Wikipedia minwiki https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utamo MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.4 first-letter Media Istimewa Rundiang Pangguno Rundiang Pangguno Wikipedia Rundiang Wikipedia Berkas Rundiang Berkas MediaWiki Rundiang MediaWiki Templat Rundiang Templat Bantuan Rundiang Bantuan Kategori Rundiang Kategori Portal Diskusi Portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Rundiang Modul Acara Event talk 0 351 3170236 3162815 2025-06-11T12:33:31Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170236 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Srivijaya Empire.svg|thumb|250px|Kadatuan Sriwijaya.]] '''Sriwijaya''' marupokan suatu karajaan kuno nan barado di pulau [[Sumatra]], sarato banyak pangaruahnyo di kapulauan [[Nusantara]].<ref name="end">{{Cite book |last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|date=2006|location=Singapore|url= |doi= |pages=pages 171|id= ISBN 981-4155-67-5}}</ref> Bukti awal tantang adonyo karajaan iko barasa dari abaik ka-7. Surang pandeta Cino banamo [[I-Tsing]] lah manulih bahaso inyo panah datang ka Sriwijaya taun 671, salamo 6 bulan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Munoz|title=Early Kingdoms |pages=p. 122}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Zain|first=Sabri|title=Sejarah Melayu, Buddhist Empires|publisher=|date=|location=|url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/hindu.htm |doi= |pages=|id=}}</ref> Batu basurek patamo tantang Sriwijaya ko barasa dari abaik ka-7, iyolah [[Batu basurek Kedukan Bukit]] di [[Palembang]], Sumatra Selatan, taun 683.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Austronesians|url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian/austronesians|publisher=ANU Press|isbn=978-1-920942-85-4|language=en|first=Peter|last=Bellwood|first2=Darrell|last2=Tryon|first3=James J.|last3=Fox}}</ref> Karajaan ko mulai mundua antaro taun 1200 dan 1300 karano babagai sabauk, tamasuak juo lantaran adonyo ekspansi dek karajaan [[Majapahit]].<ref name="end" /> Dalam bahaso [[Sansekerta]], ''sri'' aratinyo "bacahayo", ''wijaya'' aratinyo "kamanangan".<ref name="MUNOZ 117">{{Cite book |last=Munoz|title=Early Kingdoms |pages=p. 117}}</ref> Sasudah Sriwijaya hancua, karajaan ko indak lai taingek dek urang rami, dan para sijarawan lupo pulo tantang adonya karajaan iko. Sriwijaya mulai dikana lai taun 1918, ateh karajo sijarawan [[Parancih]] [[George Coedès]] dari ''École française d'Extrême-Orient''.<ref name="MUNOZ 117" /> Antaro taun [[1992]] sampai [[1993]], [[Pierre-Yves Manguin]] lah maagiah bukti bahaso pusek Sriwijaya adonyo di Sungai Musi, tapeknyo antaro [[Bukik Seguntang]] jo [[Sabokingking]] (kini ko di provinsi [[Sumatra Selatan]], [[Indonesia]]).<ref name="MUNOZ 117" /> Pado taun [[1088]], [[Karajaan Melayu Jambi]] nan daulunyo barado di bawah linduangan Sriwijaya, manjadian Sriwijaya nagara bawahannyo. == Catatan sijarah == Indak banyak bukti fisik tantang Sriwijaya nan dapek ditamukan.<ref name="TAYLOR">{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003|location=New Haven and London|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiapeoples0000tayl|doi=|pages=|id=ISBN 0-300-10518-5}}</ref> Indak ado catatan labiah lanjuik tantang Sriwijaya dalam sijarah Indonesia; masa lalunyo nan talupokan dibantuak baliak dek sarjana asiang dari lua nagari. Indak ado urang Indonesia moderen nan mandanga tantang Sriwijaya sampai taun 1920-an, katiko sarjana Parancih [[George Cœdès]] manabikan temuannyo di surek kaba [[Bahaso Balando|Balando]] jo [[Bahaso Indonesia|Indonesia]].<ref name="TAYLOR2">{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003|location=New Haven and London|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiapeoples0000tayl|doi=|pages=|id=ISBN 0-300-10518-5}}</ref> Coedès manyatoan baso rujukan bahaso Cino pado "San-fo-ts'i", sabalunnyo dibaco "Sribhoja", jo babarapo batu basurek dalam [[Bahaso Malayu|bahaso Melayu Kuno]] marujuak kapado karajaan nan samo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krom|first=N.J.|chapter=Het Hindoe-tijdperk|title=Geschiedenis van Nederlandsch Indië|editor-last=F.W. Stapel|publisher=N.V. U.M. Joost van den Vondel|year=1938|location=Amsterdam|url=|doi=|pages=vol. I p. 149|id=}}</ref> Kedatuan Sriwijaya alah ado sajak taun 671 manuruik catatan [[I Tsing]] nan tingga di sinan salamo 6 bulan katiko mampalajari tata bahaso [[Bahaso Sanskerta|Sansekerta]] atau ''[[Sastra Sanskerta|Sabdavidya]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hasan|first=Hadi|date=2017|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=cEMiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97&dq=I+tsing+6+months++Sabdavidya.&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwill7DOpLyHAxXlxjgGHRezB9YQ6AF6BAgMEAI|title=A History of Persian Navigation|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-66903-0|pages=97|language=en}}</ref> Dikatahui [[batu basurek Kedukan Bukit]] marupoan batu basurek tatuo nan ditulih dalam [[Bahasa Melayu Kuno|bahaso Melayu Kuno]]. Urang ahli picayo baso batu basurek ko dipangaruahi dek [[Buddhisme dan Hinduisme|budayo Hindu-Buddha]] jo kato-kato pinjaman dari bahaso Sanskerta.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rashid|first=Faridah Abdul|date=2012|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=LNu6b6uY7PgC&pg=PA25&dq=kedukan+bukit+oldest+old+malay+inscription&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjz7cLsp7yHAxX1wTgGHb2RJkQQ6AF6BAgNEAI|title=Research on the Early Malay Doctors 1900-1957 Malaya and Singapore|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4691-7243-9|pages=25|language=en}}</ref> Dari [[batu basurek Kedukan Bukit]] tanggal 23 April 682 M<ref>{{Cite book|last=Coedès|first=George|date=1975|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC&pg=PA82&dq=Kedukan+Bukit+oldest+inscription+malay&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmn4PIpryHAxXge2wGHTs3CQoQ6AF6BAgHEAI|title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1|pages=82|language=en}}</ref> dikatahui baso karajaan ko di bawah kapamimpinan [[Dapunta Hyang]]. Inyo barangkek untuak malakukan ''manalap {{Efn|Manalap diperkirakan merupakan kata "mangalap" yang merupakan turunan dari kata alap "mengambil", yang ada dalam bahasa [[Jawa Kuna]] dan Bahasa Sunda yang memiliki makna pergi mengambil, mencari, mendapatkan".<ref>{{Cite book|last=John|first=Guy|date=2014-04-07|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31&dq=671+Yijing+six+month&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHyO7xk5-HAxVC4zgGHfEzCAcQ6AF6BAgJEAI|title=Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-1-58839-524-5|pages=31|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref>}}'' ''siddhayatra'' {{Efn|Menurut Coedès, ''siddhayatra'' merujuk kepada "'''puissance magique'''" atau "ramuan ajaib". Sedangkan, menurut [[B. Ch. Chhabra]], istilah ini merujuk pada perjalanan yang sukses. Pada akhirnya, [[Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis]] mengartikan istilah ini sebagai upacara sebelum melakukan perjalanan yang sukses.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Caillat|first=Colette|last2=Casparis|first2=J. G. de|date=1991|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=gbfgYakgCTgC&pg=RA1-PA36&dq=manalap+siddhayatra+meaning&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjYgKLRl6SHAxU-TGwGHVC8AJIQ6AF6BAgJEAI|title=Middle Indo-Aryan and Jaina Studies|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09426-0|pages=36|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref>}} jo kapa. Inyo mamimpin 20.000 tantara jo 312 urang di ateh kapa jo 1.312 tantara kaki dari Minanga {{Efn|Ronkel membaca kata ini minanga hamwar<ref>{{Cite journal|last=PH S Van|first=Ronkel|date=1924|title=Two Old Malay Inscriptions in Palembang (Sumatra)|url=|journal=Acta Orientalia|volume=2|pages=12-21}}</ref>, sedangkan Coedès dan [[Poerbatjaraka]] membacanya minanga tamwan. Poerbatjaraka menyatakan bahwa istilah ini agar menunjang pendapatnya bahwa pusat kerajaan Sriwijaya ialah daerah Minangkabau atau sekitar pertemuan [[Sungai Kampar kanan]] dan [[Sungai Kampar kiri]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Notosusanto|first=Marwati Djoened, Poesponegoro, Nugroho|date=2008|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=I0RPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72&dq=manalap+siddhayatra&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmk6DZiqGHAxXSzTgGHUFuAcYQ6AF6BAgJEAI|title=Sejarah Nasional Indonesia Jilid 2: Zaman Kuno|publisher=Balai Pustaka (Persero), PT|isbn=978-979-407-408-4|pages=72|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref>}} ka tampek nan dimulai jo kato Ma..... {{Efn|Huruf ini oleh G. Coedès dibaca matayap dan dibaca oleh Krom sebagai malayu. Akan tetapi, arkelogis Indonesia seperti [[Slamet Muljana]] membacanya matadanau dan [[Boechari]] membacanya mukha upang<ref>{{Cite web|last=Asyrafi|first=Muhammad|editor-last=Margana|editor-first=Sri|title=Boechari|url=https://esi.kemdikbud.go.id/wiki/Boechari|website=esi.kemdikbud.go.id|access-date=2024-07-17|archive-date=2024-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717043034/https://esi.kemdikbud.go.id/wiki/Boechari|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}} Salain dari itu, barito daerah, nan sabagian mungkin dakek jo carito-carito legendaris, sarupo [[Kerajaan Sabak|carito tantang Maharaja Zabag jo Rajo Khmer,]] juo mambarikan sekilas informasi. Salain itu, babarapo catatan musafir India jo Arab juo manggambarkan sacaro indak jaleh kakayaan rajo Zabag nan luar biaso. Nampaknyo curito Zabag-Khmer tu badasarkan kakuasaan Jawa ka Kamboja, bukan kakuasaan Sriwijaya ka Kamboja.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John N.|last2=Goh|first2=Geok Yian|date=2017|title=Ancient Southeast Asia|location=London|publisher=Routledge|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|269, 302}} Sriwijaya manjadi simbol kabasaran Sumatera awal, jo salah satu karajaan tagadang [[Kapulauan Nusantara|di Nusantara]]. Pado abaik ka-20, Sriwijaya jo Majapahit manjadi acuan dek para nasionalis untuak manunjuakan baso [[Indonesia]] marupoan nagara basatu sabalun [[Hindia-Balando|panjajahan Balando]].<ref name="TAYLOR3">{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003|location=New Haven and London|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiapeoples0000tayl|doi=|pages=|id=ISBN 0-300-10518-5}}</ref> Sriwijaya disabuik jo babagai namo. Urang Cino manyabuiknyo ''Shih-li-fo-shih'' atau ''San-fo-ts'i'' atau ''San Fo Qi.'' Urang Arab manyabuiknyo Sribuza jo urang Khmer manyabuiknyo Malayu . Banyaknyo namo adolah alasan lain baa mangko Sriwijaya sangaik sulik dicari.<ref name="end2">{{cite book|last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|year=2006|location=Singapore|url=https://archive.org/details/earlykingdomsofi0000muno|doi=|id=ISBN 981-4155-67-5}}</ref>{{rp|114–115}} == Perdagangan == Dalam dunia padagangan, Sriwijaya manguasoi jalur padagangan antaro India jo Cino, yaitu jo caro manguasoi [[Selat Malaka]] jo [[Selat Sunda]]. Urang Arab mancataik baso Sriwijaya punyo babagai komoditas sarupo kapur, kayu agar, cengkeh, pala, kaladi, gading, ameh jo timah, nan mambuek rajo-rajo Sriwijaya samo kayonyo jo rajo-rajo di India.<ref name="Poesponegoro">Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro, Nugroho Notosusanto, (1992), ''Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Jaman kuno'', PT Balai Pustaka, ISBN 979-407-408-X</ref> Kakayaan nan malimpah ko mamungkinkan Sriwijaya untuak mambali kasatiaan ''vassalnyo'' di saluruah Asia Tenggara. Jo batindak sabagai ''entreport'' atau palabuahan utamo di Asia Tenggara, jo mandapek-an restu, persetujuan jo palinduangan dari Kaisar Cino untuak dapek badagang jo Cino, Sriwijaya taruih mangalola jaringan padagangan maritim jo mangandalikan arteri palayaran antaro Cino jo India.{{Sfn|Sucipto|2009|p=28}} Dek karano ikolah Sriwijaya harus taruih mampatahankan dominasi padagangannyo jo salalu mamantau — dan jikok paralu — malawan palabuahan nan basaing di nagara-nagara tatangga. Kabutuhan untuak mampatahankan monopoli padagangan adolah nan mandorong Sriwijaya untuak malancarkan ekspedisi militer untuak manaklukan palabuahan palabuahan nan basaiang di sakitarnyo jo manyerapnyo ka dalam [[Mandala (sejarah Asia Tenggara)|mandala]] Sriwijaya. Palabuahan Malayu di Jambi, Kota Kapur di Pulau Bangka, Tarumanagara jo palabuahan Sunda di Jawa Barat, Kalinga di Jawa Tangah, sarato palabuahan Kedah jo Chaiya di samananjuang Malayu marupoan babarapo palabuahan palabuahan nan ditaklukkan jo diserap ka dalam lingkup Sriwijaya dari pangaruah. Tasabuik dalam catatan sajarah Champa baso ado sarangkaian razia angkatan lauik nan barasa dari Jawa taradok babarapo palabuahan di [[Karajaan Campo|Champa]] jo Kamboja. Mungkin angkatan lauik nan manyarang nan dimukasuik adolah armada Sriwijaya, karano wakatu itu dinasti Sailendra di Jawa adolah bagian dari mandala Sriwijaya. Iko adolah usaho Sriwijaya untuak manjamin monopoli padagangan maritim di Asia Tenggara jo caro manyarang dealer palabuahan saingannyo. Sriwijaya juo sukses dalam hal padagangan dari [[670|taun 670]] inggo [[1025]] [[Masehi]].