |access-date=23 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kap2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kapoor|first=M|last2=Budh|first2=DP|title=Sex Cord Stromal Testicular Tumor|date=January 2020|pmid=32644342|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mifanohitra amin'izany kosa izy ireo, amin'ny fivontosana epithelial-stromal ety ambonin'ny tany izay mipoitra avy amin'ny sosona manodidina ny gonads sy ny fivontosana sela germ izay mipoitra avy amin'ny sela mialoha ny gametes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Type2020&quot; /&gt;

Amin'ny ankapobeny dia amin'ny alalan'ny fandidiana no fitsaboana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sch2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kap2020&quot; /&gt; Ity vondrona ity dia miteraka 5% amin'ny fivontosan'ny ovaire ary 5% amin'ny homamiadan'ny testicle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sch2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kap2020&quot; /&gt; Karazana samihafa no miseho amin'ny taona samihafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sch2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kap2020&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny vehivavy, ny fivontosana epithelial-stromal ambonin'ny hoditra dia mahazatra kokoa ary amin'ny lehilahy ny fivontosana sela germ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sab2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Saba|first=Luca|last2=Acharya|first2=U. Rajendra|last3=Guerriero|first3=Stefano|last4=Suri|first4=Jasjit S.|title=Ovarian Neoplasm Imaging|date=2014|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-8633-6|page=243|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=AjLBBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA243|language=en|access-date=2021-02-23|archive-date=2021-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710164335/https://books.google.ca/books?id=AjLBBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA243|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kap2020&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>jm29ow2t2be41y2dpwaespv6vxbpdx4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Lumacaftor/ivacaftor</title>
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      <text bytes="5542" sha1="hsja56zgs76mkzhgbdxis9szvk1blmw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|image            =Ivacaftor and lumacaftor.svg
|width            =240
|type             =combo
|component1       =Lumacaftor
|class1           =[[Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator|CFTR]] chaperone
|component2       =Ivacaftor
|class2           =CFTR potentiator

&lt;!--Names--&gt;
|pronounce        =
|tradename        =Orkambi, Lucaftor
|synonyms         =
|IUPAC_name       =

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =
|uses             =[[Cystic fibrosis]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|side_effects     =[[Shortness of breath]], nausea, diarrhea, feeling tired, hearing problems, rash&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =&lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;
|pregnancy_US     =B
|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=Label&gt;{{cite web |title=Orkambi |url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/206038Orig1s000lbl.pdf |website=www.accessdata.fda.gov |access-date=8 January 2019 |date=2015 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920153655/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/206038Orig1s000lbl.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|routes_of_administration=By mouth
|onset            =
|duration_of_action=
|defined_daily_dose=not established&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=1 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701051953/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!--External links--&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{Drugs.com|monograph|orkambi}}
|MedlinePlus      =
|pregnancy_category=
|licence_EU       =yes
|legal_AU         =S4
|legal_CA         =&lt;!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;
|legal_UK         =POM
|legal_US         =Rx-only
|legal_UN         =&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;
|legal_NZ         =&lt;!--Class A, B, C --&gt;
|legal_status     =
|drug_name        =Lumacaftor/ivacaftor
}}
'''Ny Lumacaftor/ivacaftor''', amidy amin'ny anarana hoe '''Orkambi''' ankoatra ny hafa, dia fitambaran'ny lumacaftor sy ivacaftor ampiasaina hitsaboana olona voan'ny fibrosis cystika izay manana dika mitovy roa amin'ny fiovan'ny fototarazo F508del.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Orkambi Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/orkambi.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=AHFS|access-date=8 January 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109012007/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/orkambi.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy mazava raha ilaina amin'ny fibrosis kistikika noho ny antony hafa izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Atelina izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny sempotra, maloiloy, aretim-pivalanana, reraka, olana amin'ny fandrenesana, ary mangidihidy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=293–294|edition=76|url=https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drug/lumacaftor-with-ivacaftor.html|access-date=2019-02-04|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828151648/https://www.nice.org.uk/bnf-uk-only|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ahitana olana amin'ny aty sy katarakta ny voka-dratsiny mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Mampitombo ny fiasan'ny proteinina CFTR ny Ivacaftor, raha toa kosa ka manatsara ny fiforonan'ny proteinina CFTR ny lumacaftor.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[116] New drug for cystic fibrosis: Regulatory approval, clinical uncertainty?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2018/12/27/116-new-drug-for-cystic-fibrosis-regulatory-approval-clinical-uncertainty/|website=Therapeutics Initiative|publisher=Therapeutics Initiative|access-date=8 January 2019|language=en-CA|date=28 December 2018|archive-date=9 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109062208/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2018/12/27/116-new-drug-for-cystic-fibrosis-regulatory-approval-clinical-uncertainty/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nekena ho fampiasa amin'ny fitsaboana any Etazonia tamin'ny taona 2015 ary tany Kanada tamin'ny taona 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2018&quot; /&gt; Any Royaume-Uni, mihoatra ny £4,000 isam-bolana ny vidin'ny fanafody ho an'ny NHS hatramin'ny taona 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Any Etazonia dia mihoatra ny $US 22,000 isam-bolana izany tamin'ny taona 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ferkol T, Quinton P|title=Precision Medicine: At What Price?|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=192|issue=6|pages=658–9|date=September 2015|pmid=26207804|doi=10.1164/rccm.201507-1428ED}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Na dia tsy natolotra tany [[Fanjakana Mitambatra|Royaume-Uni]] aza ny fampiasana azy nanomboka tamin'ny taona 2018,&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; dia nifanarahana ny vidiny tamin'ny taona 2019 ary antenaina ho voarakotra amin'ny volana Novambra amin'io taona io izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2019UK&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kmietowicz Z|s2cid=204883523|title=Cystic fibrosis drugs to be available on NHS in England within 30 days|journal=BMJ|volume=367|pages=l6206|date=October 2019|pmid=31649013|doi=10.1136/bmj.l6206|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/367/bmj.l6206|access-date=2019-10-25|archive-date=2019-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025055904/https://www.bmj.com/content/367/bmj.l6206|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>hsja56zgs76mkzhgbdxis9szvk1blmw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Toksoplasmosis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299066</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1484340|Toxoplasmosis]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="8661" sha1="1q6bknnslrawl74vfswblvdt4gvcul2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Toxoplasmosis
|synonym          =
|image            =Toxoplasma gondii tachy.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =''T. gondii'' [[tachyzoite]]s
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Often none, during [[pregnancy]] (birth defects)&lt;ref name=CDC2015Sym/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hunter2012&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hunter|first1=CA|last2=Sibley|first2=LD|title=Modulation of innate immunity by ''Toxoplasma gondii'' virulence effectors|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=November 2012|volume=10|issue=11|pages=766–78|doi=10.1038/nrmicro2858|pmid=23070557|pmc=3689224}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]''&lt;ref name=CDC2015Epi/&gt;
|risks            =Eating poorly cooked food, exposure to infected cat feces&lt;ref name=CDC2015Epi/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Blood test, [[amniotic fluid]] test&lt;ref name=CDC2013Diag/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =During pregnancy [[spiramycin]] or [[pyrimethamine]]/[[sulfadiazine]] and [[folinic acid]]&lt;ref name=CDC2014Tx/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =Up to 50% of people, 200,000 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis a year&lt;ref name=&quot;TorgersonMastroiacovo2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Torgerson|first1=Paul R|last2=Mastroiacovo|first2=Pierpaolo|title=The global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: a systematic review|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=91|issue=7|year=2013|pages=501–508|issn=0042-9686|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.111732|pmid=23825877|pmc=3699792}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Global threat&quot;/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Aretina vokatry ny katsentsitra ''Toxoplasma gondii'' ny '''Toxoplasmosis'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Epidemiology &amp; Risk Factors|url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/epi.html|access-date=22 August 2015|date=March 26, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823023754/http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/epi.html|archive-date=23 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny aretina ''T. gondii'' dia mazàna tsy miteraka soritr'aretina miharihary amin'ny olon-dehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldman2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Montoya|first=Jose G.|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor2-last=Schafer|editor2-first=Andrew I.|title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|page=2056-2058|edition=26th|volume=2|language=en|chapter=328. Toxoplasmosis|access-date=2023-09-07|archive-date=2023-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910033456/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2094-2102|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indraindray, mety ho voan'ny aretina malefaka toy ny gripa mandritra ny herinandro na volana vitsivitsy ny olona toy ny fanaintainan'ny hozatra sy ny fihary atodinaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Sym&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka olana amin'ny maso amin'ny olona vitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Sym&quot; /&gt; Mety hitranga ny soritr'aretina mafy toy ny fikorontanan'ny saina sy ny tsy fandrindrana tsara ny fihetsika amin'ireo manana hery fiarovana malemy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Sym&quot; /&gt; Raha voan'ny aretina mandritra ny [[fitondrana vohoka]], dia mety hisy fiantraikany amin'ny zaza ny aretina fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe toxoplasmosis congenital.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/disease.html|access-date=22 August 2015|date=July 10, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822052351/http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/disease.html|archive-date=22 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika ny toxoplasmosis dia miparitaka amin'ny fihinanana sakafo tsy masaka tsara izay misy kista, ny fifohana dikin'ny saka voan'ny aretina, ary avy amin'ny reny voan'ny aretina mankany amin'ny zanany mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot; /&gt; Indraindray  vao miparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fampidiran-dra ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot; /&gt; Tsy miparitaka eo amin'ny olona izany raha tsy izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot; /&gt; Fantatra fa ny katsentsitra dia miteraka ara-nofo ao amin'ny fianakavian'ny saka ihany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Bio&quot; /&gt; Na izany aza, mety hahavoa ny ankamaroan'ny biby mafana ra izy io, anisan'izany ny olombelona.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Biology|url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/biology.html|access-date=22 August 2015|date=March 17, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828061023/http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/biology.html|archive-date=28 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny fitiliana dia atao amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana ny ra mba hahitana ny antikôra na amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana [[Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika|ny ADN-]] n'ny katsentsitra ao amin'ny ranon-javatra amniotique.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/diagnosis.html|access-date=22 August 2015|date=January 10, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822100916/http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/diagnosis.html|archive-date=22 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fisorohana dia amin'ny alalan'ny fanomanana sy fandrahoana sakafo araka ny tokony ho izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pre&quot; /&gt; Amporisihina ihany koa ny vehivavy bevohoka mba tsy hanadio ny boaty fako ho an'ny saka, na raha tsy maintsy manao fonon-tanana izy ireo ary manasa tanana aorian'izay.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Prevention &amp; Control|url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/prevent.html|access-date=22 August 2015|date=January 10, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822103220/http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/prevent.html|archive-date=22 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika tsy ilaina ny fitsaboana ireo olona salama tsara.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Tx&quot; /&gt; Mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka, azo ampiasaina amin'ny fitsaboana ny spiramycin na pyrimethamine / sulfadiazine ary asidra folinika.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Resources for Health Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/health_professionals/index.html#tx|access-date=22 August 2015|date=April 14, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913010353/http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/health_professionals/index.html#tx|archive-date=13 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahatratra ny antsasaky ny mponina eran-tany no voan'ny toxoplasmosis, saingy tsy misy soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Global threat&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Flegr J, Prandota J, Sovičková M, Israili ZH|title=Toxoplasmosis—a global threat. Correlation of latent toxoplasmosis with specific disease burden in a set of 88 countries|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=3|pages=e90203|date=March 2014|pmid=24662942|pmc=3963851|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0090203|quote=Toxoplasmosis is becoming a global health hazard as it infects 30–50% of the world human population.|bibcode=2014PLoSO...990203F}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia, eo amin'ny 11% eo ho eo amin'ny olona no voan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Epi&quot; /&gt; Any Brezila dia eo amin'ny 78% eo ho eo no voan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldman2020&quot; /&gt; Eo amin'ny 200.000 eo ho eo ny trangan'ny toxoplasmosis hatrany am-bohoka mitranga isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;TorgersonMastroiacovo2013&quot; /&gt; Charles Nicolle sy Louis Manceaux no voalohany nanoritsoritra ity zavamananaina ity tamin'ny 1908.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferguson_2009&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny 1941, dia voamarina fa nifindra nandritra ny fitondrana vohoka avy amin'ny reny mankany amin'ny zaza ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferguson_2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ferguson DJ|title=''Toxoplasma gondii'': 1908–2008, homage to Nicolle, Manceaux and Splendore|journal=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz|volume=104|issue=2|pages=133–48|year=2009|pmid=19430635|doi=10.1590/S0074-02762009000200003|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy porofo vonjimaika fa mety hisy fiantraikany amin'ny fitondran-tenan'ny olona ny aretina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tyebji|first=S|last2=Seizova|first2=S|last3=Hannan|first3=AJ|last4=Tonkin|first4=CJ|title=Toxoplasmosis: A pathway to neuropsychiatric disorders.|journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews|date=January 2019|volume=96|pages=72–92|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.012|pmid=30476506}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>1q6bknnslrawl74vfswblvdt4gvcul2</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Mpanakantsakana ny fiverimberenan'ny serotoninina voafantina</title>
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      <text bytes="7151" sha1="9hrnlrsutc2t6xd7fhfnx7q4nufm7lj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug class
|name             =&lt;!-- omit to use page name --&gt;
|image            =Serotonin-2D-skeletal.svg
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Serotonin]], the neurotransmitter that is involved in the mechanism of action of SSRIs.

&lt;!-- Class identifiers --&gt;
|pronounce        =
|stem             =-oxetine&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances |date=2011 |publisher=WHO |page=37 |url=https://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/StemBook_2011_Final.pdf |access-date=2021-04-17 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712181144/http://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/StemBook_2011_Final.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|synonyms         =Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors, serotonergic antidepressants&lt;ref name=&quot;BARLOW&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| vauthors = Barlow DH, durand VM |title=Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach |edition=Fifth |page=239 |chapter=Chapter 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide |isbn=978-0-495-09556-9 |oclc=192055408 |location=Belmont, CA |publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning |year=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|use              =[[Depression]], [[panic disorder]], [[obsessive compulsive disorder]]&lt;ref name=Hitch2019/&gt;
|side effects     =Upset stomach, allergies, weight change, [[suicide]], bleeding&lt;ref name=Hitch2019/&gt;
|types            =[[Citalopram]], [[escitalopram]], [[fluoxetine]], [[fluvoxamine]], [[paroxetine]], [[sertraline]]&lt;ref name=Hitch2019/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=List of Common SSRIs + Uses &amp; Side Effects |url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/ssri-antidepressants.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=17 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416191853/https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/ssri-antidepressants.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|subtypes         =
|interactions     =[[MAO inhibitors]], other [[serotonergic medication]].&lt;ref name=Hitch2019/&gt;
|mode_of_action   =
|mechanism_of_action=
|biological_target=[[Serotonin transporter]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How Antidepressants Block Serotonin Transport |url=https://als.lbl.gov/antidepressants-block-serotonin-transport/ |website=ALS |access-date=17 April 2021 |date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319220216/https://als.lbl.gov/antidepressants-block-serotonin-transport/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|chemical_class   =

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{Drugs.com|drug-class|ssri-antidepressants}}
|medicinenet      =
|rxlist           =
|video1           =
}}

'''Ny &quot;selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors''' &quot; ( '''SSRIs''' ) dia karazana fanafody ampiasaina matetika amin'ny fahaketrahana, ny fikorontanan'ny tebiteby, ary ny fikorontanan'ny fikorontanan-tsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=54|language=en|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia izany aza, kely ny tombony azo amin'ny fahaketrahana ary mety ho voafehin'ny voka-dratsiny, indrindra amin'ny tanora.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jak2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jakobsen JC, Katakam KK, Schou A, Hellmuth SG, Stallknecht SE, Leth-Møller K, Iversen M, Banke MB, Petersen IJ, Klingenberg SL, Krogh J, Ebert SE, Timm A, Lindschou J, Gluud C|title=Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus placebo in patients with major depressive disorder. A systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis|journal=BMC Psychiatry|volume=17|issue=1|pages=58|date=February 2017|pmid=28178949|pmc=5299662|doi=10.1186/s12888-016-1173-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hetrick|first=SE|last2=McKenzie|first2=JE|last3=Cox|first3=GR|last4=Simmons|first4=MB|last5=Merry|first5=SN|title=Newer generation antidepressants for depressive disorders in children and adolescents.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=14 November 2012|volume=11|pages=CD004851|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004851.pub3|pmid=23152227}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitovy amin'ny an'ny fanafody antidepresse tricyclic ny fahombiazany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny aretin'ny vavony, ny alèjy, ary ny fiovan'ny lanja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana voka-dratsy hafa ny tsy fahampian'ny sodium, ny rà mandriaka, ary [[mpikambana:Bluerose25/Mamono Tena|ny famonoan-tena]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka &quot;syndrome serotonin&quot; ny fatra tafahoatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot; /&gt; Ny fijanonana tampoka dia mety hiteraka fisintahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot; /&gt; Inoana fa miasa amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny haavon'ny neurotransmitter serotonin ny SSRI amin'ny alàlan'ny famerana ny fidirany indray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot; /&gt;

Ny SSRI, indrindra ny fluoxetine, dia nekena voalohany ho an'ny fampiasana ara-pitsaboana tany Etazonia tamin'ny 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stein|first=Dan J.|last2=Kupfer|first2=David J.|last3=Schatzberg|first3=Alan F.|title=The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Mood Disorders|date=2007|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub|isbn=978-1-58562-716-5|page=PT485|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_American_Psychiatric_Publishing_Text/27qIdrB1arkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=SSRI+1987+fluoxetine&amp;pg=PT485|language=en|access-date=2021-04-17|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829170620/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_American_Psychiatric_Publishing_Text/27qIdrB1arkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=SSRI+1987+fluoxetine&amp;pg=PT485|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo no fanafody mampitony fanaintainana ampiasaina matetika indrindra any amin'ny firenena maro, anisan'izany i Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pres2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Preskorn SH, Ross R, Stanga CY|chapter=Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors|editor2-last=Hohn P. Feighner|editor3-last=Christina Y. Stanga|editor4-last=Ruth Ross|title=Antidepressants: Past, Present and Future|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|year=2004|pages=241–62|isbn=978-3-540-43054-4|access-date=2021-04-15|archive-date=2021-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726130455/https://books.google.com/books?id=sO_hArhCxwMC&amp;pg=PA241|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ghaffari Darab|first=M|last2=Hedayati|first2=A|last3=Khorasani|first3=E|last4=Bayati|first4=M|last5=Keshavarz|first5=K|title=Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in major depression disorder treatment: an umbrella review on systematic reviews.|journal=International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice|date=November 2020|volume=24|issue=4|pages=357-370|doi=10.1080/13651501.2020.1782433|pmid=32667275}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana SSRI maromaro azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony ary tsy dia lafo loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>9hrnlrsutc2t6xd7fhfnx7q4nufm7lj</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Zolpidem</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456696|Zolpidem]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="11038" sha1="69mfhybzzhv0nz360rp90raiqtfugk8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Verifiedfields   =changed
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =418554530
|drug_name        =Zolpidem
|image            =Zolpidem.svg
|alt              =
|image2           =Zolpidem ball-and-stick model.png
|caption          =&lt;!--
|type             =

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        =
|tradename        =Ambien, [[#Brands|others]]&lt;ref name=genericnames&gt;{{cite web|title=International brands for zolpidem|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/zolpidem.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141025/https://www.drugs.com/international/zolpidem.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|synonyms         =Zolpidem tartrate
|IUPAC_name       =''N'',''N''-Dimethyl-2-[6-methyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl]acetamide hemitartrate

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[Imidazopyridine]] (Z-drug), [[nonbenzodiazepine]], [[hypnotic]]
|uses             =&lt;!-- primary uses --&gt;
|side_effects     =&lt;!-- common side effects and notable side effects --&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =B3
|pregnancy_US     =C
|pregnancy_category=
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=By mouth (tablet), [[Sublingual administration|sublingual]], oromucosal (spray), [[Rectal administration|rectal]]
|onset            =1–2 hours
|duration_of_action=3 hours
|defined_daily_dose=10 mg&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N05CF02 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809183007/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N05CF02 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =
|dependency_liability=Low to moderate&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Attarian |first1=Hrayr P. |title=Clinical Handbook of Insomnia |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319414003 |page=109 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=zqI-DQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA109 |access-date=2019-07-03 |archive-date=2021-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827195956/https://books.google.ca/books?id=zqI-DQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA109 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|zolpidem-tartrate}}
|MedlinePlus      =a693025

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S4
|legal_BR         =B1
|legal_CA         =Schedule IV
|legal_DE         =Rx-only/Anlage III
|legal_UN         =Psychotropic Schedule IV
|legal_UK         =Class C
|legal_US         =Schedule IV&lt;ref name=AFP2017/&gt;
|legal_status     =Rx-only
|licence_US       =
|licence_EU       =

&lt;!-- Physiological data --&gt;
|receptors        =[[GABAA receptor|GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt; receptor]] agonist
|agonists         =[[GABA]]

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =70% (by mouth)
|protein_bound    =92%
|metabolism       =[[Liver]] through [[CYP3A4]] and [[CYP1A2]]
|metabolites      =(ZCA) zolpidem 6-carboxylic acid; (ZPCA) zolpidem phenyl-4-carboxylic acid
|elimination_half-life=2.5–3 hours&lt;ref name=AHFS2018/&gt;
|excretion        =[[Kidney]] (56%)&lt;br /&gt;[[Feces|fecal]] (34%)

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =19
|H                =21
|N                =3
|O                =1
|SMILES           =CN(C)C(=O)Cc1c(nc2ccc(C)cn12)c3ccc(C)cc3
|StdInChI         =1S/C19H21N3O/c1-13-5-8-15(9-6-13)19-16(11-18(23)21(3)4)22-12-14(2)7-10-17(22)20-19/h5-10,12H,11H2,1-4H3
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =ZAFYATHCZYHLPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|urine            =1 to 2 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT) |url=https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025202836/https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''Ny Zolpidem''', amidy amin'ny anarana hoe '''Ambien''', ankoatra ny hafa, dia fanafody ampiasaina voalohany indrindra amin'ny fitsaboana fohy ezaka ny olana amin'ny torimaso.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zolpidem Tartrate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023759/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|url-status=live}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html &quot;Zolpidem Tartrate&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UKlabel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stilnoct 10mg Film-Coated Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)|url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4933/smpc|publisher=UK Electronic Medicines Compendium|access-date=19 August 2018|language=en|date=21 May 2018|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005704/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4933/smpc|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manoro hevitra ny torolàlana fa tsy tokony hampiasaina afa-tsy rehefa avy nosedraina ny torohevitra sy ny fanovana fitondran-tena, toy ny fahadiovana amin'ny torimaso.&lt;ref name=&quot;NICE2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guidance on the use of zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone for the short-term management of insomnia|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta77/chapter/1-Guidance|publisher=NICE|date=28 April 2004|access-date=19 August 2018|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005722/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta77/chapter/1-Guidance|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Mampihena ny fotoana fanombohana hatory eo amin'ny 15 minitra eo ho eo izany ary amin'ny fatra lehibe kokoa dia manampy ny olona hatory ela kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Matheson E, Hainer BL|title=Insomnia: Pharmacologic Therapy|journal=American Family Physician|volume=96|issue=1|pages=29–35|date=July 2017|pmid=28671376|url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0701/p29.html|access-date=2018-08-18|archive-date=2018-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819051215/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0701/p29.html|url-status=live}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMathesonHainer2017&quot;&gt;Matheson E, Hainer BL (July 2017). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Atelina izy io ary misy amin'ny endrika takelaka mahazatra, takelaka azo ampidirina amin'ny vava, na tsindrona am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny torimaso antoandro, aretin'andoha, maloiloy ary aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Ny voka-dratsiny hafa dia ahitana olana amin'ny fitadidiana, fahitana zavatra tsy misy dikany, ary fanararaotana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2017&quot; /&gt; Nihena ny fatra natolotra tamin'ny taona 2013 noho ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny torimaso ny ampitso maraina.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2013&quot; /&gt; Ankoatra izany, tsy soso-kevitra ny mitondra fiara ny ampitso maraina miaraka amin'ny fatra ambony kokoa na ny fanafody maharitra ela.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Drug Safety and Availability - FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA approves new label changes and dosing for zolpidem products and a recommendation to avoid driving the day after using Ambien CR|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm352085.htm|website=www.fda.gov|access-date=2018-03-15|archive-date=2018-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406065123/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm352085.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia afaka mamadika ny vokatry ny zolpidem aza ny flumazenil, matetika ny fikarakarana ara-pahasalamana no hany soso-kevitra amin'ny overdose.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forensic2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gunja N|title=The clinical and forensic toxicology of Z-drugs|journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=155–62|date=June 2013|pmid=23404347|pmc=3657020|doi=10.1007/s13181-013-0292-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zolpidem dia fanafody tsy benzodiazepine Z izay miasa ho toy ny fanafody mampitony sy mampatory.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Z2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gunja|first=N|title=The clinical and forensic toxicology of Z-drugs|journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology|date=June 2013|volume=9|issue=2|pages=155–62|doi=10.1007/s13181-013-0292-0|pmid=23404347|pmc=3657020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zolpidem dia agonista mpandray GABA &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwYg&quot;&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; an'ny kilasy imidazopyridine.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Miasa amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny fiantraikan'ny GABA ao amin'ny rafi-pitatitra foibe izy amin'ny alàlan'ny fifamatorana amin'ny mpandray GABA &lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt; eo amin'ny toerana mitovy amin'ny benzodiazepines.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny dia roa ka hatramin'ny telo ora ny antsasaky ny androm-piainany.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Mitombo anefa izany amin'ireo manana olana amin'ny aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt;

Nekena ho ampiasaina ara-pitsaboana tany Etazonia tamin'ny 1992 ny Zolpidem.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Nanjary azo ampiasaina ho fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io tamin'ny taona 2007.  Any Etazonia, eo amin'ny {{US$|8}} eo ho eo ny vidin'ny fanafody famoahana eo no ho eo ary {{US$|66}} ho an'ny fanafody famoahana voafehy, hatramin'ny taona 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2017&quot; /&gt; Zolpidem dia akora voafehy ao amin'ny Fizarana IV araka ny Lalàna momba ny Akora Voafehy tamin'ny 1970 (CSA).&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2017&quot; /&gt; Maherin'ny folo tapitrisa ny fanafody omena isan-taona any Etazonia, ka mahatonga azy io ho iray amin'ireo fitsaboana ampiasaina matetika indrindra amin'ny olana amin'ny torimaso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zolpidem|url=https://livertox.nlm.nih.gov/Zolpidem.htm|website=LiverTox|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316151901/https://livertox.nlm.nih.gov/Zolpidem.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Some Sleep Drugs Can Impair Driving|url=https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/some-sleep-drugs-can-impair-driving|website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)|access-date=15 March 2018|date=13 June 2013|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727190249/https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/some-sleep-drugs-can-impair-driving|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-50 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny 15.&amp;nbsp;fanafody an-tapitrisany.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc—|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zolpidem Tartrate - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/ZolpidemTartrate|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412074429/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/ZolpidemTartrate|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>69mfhybzzhv0nz360rp90raiqtfugk8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Progeria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1459151|Progeria]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="4186" sha1="lwb3jgvrp2y4gwwb3kzoqgj1435pvxi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Progeria
|synonym          =Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS),&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt; progeria syndrome&lt;ref name=&quot;Bolognia&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Rapini, Ronald P. |author2=Bolognia, Jean L. |author3=Jorizzo, Joseph L. |title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image            =Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =A young girl with progeria (left). A healthy cell nucleus (right, top) and a progeric [[cell nucleus]] (right, bottom).
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|p|r|oʊ|ˈ|dʒ|ɪər|i|ə}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Definition of progeria {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Progeria |website=www.dictionary.com |access-date=28 November 2020 |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410001415/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/progeria |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410001415/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/progeria |date=10 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Progeria |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Progeria |website=The Free Dictionary |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515093101/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/progeria |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515093101/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/progeria |date=15 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|specialty        =[[Medical genetics]]
|symptoms         =Growth delay, short height, small face, [[hair loss]]&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;
|onset            =9–24 months&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Genetics|Genetic]] ([[autosomal dominant]])&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, [[genetic tests]]&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;
|differential     =[[Hallermann–Streiff syndrome]], [[Acrogeria|Gottron's syndrome]], [[Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome]]&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Mostly [[Symptomatic treatment|symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;
|medication       =[[Lonafarnib]]&lt;ref name=FDA2020/&gt;
|prognosis        =Average age at death is 13 years&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;
|frequency        =1 in 6 million births&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Aretina ara-pandovan-toetra '''ny Progeria''' izay ahitana soritr'aretina mitovy amin'ny fahanterana amin'ny fahazazana.  Matetika dia miharihary eo anelanelan'ny 9 ka hatramin'ny 24 volana ny soritr'aretina miaraka amin'ny fihenan'ny fitomboana, ny endrika kely, ary ny fihenan'ny volo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2020&quot; /&gt; Ireo olona voan'izany dia mazàna maty eo anelanelan'ny 8 sy 21 taona noho ny aretim-po.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2020&quot; /&gt;

Ny antony dia matetika fiovan'ny fototarazo vaovao izay mamokatra ny proteinina lamin A.  Rehefa avy niteraka zaza iray voakasik'izany dia mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny zaza manaraka, izay mety ho 3% ihany koa &lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2020&quot; /&gt; Karazana syndrome progeroid izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ramírez|first=CL|last2=Cadiñanos|first2=J|last3=Varela|first3=I|last4=Freije|first4=JM|last5=López-Otín|first5=C|title=Human progeroid syndromes, aging and cancer: new genetic and epigenetic insights into old questions.|journal=Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS|date=January 2007|volume=64|issue=2|pages=155-70|doi=10.1007/s00018-006-6349-3|pmid=17131053}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina ary voamarina amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana fototarazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2020&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitsaboana dia matetika ahitana soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2020&quot; /&gt; Nekena hitsaboana ny progeria ny fanafody lonafarnib tamin'ny taona 2020.  Olona 1 amin'ny 6 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2020&quot; /&gt; Mitovy matetika ny endrika isehoany eo amin'ny lahy sy ny vavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2020&quot; /&gt; Ny Progeria dia nofaritan'i Jonathan Hutchinson voalohany tamin'ny 1886 ary i Hastings Gilford tamin'ny 1897. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>lwb3jgvrp2y4gwwb3kzoqgj1435pvxi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hydrocephalus</title>
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      <id>1135279</id>
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        <id>34924</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458213|Hydrocephalus]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="6582" sha1="s44cycoc96t7myhqdf11aw9ykal8wej" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Hydrocephalus
|synonym          =Water on the brain&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|image            =Hydrocephalus (cropped).jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Hydrocephalus as seen on a [[CT scan]] of the brain. The black areas in the middle of the brain (the [[lateral ventricles]]) are [[Ventriculomegaly|abnormally large]] and filled with fluid.
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|aɪ|d|r|əʊ|ˈ|s|ɛ|f|ə|l|ə|s}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hydrocephalus |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hydrocephalus |website=Collins |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427051455/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hydrocephalus |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|specialty        =[[neurosurgery]]
|symptoms         ='''Babies''': rapid head growth, [[vomiting]], sleepiness, [[seizures]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Older people''': [[Headache]]s, [[double vision]], poor balance, [[urinary incontinence]], personality changes, [[mental impairment]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Neural tube defect|Neural tube defects]], [[meningitis]], [[brain tumors]], [[traumatic brain injury]], [[intraventricular hemorrhage]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms and [[medical imaging]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Surgery&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Variable, often normal life&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|frequency        =1.5 per 1,000 (babies)&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Stev2003/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny hydrocephalus''' dia toe-javatra iray izay miseho ny fiangonan'ny ranoka cerebrospinal (CSF) ao amin'ny [[atidoha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/hydrocephalus/detail_hydrocephalus.htm|title=Hydrocephalus Fact Sheet|date=April 5, 2016|website=NINDS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727231854/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/hydrocephalus/detail_hydrocephalus.htm|archive-date=27 July 2016|url-status=live|access-date=5 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indraindray  izany dia miteraka tsindry mitombo ao anatin'ny karandoha . Mety harary andoha, fahitana roa sosona, tsy fifandanjana, tsy fahafahana mifehy ny fisotrony, fiovan'ny toetra, na fahasimbana ara-tsaina ny zokiolona. Amin'ny zazakely, dia mety ho hita ho fitomboan'ny haben'ny lohany haingana izany. Mety ahitana fandoavana, rendremana, fikorontanan-tsaina, ary fihodin'ny maso ny soritr'aretina hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

Mety hiseho ny hydrocephalus noho ny tsy fahatomombanana teraka na azo any aoriana any.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny tsy fahatomombanana mifandraika amin'izany ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fantsona neural sy ireo izay miteraka stenosis aqueductal.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kahle KT, Kulkarni AV, Limbrick DD, Warf BC|title=Hydrocephalus in children|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=387|issue=10020|pages=788–99|date=February 2016|pmid=26256071|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60694-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny antony hafa dia ahitana ny meningite, ny fivontosan'ny atidoha, ny ratra amin'ny atidoha, ny rà mandriaka ao anatin'ny ventricular, ary ny rà mandriaka subarachnoid . Ny karazany efatra amin'ny hydrocephalus dia ny fifandraisana, ny tsy fifandraisana, ''ny ex vacuum'', ary ny tsindry ara-dalàna . Matetika ny fitiliana ara-batana sy ny fitiliana sary ara-pitsaboana no atao mba hamantarana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

Matetika ny hydrocephalus dia tsaboina amin'ny alalan'ny fandidiana fametrahana rafitra shunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Safidy iray ho an'ny olona sasany ny fomba fitsaboana antsoina hoe ventriculostomy fahatelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana ny fihoaran'ny rano be loatra, ny tsy fahampian'ny rano, ny tsy fahombiazan'ny mekanika, ny aretina, na ny sakana ny fahasarotana ateraky ny shunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Mety mitaky fanoloana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Miovaova ny vokatra azo, saingy maro amin'ireo olona voan'ny shunt no miaina fiainana ara-dalàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Raha tsy misy fitsaboana dia mety hitranga ny fahafatesana na ny fahasembanana maharitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