{{sfn|Halimi|2008|p=121}} Salain manjalin hubuangan padagangan jo [[India]] jo [[Republik Rakyaik Cino|Cino]], Sriwijaya juo manjalin hubuangan padagangan jo tanah-tanah [[Jazirah Arab|Arab]]. Ado kamungkinan baso utusan Maharaja [[Sri Indrawarman]], nan manyampaian surek kapado [[khalifah]] [[Umar bin Abdul Aziz|Umar bin Abdul-Aziz]] dari [[Bani Umayyah|kaum Umayyah]] pado taun 718, babaliak ka Sriwijaya jo pambarian ''Zanji'' (budak padusi kulit hitam), dan kamudian dari babad Cino tasabuik baso ''Shih-li-fo'' ''-shih'' sadang basamo jo rajo (Sri Indrawarman) pado taun 724 mangirimkan hadiah kapado kaisar Cino, dalam bantuak ''ts'engchi.'' (aratinyo samo jo ''Zanji'' dalam [[bahaso Arab]]).<ref name="Azra">{{Cite book|last=Azra|first=Azyumardi|author-link=Azyumardi Azra|title=Islam in the Indonesian world: an account of institutional formation|publisher=Mizan Pustaka|year=2006|id=ISBN 979-433-430-8}}</ref> Pado paruah partamo abaik ka-10, antaro jatuahnyo dinasti Tang jo bangkiknyo [[dinasti Song]], padagangan jo lua nagari cukuik laweh, tarutamo [[Fujian]], karajaan Min jo karajaan Nan Han jo nagara bagiannyo nan kayo [[Guangdong]]. Indak diragukan lai bahaso Sriwijaya mandapek manfaat dari padagangan ko. Dipakiroan salamo maso iko masyarakaik Sriwijaya mulai manganali buah [[Cimangko|semangka]] ( ''Citrullus lanatus'' ( [[Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunb.]] ) Matsum. & [[Nakai Takenoshin|Nakai]] ), nan masuak malalui dagang mareka.{{Sfn|Natawidjaja|1985|p=28}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Semangka|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=EIjcRG4AXisC&pg=PA16&dq=sejarah+semangka&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VyfaUejpDMaxrgfP7IDIDg&redir_esc=y|publisher=PT Niaga Swadaya|date=2010|isbn=978-979-002-439-7|language=id|first=Budi|last=Daya}}</ref> == Militer == [[Berkas:123_Dwarapala_(39095909642).jpg|kiri|jmpl|378x378px|Patuang panjago pintu gerbang ( [[dwarapala]] ), Muaro Jambi.]]Sabalunnyo diasumsikan baso Sriwijaya marupoan kakuatan maritim nan takaik indak tapisahkan jo etnis jo budayo masyarakaik di Selat Malaka. Asumsi nan tajadi adolah tabantuaknyo nagara jo kasuksesan jo hegemoni di selat ko takaik langsuang jo kamampuannyo untuak ikuik dalam kagiatan maritim internasional, nan bararti nagara ko mangambangkan jo mampatahankan lingkaran kakuasoannyo jo angkatan lauik. Namun, survei informasi nan tasadio manunjuakan baso asumsi sarupo itu indak batua. Data tantang kagiatan maritim saketek dan panyabuikan angkatan lauik hanyo tajadi dalam sumber nan indak langkok. Bahkan aspek material angkatan lauik Asia Tenggara indak dikatahui sampai abaik ka-15, paratian ilmiah umumnyo fokus pado teknik pambuatan kapa.{{Sfn|Heng|2013|p=381}} Dalam batu basurek Kedukan Bukit (683 M), tacataik baso anyo 312 urang nan manggunoan parahu dari total pasukan 20.000 urang, nan juo tamasuak 1312 tantara darat. Jumlah pasukan darat nan banyak manunjuakan baso angkatan lauik Sriwijaya hanyo baparan sabagai panyadio dukuangan logistik nan saketek. Pado abaik ka-8, kamampuan angkatan lauik Sriwijaya tumbuah sasuai jo proporsi angkatan daratnyo, walaupun inyo hanyo mamainkan peran pandukuang logistik.{{Sfn|Heng|2013|p=382-384}} Salain itu, indak adonyo istilah nan manunjuakan kapa untuak tujuan umum jo militer manunjuakan baso angkatan lauik bukanlah aspek permanen dari nagara di Selat Malaka. Bahkan katiko kakuatan-kakuatan Asia maritim tatangga, tarutamo Jawa salamo abaik ka-10 inggo ka-14, jo India Chola pado abaik ka-11, mulai mangambangkan angkatan lauiknyo, kakuatan angkatan lauik Sriwijaya relatif lamah. Sabagai contoh kasus, ''Songshi'' jo ''Wenxian Tongkao'' mancataik baso antaro taun 990 jo 991, saurang utusan Sriwijaya indak dapek baliak dari Tiongkok Selatan ka Palembang karano konflik militer antaro Jawa jo Sriwijaya nan balanjuik. Namun urang Jawa, Arab dari Timur Tangah, jo Asia Selatan dapek manjago pertukaran diplomatik jo ekonomi jo Cino salamo maso iko. Nan jaleh, angkatan lauik Jawa cukuik kuek untuak mangganggu sacaro langsuang komunikasi Sriwijaya jo Cino. Walaupun ado konfrontasi angkatan lauik antaro Jawa jo Sriwijaya, komunikasi antaro nagara-nagara litoral Samudra Hindia jo Cino balanjuik salamo maso iko, nan manunjuakan baso konflik alun tantu tajadi di lauik laweh, tapi labiah mungkin tabateh pado muaro jo sungai-sungai di sakitar ibu kota Sriwijaya pado taun 2000 . Palembang, muaro Sungai Musi jo Selat Bangka.{{Sfn|Heng|2013|p=385-386}} Tanggapan Sriwijaya taradok agresi Jawa tampaknyo alah batahan. Dalam catatannyo tantang Sanfoqi, Zhao Rugua mancataik di ''Zhufanji'' (kiro-kiro taun 1225): <blockquote>"Pado maso lalu, [nagara] manggunoan rantai basi sabagai pambateh untuak manyiapkan pihak-pihak nan manyarang lainnyo (tibo jo kapa?). Ado kasampatan untuak maapuihnyo (i.e. manarik) jo tangan. Jikok kapa dagang tibo, mareka (rantai-rantai) tapaso dikaluakan".<ref>Chen Jiarong and Qian Jiang, Zhufanzhi zhubu [Treatise on the Foreign Barbarians] (Hongkong: Hongkong University Press), h. 47.</ref><ref name=":Chau">{{Cite book|last=Hirth|first=Friedrich|last2=Rockhill|first2=William Woodville|title=Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, entitled Chu Fan Chï|publisher=Imperial Academy of Sciences|year=1911|location=St. Petersburg|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023289345/page/n75/mode/2up|page=60, 62}}</ref> </blockquote>Katidakmampuan nagara-nagara Selat Malaka untuak mananggapi ancaman maritim manjadi sangaik jaleh pado awal abaik ka-11. Antaro taun 1017 jo 1025, suku Chola manyarang palabuahan-palabuahan utamo Melayu di Selat jo Taluak Siam, tamasuak Kedah, Melayu (Jambi), Lambri, Sriwijaya jo Langkasuka, marampok kacio Kedah jo manangkok panguaso Sriwijaya, sabuah indikasi labiah lanjuik pado katidakmampuan tanah-tanah Selat Malaka untuak mampatahankan diri dari sarangan angkatan lauik.{{Sfn|Heng|2013|p=385-386}} Jadi, sampai abaik ka-11, paliang indak dari segi pandangan militer mareka, karajaan ko dapek dikatokan babasis daratan. Hanyo jo parubahan konteks internasional dari abaik ka-sabaleh jo sataruihnyo, nan ditandoi pado mulonyo dek serangan Chola, dan kamudian dek maningkeknyo kahadiran padagang Cino nan baoperasi langsuang di parairan Asia Tenggara, ditambah jo muncuanyo kakuatan baru di pinggiran lauik, mako peran jo sifaik angkatan lauik ko mulai barubah.{{Sfn|Heng|2013|p=387-388}} == Pandidikan == [[Berkas:Penyebaran_Agama_Buddha.svg|ka|jmpl|Panyebaran ajaran Buddha dari India utara ka bagian lain di Asia, Sriwijaya pernah manjadi pusek untuak baraja jo manyebarkan ajaran Buddha.]] Sabagai pusek ajaran [[Siddhartha Gautama|Buddha]] [[Vajrayana]], Sriwijaya manariak banyak jamaah haji jo ulama dari nagara-nagara di Asia. Antaro lain, imam Cino [[I Tsing]], nan mangunjuangi Sumatera dalam pajalanan barajanyo di [[Nalanda|Universitas Nalanda]], [[India]], pado [[671|taun 671]] jo [[695]], I Tsing malaporan baso Sriwijaya manjadi tampek tingga para ulama Buddha sahinggo manjadi pusek pambalajaran agamo Buddha. Salain dari kaba di ateh, ado kaba nan dibaok dek I Tsing, manyatokan baso ado 1000 urang pendeta nan baraja agamo Buddha jo Sakyakirti, pendeta nan tanamo di Sriwijaya.<ref name="nana">{{Cite book|title=Sejarah untuk Kelas XI Sekolah Menengah Atas: Program Bahasa|last=Supratna|first=Nana|author-link=Nana Supratna|year=2008|publisher=Grasindo|location=Bandung|isbn=979-758-597-2|page=|pages=|url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=0jBIpIOpgnwC&pg=PA10&dq=Kerajaan+Sriwijaya|access-date=3-12-2024}}</ref>{{Cquote|Terdapat lebih dari 1000 pandita Buddhis di Sriwijaya yang belajar serta mempraktikkan Dharma dengan baik. Mereka menganalisis dan mempelajari semua topik ajaran sebagaimana yang ada di India; vinaya dan ritual-ritual mereka tidaklah berbeda sama sekali [dengan yang ada di India]. Apabila seseorang pandita Tiongkok akan pergi ke Universitas Nalanda di India untuk mendengar dan mempelajari naskah-naskah Dharma auutentik, ia sebaiknya tinggal di Sriwijaya dalam kurun waktu 1 atau 2 tahun untuk mempraktikkan vinaya dan bahasa sansekerta dengan tepat.}} Pangunjuang ka pulau ko manyabuik baso pitih [[Emas|ameh]] pernah digunoan di pasisia karajaan. Salain dari itu, ajaran Buddha [[Buddha Hinayana|Hinayana]] jo [[Buddha Mahayana]] juo bakambang di Sriwijaya. Manjalang akhia abaik ka-10, ''Atiśa'', saurang sarjana Buddha dari [[Benggala]] nan baparan dalam mangambangkan agamo Buddha Vajrayana di [[Tibet]] dalam makalahnyo ''Durbodhāloka'' mangatoan itu ditulih pado ''maso'' pamarintahan [[Sri Cudamani Warmadewa|Sri Cudamani Warmavidewa,]] panguaso ''Srivarnagaragi'' di ''Srivarnayapajad''. ".... banyak rajo-rajo jo pamimpin-pamimpin di pulau-pulau di Samudra Selatan picayo jo mangagumi Buddha, di hati mareka pabuatan baiak tatanam. Di benteng kota Sriwijaya ado labiah dari 1000 biarawan Buddha, nan rajin baraja jo mangamalkan." it well .... Jikok saurang biarawan Cino nio pai ka India untuak mampalajari ''Firman'', labiah rancak inyo tingga di siko salamo satahun atau duo tahun untuak mampadalam pangatahuannyo sabalun malanjuikan ka India." — Uraian Sriwijaya manuruik I Tsing.<ref name="Takakusu">Junjiro Takakusu, (1896), ''A record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago AD 671-695, by I-tsing'', Oxford, London.</ref> Panghuluan Sriwijaya sangaik dipangaruahi dek budayo [[India]], partamo dek budayo [[Agamo Hindu|Hindu]], kamudian diikuti dek [[Siddhartha Gautama|agamo Buddha]]. Inyo mambuktian parannyo dalam [[agamo Buddha]] jo mambangun kuil Buddha di Ligor, [[Thailand]].{{Sfn|Collins|2005|p=9}} Rajo-rajo Sriwijaya manguasoi kapulauan Melayu malalui padagangan jo panakluakan dari abaik [[Abad ka-1|ka-7]] sampai [[Abad ka-1|ka-9]], sahinggo sato langsuang dalam mangambangkan [[bahaso Malayu]] jo budayonyo di [[Kapulauan Nusantara|kapulauan]]. Sangaik kamungkinan Sriwijaya, nan tanamo sabagai pusek padagangan di Asia Tenggara, tantunyo manarik minat padagang jo ulama Muslim dari Timur Tangah, sahinggo babarapo karajaan nan awalnyo marupoan bagian dari Sriwijaya, kamudian tumbuah manjadi pandahulu 1900. Karajaan-karajaan Islam di Sumatera pado maso pangaruah Sriwijaya samakin lamah. == Palayaran == === Migrasi === Inti kakuasoan Sriwijaya takonsentrasi di jo sakitar selat Malaka jo Sunda sarato di Sumatera, Samananjuang Malayu, jo Jawa Barat. Namun, antaro abaik ka-9 jo ka-12, pangaruah Sriwijaya tampaknyo malaweh jauah malabihi inti. Navigator Sriwijayan tampaknyo alah mancapai sajauah Madagaskar. Migrasi ka Madagaskar dipakiroan tajadi 1.200 taun nan lalu sakitar 830 Masehi Manuruik panalitian DNA mitokondria baru nan laweh, urang-urang asli Malagasy maso kini kamungkinan gadang dapek manalusuri warisannyo baliak ka 30 ibu pandiri nan balayia dari Indonesia 1.200 taun nan lalu. Bahaso Malagasi manganduang kato-kato pinjaman dari bahaso Sansekerta, jo sadoalah modifikasi linguistik lokal malalui bahaso Jawa atau bahaso Melayu, nan manunjuakan baso Madagaskar mungkin alah dijajah dek pamukim dari Sriwijaya.<ref name="A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar">{{Cite journal|last=Murray P. Cox|last2=Michael G. Nelson|last3=Meryanne K. Tumonggor|last4=François-X. Ricaut|last5=Herawati Sudoyo|date=2012|title=A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar|url=http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/03/15/rspb.2012.0012.full|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|volume=279|pages=2761–8|doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.0012|pmc=3367776|pmid=22438500|access-date=3-12-2024}}</ref> === Jiniah kapa === Catatan tekstual kapa-kapa Sriwijaya sangaik saketek, karano catatan epigrafi [[Melayu Kuno|Melayu kuno]] jarang manyabuik kandaraan aia. Batu basurek Kedukan Bukit (683 M) manyabuik ''samvau'' (bahaso Melayu kini: [[Sampan]]). Sabuah jinih kapa nan disabuik ''[[lancang]]'' diidentifikasi sabagai jinih kapa Malayu dalam catatan abaik-abaik salanjuiknyo, tapi pado zaman Sriwijaya, kapa iko disabuik dalam 2 batu basurek di pasisia utara Bali nan batanggal 896 jo 923 Masehi. Batu basurek tu ditulih jo bahaso Bali kuno, bukan bahaso Melayu kuno.<ref name=":12">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2012). Lancaran, Ghurab and Ghali: Mediterranean impact on war vessels in Early Modern Southeast Asia. Dalam G. Wade & L. Tana (Eds.), ''Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past'' (hlm. 146–182). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.</ref>{{Rp|149-150}} == Ibu kota == [[Berkas:Srivijaya_Archaeological_Park_Palembang_Indonesia.svg|kiri|jmpl|[[Taman Purbakala Kerajaan Sriwijaya|Taman Arkeologi Karajaan Sriwijaya]] (hijau) talatak di sabalah barat daya pusat kota [[Palambang|Palembang]] . Situs ko mambantuak sumbu nan mahubuangkan [[Bukit Seguntang|Bukik Seguntang]] jo tapi [[Sungai musi|Sungai Musi]] .]] Manuruik [[Batu basurek Kedukan Bukit|Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]], nan ditanggalkan pado taun 605 Saka (683 M), Kadatuan Sriwijaya partamo kali didirian di sakita Palembang, di tapi [[Sungai musi|Sungai Musi]]. Batu-batu basurek ko manyatokan baso [[Dapunta Hyang]] barasa dari Minanga Tamwan. Lokasi pasti Minanga Tamwan masih diperdebatkan. Teori Palembang sabagai tampek Sriwijaya patamo kali dimulai diusulkan dek Coedes dan didukuang dek Pierre-Yves Manguin. Salain dari Palembang, tampek-tampek lain sarupo [[Kabupaten Muaro Jambi|Muaro Jambi]] (Sungai Batanghari, Jambi) jo [[Candi Muaro Takuih|Muara Takus]] (patamuan Sungai Kanan jo Sungai Kiri Kampar, Riau) juo dipakiroan sabagai ibu kota Sriwijaya. Badasakan pangamatan sakitar taun 1993, Pierre-Yves Manguin manyimpulkan baso pusek Sriwijaya barado di [[Sungai musi|Sungai Musi]] antaro [[Bukit Seguntang|Bukik Seguntang]] jo Sabokingking (nan talatak di provinsi [[Sumatera Selatan]] kini), tapeknyo di sakitar situs Karanganyar nan kini manjadi [[Taman Purbakala Kerajaan Sriwijaya|Taman Arkeologi Karajaan Sriwijaya]].<ref name="end" /> Pandapek iko didasarkan pado foto udara dari taun 1984 nan manunjuakan baso situs Karanganyar manampilkan bantuak struktur aia, yaitu jaringan kanal, parit, tabek jo pulau-pulau buatan nan tasusun sacaro rapi, nan mamastian baso situs ko adolah buatan manusia. Struktur aia ko tadiri dari sabuah kolam jo duo pulau babantuak sagi ampek jo sagi ampek, sarato jaringan kanal jo laweh 20 hektar. Di daerah ko, banyak ditamukan peninggalan kuno nan manunjuakan baso daerah ko dulunyo marupoan pusek pamukiman jo pusek kagiatan manusia.<ref name="Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Sumatera Selatan">Ahmad Rapanie, Cahyo Sulistianingsih, Ribuan Nata, "Kerajaan Sriwijaya, Beberapa Situs dan Temuannya", Museum Negeri Sumatera Selatan, Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Sumatera Selatan.</ref> Namun, sabalunnyo [[Soekmono]] bapandapek baso pusek Sriwijaya talatak di daerah hilia [[Batang Hari]], antaro Muara Sabak sampai Muara Tembesi (di provinsi [[Jambi]] kini),<ref name="Muljana">{{Cite book|last=Muljana|first=Slamet|author-link=Slamet Muljana|title=Sriwijaya|url=https://archive.org/details/Sriwijaya|editor-last=F.W. Stapel|publisher=PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara|year=2006|location=|pages=|id=ISBN 978-979-8451-62-1}}</ref> jo paringatan bahaso [[Melayu|Malayu]] indak barado di daerah tasabuik. Jikok Malayu barado di daerah ko, itu cenderung manuruik pandapek Moens,<ref name="Soekmono2">{{Cite book|last=Soekmono|first=R.|author-link=Soekmono|title=Pengantar sejarah kebudayaan Indonesia 2|year=2002|publisher=Kanisius|id=ISBN 979-413-290-X}}</ref> nan sabalunnyo juo bapandapek baso lokasi pusek Kedatuan Sriwijaya adolah di daerah [[Candi Muaro Takuih|Kuil Muara Takus]] (kini provinsi [[Riau]]), maasumsikan arah pajalanan dalam catatan [[I Tsing]],<ref name="Poesponegoro2">Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro, Nugroho Notosusanto, (1992), ''Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Jaman kuno'', PT Balai Pustaka, ISBN 979-407-408-X</ref> dan hal iko dapek juo dihubuangkan jo barito tantang pambangunan kuil nan dikhususkan dek rajo Sriwijaya ( ''Se li chu la wu ni fu ma tian hwa'' atau Sri Cudamaniwarmadewa) pado taun 1003 kapado kaisar Cino nan bagala ''cheng tien wan shou'' (Kuil Bungsu, salah satu bagian dari kuil nan talatak di Muara Takus).<ref name="ReferenceA">''Forgotten Kingdoms in Sumatra'', Brill Archive</ref> [[Poerbatjaraka]] mandukuang pandapek Moens. Inyo picayo baso ''Minanga Tamwan'' disamokan jo daerah tampek batamu [[Batang Kampar|sungai Kampar Kanan jo Kampar Kiri]], Riau, tampek Candi Muara Takus kini tagak. Manuruik baliau, kato ''tamwan'' barasa dari kato "patamuan", mako baliau manafsirkannyo sabagai "daerah tampek batang aia batamu".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Qo80AAAAIAAJ&q=minanga+tamwan+pertemuan+sungai+kampar+kiri+dan+kanan+Poerbatjaraka&dq=minanga+tamwan+pertemuan+sungai+kampar+kiri+dan+kanan+Poerbatjaraka&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjBm9Hu2vLXAhVGQ48KHQywC2sQ6AEIJjAA|title=Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Jaman kuno|date=1975|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|language=id}}</ref> Namun, nan pasti adolah pado maso panakluakan dek [[Rajendra Chola I]], badasarkan [[Prasasti Tanjore|batu basurek Tanjore]], Sriwijaya punyo ibu kota di ''Kadaram'' (kini [[Kedah]] ).<ref name="Muljana2">{{Cite book|last=Muljana|first=Slamet|author-link=Slamet Muljana|title=Sriwijaya|url=https://archive.org/details/Sriwijaya|editor-last=F.W. Stapel|publisher=PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara|year=2006|location=|pages=|id=ISBN 978-979-8451-62-1}}</ref> Namun, pado taun 2013, panalitian arkeologi nan dilakukan dek [[Universitas Indonesia]] manamukan babarapo tampek agamo jo tampek tingga di [[Kompleks Candi Muaro Jambi|Muaro Jambi]]. Hal iko manunjuakan baso pusek awal Sriwijaya mungkin barado di [[Kabupaten Muaro Jambi]], [[Jambi]] di tapi Sungai [[Batang Hari]], dan indak di Sungai Musi sarupo nan dikiro sabalunnyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://koran-jakarta.com/index.php/detail/view01/124087/hl|title=Peneliti UI Temukan Bukti Kerajaan Sriwijaya di Jambi|date=15 July 2013|language=Indonesian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122083923/http://www.koran-jakarta.com/index.php/detail/view01/124087/hl|archive-date=2017-01-22|dead-url=yes|access-date=2016-08-20}}</ref> Situs arkeologi ko tamasuak lapan candi nan digali, dalam laweh sakitar 12 kilometer persegi, tabantang 7,5 kilometer di sapanjang Sungai Batang Hari, sarato 80 ''menapos'' atau gunduakan reruntuhan candi nan alun dipuliahan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lovejambi.com/wisata-unik-di-candi-muaro-jambi.html|title=Muaro Jambi Temple: The Legacy of Ancient Jambi|date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630104221/http://lovejambi.com/wisata-unik-di-candi-muaro-jambi.html|archive-date=2013-06-30|dead-url=yes|access-date=6 Desember 2024}}</ref><ref name="Temple">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/25/muarajambi-temple-jambi-s-monumental-mystery.html|title=Muarajambi Temple: Jambi’s monumental mystery|last=Syofiardi Bachyul Jb|date=November 25, 2014}}</ref> Situs Muaro Jambi mampunyoi gaya Buddha Mahayana-Wajrayana. Hal iko manunjuakan baso situs iko marupoan pusek pambalajaran agamo Buddha, nan dihubuangkan jo sarjana Buddha tanamo [[Dharmarakshita (Sumatra)|Suvarṇadvipi Dharmakirti]] dari abaik ka-10. Catatan sajarah dari Cino juo manyatoan baso Sriwijaya manampuang ribuan biarawan. Teori lain manyatoan baso Dapunta Hyang barasa dari pasisia timur [[Samananjuang Malaka|Samananjuang Melayu]], baso [[Chaiya]] di [[Surat Thani]], [[Thailand Selatan]] marupoan pusek Kapalokan Sriwijaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www7.plala.or.jp/seareview/newpage6Sri2011Chaiya.html|title=Śrīvijaya―towards ChaiyaーThe History of Srivijaya|last=Takashi Suzuki|date=25 December 2012|website=|publisher=|access-date=6 Desember 2024|archive-date=16 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616052352/http://www7.plala.or.jp/seareview/newpage6Sri2011Chaiya.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ado pulo pandapek nan manyatoan baso namo kota Chaiya barasa dari kato "Cahaya" dalam bahaso Melayu. Ado pulo nan picayo baso namo ''Chaiya'' barasa dari Sri Wi '''Jaya''', jo kota ko marupoan pusek Sriwijaya. Teori iko kabanyakan didukuang dek sejarawan Thailand,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chand Chirayu Rajani|year=1974|title=Background To The Sri Vijaya Story-Part|url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_062_1m_ChandChirayuRajani_ReviewArticleBackgroundToSriVijaya.pdf|journal=Journal of the Siam Society|volume=62|pages=174–211|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804133929/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_062_1m_ChandChirayuRajani_ReviewArticleBackgroundToSriVijaya.pdf|archive-date=2019-08-04|access-date=2024-12-6}}</ref> walaupun umumnyo dianggap kurang kuaik. == Laweh wilayah == [[Berkas:Srivijayan_Expansion.gif|jmpl|255x255px|Peta wilayah karajaan Sriwijaya, dimulai di [[Minanga|Minang]] pado taun 600-an, kamudian bakambang ka sabagian gadang [[Sumatera]], kamudian bakambang ka [[Jawa]], [[Kepulauan Riau|Kapulauan Riau]], [[Kepulauan Bangka Belitung|Bangka Belitung]], [[Singapua|Singapura]], [[Samananjuang Malaka|Samananjuang Kra]] (bapusat di [[Thailand Selatan]] ), [[Kamboja]], [[Vietnam Selatan]], [[Kalimantan]], [[Sarawak]], [[Brunei]], [[Sabah]], jo barakhia sabagai entitas baru, iyolah [[Melayu|Karajaan Melayu]] di [[Jambi]] pado abaik ka-13.]] [[Berkas:Candi_Gumpung_Muarojambi.jpg|ka|jmpl|Kuil Gumpung, kuil Buddha di [[Kabupaten Muaro Jambi|Muaro Jambi]], [[Melayu|Karajaan Melayu]] ditaklukkan oleh Sriwijaya.]] === Manuruik data arkeologis, pangamatan jo catatan lua nagari === Pado abaik ka-7, Sriwijaya manaklukan karajaan ''Kedah<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kaur|first=Amarjit|last2=Metcalfe|first2=Ian|date=2015|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=CL-uCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80&dq=kedah+vassal++srivijaya&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiilNCA7b6HAxUp4zgGHQSVJJAQ6AF6BAgKEAI|title=The Shaping of Malaysia|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-27079-8|pages=80|language=en}}</ref>'' jo ''Malayu'' sarato manjadiannyo duo karajaan [[Vasal|vassal]] sabagai bagian dari karajaan Sriwijaya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|date=2006|url=http://archive.org/details/earlykingdomsofi0000muno|title=Early kingdoms of the Indonesian archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|publisher=Singapore : Editions Didier Millet|isbn=978-981-4155-67-0|pages=116|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Badasakan panyabaran batu basurek, sarupo [[Prasasti Kota Kapur|batu basurek Kota Kapur]] nan tadapek di pulau-pulau [[Pulau Bangka|Bangka]], [[Prasasti Karang Berahi|Karang Berahi]], [[Prasasti Palas Pasemah|Palas Pasemah]] jo [[Prasasti Ligor|Ligor]] nan talatak di Thailand, itu manunjuakan baso kakuasoan kapanghuluan ko taseba di saluruah daerah di mano batu basurek ko barado sobok.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barnard|first=Timothy P.|date=2004|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=IB-cY6Nh6tUC&pg=PA61&dq=Kota+Kapur+686+bangka+srivijaya&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG2Lj-1MOHAxW2yDgGHScHITAQ6AF6BAgIEAI|title=Contesting Malayness: Malay Identity Across Boundaries|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-279-7|pages=61|language=en}}</ref> Batu basurek Kota Kapur barisi kutukan taradok siapo sajo nan mangkhianati Sriwijaya. jo manyatoan baso [[Dapunta Hyang|Sri Jayanasa]] alah malancarkan ekspedisi militer untuak mahukum ''Bhumi Jawa'' nan indak bakti kapado Sriwijaya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Syam|first=Yunus|last2=Firly|first2=Abu|last3=Endris|first3=Atma|last4=Satmoko|first4=R|date=2016-01-01|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=9nRWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=Kota+Kapur+686+bhumi+java&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiu6cHc0cOHAxUP2TgGHTwOOaMQ6AF6BAgJEAI|title=Ensiklopedi Bahasa Dan sastra 3: Perkembangan Bahasa Indonesia dari Waktu Ke Waktu|publisher=Hikam Pustaka|isbn=978-602-61128-4-2|pages=17-20|language=id}}</ref> Istilah Bhumi Jawa masih tunduak kapado babagai panafsiran jo mungkin marujuak pado daerah-daerah di Sumatera atau Jawa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/kuno/articles/penaklukkan-sriwijaya-di-pulau-bangka-dan-jawa-PM1w3|title=Penaklukkan Sriwijaya di Pulau Bangka dan Jawa|last=Putri|first=Risa Herdahita|date=2019-04-03|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID|access-date=2024-12-06|archive-date=2024-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726220109/https://historia.id/kuno/articles/penaklukkan-sriwijaya-di-pulau-bangka-dan-jawa-PM1w3|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sriwijaya tumbuah dan berhasil manguasoi jalur padagangan maritim di [[Selat Malaka]], [[Lauik Jawa]] Barat, dan mungkin juo [[Taluak Thailand]].