Eo amin'ny iray ka hatramin'ny roa amin'ny zaza vao teraka 1.000 eo ho eo no voan'ny hydrocephalus.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stev2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevenson|first=David K.|last2=Benitz|first2=William E.|title=Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury: Mechanisms, Management and the Risks of Practice|date=2003|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521806916|page=117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RuekFAj_tIAC&amp;pg=PA117|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221212406/https://books.google.com/books?id=RuekFAj_tIAC&amp;pg=PA117|archive-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho ambony kokoa ny tahan'ny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ab2012&quot; /&gt; Tombanana ho eo amin'ny 5 isaky ny olona 100.000 eo ho eo ny fiantraikan'ny hydrocephalus amin'ny tsindry ara-dalàna, ary mitombo arakaraka ny taona ny tahan'ny fahanterana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323448383|page=621|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA621|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221201502/https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA621|archive-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana ny hydrocephalus nataon'i [[Hippocrate|Hippocrates]] dia efa mihoatra ny 2 000 taona lasa izay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ab2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Richard G.|last=Ellenbogen|first2=Saleem I.|last2=Abdulrauf|first3=Laligam N.|last3=Sekhar|title=Principles of Neurological Surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMtRtuz5mnwC&amp;pg=PA105|year=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4377-0701-4|pages=105|access-date=2016-09-23|archive-date=2021-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430075026/https://books.google.com/books?id=vMtRtuz5mnwC&amp;pg=PA105|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny teny hoe ''hydrocephalus'' dia avy amin'ny teny grika [[Template:Lang-grc|hoe Lang-grc]], izay midika hoe 'rano' ary [[Template:Lang-grc|Lang-grc]], izay midika hoe 'loha'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dor2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Dorland's electronic medical dictionary.|date=2000|publisher=W.B. Saunders Co|isbn=9780721694931|edition=29th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>s44cycoc96t7myhqdf11aw9ykal8wej</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ondansetron</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1468745|Ondansetron]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="8586" sha1="b78poey43s15xxsy69xcplzke3of8rh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|verifiedrevid    =477170896
|drug_name        =Ondansetron
|image            =Ondansetron skeletal.svg
|width            =225
|image2           =Ondansetron 3D.png
|width2           =250

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        =
|tradename        =Zofran, Zuplenz, Ondisolv, others
|synonyms         =
|IUPAC_name       =(''RS'')-9-Methyl-3-[(2-methyl-1''H''-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-2,3-dihydro-1''H''-carbazol-4(9''H'')-one

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[5-HT3 antagonist|Serotonin 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; receptor antagonist]]&lt;ref name=MSF2020I&gt;{{cite web |title=ONDANSETRON injectable - Essential drugs |url=https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/ondansetron-injectable-16683003.html |website=medicalguidelines.msf.org |access-date=4 September 2020 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828195741/https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/ondansetron-injectable-16683003.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828195741/https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/ondansetron-injectable-16683003.html |date=28 August 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|uses             =Nausea, vomiting&lt;ref name=MSF2020I /&gt;
|side_effects     =[[Diarrhea]], constipation, headache, sleepiness, itchiness&lt;ref name=AHFS2016 /&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =B1
|pregnancy_US     =B
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[Suppository|rectal]], [[intravenous therapy]] (IV), [[intramuscular injection]] (IM), [[Thin-film drug delivery|thin film]]
|onset            =
|duration_of_action=
|defined_daily_dose=16 mg&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=A04AA01 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=4 September 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018223807/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=A04AA01 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018223807/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=A04AA01 |date=18 October 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|ondansetron-hydrochloride}}
|MedlinePlus      =a601209

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S4
|legal_CA         =Rx-only
|legal_UK         =POM
|legal_US         =Rx-only
|DailyMedID       =Ondansetron

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =~60%
|protein_bound    =70–76%
|metabolism       =[[Liver]] ([[CYP3A4]], [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP2D6]])
|elimination_half-life=5.7 hours
|excretion        =[[Kidney]]

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =18
|H                =19
|N                =3
|O                =1
|SMILES           =O=C1c2c3ccccc3n(C)c2CCC1Cn4ccnc4C
|StdInChI         =1S/C18H19N3O/c1-12-19-9-10-21(12)11-13-7-8-16-17(18(13)22)14-5-3-4-6-15(14)20(16)2/h3-6,9-10,13H,7-8,11H2,1-2H3
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =FELGMEQIXOGIFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
}}
'''Ny Ondansetron''', amidy amin'ny anarana marika '''Zofran''', dia fanafody ampiasaina hisorohana ny maloiloy sy ny fandoavana vokatry ny chimiothérapie homamiadana, fitsaboana amin'ny taratra, na fandidiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Mandaitra ihany koa amin'ny fitsaboana ny gastroenteritis izy io.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schnadower|first=D|last2=Finkelstein|first2=Y|last3=Freedman|first3=SB|title=Ondansetron and probiotics in the management of pediatric acute gastroenteritis in developed countries|journal=Current Opinion in Gastroenterology|date=January 2015|volume=31|issue=1|pages=1–6|pmid=25333367|doi=10.1097/mog.0000000000000132}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Freedman|first=SB|last2=Ali|first2=S|last3=Oleszczuk|first3=M|last4=Gouin|first4=S|last5=Hartling|first5=L|title=Treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children: an overview of systematic reviews of interventions commonly used in developed countries|journal=Evidence-based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal|date=July 2013|volume=8|issue=4|pages=1123–37|pmid=23877938|doi=10.1002/ebch.1932}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy mahomby amin'ny fitsaboana ny fandoavana vokatry ny fanina amin'ny fivezivezena izy io.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sutton|first=M|last2=Mounsey|first2=AL|last3=Russell|first3=RG|title=FPIN's Clinical Inquiries. Treatment of motion sickness|journal=American Family Physician|date=15 July 2012|volume=86|issue=2|pages=192–5|pmid=22962932}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo omena am-bava na tsindrona ao anaty hozatra na ao anaty lalan-drà izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ondansetron Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ondansetron-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503132329/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ondansetron-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=May 3, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny aretim-pivalanana, fitohanana, aretin'andoha, fahatsapana rendremana ary mangidihidy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny voka-dratsy lehibe ny fanalavana ny QT sy ny fihetseham-po mahery vaika ateraky ny alèjy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Toa azo antoka mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] izy io saingy tsy mbola nodinihina tsara tamin'ity vondrona ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Mpanohitra ny mpandray serotonin 5- &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwQw&quot;&gt;HT3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Tsy misy vokany amin'ny mpandray dopamine na mpandray muscarinic izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Miloro|first=ed. by Michael|title=Peterson's principles of oral and maxillofacial surgery.|date=2012|publisher=People's Medical Pub. House-USA|location=Shelton, CT|isbn=978-1-60795-111-7|page=86|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Gxo8AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA86|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201173938/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Gxo8AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA86|archive-date=2016-02-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nahazo patanty ny Ondansetron tamin'ny 1984 ary nekena ho an'ny fampiasana ara-pitsaboana tamin'ny 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=448|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA448|language=en|access-date=2019-02-28|archive-date=2019-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222071610/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA448|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Eo anelanelan'ny 0.10 sy 0.76 {{US$}} {{US$}} ny fatra ny vidin'ny tsindrona ambongadiny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ondansetron|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1040&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=26 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510161828/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1040&amp;searchYear=2014|archive-date=10 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia dia mitentina eo amin'ny 1.37 {{US$}} eo ho eo ny takelaka iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-83 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny sivy tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ondansetron - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ondansetron|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708073723/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ondansetron|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Botulisma</title>
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      <text bytes="7694" sha1="pje3papbjtkui4ioe8xs1rtjwu1cew3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Botulism
|synonym          =Toxico-infectious botulism&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Botulism (Concept Id: C0006057) - MedGen - NCBI |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/14204 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |access-date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image            =Botulism1and2.JPG
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =A 14-year-old with botulism, characterised by weakness of the eye muscles and the [[ptosis (eyelid)|drooping eyelids]] shown in the left image, and dilated and non-moving pupils shown in the right image. This [[adolescent|youth]] was fully conscious.
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɒ|tj|ʊ||l|ɪ|z|əm|}}
|specialty        =[[Infection|Infectious disease]], [[gastroenterology]]
|symptoms         =Weakness, trouble seeing, [[Fatigue|feeling tired]], trouble speaking&lt;ref name=WHO2018/&gt;
|onset            =12 to 72 hours&lt;ref name=FDA2018&gt;{{cite web|title=Consumers - Foodborne Illnesses: What You Need to Know|url=https://www.fda.gov/food/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm103263.htm|website=FDA|access-date=11 May 2018|language=en|archive-date=7 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507193517/https://www.fda.gov/food/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm103263.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|duration         =Variable&lt;ref name=FDA2018/&gt;
|causes           =''[[Clostridium botulinum]]''&lt;ref name=WHO2018/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Finding the bacteria or their toxin&lt;ref name=WHO2018/&gt;
|differential     =[[Myasthenia gravis]], [[Guillain–Barré syndrome]], [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], [[Lambert Eaton syndrome]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Caterino |first1=Jeffrey M. |last2=Kahan |first2=Scott |title=In a Page: Emergency medicine |date=2003 |publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins |isbn=9781405103572 |page=122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0LwFPZDKbsC&amp;pg=PA122 |access-date=2021-11-22 |archive-date=2021-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122152734/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0LwFPZDKbsC&amp;pg=PA122 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =Proper food preparation, no honey for children younger than one&lt;ref name=WHO2018/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Antitoxin]], antibiotics, [[mechanical ventilation]]&lt;ref name=WHO2018/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =~7.5% risk of death&lt;ref name=WHO2018/&gt;
|frequency        =Rare&lt;ref name=CDC2022/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}[[Aretina]] tsy fahita firy ary mety hahafaty '''ny botulisme''' vokatry ny poizina vokarin'ny bakteria ''Clostridium botulinum''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fact sheets - Botulism|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/botulism|website=World Health Organization|access-date=23 March 2019|date=10 January 2018|df=|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323162924/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/botulism|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manomboka amin'ny fahalemena, fahitana manjavozavo, fahatsapana reraka, ary fahasarotana miteny ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Mety harahin'ny fahalemen'ny sandry, ny hozatry ny tratra ary ny tongotra izany avy eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Mety hitranga ihany koa ny fandoavana, ny fivontosan'ny kibo, ary ny aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Matetika ity aretina ity dia tsy misy fiantraikany amin'ny fahatsiarovan-tena na miteraka tazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt;

Azo aparitaka amin'ny fomba maro ny botulisme.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=Gavin|last2=Irving|first2=William L.|last3=Moss|first3=Peter J.|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor2-last=Randall|editor2-first=David|editor3-last=Waterhouse|editor3-first=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|page=546|edition=10th|language=en|chapter=20. Infectious disease|access-date=2023-01-14|archive-date=2023-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114074937/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA546|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fahita eny amin'ny tany sy ny rano ny spores bakteria mahatonga izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Mamokatra ny poizina botulinum izy ireo rehefa tratran'ny oksizenina ambany sy mari-pana sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Mitranga ny botulisme entin'ny sakafo rehefa mihinana sakafo misy poizina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Mitranga ny botulisme amin'ny zaza rehefa mitombo ao amin'ny [[Fitaovam-pandevonan-kanina|tsinay]] ny bakteria ary mamoaka ny poizina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Matetika izany dia miseho amin'ny ankizy latsaky ny enim-bolana ihany, satria mivoatra ny fomba fiarovana aorian'io fotoana io.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Ny botulism amin'ny ratra dia matetika hita amin'ireo izay manindrona fanafody eny an-dalambe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Amin'ity toe-javatra ity, miditra ao anaty ratra ny spores, ary raha tsy misy oksizenina dia mamoaka ny poizina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Tsy mifindra mivantana eo amin'ny olona tsirairay izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Ny famaritana ny aretina dia hamafisina amin'ny fahitana ny poizina na bakteria ao amin'ilay olona resahina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt;

Ny fisorohana dia amin'ny alalan'ny fanomanana sakafo araka ny tokony ho izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Ny poizina, na dia tsy ny zavamananaina aza, dia potika amin'ny fanafanana azy mihoatra ny {{Convert|85|°C|°F}} mihoatra ny 5&amp;nbsp;minitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Mety hitahiry ny zavamananaina [[Tantely|ny tantely]], ary noho izany antony izany dia tsy tokony homena tantely ny ankizy latsaky ny 12 volana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Ny fitsaboana dia amin'ny alalan'ny antitoxine.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay very fahafahana miaina irery, dia mety ilaina mandritra ny volana maromaro ny fampiasana fitaovana fampidirana rivotra mekanika.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina amin'ny botulism amin'ny ratra [[Antibiôtika|ny antibiotika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt;

Mahalana ny fisian'ny botulisme.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Botulism {{!}} Botulism {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=14 January 2023|language=en-us|date=8 June 2022|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111041341/https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fahafatesana dia mitranga amin'ny 5 ka hatramin'ny 10% amin'ireo voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt; Avy amin'ny teny [[Fiteny latina|latina]] ''hoe botulus'', izay midika hoe saosisy, io teny io.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=Charlton T.|last2=Short|first2=Charles|title=bŏtŭlus|website=A Latin Dictionary|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DB%3Aentry+group%3D17%3Aentry%3Dbotulus|access-date=2014-06-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814203951/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DB%3Aentry+group%3D17%3Aentry%3Dbotulus|archive-date=2014-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana voalohany momba ny botulism dia efa nisy hatramin'ny taona 1793 tany Alemaina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Truong|first=Daniel|last2=Dressler|first2=Dirk|last3=Hallett|first3=Mark|last4=Zachary|first4=Christopher|title=Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107654334|page=1|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZeGAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910144658/https://books.google.com/books?id=BZeGAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1|archive-date=2017-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fiantraikany amin'ny biby maro hafa koa ny botulisme.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tazo tifoida</title>
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        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1494108|Typhoid fever]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="11288" sha1="rz7dg88v557775z4o5ag7q451lh7a5m" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Typhoid fever
|synonym          =Slow fever, typhoid
|image            =Salmonella typhi typhoid fever PHIL 2215 lores.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Rose spots]] on the chest of a person with typhoid fever
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash&lt;ref name=Yellow2014/&gt;
|onset            =6–30 days after exposure&lt;ref name=Yellow2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2013/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica|''Salmonella enterica'' subsp. enterica]] (spread by food or water contaminated with [[feces]])&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2008/&gt;
|risks            =Poor [[sanitation]], poor hygiene.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Bacterial culture]], DNA detection&lt;ref name=CDC2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Crump2010/&gt;
|differential     =Other infectious diseases&lt;ref name=CDC2013Tech/&gt;
|prevention       =[[Typhoid vaccine]], handwashing&lt;ref name=CDC2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Mil2018/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Antibiotic|Antibiotics]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =12.5 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =149,000 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}
'''Ny tazo tifoida''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''tifoida''', dia aretina vokatry ny bakteria vokatry ny karazana ''Salmonella'' manokana izay miteraka soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL|s2cid=2409150|title=Typhoid fever|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9973|pages=1136–45|date=March 2015|pmid=25458731|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety miovaova ny soritr'aretina manomboka amin'ny malemy ka hatramin'ny mafy, ary mazàna manomboka 6 ka hatramin'ny 30 andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt; Matetika misy fiakaran'ny tazo mahery tsikelikely mandritra ny andro maromaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Anna E.|last=Newton|title=CDC health information for international travel 2014 : the yellow book|date=2014|isbn=9780199948499|chapter=3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702125517/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/typhoid-and-paratyphoid-fever|archive-date=2015-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika miaraka amin'ny fahalemena, fanaintainan'ny kibo, [[fitohanana]], aretin'andoha ary fandoavana kely izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Typhoid Fever|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/typhoid_fever/technical.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2015|date=May 14, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183317/http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/typhoid_fever/technical.html|archive-date=2 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy olona sasany miteraka maimaika amin'ny hoditra misy teboka mavokely.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Typhoid Fever|url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/index.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2015|date=May 14, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606190251/http://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/index.html|archive-date=6 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ny tranga mafy, mety hikorontana ny sain'ny olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt; Raha tsy misy fitsaboana dia mety haharitra herinandro na volana maromaro ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt; Mahalana ny aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt; Mety hitondra ny bakteria ny olon-kafa nefa tsy voakasik'izany; na izany aza, mbola afaka mampiely ny aretina amin'ny hafa izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=|title=Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire|volume=83|issue=6|pages=49–59|date=February 2008|pmid=18260212|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2008/wer8306.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103504/http://www.who.int/wer/2008/wer8306.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karazana tazo [[Fitaovam-pandevonan-kanina|enterika]] ny tazo tifoida, miaraka amin'ny tazo paratyphoida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;

Ny antony dia ny bakteria ''Salmonella enterica'' subsp. enterica serovar Typhi mitombo ao amin'ny [[Fitaovam-pandevonan-kanina|tsinay]] sy [[Ra|ny ra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt; Miely amin'ny fihinanana na fisotroana sakafo na rano voaloto amin'ny [[Tay|dikin'ny]] olona voan'ny aretina ny tifoida.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny tsy fahampian'ny fahadiovana sy ny tsy fahampian'ny fahadiovana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ireo izay mandeha any amin'ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana dia tandindonin-doza ihany koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt; Ny olombelona ihany no mety ho voan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Mitovy amin'ny soritr'aretin'ny aretina mifindra maro hafa ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt; Ny fitiliana dia amin'ny alalan'ny fambolena ny bakteria na ny fitadiavana ny [[Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika|ADN-]] ny ao amin'ny ra, ny fivalanana, na [[Tsoka|ny tsoka taolana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crump2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Crump JA, Mintz ED|title=Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=50|issue=2|pages=241–6|date=January 2010|pmid=20014951|pmc=2798017|doi=10.1086/649541}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho sarotra ny mamboly ny bakteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Alan J.|last=Magill|title=Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases|date=2013|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=London|isbn=9781455740437|pages=568–572|edition=9th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x15umovaD08C&amp;pg=PA568|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228055647/https://books.google.com/books?id=x15umovaD08C&amp;pg=PA568|archive-date=2017-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitiliana tsoka taolana no marina indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crump2010&quot; /&gt;

Afaka misoroka eo amin'ny 40 ka hatramin'ny 90% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga ny vaksiny tifoida mandritra ny roa taona voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Milligan R, Paul M, Richardson M, Neuberger A|title=Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=5|pages=CD001261|date=May 2018|pmid=29851031|pmc=6494485|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hisy fiantraikany mandritra ny fito taona ny vaksiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo olona atahorana ho voan'ny aretina na ireo olona mandeha any amin'ny faritra ahitana ity aretina ity dia asaina manao vaksiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Ny ezaka hafa hisorohana ny aretina dia ahitana ny fanomezana rano fisotro madio, ny fahadiovana tsara, ary ny fanasana tanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Raha tsy voamarina fa voa ny aretina mahazo ny olona iray dia tsy tokony hanomana sakafo ho an'ny hafa izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt; Tsaboina amin'ny [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] toy ny azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, na cephalosporins taranaka fahatelo ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Miha-mitombo ny fanoherana ireo antibiotika ireo, izay nahatonga ny fitsaboana ny aretina ho sarotra kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chatham-Stephens K, Medalla F, Hughes M, Appiah GD, Aubert RD, Caidi H, Angelo KM, Walker AT, Hatley N, Masani S, Nash J, Belko J, Ryan ET, Mintz E, Friedman CR|display-authors=6|title=Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Infections Among Travelers to or from Pakistan - United States, 2016-2018|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=68|issue=1|pages=11–13|date=January 2019|pmid=30629573|pmc=6342547|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6801a3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin'ny taona 2015, tranga vaovao miisa 12.5 tapitrisa no voalaza maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fahita matetika indrindra any India ity aretina ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ny ankizy no tena voa mafy indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Nihena ny tahan'ny aretina tany amin'ireo [[firenena mandroso]] tamin'ny taona 1940 vokatry ny fanatsarana ny fahadiovana sy ny fampiasana antibiotika hitsaboana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Isan-taona any Etazonia, tranga 400 eo ho eo no voalaza fa voan'ny aretina ary tombanana ho 6 000 ny olona voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jackson BR, Iqbal S, Mahon B|title=Updated recommendations for the use of typhoid vaccine--Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=64|issue=11|pages=305–8|date=March 2015|pmid=25811680|pmc=4584884}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, dia nahafaty olona 149.000 teo ho eo maneran-tany izany - nidina avy amin'ny 181.000 tamin'ny taona 1990 (eo amin'ny 0.3% eo ho eo amin'ny fitambarany maneran-tany).&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD204&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Abubakar II, Tillmann T, Banerjee A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hahatratra 20% ny mety hahafaty raha tsy misy fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Eo anelanelan'ny 1 sy 4% eo ho eo ny tahan'ny fitsaboana &lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Aretina hafa ny tifosy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cunha BA|title=Osler on typhoid fever: differentiating typhoid from typhus and malaria|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=18|issue=1|pages=111–25|date=March 2004|pmid=15081508|doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00094-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, ny anarana hoe typhoid dia midika hoe &quot;mitovy amin'ny typhus &quot; noho ny fitoviana eo amin'ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oxford English Dictionary (Online)|url=http://www.oed.com|access-date=28 March 2015|page=typhoid, adj. and n|quote=Resembling or characteristic of typhus|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/http://www.oed.com/|archive-date=11 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aretin'ny seliaka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>34924</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458720|Coeliac disease]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="20932" sha1="gxqaxikzm75w8vsc3dlngtnktqvmu29" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coeliac disease
|synonym          =Celiac sprue, nontropical sprue, endemic sprue, gluten enteropathy
|image            =Coeliac path.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Biopsy of [[small bowel]] showing coeliac disease manifested by blunting of [[intestinal villus|villi]], crypt [[hypertrophy]], and [[lymphocyte]] infiltration of crypts
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|l|i|æ|k}} {{respell|SEE|lee|ak}}
|specialty        =[[Gastroenterology]], [[internal medicine]]
|symptoms         =None or [[Signs and symptoms|non-specific]], [[abdominal distention]], [[diarrhea|diarrhoea]], [[constipation]], [[malabsorption]], weight loss, [[dermatitis herpetiformis]]&lt;ref name=Fasano2005Pediatric/&gt;&lt;ref name=SymptomsCausesNIDDK&gt;{{cite web|title=Symptoms &amp; Causes of Celiac Disease {{!}} NIDDK|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=24 April 2017|date=June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424175500/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes|archive-date=24 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|onset            =Any age&lt;ref name=Fasano2005Pediatric/&gt;&lt;ref name=ESPGHAN2012 /&gt;
|duration         =Lifelong&lt;ref name=Cic2015 /&gt;
|causes           =Reaction to [[gluten]]&lt;ref name=TovoliMasi2015/&gt;
|risks            =[[Genetic predisposition]]&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Family history (medicine)|Family history]], blood [[antibody]] tests, intestinal [[biopsy|biopsies]], [[genetic testing]], response to gluten withdrawal&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=VivasVaquero2015 /&gt;
|differential     =[[Inflammatory bowel disease]], [[intestinal parasites]], [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[cystic fibrosis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter C|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Gluten-free diet]]&lt;ref name=SeeKaukinen2015/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =~1 in 135&lt;ref name=NEJM2012/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny aretin'ny seliaka''' na '''ny aretin'ny seliaka''' dia aretina maharitra ateraky ny hery fiarovana izay misy fiantraikany voalohany indrindra amin'ny tsinay kely.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Celiac Disease|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/Pages/facts.aspx|website=NIDDKD|access-date=17 March 2016|date=June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313222154/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=13 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny soritr'aretina mahazatra ny olana amin'ny fandevonan-kanina toy ny aretim-pivalanana mitaiza, fivontosan'ny kibo, tsy fahatomombanan'ny fidiran'ny sakafo, tsy fahazotoan-komana, ary ny tsy fahampian'ny fitomboana ara-dalàna eo amin'ny ankizy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fasano2005Pediatric&quot; /&gt; Matetika izany dia manomboka eo anelanelan'ny enim-bolana sy roa taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fasano2005Pediatric&quot; /&gt; Ireo soritr'aretina tsy mahazatra dia mahazatra kokoa, indrindra amin'ny olona mihoatra ny roa taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESPGHAN2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Newnham2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/jgh.13704|doi-access=free|pmid=28244672|title=Coeliac disease in the 21st century: Paradigm shifts in the modern age|journal=Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=32|pages=82–85|year=2017|last=Newnham|first=Evan D|s2cid=46285202|quote=Presentation of CD with malabsorptive symptoms or malnutrition is now the exception rather than the rule.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TonuttiBizzaro2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tonutti E, Bizzaro N|title=Diagnosis and classification of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity|journal=Autoimmun Rev|volume=13|issue=4–5|pages=472–6|date=2014|pmid=24440147|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.043}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hisy soritr'aretina malemy na tsy misy mihitsy eo amin'ny tsinay, soritr'aretina maro samihafa mahakasika ny faritra rehetra amin'ny vatana na tsy misy soritr'aretina miharihary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fasano2005Pediatric&quot; /&gt; Ny aretin'ny seliaka dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny fahazazana; &lt;ref name=&quot;Cic2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ciccocioppo R, Kruzliak P, Cangemi GC, Pohanka M, Betti E, Lauret E, Rodrigo L|title=The Spectrum of Differences between Childhood and Adulthood Celiac Disease|journal=Nutrients|volume=7|issue=10|pages=8733–51|date=22 October 2015|pmid=26506381|pmc=4632446|doi=10.3390/nu7105426|type=Review|quote=Several additional studies in extensive series of coeliac patients have clearly shown that TG2A sensitivity varies depending on the severity of duodenal damage, and reaches almost 100% in the presence of complete villous atrophy (more common in children under three years), 70% for subtotal atrophy, and up to 30% when only an increase in IELs is present. ''(IELs: intraepithelial lymphocytes)''}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ESPGHAN2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó IR, Mearin ML, Phillips A, Shamir R, Troncone R, Giersiepen K, Branski D, Catassi C, Lelgeman M, Mäki M, Ribes-Koninckx C, Ventura A, Zimmer KP,(( ESPGHAN Working Group on Coeliac Disease Diagnosis; ESPGHAN Gastroenterology Committee; European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition))|s2cid=15029283|title=European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease|journal=J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr|volume=54|issue=1|pages=136–60|date=January 2012|pmid=22197856|url=http://www.espghan.org/fileadmin/user_upload/guidelines_pdf/Guidelines_2404/European_Society_for_Pediatric_Gastroenterology_.28__1_.pdf|doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e31821a23d0|type=Practice Guideline|quote=Since 1990, the understanding of the pathological processes of CD has increased enormously, leading to a change in the clinical paradigm of CD from a chronic, gluten-dependent enteropathy of childhood to a systemic disease with chronic immune features affecting different organ systems. (...) atypical symptoms may be considerably more common than classic symptoms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403065800/http://www.espghan.org/fileadmin/user_upload/guidelines_pdf/Guidelines_2404/European_Society_for_Pediatric_Gastroenterology_.28__1_.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2016|access-date=19 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; na izany aza, mety hitranga amin'ny sokajin-taona rehetra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fasano2005Pediatric&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fasano A|title=Clinical presentation of celiac disease in the pediatric population|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=128|issue=4 Suppl 1|pages=S68–73|date=April 2005|pmid=15825129|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.015|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ESPGHAN2012&quot; /&gt; Mifandray amin'ny aretina autoimmune hafa izy io, toy ny diabeta mellitus karazany 1 sy ny tiroidita, ankoatra ny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cic2015&quot; /&gt;

Ny aretin'ny seliaka dia vokatry ny fihetsika amin'ny gluten, vondron'ny proteinina isan-karazany hita ao amin'ny [[varimbazaha]] sy amin'ny voamaina hafa toy ny [[Vary ôrza|orza]] sy ny rye.&lt;ref name=&quot;TovoliMasi2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tovoli F, Masi C, Guidetti E, Negrini G, Paterini P, Bolondi L|title=Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders|journal=World Journal of Clinical Cases|volume=3|issue=3|pages=275–84|date=March 2015|pmid=25789300|pmc=4360499|doi=10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.275|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PenaginiDilillo2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Penagini F, Dilillo D, Meneghin F, Mameli C, Fabiano V, Zuccotti GV|title=Gluten-free diet in children: an approach to a nutritionally adequate and balanced diet|journal=Nutrients|volume=5|issue=11|pages=4553–65|date=November 2013|pmid=24253052|pmc=3847748|doi=10.3390/nu5114553|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR|s2cid=8415780|title=Coeliac disease|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9673|pages=1480–93|date=April 2009|pmid=19394538|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60254-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika azo leferina ny [[Oany|oats]] amin'ny habetsahana antonony, izay tsy misy loto avy amin'ny voamaina hafa misy gluten.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenaginiDilillo2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pinto-Sánchez MI, Causada-Calo N, Bercik P, Ford AC, Murray JA, Armstrong D, Semrad C, Kupfer SS, Alaedini A, Moayyedi P, Leffler DA, Verdú EF, Green P|title=Safety of Adding Oats to a Gluten-Free Diet for Patients With Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Clinical and Observational Studies|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=153|issue=2|pages=395–409.e3|date=August 2017|pmid=28431885|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.009|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/115341/1/FordSafety%20of%20Adding%20Oats.pdf|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2021-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129071334/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/115341/1/FordSafety%20of%20Adding%20Oats.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hiankina amin'ny karazana vary orza ny fisian'ny olana.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenaginiDilillo2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CominoMoreno2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Comino I, Moreno M, Sousa C|title=Role of oats in celiac disease|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=21|issue=41|pages=11825–31|date=November 2015|pmid=26557006|pmc=4631980|doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11825|quote=It is necessary to consider that oats include many varieties, containing various amino acid sequences and showing different immunoreactivities associated with toxic prolamins. As a result, several studies have shown that the immunogenicity of oats varies depending on the cultivar consumed. Thus, it is essential to thoroughly study the variety of oats used in a food ingredient before including it in a gluten-free diet.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitranga amin'ny olona manana fototarazo mora voan'izany izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Rehefa tratran'ny gluten, ny valin-kafatra tsy ara-dalàna amin'ny hery fiarovana dia mety hitarika amin'ny famokarana autoantibodies samihafa izay mety hisy fiantraikany amin'ny [[taova]] samihafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lund2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lundin KE, Wijmenga C|s2cid=24533103|title=Coeliac disease and autoimmune disease-genetic overlap and screening|journal=Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology|volume=12|issue=9|pages=507–15|date=September 2015|pmid=26303674|doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2015.136|type=Review|quote=The abnormal immunological response elicited by gluten-derived proteins can lead to the production of several different autoantibodies, which affect different systems.}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ao amin'ny tsinay kely, miteraka fivontosana izany ary mety hiteraka fihenan'ny villi mandrakotra ny tsinay kely ( atrophy villous ).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VivasVaquero2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vivas S, Vaquero L, Rodríguez-Martín L, Caminero A|title=Age-related differences in celiac disease: Specific characteristics of adult presentation|journal=World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics|volume=6|issue=4|pages=207–12|date=November 2015|pmid=26558154|pmc=4635160|doi=10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.207|type=Review|quote=In addition, the presence of intraepithelial lymphocytosis and/or villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia of small-bowel mucosa, and clinical remission after withdrawal of gluten from the diet, are also used for diagnosis antitransglutaminase antibody (tTGA) titers and the degree of histological lesions inversely correlate with age. Thus, as the age of diagnosis increases antibody titers decrease and histological damage is less marked. It is common to find adults without villous atrophy showing only an inflammatory pattern in duodenal mucosa biopsies: Lymphocytic enteritis (Marsh I) or added crypt hyperplasia (Marsh II)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fiantraikany amin'ny fidiran'ny otrikaina izany, izay matetika mitarika ho amin'ny tsy fahampian-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2009&quot; /&gt;