{{Sfn|Heng|2013}} Pado taun 775, Sriwijaya manaklukan [[Nakhon Si Thammarat]] jo mampalaweh kakuasoannyo ka [[Langkasuka]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanani|first=Silfia|last2=Putri|first2=Hesi Eka|last3=Roza|first3=Veny|last4=Arif|first4=M.|last5=Anas|first5=Firdaus|date=2019|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=lav7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193&dq=Langkasuka+8+srivijaya&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLztCCwMyHAxUz4DgGHdlaEQ8Q6AF6BAgEEAI|title=BICED 2019: Proceedings of the 1st EAI Bukittinggi International Conference on Education, BICED 2019, 17-18 October, 2019, Bukititinggi, West Sumatera, Indonesia|publisher=European Alliance for Innovation|isbn=978-1-63190-210-9|pages=193|language=en}}</ref> Pado abaik ka-8, [[Pan Pan]] barado di wilayah Sriwjaya di bawah kuaso [[Dharmasetu]].{{Sfn|Munoz|2006}} nan kudian pado abaik ka-10 barubah namo manjadi [[Kerajaan Tambralingga|Tambralingga.]]{{Sfn|Munoz|2006}} Salain dari itu, Batu Basurek Tanjore (1030) juo barisi daftar wilayah Sriwijaya. Sarupo nan dinyatokan dalam tabel di bawah ko:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/kuno/articles/serbuan-cola-ke-sriwijaya-P940m|title=Serbuan Cola ke Sriwijaya|last=Putri|first=Risa Herdahita|date=2018-04-16|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID|access-date=2024-12-06|archive-date=2024-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801023921/https://historia.id/kuno/articles/serbuan-cola-ke-sriwijaya-P940m|dead-url=yes}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="float:center;margin:0 1em 0.5em 0;font-size:90%" ! colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;" |Daerah sriwijaya di [[Prasasti Tanjore|batu basurek tanjore .]] |- !Namo daerah !Informasi |- |Pannai |[[Kerajaan Pannai|Pannai]] |- |Malayu |[[Melayu]] |- |Mayirudingam |[[Samananjuang Malaka|Samananjuang Malayu]] |- |Ilangasokam |[[Langkasuka]] |- |Mapappalam |[[Bago (kota)|Bago]] |- |Mevilimbangam |[[Nakhon Si Thammarat|Kamalangka]] |- |Nan Basamo |[[Panduranga]] |- |Talaitakkolam |[[Tanah Genting Kra|Pulau Kra .]] |- |Bundo Kanduang |Tambralingga |- |Ilamuridasam |[[Lamuri]] |- |Manakkavaram |[[Nikobar]] |- |Kadaram |[[Kedah]] |} == Puncak kajayaan == [[Berkas:Avalokiteçvara,_Malayu_Srivijaya_style.jpg|ka|jmpl|Patung ameh [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokiteçvara]] ala Malayu-Srivijayan, ditemukan di Rantaukapastuo, Muarabulian, [[Jambi]], [[Indonesia]] .]] Badasakan catatan sijarah Arab, Sriwijaya disabuik ''Sribuza.'' Pado taun 955 Masehi, [[Al Masudi]], surang musafir (musafir) jo sajarawan Arab klasik manulih catatan tantang Sriwijaya. Dalam catatan tu, digambarkan baso Sriwijaya adolah sabuah karajaan nan gadang, kayo, jo pasukan nan sangaik gadang. Konon, walau kapa paliang kancang dalam duo tahun indak cukuik untuak manguliliangi sado pulau di rantau. Hasia patanian Sriwijaya adolah [[Kapur barus|kapur]], kayu agar, [[Cangkeh|cengkeh]], [[Candano|cendana]], [[pala]], [[Kapulaga|kaladi]], gambier jo babarapo hasia patanian lainnyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/resources/education/asdp_pdfs/Early_Age_of_Commerce_1_.pdf|title=An Early Age of Commerce in Southeast Asia, 900–1300 CE|last=Wade|first=Geoffrey|date=2009|website=|publisher=www.eastwestcenter.org|page=252|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031003820/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/resources/education/asdp_pdfs/Early_Age_of_Commerce_1_.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-31|dead-url=yes|access-date=06 Desember 2024}}</ref> Catatan lain manyatoan baso Sriwijaya maju dalam sektor patanian. Hal iko disimpulkan dek saurang ahli [[Bangsa Persia|Persia]] nan banamo Abu Zaid Hasan nan mandapek informasi dari Sujaimana, saurang padagang Arab. Abu Zaid manulih baso [[Kerajaan Sabak|Karajaan Zabaj]] (Sriwijaya atau Jawa) punyo tanah nan subur jo kakuasoan nan laweh di sabalah [[lauik]].{{Sfn|Sucipto|2009|p=30}} Panghuluan Sriwijaya dicirikan jo karajaan maritim. Mangandalkan hegemoni pado kakuatan armada angkatan lauiknyo dalam mangandalikan jalur palayaran, jalur padagangan, mangandalikan jo mambangun babarapo daerah strategis sabagai pangkalan untuak armadanyo untuak mamantau, malinduangi kapa dagang, mangumpuakan cukai, jo untuak manjago wilayah jo kakuasoannyo nan badaulat.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pramono|first=Djoko|title=Budaya bahari|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|year=2005|id=ISBN 979-22-1351-1}}</ref> == Konflik lua nagari == [[Berkas:032_Avadana_Level_1,_Ship_and_Crew.jpg|jmpl|[[Kapal Borobudur|Kapa tunggu Borobudur nan]] dipajang di Borobudur. Pado taun 990 Rajo [[Dharmawangsa Teguh|Dharmawangsa]] dari Jawa mangirim armada kapa parang untuak manyarang Sriwijaya di Sumatera.]] Sriwijaya manguasoi jalur padagangan lauik di Asia Tenggara sapanjang abaik ka-10, tapi pado akhia abaik ko [[Medang|Karajaan Medang]] di Jawa Timur tumbuah manjadi kakuatan maritim baru jo mulai manantang dominasi Sriwijaya. Barito Tionghoa dari [[Dinasti Song]] manyabuik Karajaan Sriwijaya di Sumatera jo namo ''San-fo-tsi'', samantaro [[Medang|Karajaan Medang]] di [[Jawa]] adolah ''She-po'' . Konon ''San-fo-tsi'' jo ''She-po'' talibaik dalam pasaingan untuak manguasoi Asia Tenggara. Kaduo nagara ko mangirim duta gadang ka Cino. Utusan San-fo-tsi nan barangkek tahun 988 tasangkuik di palabuahan [[Guangzhou|Kanton]] kutiko inyo ka pulang kampuang, karano nagarinyo disarang dek pasukan Jawa. Panyarangan dari Jawa ko dipakiroan tajadi sakitar taun 990-an, yaitu antaro taun 988 jo 992 pado maso pamarintahan [[Sri Cudamani Warmadewa]].{{Sfn|Munoz|2006}} Pado musim semi 992 duta besar Sriwijaya mancubo pulang tapi tasangkuik baliak di [[Karajaan Campo|Champa]] karano nagarinyo alun aman. Inyo mamintak kaisar Song untuak maagiah palinduangan kapado ''San-fo-tsi'' . Utusan-utusan Jawa juo tibo pado taun 992. Inyo dikirim dek rajonyo nan naiak tahta pado taun 991. Rajo Jawa nan baru banamo Dharmawangsa Teguh.{{Sfn|Munoz|2006|p=150}} Karajaan Medang berhasil manakluakkan Palembang pado taun 992 untuak samantaro wakatu, tapi kudian pasukan Medang ditulak dek pasukan Sriwijaya. Batu batu Hindu-Budha [[Prasasti Hujung Langit|Batu batu Hujung Langit]] taun 997 sakali lai manyabuik sarangan Jawa ka Sumatera. Rangkaian sarangan dari Jawa ko akhianyo gagal karano Jawa gagal managakkan tampek tagak di Sumatera. Manguasoi ibu kota di Palembang indak cukuik karano pado intinyo kakuatan jo kakuatan mandala Sriwijaya taseba di babarapo kota palabuahan di wilayah Selat Malaka. Maharaja Sriwijaya, [[Sri Cudamani Warmadewa]], bahasil malarian diri dari ibu kota jo bakuliliang mangumpuakan kakuatan jo bantuan dari sekutunyo jo rajo-rajo bawahannyo untuak mangusir tantara Jawa. Sriwijaya manunjuakan ketekunan aliansi Mandalanyo, batahan jo berhasil mangusir angkatan lauik Jawa.{{Sfn|Munoz|2006|p=150}} Sri Cudamani Warmadewa sakali lai manunjuakkan kapandaian diplomatiknyo, marabuik dukuangan Cino jo marabuik hati Kaisarnyo. Pado taun 1003, inyo mangirim utusan ka Cino jo malaporan baso di nagaranyo sabuah kuil Buddha alah salasai nan dikhususkan untuak mangucapkan selamat hiduik panjang kapado Kaisar Cino. Kaisar Cino, nan sanang jo pasambahan tu, maagiah namo kuil tu ''cheng tien wan shou'' jo mambarikan [[lonceng]] nan ka dipasang di kuil tu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Muljana|first=Slamet|author-link=Slamet Muljana|title=Sriwijaya|url=https://archive.org/details/Sriwijaya|editor-last=F.W. Stapel|publisher=PT. LKiS Pelangi Aksara|year=2006|location=|pages=|id=ISBN 978-979-8451-62-1}}</ref> (Candi Bungsu, salah satu bagian candi nan talatak di [[Candi Muaro Takuih|Muara Takus]]).<ref name="ReferenceA2">''Forgotten Kingdoms in Sumatra'', Brill Archive</ref> Panyarangan dari Medang iko mambukak mato Sriwijaya untuak mangana bara babahayonyo ancaman Jawa, sahinggo Maharaja Sriwijaya marancang strategi balawanan sarato mancubo marusak Karajaan Medang. Sriwijaya kabanyo baparan dalam mahancuakan [[Medang|Karajaan Medang]] di Jawa. Dalam [[Prasasti Pucangan|batu basurek Pucangan tasabuik ado]] kajadian ''Mahapralaya'' nan disabuik, yaitu kahancuran istano Medang di Jawa Timur, dimano ''Haji Wurawari'' dari ''Lwaram'', pado taun 1006 atau 1016 manyarang jo mambunuah rajo Medang tarakhia, Dharmawangsa Teguh.<ref name="Muljana3">{{Cite book|last=Muljana|first=Slamet|author-link=Slamet Muljana|title=Sriwijaya|url=https://archive.org/details/Sriwijaya|editor-last=F.W. Stapel|publisher=PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara|year=2006|location=|pages=|id=ISBN 978-979-8451-62-1}}</ref> {{Sfn|Munoz|2006}} == Catatan kaki == {{Reflist|2}} === Pranala lua === *{{Id}}[http://history.melayuonline.com/?a=c3NWL29QTS9VenVwRnRCb20%3D= Kerajaan Sriwijaya di MelayuOnline.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313065110/http://history.melayuonline.com/?a=c3nwl29qts9venvwrnrcb20== |date=2016-03-13 }} *{{En}}[http://users.skynet.be/network.indonesia/ni4001c3.htm Malay kingdom of Srivijaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827084136/http://users.skynet.be/network.indonesia/ni4001c3.htm |date=2009-08-27 }} dari situs Network Indonesia [[Kategori:Sijarah Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Sriwijaya]] 8uvgk190eqapkjdlyd0j67cq1cnvx48 0 8268 3170239 3143077 2025-06-11T12:52:35Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kota Banda Aceh | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = [[Daftar kabupaten jo kota di Indonesia|Kota]] | image_skyline = Coast of Banda Aceh 2-12-05 050212-N-1450G-241.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Pamandangan pasisia Banda Aceh | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = Lambang Kota Banda Aceh.png | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = ''Kota Seribu Warung Kopi'' | motto = ''Saboeh Pakat Tabangun Banda'' | image_map = Lokasi Aceh Kota Banda Aceh.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Lokasi kota di Aceh | latd =5 |latm =33 |lats =0 |latNS = N | longd =95 |longm =19 |longs =0 |longEW = E | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_region = ID | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = ID | subdivision_type = Nagara | subdivision_name = [[Indonesia]] | subdivision_type1 = Provinsi | subdivision_name1 = [[Aceh]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | established_title = Didirian | established_date = 22 April 1205 | leader_title = Wali Kota | leader_name = Mawardy Nurdin | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 61.36 | area_metro_km2 = 2935,36 | elevation_m = 0-10 | elevation_ft = 0-32.9 | population_as_of = 2010<ref>[http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/1100.pdf HASIL SENSUS PENDUDUK 2010: Data Agregat Per Kabupaten/Kota. PROVINSI ACEH.] [[Badan Pusat Statistik]], 2010.</ref> | population_note = | population_total = 224209 | population_metro = 513698 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_metro_km2 = 3872 | timezone = [[Waktu Indonesia Barat|WIB]] | utc_offset = +7 | postal_code_type = Kode pos | postal_code = 23000 | area_code_type = | area_code = +62 651 |blank_name_sec1 = Plat oto |blank_info_sec1 = BL XXX XX | iso_code = | website = [http://www.bandaacehkota.go.id/ www.bandaacehkota.go.id] | footnotes = }} '''Kota Banda Aceh''' adolah salah satu [[kota]] sarato [[ibu kota]] provinsi [[Aceh]], [[Indonesia]]. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{commonscat|Banda Aceh}} {{wikivoyage|Banda Aceh}} * {{id}} [http://www.bandaacehkota.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pemerintah Kota Banda Aceh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092222/http://www.bandaacehkota.go.id/ |date=2014-09-03 }} * {{id}} [http://www.nad.go.id/index.php?option=isi&task=view&id=35&Itemid=62 Profil {{PAGENAME}}] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015160407/http://nad.go.id/index.php?option=isi&task=view&id=35&Itemid=62 |date=2007-10-15 }} di laman rasmi provinsi * {{id}} [http://bappeda.bandaaceh.go.id Situs Resmi Bappeda Kota Banda Aceh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229080219/http://bappeda.bandaaceh.go.id/ |date=2007-12-29 }} * {{id}} [http://www.unsyiah.ac.id/ Universitas Syiah Kuala] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328015122/http://fe.unsyiah.ac.id/ |date=2013-03-28 }} {{Ibu kota provinsi di Indonesia}} {{Kota Banda Aceh}} {{Aceh}} {{KotaIndonesia-stub}} [[Kategori:Kota di Aceh|Banda Aceh]] [[Kategori:Kota Banda Aceh| ]] [[Kategori:Ibu kota provinsi di Indonesia|Banda Aceh]] 63agqwha3sbc8mot70tfxl1t3vo1rsf 0 10711 3170245 3147169 2025-06-11T18:48:44Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Syekhah Hajjah Rangkayo Rahmah El Yunusiyah''' ({{lahirmati|[[Bukit Surungan, Padang Panjang Barat, Padang Panjang|Nagari Bukit Surungan]], [[Kota Padang Panjang|Padang Panjang]], [[Hindia Belanda]]|26|10|1900|[[Kota Padang Panjang|Padang Panjang]], [[Sumatra Barat]]|26|2|1969}}) adolah saurang reformator pandidikan Islam jo pajuang kamerdekaan Indonesia. Inyo marupoan pandiri [[Diniyah Putri]], perguruan nan kini iko maliputi taman kanak-kanak hinggo sakolah tinggi. Sawaktu [[Revolusi Nasional Indonesia]], inyo mamelopori panagakan [[Tentara Keamanan Rakyat]] (TKR) di Padang Panjang sarato manjamin sadoalah parbekalan jo mambantu pangadaan alaik sanjato mereka. Rahmah sempat baraja di [[Diniyah School]] nan dipimpin udanyo, [[Zainuddin Labay El Yunusy]]. Indak pueh jo sistem koedukasi nan mancampuaan pelajar putra jo putri, Rahmah sacaro inisiatif manamui babarapo [[ulama Minangkabau]] untuak mandalami agamo, hal indak lazim bagi saurang padusi pado awal abaik ka-20 di Minangkabau. Salain itu, inyo mampalajari babagai ilimu praktis sacaro privat nan kudian inyo ajaan kapado murik-muriknya. Dengan dukungan udanyo, inyo marintis Diniyah Putri pado 1 November 1923 nan tacataik sabagai sakolah agamo Islam padusi patamo di Indonesia. Sawaktu pandudukan Japang di Sumatra Barat, Rahmah mamimpin ''Haha No Kai'' di Padang Panjang untuak mambantu perwira ''[[Giyugun]]''. Pado maso [[Sejarah Indonesia (1945–1949)|parang kamerdekaan]], inyo mamelopori tagaknyo TKR di Padang Panjang dan mangerahkan muriknyo malawan panjajah sasuai kasanggupan mereka walaupun hanyo manyedioan makanan jo ubek-ubek. Pado 7 Januari 1949, inyo [[Agresi Militer Belanda II|ditangkok dek Balanda]] dan ditahan. Dalam pemilu 1955, Rahmah [[Daftar anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat 1956–1959|tapiliah sabagai anggota DPR]] mawakili [[Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia|Masyumi]], tapi indak pernah lai tibo sidang sasudah ikuik bagerilya mandukuang [[Pemerintahan Revolusioner Republik Indonesia]] (PRRI). ==Latar balakang== Rahmah laia dari pasangan Moh. Yunus dan Rafiah dari [[suku Minang]]. Ayahnyo adolah surang ulama gadang nan manjabat sabagai kadi di [[Pandai Sikek, Sapuluah Koto, Tanah Data|Pandai Sikek, Tanah Data]]. Inyiaknyo Imanuddin adolah surang ahli ilmu falak sarato pamimpin [[Naqsyabandiyah|Tarikaik Naqsyabandiyah]]. Sajak ketek Rahmah adah ditingga mati dek ayahnyo. Baliau digadangan sarato diasuah dek ibu jo kakak-kakaknyo. Lingkuangannyo nan taat kapado ajaran agamo, alah mambantuak kapribadiannyo untuak manjadi surang nan saba sarato bapandirian taguah. Rahmah adolah surang otodidak. Baliau baraja dari kakak-kakaknyo, Zainuddin Labay jo M. Rasyad. Katiko Zainuddin mandirian Diniyyah School, Rahmah ikuik pulo baraja di sinan. Baliau baraja agamo kapado [[Abdul Karim Amrullah]], Tuanku Mudo, sarato Abdul Hamid. Di sampiang baraja agamo, antaro taun 1931-1935 Rahmah maikuti kursus ilmu kabidanan di Rumah Sakik Umum Kayutanam. == Managakkan Diniyah Putri == Pado 1 November 1923, Rahmah mambuka ''Madrasah Diniyah Li al-Banat'' sabagai bagian dari Diniyah School nan dikhususan untuak murik-murik padusi. Rahmah maatur kagiatan baraja maaja di musajik nan talatak bausubarangan jo rumah kadiamannyo di Jalan Lubuk Mata Kucing (kini Jalan Abdul Hamid Hakim), [[Pasar Usang, Padang Panjang Barat, Padang Panjang|Pasar Usang, Padang Panjang]]. Duo kawan Rahmah, Sitti Nansiah jo Djawana Basyir, tamasuak guru paliang patamo, samantaro Rahmah marangkap sabagai guru jo pimpinan.{{sfn|Peringatan 55 Tahun...|1978|pp=273}} Mulonyo terdapat 71 urang murik nan kabanyakan adolah amai-amai mudo.{{sfn|Peringatan 55 Tahun...|1978|pp=44}} Palajaran diagiah salamo 2,5 jam maliputi dasar pangatahuan agamo, gramatika [[bahaso Arab]], jo ilimu alaik.{{sfn|Munawaroh|2002|pp=13}} Para murik duduak di lantai mangaliliangi guru sacaro bakalompok. Para guru mamakai buku-buku babahaso Arab dan manarangan jo bahaso Indonesia. Ilimu pangatahuan umum alun diajaan pado tahun patamo. Dek baitu, Rahmah mangerahkan murik-muriknyo bagabuang jo [[Persatuan Murid-Murid Diniyah School]] (PMDS) untuak mandapek babagai pangetahuan umum jo mangikuti babagai kagiatan takah kepanduan, organisasi, jo koperasi.{{sfn|Peringatan 55 Tahun...|1978|pp=246}} Dengan hadirnya bagian untuak putri, Diniyah School paninggalan Zainuddin bransua-ansua hanyo dihadiri dek murik-murik putra, dan Madrasah Diniyah Li al-Banat nan ditagakan Rahmah manjadi populer sabagai Diniyah Putri.{{sfn|Nata|2005|pp=31}}{{sfn|Peringatan 55 Tahun...|1978|pp=45}}{{sfn|Peringatan 55 Tahun...|1978|pp=280}} == Catatan kaki == ; Rujuakan {{reflist | colwidth = 30em | refs = }} ; Daftar pustaka {{refbegin|2}} ; Buku * {{cite book|last=Ajisman|year=2002|url=http://books.google.co.id/books/about/Rahmah_el_Yunusiyah.html?id=3bmbAAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Rahmah El Yunusiyah: Tokoh Pembaharu Pendidikan dan Aktivis Perempuan di Sumatra Barat|location=|publisher=Badan Pengembangan Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Balai Kajian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional|isbn=979-9388-26-0|ref={{sfnRef|Ajisman|2002}}}} * {{cite book|last=|author=|first=|year=1938|title=Buku Peringatan 15 Tahun Diniyah School Putri|location=Padang Panjang|publisher=Diniyah School Putri|id=|ref={{sfnRef|Buku Peringatan 15 tahun...|1938}}|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|author=Dewan Redaksi Ensiklopedia Islam|year=2002|title=Ensiklopedia Islam|work=Departemen Agama|location=Jakarta|publisher=Ichtiar Baru van Hoeve|isbn=979-8276-65-5|volume=4|ref={{sfnRef|Ensiklopedia Islam|2002}}}} * {{cite book|year=1981|title=Riwayat Hidup dan Perjuangan 20 Ulama Besar Sumatera Barat|location=Padang|publisher=Islamic Center Sumatra Barat|editor=Edwar|id=|ref={{sfnRef|Edwar|1981}}}} * {{cite book|last=Hadler|first=Jeffrey|year=2008|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=9s9bgIXJKk4C|title=Muslims and Matriarchs: Cultural Resilience in Indonesia Through Jihad and Colonialism|location=|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-4697-9|language=Inggris|ref={{sfnRef|Hadler|2008}}}} * {{cite book|last=Hamka|first=Abdul Karim Amrullah|year=1967|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ayahku-riwayat-hidup-dr-h-abdul-karim-amrullah-dan-perjuangan-kaum-agama-di-sumatera/oclc/11262037|title=Ayahku : riwayat hidup Dr. H. Abdul Karim Amrullah dan perjuangan kaum agama di Sumatera|location=|publisher=Umminda|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|url=http://repositori.dpr.go.id/100/2/HASIL%20RAKYAT%20MEMILIH%20TOKOH-TOKOH%20PARLEMEN_2.pdf|last=|first=|year=1956|title=Hasil Rakjat Memilih Tokoh-tokoh Parlemen|location=Jakarta|publisher=Parlaungan|id=|ref={{sfnRef|Hasil Rakjat...|1956}}|access-date=2022-04-21|archive-date=2021-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524071334/http://repositori.dpr.go.id/100/2/HASIL%20RAKYAT%20MEMILIH%20TOKOH-TOKOH%20PARLEMEN_2.pdf|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Ismail|first=Taufiq|date=2008|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=nlILAQAAMAAJ&q=%22memimpin+Panitia+Penantang+Ordonansi++%22&dq=%22memimpin+Panitia+Penantang+Ordonansi++%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwipmtquy9zsAhVbyDgGHYxMDCsQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg|title=Himpunan Tulisan, 1960-2008|publisher=Panitia 55 Tahun Taufiq Ismail dalam Sastra Indonesia dan Majalah Sastra Horizon|isbn=978-602-8168-00-7|language=id|ref={{sfnRef|Ismail|2008}}}} * {{cite book|last=Kahin|first=Audrey R.|year=2005|url=http://books.google.co.id/books/about/Dari_pemberontakan_ke_integrasi.html?hl=id&id=v0y4-dp9uEEC|title=Dari Pemberontakan ke Integrasi: Sumatra Barat dan Politik Indonesia, 1926–1998|location=|publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia|isbn=979-461-519-6|ref={{sfnRef|Kahin|2005}}|url-status=live}} * {{cite web|author=Mantovani|first=Sarah Larasati|title=Mendidik Tanpa Emansipasi|url=http://nec.rema.upi.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/26.-MENDIDIK-TANPA-EMANSIPASI-REFLEKSI-PERJUANGAN-RAHMAH-EL-YUNUSIYYAH-DALAM-PENDIDIKAN.pdf|work=|accessdate=4 Januari 2017|ref={{sfnRef|Mantovani|tt}}|archive-date=2017-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104164538/http://nec.rema.upi.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/26.-MENDIDIK-TANPA-EMANSIPASI-REFLEKSI-PERJUANGAN-RAHMAH-EL-YUNUSIYYAH-DALAM-PENDIDIKAN.pdf|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|last=Munawaroh|first=Junaidatul|year=2002|url=http://books.google.co.id/books/about/Ulama_Perempuan_Indonesia.html?id=KL8MEwzjSBoC&redir_esc=y|title=Ulama Perempuan Indonesia|location=|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|isbn=979-686-644-7|editor=Jajat Burhanuddin dan Oman Fathurahman|ref={{sfnRef|Munawaroh|2002}}}} * {{cite book|last=Nata|first=Abuddin|year=2005|title=Tokoh-tokoh Pembaruan dan Pendidikan Islam di Indonesia|location=Jakarta|publisher=Raja Grafindo Persada|id=|ref={{sfnRef|Nata|2005}}}} * {{cite book|last=Noer|first=Deliar|year=1991|title=Gerakan Modern Islam di Indonesia, 1900–1942|location=Jakarta|publisher=[[Lembaga Penelitian, Pendidikan dan Penerangan Ekonomi dan Sosial|LP3ES]]|id=|ref={{sfnRef|Noer|1991}}|authorlink=Deliar Noer}} * {{cite book|last=Noer|first=Deliar|year=1996|title=Aku Bagian Ummat, Aku Bagian Bangsa|location=|publisher=Mizan|id=|ref={{sfnRef|Noer|1996}}|authorlink=Deliar Noer}} * {{cite book|year=1978|title=Peringatan 55 Tahun Diniyah Putri Padang Panjang|location=Jakarta|publisher=Ghalia Indonesia|id=|ref={{sfnRef|Peringatan 55 Tahun...|1978}}}} * {{Cite book|last=|first=|date=1953|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=bnkSAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=id#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Propinsi Sumatera Tengah|location=Jakarta|publisher=[[Departemen Penerangan Republik Indonesia]]|isbn=|ref={{sfnRef|Departemen Penerangan|1953}}|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Rasyad|first=Aminuddin|year=1991|url=http://books.google.co.id/books/about/Hajjah_Rahmah_el_Yunusiyyah_dan_Zainuddi.html?id=0JNGAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Hj. Rahmah El Yunusiyah dan Zainuddin Labay El Yunusy, Dua Bersaudara Tokoh Pembaharu Pendidikan Islam|location=Jakarta|publisher=|id=|ref={{sfnRef|Rasyad, dkk|1991}}|coauthors=Leon Salim dan Hasniah Saleh}} * {{Cite book|last=Putri|first=Selfi Mahat|date=2018|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=uYV7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72&dq=%22RAHMAH+EL%22+kongres&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiq4vb_yqLmAhUScCsKHUT8BKAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22RAHMAH%20EL%22%20kongres&f=false|title=Perempuan dan Modernitas: Perubahan Adat Perkawinan Minangkabau Pada Awal Abad ke-20|publisher=Gre Publishing|isbn=978-602-7677-54-8|language=id|ref={{sfnRef|Putri|2018}}}} ; Jurnal * {{Cite journal|last=Murtadlo|first=Muhamad|date=15 Desember 2018|title=Hubungan Mesir-Indonesia dalam Modernisasi Pendidikan Islam|url=http://jurnalalqalam.or.id/index.php/Alqalam/article/view/530|journal=Al-Qalam|language=|volume=24|issue=2|pages=|doi=10.31969/alq.v24i2.530|issn=2540-895X|ref={{sfnRef|Murtadlo|15 Desember 2018}}}} ; Media massa * {{cite book|last=Ghazali|first=Chairil|date=19 April 1983|title=Mengenang Rahmah El Yunusiyah, Wanita Pertama Penerima Gelar Syaikhah|location=|publisher=Harian Pelita|id=|ref={{sfnRef|Ghazali|19 April 1983}}}} * {{Cite web|last=Janti|first=Nur|date=28 Juli 2018|title=Kala Ulama Perempuan Melawan|url=http://historia.id/persona/articles/kala-ulama-perempuan-melawan-Dr9AE|website=Historia|publisher=|language=|access-date=31 Desember 2018|ref={{sfnRef|Janti|28 Juli 2018}}|archive-date=2019-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101100349/https://historia.id/persona/articles/kala-ulama-perempuan-melawan-Dr9AE|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite web|last=Susiyanto|date=25 September 2014|year=2014|title=Syaikhah Rahmah El-Yunusiah: Pendidik dan “Ibu Kandung Perjuangan”|url=http://jejakislam.net/syaikhah-rahmah-el-yunusiah-pendidik-dan-ibu-kandung-perjuangan/|work=JIB|accessdate=4 Januari 2017|ref={{sfnRef|Susiyanto|2014}}}} * {{cite web|last=Zuraya|first=Nidia|date=7 April 2012|title=Rahmah El-Yunusiyah: Perintis Sekolah Wanita Islam di