Matetika ny aretina dia atao amin'ny alalan'ny fitambaran'ny fitiliana antibody amin'ny ra sy ny biopsie amin'ny tsinay, izay ampian'ny fitiliana fototarazo manokana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Tsy mora foana ny mamantatra ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;MatthiasPfeiffer2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Matthias T, Pfeiffer S, Selmi C, Eric Gershwin M|s2cid=33661098|title=Diagnostic challenges in celiac disease and the role of the tissue transglutaminase-neo-epitope|journal=Clin Rev Allergy Immunol|volume=38|issue=2–3|pages=298–301|date=April 2010|pmid=19629760|doi=10.1007/s12016-009-8160-z|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika, ratsy ny autoantibodies ao amin'ny ra,&lt;ref name=&quot;LewisScott2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lewis NR, Scott BB|title=Systematic review: the use of serology to exclude or diagnose coeliac disease (a comparison of the endomysial and tissue transglutaminase antibody tests)|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics|volume=24|issue=1|pages=47–54|date=July 2006|pmid=16803602|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02967.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AGA2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rostom A, Murray JA, Kagnoff MF|title=American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute technical review on the diagnosis and management of celiac disease|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=131|issue=6|pages=1981–2002|date=December 2006|pmid=17087937|url=http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2806%2902227-X/fulltext|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2006.10.004|type=Review|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2014-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318130040/http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(06)02227-X/fulltext|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary olona maro no manana fiovana kely amin'ny tsinay miaraka amin'ny villi ara-dalàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;MolinaInfanteSantolaria2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Molina-Infante J, Santolaria S, Sanders DS, Fernández-Bañares F|title=Systematic review: noncoeliac gluten sensitivity|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics|volume=41|issue=9|pages=807–20|date=May 2015|pmid=25753138|doi=10.1111/apt.13155|type=Review|quote=Furthermore, seronegativity is more common in coeliac disease patients without villous atrophy (Marsh 1-2 lesions), but these ‘minor’ forms of coeliac disease may have similar clinical manifestations to those with villous atrophy and may show similar clinical–histological remission with reversal of haematological or biochemical disturbances on a gluten-free diet (GFD).}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hisy soritr'aretina mafy ny olona ary mety hodinihina mandritra ny taona maro izy ireo alohan'ny hahitana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CichewiczMearns2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cichewicz AB, Mearns ES, Taylor A, Boulanger T, Gerber M, Leffler DA|s2cid=71143826|display-authors=etal|title=Diagnosis and Treatment Patterns in Celiac Disease|journal=Dig Dis Sci|volume=64|issue=8|pages=2095–2106|date=1 March 2019|pmid=30820708|doi=10.1007/s10620-019-05528-3|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LudvigssonCard2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ludvigsson JF, Card T, Ciclitira PJ, Swift GL, Nasr I, Sanders DS, Ciacci C|title=Support for patients with celiac disease: A literature review|journal=United European Gastroenterology Journal|volume=3|issue=2|pages=146–59|date=April 2015|pmid=25922674|pmc=4406900|doi=10.1177/2050640614562599|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mihamaro hatrany ny olona tsy manana soritr'aretina voamarina, vokatry ny fitiliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;VanHeelWest&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=van Heel DA, West J|title=Recent advances in coeliac disease|journal=Gut|volume=55|issue=7|pages=1037–46|date=July 2006|pmid=16766754|pmc=1856316|doi=10.1136/gut.2005.075119|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, tsy ampy ny porofo momba ny vokatry ny fitiliana mba hamaritana ny maha-ilaina azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPSTF2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Ebell M, Epling JW, Herzstein J, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Phipps MG, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW|s2cid=205086614|title=Screening for Celiac Disease: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement|journal=JAMA|volume=317|issue=12|pages=1252–1257|date=March 2017|pmid=28350936|doi=10.1001/jama.2017.1462}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia vokatry ny tsy fahazakana maharitra ny proteinina gluten aza ity aretina ity,&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; dia miavaka amin'ny alèjy amin'ny varimbazaha izy io, izay tsy fahita firy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burkhardt|first=J. G.|last2=Chapa-Rodriguez|first2=A.|last3=Bahna|first3=S. L.|title=Gluten sensitivities and the allergist: Threshing the grain from the husks|journal=Allergy|date=July 2018|volume=73|issue=7|pages=1359–1368|doi=10.1111/all.13354|pmid=29131356}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fitsaboana mahomby fantatra ihany dia ny fihinanana sakafo tsy misy gluten mandritra ny androm-piainana, izay mitarika amin'ny famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny rindrin'ny tsinay, manatsara ny soritr'aretina ary mampihena ny mety hisian'ny fahasarotana amin'ny ankamaroan'ny olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;SeeKaukinen2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=See JA, Kaukinen K, Makharia GK, Gibson PR, Murray JA|s2cid=20270743|title=Practical insights into gluten-free diets|journal=Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology|volume=12|issue=10|pages=580–91|date=October 2015|pmid=26392070|doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2015.156|type=Review|quote=A lack of symptoms and/or negative serological markers are not reliable indicators of mucosal response to the diet. Furthermore, up to 30% of patients continue to have gastrointestinal symptoms despite a strict GFD.122,124 If adherence is questioned, a structured interview by a qualified dietitian can help to identify both intentional and inadvertent sources of gluten.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha tsy voatsabo dia mety hiteraka homamiadana toy ny lymphoma amin'ny tsinay ary mety hampitombo kely ny mety ho fahafatesana aloha loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leb2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lebwohl B, Ludvigsson JF, Green PH|title=Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity|journal=BMJ|volume=351|pages=h4347|date=October 2015|pmid=26438584|pmc=4596973|doi=10.1136/bmj.h4347|quote=Celiac disease occurs in about 1% of the population worldwide, although most people with the condition are undiagnosed. It can cause a wide variety of symptoms, both intestinal and extra-intestinal because it is a systemic autoimmune disease that is triggered by dietary gluten. Patients with coeliac disease are at increased risk of cancer, including a twofold to fourfold increased risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and a more than 30-fold increased risk of small intestinal adenocarcinoma, and they have a 1.4-fold increased risk of death.|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miovaova arakaraka ny faritra eto amin'izao tontolo izao ny tahan'ny aretina, manomboka amin'ny 1 amin'ny 300 ka hatramin'ny 1 amin'ny 40, miaraka amin'ny salan'isa eo anelanelan'ny 1 amin'ny 100 sy 1 amin'ny olona 170.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fasano A, Catassi C|title=Clinical practice. Celiac disease|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=367|issue=25|pages=2419–26|date=December 2012|pmid=23252527|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1113994|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho 80%-n'ny tranga no mbola tsy voamarina, matetika noho ny tsy fahampian'ny na tsy fisian'ny olana amin'ny fandevonan-kanina sy ny tsy fahampian'ny fahalalana ny soritr'aretina sy ny fepetra takiana amin'ny diagnostika.&lt;ref name=&quot;WGO2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/global-guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english|title=Celiac disease|date=July 2016|publisher=[[World Gastroenterology Organisation]] Global Guidelines|access-date=23 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317123604/http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/global-guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english|archive-date=17 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CichewiczMearns2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LionettiGatti2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lionetti E, Gatti S, Pulvirenti A, Catassi C|title=Celiac disease from a global perspective|journal=Best Practice &amp; Research. Clinical Gastroenterology|volume=29|issue=3|pages=365–79|date=June 2015|pmid=26060103|doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2015.05.004|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Somary mahazatra kokoa amin'ny vehivavy ny aretin'ny seliaka raha oharina amin'ny lehilahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;His2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hischenhuber C, Crevel R, Jarry B, Mäki M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Romano A, Troncone R, Ward R|title=Review article: safe amounts of gluten for patients with wheat allergy or coeliac disease|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics|volume=23|issue=5|pages=559–75|date=March 2006|pmid=16480395|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fimôzy</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1473932|Phimosis]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="5115" sha1="he47lcs9yot7nghl4tlwwrekiv71b1u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Phimosis
|synonym          =
|image            =Fimosis perfil.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =An erect penis with a case of phimosis
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|f|ɪ|ˈ|m|oʊ|s|ᵻ|s}} or {{IPAc-en|f|aɪ|ˈ|m|oʊ|s|ᵻ|s}}&lt;ref&gt;''[[OED]]'' 2nd edition, 1989 as {{IPA|/faɪˈməʊsɪs/}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phimosis Entry &quot;phimosis&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828223819/https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/phimosis |date=2021-08-28 }} in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922151722/https://www.merriam-webster.com/ |date=2017-09-22 }}''.&lt;/ref&gt;
|specialty        =[[Urology]]
|symptoms         =Unable to pull the [[foreskin]] back past the [[glans penis|glans]]&lt;ref name=Pub2016/&gt;
|onset            =Normal at birth&lt;ref name=Pub2016/&gt;
|duration         =Typically resolves by 3 years old&lt;ref name=IQ2015/&gt;
|causes           =Normal, balanitis, [[balanitis xerotica obliterans]]&lt;ref name=Mc2007/&gt;
|risks            =[[Diaper dermatitis|Diaper rash]], poor cleaning, [[diabetes]]&lt;ref name=Five2014&gt;{{cite book|last1=Domino|first1=Frank J.|last2=Baldor|first2=Robert A.|last3=Golding|first3=Jeremy|title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014|date=2013|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9781451188509|page=138|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA138|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Hair tourniquet]], [[lymphedema]] of the penis&lt;ref name=Five2014/&gt;
|prevention       =[[corticosteroid|Steroid cream]], stretching exercises, [[circumcision]]&lt;ref name=IQ2015/&gt;
|treatment        =
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =0.5%–13% (in uncircumcised males 18 years or older)&lt;ref name=Mor2020&gt;{{cite journal | last=Morris | first=Brian J. | last2=Matthews | first2=Jim G. | last3=Krieger | first3=John N. | title=Prevalence of Phimosis in Males of All Ages: Systematic Review | journal=Urology | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=135 | year=2020 | issn=0090-4295 | doi=10.1016/j.urology.2019.10.003 | pages=124–132}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny phimosis''' dia toe-javatra iray izay tsy ahafahan'ny [[Tsotsoka|hoditry]] ny filahiana mivelatra mba hahafahany misintona azy hiverina mihoatra ny glans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pub2016&quot; /&gt; Mety hitranga ny fivontosana toy ny balaonina eo ambanin'ny hoditry ny tsirinaina rehefa mivalan-drano.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pub2016&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka fanaintainana mandritra ny fananganana amin'ny zatovo sy ny olon-dehibe izany, saingy tsy maharary izany raha tsy izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pub2016&quot; /&gt; Ireo izay voakasik'izany dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'ny fivontosan'ny glans, fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe balanitis, sy fahasarotana hafa.  Ny fahasarotana mety hitranga dia ny paraphimose, izay mahatonga ny hoditra tery ho voafandrika ao ambadiky ny glans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mc2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McGregor|first=TB|last2=Pike|first2=JG|last3=Leonard|first3=MP|title=Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: approach to the phimotic foreskin.|journal=Canadian Family Physician|date=March 2007|volume=53|issue=3|pages=445–8|pmid=17872680|pmc=1949079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ara-dalàna raha tsy afaka misintona ny hoditra eo amin'ny filahiana mihitsy ny ankizy madinika.  Maherin'ny 90%-n'ny tranga no sitrana amin'ny faha-fito taonany, na dia mbola voasoroka tanteraka aza ny fihemorana amin'ny alalan'ny fifikirana mialoha ny nify amin'ny antsasany mahery amin'io taona io.&lt;ref name=&quot;IQ2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mc2007&quot; /&gt; 99%-n'ny tranga no sitrana amin'ny faha-16 taonany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mc2007&quot; /&gt; Indraindray, ny phimosis dia mety ho vokatry ny aretina fototra toy ny holatra vokatry ny balanitis na balanitis xerotica obliterans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mc2007&quot; /&gt; Azo fantarina amin'ny alalan'ny fahitana holatra eo amin'ny fisokafan'ny hoditra mialoha izany matetika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mc2007&quot; /&gt;

Matetika izy io dia sitrana tsy misy fitsaboana amin'ny faha-telo taonany.&lt;ref name=&quot;IQ2015&quot; /&gt; Tsy tokony andramana ny fanesorana ny hoditra amin'ny vatan'ny lehilahy mandritra ny taona voalohany amin'ny fiainany.&lt;ref name=&quot;IQ2015&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay tsy mihatsara intsony ny toe-pahasalamany, dia azo omena fotoana na azo ampiasaina ny crème stéroïde mba hanalefahana ny hoditra tery.&lt;ref name=&quot;IQ2015&quot; /&gt; Raha tsy mahomby ity fomba ity, miaraka amin'ny fanazaran-tena mivelatra, dia mety ilaina ny fitsaboana hafa toy ny [[famorana]] .  Avy amin'ny teny [[Fiteny grika|grika]] φίμωσις ''phimōsis'' midika hoe &quot;mitabataba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kirk|first=Raymond Maurice|last2=Winslet|first2=Marc C.|title=Essential General Surgical Operations|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0443103148|page=365|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4bUKXR508wC&amp;pg=PA365|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105195215/https://books.google.com/books?id=T4bUKXR508wC&amp;pg=PA365|archive-date=2017-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>he47lcs9yot7nghl4tlwwrekiv71b1u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Therese Zafy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299076</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135285</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-14T18:06:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>namorona pejy</comment>
      <origin>1135285</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="430" sha1="nflaepxoi2g247cahhzwm0rrdmdrs6d" xml:space="preserve">'''Therèse zafy''' , teraka Zafimahova, dia vady navelan'i filoha teo aloha [[Zafy Albert]], izay maty tamin'ny taona 2017.

== Ny mombamoba azy ==
Therese Zafy dia vehivavy antesaka, zanak'i Antoine Zafimmahova sy Anne Kemba&lt;ref&gt;[https://gw.geneanet.org/taniko?lang=fr&amp;n=zafimahova&amp;oc=0&amp;p=therese+auguste Thérèse Auguste Zafimahova : généalogie par Moïse RAMILAMINTSOA (taniko) - Geneanet]&lt;/ref&gt;.
== Loharano ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>nflaepxoi2g247cahhzwm0rrdmdrs6d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135286</id>
      <parentid>1135285</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-14T18:10:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Infobox</comment>
      <origin>1135286</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="558" sha1="q0op85ek78aj2lnch5wuw8niicm4sfe" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Therèse Zafy
|asa=[[Mpanao politika]]
|firenena=Madagasikara
|anarana hafa=Therèse Zafimahova|sary=}}
'''Therèse zafy''' , teraka Zafimahova, dia vady navelan'i filoha teo aloha [[Zafy Albert]], izay maty tamin'ny taona 2017.

== Ny mombamoba azy ==
Therese Zafy dia vehivavy antesaka, zanak'i Antoine Zafimmahova sy Anne Kemba&lt;ref&gt;[https://gw.geneanet.org/taniko?lang=fr&amp;n=zafimahova&amp;oc=0&amp;p=therese+auguste Thérèse Auguste Zafimahova : généalogie par Moïse RAMILAMINTSOA (taniko) - Geneanet]&lt;/ref&gt;.
== Loharano ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>q0op85ek78aj2lnch5wuw8niicm4sfe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135337</id>
      <parentid>1135286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T02:44:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanampy votoatiny</comment>
      <origin>1135337</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1287" sha1="lgk49y3lih9gihfhc28zr3zdv3dkz68" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Therèse Zafy
|asa=[[Mpanao politika]]
|firenena=Madagasikara
|anarana hafa=Therèse Auguste Zafimahova|sary=}}
'''Therèse zafy''' , teraka Zafimahova, dia vady navelan'i filoha teo aloha [[Zafy Albert]], izay maty tamin'ny taona 2017.

== Ny mombamoba azy ==
Therese Auguste Zafimahova dia vehivavy antesaka, zanak'i Antoine Zafimahova sy Anne Kemba&lt;ref&gt;[https://gw.geneanet.org/taniko?lang=fr&amp;n=zafimahova&amp;oc=0&amp;p=therese+auguste Thérèse Auguste Zafimahova : généalogie par Moïse RAMILAMINTSOA (taniko) - Geneanet]&lt;/ref&gt;.Nanambady an'i Zafy Albert IZY taminany taona 1960, nananjanaka telo dia i Aimé Zafy, Sylvain Zafy ary Sylvie Zafy &lt;ref&gt;https://lachasseinfo.wordpress.com/2017/10/17/professeur-zafy-albert-un-homme-detat-et-de-principe/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://tanikomadagascar.com/tag/therese-zafy/&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny profesora Zafy Albert vadiny dia filohampirenena malagasy n'y galona 1993 ka hatramin'ny  1996, Ary n'y filoha dia maty tamin'ny tao a 2017.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-41615735&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Manao asa soa hoan'ny fiarahamonina izy.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Membre-actif-de-la-Conference-de,8392.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
[[Zafy Albert]]

[[Repoblikan' i Madagasikara (1992-2009)]]

== Loharano ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>lgk49y3lih9gihfhc28zr3zdv3dkz68</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135338</id>
      <parentid>1135337</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T02:45:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chirocca77</username>
        <id>30720</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135338</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1288" sha1="8j0pppqpmd2yu90m3788fp026d0j35h" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Therèse Zafy
|asa=[[Mpanao politika]]
|firenena=Madagasikara
|anarana hafa=Therèse Auguste Zafimahova|sary=}}
'''Therèse zafy''' , teraka Zafimahova, dia vady navelan'i filoha teo aloha [[Zafy Albert]], izay maty tamin'ny taona 2017.

== Ny mombamomba azy ==
Therese Auguste Zafimahova dia vehivavy antesaka, zanak'i Antoine Zafimahova sy Anne Kemba&lt;ref&gt;[https://gw.geneanet.org/taniko?lang=fr&amp;n=zafimahova&amp;oc=0&amp;p=therese+auguste Thérèse Auguste Zafimahova : généalogie par Moïse RAMILAMINTSOA (taniko) - Geneanet]&lt;/ref&gt;.Nanambady an'i Zafy Albert IZY taminany taona 1960, nananjanaka telo dia i Aimé Zafy, Sylvain Zafy ary Sylvie Zafy &lt;ref&gt;https://lachasseinfo.wordpress.com/2017/10/17/professeur-zafy-albert-un-homme-detat-et-de-principe/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://tanikomadagascar.com/tag/therese-zafy/&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny profesora Zafy Albert vadiny dia filohampirenena malagasy n'y galona 1993 ka hatramin'ny  1996, Ary n'y filoha dia maty tamin'ny tao a 2017.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-41615735&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Manao asa soa hoan'ny fiarahamonina izy.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Membre-actif-de-la-Conference-de,8392.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
[[Zafy Albert]]

[[Repoblikan' i Madagasikara (1992-2009)]]

== Loharano ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>8j0pppqpmd2yu90m3788fp026d0j35h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sokajy:Mpanjakan' Ekosy</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>299077</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135295</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T00:35:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « [[Sokajy:Mpanjaka]] [[Sokajy:Ekosy]] »</comment>
      <origin>1135295</origin>
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      <text bytes="36" sha1="6xvuyz6y0xjfznef2kancjz4cvfyi0r" xml:space="preserve">[[Sokajy:Mpanjaka]]
[[Sokajy:Ekosy]]</text>
      <sha1>6xvuyz6y0xjfznef2kancjz4cvfyi0r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135297</id>
      <parentid>1135295</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T00:35:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135297</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44" sha1="gkjt2fezw5eogsribr6ikujyzsw7vga" xml:space="preserve">[[Sokajy:Mpanjaka]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanao ekosey]]</text>
      <sha1>gkjt2fezw5eogsribr6ikujyzsw7vga</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135309</id>
      <parentid>1135297</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T00:45:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135309</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="88" sha1="3cb7uygdgdc7yc8703zmvv02su1ri38" xml:space="preserve">[[Sokajy:Mpanjaka]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanao ekosey]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Fanjakana Mitambatra]]</text>
      <sha1>3cb7uygdgdc7yc8703zmvv02su1ri38</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mary Steward</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299078</id>
    <redirect title="Mary, Queen of Scots" />
    <revision>
      <id>1135298</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T00:36:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy fihodinana mankany [[Mary, Queen of Scots]]</comment>
      <origin>1135298</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="4pgm4k9gtwwlvat7dexe22kmn670upi" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Mary, Queen of Scots]]</text>
      <sha1>4pgm4k9gtwwlvat7dexe22kmn670upi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mary Stuart</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299079</id>
    <redirect title="Mary, Queen of Scots" />
    <revision>
      <id>1135299</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T00:37:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy fihodinana mankany [[Mary, Queen of Scots]]</comment>
      <origin>1135299</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="34" sha1="4pgm4k9gtwwlvat7dexe22kmn670upi" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Mary, Queen of Scots]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>François II (Frantsa)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299080</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135310</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T01:12:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « '''François II''' (teraka tao Fontainebleau tamin'ny 19 Janoary 1544), ary maty tao [[Orléans]] tamin'ny 5 Desambra 1560, ary Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] nanomboka ny 10 Jolay 1559 ka hatramin'ny nahafatesany.  Zanaka lahimatoan'i [[Henry II (Frantsa)|Henry II]] sy [[Catherine de Medicis]] izy, niakatra teo amin'ny seza fiandrianana frantsay teo amin'ny faha-dimy ambin'ny folo taonany taorian'ny nahafatesan-drainy tsy nahy tamin'ny 10 Jolay 1559. Naharitra herin... »</comment>
      <origin>1135310</origin>
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      <text bytes="1785" sha1="r2ry27vp1uyt8xedcmsewjx5ewwuyny" xml:space="preserve">'''François II''' (teraka tao Fontainebleau tamin'ny 19 Janoary 1544), ary maty tao [[Orléans]] tamin'ny 5 Desambra 1560, ary Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] nanomboka ny 10 Jolay 1559 ka hatramin'ny nahafatesany.

Zanaka lahimatoan'i [[Henry II (Frantsa)|Henry II]] sy [[Catherine de Medicis]] izy, niakatra teo amin'ny seza fiandrianana frantsay teo amin'ny faha-dimy ambin'ny folo taonany taorian'ny nahafatesan-drainy tsy nahy tamin'ny 10 Jolay 1559. Naharitra herintaona sy dimy volana monja ny fanjakany fohy saingy fiandohana lehibe ho an'ny fipoahan'ny Adin'ny Fivavahana.

Marina tokoa fa niavaka tamin'ny krizy ara-politika sy ara-pivavahana lehibe ny fanjakany. Rehefa niakatra teo amin'ny fitondrana izy, dia nanankina ny fitantanana ny fianakaviana Guise, dadatoan'ny vadiny, [[Mary Stuart]], Mpanjakavavin' Ekosy, izay nanohana ny politika famoretana ny [[Prôtestantisma|Protestanta]].

Ny fanjakany koa dia voamariky ny fandaozana an'i Ekosy, Frantsa any Antarktika (faritany any [[Brezila]]), ary vokatry ny Fifanarahana Cateau-Cambrésis nosoniavin-drainy Henry II, [[Corse]], [[Toscana]], Savoie, ary saika an'i Piedmont manontolo. Izany dia nanamarika, ho fanohanana an'i Espaina, ny fiandohan'ny fihenan'ny fitaoman'ny Frantsay tany Eoropa.

== Mpanjakan'i Frantsa ==
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|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;DDEEFF&quot;
!nodimbiasany
![[Sary:Bannière de France style 1500.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] 
!mpandimby
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Henri II (Frantsa)|Henry]]&lt;br/&gt;1547-1459||    [[François II (Frantsa)|François II]]&lt;br/&gt; 1459-1560 ||  [[Louis XIII (Frantsa)]]
|-bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot;
|-
|}

[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Frantsa]]

[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1544]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1660]]</text>
      <sha1>r2ry27vp1uyt8xedcmsewjx5ewwuyny</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135311</id>
      <parentid>1135310</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T01:13:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1857" sha1="jupxyr4wech04kngube0m3ko5i5v5zv" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Portrait du roi de France François II.jpg|thumb| François II]]
'''François II''' (teraka tao Fontainebleau tamin'ny 19 Janoary 1544), ary maty tao [[Orléans]] tamin'ny 5 Desambra 1560, ary Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] nanomboka ny 10 Jolay 1559 ka hatramin'ny nahafatesany.

Zanaka lahimatoan'i [[Henry II (Frantsa)|Henry II]] sy [[Catherine de Medicis]] izy, niakatra teo amin'ny seza fiandrianana frantsay teo amin'ny faha-dimy ambin'ny folo taonany taorian'ny nahafatesan-drainy tsy nahy tamin'ny 10 Jolay 1559. Naharitra herintaona sy dimy volana monja ny fanjakany fohy saingy fiandohana lehibe ho an'ny fipoahan'ny Adin'ny Fivavahana.

Marina tokoa fa niavaka tamin'ny krizy ara-politika sy ara-pivavahana lehibe ny fanjakany. Rehefa niakatra teo amin'ny fitondrana izy, dia nanankina ny fitantanana ny fianakaviana Guise, dadatoan'ny vadiny, [[Mary Stuart]], Mpanjakavavin' Ekosy, izay nanohana ny politika famoretana ny [[Prôtestantisma|Protestanta]].

Ny fanjakany koa dia voamariky ny fandaozana an'i Ekosy, Frantsa any Antarktika (faritany any [[Brezila]]), ary vokatry ny Fifanarahana Cateau-Cambrésis nosoniavin-drainy Henry II, [[Corse]], [[Toscana]], Savoie, ary saika an'i Piedmont manontolo. Izany dia nanamarika, ho fanohanana an'i Espaina, ny fiandohan'ny fihenan'ny fitaoman'ny Frantsay tany Eoropa.

== Mpanjakan'i Frantsa ==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 10px solid #0; background-color:#FFFFFF&quot;
|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;DDEEFF&quot;
!nodimbiasany
![[Sary:Bannière de France style 1500.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] 
!mpandimby
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Henri II (Frantsa)|Henry]]&lt;br/&gt;1547-1459||    [[François II (Frantsa)|François II]]&lt;br/&gt; 1459-1560 ||  [[Louis XIII (Frantsa)]]
|-bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot;
|-
|}

[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Frantsa]]

[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1544]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1660]]</text>
      <sha1>jupxyr4wech04kngube0m3ko5i5v5zv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135312</id>
      <parentid>1135311</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T01:14:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135312</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1865" sha1="5jnc4satctd0p9nj1eeyat7drml1u5t" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Portrait du roi de France François II.jpg|thumb| François II]]
'''François II''' (teraka tao Fontainebleau tamin'ny 19 Janoary 1544), ary maty tao [[Orléans]] tamin'ny 5 Desambra 1560, ary Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] nanomboka ny 10 Jolay 1559 ka hatramin'ny nahafatesany.

Zanaka lahimatoan'i [[Henry II (Frantsa)|Henry II]] sy [[Catherine de Medicis]] izy, niakatra teo amin'ny seza fiandrianana frantsay teo amin'ny faha-dimy ambin'ny folo taonany taorian'ny nahafatesan-drainy tsy nahy tamin'ny 10 Jolay 1559. Naharitra herintaona sy dimy volana monja ny fanjakany fohy saingy fiandohana lehibe ho an'ny fipoahan'ny Adin'ny Fivavahana.

Marina tokoa fa niavaka tamin'ny krizy ara-politika sy ara-pivavahana lehibe ny fanjakany. Rehefa niakatra teo amin'ny fitondrana izy, dia nanankina ny fitantanana ny fianakaviana Guise, dadatoan'ny vadiny, [[Mary Stuart]], Mpanjakavavin' Ekosy, izay nanohana ny politika famoretana ny [[Prôtestantisma|Protestanta]].

Ny fanjakany koa dia voamariky ny fandaozana an'i {{Ekosy}}, {{Frantsa}} any Antarktika (faritany any [[Brezila]]), ary vokatry ny Fifanarahana Cateau-Cambrésis nosoniavin-drainy Henry II, [[Corse]], [[Toscana]], Savoie, ary saika an'i Piedmont manontolo. Izany dia nanamarika, ho fanohanana an'i Espaina, ny fiandohan'ny fihenan'ny fitaoman'ny Frantsay tany Eoropa.

== Mpanjakan'i Frantsa ==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 10px solid #0; background-color:#FFFFFF&quot;
|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;DDEEFF&quot;
!nodimbiasany
![[Sary:Bannière de France style 1500.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] 
!mpandimby
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Henri II (Frantsa)|Henry]]&lt;br/&gt;1547-1459||    [[François II (Frantsa)|François II]]&lt;br/&gt; 1459-1560 ||  [[Louis XIII (Frantsa)]]
|-bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot;
|-
|}

[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Frantsa]]

[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1544]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1660]]</text>
      <sha1>5jnc4satctd0p9nj1eeyat7drml1u5t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135313</id>
      <parentid>1135312</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T01:15:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135313</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1865" sha1="5urd6st52tsjfpikt51nf4jeqcze7l1" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Portrait du roi de France François II.jpg|thumb| François II]]
'''François II''' (teraka tao Fontainebleau tamin'ny 19 Janoary 1544, ary maty tao [[Orléans]] tamin'ny 5 Desambra 1560), ary Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] nanomboka ny 10 Jolay 1559 ka hatramin'ny nahafatesany.

Zanaka lahimatoan'i [[Henry II (Frantsa)|Henry II]] sy [[Catherine de Medicis]] izy, niakatra teo amin'ny seza fiandrianana frantsay teo amin'ny faha-dimy ambin'ny folo taonany taorian'ny nahafatesan-drainy tsy nahy tamin'ny 10 Jolay 1559. Naharitra herintaona sy dimy volana monja ny fanjakany fohy saingy fiandohana lehibe ho an'ny fipoahan'ny Adin'ny Fivavahana.

Marina tokoa fa niavaka tamin'ny krizy ara-politika sy ara-pivavahana lehibe ny fanjakany. Rehefa niakatra teo amin'ny fitondrana izy, dia nanankina ny fitantanana ny fianakaviana Guise, dadatoan'ny vadiny, [[Mary Stuart]], Mpanjakavavin' Ekosy, izay nanohana ny politika famoretana ny [[Prôtestantisma|Protestanta]].

Ny fanjakany koa dia voamariky ny fandaozana an'i {{Ekosy}}, {{Frantsa}} any Antarktika (faritany any [[Brezila]]), ary vokatry ny Fifanarahana Cateau-Cambrésis nosoniavin-drainy Henry II, [[Corse]], [[Toscana]], Savoie, ary saika an'i Piedmont manontolo. Izany dia nanamarika, ho fanohanana an'i Espaina, ny fiandohan'ny fihenan'ny fitaoman'ny Frantsay tany Eoropa.

== Mpanjakan'i Frantsa ==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 10px solid #0; background-color:#FFFFFF&quot;
|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;DDEEFF&quot;
!nodimbiasany
![[Sary:Bannière de France style 1500.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] 
!mpandimby
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Henri II (Frantsa)|Henry]]&lt;br/&gt;1547-1459||    [[François II (Frantsa)|François II]]&lt;br/&gt; 1459-1560 ||  [[Louis XIII (Frantsa)]]
|-bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot;
|-
|}

[[Sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Frantsa]]

[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1544]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1660]]</text>
      <sha1>5urd6st52tsjfpikt51nf4jeqcze7l1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Louis XII (Frantsa)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299081</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135321</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T01:58:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « '''Louis XII''', teraka tamin'ny 27 Jona 1462, tao amin'ny Château de Blois ary maty tamin'ny 1 Janoary 1515, tao [[Paris]], nomena anarana hoe &quot;Rain'ny Vahoaka&quot; nataon'ny Etats Generaux tamin'ny 1506, no Mpanjakan'i {{Frantsa}} nanomboka tamin'ny 1498 ka hatramin'ny 1515.  Nandritra ny fanjakany, dia niditra tamin'ny Ady Italiana izy, indrindra fa ny Ady Fahatelo sy Fahaefatra, ary, tao an-toerana, dia nitarika ny fanavaozana ny rafi-pitsarana sy ny hetra. N... »</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1137" sha1="5361efaxbqio5kdbt040c10bo62blcg" xml:space="preserve">'''Louis XII''', teraka tamin'ny 27 Jona 1462, tao amin'ny Château de Blois ary maty tamin'ny 1 Janoary 1515, tao [[Paris]], nomena anarana hoe &quot;Rain'ny Vahoaka&quot; nataon'ny Etats Generaux tamin'ny 1506, no Mpanjakan'i {{Frantsa}} nanomboka tamin'ny 1498 ka hatramin'ny 1515.

Nandritra ny fanjakany, dia niditra tamin'ny Ady Italiana izy, indrindra fa ny Ady Fahatelo sy Fahaefatra, ary, tao an-toerana, dia nitarika ny fanavaozana ny rafi-pitsarana sy ny hetra. Nokolokoloina ny endriny taorian'ny nahafatesany ho mariky ny mpanjaka antonony, notohanan'ny Etats Généraux

== Mpanjakan'i Frantsa ==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 10px solid #0; background-color:#FFFFFF&quot;
|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;DDEEFF&quot;
!nodimbiasany
![[Sary:Bannière de France style 1500.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] 
!mpandimby
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Charles VIII (Frantsa)|Charles VIII]]&lt;br/&gt; 1483-1498 || [[Louis XII (Frantsa)]]&lt;br/&gt; 1483-1498 ||    [[François I]]&lt;br/&gt; 1515-1547 
|-bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot;
|-
|}

== Jereo koa ==

{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1494]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1547]]
[[sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Frantsa]]</text>
      <sha1>5361efaxbqio5kdbt040c10bo62blcg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135322</id>
      <parentid>1135321</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T01:59:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135322</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1137" sha1="63qplovjwfqgglwahc2pb91i3g6pqlb" xml:space="preserve">'''Louis XII''', teraka tamin'ny 27 Jona 1462, tao amin'ny Château de Blois ary maty tamin'ny 1 Janoary 1515, tao [[Paris]], nomena anarana hoe &quot;Rain'ny Vahoaka&quot; nataon'ny Etats Generaux tamin'ny 1506, no Mpanjakan'i {{Frantsa}} nanomboka tamin'ny 1498 ka hatramin'ny 1515.

Nandritra ny fanjakany, dia niditra tamin'ny Ady Italiana izy, indrindra fa ny Ady Fahatelo sy Fahaefatra, ary, tao an-toerana, dia nitarika ny fanavaozana ny rafi-pitsarana sy ny hetra. Nokolokoloina ny endriny taorian'ny nahafatesany ho mariky ny mpanjaka antonony, notohanan'ny Etats Généraux

== Mpanjakan'i Frantsa ==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 10px solid #0; background-color:#FFFFFF&quot;
|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;DDEEFF&quot;
!nodimbiasany
![[Sary:Bannière de France style 1500.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] 
!mpandimby
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Charles VIII (Frantsa)|Charles VIII]]&lt;br/&gt; 1483-1498 || [[Louis XII (Frantsa)]]&lt;br/&gt; 1483-1498 ||    [[François I]]&lt;br/&gt; 1515-1547 
|-bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot;
|-
|}

== Jereo koa ==

{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1462]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1515]]
[[sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Frantsa]]</text>
      <sha1>63qplovjwfqgglwahc2pb91i3g6pqlb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135324</id>
      <parentid>1135322</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T02:01:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135324</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1203" sha1="2fy74y46wxqvuuoc587w7b370qtomcs" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ludwig XII. von Frankreich.jpg|thumb|Louis XII - Frantsa]]
'''Louis XII''', teraka tamin'ny 27 Jona 1462, tao amin'ny Château de Blois ary maty tamin'ny 1 Janoary 1515, tao [[Paris]], nomena anarana hoe &quot;Rain'ny Vahoaka&quot; nataon'ny Etats Generaux tamin'ny 1506, no Mpanjakan'i {{Frantsa}} nanomboka tamin'ny 1498 ka hatramin'ny 1515.

Nandritra ny fanjakany, dia niditra tamin'ny Ady Italiana izy, indrindra fa ny Ady Fahatelo sy Fahaefatra, ary, tao an-toerana, dia nitarika ny fanavaozana ny rafi-pitsarana sy ny hetra. Nokolokoloina ny endriny taorian'ny nahafatesany ho mariky ny mpanjaka antonony, notohanan'ny Etats Généraux

== Mpanjakan'i Frantsa ==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 10px solid #0; background-color:#FFFFFF&quot;
|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;DDEEFF&quot;
!nodimbiasany
![[Sary:Bannière de France style 1500.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] 
!mpandimby
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Charles VIII (Frantsa)|Charles VIII]]&lt;br/&gt; 1483-1498 || [[Louis XII (Frantsa)]]&lt;br/&gt; 1483-1498 ||    [[François I]]&lt;br/&gt; 1515-1547 
|-bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot;
|-
|}

== Jereo koa ==

{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1462]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1515]]
[[sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Frantsa]]</text>
      <sha1>2fy74y46wxqvuuoc587w7b370qtomcs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135325</id>
      <parentid>1135324</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T02:02:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135325</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1203" sha1="2yqh3dzqwf8xnp7wpmbpf8497wmx56l" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ludwig XII. von Frankreich.jpg|thumb|Louis XII - Frantsa]]
'''Louis XII''', teraka tamin'ny 27 Jona 1462, tao amin'ny Château de Blois ary maty tamin'ny 1 Janoary 1515, tao [[Paris]], nomena anarana hoe &quot;Rain'ny Vahoaka&quot; nataon'ny Etats Generaux tamin'ny 1506, no Mpanjakan'i {{Frantsa}} nanomboka tamin'ny 1498 ka hatramin'ny 1515.

Nandritra ny fanjakany, dia niditra tamin'ny Ady Italiana izy, indrindra fa ny Ady Fahatelo sy Fahaefatra, ary, tao an-toerana, dia nitarika ny fanavaozana ny rafi-pitsarana sy ny hetra. Nokolokoloina ny endriny taorian'ny nahafatesany ho mariky ny mpanjaka antonony, notohanan'ny Etats Généraux

== Mpanjakan'i Frantsa ==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 10px solid #0; background-color:#FFFFFF&quot;
|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;DDEEFF&quot;
!nodimbiasany
![[Sary:Bannière de France style 1500.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] 
!mpandimby
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Charles VIII (Frantsa)|Charles VIII]]&lt;br/&gt; 1483-1498 || [[Louis XII (Frantsa)]]&lt;br/&gt; 1498-1515 ||    [[François I]]&lt;br/&gt; 1515-1547 
|-bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot;
|-
|}

== Jereo koa ==

{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1462]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1515]]
[[sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Frantsa]]</text>
      <sha1>2yqh3dzqwf8xnp7wpmbpf8497wmx56l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135326</id>
      <parentid>1135325</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T02:05:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135326</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1220" sha1="kzcap07k5cuzs37kugposw58qpn4bd9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ludwig XII. von Frankreich.jpg|thumb|Louis XII - Frantsa]]
'''Louis XII''', teraka tamin'ny 27 Jona 1462, tao amin'ny Château de Blois ary maty tamin'ny 1 Janoary 1515, tao [[Paris]], nomena anarana hoe &quot;Rain'ny Vahoaka&quot; nataon'ny Etats Generaux tamin'ny 1506, no Mpanjakan'i {{Frantsa}} nanomboka tamin'ny 1498 ka hatramin'ny 1515.

Nandritra ny fanjakany, dia niditra tamin'ny Ady Italiana izy, indrindra fa ny Ady Fahatelo sy Fahaefatra, ary, tao an-toerana, dia nitarika ny fanavaozana ny rafi-pitsarana sy ny hetra. Nokolokoloina ny endriny taorian'ny nahafatesany ho mariky ny mpanjaka antonony, notohanan'ny Etats Généraux

== Mpanjakan'i Frantsa ==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 10px solid #0; background-color:#FFFFFF&quot;
|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;DDEEFF&quot;
!nodimbiasany
![[Sary:Bannière de France style 1500.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] 
!mpandimby
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Charles VIII (Frantsa)|Charles VIII]]&lt;br/&gt; 1483-1498 || [[Louis XII (Frantsa)]]&lt;br/&gt; 1498-1515 ||    [[François I]]&lt;br/&gt; 1515-1547 
|-bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot;
|-
|}

== Jereo koa ==

{{commonscat}}
[[pt:Louis XII]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1462]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1515]]
[[sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Frantsa]]</text>
      <sha1>kzcap07k5cuzs37kugposw58qpn4bd9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135328</id>
      <parentid>1135326</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T02:18:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135328</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1220" sha1="0qiv47sbrqafot7i9vr934it49n9qck" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ludwig XII. von Frankreich.jpg|thumb|Louis XII - Frantsa]]
'''Louis XII''', teraka tamin'ny 27 Jona 1462, tao amin'ny Château de Blois ary maty tamin'ny 1 Janoary 1515, tao [[Paris]], nomena anarana hoe &quot;Rain'ny Vahoaka&quot; nataon'ny Etats Generaux tamin'ny 1506, no Mpanjakan'i {{Frantsa}} nanomboka tamin'ny 1498 ka hatramin'ny 1515.

Nandritra ny fanjakany, dia niditra tamin'ny Ady Italiana izy, indrindra fa ny Ady Fahatelo sy Fahaefatra, ary, tao an-toerana, dia nitarika ny fanavaozana ny rafi-pitsarana sy ny hetra. Nokolokoloina ny endriny taorian'ny nahafatesany ho mariky ny mpanjaka antonony, notohanan'ny Etats Généraux

== Mpanjakan'i Frantsa ==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 10px solid #0; background-color:#FFFFFF&quot;
|-align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;DDEEFF&quot;
!nodimbiasany
![[Sary:Bannière de France style 1500.svg|40px]] Mpanjakan'i [[Frantsa]] 
!mpandimby
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Charles VIII (Frantsa)|Charles VIII]]&lt;br/&gt; 1483-1498 || [[Louis XII (Frantsa)]]&lt;br/&gt; 1498-1515 ||    [[François I]]&lt;br/&gt; 1515-1547 
|-bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot;
|-
|}

== Jereo koa ==

{{commonscat}}
[[fr:Louis XII]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1462]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1515]]
[[sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Frantsa]]</text>
      <sha1>0qiv47sbrqafot7i9vr934it49n9qck</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1462</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>299082</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135323</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T01:59:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « [[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taonjato faha-15]] »</comment>
      <origin>1135323</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43" sha1="d1lvnqhwvk4aeugspugw7w947qijutk" xml:space="preserve">[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taonjato faha-15]]</text>
      <sha1>d1lvnqhwvk4aeugspugw7w947qijutk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cognac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299083</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135330</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T02:35:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « {{infobox tanàna |tanàna=Cognac |sary=Cognac stjac.JPG |saina=Blason de la ville de Cognac (Charente).svg |haavo = 53 |velarantany=	15,50 {{km2}} |isam-ponina=18.532 |tanànan-dehibe= |ben'ny tanàna= |firenena={{FRA}} |faritany= [[Charente]] }}  I '''Cognac''' tanàna any atsimo andrefan'i {{Frantsa}}, zana-prefektiora ao amin'ny departemantan'i Charente (faritra Nouvelle-Aquitaine).  Ny mponina ao dia antsoina hoe ''Cognaçais'' (lahy) ary ''Cognaçaises''... »</comment>
      <origin>1135330</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="759" sha1="3amzb3k37xcawauylni2xblj12qsiok" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox tanàna
|tanàna=Cognac
|sary=Cognac stjac.JPG
|saina=Blason de la ville de Cognac (Charente).svg
|haavo = 53
|velarantany=	15,50 {{km2}}
|isam-ponina=18.532
|tanànan-dehibe=
|ben'ny tanàna=
|firenena={{FRA}}
|faritany= [[Charente]]
}}

I '''Cognac''' tanàna any atsimo andrefan'i {{Frantsa}}, zana-prefektiora ao amin'ny departemantan'i Charente (faritra Nouvelle-Aquitaine).

Ny mponina ao dia antsoina hoe ''Cognaçais'' (lahy) ary ''Cognaçaises'' (vavy).

Izy no faritra an-tanàn-dehibe faharoa lehibe indrindra ao amin'ny departemantan'i Charente aorian'i [[Angoulême]].

==Jereo koa==
[[fr:Cognac (Charente)]]
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao Frantsa]]
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao amin'ny faritr'i Charente-Maritime]]</text>
      <sha1>3amzb3k37xcawauylni2xblj12qsiok</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135331</id>
      <parentid>1135330</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T02:40:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="881" sha1="e7nvttwbckkak8jjmi81k85ekx9x8rp" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox tanàna
|tanàna=Cognac
|sary=Cognac stjac.JPG
|saina=Blason de la ville de Cognac (Charente).svg
|haavo = 53
|velarantany=	15,50 {{km2}}
|isam-ponina=18.532
|tanànan-dehibe=
|ben'ny tanàna=
|firenena={{FRA}}
|faritany= [[Charente]]
}}

I '''Cognac''' tanàna any atsimo andrefan'i {{Frantsa}}, zana-prefektiora ao amin'ny departemantan'i Charente (faritra Nouvelle-Aquitaine).

Ny mponina ao dia antsoina hoe ''Cognaçais'' (lahy) ary ''Cognaçaises'' (vavy).

Izy no faritra an-tanàn-dehibe faharoa lehibe indrindra ao amin'ny departemantan'i Charente aorian'i [[Angoulême]].

==Jeografia==
406 km miala an'i [[Paris]], 81 km miala an'i [[La Rochelle]] ary 97 km miala an'i [[Bordeaux]] ny Cognac.

==Jereo koa==
[[fr:Cognac (Charente)]]
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao Frantsa]]
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao amin'ny faritr'i Charente-Maritime]]</text>
      <sha1>e7nvttwbckkak8jjmi81k85ekx9x8rp</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sokajy:Tanàna ao Nouvelle-Aquitaine</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>299084</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135335</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T02:42:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « [[Sokajy:Nouvelle-Aquitaine]] [[Sokajy:Tanàna ao Frantsa]] »</comment>
      <origin>1135335</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="59" sha1="n7dneztj92x9ppwgpg14ohxkhbios31" xml:space="preserve">[[Sokajy:Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao Frantsa]]</text>
      <sha1>n7dneztj92x9ppwgpg14ohxkhbios31</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Nantenaina Lee</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>299085</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135339</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T03:35:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nantenaina Lee</username>
        <id>39312</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « My name is Randrianirina Nantenaina Lee. You can call me Lee. I’m from Madagascar »</comment>
      <origin>1135339</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="83" sha1="6d7ze1m3yta6txj3calbvinjno92tev" xml:space="preserve">My name is Randrianirina Nantenaina Lee. You can call me Lee. I’m from Madagascar</text>
      <sha1>6d7ze1m3yta6txj3calbvinjno92tev</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135342</id>
      <parentid>1135339</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T04:05:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nantenaina Lee</username>
        <id>39312</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135342</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="94" sha1="3a6ethtx5fssa4pcxtc73lr7kd41g2f" xml:space="preserve">=== 'My name is Randrianirina Nantenaina Lee. You can call me Lee. I’m from Madagascar.. ===</text>
      <sha1>3a6ethtx5fssa4pcxtc73lr7kd41g2f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Andrea Avojanahary</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>299086</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135340</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T03:36:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrea Avojanahary</username>
        <id>39311</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « ￼My name is Andrea AVOJANAHARY, and I am from Madagascar »</comment>
      <origin>1135340</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="58" sha1="rdqkd6z4i33tlv6me82gvr13sq0w2r7" xml:space="preserve">￼My name is Andrea AVOJANAHARY, and I am from Madagascar</text>
      <sha1>rdqkd6z4i33tlv6me82gvr13sq0w2r7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135341</id>
      <parentid>1135340</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T03:59:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrea Avojanahary</username>
        <id>39311</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Références</comment>
      <origin>1135341</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="75" sha1="fcqbh5etgxqbx4a12w2ary3wy5h206e" xml:space="preserve">￼Je m'appelle Andrea AVOJANAHARY, je viens de [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Madagasikara]]]</text>
      <sha1>fcqbh5etgxqbx4a12w2ary3wy5h206e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tim Drygala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299087</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135344</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T05:28:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « '''Tim Drygala''' (* 1963 any [[Lübeck]]) dia [[mpanao politika]], [[mpisolovava]] sy [[mpampianatra]] [[Alemaina|alemà]] ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i [[Leipzig]].&lt;ref&gt;(de) [https://www.jura.uni-leipzig.de/professur-prof-dr-drygala Professur Dr. Drygala]&lt;/ref&gt; Ny sehatry ny fikarohana sy ny asany dia ny raharaham-barotra, ny fiarovana ary ny lalàna ara-barotra.  ==Antoko Freiheit== Mpikambana ao amin'ny antoko ''Team Freiheit'' naorin'i [[Frauke Petry]] izy.  =... »</comment>
      <origin>1135344</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1697" sha1="h0fug5iqijfy9chskkybgnfi011a8x4" xml:space="preserve">'''Tim Drygala''' (* 1963 any [[Lübeck]]) dia [[mpanao politika]], [[mpisolovava]] sy [[mpampianatra]] [[Alemaina|alemà]] ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i [[Leipzig]].&lt;ref&gt;(de) [https://www.jura.uni-leipzig.de/professur-prof-dr-drygala Professur Dr. Drygala]&lt;/ref&gt; Ny sehatry ny fikarohana sy ny asany dia ny raharaham-barotra, ny fiarovana ary ny lalàna ara-barotra.

==Antoko Freiheit==
Mpikambana ao amin'ny antoko ''Team Freiheit'' naorin'i [[Frauke Petry]] izy.

==Fiainana==
Nanomboka nianatra lalàna tao [[Giessen]] i Drygala tamin'ny 1982 ary nandalo ny fanadinana lalàna momba ny fanjakana voalohany tamin'ny 1987. 
Tamin'ny 1990 dia nahazo ny diplaomany tao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Gießen izy niaraka tamin'ny tesis momba ny fiarovana ny mpampindram-bola nandritra ny fandroahana orinasa mahazatra. Taorian'ny fiofanana ara-dalàna tao [[Frankfurt am Main]] sy ny fanadinam-panjakana faharoa momba ny lalàna, dia niasa ho mpanampy mpikaroka an'i Marcus Lutter tany [[Bonn]] i Drygala. 

Drygala dia nahavita ny habilitation tamin'ny 1999 miaraka amin'ny thesis momba ny fanaraha-maso ny votoatin'ny fepetra fiarovana.

Tamin'ny Aprily 2002 dia nahazo toerana tao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Leipzig izy. Hatramin'ny semester ririnina tamin'ny 2002/03 dia nitana ny seza ho an'ny lalàna sivily, ara-barotra, orinasa ary orinasa izy.&lt;ref&gt;(de) [https://www.corrigenda.online/politik/interview-mit-tim-drygala-ihr-ruiniert-das-land-und-da-mache-ich-nicht-mit Ihr ruiniert das Land, und da mache ich nicht mit]&lt;/ref&gt;

*[https://x.com/TDrygala Drygala no ''X'' ]

==Jereo koa==

[[de:Tim Drygala]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika alemana]]
[[Sokajy:mpisolovava alemana]]
[[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1963]]</text>
      <sha1>h0fug5iqijfy9chskkybgnfi011a8x4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sokajy:Mpisolovava alemana</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>299088</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135345</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T05:29:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « [[Sokajy:mpanao alemainy]] [[Sokajy:mpisolovava]] »</comment>
      <origin>1135345</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="49" sha1="9wc7zcmn08ubrz8c93p0woyvz3637o3" xml:space="preserve">[[Sokajy:mpanao alemainy]]
[[Sokajy:mpisolovava]]</text>
      <sha1>9wc7zcmn08ubrz8c93p0woyvz3637o3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Frauke Petry</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299089</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135350</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T05:47:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « [[File:2016-05-13 Frauke Petry 5372 (cropped).JPG|thumb|Frauke Petry (2016)] '''Frauke Petry''' , (teraka ny 1 Jiona 1975 tao [[Dresden]] ho Frauke Marquardt) dia [[mpanao politika]] mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i {{Alemaina}}.  Talohan'ny asany ara-politika dia niasa ho mpandraharaha ihany koa ilay mpahay [[simia]].  Tamin'ny taona 2013, lasa iray amin'ireo mpitondra tenin'ny antoko AfD telo sy filohan'ny AfD Sachsen i Petry. Tamin'ny fifidianana fanjakana tany Saxo... »</comment>
      <origin>1135350</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1299" sha1="6k1p47azgvu5j7r6c3z79kzrfftj7yr" xml:space="preserve">[[File:2016-05-13 Frauke Petry 5372 (cropped).JPG|thumb|Frauke Petry (2016)]
'''Frauke Petry''' , (teraka ny 1 Jiona 1975 tao [[Dresden]] ho Frauke Marquardt) dia [[mpanao politika]] mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i {{Alemaina}}.

Talohan'ny asany ara-politika dia niasa ho mpandraharaha ihany koa ilay mpahay [[simia]].

Tamin'ny taona 2013, lasa iray amin'ireo mpitondra tenin'ny antoko AfD telo sy filohan'ny AfD Sachsen i Petry.
Tamin'ny fifidianana fanjakana tany Saxony tamin'ny 2014, lasa mpikambana ao amin'ny parlemanta ao amin'ny fanjakan'i Sachsen izy.

Tamin'ny fifidianana federaly 2017, nahazo baiko mivantana ho an'ny AfD tao amin'ny faritra federaly Sachsen-Eisengebirge izy. Indray andro taorian'ny fifidianana federaly tamin'ny taona 2017, nahagaga fa nanambara tamin'ny fiandohan'ny valan-dresaka ho an'ny mpanao gazety federaly izy fa tsy ho mpikambana ao amin'ny vondrona parlemantera AfD.

Niala tao amin'ny AfD izy tamin'ny faran'ny volana septambra 2017.
Tamin'ny Oktobra 2025 dia nanangana ny Antoko Liberaly ''Team Freiheit'' niaraka tamin'i [[Tim Drygala]] izy&lt;ref&gt;(de) [https://www.team-freiheit.de/#team Team-Freiheit]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Jereo koa==
{{commonscat}}
[[de:Frauke Petry]]
[[Sokajy:mpahay simia alemà]]
[[Sokajy:mpanao politika alemainy]]
[[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1975]]</text>
      <sha1>6k1p47azgvu5j7r6c3z79kzrfftj7yr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135352</id>
      <parentid>1135350</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T05:51:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1135352</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1355" sha1="hmjftatcy7yferbx083w88h3hxlr9zy" xml:space="preserve">[[File:2016-05-13 Frauke Petry 5372 (cropped).JPG|thumb|Frauke Petry (2016)]]
'''Frauke Petry''' , (teraka ny 1 Jiona 1975 tao [[Dresden]] ho Frauke Marquardt) dia [[mpanao politika]] mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i {{Alemaina}}.

Talohan'ny asany ara-politika dia niasa ho mpandraharaha ihany koa ilay mpahay [[simia]].

Tamin'ny taona 2013, lasa iray amin'ireo mpitondra tenin'ny antoko AfD telo sy filohan'ny AfD Sachsen i Petry.
Tamin'ny fifidianana fanjakana tany Saxony tamin'ny 2014, lasa mpikambana ao amin'ny parlemanta ao amin'ny fanjakan'i Sachsen izy.

Tamin'ny fifidianana federaly 2017, nahazo baiko mivantana ho an'ny AfD tao amin'ny faritra federaly Sachsen-Eisengebirge izy. Indray andro taorian'ny fifidianana federaly tamin'ny taona 2017, nahagaga fa nanambara tamin'ny fiandohan'ny valan-dresaka ho an'ny mpanao gazety federaly izy fa tsy ho mpikambana ao amin'ny vondrona parlemantera AfD.

Niala tao amin'ny AfD izy tamin'ny faran'ny volana septambra 2017.
Tamin'ny Oktobra 2025 dia nanangana ny Antoko Liberaly ''Team Freiheit'' niaraka tamin'i [[Tim Drygala]] izy&lt;ref&gt;(de) [https://www.team-freiheit.de/#team Team-Freiheit]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Jereo koa==
{{commonscat}}
[[de:Frauke Petry]]
[[Sokajy:mpahay simia alemà|Petry]]
[[Sokajy:mpanao politika alemana|Petry]]
[[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1975]]
[[Sokajy:Solombavambahoaka alemainy|Petry]]</text>
      <sha1>hmjftatcy7yferbx083w88h3hxlr9zy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sokajy:Mpahay simia alemà</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>299090</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135351</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T05:47:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « [[Sokajy:mpahay simia]] [[Sokajy:mpanao alemainy]] »</comment>
      <origin>1135351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50" sha1="007gil07txu1ie66a9b3ywk2cjar3o5" xml:space="preserve">[[Sokajy:mpahay simia]]
[[Sokajy:mpanao alemainy]]</text>
      <sha1>007gil07txu1ie66a9b3ywk2cjar3o5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sokajy:Solombavambahoaka alemainy</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>299091</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135353</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T05:51:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HarryWurst</username>
        <id>36292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « [[Sokajy:Solombavambahoaka]] [[Sokajy:Mpanao politika alemana]] »</comment>
      <origin>1135353</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="63" sha1="2738edjq82ohxedznyca51931i56wtu" xml:space="preserve">[[Sokajy:Solombavambahoaka]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika alemana]]</text>
      <sha1>2738edjq82ohxedznyca51931i56wtu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>LPKWJ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299092</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135355</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T08:29:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ahtgr</username>
        <id>39314</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>aveo</comment>
      <origin>1135355</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1196" sha1="cy6t76s0frxsa0vu5mhtvvfgai0gnl8" xml:space="preserve">'''LPKWJ''' é uma empresa norte-americana de tecnologia especializada em infraestruturas de dados e automação de processos.  e atua nos setores da e gestão de ativos digitais.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/03/09/3251958/0/en/LPKWJ-Activates-ZK-Verified-Infrastructure-as-February-2026-Exchange-Halts-Reignite-Solvency-Concerns.html LPKWJ Activates ZK-Verified Infrastructure as February 2026 Exchange Halts Reignite Solvency Concerns]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tecnologia ==
A LPKWJ desenvolveu [[o]] sistema proprietário A.L.I.Q. (Adaptative Liquidity Intelligence Quantum), uma plataforma modular que utiliza aprendizagem automática para otimizar fluxos de informação e executar ordens de forma inteligente. O sistema inclui módulos de encaminhamento de dados e oráculos de monitorização de risco sistémico.&lt;ref&gt;[https://whalewisdom.com/filer/lpkwj-digital-services-ltd LPKWJ DIGITAL SERVICES LTD]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Segurança ==
A empresa adota uma arquitetura de custódia multicamada, com armazenamento geograficamente disperso e protocolos criptográficos avançados, garantindo a integridade e o controlo operacional sem pontos únicos de falha.

== Referências ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1135357</id>
      <parentid>1135355</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T08:37:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ZoAndriamifidisoa</username>
        <id>36396</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy nofotsiana</comment>
      <origin>1135357</origin>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cefalexin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299093</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135358</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T08:39:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1459105|Cefalexin]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1135358</origin>
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      <text bytes="10834" sha1="39eylncmu3wojfvehnzxlnuuc5wj2mi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =457630940
|image            =Cefalexin.svg
|image2           =Cefalexin ball-and-stick.png

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|ɛ|f|ə|ˈ|l|ɛ|k|s|ᵻ|n}}
|tradename        =Keflex, Ceporex, others&lt;ref name=McP2007/&gt;
|synonyms         =
|BAN              =Cephalexin
|USAN             =cephalexin
|IUPAC_name       =(7R)-3-Methyl-7- (α- D -phenylglycylamino) -3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid monohydrate

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[Antibiotic]] (1st-generation [[cephalosporin]])&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;
|uses             =[[otitis media|Middle ear]], [[bone infection|bone]] and [[joint infection|joint]], [[Skin infection#Bacterial|skin]], and [[urinary tract infection]]s&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;
|side_effects     =Upset stomach, diarrhea, allergic reactions&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =A
|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Cephalexin Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=28 December 2018 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/cephalexin.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=7 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207073035/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/cephalexin.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pregnancy_US     =B
|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;
|pregnancy_category=
|breastfeeding    =
|onset            =
|duration_of_action=
|defined_daily_dose=2 grams&lt;ref name=who&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DB01 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201084015/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DB01 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|routes_of_use    =By mouth
|typical_dose     =

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{Drugs.com|monograph|Cephalexin}}
|MedlinePlus      =a682733

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S4
|legal_UK         =POM
|legal_US         =Rx-only
|DailyMedID       =Cephalexin
|licence_US       =Keflex

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =Well absorbed
|protein_bound    =15%
|metabolism       =80% excreted unchanged in urine within 6 hours
|elimination_half-life=0.6–1.2 hours (adult with normal kidney function)&lt;ref&gt;McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service — Drug Information 95. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1995 (Plus Supplements 1995)., p. 166&lt;/ref&gt;
|excretion        =[[Kidney]]

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =16
|H                =17
|N                =3
|O                =4
|S                =1
|SMILES           =O=C2N1/C(=C(\CS[C@@H]1[C@@H]2NC(=O)[C@@H](c3ccccc3)N)C)C(=O)O
|StdInChI         =1S/C16H17N3O4S/c1-8-7-24-15-11(14(21)19(15)12(8)16(22)23)18-13(20)10(17)9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,10-11,15H,7,17H2,1H3,(H,18,20)(H,22,23)/t10-,11-,15-/m1/s1
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =ZAIPMKNFIOOWCQ-UEKVPHQBSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|melting_point    =326.8
|drug_name        =Cefalexin
}}
'''Ny Cefalexin''', izay soratana koa hoe '''cephalexin''', indraindray antsoina hoe '''Keflex''' ankoatra ny hafa, dia [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cephalexin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/cephalexin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Apr 21, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501202910/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/cephalexin.html|archive-date=2014-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ampiasaina hitsaboana aretina bakteria maromaro izy io, anisan'izany ny aretina amin'ny sofina afovoany, taolana sy tonon-taolana, hoditra, ary lalan-drà.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina amin'ny karazana pnemonia sasany, aretin'ny tenda, ary hisorohana ny endocarditis bakteria ihany koa izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Tsy mahomby amin'ny aretina vokatry ny Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), ''Enterococcus'', na ''Pseudomonas'' &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwLw&quot;&gt;izay&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; mahatohitra ny methicillin ny Cefalexin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Toy ny antibiotika hafa, tsy afaka mitsabo aretina virosy izy, toy ny [[gripa]], sery mahazatra na bronchitis mahery vaika.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Na dia azo ampiasaina amin'ireo manana ny mety amin'ny [[penisilinina]] malefaka na antonony aza izy io, dia tsy soso-kevitra ho an'ireo manana alèjy amin'ny penisilinina mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny zava-doza  mahazatra ny aretin'ny vavony sy ny aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Mety hitranga ihany koa ny fihetseham-po mahazaka na aretina vokatry ny &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwTg&quot;&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, izay antony mahatonga ny aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Toa tsy manimba ny zaza ny fampiasana azy mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] na ny fampinonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TGA2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Breast2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Breastfeeding and Medication|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136178153|page=227|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y8lbCnF1mgC&amp;pg=PA227|last=Wendy Jones|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135050/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y8lbCnF1mgC&amp;pg=PA227|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo ampiasaina amin'ny ankizy sy ireo mihoatra ny 65 taona izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Mety mila ahena ny fatrany ireo manana olana amin'ny voa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Cefalexin dia antibiotika beta-lactam ao anatin'ny kilasin'ny cephalosporins taranaka voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Mamono bakteria gram-positive sy gram-negative sasany izy amin'ny alàlan'ny fanakanana ny fitomboan'ny rindrin'ny sela bakteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Mitovy amin'ny fiasan'ny fanafody hafa ao anatin'ity kilasy ity izy io, anisan'izany ny cefazolin ampidirina amin'ny lalan-dra, saingy azo raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brunton2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Brunton|first=Laurence L.|title=Goodman &amp; Gilman's pharmacological basis of therapeutics.|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0071624428|edition=12th|chapter=53, Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and Other β-Lactam Antibiotics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Noforonina tamin'ny taona 1967 ny Cefalexin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hey2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=Hey|editor-first=Edmund|title=Neonatal formulary 5 drug use in pregnancy and the first year of life|date=2007|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=9780470750353|page=67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aumIBqHmChwC&amp;pg=PA67|edition=5th|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135050/https://books.google.com/books?id=aumIBqHmChwC&amp;pg=PA67|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Navoaka voalohany tamin'ny 1969 izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;McP2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=McPherson|first=Edwin M.|title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia.|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|location=Burlington|isbn=9780815518563|page=915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&amp;pg=PA915|edition=3rd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135051/https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&amp;pg=PA915|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ravina|first=Enrique|title=The evolution of drug discovery : from traditional medicines to modern drugs|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-VCH|location=Weinheim|isbn=9783527326693|page=267|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&amp;pg=PA267|edition=1. Aufl.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135051/https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&amp;pg=PA267|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana fanafody generika azo vidiana ary tsy lafo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hanlon|first=Geoffrey|title=Essential Microbiology for Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science|date=2012|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781118432433|page=140|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4Ucifn76PUC&amp;pg=PT140|last2=Hodges, Norman|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135051/https://books.google.com/books?id=P4Ucifn76PUC&amp;pg=PT140|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-102 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny fito tapitrisa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cephalexin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Cephalexin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620032324/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Cephalexin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tany Kanada, io no antibiotika fahadimy nampiasaina betsaka indrindra tamin'ny taona 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/aspc-phac/HP37-20-2013-eng.pdf|title=Human Antimicrobial Drug Use Report 2012/2013|date=November 2014|access-date=February 24, 2015|publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321041930/http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/aspc-phac/HP37-20-2013-eng.pdf|archive-date=March 21, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Aostralia, iray amin'ireo fanafody 15 be mpampiasa indrindra izy io.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Australia's Health 2012: The Thirteenth Biennial Health Report of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare|date=2012|publisher=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare|isbn=9781742493053|page=408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CazE2WqNBEC&amp;pg=PT424|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135051/https://books.google.com/books?id=1CazE2WqNBEC&amp;pg=PT424|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>39eylncmu3wojfvehnzxlnuuc5wj2mi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vaky ny karandohany</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299094</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135361</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T09:02:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456502|Basilar skull fracture]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1135361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3635" sha1="dcai2y09s258xqy5nsp38e2ucjh4vkh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Basilar skull fracture
|synonym          =Basal skull fracture, skull base fractures&lt;ref name=Bau2014/&gt;
|image            =Tempbonefract.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =A subtle temporal bone fracture as seen on CT in a person with a severe head injury
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Emergency medicine]], [[neurosurgery]]
|symptoms         =[[Battle sign|Bruising behind the ears]], [[periorbital ecchymosis|bruising around the eyes]], [[hemotympanum|blood behind the ear drum]]&lt;ref name=Bau2014/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Major trauma|Trauma]]&lt;ref name=Bau2014/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[CT scan]]&lt;ref name=Bau2014/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Based on injuries inside the [[skull]]&lt;ref name=Bau2014/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =≈12% of severe [[head injuries]]&lt;ref name=Bau2014/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny '''vaky karandoha basilar''' dia tapaka taolana eo amin'ny fotony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Baugnon|first=KL|last2=Hudgins|first2=PA|title=Skull base fractures and their complications|journal=Neuroimaging Clinics of North America|date=August 2014|volume=24|issue=3|pages=439–65, vii–viii|doi=10.1016/j.nic.2014.03.001|pmid=25086806}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ahitana mangana ao ambadiky ny sofina, mangana manodidina ny maso, na rà ao ambadiky ny ampongan-tsofina ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt; Miseho amin'ny 20% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga ny fivoahan'ny ranoka cerebrospinal (CSF) ary mety hahatonga fivoahan'ny ranoka avy amin'ny orona na sofina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt; Fahasarotana eo amin'ny 14% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga ny meningite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nel2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nellis|first=JC|last2=Kesser|first2=BW|last3=Park|first3=SS|title=What is the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in basilar skull fractures?|journal=The Laryngoscope|date=January 2014|volume=124|issue=1|pages=8–9|doi=10.1002/lary.23934|pmid=24122671}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny fahasarotana hafa ny ratra amin'ny nerveo na ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt;

Matetika izy ireo dia mitaky ratra mafy vao mitranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt; Ny taolana tapaka dia farafahakeliny iray amin'ireto taolana manaraka ireto: taolana temporal, taolana occipital, taolana sphenoid, taolana frontal, na taolana ethmoid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt; Mizara ho fossa anterior, fossa afovoany, ary fossa posterior vaky izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt; Matetika koa no mitranga ny vaky eo amin'ny tarehy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny fitiliana dia atao amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana CT.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt;

Amin'ny ankapobeny, ny fitsaboana dia mifototra amin'ny ratra amin'ny rafitra ao anatin'ny loha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt; Azo atao ny fandidiana raha misy fivoahan'ny CSF tsy mijanona na ratra amin'ny lalan-dra na ozatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny fampiasana [[Antibiôtika|ireo antibiotika]] fisorohana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ra2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ratilal|first=Bernardo O|last2=Costa|first2=João|last3=Pappamikail|first3=Lia|last4=Sampaio|first4=Cristina|last5=Ratilal|first5=Bernardo O|title=Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing meningitis in patients with basilar skull fractures|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=4|issue=4|pages=CD004884|year=2015|pmid=25918919|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004884.pub4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nel2014&quot; /&gt; Mitranga amin'ny 12% eo ho eo amin'ny olona manana ratra mafy amin'ny loha izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>dcai2y09s258xqy5nsp38e2ucjh4vkh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Memantine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299095</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135364</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T09:14:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456619|Memantine]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1135364</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5625" sha1="bk7pimqi0cmghwmrvfr4s53p7j0kf1e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|verifiedrevid    =461742099
|image            =Memantine structure.svg
|width            =150
|image2           =Memantine ball-and-stick model.png
|width2           =185

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        =
|tradename        =Axura, Ebixa, Namenda, others&lt;ref name=brands&gt;{{cite web|title=International brands for memantine|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/memantine.html|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=7 August 2017|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425035105/https://www.drugs.com/international/memantine.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425035105/https://www.drugs.com/international/memantine.html |date=25 April 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|synonyms         =
|IUPAC_name       =3,5-dimethyltricyclo[3.3.1.1&lt;sup&gt;3,7&lt;/sup&gt;]decan-1amine&lt;br /&gt;or&lt;br /&gt;3,5-dimethyladamantan-1-amine

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[NMDA receptor]] inhibitor&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|uses             =[[Alzheimer's disease]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|side_effects     =Headache, constipation, sleepiness, dizziness&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =B2
|pregnancy_US     =B
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=By mouth
|onset            =
|duration_of_action=
|defined_daily_dose=20 mg&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06DX01 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=7 September 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727070119/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06DX01 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727070119/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06DX01 |date=27 July 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|memantine-hydrochloride}}
|MedlinePlus      =a604006

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S4
|legal_UK         =POM
|legal_US         =Rx-only
|DailyMedID       =Memantine
|licence_US       =Namenda
|licence_EU       =yes

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =~100%
|metabolism       =[[Liver]] (&lt;10%)
|elimination_half-life=60–100 hours
|excretion        =[[Kidney]]

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =12
|H                =21
|N                =1
|SMILES           =NC12CC3(CC(C1)(CC(C2)C3)C)C
|StdInChI         =1S/C12H21N/c1-10-3-9-4-11(2,6-10)8-12(13,5-9)7-10/h9H,3-8,13H2,1-2H3
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =BUGYDGFZZOZRHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|drug_name        =Memantine
}}Memantine dia fanafody ampiasaina amin’ny fitsaboana ny aretin’i Alzheimer antonony ka hatramin’ny mafy. [1] [2] Tsy dia ampiasaina loatra izy io raha oharina amin’ny fanafody mpanakana ny acetylcholinesterase toy ny donepezil. [2] Tokony hotohizana ny fitsaboana raha hita fa mahomby. [2] Atelina amin’ny vava izy io. [1]