Indonesia|url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/dunia-islam/khazanah/12/04/07/m232bo-rahmah-elyunusiyah-perintis-sekolah-wanita-islam-di-indonesia|work=[[Republika (surat kabar)|Republika]]|accessdate=21 Oktober 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Zuraya|2012}}}} * {{cite magazine|last=|first=|volume=5|date=|title=Boedjangga Istri|url=|magazine=[[Aboean Goeroe Goeroe]]|location=Fort de Kock|page=114-115|publisher=|access-date=|ref={{sfnRef|Aboean Goeroe Goeroe|Mei 1930}}}} * {{cite magazine|last=|first=|volume=|date=24 Desember 1956|title=Benteng Raad|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%22RAHMAH+EL%22&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010478579:mpeg21:a0052&resultsidentifier=ddd:010478579:mpeg21:a0052|magazine=[[De Nieuwsgier]]|location=Batavia|publisher=|access-date=|ref={{sfnRef|De Nieuwsgier|24 Desember 1956}}}} * {{cite web|date=22 September 2009|year=2009|title=Era Baru di Tangan Generasi Keempat|url=http://arsip.gatra.com/2009-09-22/majalah/artikel.php?pil=23&id=130292|work=[[Gatra]]|accessdate=2 Januari 2017|archive-date=3 Januari 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103165229/http://arsip.gatra.com/2009-09-22/majalah/artikel.php?pil=23&id=130292|ref={{sfnRef|Gatra|2009}}}} * {{cite web|date=12 Oktober 2010|title=Gempa Bumi di Sumatra Barat Sejak Perang Padri|url=http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2010/10/12/179284337/Gempa-Bumi-di-Sumatra-Barat-Sejak-Perang-Paderi|work=[[Tempo.co]]|accessdate=8 Juli 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Tempo.co|12 Oktober 2010}}}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{refend}} == Pautan lua == * {{id}} pelita.or.id. [http://www.pelita.or.id/baca.php?id=67747 Intelektual Muslimah Kaliber Dunia]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Kategori:Pajuang kamardekaan Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Pandidik Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Da'i Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Ulama Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Padangpanjang]] jtfyrcoxxyshv008j3kupa3xu6synm4 0 318253 3170241 3168827 2025-06-11T16:47:25Z 114.10.94.151 3170241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Pemerintahan Revolusioner Republik Indonesia | native_name = | common_name = PRRI | image_flag = Flag of Indonesia.svg | image_map = Navy military operations against PRRI (crop), Jalesveva Jayamahe, p241.jpg | image_map_caption = Operasi militer Angkatan Lauik Indonesia malawan PRRI di [[Sumatera Tengah]] pado taun 1958 | status = Pamarintahan [[revolusioner]] nan indak diakui | capital = [[Kota Padang|Padang]] | languages = Indonesia | languages_type = Bahaso | government_type = [[Republik revolusioner]] ([[Sistem parlementer|parlementer]]) | title_representative = [[Daftar Perdana Menteri Indonesia|Perdana Menteri]] | representative1 = [[Sjafruddin Prawiranegara]] | year_representative1 = 1958–1961 | era = [[Parang Dingin]] | year_start = 1958 | date_start = 17 Februari | year_end = 1961 | date_end = 28 September | p1 = Era Demokrasi Liberal (1950–1959){{!}}Pamarintahan demokrasi liberal | s1 = Demokrasi Terpimpin (1959–1965){{!}}Pamearintahan demokrasi tapimpin | flag_p1 = Flag of Indonesia.svg | flag_s1 = Flag of Indonesia.svg | today = Indonesia }} ''' Pamarintahan Revolusional Republik Indonesia''' (umum disingek '''PRRI''') adolah organisasi nan dibuek dek [[Ahmad Husein|Achmad Husein]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=J0D5OQrqAkQC&pg=PA66&dq=prri&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC4ZWxgsrXAhVIUrwKHT-XCA0Q6AEIVzAH#v=onepage&q=prri&f=false|title=Jurnal sejarah: pemikiran, rekonstruksi, persepsi|authors=Yayasan Masyarakat Sejarawan Indonesia|publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=66-69}}</ref> dan dipimpin dek [[Sjafruddin Prawiranegara|Syafruddin Prawiranegara]] sabagai Perdana Mantari. PRRI ko di buek untuak manuntuik Presiden [[Soekarno]] supayo adia dalam mambangun Indonesia, sahinggo pambangunan Indonesia ko indak hanyo dipusatkan di Jawa tapi di saluruh Indonesia. Namun, Soekarno jo arogansi kekuasaannyo justru manjawab tuntutan ko jo sanjato. Presiden Soekarno maanggap PRRI ko sabagai pambarontak, lalu dikirimlah tentara dari Jawa ka Sumatera untuak manumpas PRRI nan dianggapnyo pambarontak ko.<ref>{{Cite book|title=H. Sutan M. Rani Ismael: sosok pengusaha "demi aka"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leHkvQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|publisher=Kabarita|date=2014|isbn=978-602-18336-2-9|language=id|first=Hasril|last=Chaniago|first2=Eko Yanche|last2=Edrie}}</ref> Aksi tentara nan dikirim untuk manumpas PRRI bajalan tanpa kontrol. Mereka acok malakuan tindak kakarasan. Ribuan urang nan dicurigai sabagai simpatisan PRRI ditangkok sacaro sawenang-wenang. Dari patangahan April 1958 inggo 1960, sado sakolah SMP jo SMA tutuik. Baitu pulo [[Universitas Andalas]] nan baru bajalan duo tahun tapaso tutuik pulo dek ampiang sado dosen jo mahasiswanyo ikuik PRRI. Kondisi Sumatra Barat pasca-PRRI takah "nagari dialahkan garudo". Rakyat masih trauma tarhadap parang. Harun Zain nan datang ka Sumatra Barat pado tahun 1961 manulihan suasano mancekam jo mambisu katiko inyo tiba di Padang. Inyo mancaliak wajah-wajah mahasiswa nan apatis jo indak barani mangecek dek sabagian gadang mereka adolah eks-PRRI. == Ultimatum dan deklarasi PRRI == [[Berkas:AH_Nasution,_Jalesveva_Jayamahe,_p11.jpg|jmpl|266x266px|[[Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat]] (KSAD) [[Abdul Haris Nasution]] maagiah parentah operasi militer untuak manumpas PRRI.]] Pado Januari 1958, balansuang partemuan di [[Sungai Dareh, Pulau Punjung, Dharmasraya|Sungai Dareh]] nan dihadiri pimpinan satiok militer di daerah jo tokoh sipil, di antaranyo [[Ahmad Husein]], [[Maludin Simbolon]], [[Barlian]], [[Ventje Sumual]], [[Zulkifli Lubis]], [[Dahlan Djambek]], [[Mohammad Natsir]], [[Syafruddin Prawiranegara]], [[Burhanuddin Harahap|Boerhanoedin Harahap]], dan [[Soemitro Djojohadikusumo]]. Partemuan hari patamo manghasilkan kasepakatan untuak malahirkan "gerakan koreksi terhadap pamimpin nan batingkah inkonstitusional" nan "bukan tindakan disintegrasi" dan maangkek Ahmad Husein sabagai Ketua Dewan Perjuangan.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Rasyad|first=Zubir|date=2009|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=Of7uQQAACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=id&redir_esc=y|title=Ranah dan adat Minangkabau|publisher=Agra Wirasanda/Lembaga Pengembangan Swadaya Masyarakat|isbn=978-979-19435-0-5|language=id}}</ref> Pado 10 Februari 1958, sabagai tindak lanjuik dari partemuan di Sungai Dareh, Ahmad Husein salaku Katua Dewan Perjuangan mangaluaan ultimatum nan isinyo agar [[Kabinet Djuanda]] manyarahan mandatnya kapado Presiden dengan wakatu 5 x 24 jam dan Presiden dimintak kembali kapado kadudukan konstitusionalnyo. Ultimatum tersebut bukan tuntutan pambentukan negara baru maupun pamberontakan, tapi labih marupoan protes mangenai baa konstitusi dijalanan.<ref>Lukman Hakiem, (2008), ''M. Natsir di panggung sejarah republik'', Penerbit Republika, ISBN 978-979-1102-43-8.</ref> Ultimatum PRRI indak digubris dek pamarentah pusat, samantaro Ahmad Husein jo kawan-kawannyo dipecat dari [[Angkatan Darat]]. Pado 15 Februari 1958, bertepatan jo bateh akhir ultimatum, Ahmad Husein maumuman tagaknyo Pemerintahan Revolusioner Republik Indonesia (PRRI) sabagai pamarentah tandingan di Padang.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Petrik Matanasi|first=|date=2011|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=8NH6WsEB9lkC&pg=PA72&dq=%22PRRI%22+%2215+Februari+1958%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvmcK3vr_rAhVVbn0KHSdYDpwQ6AEwAHoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=%22PRRI%22%20%2215%20Februari%201958%22&f=false|title=Prajurit-Prajurit di Kiri Jalan|location=|publisher=Trompet Books|isbn=978-602-99131-3-2|pages=72|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref> PRRI mambuek kabinet dengan [[Syafruddin Prawiranegara]] sabagai [[Perdana menteri|Perdana Menteri]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro|first=|last2=|first2=|date=1993|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=TCRGAQAAIAAJ&q=%22PRRI%22+%2215+Februari+1958%22&dq=%22PRRI%22+%2215+Februari+1958%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitmbu_v7_rAhXTdCsKHedbBrQ4ChDoATAGegQICRAC|title=Sejarah Nasional Indonesia|location=|publisher=Balai Pustaka|isbn=|volume=1|pages=175|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref> Adapun susunan kabinet yakni [[Sjafruddin Prawiranegara]] marangkap Menteri Keuangan; [[Assaat]] sabagai Menteri Dalam Negeri ([[Dahlan Djambek]] sempat mamaciknyo sabalun Assaat tibo di Padang); [[Maludin Simbolon]] sabagai Menteri Luar Negeri; [[Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo]] sabagai Menteri Perhubungan dan Pelayaran; [[Muhammad Sjafei]] sabagai Menteri PPK dan Kesehatan; [[Saladin Sarumpaet]] sabagai Menteri Pertanian dan Perburuhan; [[Muchtar Lintang]] sabagai Menteri Agama; [[Saleh Lahade]] sabagai Menteri Penerangan; [[Abdul Gani Usman]] sabagai Menteri Sosial; sarato Dahlan Djambek sabagai Menteri Pos dan Telekomunikasi (sasudah Assaat tibo di Padang). Deklarasi PRRI mandapek sambutan dari wilayah [[Sulawesi Utara]] jo [[Sulawesi Tengah]]. Pado 17 Februari 1958, kawasan tersebut manyatoan mandukuang PRRI (gerakannyo dikenal sabagai [[Permesta]]). Namun, pamarentah pusat mancaliak PRRI sabagai gerakan separatis dan KSAD [[Abdul Haris Nasution]] maagiah perintah operasi militer untuak manumpas PRRI.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Syamdani|date=2009|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=R9u37gzZMlUC&pg=PA84&dq=PRRI+merupakan+perang+saudara&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjC2_GSrc_sAhXLfH0KHUj6DT4Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=PRRI%20merupakan%20perang%20saudara&f=false|title=PRRI, pemberontakan atau bukan?|publisher=Media Pressindo|isbn=978-979-788-032-3|language=id}}</ref> Di Sumatra Barat, ampiang sado partai politik nan ado, kacuali [[Partai Komunis Indonesia]] (PKI) jo [[Partai Nasional Indonesia]] (PNI), mandukuang gagasan nan diperjuangkan PRRI. Namun, katiko pamarentah pusat marespons PRRI dengan tindakan represif dan parjuangan daerah mulai kalah, [[Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah]] (Perti) jo [[Partai Adat Rakyat]] mulai mambelot dan akhianya bagabuang jo partai nan babasis nasional. Bilo dibandiangan dengan partai-partai nasional itu lainnyo, sikap mereka terhadap PRRI labiah bangih daripado PKI.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2003|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=IfVwAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22partai-partai+nasional+itu+lainnya,+reaksi%22&q=%22partai-partai+nasional+itu+lainnya,+reaksi%22&hl=id&redir_esc=y|title=Indonesia in Transition: Work in Progress|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|isbn=978-979-3237-84-8|language=en}}</ref> == Katerlibatan Amerika Serikat == Sijarawan Asia Tenggara Audrey Kahin mangungkap adonya katerlibatan [[Badan Intelijen Pusat]] (CIA) milik Amerika Serikat dalam PRRI. PRRI indak dapek dilapehan dari rangkaian parebutan pangaruah dalam [[Perang Dingin]] antaro Amerika Serikat jo Uni Soviet. Amerika Serikat nan sangaik anti terhadap komunisme, maraso cameh mancaliak parkembangan [[Partai Komunis Indonesia]] (PKI) di Indonesia dan untuak maimbangi samakin kueknyo komunisme, Amerika Serikat mancuba maagiah dukungan kapado daerah nan tarang-tarangan manyatoan anti terhadap komunisme.<ref name=":1">https://repository.usd.ac.id/24687/1/Indonesia%20Melawan%20Amerika-min.pdf</ref> Namun, dalam parkembangannyo, Amerika Serkat maninggaan PRRI dan mampelokan hubuangannyo jo Soekarno.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Matanasi|first=Petrik|date=2011-11-01|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NH6WsEB9lkC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA71&dq=PRRI++PIAGAM+perjuangan++%22ultimatum%22&hl=id|title=Prajurit-Prajurit di Kiri Jalan|publisher=Trompet Books|isbn=978-602-99131-3-2|language=id}}</ref> Hal iko tajadi sasudah tatembaknyo pasawat nan dikamudian dek [[Allen Lawrence Pope|Allen Pope]] pado 18 Mei 1958. Amerika Serikat manyadari bahasonyo mandukuang PRRI indak lai marupoan langkah nan realistis untuak maapuih pangaruah komunisme dalam pamarentahan Indonesia. Alih-alih manahan pangaruah kalompok komunisme, Amerika Serikat babaliak mandukuang Soekarno jo kabijakannyo.