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny aretin'andoha, fitohanana, fahatsapana rendremana ary fanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Memantine Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/memantine-hydrochloride.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425032939/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/memantine-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=303–304|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ahitana fivontosan-dra, aretin-tsaina, ary tsy fahombiazan'ny fo ny voka-dratsiny mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Inoana fa miasa amin'ny fanakanana ireo mpandray NMDA izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Nekena ho ampiasaina ara-pitsaboana tany Etazonia tamin'ny taona 2003 ny Memantine.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Mitentina 1.60 GBP eo ho eo ho an'ny NHS ny famatsiana iray volana any Royaume-Uni tamin'ny taona 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Any Etazonia, ny vidin'ity vola ity amin'ny ambongadiny dia eo amin'ny 5.50 dolara amerikana eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADAC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-149 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny efatra tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Memantine Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/MemantineHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708061150/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/MemantineHydrochloride|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>bk7pimqi0cmghwmrvfr4s53p7j0kf1e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ra mandriaka ao anaty atidoha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299096</id>
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      <id>1135365</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458121|Intracerebral hemorrhage]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="7034" sha1="sennyoyba4kxvl3hllockk0lwqprtid" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Intracerebral hemorrhage
|synonym          =Cerebral haemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhage, intra-axial hemorrhage, cerebral hematoma, cerebral bleed, brain bleed
|image            =Intracerebral hemorrage (CT scan).jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[CT scan]] of a spontaneous intracerebral bleed, leaking into the [[lateral ventricles]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Neurosurgery]]
|symptoms         =[[Headache]], one-sided weakness, vomiting, seizures, [[decreased level of consciousness]], [[neck stiffness]], [[fever]]&lt;ref name=Hem2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ca2012/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Traumatic brain injury|Brain trauma]], [[brain aneurysm|aneurysm]]s, [[arteriovenous malformation]]s, [[brain tumors]]&lt;ref name=Hem2015/&gt;
|risks            =[[Hypertension|High blood pressure]], [[amyloidosis]], [[alcoholism]], [[low cholesterol]], [[blood thinners]], [[cocaine]] use&lt;ref name=Ca2012/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[CT scan]]&lt;ref name=Hem2015/&gt;
|differential     =[[Stroke|Ischemic stroke]]&lt;ref name=Hem2015/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Blood pressure]] control, surgery, [[ventricular drain]] &lt;ref name=Hem2015/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =20% good outcome&lt;ref name=Ca2012/&gt;
|frequency        =2.5 per 10,000 people a year&lt;ref name=Ca2012/&gt;
|deaths           =44% die within one month&lt;ref name=Ca2012/&gt;
}}Ny rà mandriaka ao anaty atidoha (ICH), fantatra koa amin’ny hoe hemorrhagia intracérébrale, dia karazana rà mandriaka ao anaty atidoha izay mitranga ao anatin’ny atidoha na ao amin’ny ventricles. [1]

Anisan’ny soritr’aretina mety hiseho: aretin’andoha, fahalemena amin’ny ilany iray amin’ny vatana, fandoavana, fikorontanan-tsaina, fihenan’ny fahatsiarovan-tena, ary fihenjanan’ny hatoka. [2]

Matetika dia miharatsy tsikelikely ireo soritr’aretina ireo rehefa mandeha ny fotoana. [3] Fahita ihany koa ny tazo. [3]

Amin’ny ankamaroan’ny tranga dia mitranga ao anatin’ny atidoha na ao amin’ny ventricles ny rà mandriaka. [3]

Anisan'ny antony mahatonga izany ny ratra amin'ny atidoha, ny aneurysm, ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha, ary ny fivontosan'ny atidoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hem2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hemphill JC|first=3rd|last2=Greenberg|first2=SM|last3=Anderson|first3=CS|last4=Becker|first4=K|last5=Bendok|first5=BR|last6=Cushman|first6=M|last7=Fung|first7=GL|last8=Goldstein|first8=JN|last9=Macdonald|first9=RL|last10=Mitchell|first10=PH|last11=Scott|first11=PA|last12=Selim|first12=MH|last13=Woo|first13=D|last14=American Heart Association Stroke Council|last15=Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing|title=Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association|journal=Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation|date=July 2015|volume=46|issue=7|pages=2032–60|pmid=26022637|doi=10.1161/str.0000000000000069}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny anton-javatra mampidi-doza lehibe indrindra mahatonga ny rà mandriaka tampoka dia ny fiakaran'ny tosidrà sy ny amyloidosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ca2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Caceres|first=JA|last2=Goldstein|first2=JN|title=Intracranial hemorrhage|journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America|date=August 2012|volume=30|issue=3|pages=771–94|pmid=22974648|doi=10.1016/j.emc.2012.06.003|pmc=3443867}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza koa ny fisotroan-toaka, ny kolesterola ambany, ny fanafody manalefaka ny ra, ary ny fampiasana [[kôkainina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ca2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny fitiliana dia atao amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana CT.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hem2015&quot; /&gt; Karazana fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra mikoriana izy io.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Types of Stroke {{!}} cdc.gov|url=https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/types_of_stroke.htm|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=27 December 2020|language=en-us|date=31 January 2020|archive-date=27 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627061518/http://www.cdc.gov/stroke/types_of_stroke.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny toe-javatra hafa mety hiseho mitovy amin'izany dia ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha (AVC ischemic ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hem2015&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitsaboana dia tokony hatao ao amin'ny sampana fitsaboana vonjy taitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hem2015&quot; /&gt; Torolalana manoro hevitra ny hampidina ny [[Tosi-dra|tosidra]] ho amin'ny [[Tosi-dra|systolic]] 130 ka hatramin'ny 140&amp;nbsp;mmHg.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gre2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Greenberg|first=Steven M.|last2=Ziai|first2=Wendy C.|last3=Cordonnier|first3=Charlotte|last4=Dowlatshahi|first4=Dar|last5=Francis|first5=Brandon|last6=Goldstein|first6=Joshua N.|last7=Hemphill|first7=J. Claude|last8=Johnson|first8=Ronda|last9=Keigher|first9=Kiffon M.|last10=Mack|first10=William J.|last11=Mocco|first11=J.|last12=Newton|first12=Eileena J.|last13=Ruff|first13=Ilana M.|last14=Sansing|first14=Lauren H.|last15=Schulman|first15=Sam|title=2022 Guideline for the Management of Patients With Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association|journal=Stroke|date=July 2022|volume=53|issue=7|doi=10.1161/STR.0000000000000407}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ko|first=SB|last2=Yoon|first2=BW|title=Blood Pressure Management for Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: The Evidence|journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|date=December 2017|volume=38|issue=6|pages=718–725|doi=10.1055/s-0037-1608777|pmid=29262429}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tokony haverina ampiasaina raha azo atao ny fanafody mampihena ny tahan'ny siramamy ao amin'ny ra ary tokony hotazonina ho ara-dalàna ny tahan'ny siramamy ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hem2015&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina hitsaboana [[Hydrocephalus|ny hydrocephalus]] ny fandidiana fametrahana tatatra ventricular saingy tsy tokony hampiasaina ny corticosteroids.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hem2015&quot; /&gt; Ilaina amin'ny tranga sasany ny fandidiana hanesorana ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hem2015&quot; /&gt;

Mahatratra 2.5 eo ho eo isaky ny 10.000 olona isan-taona ny rà mandriaka ao amin'ny atidoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ca2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika kokoa no mitranga amin'ny lehilahy sy ny zokiolona izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ca2012&quot; /&gt; Eo amin'ny 44% eo ho eo amin'ireo voakasik'izany no maty ao anatin'ny iray volana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ca2012&quot; /&gt; Mitranga eo amin'ny 20% eo ho eo amin'ireo voakasik'izany ny vokatra tsara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ca2012&quot; /&gt; Ny rà mandriaka ao anatin'ny atidoha dia novahana voalohany tamin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra vokatry ny tsy fahampian'ny fikorianan'ny ra, izay antsoina hoe &quot;leaks and plugs&quot;, tamin'ny 1823.&lt;ref name=&quot;Henn2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hennerici|first=Michael|title=Imaging in Stroke|date=2003|publisher=Remedica|isbn=9781901346251|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RG6be-FhMxEC&amp;pg=PA1|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002095126/https://books.google.com/books?id=RG6be-FhMxEC&amp;pg=PA1|archive-date=2016-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>sennyoyba4kxvl3hllockk0lwqprtid</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kitrotro amin'ny tendany</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299097</id>
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      <id>1135366</id>
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        <id>34924</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1469252|Plantar wart]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="4002" sha1="s6slkulzar7ce71u8tts7z9pra36yp4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Plantar wart
|synonym          =Verruca, myrmecia, verruca plantaris&lt;ref name=&quot;andrews&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=James, William D. |author2=Berger, Timothy G. |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |location= |year=2006 |pages=405 |isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image            =Largeplanterwart.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Close up image of a large plantar wart
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Dermatology]]
|symptoms         =Skin colored lesion, may be painful&lt;ref name=V2016/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Two years&lt;ref name=V2016/&gt;
|causes           =[[Human papillomavirus infection|Human papillomavirus]] (HPV)&lt;ref name=V2016/&gt;
|risks            =Communal showers, prior warts, [[immunocompromised|poor immune function]]&lt;ref name=V2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Fer2018/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms&lt;ref name=Fer2018/&gt;
|differential     =[[Callus]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[squamous cell carcinoma]]&lt;ref name=V2016/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Medical uses of salicylic acid|Salicylic acid]], [[cryotherapy]], surgical removal&lt;ref name=V2016/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =Common&lt;ref name=AO2017/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny &quot;plantar wart&quot; dia karazana wart miseho eo amin’ny faladian’ny tongotra na amin’ny rantsan-tongotra. [1] Matetika mitovy loko amin’ny hoditra izy ireo. [2] Matetika misy teboka mainty kely eo amboniny. [1] Mety hiseho tokana na maromaro amin’ny faritra iray izy ireo. [2] Mety hanaintaina rehefa tsindriana izy ireo ka mahatonga ny fandehanana ho sarotra. [2]

Ny viriosy papilloma olombelona (HPV) no mahatonga azy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;V2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vlahovic|first=TC|last2=Khan|first2=MT|title=The Human Papillomavirus and Its Role in Plantar Warts: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnosis and Management.|journal=Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery|date=July 2016|volume=33|issue=3|pages=337–53|doi=10.1016/j.cpm.2016.02.003|pmid=27215155}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilaina ny ratra amin'ny hoditra vao misy aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;V2016&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny fampiasana fandroana iraisana, ny efa nanana ketrona teo aloha, ary ny tsy fahampian'ny hery fiarovana.&lt;ref name=&quot;V2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323529570|page=1375|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1375|language=en|access-date=2017-11-11|archive-date=2017-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111204644/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1375|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2018&quot; /&gt;

Ilaina ny fitsaboana raha toa ka miteraka soritr'aretina izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2018&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana asidra salisilika, fitsaboana amin'ny alalan'ny cryotherapy, na fanesorana amin'ny alalan'ny fandidiana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;V2016&quot; /&gt; Tokony hesorina amin'ny ankapobeny ny hoditra eo ambonin'ny fery alohan'ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;V2016&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny ampahatelony ka hatramin'ny roa ampahatelon'ny tranga dia afaka tsy misy fitsaboana manokana izy ireo, na izany aza dia mety haharitra roa taona izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;V2016&quot; /&gt; Fahita matetika ny ketrona amin'ny tendron-tongotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;AO2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Plantar Warts|url=http://www.aofas.org/footcaremd/conditions/ailments-of-the-big-toe/Pages/Plantar-Warts.aspx|website=AOFAS|access-date=11 November 2017|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111204815/http://www.aofas.org/footcaremd/conditions/ailments-of-the-big-toe/Pages/Plantar-Warts.aspx|archive-date=11 November 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankizy sy ny tanora no tena voakasik'izany matetika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2018&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>s6slkulzar7ce71u8tts7z9pra36yp4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tongotra kibo</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458728|Clubfoot]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="6642" sha1="pl12lu87yd1moczz7xsx9xqu215zrqu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Clubfoot
|synonym          =Clubfeet, congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV)&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;
|image            =Pied bot, varus équin (bilateral).jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Bilateral clubfeet
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedics]], [[podiatry]]
|symptoms         =Foot that is rotated inwards and downwards&lt;ref name=NIH2017/&gt;
|onset            =During early pregnancy&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =Unknown&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;
|risks            =[[Genetics]], [[Smoking and pregnancy|mother who smokes cigarettes]], males&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Physical examination]], [[prenatal ultrasound|ultrasound during pregnancy]]&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Dob2009/&gt;
|differential     =[[Metatarsus adductus]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Moses|first1=Scott|title=Clubfoot|url=http://www.fpnotebook.com/Ortho/Peds/Clbft.htm|website=www.fpnotebook.com|access-date=15 October 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150501/http://www.fpnotebook.com/Ortho/Peds/Clbft.htm|archive-date=15 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Ponseti method]] (manipulation, casting, cutting the [[Achilles tendon]], braces), French method, surgery&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Dob2009/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Good with proper treatment&lt;ref name=Dob2009/&gt;
|frequency        =1 to 4 in 1,000&lt;ref name=Dob2009/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny tongotra mikitoantoana dia kilema hatrany am-bohoka izay mahatonga ny tongotra iray na roa hihodina mankany anatiny ary hitongilana midina. [1] [2]

Mety ho kely kokoa ny haben’ny tongotra sy ny ranjo voakasika raha oharina amin’ny ilany hafa. [1] Manodidina ny 50% amin’ireo tranga no mahakasika ny tongotra roa. [1] [3]

Matetika tsy misy ifandraisany amin’ny aretina hafa izany. [1] Raha tsy tsaboina dia mitohy tsy ara-dalàna ny endriky ny tongotra, ka mandeha amin’ny sisin’ny tongotra ny olona. [4] Mety hiteraka fanaintainana sy fahasarotana amin’ny fandehanana izany. [5]

Matetika tsy fantatra ny tena antony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gibbons|first=PJ|last2=Gray|first2=K|title=Update on clubfoot.|journal=Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health|date=September 2013|volume=49|issue=9|pages=E434–7|doi=10.1111/jpc.12167|pmid=23586398}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dobbs|first=Matthew B.|last2=Gurnett|first2=Christina A.|title=Update on clubfoot: etiology and treatment|journal=Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research|date=18 February 2009|volume=467|issue=5|pages=1146–1153|doi=10.1007/s11999-009-0734-9|pmid=19224303|issn=1528-1132|pmc=2664438}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inoana fa samy voakasik'izany na ny fototarazo na ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot; /&gt; Raha [[Kambana|kambana mitovy]] iray no voakasika, dia misy ny vintana 33% ho voakasika koa ny iray hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Ny antony fototra mahatonga izany dia ny fikorontanan'ny [[hozatra]] na ny sela mampitohy ny tongotra ambany, izay mitarika amin'ny fihenjanan'ny tonon-taolana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cummings|first=R. Jay|last2=Davidson|first2=Richard S.|last3=Armstrong|first3=Peter F.|last4=Lehman|first4=Wallace B.|date=February 2002|title=Congenital Clubfoot|journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume|language=en-US|volume=84|issue=2|pages=290–308|issn=0021-9355|doi=10.2106/00004623-200202000-00018|pmid=11861737}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy tsy fetezana hafa mifandray amin'izany eo amin'ny 20%-n'ny fotoana, ary ny mahazatra indrindra dia ny arthrogryposis distal sy ny myelomeningocele.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot; /&gt; Azo atao ny mamantatra ny aretina amin'ny alalan'ny fizahana na alohan'ny hahaterahana mandritra ny fanadinana amin'ny alalan'ny &quot;ultrasound&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitsaboana voalohany dia matetika amin'ny alalan'ny fomba Ponseti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Izany dia midika hoe mamindra ny tongotra amin'ny toerana tsara kokoa arahin'ny fanariana, izay averina isaky ny herinandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Rehefa mihatsara ny fiolahana anatiny, dia matetika tapahina ny tendon'i Achilles, ary ampiasaina ny vy fanitsiana tongotra hatramin'ny faha-efatra taonany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny voalohany, ny brace dia anaovana saika tsy tapaka ary avy eo amin'ny alina fotsiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny 20% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga dia ilaina ny fandidiana fanampiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Azo tanterahin'ny mpitsabo isan-karazany ny fitsaboana ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia azo tanterahina any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] miaraka amin'ny loharanon-karena vitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;

Ny tongotra mikitoantoana dia mitranga amin'ny 1 ka hatramin'ny 4 amin'ny zaza teraka 1.000, ka mahatonga azy io ho iray amin'ireo kilema mahazatra indrindra amin'ny zaza teraka izay misy fiantraikany amin'ny tongotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sm2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Smythe|first=Tracey|last2=Kuper|first2=Hannah|last3=Macleod|first3=David|last4=Foster|first4=Allen|last5=Lavy|first5=Christopher|date=March 2017|title=Birth prevalence of congenital talipes equinovarus in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health: TM &amp; IH|volume=22|issue=3|pages=269–285|doi=10.1111/tmi.12833|issn=1365-3156|pmid=28000394|url=https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/3302660/6/CF%20birth%20prevalence%20systematic%20rv_REVIEW_clean.docx|doi-access=free|access-date=2019-12-12|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828042440/https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/3302660/6/CF|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;O2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Shea|first=Ryan M.|last2=Sabatini|first2=Coleen S.|date=December 2016|title=What is new in idiopathic clubfoot?|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine|volume=9|issue=4|pages=470–477|doi=10.1007/s12178-016-9375-2|issn=1935-973X|pmc=5127955|pmid=27696325}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin'ny 80% eo ho eo amin'ireo tranga ireo no mitranga any amin'ireo firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana izay voafetra ny fahazoana fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sm2017&quot; /&gt; Ny tongotra mikitoantoana dia mahazatra kokoa amin'ny zanaka lahimatoa sy ny lahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sm2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;O2016&quot; /&gt; Fahita kokoa amin'ny vahoaka [[Vahoaka maory|Māori]] izany, ary tsy dia fahita firy amin'ny vahoaka [[Hana (vahoaka)|Sinoa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Hydroxychloroquine</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458204|Hydroxychloroquine]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="8841" sha1="sqcphznas4xtx45cquaw4wh96huou8k" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=443862546|drug_name=|INN=|image=Hydroxychloroquine.svg|width=250|alt=|image2=Hydroxychloroquine-based-on-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png|width2=200|alt2=|caption=|caption2=Hydroxychloroquine freebase molecule|type=&lt;!-- empty --&gt;

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Plaquenil, others|synonyms=Hydroxychloroquine sulfate, HCQ|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-2-[{4-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]pentyl}(ethyl)amino]ethanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[4-aminoquinoline]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2020/&gt;|uses=Prevent and treat [[chloroquine]] sensitive [[malaria]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Lupus erythematosus|lupus]], [[porphyria cutanea tarda]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2020/&gt;|side_effects=[[Vomiting]], [[headache]], changes in vision, [[muscle weakness]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2020/&gt;|interactions=&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;|pregnancy_AU=D|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Hydroxychloroquine Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=28 February 2020 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydroxychloroquine.html | access-date=21 March 2020 | archive-date=29 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229172331/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydroxychloroquine.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]] ([[Tablet (pharmacy)|tablets]])|onset=|duration_of_action=|defined_daily_dose=0.5 gram ( by mouth)&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BA02 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920052036/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BA02 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|typical_dose=|dependency_liability=|addiction_liability=&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|hydroxychloroquine-sulfate}}|MedlinePlus=a601240

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=&lt;!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F--&gt;|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=&lt;!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;|legal_CA_comment=|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled--&gt;|legal_DE_comment=|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;|legal_UN_comment=|legal_UK=POM|legal_UK_comment=|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_US_comment=|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Hydroxychloroquine|licence_US=|licence_CA=&lt;!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=Variable (74% on average); [[Cmax (pharmacology)|T&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt;]] = 2–4.5 hours|protein_bound=45%|metabolism=[[Liver]]|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=32–50 days|excretion=Mostly [[kidney]] (23–25% as unchanged drug), also [[Bile|biliary]] (&lt;10%)

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=18|Cl=1|H=26|N=3|O=1|SMILES=Clc1cc2nccc(c2cc1)NC(C)CCCN(CC)CCO|StdInChI=1S/C18H26ClN3O/c1-3-22(11-12-23)10-4-5-14(2)21-17-8-9-20-18-13-15(19)6-7-16(17)18/h6-9,13-14,23H,3-5,10-12H2,1-2H3,(H,20,21)|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI_comment=|StdInChIKey=XXSMGPRMXLTPCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|Jmol=|density=|density_notes=|melting_point=|melting_high=|melting_notes=|boiling_point=|boiling_notes=|solubility=|sol_units=|specific_rotation=}}Ny Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), amidy amin’ny anarana marika Plaquenil ankoatra ny hafa, dia fanafody ampiasaina hisorohana sy hitsaboana ny tazomoka any amin’ny faritra izay mbola mora tohina amin’ny chloroquine ilay aretina. [1]

Ampiasaina ihany koa izy amin’ny fitsaboana ny aretin’ny tonon-taolana, ny lupus, ary ny porphyria cutanea tarda. [1] Alaina amin’ny alalan’ny vava izy io. [1]

Tsy soso-kevitra ny fampiasana hydroxychloroquine amin’ny aretina coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). [2] [3] Tsy ampy ny porofo ara-tsiansa avo lenta manohana ny fahombiazan’izany fampiasana izany, ary misy ihany koa ny ahiahy momba ny mety ho voka-dratsy. [4] [5] [6]

Ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra dia mety ahitana ny fandoavana, aretin'andoha, fiovan'ny fahitana, ary fahalemen'ny hozatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|date=20 March 2020|title=Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate Monograph for Professionals|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320234847/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ahitana voka-dratsy lehibe ny fihetseham-po mahazaka, olana amin'ny fahitana, ary olana amin'ny fo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mayoclinic1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-provides-urgent-guidance-approach-to-identify-patients-at-risk-of-drug-induced-sudden-cardiac-death-from-use-of-off-label-covid-19-treatments/|title=Guidance on patients at risk of drug-induced sudden cardiac death from off-label COVID-19 treatments|website=newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org|date=25 March 2020|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413141155/https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-provides-urgent-guidance-approach-to-identify-patients-at-risk-of-drug-induced-sudden-cardiac-death-from-use-of-off-label-covid-19-treatments/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amporisihina ny fanaraha-maso ny olana amin'ny maso alohan'ny hanombohana ary avy eo tsy tapaka aorian'izay.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=BNF|date=September 2020 - March 2021|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-369-6|edition=80|location=|page=1156-1157}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia tsy azo esorina aza ny mety ho loza rehetra, dia mbola fitsaboana ny aretin'ny tonon-taolana mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka ihany izany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Flint J, Panchal S, Hurrell A, van de Venne M, Gayed M, Schreiber K, Arthanari S, Cunningham J, Flanders L, Moore L, Crossley A, Purushotham N, Desai A, Piper M, Nisar M, Khamashta M, Williams D, Gordon C, Giles I|display-authors=6|title=BSR and BHPR guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding—Part I: standard and biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and corticosteroids|journal=Rheumatology|volume=55|issue=9|pages=1693–7|date=September 2016|pmid=26750124|doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kev404|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha be loatra ny fatra dia mety hahafaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot; /&gt; Ny Hydroxychloroquine dia ao amin'ny fianakaviana fanafody antitazoma sy 4-aminoquinoline.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt;

Nekena ho ampiasaina ara-pitsaboana tany Etazonia tamin'ny 1955 ny Hydroxychloroquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt; Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-128 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny dimy tapitrisa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate – Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/HydroxychloroquineSulfate|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411090514/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/HydroxychloroquineSulfate|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo anelanelan'ny 200 - 400mg isan'andro ny fatra mahazatra atelina.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot; /&gt; Ny fampiasana hydroxychloroquine amin'ny [[mpikambana:Bluerose25/COVID 19|COVID-19]] amin'ny fomba vinavina dia mandrahona ny fahafahan'ny olona manana soritr'aretina efa voafaritra tsara hampiasa azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Juurlink2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Juurlink DN|title=Safety considerations with chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection|journal=CMAJ|volume=192|issue=17|pages=E450–E453|date=April 2020|pmid=32269021|pmc=7207200|doi=10.1503/cmaj.200528}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>sqcphznas4xtx45cquaw4wh96huou8k</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Aretin'i Creutzfeldt-Jakob</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299100</id>
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      <id>1135369</id>
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        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458695|Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="6958" sha1="6e5ckrae9uij7cqhzbafyex078au5e5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
|synonym          =Classic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease;&lt;ref name=CDC2015Main/&gt; subacute spongiform encephalopathy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment {{!}} NORD |url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/#synonyms |website=rarediseases.org |access-date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130110533/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/#synonyms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image            =Practneurol-2016-001571f02.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Magnetic resonance imaging|Magnetic resonance image]] of sporadic CJD&lt;ref name=&quot;CJD mimics and chameleons&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mead S, Rudge P | title = CJD mimics and chameleons | journal = Practical Neurology | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 113–121 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28153848 | pmc = 5520355 | doi = 10.1136/practneurol-2016-001571 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|k|r|ɔɪ|t|s|f|ɛ|l|t|_|ˈ|j|æ|k|ɒ|b}} {{respell|KROYTS|felt|_|YAK|ob}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|_|ˈ|j|ɑː|k|oʊ|b}} {{nowrap|{{respell|-|_|YAH|kohb}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|specialty        =[[Neurology]]
|symptoms         ='''Early''': memory problems, behavioral changes, poor coordination, visual disturbances&lt;ref name=NIH2003/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Later''': [[dementia]], involuntary movements, blindness, weakness, [[coma]]&lt;ref name=NIH2003/&gt;
|onset            =Around 60&lt;ref name=NIH2003/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Prion]]&lt;ref name=NIH2003/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =After ruling out other possible causes&lt;ref name=NIH2003/&gt;
|differential     =[[Encephalitis]], [[chronic meningitis]], [[Huntington's disease|Huntington’s disease]], [[Alzheimer's disease]]&lt;ref name=NIH2003/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NIH2003/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Universally fatal; 70% die within a year of diagnosis&lt;ref name=NIH2003/&gt;
|frequency        =1 per million per year&lt;ref name=NIH2003/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny aretin’i Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD), fantatra koa amin’ny hoe aretin’i Creutzfeldt-Jakob mahazatra, dia aretina miharatsy tsikelikely ao amin’ny atidoha izay mahafaty. [1] [2]

Anisan’ny soritr’aretina voalohany ny olana amin’ny fitadidiana, ny fiovan’ny fitondran-tena, ny tsy fahafahana mandrindra tsara ny fihetsiky ny vatana, ary ny fikorontanan’ny fahitana. [1] Rehefa mandroso ny aretina dia mety hiseho ny fahaverezan-tsaina, ny fihetsehana tsy voafehy, ny fahajambana, ny fahalemena, ary ny koma. [1]

Manodidina ny 70%-n’ny olona voan’ity aretina ity no maty ao anatin’ny herintaona aorian’ny fisehon’ny soritr’aretina. [1]

Ny CJD dia vokatry ny proteinina fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe prion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Classic (CJD) {{!}} Prion Diseases {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=17 June 2019|language=en-us|date=1 February 2019|quote=Classic CJD is a human prion disease|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718154357/https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny prion mifindra dia proteinina tsy voavalona tsara izay mety hahatonga ny proteinina mivalona ara-dalàna ho tsy voavalona tsara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Fact Sheet {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease-Fact-Sheet|website=NINDS|access-date=16 July 2017|date=March 2003|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704234755/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease-Fact-Sheet|archive-date=4 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin'ny 85% eo ho eo no mitranga ho azy, raha eo amin'ny 7.5% eo ho eo kosa no lova avy amin'ny ray aman-drenin'ny olona iray amin'ny fomba autosomal dominant.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2003&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Man2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Manix|first=Marc|last2=Kalakoti|first2=Piyush|last3=Henry|first3=Miriam|last4=Thakur|first4=Jai|last5=Menger|first5=Richard|last6=Guthikonda|first6=Bharat|last7=Nanda|first7=Anil|date=2015-11-01|title=Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: updated diagnostic criteria, treatment algorithm, and the utility of brain biopsy|journal=Neurosurgical Focus|language=en-US|volume=39|issue=5|pages=E2|doi=10.3171/2015.8.FOCUS15328|pmid=26646926|issn=1092-0684|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hiteraka fiparitahana ihany koa ny fifindran'ny aretina amin'ny ati-doha na ny hazondamosina avy amin'ny olona voan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2003&quot; /&gt; Tsy misy porofo fa afaka mifindra amin'ny olona amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana mahazatra na ny fampidiran-dra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2003&quot; /&gt; Ny famaritana ny aretina dia ny fanafoanana ireo antony hafa mety hitranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2003&quot; /&gt; Mety hanohana ny aretina ny electroencephalogram, ny spinal tap, na ny magnetic resonance imaging.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2003&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy fitsaboana manokana ho an'ny CJD.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2003&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina hanalefahana ny fanaintainana ny opioid, raha toa kosa ny clonazepam na ny sodium valproate dia mety hanampy amin'ny fihetsehana tsy voafehy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2003&quot; /&gt; Olona iray isaky ny tapitrisa eo ho eo isan-taona no voan'ny CJD.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2003&quot; /&gt; Matetika eo amin'ny 60 taona eo ho eo no manomboka ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2003&quot; /&gt; Nohazavaina voalohany tamin'ny taona 1920 io toe-javatra io.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2003&quot; /&gt; Voasokajy ho karazana encephalopathie spongiforme mifindra izy io.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About CJD {{!}} Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease, Classic (CJD) {{!}} Prion Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/about.html|website=CDC|access-date=16 July 2017|date=11 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808104028/https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/about.html|archive-date=8 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny CJD nolovaina dia mitentina eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ny trangan'ny aretin'ny prion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Man2015&quot; /&gt; Ny CJD dia tsy mitovy amin'ny encephalopathie spongiform bovine (aretin'omby adala) sy ny aretin'i Creutzfeldt-Jakob variant (vCJD).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Ind&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease, Classic (CJD) {{!}} Prion Diseases|url=https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=16 July 2017|date=6 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718154357/https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/index.html|archive-date=18 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Disleksia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299101</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135370</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T09:40:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458519|Dyslexia]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1135370</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9012" sha1="dg5vmwvc8z98ptzaazzdmnd8v9qgznz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Dyslexia
|synonym          =Reading disorder, alexia
|image            =OpenDyslexic.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =An example of [[OpenDyslexic]] typeface, used to try to help with common reading errors in dyslexia.&lt;ref name=Renske&gt;{{Cite journal |first=Renske |last=de Leeuw |title=Special Font For Dyslexia? |place=[[University of Twente]] |page=32 |date=December 2010 |language=English, Dutch |url=http://www.ilo.gw.utwente.nl/ilo/attachments/032_Masterthesis_Leeuw.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101034537/http://www.ilo.gw.utwente.nl/ilo/attachments/032_Masterthesis_Leeuw.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Neurology]], [[pediatrics]]
|symptoms         =Trouble [[reading (process)|reading]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ninds1&quot;/&gt;
|onset            =School age&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[genetics|Genetic]] and environmental factors&lt;ref name=Lancet2012 /&gt;
|risks            =Family history, [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]&lt;ref name=NIH2014Def/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Series memory, spelling, vision, and reading test&lt;ref name=NIH2015Diag/&gt;
|differential     =[[hearing problems|Hearing]] or [[vision problem]]s, insufficient [[Reading education|teaching]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Adjusting teaching methods&lt;ref name=ninds1/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =3–7%&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=Koo2013/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny Dyslexia, fantatra koa amin’ny hoe fikorontanan’ny famakiana, dia aretina iray miavaka amin’ny fahasahiranana amin’ny famakiana na dia eo aza ny faharanitan-tsaina ara-dalàna. [1] [2] Samy hafa ny fiantraikany amin’ny olona tsirairay. [3]

Mety ahitana fahasarotana amin’ny fanoratana teny, ny famakiana haingana, ny fanoratana amin’ny tanana, ny fanononana teny an-tsaina, ny famakiana mafy, ary ny fahatakarana izay vakiana ny soritr’aretina. [3] [4] Matetika ireo fahasarotana ireo dia tsikaritra voalohany any am-pianarana. [5]

Raha very ny fahaizana mamaky teny ny olona iray izay efa nahay namaky taloha, dia antsoina hoe alexia izany. [3] Tsy vokatry ny tsy fahazotoana ireo fahasarotana ireo, ary matetika ny olona voan’ity aretina ity dia manana fahavononana hianatra ara-dalàna. [3]

Ny olona manana dyslexia dia mety ho voakasiky ny aretina hafa ihany koa, toy ny fikorontanan’ny fifantohana sy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra (ADHD), ny fikorontanan’ny fiteny eo amin’ny fivoarana, ary ny fahasahiranana amin’ny isa. [5] [6] [7]

Inoana fa vokatry ny fifandraisan'ny fototarazo sy ny tontolo iainana ny dyslexia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Peterson|first=Robin L.|last2=Pennington|first2=Bruce F.|title=Developmental dyslexia|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9830|pages=1997–2007|date=May 2012|pmid=22513218|pmc=3465717|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60198-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy tranga sasany izay mifindra amin'ny fianakaviana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/disorders|title=What are reading disorders?|publisher=National Institutes of Health|date=1 December 2016|df=dmy-all|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=9 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709004020/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/disorders|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny dyslexia izay mipoitra vokatry ny ratra amin'ny atidoha, fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, na dementia dia antsoina hoe &quot;dyslexia acquired&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ninds1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Dyslexia-Information-Page|title=Dyslexia Information Page|date=2 November 2018|publisher=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]|df=dmy-all|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=4 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004220414/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Dyslexia-Information-Page|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny antony fototra mahatonga ny dyslexia dia ny olana ao amin'ny fikirakirana fiteny ao amin'ny [[atidoha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Def&quot; /&gt; Ny dyslexia dia voamarina amin'ny alalan'ny andiana fitsapana ny fitadidiana, ny fahitana, ny fanoratana ary ny fahaiza-mamaky teny.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/diagnosed.aspx|title=How are reading disorders diagnosed?|publisher=National Institutes of Health|access-date=15 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093505/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny dyslexia dia misaraka amin'ny fahasarotana mamaky teny vokatry ny olana amin'ny fandrenesana na ny fahitana na ny tsy fahampian'ny fampianarana na ny fahafahana mianatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitsaboana dia ahitana ny fanitsiana ny fomba fampianarana mba hifanaraka amin'ny filan'ny olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;ninds1&quot; /&gt; Na dia tsy manasitrana ny olana fototra aza izany, dia mety hampihena ny ambaratonga na ny fiantraikan'ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/treatment.aspx|title=What are common treatments for reading disorders?|publisher=National Institutes of Health|access-date=15 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142536/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/treatment.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy mahomby ireo fitsaboana mikendry ny fahitana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handler2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=SM|last2=Fierson|first2=WM|last3=Section on|first3=Ophthalmology|last4=Council on Children with|first4=Disabilities|last5=American Academy of|first5=Ophthalmology|last6=American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and|first6=Strabismus|last7=American Association of Certified|first7=Orthoptists|title=Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision.|journal=Pediatrics|date=March 2011|volume=127|issue=3|pages=e818–56|pmid=21357342|doi=10.1542/peds.2010-3670|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny dyslexia no fahasembanana amin'ny fianarana mahazatra indrindra ary mitranga any amin'ny faritra rehetra eran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;UmphredLazaro2013m&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Umphred, Darcy Ann|last2=Lazaro, Rolando T.|last3=Roller, Margaret|last4=Burton, Gordon|title=Neurological Rehabilitation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVJPAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA383|year=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-26649-9|page=383|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109173020/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVJPAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA383|archive-date=9 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahakasika ny 3–7%-n'ny mponina izany,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Koo2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kooij|first=J. J. Sandra|title=Adult ADHD diagnostic assessment and treatment|date=2013|publisher=Springer|location=London|isbn=9781447141389|page=83|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JM_awX-mSPoC&amp;pg=PA83|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430012545/https://books.google.com/books?id=JM_awX-mSPoC&amp;pg=PA83|archive-date=30 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; na izany aza, hatramin'ny 20%-n'ny mponina amin'ny ankapobeny dia mety manana soritr'aretina sasany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/risk.aspx|title=How many people are affected by/at risk for reading disorders?|publisher=National Institutes of Health|access-date=15 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101751/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/risk.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia matetika kokoa aza no hita amin'ny lehilahy ny dyslexia,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt; dia voalaza fa mitovy ny fiantraikan'izany eo amin'ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;UmphredLazaro2013m&quot; /&gt; Misy mino fa ny dyslexia dia tokony hoheverina ho fomba fianarana hafa, miaraka amin'ny tombony sy ny fatiantoka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.wired.com/2011/09/dyslexic-advantage/|title=The Unappreciated Benefits of Dyslexia|date=September 2011|access-date=10 August 2016|journal=Wired|last=Venton|first=Danielle|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805001607/http://www.wired.com/2011/09/dyslexic-advantage|archive-date=5 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-advantages-of-dyslexia/|title=The Advantages of Dyslexia|date=August 2014|access-date=10 August 2016|website=ScientificAmerican.com|publisher=Scientific American|last=Mathew|first=Schneps|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804232616/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-advantages-of-dyslexia/|archive-date=4 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>dg5vmwvc8z98ptzaazzdmnd8v9qgznz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Edema ao amin'ny atidoha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299102</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135371</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T09:45:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1462036|Cerebral edema]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="6552" sha1="g0q2dj65b3xzugibvw5j9vp29u3m64x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             ={{PAGENAME}}
|synonym          =Brain edema,&lt;ref name=Lei2018&gt;{{Citation|last=Leinonen|first=Ville|title=Raised intracranial pressure and brain edema|date=2018|journal=Handbook of Clinical Neurology|volume=145|pages=25–37|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-802395-2.00004-3|isbn=978-0-12-802395-2|last2=Vanninen|first2=Ritva|last3=Rauramaa|first3=Tuomas|pmid=28987174}}&lt;/ref&gt; cerebral oedema, brain swelling
|image            =HirnmetastaseMR001.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =MRI (T2 flair) showing a brain metastasis with surrouding edema
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Neurology]], [[neurosurgery]]
|symptoms         =[[Headache]]s, vomiting, sleepiness, trouble seeing, [[decreased level of consciousness]]&lt;ref name=Lei2018 /&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Stroke|Stroke]], [[traumatic brain injury]], [[Subdural hematoma|subdural]], [[subarachnoid bleed|subarachnoid]], [[Epidural hematoma|epidural]], or [[Intracerebral hemorrhage|intracerebral bleeding]], [[hydrocephalus]], [[Brain tumor|brain cancer]], brain infections, [[hypertensive encephalopathy|severe high blood pressure]], [[High-altitude cerebral edema|high altitude]], [[hepatitis|liver inflammation]], [[carbon monoxide poisoning]], [[Hyponatremia|low blood sodium]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lei2018 /&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, [[physical examination|examination]], [[medical imaging]]&lt;ref name=Ras2007/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Proper positioning, [[hyperventilation|increasing the breathing rate]], [[osmotic therapy]], [[diuretics]], or [[corticosteroids]], surgery&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =Relatively common&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny edema serebral dia fivontosana ao amin’ny atidoha. [1]

Anisan’ny soritr’aretina mety hiseho ny aretin’andoha, fandoavana, rendremana, olana amin’ny fahitana, ary fihenan’ny fahatsiarovan-tena. [2] Mety hiseho ihany koa ny fifohana rivotra tsy ara-dalàna rehefa misy fanerena mafy ao amin’ny atidoha. [2]

Anisan’ny fahasarotana mety hitranga ny fikorontanan’ny hozatra tampoka sy ny fahasimban’ny atidoha maharitra. [1]

Anisan'ny antony mahatonga izany ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha, ny ratra amin'ny atidoha, ny rà mandriaka ao amin'ny atidoha (subdural ), ny rà mandriaka ao amin'ny atidoha ( subarachnoid ), ny rà mandriaka ao amin'ny atidoha [[Hydrocephalus|(epidural)]], ny rà mandriaka ao amin'ny atidoha (hydrocephalus), ny homamiadan'ny atidoha, ny aretin'ny atidoha, ny fiakaran'ny tosidrà mahery vaika, ny toerana avo, ny fivontosan'ny aty, ny fanapoizinana amin'ny karbônina monoksida (carbon monoxide), ary ny fihenan'ny sodium ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nehring|first=SM|last2=Tadi|first2=P|last3=Tenny|first3=S|title=Cerebral Edema|date=January 2020|pmid=30725957|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina, ny fizahana ary ny sary ara-pitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ras2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raslan A, Bhardwaj A|year=2007|title=Medical management of cerebral edema|journal=Neurosurgical Focus|volume=22|issue=5|pages=E12|doi=10.3171/foc.2007.22.5.13|pmid=17613230|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hanampy amin'ny famaritana ny hamafin'ny aretina ny fanaraha-maso ny ICP.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitsaboana dia mifantoka voalohany indrindra amin'ny antony fototra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ny ezaka ankapobeny dia mety ahitana ny fametrahana toerana mety, ny fampitomboana ny tahan'ny fifohana rivotra, ny fitsaboana osmotika, ny fanafody diuretika, na ny corticosteroids.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Azo atao ny fandidiana, fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe decompressive craniectomy, amin'ny tranga mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ras2007&quot; /&gt; Miovaova ny vokatra ary miankina amin'ny antony fototra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Raha toa ka matetika mahantra ny olona iray tsy mahatsiaro tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

Fahita matetika ny edema serebral.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava tsara ny tena matetika satria mety tsy ho mazava foana ny fisiany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ras2007&quot; /&gt; Ohatra, eo amin'ny ampahatelon'ny olona no voan'ny edema ao amin'ny atidoha ao anatin'ny iray volana aorian'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha ary mitranga amin'ny 20% eo ho eo izany aorian'ny rà mandriaka ao amin'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wu2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wu|first=Simiao|last2=Yuan|first2=Ruozhen|last3=Wang|first3=Yanan|last4=Wei|first4=Chenchen|last5=Zhang|first5=Shihong|last6=Yang|first6=Xiaoyan|last7=Wu|first7=Bo|last8=Liu|first8=Ming|date=December 2018|title=Early Prediction of Malignant Brain Edema After Ischemic Stroke|journal=Stroke|volume=49|issue=12|pages=2918–2927|doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.022001|issn=1524-4628|pmid=30571414}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mohr|first=J. P.|last2=Wolf|first2=Philip A.|last3=Moskowitz|first3=Michael A.|last4=Mayberg|first4=Marc R.|last5=Kummer|first5=Rudiger Von|title=Stroke E-Book: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4377-3780-6|page=PA606|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Stroke_E_Book/z1q4GBrink4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%22Cerebral+edema%22+first+described&amp;pg=PA606|language=en|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828024808/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Stroke_E_Book/z1q4GBrink4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%22Cerebral+edema%22+first+described&amp;pg=PA606|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana ny edema cerebral dia efa nohazavain'ny dokotera persiana Haly Abbas, fara fahakeliny, tamin'ny taona 900.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ellenbogen|first=Richard G.|last2=Sekhar|first2=Laligam N.|last3=Kitchen|first3=Neil|title=Principles of Neurological Surgery E-Book: Expert Consult - Online|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-46127-6|page=8|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Principles_of_Neurological_Surgery_E_Boo/GTdDDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%22brain+swelling%22+Avicenna&amp;pg=PA8|language=en|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828024808/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Principles_of_Neurological_Surgery_E_Boo/GTdDDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%22brain+swelling%22+Avicenna&amp;pg=PA8|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>g0q2dj65b3xzugibvw5j9vp29u3m64x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aretin'i Raynaud</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299103</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135372</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T09:47:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456559|Raynaud syndrome]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="6048" sha1="25ksldz9nx2nnxczfhjlbjwn9pmne56" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Raynaud syndrome
|synonym          =Raynaud's, Raynaud's disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, Raynaud's syndrome&lt;ref name=NIH2014What&gt;{{cite web|title=What Is Raynaud's?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud|website=NHLBI|access-date=1 October 2016|date=21 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004225518/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud|archive-date=4 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004225518/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud |date=4 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image            =Raynaud_syndrome_on_female_airman's_hand.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =A hand with pale fingers due to Raynaud's
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|r|eɪ|ˈ|n|oʊ}} {{respell|ray|NOH}}
|specialty        =[[Rheumatology]]
|symptoms         =An affected part turning [[pallor|white]], then [[cyanosis|blue]], then red, burning&lt;ref name=NIH2014Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Raynaud's?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=1 October 2016|date=21 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005190513/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud/signs|archive-date=5 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005190513/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud/signs |date=5 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|onset            =15–30 year old, typically females&lt;ref name=NEJM2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2014Epi/&gt;
|duration         =Up to several hours per episode&lt;ref name=NIH2014Sym /&gt;
|causes           =
|risks            =Cold, emotional stress&lt;ref name=NIH2014Sym /&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on the symptoms&lt;ref name=NEJM2016/&gt;
|differential     =[[Complex regional pain syndrome|Causalgia]], [[erythromelalgia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Barker|first1=Roger A.|title=The A-Z of Neurological Practice: A Guide to Clinical Neurology|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521629607|page=728|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=LRRiuFfr9UkC&amp;pg=PA728|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424174703/https://books.google.ca/books?id=LRRiuFfr9UkC&amp;pg=PA728|archive-date=24 April 2017|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014014058/https://books.google.ca/books?id=LRRiuFfr9UkC&amp;pg=PA728 |date=14 October 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Avoiding cold, [[calcium channel blockers]], [[iloprost]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2016/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =4% of people&lt;ref name=NEJM2016/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny aretin’i Raynaud, fantatra koa amin’ny hoe trangan-javatra Raynaud, dia toe-pahasalamana izay mahatonga ny fihenjanan’ny lalan-dra ka miteraka fihenan’ny fikorianan-dra. [1]

Matetika ny rantsantanana no voakasika, ary tsy dia fahita loatra ny rantsan-tongotra. [1] Amin’ny tranga tsy fahita firy dia mety hisy fiantraikany amin’ny orona, sofina, na molotra. [1]

Ireo fizaran’ny aretina ireo dia mahatonga ny faritra voakasika ho fotsy, avy eo manga, alohan’ny hiverenan’ny fikorianan-dra ka mahatonga azy ho mena sy mangirifiry. [2] Matetika dia miseho ihany koa ny fahatsapana mangorintsina na fahamainan’ny faritra sy fanaintainana. [2]

Matetika maharitra minitra vitsy ireo fizarana ireo, saingy mety haharitra ora maromaro amin’ny tranga sasany. [2]

Matetika ny hatsiaka na ny adin-tsaina ara-pihetseham-po no mahatonga ny trangan-javatra toy izany.  Ny karazany roa lehibe dia ny Raynaud voalohany, rehefa tsy fantatra ny antony, ary ny Raynaud faharoa, izay mitranga vokatry ny toe-javatra hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wigley|first=FM|last2=Flavahan|first2=NA|title=Raynaud's Phenomenon.|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=11 August 2016|volume=375|issue=6|pages=556–65|pmid=27509103|doi=10.1056/nejmra1507638}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Raynaud faharoa dia mety hitranga noho ny aretina mifandray amin'ny sela, toy ny scleroderma na lupus, ratra amin'ny tanana, hovitrovitra maharitra, fifohana sigara, olana amin'ny tiroida, ary fanafody sasany, toy ny pilina fanabeazana aizana .  Matetika ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitsaboana voalohany dia ny fisorohana ny sery.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny fepetra hafa ny fampitsaharana ny fampiasana nikôtinina na stimulant.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny fanafody fitsaboana ireo tranga tsy mihatsara ny calcium channel blockers sy iloprost.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot; /&gt; Vitsy ny porofo manohana ny fitsaboana hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot; /&gt; Mahalana vao mety ho sarotra amin'ny fery amin'ny hoditra na gangrene ny aretina mafy. 

Eo amin'ny 4% eo ho eo amin'ny olona no voan'io aretina io.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot; /&gt; Ny fiandohan'ny endrika voalohany dia matetika eo anelanelan'ny 15 sy 30 taona ary mitranga matetika kokoa amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot; /&gt;  Ny endrika faharoa dia mazàna misy fiantraikany amin'ny zokiolona.&lt;ref name=NIH2014Epi&gt;{{cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for Raynaud's?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud/atrisk|website=NHLBI|access-date=1 October 2016|date=21 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005190503/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud/atrisk|archive-date=5 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005190503/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud/atrisk |date=5 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Samy mahazatra kokoa any amin'ny [[Toetany|toetrandro]] mangatsiaka ireo endrika roa ireo.&lt;ref name=NIH2014Epi /&gt; Nomena anarana avy amin'ilay dokotera frantsay Maurice Raynaud izy io, izay nilazalaza ny aretina tamin'ny 1862.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
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  <page>
    <title>Dementia</title>
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      <text bytes="759" sha1="4ohr9itxb2u3n2xoswa5y552wr0907c" xml:space="preserve">Ny dementia dia fihenan’ny fahaiza-misaina sy fahatsiarovana maharitra ary matetika mitombo tsikelikely, ka ampy hanelingelina ny fahafahan’ny olona manao ny asa andavanandro. [1]

Anisan’ny soritr’aretina mahazatra ny olana ara-pihetseham-po, ny fahasarotana amin’ny fiteny, ary ny fihenan’ny fahavitrihana na fahazotoana. [1] [2] Matetika dia tsy voakasika ny fahatsiarovan-tena. [3]

Ny famaritana ny dementia dia mitaky fiovana mazava amin’ny fahaiza-misaina mahazatra an’ilay olona, ary fihenana lehibe mihoatra noho izay heverina ho vokatry ny fahanterana. [1] [4]

Ity aretina ity dia misy fiantraikany lehibe ihany koa amin’ireo mpikarakara ny marary. [1]

🔍 Fanatsarana natao

== References ==
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      <text bytes="4343" sha1="pm571nkdokmy8pj6rpqydybhknwwwwq" xml:space="preserve">Ny dementia dia fihenan’ny fahaiza-misaina sy fahatsiarovana maharitra ary matetika mitombo tsikelikely, ka ampy hanelingelina ny fahafahan’ny olona manao ny asa andavanandro. [1]

Anisan’ny soritr’aretina mahazatra ny olana ara-pihetseham-po, ny fahasarotana amin’ny fiteny, ary ny fihenan’ny fahavitrihana na fahazotoana. [1] [2] Matetika dia tsy voakasika ny fahatsiarovan-tena. [3]

Ny famaritana ny dementia dia mitaky fiovana mazava amin’ny fahaiza-misaina mahazatra an’ilay olona, ary fihenana lehibe mihoatra noho izay heverina ho vokatry ny fahanterana. [1] [4]

Ity aretina ity dia misy fiantraikany lehibe ihany koa amin’ireo mpikarakara ny marary. [1]

Ny karazana dementia fahita indrindra dia ny aretin’i Alzheimer, izay mahatratra eo amin’ny 50% hatramin’ny 70% amin’ny tranga. [1] [2] Anisan’ny karazana fahita hafa ny dementia vaskular (25%), ny dementia miaraka amin’ny vatana Lewy (15%), ary ny dementia frontotemporaly. [1] [2]

Ny antony tsy fahita firy dia ahitana ny hydrocéphalie à pression normale, ny dementia mifandray amin’ny aretin’i Parkinson, ny syphilis, ny dementia mifandray amin’ny HIV, ary ny aretin’i Creutzfeldt–Jakob. [3]

Mety hisy karazana dementia mihoatra ny iray amin’ny olona iray ihany. [1] Kely ny isan’ny tranga izay mety mifandova ao amin’ny fianakaviana. [4]

Ao amin’ny DSM-5, dia nosokajiana ho aretina neurokognitiva ny dementia, ary zaraina arakaraka ny hamafin’ny soritr’aretina. [5]

Ny famantarana ny aretina dia matetika mifototra amin’ny tantaran’ny marary sy ny fitsapana ara-kognitiva, miaraka amin’ny fampiasana sary ara-pitsaboana sy fitsapana ra hanilihana antony hafa mety hiteraka soritr’aretina. [6] Ny mini mental state examination dia iray amin’ireo fitsapana ara-kognitiva ampiasaina matetika. [2]

Ny ezaka hisorohana ny dementia dia ahitana ny fampihenana ireo antony mampidi-doza toy ny tosi-drà ambony, ny fifohana sigara, ny diabeta, ary ny matavy loatra. [1]

Tsy soso-kevitra ny fanaovana fitiliana ankapobeny amin’ny vahoaka raha tsy misy soritr’aretina. [7]

Tsy misy fitsaboana fantatra mahavaha tanteraka ny dementia. [1]

Matetika ampiasaina ny cholinesterase inhibitors toy ny donepezil, izay mety hanampy amin’ny tranga malemy ka hatramin’ny antonony. [2] [3] [4] Na izany aza, kely ihany ny tombontsoa azo amin’ny ankapobeny. [5] [6]

Misy fomba maro afaka manatsara ny kalitaon’ny fiainana ho an’ny olona voan’ny dementia sy ireo mpikarakara azy. [1] Anisan’izany ny fitsaboana ara-tsaina sy fitondran-tena, ary ny fanohanana ara-pihetseham-po sy fanabeazana ho an’ny mpikarakara. [1]

Mety hanampy ihany koa ny programa fanatanjahan-tena amin’ny fanatsarana ny fahafahana manao ny asa andavanandro ary mety hanatsara ny vokatra amin’ny ankapobeny. [7]

Ny fitsaboana ny olana ara-pitondran-tena amin’ny antipsychotiques dia mahazatra, saingy tsy soso-kevitra amin’ny ankapobeny noho ny tombontsoa voafetra sy ny voka-dratsy mety hitranga, anisan’izany ny fitomboan’ny loza mety hahafaty. [8] [9]

Maneran-tany, manodidina ny 46 tapitrisa ny olona voan’ny dementia tamin’ny taona 2015. [1] Manodidina ny 10% amin’ny olona no mety hiharan’ity aretina ity mandritra ny fiainany. [2]

Mihamitombo ny fisehony arakaraka ny fahanterana. [3] Eo amin’ny 3% amin’ny olona 65–74 taona no voakasika, 19% amin’ny 75–84 taona, ary saika ny antsasaky ny olona mihoatra ny 85 taona. [4]

Tamin’ny taona 2013, nahafaty olona manodidina ny 1,7 tapitrisa ny dementia, raha 0,8 tapitrisa izany tamin’ny 1990. [5] Satria mihamaro ny olona miaina ela kokoa, dia mitombo ihany koa ny tranga dementia. [3]

Na izany aza, ho an’ny sokajin-taona iray manokana, dia mety mihena ny fisehony any amin’ny firenena mandroso, noho ny fihenan’ireo antony mampidi-doza. [3]

Iray amin’ireo antony lehibe mahatonga fahasembanana eo amin’ny zokiolona izy io. [6] Tombanana fa mitentina 604 miliara dolara amerikana isan-taona ny fandaniana ara-toekarena aterany. [7]

Matetika ny olona voan’ny dementia dia iharan’ny famerana ara-batana na ara-panafody mihoatra noho izay ilaina, ka miteraka olana ara-zon’olombelona. [7] Fahita ihany koa ny fanilikilihana ara-tsosialy amin’ireo olona voakasika. [6]

== References ==
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  <page>
    <title>Porfiria</title>
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      <text bytes="6462" sha1="n9lawxnxo7rt1tdtntib6bl1kxjoz30" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Porphyria
|synonym          =
|image            =Urine of patient with porphyria.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Left figure is urine on the first day while the right figure is urine after three days of sun exposures showing the classic change in color to purple.
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|p|ɔːr|ˈ|f|ɪr|i|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|p|ɔːr|ˈ|f|aɪ|r|i|ə}}
|specialty        =[[Hematology]], [[dermatology]], [[neurology]]
|symptoms         =Depending on subtype—[[abdominal pain]], [[chest pain]], [[vomiting]], confusion, [[constipation]], [[fever]], [[seizure]]s, [[blister]]s with sunlight&lt;ref name=NIH2009GHR/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2014/&gt;
|onset            =Recurrent attacks that last days to weeks&lt;ref name=NIH2014/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =Usually [[genetics|genetic]]&lt;ref name=NIH2014/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Blood, urine, and stool tests, [[genetic testing]]&lt;ref name=NIH2014/&gt;
|differential     =[[Lead poisoning]], [[alcoholic liver disease]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Dancygier|first1=Henryk|title=Clinical Hepatology: Principles and Practice of Hepatobiliary Diseases|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=9783642045196|page=1088|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrPX8C4p90QC&amp;pg=PA1088|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185104/https://books.google.com/books?id=lrPX8C4p90QC&amp;pg=PA1088|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Depends on type and symptoms&lt;ref name=NIH2014/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =1 to 100 in 50,000 people&lt;ref name=NIH2009GHR/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny Porphyria dia vondron’aretina vokatry ny fikorontanan’ny famokarana akora antsoina hoe porphyrins, izay mety hisy fiantraikany amin’ny hoditra na ny rafi-pitatitra. [1]

Ireo karazana izay mahakasika ny rafi-pitatitra dia antsoina hoe porphyria acute, satria miseho tampoka ny soritr’aretina ary fohy ny faharetany. [1]

Anisan’ny soritr’aretina mety hiseho mandritra ny fanafihana ny fanaintainan’ny kibo, fanaintainan’ny tratra, fandoavana, fisafotofotoana, fitohanana, tazo, fiakaran’ny tosidrà, ary fitempon’ny fo haingana. [1] [2] [3]

Matetika maharitra andro maromaro ka hatramin’ny herinandro maromaro ireo fanafihana ireo. [2] Mety ho isan’ny fahasarotana ny paralysis, ny fihenan’ny sodium ao amin’ny ra, ary ny fikorontanan-tsaina. [3]

Mety hateraky ny alikaola, ny fifohana sigara, ny fiovan’ny hormonina, ny fifadian-kanina, ny adin-tsaina, na ny fanafody sasany ny fanafihana. [2] [3]

Raha voakasika ny hoditra dia mety hisy blaoka sy mangidihidy rehefa tratran’ny masoandro. [2

Ny ankamaroan’ny karazana porphyria dia nolovaina avy amin’ny ray aman-dreny iray na roa, ary vokatry ny fiovan’ny fototarazo ao amin’ny iray amin’ireo fototarazo mandray anjara amin’ny famokarana heme. [1]

Mety ho lovaina amin’ny fomba autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, na X-linked dominant ireo aretina ireo. [2]

Ny karazana iray, ny porphyria cutanea tarda, dia mety hateraky ny fitambaran’ny anton-javatra toy ny fitomboan’ny vy ao amin’ny aty (hemochromatosis), ny hepatita C, ny alikaola, na ny HIV/SIDA. [2]

Ny mekanisma fototra dia miteraka fihenan’ny famokarana [heme] sy fitomboan’ireo akora mpialoha lalana tafiditra amin’ny fizotry ny famokarana azy. [2]

Azo sokajiana ihany koa ny porphyria arakaraka ny fiantraikany amin’ny aty na ny tsoka taolana. [2]

Matetika ny fitiliana dia atao amin’ny alalan’ny fitsapana ra, urine, ary fivalanana mba hamantarana ny aretina. [1] Azo atao ihany koa ny fitiliana fototarazo hamantarana ny fiovan’ny fototarazo manokana. [1]

Miankina amin'ny karazana porphyria sy ny soritr'aretin'ny olona ny fitsaboana.  Ny fitsaboana ny porphyria amin'ny hoditra dia amin'ny ankapobeny dia ny fisorohana ny tara-masoandro, raha ny fitsaboana ny porphyria mahery vaika kosa dia mety amin'ny fanomezana heme amin'ny lalan-dra na vahaolana [[Gliokôzy|gliokaozy]].&lt;ref name=NIH2014&gt;{{cite web|title=Porphyria|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/porphyria/Pages/facts.aspx|website=NIDDK|access-date=25 October 2016|date=February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026081818/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/porphyria/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=26 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026081818/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/porphyria/Pages/facts.aspx |date=26 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahalana vao azo atao ny famindrana aty.&lt;ref name=NIH2014 /&gt;

Tsy mazava ny tena fahamaroan'ny tranganà porphyria, saingy tombanana ho eo anelanelan'ny 1 sy 100 isaky ny olona 50.000 no voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2009GHR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=porphyria|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/porphyria|website=GHR|access-date=26 October 2016|date=July 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026080542/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/porphyria|archive-date=26 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026080542/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/porphyria|date=26 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samy hafa ny tahan'ny vidiny manerana izao tontolo izao.  Ny Porphyria cutanea tarda no heverina fa karazana mahazatra indrindra.  Efa tamin'ny taona 370 talohan'i Kristy no efa voalaza fa voan'io aretina io i [[Hippocrate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;McM2014&quot; /&gt; Ny mekanisma fototra dia nohazavain'ny fisiolojista sy simia alemà Felix Hoppe-Seyler voalohany tamin'ny 1871.&lt;ref name=&quot;McM2014&quot; /&gt; Ny anarana hoe ''porphyria'' dia avy amin'ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika hoe]] πορφύρα, ''porphyra'', izay midika hoe &quot; volomparasy &quot;, izay manondro ny lokon'ny urine izay mety ho hita mandritra ny fanafihana.&lt;ref name=&quot;McM2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=McManus|first=Linda|title=Pathobiology of Human Disease: A Dynamic Encyclopedia of Disease Mechanisms|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780123864574|page=1488|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQB0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1488|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185105/https://books.google.com/books?id=uQB0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1488|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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    <title>Aretin'ny havokavoka mitaiza</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1496146|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="11682" sha1="t8iqrx0ncpdg2kqy6uwkzwms35agu1i" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
|synonym          =Chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary emphysema
|image            =Centrilobular emphysema 865 lores.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Gross pathology]] of a lung showing [[Pneumatosis#Centrilobular emphysema|centrilobular emphysema]] characteristic of smoking. This close-up of the [[Fixation (histology)|fixed]], cut lung surface shows multiple cavities filled with heavy [[black carbon]] deposits.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Pulmonology]]
|symptoms         =[[Shortness of breath]], [[cough]] with [[sputum]] production.&lt;ref name=GOLD2017Chp1/&gt;&lt;!--pp. 25–26--&gt;
|onset            =Over 40 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;
|duration         =Long term&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;
|causes           =[[Tobacco smoking]], [[air pollution]], [[genetics]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[pulmonary function test|Lung function test]]s&lt;ref name=Nathell/&gt;
|differential     =[[Asthma]]&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;
|prevention       =Improving indoor and outdoor [[air quality]], [[tobacco control]] measures&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;
|treatment        =[[smoking cessation|Stopping smoking]], [[respiratory rehabilitation]], [[lung transplantation]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Vaccination]]s, inhaled [[bronchodilator]]s, inhaled [[Corticosteroid|steroids]], [[oxygen therapy|long-term oxygen therapy]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=GOLD2007/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =174.5&amp;nbsp;million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =3.2&amp;nbsp;million (2019)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Fact&gt;{{cite web |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd) |website=www.who.int |access-date=28 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418080747/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}Ny aretin’ny havokavoka mitaiza (COPD) dia karazana aretin’ny havokavoka mitaiza miavaka amin’ny fahasarotana maharitra amin’ny fifohana rivotra sy ny fihenan’ny fikorianan’ny rivotra ao amin’ny lalan-drivotra. [1] [2]

Ny soritr’aretina fototra dia ahitana indrindra ny fahasemporana rehefa miaina sy ny kohaka maharitra, izay matetika miaraka amin’ny famokarana rora. [1] Ny COPD dia aretina miandalana, midika izany fa mihamafy tsikelikely ny fisehoany rehefa mandeha ny fotoana. [3]

Rehefa mandroso ny aretina dia mety hitarika fahasahiranana amin’ny fanaovana asa andavanandro izany, toy ny fandehanana an-tongotra lavitra, ny fiakarana tohatra, na ny fiakanjoana. [4]

Ny bronchitis mitaiza sy ny emphysema dia anarana nampiasaina taloha hilazana endrika samihafa amin’ny COPD. [5] [6] [7] Ny “bronchitis mitaiza” dia mbola ampiasaina amin’izao fotoana izao hilazana kohaka mamokatra (mamoaka rora) izay maharitra farafahakeliny telo volana isan-taona mandritra ny roa taona misesy. [1] Ireo olona manana io karazana kohaka maharitra io dia manana loza mitombo ho voan’ny COPD. [8]

Ny teny hoe “emphysema” kosa dia ampiasaina hilazana fahasimban’ny havokavoka izay ahitana fitangoronana rivotra na entona tsy ara-dalàna ao anatin’ny sela havokavoka. [9]

Ny antony mahazatra indrindra dia ny fifohana sigara, ary vitsy kokoa ny tranga noho ny anton-javatra toy ny fahalotoan'ny rivotra sy ny fototarazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9823|pages=1341–51|date=April 2012|pmid=22314182|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9|pmc=7172377|citeseerx=10.1.1.1000.1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]], ny iray amin'ireo loharanon'ny fahalotoan'ny rivotra mahazatra dia ny afo fanafanana sy fandrahoan-tsakafo tsy dia tsara rivotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Fact sheet N°315|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/|website=WHO|access-date=4 March 2016|date=January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082716/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fiparitahana maharitra amin'ireo zavatra manelingelina ireo dia miteraka fivontosana ao amin'ny [[havokavoka]], ka miteraka fihenan'ny lalan-drivotra kely sy fahasimban'ny sela ao amin'ny havokavoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J|s2cid=20863981|title=Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=176|issue=6|pages=532–55|date=September 2007|pmid=17507545|doi=10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO|hdl=2066/51740|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny fivezivezen'ny rivotra ratsy araka ny fandrefesana amin'ny alalan'ny fitsapana ny fiasan'ny havokavoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nathell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nathell L, Nathell M, Malmberg P, Larsson K|title=COPD diagnosis related to different guidelines and spirometry techniques|journal=Respiratory Research|volume=8|issue=1|pages=89|date=December 2007|pmid=18053200|pmc=2217523|doi=10.1186/1465-9921-8-89}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mifanohitra amin'ny [[Sohika|asma]], ny fihenan'ny fivezivezen'ny rivotra dia tsy mihatsara firy amin'ny fampiasana bronchodilator.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WebM2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asthma vs. COPD: What's the Difference?|website=WebMD|date=2019-01-30|url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/asthma-vs-copd|access-date=2019-12-26|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226050947/https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/asthma-vs-copd|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Azo sorohina ny ankamaroan'ny tranga amin'ny alàlan'ny fampihenana ny fihanaky ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Piro2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pirozzi C, Scholand MB|title=Smoking cessation and environmental hygiene|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=96|issue=4|pages=849–67|date=July 2012|pmid=22793948|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2012.04.014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiditra ao anatin'izany ny tsy fifohana sigara sy ny fanatsarana ny kalitaon'ny rivotra anatiny sy ivelany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Na dia mety hampihena ny fiharatsiana aza ny fitsaboana, dia tsy misy fanafody fantatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny fitsaboana ny fialana amin'ny fifohana sigara, ny fanaovana vaksiny, ary ny fanarenana ny taovam-pisefoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cag2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cagle SD|first=Jr|last2=Landrum|first2=LS|last3=Kennedy|first3=AM|title=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnosis and Management.|journal=American family physician|date=June 2023|volume=107|issue=6|pages=604-612|pmid=37327161}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny bronchodilator voalohany dia matetika LAMA, miaraka amin'ny LABA sy steroïde mifoka rivotra raha ilaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cag2023&quot; /&gt; Mety handray soa avy amin'ny fitsaboana oksizenina maharitra na famindrana havokavoka ny olona sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2007&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay miharatsy haingana ny toe-pahasalamany, mety ilaina ny fampiasana fanafody, [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]], steroïde, ary ny fampidirana hopitaly bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dobler|first=Claudia C.|last2=Morrow|first2=Allison S.|last3=Beuschel|first3=Bradley|last4=Farah|first4=Magdoleen H.|last5=Majzoub|first5=Abdul M.|last6=Wilson|first6=Michael E.|last7=Hasan|first7=Bashar|last8=Seisa|first8=Mohamed O.|last9=Daraz|first9=Lubna|last10=Prokop|first10=Larry J.|last11=Murad|first11=M. Hassan|last12=Wang|first12=Zhen|title=Pharmacologic Therapies in Patients With Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=25 February 2020|volume=172|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.7326/M19-3007|pmid=32092762}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 174.5 eo ho eo no voakasiky ny COPD&amp;nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany (12% amin'ny mponina manerantany).&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Agusti|first=A|last2=Böhm|first2=M|last3=Celli|first3=B|last4=Criner|first4=GJ|last5=Garcia-Alvarez|first5=A|last6=Martinez|first6=F|last7=Sin|first7=DD|last8=Vogelmeier|first8=CF|title=GOLD COPD DOCUMENT 2023: a brief update for practicing cardiologists.|journal=Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society|date=26 May 2023|pages=1-10|doi=10.1007/s00392-023-02217-0|pmid=37233751}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia dia misy fiantraikany amin'ny 6%-n'ny olona izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cag2023&quot; /&gt; Matetika izy io no mitranga amin'ny olona mihoatra ny 40 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Mitovy ny fiantraikan'izany eo amin'ny lahy sy ny vavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, niteraka 3.2&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa ny fahafatesana, mihoatra ny 90% any amin'ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; niakatra avy amin'ny 2.4&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa ny fahafatesana tamin'ny 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vinavinaina hitombo hatrany ny isan'ny fahafatesana noho ny fiakaran'ny tahan'ny fifohana sigara any amin'ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana, ary ny fitomboan'ny isan'ny mponina mihantitra any amin'ny firenena maro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mathers CD, Loncar D|title=Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=3|issue=11|pages=e442|date=November 2006|pmid=17132052|pmc=1664601|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niafara tamin'ny tombana ho 2.1 dolara amerikana ny fandaniana ara-toekarena&amp;nbsp;trillion tamin'ny taona 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cost2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lomborg|first=Bjørn|title=Global problems, local solutions : costs and benefits|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-03959-9|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRZaAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA143|access-date=2020-07-12|archive-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517163338/https://books.google.com/books?id=cRZaAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA143|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>t8iqrx0ncpdg2kqy6uwkzwms35agu1i</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Shingles</title>
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      <text bytes="8544" sha1="20asnnwsgbnnnrp5ptjzccpeuoel74r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Shingles
|synonym          =Zoster, herpes zoster, zona
|image            =Herpes zoster neck.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Herpes zoster blisters on the neck and shoulder
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Dermatology]]
|symptoms         =Painful rash occurring in a stripe&lt;ref name=Pink2015/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =2–4 weeks&lt;ref name=CDC2014Sym/&gt;
|causes           =[[Varicella zoster virus]] (VZV)&lt;ref name=Pink2015/&gt;
|risks            =Old age, [[Immunosuppression|poor immune function]], having had chickenpox before 18 months of age&lt;ref name=Pink2015/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms&lt;ref name=NEJM2013/&gt;
|differential     =[[Herpes simplex]], [[angina]], [[insect bite]]s&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kahan|first1=Scott|title=In a Page Medicine|date=2003|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9781405103251|page=215|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vaMVeoQooC&amp;pg=PA215|df=|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-date=2019-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217053815/https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vaMVeoQooC&amp;pg=PA215|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =[[Shingles vaccine]]&lt;ref name=Pink2015/&gt;
|treatment        =
|medication       =[[Aciclovir]] (if given early), pain medication&lt;ref name=NEJM2013/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =33% (at some point)&lt;ref name=Pink2015/&gt;
|deaths           =6,400 (with chickenpox)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De&gt;{{cite journal| vauthors = ((GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators)) |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}Ny shingles, fantatra ihany koa amin’ny hoe zoster na herpes zoster, dia aretina virosy ateraky ny famohazan’ny viriosy varicella-zoster, izay miteraka fisehoan’ny maimaika eo amin’ny hoditra miaraka amin’ny fivontosana amin’ny faritra voafaritra iray amin’ny vatana. [1] [2]