<ref name=":12">https://repository.usd.ac.id/24687/1/Indonesia%20Melawan%20Amerika-min.pdf</ref> == Operasi militer == [[Berkas:Yani1958.jpg|jmpl|270x270px|Kolonel [[Ahmad Yani]] mamimpin ''briefing'' [[Operasi 17 Agustus]] pado 12 April 1958]] [[Berkas:Indonesian_Navy_Commando_Corps_crossing_Sungai_Air_Gadang,_Jalesveva_Jayamahe,_p155.jpg|jmpl|270x270px|[[Korps Marinir Indonesia]] dalam operasi panumpasan PRRI di Air Gadang, Pasaman.]] Pamarentah pusek manganggap PRRI sabagai gerakan separatisme nan harus segera ditumpas jo kakuatan sanjato. Pamarentah pusek malalui [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia]] (APRI atau dijuluki "tentara pusat") malakukn operasi gabungan nan tadiri dari [[Angkatan Darat]], [[Angkatan Laut]], jo [[Angkatan Udara]]. Operasi nan dilancarkan yakni [[Operasi Tegas]], [[Operasi 17 Agustus]], [[Operasi Saptamarga]], [[Operasi Sadar]], jo [[Operasi Merdeka]]. Pado tahap awal balangsuangnyo operasi militer, kagiatan administrasi pamarentahan lumpuah, pajabat jo pegawai malakuan pangungsian demi manyalamaikan diri. Untuak manghiduikan baliak pamarentahan, mako pamarentah pusek mamacah Sumatra Tengah manjadi tigo provinsi, salah satunyo Sumatra Barat. Pado tanggal 17 Mei 1958, [[Kaharuddin Datuk Rangkayo Basa]] diangkek manjadi [[Daftar Gubernur Sumatra Barat|Gubenur Sumatra Barat]] patamo.<ref name=":2" /> Di sisi lain, aksi tentara pusek bajalan tanpa kontrol. Tentara APRI malakuan tindak kekerasan. Ribuan urang nan dicurigai sabagai simpatisan PRRI ditangkok sacaro sawenang-wenang. Aksi pambunuhan massal tajadi di sejumlah tampek. Di bawah [[Jam Gadang]], APRI mambunuah sakitar 187 urang dengan caro ditembak. Hanyo 17 urang dari jumlah tersebut nan marupoan tentara PRRI, sadangkan salabiahnyo marupoan rakyaik sipil.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Syamdani|date=2009|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=R9u37gzZMlUC&pg=PA88&dq=PRRI+%22jam+Gadang%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiK6Kn9k9HsAhXGWisKHcEnDeAQ6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=PRRI%20%22jam%20Gadang%22&f=false|title=PRRI, pemberontakan atau bukan?|publisher=Media Pressindo|isbn=978-979-788-032-3|language=id}}</ref> Para mayat lalu dijejer di halaman Jam Gadang.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ilyas|first=Abraham|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=zKxiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17&dq=PRRI+%22jam+Gadang%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiK6Kn9k9HsAhXGWisKHcEnDeAQ6AEwAXoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=PRRI%20%22jam%20Gadang%22&f=false|title=Syair Kisah Perjuangan Anak Nagari 1958-1961: Kalah di Ujung Bedil Menang dengan Silat|publisher=Lembaga Kekerabatan Datuk Soda|isbn=978-602-71254-1-4|language=id}}</ref> Dari partangahan April 1958 sampai 1960, sadoalah sakolah SMP jo SMA tutuik. [[Universitas Andalas]] nan baru bajalan duo tahun tapaso ditutuik dek ampiang sado dosen jo mahasiswanyo ikuik PRRI. Manjalang akhia tahun 1960, sadoalah wilayah Sumatera Barat berhasil dikuasai tentara APRI.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Yusra|first=Abrar|date=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IL9uAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22BOER+YUSUF%22&q=%22BOER+YUSUF%22&hl=id|title=Tokoh yang berhati rakyat: biografi Harun Zain|publisher=Yayasan Gebu Minang|isbn=978-979-8428-01-2|language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Djalal|first=Nasrul|last2=Hendrik|first2=Makmur|date=2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ujLwQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=id|title=Pelaku dan saksi sejarah angkatan 66 Sumatera Barat bertutur tentang Tritura|publisher=Erka|isbn=978-602-0738-03-1|language=id}}</ref> Abdul Haris Nasution mancataik, operasi militer PRRI mamakan korban sabanyak 7.146 urang tewas di kaduo balah pihak. Sabagian gadang nan tewas, yakni 6.115 barasa "dari pihak PRRI". [[Saafroedin Bahar]] mancataik, jumlah korban akibaik konflik PRRI nan singkek jauah labiah banyak daripado korban parang jo Balando pado zaman [[Revolusi Nasional Indonesia|revolusi kamerdekaan]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=[[Abrar Yusra]]|first=|date=2011|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=s3m3YARcG_wC&pg=PA100&dq=korban+tewas+PRRI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxvdKDrM_sAhVObSsKHWkuD50Q6AEwAXoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=korban%20tewas%20PRRI&f=false|title=Azwar Anas: teladan dari ranah Minang|publisher=Penerbit Buku Kompas|isbn=978-979-709-585-7|language=id}}</ref> Salain operasi militer, pamarentah pusek malakuan pandekatan sacaro diplomatis dengan mambujuak tentara PRRI untuak manyaah dan kembali setia pado NKRI. Peristiwa iko disabuik Operasi Pemanggilan Kembali.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kahin|first=Audrey R.|date=2005|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=v0y4-dp9uEEC&pg=PA353&dq=Operasi+Pemanggilan+Kembali&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwionLGWy6_tAhU66XMBHUE1CMUQ6AEwA3oECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Operasi%20Pemanggilan%20Kembali&f=false|title=Dari pemberontakan ke integrasi Sumatra Barat dan politik Indonesia, 1926-1998|publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia|isbn=978-979-461-519-5|language=id}}</ref> Pado 29 Mei 1961, Ahmad Husein sacaro resmi manyerah basamo sakitar 24.500 pangikuiknya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=[[Mestika Zed]]|first=|date=1995|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=qNZwAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ahmad+Husein%22+%2229+Mei+1961%22&dq=%22Ahmad+Husein%22+%2229+Mei+1961%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiv7L7mxb_rAhXMAnIKHVzPDwEQ6AEwBHoECAQQAg|title=Sumatera Barat di panggung sejarah, 1945-1995|location=|publisher=Bidang Penerbitan Khusus, Panitia Peringatan 50 Tahun RI, Sumatera Barat|isbn=|pages=147|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref> Salamo babarapo tahun, pimpinan sipil jo militer PRRI dikarantina. Masyarakaik, tautamo mahasiswa jo pelajar, mangalami tekanan hiduik nan barek.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Syamdani|date=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9u37gzZMlUC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA7&dq=%22Republik+Persatuan+Indonesia%22&hl=id|title=PRRI, pemberontakan atau bukan?|publisher=Media Pressindo|isbn=978-979-788-032-3|language=id}}</ref> == Pasca-PRRI == [[Berkas:Tugu_peringatan_pembebasan_kewalian_Indrapura.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Tugu_peringatan_pembebasan_kewalian_Indrapura.jpg|jmpl|270x270px|Tugu Pembebasan, ditagakan dek tentara pusek di satiok daerah nan berhasil dirabuik dari pasukan PRRI.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pandoe|first=Marthias Dusky|date=2010|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ta05V3dVGlAC&pg=PA94&dq=%22trauma+*+PRRI%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjlwf_ixL_rAhXCX30KHToKCFoQ6AEwAXoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=%22trauma%20*%20PRRI%22&f=false|title=Jernih melihat cermat mencatat: antologi karya jurnalistik wartawan senior Kompas|publisher=Penerbit Buku Kompas|isbn=978-979-709-487-4|language=id}}</ref>]] PRRI manyebabkan timbulnyo eksodus besar-besaran urang Minangkabau ka daerah lain.<ref name="Syam">Syamdani, (2009), ''PRRI, pemberontakan atau bukan'', Media Pressindo, ISBN 978-979-788-032-3.</ref> Mochtar Naim dalam bukunyo, ''Merantau'' (1984) mancontohan, jumlah orang Minang di Jakarta sabalun tajadinyo peristiwa PRRI dipakiroan kurang dari saratuih ribu urang. Sasudah PRRI, jumlah itu maningkek manjadi babarapo ratuih ribu. Pado 1971, Gubernur Jakarta Ali Sadikin mampakiroan alah ado sakitar satangah juta urang Minang di Jakarta.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Syamdani.|date=2009|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/311495382|title=PRRI, pemberontakan atau bukan?|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Media Pressindo|isbn=9789797880323|edition=Cet. 1|oclc=311495382}}</ref> Manuruik sijarawan Gusti Asnan, kakalahan PRRI juo manyebabkan adonyo kacenderungan urang Minang maagiah namo anaknyo jo "namo nan aneh".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/revolusi-dan-perubahan-tipe-nama-orang-minangkabau-czAh|title=Revolusi dan Perubahan Tipe Nama Orang Minangkabau|last=Abdulsalam|first=Husein|website=tirto.id|language=id|access-date=2020-08-29}}</ref> Urang Minang di parantauan nan mangalami tindakan kareh jo cenderung manindas dari pamarentah pusek juo baupayo maubah identitas mereka. Panggilan Padang sabagai ganti Minang manjadi marak sabagai bantuak pangaburan identitas nan dilakuan dek urang Minang pasca-PRRI.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/bbc/5127/nasi-padang-sejarah-kalori-dan-semua-hal-yang-perlu-anda-ketahui|title=Nasi Padang: Sejarah, kalori, dan semua hal yang perlu Anda ketahui|last=BBC|first=|date=2019-11-29|website=Tempo|language=|access-date=2020-08-29|archive-date=2023-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428044836/https://www.tempo.co/bbc/5127/nasi-padang-sejarah-kalori-dan-semua-hal-yang-perlu-anda-ketahui|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Genosida etnis Minang == [[Berkas:Commander_of_the_Diponegoro_Military_Region_Suharto.jpg|jmpl|299x299px|Potret Soeharto salaku Panglima [[Komando Daerah Militer IV/Diponegoro|Kodam Diponegoro]]]] Pada 2 Maret 2000, ''[[Harian Mimbar Minang]]'' malaporan tamuan Lembaga Bantuan Hukum (LBH) Padang tantang surek [[Soeharto]] salaku Panglima [[Komando Daerah Militer IV/Diponegoro|Kodam Diponegoro]] kapado anak buahnyo nan mamarentahan genosida etnis Minang katiko peristiwa PRRI tajadi. Panemuan itu diungkapkan Ketua Tim Investigasi PRRI [[Yunizar Chaniago]]. Divisi Diponegoro manjadi momok hitam bagi masyarakaik Sumatera Barat. Harlan Darwis manyabuik kasatuan iko malakuan kakajaman luar biaso takah mambunuah, mambantai, mamperkosa, jo "babagai kajahatan nan sulik dibayangan".<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 Maret 2000|title=Investigasi PRRI LBH Padang: Basmi Etnis Minang, Perintah Soeharto|work=[[Harian Mimbar Minang]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nuryanti|first=Reni|last2=Akob|first2=Bachtiar|date=2019-10-01|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=JqbTDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT73&dq=%22Divisi+Diponegoro%22+PRRI&hl=id&redir_esc=y|title=Perempuan Dalam Historiografi Indonesia (Eksistensi Dan Dominasi)|publisher=Deepublish|isbn=978-623-02-0688-7|language=id}}</ref> Manuruik Yunizar, fakta iko mandorong Soeharto katiko manjabaik sabagai presiden untuak manutuik wacana PRRI.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2000-02|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=2TXjAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Kodam+Diponegoro+mengirim+dua+resimen+tempur+ke+Sumbar+*+%22&q=%22Kodam+Diponegoro+mengirim+dua+resimen+tempur+ke+Sumbar+*+%22&hl=id&redir_esc=y|title=Gamma|publisher=Garda Media Mandiri|language=id}}</ref> Mananggapi temuan LBH Padang, staf ahli Menteri Negara Urusan Hak Asasi Manusia [[Muradi Yuti]] mangatoan bahaso palanggaran HAM nan tajadi pado maso PRRI alun bisa dibaok sampai ka parsidangan HAM dek kakosongan undang-undang nan dapek mangaturnyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 Maret 2000|title=Staf Ahli Meneg HAM, Muradi Yuti: Tak Gampang Bawa Kasus PRRI ke Pengadilan HAM|work=[[Harian Mimbar Minang]]}}</ref> Soeharto tercatat manjadi panglima di Jawa nan paling basumangaik untuak mangiriman pasukan mambaranguih PRRI. Salamo tahun 1958, inyo alah mangirim sakitar anam batalion ka Sumatera Barat, tamasuak [[Yoga Sugama]] jo [[Ali Moertopo]] nan marupoan duo urang kaparcayaannyo. Sikap Soeharto maundang parhatian nan positif dari pamarentah pusek maingek para panglima lain di daerah Jawa, manunjuakan sikap ragu-ragu dalam mangiriman pasukan. Karaguan tersebut mungkin sajo disebabkan dek raso enggan untuak saliang baparang malawan sasamo rekan di kamiliteran.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yogaswara|first=A.|date=2012-07-31|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=2dgLEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA94&dq=%22SOEHARTO%22+PRRI&hl=id&redir_esc=y|title=Biografi Dari Pada Soeharto|publisher=MediaPressindo|language=id}}</ref> ==Bacaan lanjuik== *{{cite book |last1=Conboy |first1=Kenneth |last2=Morrison |first2=James |title=Feet to the Fire CIA Covert Operations in Indonesia, 1957–1958 |year=1999 |location=Annapolis |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute|Naval Institute Press]] |isbn=1-55750-193-9}} *{{cite journal|last1=Doeppers|first1=Daniel|title=An Incident in the PRRI/Permesta Rebellion|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_indonesia_1972-10_14/page/192|journal=Indonesia|date=Oct 1972|issue= 14|pages=192–195}} *{{cite journal|last1=Feith|first1=Herbet and Lev Daniel|title=The End of the Indonesian Rebellion|journal=Pacific Affairs|date=Spring 1963|issue=Vol.36|pages=32–46}} *{{cite journal|last1=Jaspan|first1=M. A.