Matetika, io maimaika io dia miseho amin’ny endrika tsipika tokana, malalaka, ary matetika hita amin’ny ilany iray amin’ny vatana (havia na havanana) na amin’ny tarehy. [3] Alohan’ny hisehoan’ny maimaika, 2 hatramin’ny 4 andro mialoha, dia mety hisy soritr’aretina toy ny mangotsokotsoka na fanaintainana eo amin’ilay faritra voakasika. [3] [4]

Amin’ny ankapobeny dia vitsy ny soritr’aretina hafa, saingy mety hisy tazo, aretin’andoha, na fahatsapana harerahana. [3] [5] Matetika ny maimaika dia sitrana ao anatin’ny 2 hatramin’ny 4 herinandro. [1]

Na izany aza, amin’ny olona sasany dia mety hijanona maharitra ny fanaintainan’ny nerveo, na dia efa sitrana aza ny maimaika. Io toe-javatra io dia antsoina hoe neuralgia postherpetic (PHN), ary mety haharitra volana na taona maro mihitsy aza. [3]

Amin’ny olona manana hery fiarovana ambany, dia mety hivelatra be kokoa ny maimaika ary hahitana faritra maro amin’ny vatana. [3] Raha mahakasika ny maso kosa ny aretina, dia mety hiteraka fahasarotana lehibe, anisan’izany ny fahaverezan’ny fahitana. [1] [6]

Ny shingles dia vokatry ny fihetsehan'ny viriosy varicella zoster (VZV) indray ao amin'ny vatan'ny olona iray.  Ny aretina nendra dia vokatry ny aretina voalohany amin'ny VZV.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink2015&quot; /&gt; Raha vao sitrana ny nendra dia mety hijanona tsy miasa ao amin'ny [[Nerônina|sela nerveo]] ny viriosy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink2015&quot; /&gt; Rehefa miasa indray izy dia mandeha avy amin'ny vatan'ny nerveo mankany amin'ny faran'ny hoditra, ka miteraka vay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gag2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gagliardi|first=Anna Mz|last2=Andriolo|first2=Brenda Ng|last3=Torloni|first3=Maria Regina|last4=Soares|first4=Bernardo Go|last5=de Oliveira Gomes|first5=Juliana|last6=Andriolo|first6=Regis B.|last7=Canteiro Cruz|first7=Eduardo|date=7 November 2019|title=Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2019|issue=11|pages=|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008858.pub4|issn=1469-493X|pmc=6836378|pmid=31696946}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny fahanterana, ny tsy fahampian'ny hery fiarovana, ary ny efa voan'ny nendra talohan'ny 18 volana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink2015&quot; /&gt; Mbola tsy mazava tsara ny fomba ijanonan'ny viriosy ao amin'ny vatana na ny fomba hiverenan'izany miasa indray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink2015&quot; /&gt; Ny fihanaky ny viriosy ao amin'ny vay dia mety hiteraka nendra amin'ny olona tsy voan'izany, saingy tsy hiteraka shingles.  Matetika ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny famantarana sy ny soritr'aretin'ny olona iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cohen|first=JI|title=Clinical practice: Herpes zoster|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|date=18 July 2013|volume=369|issue=3|pages=255–63|pmid=23863052|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1302674|pmc=4789101}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy mitovy amin'ny viriosy herpes simplex ny viriosy Varicella zoster; na izany aza, anisan'ny fianakaviana viriosy iray ihany izy ireo. 

Mampihena ny mety hisian'ny shingles hatramin'ny 50% ka hatramin'ny 90% ny vaksiny miady amin'ny shingles, arakaraka ny vaksiny ampiasaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cun2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cunningham|first=AL|title=The herpes zoster subunit vaccine|journal=Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy|date=2016|volume=16|issue=2|pages=265–71|doi=10.1517/14712598.2016.1134481|pmid=26865048}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mampihena ny tahan'ny neuralgia postherpetika ihany koa izany, ary raha misy shingles, dia mihena ny hamafiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink2015&quot; /&gt; Raha mipoitra ny shingles, ny fanafody antiviral toy ny aciclovir dia afaka mampihena ny hamafin'ny aretina sy ny faharetany raha atomboka ao anatin'ny 72 ora aorian'ny fisehoan'ny maimaika.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy misy porofo mampiseho fiantraikany manan-danja amin'ny tahan'ny neuralgia postherpetika ny fanafody antiviral na steroïde.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chen N, Li Q, Yang J, Zhou M, Zhou D, He L|display-authors=3|title=Antiviral treatment for preventing postherpetic neuralgia|journal=[[Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]]|date=6 February 2014|volume=2|issue=2|pages=CD006866|pmid=24500927|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006866.pub3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid23543541&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Han Y, Zhang J, Chen N, He L, Zhou M, Zhu C|display-authors=3|title=Corticosteroids for preventing postherpetic neuralgia|journal=[[Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]]|date=28 March 2013|volume=3|issue=3|pages=CD005582|pmid=23543541|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005582.pub4|editor-last=Han|editor-first=Ying}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo ampiasaina ny Paracetamol, NSAID, na opioid mba hanampiana amin'ny fanaintainana mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2013&quot; /&gt;

Tombanana ho eo amin'ny ampahatelon'ny olona no voan'ny shingles amin'ny fotoana iray eo amin'ny fiainany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink2015&quot; /&gt; Na dia mahazatra kokoa amin'ny zokiolona aza ny aretina, dia mety ho voan'ny aretina ihany koa ny ankizy.  Ny isan'ny tranga vaovao isan-taona dia eo anelanelan'ny 1.2 ka hatramin'ny 3.4 isaky ny 1.000 taona eo amin'ny olona salama ary 3.9 ka hatramin'ny 11.8 isaky ny 1.000 taona eo amin'ireo mihoatra ny 65 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dwo2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dworkin RH, Johnson RW, Breuer J, Gnann JW, Levin MJ, Backonja M, Betts RF, Gershon AA, Haanpaa ML, McKendrick MW, Nurmikko TJ, Oaklander AL, Oxman MN, Pavan-Langston D, Petersen KL, Rowbotham MC, Schmader KE, Stacey BR, Tyring SK, van Wijck AJ, Wallace MS, Wassilew SW, Whitley RJ|display-authors=3|title=Recommendations for the management of herpes zoster|journal=[[Clin. Infect. Dis.]]|volume=44 Suppl 1|pages=S1–26|year=2007|pmid=17143845|doi=10.1086/510206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin'ny antsasaky ny olona velona hatramin'ny faha-85 taonany no hiharan'ny fanafihana iray farafahakeliny, ary latsaky ny 5% no hiharan'ny fanafihana mihoatra ny iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Honorio T. Benzon|title=Essentials of Pain Medicine|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|location=London|isbn=9781437735932|page=358|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UuAWD2FTFsC&amp;pg=PA358|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-date=2019-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217053808/https://books.google.com/books?id=9UuAWD2FTFsC&amp;pg=PA358|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Efa fantatra hatramin'ny andro fahiny ity aretina ity. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>20asnnwsgbnnnrp5ptjzccpeuoel74r</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ranitidine</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1469447|Ranitidine]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en
|r|ə|ˈ|n|ɪ|t|ᵻ|d|iː|n
}}|tradename=Zantac&lt;ref name = Patient.info&gt;{{cite web | author = Michael Stewart, &lt;small&gt;BPharm, MRPharmS&lt;/small&gt; | date = 12 Apr 2018 | title = Zantac – Ranitidine to reduce stomach acid | url = https://Patient.info/medicine/ranitidine-to-reduce-stomach-acid-zantac | website = Patient.info | location = [[Leeds]], England, United Kingdom | publisher = [[Patient UK | Patient Platform Limited]] | access-date = 31 March 2020 | quote = Ranitidine reduces the amount of acid produced by your stomach. Any side-effects are usually mild and do not last long. | archive-date = 20 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210120133304/https://patient.info/medicine/ranitidine-to-reduce-stomach-acid-zantac | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120133304/https://patient.info/medicine/ranitidine-to-reduce-stomach-acid-zantac |date=20 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(original)&lt;/small&gt;, and others|synonyms=Dimethyl [(5-&lt;nowiki/&gt;{[(2-&lt;nowiki/&gt;{[1-(methylamino)-2-nitroethenyl]amino}ethyl)sulfanyl]methyl}furan-2-yl)methyl]amine|JAN=ranitidine hydrochloride|IUPAC_name=''N''-(2-[(5-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]furan-2-yl)methylthio]ethyl)-''N'''-methyl-2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[H2 antagonist|Histamine H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; receptor antagonist]], aka H2 blocker&lt;ref name = Patient.info/&gt;|uses=&lt;!-- primary uses --&gt;|side_effects=&lt;!-- common side effects and notable side effects --&gt;|interactions=&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;|pregnancy_AU=B1|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name = RanitidinePregnancy&gt;{{cite web | title = Ranitidine use during pregnancy | website = Drugs.com | date = 2 December 2019 | url = https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ranitidine.html | access-date = 18 December 2019 | archive-date = 29 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191029013537/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ranitidine.html | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029013537/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ranitidine.html |date=29 October 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=B|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name = RanitidinePregnancy/&gt;|pregnancy_category=|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]], [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]] (IV)|onset=55–65&amp;nbsp;minutes (150&amp;nbsp;mg dose)&lt;ref name = &quot;pmid12144582&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;55–115&amp;nbsp;minutes (75&amp;nbsp;mg dose)&lt;ref name = &quot;pmid12144582&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Gardner JD, Ciociola AA, Robinson M, McIsaac RL | display-authors = 3 | title = Determination of the time of onset of action of ranitidine and famotidine on intra-gastric acidity | journal = Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. | volume = 16 | issue = 7 | pages = 1317–1326 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12144582 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01291.x | url = }}&lt;/ref&gt;|duration_of_action=|defined_daily_dose=300 mg&lt;ref name=MSH2015&gt;{{cite web |title=Single Drug Information – International Medical Products Price Guide |url=https://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=693&amp;searchYear=2015 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829025832/https://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=693&amp;searchYear=2015 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829025832/https://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=693&amp;searchYear=2015 |date=29 August 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|typical_dose=|dependency_liability=|addiction_liability=&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ranitidine}}|MedlinePlus=a601106

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_AU_comment=/&amp;nbsp;S2 (Pharmacy Medicine)|legal_BR=&lt;!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F --&gt;|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=&lt;!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;|legal_CA_comment=|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled--&gt;|legal_DE_comment=|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;|legal_UN_comment=|legal_UK=POM|legal_UK_comment=/&amp;nbsp;GSL (General sales list)|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_US_comment=/&amp;nbsp;OTC|legal_status=&lt;!-- For countries not listed above --&gt;|DailyMedID=Ranitidine|licence_US=Ranitidine|licence_CA=&lt;!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;|licence_EU=&lt;!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) --&gt;

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=50% (by mouth)&lt;ref name = AHFS2015/&gt;|protein_bound=15%|metabolism=[[Liver]]: [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase|FMO]]s, including [[FMO3]]; other enzymes|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=2–3 hours|excretion=30–70% [[kidney]]

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=13|H=22|N=4|O=3|S=1|SMILES=[O-][N+]( = O)C = C(NC)NCCSCc1ccc(o1)CN(C)C|StdInChI=1S/C13H22N4O3S/c1-14-13(9-17(18)19)15-6-7-21-10-12-5-4-11(20-12)8-16(2)3/h4-5,9,14-15H,6-8,10H2,1-3H3|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI_comment=|StdInChIKey=VMXUWOKSQNHOCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|density=|density_notes=|melting_point=|melting_high=|melting_notes=|boiling_point=|boiling_notes=|solubility=|sol_units=|specific_rotation=}}Ny Ranitidine, amidy amin’ny anarana ara-barotra Zantac sy hafa, dia fanafody iray izay mampihena ny famokarana asidra ao amin’ny vavony. [1]

Izy io dia ampiasaina indrindra amin’ny fitsaboana aretina mifandray amin’ny fitomboan’ny asidra ao amin’ny vavony, toy ny fery amin’ny vavony, ny reflux gastroesophageal, ary ny syndrome Zollinger–Ellison. [1]

Misy ihany koa porofo sasany milaza fa mety hanampy amin’ny fitsaboana tohotra izy, na dia mbola heverina ho vonjimaika aza izany tombontsoa izany. [2]

Azo omena amin’ny endrika samihafa ny ranitidine, anisan’izany ny fihinanana am-bava, ny tsindrona amin’ny hozatra (intramuscular), na ny tsindrona amin’ny lalan-drà (intravenous). [1]

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny aretin'andoha, ary fanaintainana na may raha omena amin'ny tsindrona.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ranitidine hydrochloride monograph|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ranitidine-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=1 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909005129/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ranitidine-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=2017-09-09|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny voka-dratsy lehibe ny olana amin'ny aty, ny fitempon'ny fo miadana, ny pnemonia, ary ny mety ho fanaronana ny homamiadan'ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Mifandray amin'ny fitomboan'ny mety hisian'ny colitis &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwUA&quot;&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ihany koa izany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tleyjeh IM, Abdulhak AB, Abdulhak AA, Riaz M, Garbati MA, Al-Tannir M, Alasmari FA, Alghamdi M, Khan AR, Erwin PJ, Sutton AJ, Baddour LM|display-authors=3|title=The association between histamine 2 receptor antagonist use and Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=PLoS ONE|date=2013|volume=8|issue=3|pages=e56498|pmid=23469173|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0056498|pmc=3587620|bibcode=2013PLoSO...856498T}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo antoka amin'ny ankapobeny mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ranitidine dia mpifanandrina amin'ny mpandray histamine &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwWw&quot;&gt;H2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; izay miasa amin'ny fanakanana ny histamine, ary noho izany dia mampihena ny habetsahan'ny asidra avoakan'ny sela ao amin'ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Hita tany [[Angletera]], Royaume-Uni tamin'ny 1976 ny Ranitidine, ary nanomboka nampiasaina ara-barotra tamin'ny 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Janos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=444|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA444|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084238/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA444|archive-date=2016-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Teo amin'ny 0.01–0.05 dolara amerikana isaky ny takelaka ny vidin'ny ambongadiny tamin'ny taona 2015 tany amin'ireo [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ranitidine|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=693&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=1 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510161832/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=693&amp;searchYear=2014|archive-date=10 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia dia eo amin'ny $0.05 eo ho eo isaky ny fatra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-48 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny 16.&amp;nbsp;fanafody an-tapitrisany.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ranitidine - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ranitidine|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412130304/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ranitidine|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin'ny Septambra 2019, hita tao amin'ireo vokatra ranitidine avy amin'ny mpanamboatra maromaro ny &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwhQ&quot;&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; -nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) izay miteraka homamiadana, ka nahatonga ny famerenana ireo vokatra ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;HealthCanada&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Health Canada assessing NDMA in ranitidine|website=[[Health Canada]]|date=13 September 2019|url=https://healthycanadians.gc.ca/recall-alert-rappel-avis/hc-sc/2019/70989a-eng.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926211206/https://healthycanadians.gc.ca/recall-alert-rappel-avis/hc-sc/2019/70989a-eng.php|archive-date=26 September 2019|url-status=live|access-date=26 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2019NDMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Statement alerting patients and health care professionals of NDMA found in samples of ranitidine|website=[[Food and Drug Administration|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]]|date=13 September 2019|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/statement-alerting-patients-and-health-care-professionals-ndma-found-samples-ranitidine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926210751/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/statement-alerting-patients-and-health-care-professionals-ndma-found-samples-ranitidine|archive-date=26 September 2019|url-status=live|access-date=26 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA NDMA ranitidine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=FDA updates and press announcements on NDMA in Zantac (ranitidine)|website=[[Food and Drug Administration|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]]|date=28 October 2019|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-updates-and-press-announcements-ndma-zantac-ranitidine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029011848/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-updates-and-press-announcements-ndma-zantac-ranitidine|archive-date=29 October 2019|url-status=live|access-date=28 October 2019|quote=FDA observed the testing method used by a third-party laboratory uses higher temperatures. The higher temperatures generated very high levels of NDMA from ranitidine products because of the test procedure. FDA published the method for testing angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) for nitrosamine impurities. That method is not suitable for testing ranitidine because heating the sample generates NDMA.&lt;br&gt;FDA recommends using an LC-HRMS testing protocol to test samples of ranitidine. FDA's LC-HRMS testing method does not use elevated temperatures and has shown the presence of much lower levels of NDMA in ranitidine medicines than reported by the third-party laboratory. International regulators using similar LC-MS testing methods have also shown the presence of low levels of NDMA in ranitidine samples.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny Aprily 2020, nesorina tamin'ny tsena amerikana izy io ary najanona tao amin'ny Vondrona Eoropeana sy Aostralia noho ireo ahiahy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA Q&amp;A&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Questions and Answers: NDMA impurities in ranitidine (commonly known as Zantac)|website=[[Food and Drug Administration|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]]|date=11 October 2019|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/questions-and-answers-ndma-impurities-ranitidine-commonly-known-zantac|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024040431/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/questions-and-answers-ndma-impurities-ranitidine-commonly-known-zantac|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=live|access-date=23 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ranitidine|website=Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)|date=2 April 2020|url=https://www.tga.gov.au/node/882059|access-date=19 July 2020|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829025912/https://www.tga.gov.au/alert/ranitidine-0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>hefbxzdhugnbb9f1l5yoszvcsy93snt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mitsahatra amin'ny fananahana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299109</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135383</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T10:48:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457912|Menopause]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1135383</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11019" sha1="n24rctaol3214cvr7bjql2c937el96s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Menopause
|synonym          =Climacteric
|image            =Menopause symbol.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Symbolic representation of menopause
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Gynaecology|Gynecology]]
|symptoms         =No [[menstrual period]]s for a year&lt;ref name=NIH2013Def&gt;{{cite web|title=Menopause: Overview|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=2013-06-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111845/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111845/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/Pages/default.aspx |date=2 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|onset            =49 to 52 years of age&lt;ref name=Tak2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Takahashi TA, Johnson KM | title = Menopause | journal = The Medical Clinics of North America | volume = 99 | issue = 3 | pages = 521–34 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25841598 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =Usually a natural change, surgery that removes both [[Ovary|ovaries]], some types of [[chemotherapy]]&lt;ref name=NIH2013Con/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2013Ca&gt;{{cite web|title=What causes menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=6 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091652/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091652/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx |date=2 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =None, lifestyle changes&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx/&gt;
|medication       =[[Hormone replacement therapy|Menopausal hormone therapy]], [[clonidine]], [[gabapentin]], [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kra2015/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =
|deaths           =
}}Ny fitsaharan'ny fadimbolana, fantatra ihany koa amin’ny hoe menopause, dia dingana voajanahary eo amin’ny fiainan’ny ankamaroan’ny vehivavy izay ahitana ny fijanonan’ny fadimbolana tanteraka, ka mahatonga ny vehivavy tsy ho afaka miteraka intsony. [1] [2]

Matetika io toe-javatra io dia miseho eo anelanelan’ny 49 sy 52 taona eo ho eo. [3] Amin’ny fitsaboana, dia heverina ho efa tonga ny fadimbolana rehefa tsy nisy rà fadimbolana nandritra ny herintaona manontolo ny vehivavy iray. [4]

Ny fadimbolana dia mifandray amin’ny fihenan’ny famokarana hormonina ataon’ny ovaire. [5] Ho an’ireo vehivavy efa nodidiana nanalana ny tranon-jaza nefa mbola manana ovaire, dia azo heverina fa efa nitranga ny fadimbolana tamin’ny fotoana nanaovana ny fandidiana na rehefa nihena ny hormonina ao amin’ny vatana. [5]

Amin’ny tranga sasany, aorian’ny fanesorana ny tranonjaza dia mety hiseho aloha kokoa ny soritr’aretin’ny fadimbolana, matetika manodidina ny 45 taona eo ho eo. [6]

Amin'ireo taona mialoha ny fadimbolana, dia mazàna tsy ara-dalàna ny fadimbolana amin'ny vehivavy,&lt;ref name=NIH2013Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=What are the symptoms of menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=6 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320015025/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx|archive-date=20 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320015025/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx |date=20 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  izay midika fa mety ho lava kokoa na fohy kokoa ny faharetan'ny fadimbolana na ho maivana kokoa na ho mavesatra kokoa ny habetsahan'ny fikorianan'ny fadimbolana.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Sym /&gt; Mandritra io fotoana io, matetika ny vehivavy no mahatsapa hafanana tampoka ; matetika izany dia maharitra 30 segondra ka hatramin'ny folo minitra ary mety mifandray amin'ny fangovitana, hatsembohana ary mena ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Sym /&gt; Matetika ny hafanana tampoka dia mijanona rehefa afaka herintaona na roa taona.  Mety ahitana soritr'aretina hafa koa ny fahamainan'ny fivaviana, ny olana amin'ny torimaso, ary ny fiovan'ny toe-po.  Miovaova arakaraka ny vehivavy ny hamafin'ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=PubMed2013&gt;{{cite web|title=Menopause: Overview|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072495/|publisher=PubMedHealth|access-date=8 March 2015|date=29 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181404/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072495/|archive-date=10 September 2017|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181404/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072495/ |date=10 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia matetika heverina ho mifandray amin'ny fitomboan'ny aretim-po aza ny fadimbolana, dia mitranga indrindra izany noho ny fitomboan'ny taona ary tsy misy ifandraisany mivantana amin'ny fadimbolana.&lt;ref name=PubMed2013 /&gt; Ho an'ny vehivavy sasany, ireo olana izay nisy toy ny endometriosis na ny fanaintainana mandritra ny fadimbolana dia hihatsara aorian'ny fadimbolana.&lt;ref name=PubMed2013 /&gt;

Matetika fiovana voajanahary ny fadimbolana,  satria mihakely tsikelikely ny ovaire rehefa mihantitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zheng2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Suster|first=David|last2=Liu|first2=Martina Z.|last3=Lin|first3=Douglas I.|editor-last=Zheng|editor-first=Wenxin|editor2-last=Fadare|editor2-first=Oluwole|editor3-last=Quick|editor3-first=Charles Matthew|editor4-last=Shen|editor4-first=Danhua|editor5-last=Guo|editor5-first=Donghui|title=Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology|volume=2|date=2019|publisher=Springer|location=Springer|isbn=978-981-13-3018-6|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRegDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA96&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=3. Benign diseases of the ovary|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=2 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802001238/https://books.google.com/books?id=hRegDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA96&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hitranga aloha kokoa amin'ireo izay mifoka sigara izany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Warren|first=volume editors, Claudio N. Soares, Michelle|title=The menopausal transition : interface between gynecology and psychiatry|date=2009|publisher=Karger|location=Basel|isbn=978-3805591010|page=73|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny antony hafa dia ahitana ny fandidiana izay manala ny ovaire roa na karazana chimiothérapie sasany.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Con&gt;{{cite web|title=What is menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=2013-06-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319224154/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=19 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319224154/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx |date=19 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin'ny lafiny ara-batana, ny fadimbolana dia mitranga noho ny fihenan'ny famokarana hormonina estrogen sy progesterone ao amin'ny ovaire.  Na dia tsy ilaina aza matetika, ny famaritana ny fadimbolana dia azo hamarinina amin'ny fandrefesana ny haavon'ny hormonina ao amin'ny ra na ny urine.  Mifanohitra amin'ny menarche ny fadimbolana, izay fotoana anombohan'ny fadimbolana amin'ny zazavavy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wood|first=James|title=Dynamics of Human Reproduction: Biology, Biometry, Demography|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9780202365701|page=401|chapter=9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181403/https://books.google.com/books?id=I0_SrDBNy24C&amp;pg=PA401|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy ilaina matetika ny fitsaboana manokana.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx&gt;{{cite web|title=What are the treatments for other symptoms of menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=2013-06-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320030632/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|archive-date=20 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320030632/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx |date=20 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hihatsara amin'ny alalan'ny fitsaboana anefa ny soritr'aretina sasany.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx /&gt; Raha ny amin'ny hafanana tampoka, dia matetika no soso-kevitra ny hialana amin'ny fifohana sigara, kafeinina ary alikaola.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx /&gt; Mety hanampy ny fatoriana ao amin'ny efitrano mangatsiaka sy ny fampiasana mpankafy.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx /&gt; Ireto fanafody manaraka ireto dia mety hanampy: fitsaboana hormonina mandritra ny fadimbolana (MHT), clonidine, [[gabapentin]], na [[Mpanakantsakana ny fiverimberenan'ny serotoninina voafantina|fanafody manakana ny fidiran'ny serotoninina amin'ny vatana]].&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kra2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Krause MS, Nakajima ST|title=Hormonal and nonhormonal treatment of vasomotor symptoms|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America|volume=42|issue=1|pages=163–79|date=March 2015|pmid=25681847|doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2014.09.008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hanampy amin'ny olana amin'ny torimaso ny fanatanjahan-tena.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx /&gt; Raha toa ka efa mahazatra ny fampiasana ny MHT taloha, dia ireo manana soritr'aretina lehibe ihany no atolotra azy ankehitriny, satria misy ny ahiahy momba ny voka-dratsiny.  Tsy mbola nisy porofo avo lenta momba ny fahombiazan'ny fitsaboana hafa .  Misy porofo vonjimaika momba ny fisian'ny phytoestrogens.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franco2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Franco OH, Chowdhury R, Troup J, Voortman T, Kunutsor S, Kavousi M, Oliver-Williams C, Muka T|title=Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|journal=JAMA|volume=315|issue=23|pages=2554–63|date=June 2016|pmid=27327802|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.8012|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>n24rctaol3214cvr7bjql2c937el96s</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kilema amin'ny fo hatrany am-bohoka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299110</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135384</id>
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        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1459211|Congenital heart defect]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="9556" sha1="a1jbz7s65fphdoa3w8swx2ldgu85acb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Congenital heart defect
|synonym          =Congenital heart anomaly, congenital heart disease
|image            =VSD image.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =The normal structure of the heart (left) in comparison to two common locations for a [[ventricular septal defect]] (right), the most common form of congenital heart defect.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffman JI, Kaplan S | title = The incidence of congenital heart disease | journal = Journal of the American College of Cardiology | volume = 39 | issue = 12 | pages = 1890–900 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12084585 | doi = 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01886-7 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Cardiology]]
|symptoms         =Rapid breathing, [[cyanosis|bluish skin]], poor weight gain, feeling tired&lt;ref name=NIH2011Sym/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =Often unknown&lt;ref name=NIH2011Ca/&gt;
|risks            =[[Rubella]] infection during [[pregnancy]], [[ethanol|alcohol]] or [[tobacco]], parents being closely related, poor nutritional status or [[obesity]] in the mother&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=Dean2014/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =None, [[catheter procedure|catheter based procedures]], [[cardiac surgery|heart surgery]], [[heart transplantation]]&lt;ref name=NIH2011Tx/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Generally good (with treatment)&lt;ref name=NIH2011/&gt;
|frequency        =48.9 million (2015)&lt;!-- prevalence --&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =303,300 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}Ny tsy fahatomombanan’ny fo hatrany am-bohoka (CHD), fantatra ihany koa amin’ny hoe aretim-po hatrany am-bohoka, dia fahasembanana ara-drafitra ao amin’ny fo na ao amin’ny lalan-dra lehibe, izay efa misy hatramin’ny nahaterahana. [1]

Miankina amin’ny karazana tsy fahatomombanana ny fisehoan’ny soritr’aretina, ka mety tsy misy soritr’aretina mihitsy amin’ny tranga sasany, fa amin’ny tranga hafa kosa dia mety henjana ary mety hitarika fahafatesana. [1] [2]

Rehefa miseho ny soritr’aretina dia mety ahitana fifohana rivotra haingana, fiovan’ny lokon’ny hoditra ho manga (cyanosis), fitomboan-danja tsy ampy, ary fahatsapana harerahana. [3] Tsara homarihina fa matetika ny CHD dia tsy miteraka fanaintainan’ny tratra. [3]

Amin’ny ankapobeny, ny ankamaroan’ny tsy fahatomombanan’ny fo hatrany am-bohoka dia tsy mifandray amin’ny aretina hafa. [2] Na izany aza, mety hiteraka fahasarotana lehibe izy, anisan’izany ny tsy fahombiazan’ny fo. [3]

Matetika tsy fantatra ny antony mahatonga ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo hatrany am-bohoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Causes Congenital Heart Defects?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/chd/causes|website=National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=10 August 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708122049/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/chd/causes|archive-date=8 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny aretina sasany mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] toy ny rubella, ny fampiasana fanafody na zava-mahadomelina sasany toy ny alikaola na [[paraky]], ny fifandraisan'ny ray aman-dreny akaiky, na ny tsy fahampian-tsakafo na ny hatavezan'ny reny.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Shanthi|last=Mendis|first2=Pekka|last2=Puska|first3=Bo|last3=Norrving|last4=World Health Organization|title=Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|year=2011|publisher=World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization|pages=3, 60|isbn=978-92-4-156437-3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817123106/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=2014-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dean SV, Lassi ZS, Imam AM, Bhutta ZA|title=Preconception care: nutritional risks and interventions|journal=Reproductive Health|volume=11 Suppl 3|pages=S3|date=September 2014|pmid=25415364|pmc=4196560|doi=10.1186/1742-4755-11-s3-s3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fananana ray aman-dreny manana kilema fo hatrany am-bohoka dia anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza ihany koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Milunsky|first=Aubrey|title=Genetic Disorders and the Fetus: Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781444358216|chapter=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222054847/https://books.google.com/books?id=yY-gIvbnRDUC&amp;pg=PT28|archive-date=2017-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy aretina ara-pandovan-toetra maromaro mifandray amin'ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo, anisan'izany ny [[Syndrome Down|Down syndrome]], Turner syndrome, ary Marfan syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt; Mizara ho vondrona roa lehibe ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo hatrany am-bohoka: ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo misy loko manga sy ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo misy loko manga, arakaraka ny mety ho fiovan'ny lokon'ny zaza ho manga.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt; Mety ho ny rindrin'ny fo anatiny, ny valva ao am-po, na ny lalan-dra lehibe izay mitondra mankany sy avy ao am-po no voakasik'ireo lesoka ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Are Congenital Heart Defects?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/chd|website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=10 August 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813182642/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/chd/|archive-date=13 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Azo sorohina amin'ny ampahany ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo hatrany am-bohoka amin'ny alalan'ny vaksiny rubella, ny fanampiana [[Iôda|iode]] amin'ny sira, ary ny fanampiana asidra folika amin'ny vokatra sakafo sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt; Misy lesoka sasany tsy mila tsaboina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011&quot; /&gt; Ny hafa kosa mety ho tsaboina tsara amin'ny alalan'ny fomba fitsaboana mampiasa catheter na fandidiana fo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Tx&quot; /&gt; Indraindray dia mety ilaina ny fandidiana maromaro,&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Are Congenital Heart Defects Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/chd/treatment|website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=10 August 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727210805/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/chd/treatment|archive-date=27 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; na mety ilaina ny famindrana fo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Tx&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny dia tsara ny vokatra azo raha misy fitsaboana sahaza, na dia misy olana sarotra aza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011&quot; /&gt;

Ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo hatrany am-bohoka no tsy fahatomombanana mahazatra indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|date=August 2015|pmid=26063472|pmc=4561509|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, dia nisy olona 48.9 tapitrisa maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fiantraikany eo anelanelan'ny 4 sy 75 isaky ny fahaterahana velona 1.000 izy ireo, arakaraka ny fomba fitiliana azy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2011&quot; /&gt; Eo amin'ny 6 ka hatramin'ny 19 isaky ny 1.000 eo ho eo no miteraka olana antonony ka hatramin'ny lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2011&quot; /&gt; Ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo hatrany am-bohoka no antony voalohany mahatonga ny fahafatesana mifandraika amin'ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo: &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt; tamin'ny taona 2015, dia nahafaty olona 303.300 izany, nidina avy amin'ny fahafatesana 366.000 tamin'ny taona 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>a1jbz7s65fphdoa3w8swx2ldgu85acb</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Fahamamoana amin'ny rano</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299111</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135385</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T10:55:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1459324|Water intoxication]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1135385</origin>
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      <text bytes="5833" sha1="tjodnd5esba5ujr7rxk3radbf4mt2df" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Water intoxication
|synonym          =Water poisoning,&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt; hypotonic hyperhydration,&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt; overhydration, water toxicity,&lt;ref name=Stat2023&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Peechakara |first1=BV |last2=Gupta |first2=M |title=Water Toxicity. |journal=StatPearls |date=January 2023 |pmid=30725916}}&lt;/ref&gt; water toxemia
|image            =Glass-half-full.jpeg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[toxicology]], [[critical care medicine]]
|symptoms         =[[polyuria|Large amounts of urine]], [[headache]], weakness, muscle cramps, nausea, confusion&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =Drinking excess [[water]]&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt;
|risks            =[[Psychiatric conditions]], [[child abuse]], [[ecstasy]], water-drinking [[competition|contests]], excess fluids during [[exercise]]&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=Noa2006/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =Drinking to thirst during sport, [[oral rehydration solutions]]&lt;ref name=Sie2015/&gt;
|treatment        =
|medication       =[[Fluid restriction|Restricting fluids]], [[intravenous hypertonic saline]]&lt;ref name=Met2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=Sie2015/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =Rare&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny fahamamoana amin’ny rano (WI) dia toe-javatra ara-pahasalamana miseho rehefa misotro rano be loatra ny olona iray ka manelingelina ny fifandanjan’ny rano sy ny sira ao amin’ny vatana. [1]

Ny famantarana voalohany dia matetika ny famokarana urine be dia be. [1] Rehefa mihamafy ny toe-javatra dia mety hiseho ny soritr’aretina toy ny aretin’andoha, fahalemena, fanaintainan’ny hozatra, maloiloy, ary fahasafotofotoana ara-tsaina. [1]

Amin’ny tranga mafy kokoa, dia mety hiteraka fikorontanan-tsaina izany ary mety hitarika amin’ny aretina mahery vaika antsoina hoe osmotic demyelination syndrome. [1] [2]

Mety hitranga vokatry ny toe-pahasalamana ara-tsaina toy ny schizophrenia sy ny anorexia, [[Herisetra mianjady amin'ny ankizy|ny fanararaotana zaza]], ny fampiasana ecstasy, ny fifaninanana fisotroana rano, na ny fisotroana rano be loatra mandritra ny fanatanjahan-tena izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rad2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Radojevic|first=N|last2=Bjelogrlic|first2=B|last3=Aleksic|first3=V|last4=Rancic|first4=N|last5=Samardzic|first5=M|last6=Petkovic|first6=S|last7=Savic|first7=S|title=Forensic aspects of water intoxication: four case reports and review of relevant literature.|journal=Forensic science international|date=10 July 2012|volume=220|issue=1-3|pages=1-5|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.01.021|pmid=22306188}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noa2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Noakes TD, Speedy DB|title=Case proven: exercise associated hyponatraemia is due to overdrinking. So why did it take 20 years before the original evidence was accepted?|journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume=40|issue=7|pages=567–72|date=July 2006|pmid=16799109|pmc=2564296|doi=10.1136/bjsm.2005.020354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny antony hafa dia ahitana siramamy be loatra ampidirina amin'ny lalan-dra nefa tsy ampy sira sy fomba fampijaliana izay anerena olona hisotro rano be loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rad2012&quot; /&gt; Ny antony fototra mahatonga izany dia ny fampidirana rano mihoatra noho izay [[Voa (taovam-biby)|azon'ny voa]] esorina ka miteraka fihenan'ny sodium ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rad2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sie2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Siegel|first=AJ|title=Fatal water intoxication and cardiac arrest in runners during marathons: prevention and treatment based on validated clinical paradigms.|journal=The American journal of medicine|date=October 2015|volume=128|issue=10|pages=1070-5|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.03.031|pmid=25910792}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa miha- tsy ampy ny ra dia [[Edema ao amin'ny atidoha|mivonto ny ati-doha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rad2012&quot; /&gt;

Ny fisorohana amin'ny fanatanjahan-tena dia ny fisotroana toaka mba hampitoniana ny hetahetan'ny olona iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sie2015&quot; /&gt; Mety hanampy ihany koa ny fampiasana ranoka fa tsy zava- pisotro fanatanjahan-tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sie2015&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ny tranga malefaka, mety ho ampy ny famerana ny rano fisotro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Met2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Metheny|first=NA|last2=Meert|first2=KL|title=Water Intoxication and Child Abuse.|journal=Journal of emergency nursing|date=January 2018|volume=44|issue=1|pages=13-18|doi=10.1016/j.jen.2017.10.002|pmid=29103598}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an'ny tranga mafy dia azo ampiasaina ny saline hypertonic intravenous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sie2015&quot; /&gt; Mahalana ny fahamamoana anaty rano.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rad2012&quot; /&gt; Nisy fahafatesana vokatry ny fisotroana rano 6 litatra nandritra ny adiny telo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ballantyne|first=Coco|title=Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill|journal=Scientific American|date=21 June 2007|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-drinking-too-much-water-can-kill/|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529091314/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-drinking-too-much-water-can-kill/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Efa nohazavain'i Rowntree hatramin'ny taona 1923 farafahakeliny io toe-javatra io.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Joo|first=Min A|last2=Kim|first2=Eun Young|title=Hyponatremia caused by excessive intake of water as a form of child abuse|journal=Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism|date=2013|volume=18|issue=2|pages=95|doi=10.6065/apem.2013.18.2.95|pmid=24904860}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rowntree|first=Leonard G.|title=WATER INTOXICATION|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|date=1 August 1923|volume=32|issue=2|pages=157|doi=10.1001/archinte.1923.00110200003001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>tjodnd5esba5ujr7rxk3radbf4mt2df</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kostochondritis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458697|Costochondritis]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="5163" sha1="28azhcvjrlzef28ke57diawy326rx9s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Costochondritis
|synonym          =Costosternal syndrome,&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt; anterior chest wall syndrome,&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt; costosternal chondrodynia,&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/costochondritis/DS00626 |title=Costochondritis Definition |author=Mayo Clinic Staff |year=2012 |website= |publisher=Mayo Clinic |access-date=26 December 2012 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102063234/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/costochondritis/DS00626 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; parasternal chondrodynia&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt;
|image            =Gray390.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =The costal cartilages
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Emergency medicine]]
|symptoms         =[[Pain]] and tenderness at the [[costal cartilage]]&lt;ref name=Sto2010/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Weeks to months&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt;
|causes           =
|risks            =Repetitive physical activities, preceding cough&lt;ref name=Sto2010/&gt;&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms after ruling out other causes&lt;ref name=AFP2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;
|differential     =[[Myocardial infarction|Heart attack]], [[angina]], [[heartburn]], [[pneumonia]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[shingles]], [[Tietze syndrome|Tietze's syndrome]]&lt;ref name=AFP2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAIDs]], ice and heat, [[physiotherapy]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Good&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;
|frequency        =~25% of chest pain&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny costochondritis dia toe-pahasalamana ahitana fanaintainana eo amin’ny rindrin’ny tratra, vokatry ny fivontosana eo amin’ny taolan-tehezana, izany hoe ny taola-malemy mampifandray ny taolan-tehezana amin’ny sternum. [1]

Amin’ny ankapobeny, eo an-toerana ny fanaintainana ary azo tsapaina na averina amin’ny alalan’ny fanindriana ilay faritra voakasika. [2] Mety hisy fiantraikany amin’ny faritra maromaro amin’ny taola-malemy ihany koa izy io. [3]

Matetika ny fanaintainana dia mety hihamafy rehefa mihetsika ny vatana na rehefa mifoka rivotra lalina. [1] Mety ho maranitra na mitohy tsy dia mazava tsara ny toetry ny fanaintainana. [1]

Amin’ny ankapobeny, ny costochondritis dia aretina tsy dia maharitra ary matetika sitrana ho azy rehefa mandeha ny fotoana, na dia mety hiverina indraindray aza izy. [1]

Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny fanaovana hetsika ara-batana miverimberina na ny kohaka efa nisy teo aloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sto2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2010|last=Stochkendahl|first=MJ|last2=Christensen|first2=HW|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=94|issue=2|pages=259–273|pmid=20380955|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2010.01.007|title=Chest pain in focal musculoskeletal disorders}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2009|last=Proulx|first=AM|last2=Zryd|first2=TW|journal=American Family Physician|volume=80|issue=6|pages=617–620|pmid=19817327|title=Costochondritis: diagnosis and treatment}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana ny aretina dia ny fanafoanana ireo aretina hafa mety hiseho mitovy amin'izany, anisan'izany: aretim-po, angina, heartburn, pnemonia, ary embolism pulmonary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schumann|first=JA|last2=Sood|first2=T|last3=Parente|first3=JJ|title=Costochondritis|date=January 2020|pmid=30422526|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McConaghy|first=JR|last2=Oza|first2=RS|title=Outpatient diagnosis of acute chest pain in adults.|journal=American family physician|date=1 February 2013|volume=87|issue=3|pages=177-82|pmid=23418761}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ara-dalàna amin'ny ankapobeny ny mari-pana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Inoana fa ny antony fototra mahatonga izany dia ny fivontosana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot; /&gt; Raha misy fivontosana dia fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe aretin'i Tietze ny aretina, teny iray izay mety ampiasaina mifandimby saingy heverina ho aretina misaraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jin2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pmid=21541647|year=2011|last=Jindal|first=A|last2=Singhi|first2=S|title=Acute chest pain.|volume=78|issue=10|pages=1262–1267|journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics|doi=10.1007/s12098-011-0413-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Heverina ho vonjy taitra ara-pitsaboana ny fanaintainan'ny tratra mandra-pisian'ny porofo fa tsy misy aretina mety hahafaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ny fitsaboana ny costochondritis dia mety ahitana fitsaharana, ranomandry sy hafanana, paracetamol (acetaminophen), ary fanafody tsy steroidal anti-inflammatoire (NSAID).&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot; /&gt; Azo tsaboina amin'ny alalan'ny fitsaboana ara-batana &lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; na tsindrona stéroïde eo an-toerana ireo tranga maharitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot; /&gt; Ny costochondritis dia maneho eo amin'ny 13 ka hatramin'ny 36% eo ho eo amin'ny tranganà fanaintainan'ny tratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot; /&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany na ny ankizy na ny olon-dehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>28azhcvjrlzef28ke57diawy326rx9s</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hidromorfôna</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299113</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135387</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T11:00:02Z</timestamp>
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        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458206|Hydromorphone]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="11014" sha1="d296mr9kv46815zijef9liew95cexl7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =464191262
|image            =Hydromorphone skeletal.svg
|width            =180
|alt              =Structural formula of hydromorphone
|image2           =Hydromorphone molecule spacefill.png
|width2           =
|alt2             =Space-filling model of hydromorphone

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        =
|tradename        =Dilaudid, Hydromorph Contin, Palladone, others
|synonyms         =Dihydromorphinone, dillies
|IUPAC_name       =4,5-α-Epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methyl morphinan-6-one

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[Opioid]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|uses             =[[Pain]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|side_effects     =Dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, itchiness, constipation&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =C
|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Hydromorphone Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=19 November 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydromorphone.html | access-date=16 May 2020 | archive-date=26 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126092653/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydromorphone.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pregnancy_US     =N
|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=By mouth, intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous
|onset            =15 to 30 min&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|duration_of_action=4 to 5 hrs&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|defined_daily_dose=20 mg (by mouth)&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02AA03 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806152716/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02AA03 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;4 mg (injection, rectal)&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD /&gt;
|typical_dose     =2 to 4 mg by mouth&lt;ref name=Tara2009&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=Richard J. |title=Tarascon Pharmacopoeia |date=December 2009 |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |isbn=978-0-7637-7768-5 |page=12 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Tarascon_Pharmacopoeia/Urmh7ylCXnoC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Tarascon+pharmacopoeia+hydromorphone&amp;pg=PA12 |language=en |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819003452/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Tarascon_Pharmacopoeia/Urmh7ylCXnoC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Tarascon+pharmacopoeia+hydromorphone&amp;pg=PA12 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|dependency_liability=High&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bonewit-West |first1=Kathy |last2=Hunt |first2=Sue A. |last3=Applegate |first3=Edith |title=Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures |date=2012 |page=571 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9781455701506 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&amp;pg=PA571 |language=en |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728034412/https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&amp;pg=PA571 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|hydromorphone-hydrochloride}}
|MedlinePlus      =a682013

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S8
|legal_CA         =Schedule I
|legal_DE         =Anlage III
|legal_NZ         =Class B
|legal_UN         =N I
|legal_UK         =Class A
|legal_UK_comment =and Classified Drug
|legal_US         =Schedule II
|legal_status     =
|DailyMedID       =Hydromorphone

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =By mouth: 30–35%, Intranasal: 52–58%&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12818953&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Coda BA, Rudy AC, Archer SM, Wermeling DP |title = Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of single-dose intranasal hydromorphone hydrochloride in healthy volunteers |journal = Anesth. Analg. |volume = 97 |issue = 1 |pages = 117–23, table of contents |date = July 2003 |pmid = 12818953 |doi = 10.1213/01.ANE.0000066311.40978.4F |url = |citeseerx = 10.1.1.551.6509 }}&lt;/ref&gt; IV/IM:100%
|protein_bound    =20%
|metabolism       =Liver
|elimination_half-life=2–3 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid6165742&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Vallner JJ, Stewart JT, Kotzan JA, Kirsten EB, Honigberg IL |title = Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of hydromorphone following intravenous and oral administration to human subjects |journal = J Clin Pharmacol |volume = 21 |issue = 4 |pages = 152–6 |date = April 1981 |pmid = 6165742 |doi = 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1981.tb05693.x |url = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|excretion        =Kidney

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =17
|H                =19
|N                =1
|O                =3
|SMILES           =O=C4[C@@H]5Oc1c2c(ccc1O)C[C@H]3N(CC[C@]25[C@H]3CC4)C
|StdInChI         =1S/C17H19NO3/c1-18-7-6-17-10-3-5-13(20)16(17)21-15-12(19)4-2-9(14(15)17)8-11(10)18/h2,4,10-11,16,19H,3,5-8H2,1H3/t10-,11+,16-,17-/m0/s1
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =WVLOADHCBXTIJK-YNHQPCIGSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|solubility       =[[hydrochloride|HCl salt]]: 333
|urine            =&lt;4 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT) |url=https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025202836/https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|drug_name        =Hydromorphone
}}Ny Hydromorphone, fantatra ihany koa amin’ny hoe dihydromorphinone, ary amidy amin’ny anarana ara-barotra Dilaudid sy hafa, dia fanafody ao amin’ny sokajin’ny opioid, ampiasaina indrindra amin’ny fitsaboana fanaintainana antonony ka hatramin’ny mafy. [1]

Amin’ny ankapobeny, ny fampiasana maharitra azy dia matetika natokana ho an’ny fanaintainana mifandray amin’ny homamiadana. [2] Azo omena amin’ny endrika samihafa izy io, anisan’izany ny fihinanana am-bava, ny tsindrona ao anaty lalan-drà (intravenous), ny tsindrona amin’ny hozatra (intramuscular), na ny tsindrona eo ambanin’ny hoditra (subcutaneous administration). [1]

Amin’ny ankapobeny, manomboka miseho ao anatin’ny antsasak’adiny ny vokany, ary mety haharitra hatramin’ny adiny dimy eo ho eo. [1]

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fanina, ny rendremana, ny maloiloy, ny mangidihidy ary ny fitohanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydromorphone-hydrochloride.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 April 2019|language=en|archive-date=1 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601084504/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydromorphone-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ahitana voka-dratsy lehibe ny fampiasana tafahoatra, ny tosidrà ambany, ny fikorontanan-tsaina, ny fahaketrahana amin'ny taovam-pisefoana ary ny serotonin syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Ny fampihenana haingana ny fatra dia mety hiteraka fisintahana amin'ny opioid.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny, tsy soso-kevitra ny fampiasana azy mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] na ny fampinonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Preg2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hydromorphone Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydromorphone.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=15 April 2019|language=en|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126092653/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydromorphone.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inoana fa miasa amin'ny alàlan'ny fampandehanana ireo mpandray opioid ny hydromorphone, indrindra fa ao amin'ny atidoha sy ny hazondamosina.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Hydromorphone 2&amp;nbsp;mg amin'ny vava dia mitovy amin'ny 10 eo ho eo&amp;nbsp;mg morphine am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=24, 456|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nahazo patanty ny Hydromorphone tamin'ny 1923.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=526|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA526|language=en|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801190437/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA526|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO22nd&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021)|year=2021|hdl=10665/345533|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Any Royaume-Uni dia mitentina £0.32 eo ho eo isaky ny 2 ny NHS .&amp;nbsp;mg takelaka tamin'ny taona 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Any Etazonia, ny vidin'ny ambongadiny amin'io vola io dia eo amin'ny 0.07 {{US$}} eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADAC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-205 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny roa tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hydromorphone Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/HydromorphoneHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201147/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/HydromorphoneHydrochloride|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Avy amin'ny morphine no nanaovana ny hydromorphone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Vardanyan|first=Ruben|last2=Hruby|first2=Victor|title=Synthesis of Essential Drugs|date=2006|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080462127|page=25|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Jjc7KYWZdOYC&amp;pg=PA25|language=en|access-date=15 April 2019|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828113548/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Jjc7KYWZdOYC&amp;pg=PA25|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>d296mr9kv46815zijef9liew95cexl7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fanafody tsy steroidal manohitra ny fivontosana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299114</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135388</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T11:02:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1468621|Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="7340" sha1="7e1dw2dyitqx5zlhc5ujw8d1u666n7n" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug class
|name             =&lt;!-- omit to use page name --&gt;
|image            =200mg ibuprofen tablets.jpg
|alt              =
|caption          =Coated 200 mg tablets of generic [[ibuprofen]], a common NSAID

&lt;!-- Class identifiers --&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|n|s|ɛ|d}} {{respell|EN|sed}}
|stem             =-profen, -butazone, -bufen, -fenamic acid, -oxicam, -metacin, -nixin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances |date=2011 |publisher=WHO |page=32 |url=https://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/StemBook_2011_Final.pdf |access-date=2021-04-27 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712181144/http://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/StemBook_2011_Final.pdf |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712181144/http://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/StemBook_2011_Final.pdf |date=2018-07-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|synonyms         =Cyclooxygenase inhibitor,&lt;ref name=Lip1987&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Lipfert P, Seitz R, Arndt JO | title = Studies of local anesthetic action on natural spike activity in the aortic nerve of cats | journal = Anesthesiology | volume = 66 | issue = 2 | pages = 210–3 | date = February 1987 | pmid = 3813081 | doi = 10.1097/00000542-198702000-00016 | publisher = Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) | quote = Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the competitive inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme which mediates the bioconversion of arachidonic acid to inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs). }}&lt;/ref&gt; cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitor,&lt;ref name=Lip1987/&gt; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents/analgesics (NSAIAs), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|use              =[[Analgesic|Pain]], [[fever]], [[inflammation]]&lt;ref name=Hitch2019/&gt;&lt;ref name=Gh2021/&gt;
|side effects     =[[Stomach ulcers]], [[heart attack]], [[high blood pressure]], [[kidney disease]]&lt;ref name=Gh2021/&gt;
|types            ='''Non-selective:''' [[Ibuprofen]], [[naproxen]], [[ketorolac]]&lt;ref name=Gh2021/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''[[COX-2 inhibitor|COX-2 selective]]''': [[Celecoxib]], [[rofecoxib]]&lt;ref name=Gh2021/&gt;
|subtypes         =
|interactions     =[[Corticosteroids|Steroids]], [[anticoagulants]], [[ACE inhibitors]]&lt;ref name=Hitch2019/&gt;
|mode_of_action   =
|mechanism_of_action=
|biological_target=[[COX-1]] and [[COX-2]]&lt;ref name=Hitch2019/&gt;
|chemical_class   =

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{Drugs.com|drug-class|nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-agents}}
|medicinenet      =
|rxlist           =
|video1           =
}}

Ny fanafody tsy steroidal anti-inflammatoire (NSAID) dia kilasin’ny fanafody ampiasaina indrindra amin’ny fitsaboana fanaintainana, tazo, ary fivontosana. [1] [2]

Anisan’ireo fanafody ao amin’ity sokajy ity ny aspirine, izay azo ampiasaina ihany koa amin’ny fisorohana ny aretim-po sy ny fahatapahan’ny lalan-dra. [3]

Azo omena amin’ny endrika samihafa ny NSAID, toy ny fihinanana am-bava, tsindrona, fametahana amin’ny hoditra, na amin’ny endrika suppository. [2] Azo ampiasaina miaraka amin’ny parasetamol (acetaminophen) ihany koa izy ireo mba hanatsarana ny vokatra amin’ny fitsaboana fanaintainana. [1]

Ho an’ireo olona mety hisy olana amin’ny vavony, dia azo ampitomboina amin’ny fampiasana fanafody manakana ny asidra ao amin’ny vavony, toy ny proton pump inhibitor, ny fitsaboana miaraka amin’ny NSAID. [1]

Mety ho anisan'ny voka-dratsiny ny fery amin'ny vavony, aretim-po, tosidra ambony, ary aretin'ny voa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gh2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ghlichloo|first=I|last2=Gerriets|first2=V|title=Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)|date=January 2021|pmid=31613522|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, Brophy JM|title=Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data|journal=BMJ|volume=357|pages=j1909|date=May 2017|pmid=28487435|pmc=5423546|doi=10.1136/bmj.j1909}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lanas A, Chan FK|title=Peptic ulcer disease|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10094|pages=613–624|date=August 2017|pmid=28242110|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7|s2cid=4547048}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ahitana ny fanafihan'ny [[Sohika|asma]] sy ny mony ny voka-dratsiny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=List of Common NSAIDs + Uses, Types &amp; Side Effects|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-agents.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=27 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417144555/https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-agents.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy tokony horaisina mandritra ny 3 volana farany amin'ny fitondrana vohoka izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs2021&quot; /&gt; Misy karazany roa ny tsy mifantina sy ny COX-2 mifantina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gh2021&quot; /&gt; Na dia mety tsy dia mety hiteraka fahasosorana amin'ny vavony aza ireo akora voafantina COX-2 dia mety hiteraka aretim-po ambony kokoa izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=168|language=en|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miasa amin'ny alàlan'ny fanakanana ny asan'ny anzima cyclooxygenase ( COX-1 na COX-2 ) izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot; /&gt;

Ny NSAID voalohany dia aspirine, izay nanomboka nampiasaina ara-barotra tamin'ny 1899, na dia efa nampiasaina tamin'ny endrika hodi-kazon'ny hazomalahelo aza taloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;His2020&quot; /&gt; Nanaraka izany ny [[ibuprofen]] tamin'ny taona 1960 ary ny naproxen tamin'ny taona 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;His2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ross|first=Stewart|title=Who Invented Underpants?: The Weird Trivia of Human Invention, from Fire to Fast Food (and Everything In Between)|date=2020|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-64604-097-1|page=58|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Who_Invented_Underpants/q_f1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA58|language=en|access-date=2021-04-27|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828191048/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Who_Invented_Underpants/q_f1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maro amin'izy ireo no azo vidiana ho fanafody tsy misy fangarony ary tsy dia lafo loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot; /&gt; Azo vidiana eny amin'ny fivarotam-panafody ihany koa ny sasany (OTC).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot; /&gt; Tsy heverina ho NSAID ny Paracetamol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Is Tylenol (acetaminophen) an NSAID?|url=https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/tylenol-nsaid-3002124/|website=Drugs.com|access-date=27 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613205021/https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/tylenol-nsaid-3002124/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>7e1dw2dyitqx5zlhc5ujw8d1u666n7n</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hepatita B</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299115</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1135389</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-15T11:07:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hariniaina14</username>
        <id>34924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1484060|Hepatitis B]] to:mg #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1135389</origin>
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      <text bytes="9830" sha1="571t34t67qtvey4zk8yqkufe53rc23r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Hepatitis B
|synonym          =
|image            =Hepatitis-B virions.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Transmission electron microscopy|Electron micrograph]] of [[hepatitis B virus]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[gastroenterology]]
|symptoms         =None, [[jaundice|yellowish skin]], [[fatigue (medicine)|tiredness]], dark urine, [[abdominal pain]]&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;
|onset            =Symptoms may take up to 6 months to appear&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;
|duration         =Short or long term&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;
|causes           =[[Hepatitis B virus]] spread by some [[body fluids]]&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;
|risks            =[[Drug injection|Intravenous drug use]], [[sexual intercourse]], [[dialysis]], living with an infected person&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Blood tests&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[Hepatitis B vaccine]]&lt;ref name=OTGPH2022/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Antiviral drug|Antiviral medication]] ([[tenofovir]], [[entecavir]], [[interferon]]), [[liver transplantation]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =296 million people worldwide (2019), 1.5 million new cases/year&lt;ref name=WHO2021/&gt;
|deaths           =820,000 deaths (2019)&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;
}}Ny Hepatita B dia hepatita viraliny, izany hoe aretina mifindra ateraky ny viriosy hepatita B (HBV), izay manafika sy manimba ny aty. [1]

Ity aretina ity dia mety miseho amin’ny endrika tampoka na maharitra. [1] Amin’ny ankamaroan’ny tranga voalohany dia tsy misy soritr’aretina mihitsy ilay olona voa. [1]

Rehefa miseho kosa ny soritr’aretina amin’ny endrika mahery dia mety ahitana fandoavana, hoditra mavomavo, havizanana, fivalanana maizina, ary fanaintainan’ny kibo. [1] Ireo soritr’aretina ireo dia matetika maharitra herinandro vitsivitsy ary tsy dia mitarika fahafatesana amin’ny dingana voalohany. [1]

Ny fotoana ilaina vao miseho ny soritr’aretina dia eo anelanelan’ny 30 ka hatramin’ny 180 andro aorian’ny fifindran’ny viriosy. [1]

Amin’ireo zaza voa amin’ny fotoana nahaterahana, manodidina ny 90% no mety hivoatra ho aretina maharitra (chronic), raha latsaky ny 10% kosa no mitranga amin’ireo voa aorian’ny faha-5 taonany. [2]

Ny ankamaroan’ny olona manana Hepatita B mitaiza dia tsy mampiseho soritr’aretina, saingy mety hitarika amin’ny fahasarotana lehibe toy ny cirrhose sy ny homamiadan’ny aty izany. [1] Tombanana fa eo amin’ny 25% eo ho eo amin’ireo voan’ny aretina mitaiza no mety hivoatra ho cirrhose na homamiadan’ny aty. [1]

''Ny viriosy Hepatita B'' dia iray amin'ireo viriosy hepatita dimy lehibe miaraka amin'ny A, [[Hepatita C|C]], D, ary E.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017Report&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Global hepatitis report 2017|date=2017|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156545-5|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua=1|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127102520/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miely amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana amin'ny [[ra]] na tsiranoka avy amin'ny vatana ny viriosy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B|url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organisation|access-date=9 October 2023|language=en|date=18 July 2023|archive-date=22 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422034331/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny aretina manodidina ny fotoana nahaterahana na avy amin'ny fifandraisana amin'ny ran'olon-kafa mandritra ny fahazazana no fomba mahazatra indrindra ahazoana ny hepatita B any amin'ny faritra izay ahitana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Any amin'ny faritra tsy fahita firy ny aretina, ny fampiasana fanafody amin'ny lalan-dra sy [[Firaisana ara-nofo|ny firaisana ara-nofo]] no fomba fifindran'ny aretina matetika indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza hafa ny fiasana amin'ny sehatry ny fahasalamana, ny fampidiran-dra, ny dialyse, ny fiarahana miaina amin'ny olona voan'ny aretina, ny dia any amin'ny firenena izay avo lenta ny tahan'ny aretina, ary ny fipetrahana any amin'ny toeram-pitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B Fact sheet N°204|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|website=who.int|access-date=4 November 2014|date=July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109161444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|archive-date=9 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B FAQs {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/bfaq.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhepatitis%2Fb%2Fbfaq.htm|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|publisher=CDC|access-date=9 October 2023|language=en-us|date=30 March 2022|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027190235/https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/bfaq.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhepatitis%2Fb%2Fbfaq.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|title=Primary Care Management of Hepatitis B – Quick Reference (HBV-QR)|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/primary-care-management-hepatitis-b-quick-reference.html|website=www.canada.ca|access-date=3 November 2025|date=26 February 2014|archive-date=24 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724080337/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/primary-care-management-hepatitis-b-quick-reference.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nitarika tranga maro be ny fanaovana tatoazy sy ny acupuncture tamin'ny taona 1980; na izany aza, nihena ny fahitan'ny olona izany rehefa nohatsaraina ny fomba fanadiovan-tena.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Thomas HC|title=Viral Hepatitis|year=2013|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781118637302|page=83|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7aQeAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803072124/https://books.google.com/books?id=7aQeAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy azo mifindra amin'ny alalan'ny fifampitantanana, fifampizarana fitaovana fisakafoana, fifanorohana, fifamihinana, kohaka, fievina, na fampinonoana ny viriosy {{Nowrap|hepatitis B}} &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022&quot; /&gt; Azo fantarina ny aretina 30 ka hatramin'ny 60 andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny aretina dia hamafisina amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana ny ra mba hahitana ny ampahany amin'ny viriosy sy ny fisian'ny hery fiarovana manohitra ny viriosy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt;

Azo sorohina amin'ny alalan'ny vaksiny ny aretina nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;OTGPH2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mutsaerts|first=Eleanor A. M. L.|last2=Madhi|first2=Shabir A.|author-link2=Shabir A. Madhi|editor-last=Detels|editor-first=Roger|editor2-last=Karim|editor2-first=Quarraisha Abdool|editor3-last=Baum|editor3-first=Fran|title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health|date=2022|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-881680-5|page=587|edition=7th|language=en|chapter=11.3. Immunisation and vaccination|access-date=9 October 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020045336/https://books.google.com/books?id=03q_EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA587#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo omena globulinina miaro amin'ny hepatita B sy vaksiny ny zaza teraka avy amin'ny reny voan'ny hepatita B rehefa teraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldman2020hepatitis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rosene-Montella|first=Karen|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor2-last=Schafer|editor2-first=Andrew I.|title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|pages=1587-1588|edition=26th|volume=2|language=en|chapter=226. Common medical problems in pregnancy|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020045301/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1587#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amporisihin'ny [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Fahasalamana|Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana]] ny fanaovana vaksiny amin'ny andro voalohany amin'ny fiainana raha azo atao.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Ilaina ny fatra roa na telo fanampiny amin'ny fotoana manaraka mba hahazoana vokatra feno.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Mandaitra eo amin'ny 95% eo ho eo amin'ny fotoana ity vaksiny ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Firenena 180 eo ho eo no nanome ny vaksiny ho anisan'ny fandaharan'asa nasionaly nanomboka tamin'ny taona 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;Will2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Williams R|title=Global challenges in liver disease|journal=Hepatology|volume=44|issue=3|pages=521–526|year=2006|pmid=16941687|doi=10.1002/hep.21347}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amporisihina ihany koa ny hanaovana fitiliana ny ra rehetra raha misy hepatita B alohan'ny fampidiran-dra, ary ny fampiasana kapaoty mba hisorohana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Mandritra ny aretina voalohany, ny fikarakarana dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina ananan'ny olona iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay voan'ny aretina mitaiza, mety ilaina ny fanafody antiviral toy ny tenofovir, entecavir, na interferon ; na izany aza, lafo vidy ireo fanafody ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Indraindray dia ampiasaina amin'ny cirrhosis ny famindrana aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Evelyne Norozara</title>
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        <id>30720</id>
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      <comment>Namorona Evelyne Norozara</comment>
      <origin>1135392</origin>
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      <text bytes="444" sha1="q6i5j4ac6rbzkki7l2iiefat60n85pj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Evelyne Norozara|teraka|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=mpandraharaha, mpampiofana|asa hafa=}}
Evelyne Norozara dia tanora mpandraharaha, mpanofana Ary mpikatroka amin'ny famolavolana tanora tao Antsiranana.Izy no namorona Ny toeram-panofanana ara-kasa AJFACE ao Antsiranana. 

== Ny mombamomba azy ==
Evelyne Norozara dia mpitarika tanora, mpandraharaha tao Antsiranana. Izy ni namorona ny AJFACE.

== Loharano ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-15T11:50:39Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Nampiditry loharano</comment>
      <origin>1135393</origin>
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      <text bytes="1206" sha1="fdmcpkx8pvivwsjr7yi0o67truvrzii" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox olona|anarana=Evelyne Norozara|teraka|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=mpandraharaha, mpampiofana|asa hafa=}}
'''Evelyne Norozara''' dia tanora mpandraharaha, mpanofana Ary mpikatroka amin'ny famolavolana tanora tao Antsiranana.Izy no namorona Ny toeram-panofanana ara-kasa AJFACE ao Antsiranana.Maty tamin'ny 19 janoary 2024 IZY. 

== Ny mombamomba azy ==
Evelyne Norozara dia mpitarika tanora, mpandraharaha tao Antsiranana ary mpampiofana&lt;ref&gt;https://latribune.cyber-diego.com/breves/564-orientation-scolaire-une-seance-dinformation-avec-lassociation-ajface.html&lt;/ref&gt;. Izy ni namorona ny AJFACE.&lt;ref&gt;https://observatoiredelajeunesse.wordpress.com/2019/04/23/observatoire-de-la-jeunesse_-fihari-ireo-mety-hampahomby-azy/&lt;/ref&gt;

Efa niasa tamin'ny tetik'asa kobaby izy&lt;ref&gt;https://www.studiosifaka.org/magazines/emploi-initiatives-ketrika-sy-kandra/item/5129-la-consultance-et-l-entrepreneuriat-dans-le-betail.html&lt;/ref&gt;, efa nisehatra tamin'ny resaka zon'olombelona izy ka izy no solontenan'ny Eisa olom-pirenena fanilo tao amin'ny faritra avaratr'i Madagasikara.&lt;ref&gt;https://lexpress.mg/24/02/2023/antsiranana-les-jeunes-locaux-sengagent-contre-la-cybercriminalite/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Loharano ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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