|title=Indonesia: Counterrevolution and Rebellion|journal=Science & Society|date=Winter 1966|issue=Vol.30|pages=63–69}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kahin|first1=George McT|title=The Impact of American Foreign Policy|journal=Democracy in Indonesia: 1950s and 1990s|date=1994|issue=Editors: David Bourchier and John Legge|pages=63–73}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kahin|first1=George McT.|title=In Memoriam: Sjafruddin Prawinegara|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_indonesia_1989-10_48/page/101|journal=Indonesia|date=Oct 1989|issue=48|pages=101–105}} == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Sijarah]] [[Kategori:Sumatera Barat]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] mo15rhvr6jkxsfvfdvjo95pqgnffv57 0 322520 3170243 3159211 2025-06-11T17:37:41Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ANT}}{{Kotak info organisasi|name=Persatuan Islam (PERSIS)<br/>''Pasatuan Islam''|native_name=Persatuan Islam|image=Logo_Persis.png|size=200px|alt=Logo Persatuan Islam|caption=Logo PERSIS|map=LocationIndonesia.svg|msize=200px|malt=World map|mcaption=Wilayah pangaruah|formation=12 September 1923|founder=Zamzam, Muhammad Yunus, [[Ahmad Hassan]]|type=Lembaga sosial|purpose=Agamo Islam; Pandidikan|headquarters=JL. Perintis Kemerdekaan, No. 2, Bandung|location=[[Bandung]], [[Indonesia]]|coords={{coord|-6.913732| 107.608292| display=inline, Location of PERSIS Headquarters}}|region_served=[[Indonesia]]|membership=|leader_title=Pamimpin|leader_name=K.H. [[Aceng Zakaria]]|website=http://www.persis.or.id/}}'''Persatuan Islam''' (disingkek '''Persis''' atau '''PERSIS,''' dalam bahaso [[Bahaso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]: ''Pasatuan Islam'') adolah sabuah organisasi Islam di [[Indonesia]]. Persis didirian pado 12 September 1923 di Bandung dek sakalompok Muslim nan katuju mangambangkan dalam pandidikan jo aktivitas kaagamoan nan dipimpin dek Haji Zamzam jo Haji Muhammad Yunus.<ref name="Persatuan Islam">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IcQyA9G0vIC&pg=PT79&lpg=PT79&dq=djamiat+chair&source=bl&ots=WESTEVYhFd&sig=S-jo8Q8XiOIyX8Q8fWwXfcto7p0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=buuZU5G8CYL0oASmz4CoCg&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=djamiat%20chair&f=false|title=Persatuan Islam Islamic Reform in Twentieth Century Indonesia|first=Howard M.|last=Federspiel|edition=reprint|publisher=Equinox Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-60283-97476}}</ref> Organisasi ko biaso disabuik ''Jam'iyyah Persis'' dek anggotanyo. Persis didirian jo tujuan untuak maagiah pamahaman Islam nan sasuai jo asalinyo nan dibaok dek Rasulullah Saw jo maagiah pandangan babeda dari pamahaman Islam tradisional nan dianggap alah indak orisinil dek bacampua jo budayo lokal, sikap taklid buto, sikap indak kritis, jo indak namuah manggali Islam labiah dalam jo mambukak kitab-kitab Hadits nan shahih. Dek karano itu, malalui para ulamanyo sarupo Ahmad Hassan nan tanamo juo jo Hassan Bandung atau Hassan Bangil, Persis manyiarkan Islam nan hanyo basumber dari [[Al-Qur'an|Al-Quran]] jo Hadits.<ref name=":2" /> == Sijarah == === Sabalun kamardekaan === Samulo ide ko muncua dari saurang alumnus [[Darul Ulum]], [[Makah]], nan banamo [[Haji Zamzam]] nan pado taun 1910-1912 manjadi guru agamo di sikolah agamo Darul Muta'alimin. H. Zamzam mandirikan organisasi ko basamo jo kawannyo nan banamo [[Haji Muhammad Yunus]]. Kaduonyo samo-samo kalahiran [[Palembang]]. Muhammad Yunus, saurang padagang sukses, sangkek mudonyo alah mandapek pandidikan agamo tradisionalis sarato manguasoi bahaso Arab, sainggo baliau katuju bana untuak mampalajari teks-teks agamo. Lata balakang pandidikan jo budayo nan samo manyatukan kaduonyo dalam diskusi-diskusi kaislaman. Topik-topik nan didiskusian biasonyo takaik jo pagerakan agamo nan sadang bakambang pado maso itu, atau masalah-masalah agamo nan ditabikan di majalah ''al-Munir'' di [[Kota Padang|Padang]] atau majalah ''al-Manar'' nan ditabikan di [[Mesir]].<ref name="Sejarah Singkat">{{cite web|url=http://www.persatuanislam.or.id/home/front/detail/profile/sejarah-singkat|title=Sejarah Singkat|language=id|accessdate=July 19, 2014|archive-date=August 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822122055/http://www.persatuanislam.or.id/home/front/detail/profile/sejarah-singkat|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Suatu katiko, ado sabuah diskusi nan balansuang sasudah alek di rumah salah surang anggota kaluarga, nan barasa dari Sumatera nan lah lamo tingga di Bandung. Masalah diskusi wakatu tu tantang indak supakaiknyo takaik masalah agamo antaro organisasi Al-Irsyad jo Jamiat Kheir. Sajak itulah, patamuan-patamuan salanjuiknyo barubah manjadi kalompok pangajian (studi agamo) dima anggota kalompok jo sanang hati mambahas, manilai, jo manguji ajaran nan alah batarimo salamo ko. Diskusi ko juo diadoan di antaro jamaah-jamaah sasudah sumbayang Jumaik, sainggo frekuensi jamaah nan sato samakin maningkek dan diskusi samakin mandalam. Jumlah urang awanyo anyo sakitar 12 urang. Diskusi samakin intensif dan manjadi indak anyo tabateh pado masalah agamo, namun labiah laweh sarato labiah politis, misanyo tantang dikotomi antaro moderasi Islam jo tradisional nan tajadi pado maso itu antaro ulama Jamiat Kheir jo al-Irshad di Batavia, atau masalah infiltrasi kuminih di Sarekat Islam (SI) jo upayo-upayo nan dilakukan umaik Islam untuak mangadapinyo.<ref name="Sejarah Singkat" /> [[Berkas:A-hassan-pendiri-Persis.jpg|jmpl|244x244px|Tokoh-tokoh ormas PERSIS (A.Hassan adolah urang nan duduak, kaduo dari kida)]] Dari diskusi ketek kolah kudian bakambang manjadi sabuah organisasi nan banamo "Persatuan Islam". Parasmiannyo dilakuan pado tangga 12 September 1923 (1 Shafar 1324 H) di Bandung. Manuruik ''Tafsir Qanun Asasi Persatuan Islam'', ''1968:13-14'' disabuikan baso namo ko diagiah jo mukasuik untuak mangarahkan ruh ijtihad jo jihad; bakao sakuek tanago mancapai harapan jo cito-cito nan sasuai jo kandak jo cito-cito organisasi, iyolah pasatuan pamikiran Islam, pasatuan raso Islam, pasatuan suaro Islam, jo pasatuan usaho Islam.<ref name=":4">[https://www.tongkronganislami.net/pemahaman-hadis-di-kalangan-persatuan-islam-persis/ Pemahaman Hadis di Kalangan Persatuan Islam (PERSIS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917073411/http://www.tongkronganislami.net/pemahaman-hadis-di-kalangan-persatuan-Islam-Persis/ |date=2017-09-17 }} tongkronganislami.net</ref> Pado taun 1924, Ahmad Hassan bin Ahmad (lahia di [[Singapura]]; 31 Desember 1887 - maningga di Surabaya, 10 November 1958, biaso diimbau A. Hassan, Hassan Bandung, atau Hassan Bangil), surang katurunan dari ayah [[Urang Tamil|Tamil]] (Ahmad) jo mandeh [[Urang Jawa|Jawa]] Tamil (Muznah; lahia di Surabaya tapi dunsanaknyo asali dari Palekat, Madras, [[India]]), partamo kali datang ka Bandung untuak mampalajari karajinan tanun. Namun, justru katuju jo diskusi sarato ikuik bagabuang pado diskusi PERSIS.<ref name=":0">[https://tirto.id/cgGY?utm_source=CopyLink&utm_medium=Share Si Raja Debat nan Gigih Membela Islam] tirto.id</ref> Hassan nan lai santiang juo manguasoi Ilmu Pangatahuan Islam jo ilmu pangatahuan umum sarato fasih babahaso [[Bahaso Arab|Arab]], [[Bahaso Inggirih|Inggirih]], [[Bahaso Malayu|Malayu]], jo [[Bahaso Tamil|Tamil]]. Baliau baraja ilmu agamo di Singapura jo Johor, sarato manikmati manulih pado surek kaba ''Utusan Melayu'' nan tabik di Singapura.<ref name="Sejarah Singkat" /> Baliau marupokan guru utamo sarato tokoh sentral Persis nan bapangaruah di kancah pamikiran pambaharuan Islam Indonesia jo baparan pantiang sabagai tokoh nan manggadangan namo Persis di kancah nasional.<ref name=":2">Muhammad, W. I. (2017). [http://www.ejournal.radenintan.ac.id/index.php/analisis/article/download/1120/887 Ormas Islam Di Jawa Barat Dan Pergerakannya; Studi Kasus Persis Dan PUI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623052432/http://ejournal.radenintan.ac.id/index.php/analisis/article/download/1120/887 |date=2019-06-23 }}. ''Analisis: Jurnal Studi Keislaman'', ''16''(2), 75-98.</ref> Baliau marupokan tokoh nan tanamo subagai lawan debat sarato kawan diskusi jo [[Soekarno]].<ref name=":0" /> Sajak A. Hassan bagabuang, Persis bakambang manjadi organisasi nan labiah tagok jo tageh daripado Muhammadiyah jo Al-Irsyad dalam mangadapi takhayul, khurafaik, jo bid'ah nan bakambang di masyarakaik.<ref name="Sejarah Singkat" /><ref name="radical">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRarx9P41_wC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=irsyad+persis&source=bl&ots=gJ__YQ_WvJ&sig=OIQDfrn2c5qTkb1y4MyrfZb3j-Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KDujU4ynAc_woAT6kYCYCA&ved=0CB4Q6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=irsyad%20persis&f=false|title=Radical Pathways: Understanding Muslim Radicalization in Indonesia|first=Kumar|last=Ramakrishna|edition=illustrated|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2009|isbn=978-03133-72193}}</ref> Sangkek tu, Persis tanamo kareh dalam mangkritisi ''Ba' Alawi'' (Alawiyyin, sebutan untuak sakalompok urang nan punyo patalian darah jo [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad]]) soal [[taqlid]] jo panolakan [[ijtihad]], ziarah kubua nan baujuang pado panyambahan ka urang siak, Kafa'ah antaro padusi bastatus ''Sayyidah'' jo laki-laki non-''Sayyid'', sarato kapicayoan tantang labiah tingginyo status urang Arab Indonesia dalam komunitas Muslim Indonesia.<ref name="Persatuan Islam" /> Salain jo kaum Islam tradisional, Persis pun kareh dalam mangkritisi misi misionaris Hindia-Balando maupun aliran nan dianggap sasek dalam Islam sarupo Ahmadiyyah.<ref name=":0" /> Syiar dakwah Persis didapek utamonyo malalui media cetak, nan partamo kali manabikan majalah ''Pembela Islam'' pado Oktober 1929 di Bandung. Publikasinyo balansuang inggo 1933 sarato barasia manabikan 72 edisi jo sirkulasi 2.000 eksemplar, taseba ka saluruah nagari bahkan inggo ka [[Malaysia]] jo [[Thailand]]. Pado November 1931, Persis manabikan sabuah majalah khusus mandiskusian isu-isu agamo, jo indak ado halangan dari kalompok-kalompok non-Muslim. Majalah itu banamo ''al-Fatwa'' nan ditulih dalam huruf-huruf Jawi, nan banyak dimintak dek kaum Muslim di [[Sumatera]], [[Kalimantan]], jo [[Malaysia]]. Namun, panabikan majalah ko anyo balangsuang inggo Oktober 1933 jo 20 edisi sarato 1000 eksemplar. Pado taun 1935 ''al-Fatwa'' baganti jo majalah baru banamo ''al-Lisaan'' nan tabik inggo Juni 1942 jo 65 sabagai nomor tabik tarakhianyo. Salamo panabikan majalah ''al-Lisaan'', A. Hassan bapindah ka Bangil. Jadi edisi nomor 47 (ditabikan pado Mei 1940) inggo edisi 65 ditabikan di Bangil, Pasuruan, [[Jawa Timur]]. Terbitan lainnyo yaitu, ''Soal Jawab'' (1931-1940), ''at-Taqwa'' (1937-1941), ''Lasykar Islam'' (1937), jo ''al-Hikam'' (1939).<ref name=":1">[http://wawasansejarah.com/sejarah-persatuan-islam-persis/ Sejarah Persatuan Islam (Persis) Tahun 1923-1983 M.] wawasansejarah.com</ref> Pado taun 1940, A. Hassan basamo 25 urang muridnyo bapindah dari Bandung ka Bangil saiingo batagaklah sikolah asrama (pesantren) PERSIS di Bangil.<ref name=":3">[https://tirto.id/gerak-pendulum-politik-persatuan-islam-dht3 Gerak Pendulum Politik Persatuan Islam.] tirto.id</ref> Samantaro itu, pasantren Persis di Bandung dilanjuikan dek K.H. Endang Abdurrahman.<ref name=":1" /> Salamo awa kamunculan jo pakambangannyo inggo taun 1942, kaanggotaan Persis indak sampai 300 urang dalam catatan struktural. Namun, alah mampu mangalola anam musajik nan malayani 500 jamaah nan ado di Kota Bandung.<ref name="Persatuan Islam" /> Kiprahnyo wakatu itu bukan pado partisipasi sosial-politik, namun labiah kapado pambaharuan pamikiran Islam.<ref>Tiar Anwar Bachtiar, “Sikap Intelektual Persatuan Islam Terhadap Kebijakan Politik Orde Baru”, Tesis, (Pascasarjana Departemen Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia, 2008), h. 4.</ref> === Sasudah kamardekaan === Sasudah kamardekaan, dakwah Persis di bidang pamikiran Islam taruih bakambang. Hal iko ditandoi jo ditabikannyo majalah-majalah baru, di antaronyo majalah ''Aliran Islam'' pado 1948. Salanjuiknyo ditabikan pulo majalah ''Risalah'' (1962), ''Iber'' (1967), jo ''Pemuda Persis Tamaddun'' (1970). Publikasi dari Persis indak anyo babahaso Indonesia (Melayu), tapi ado juo nan babahaso Sunda. Patimbangan tabiknyo majalah babahaso Sunda adolah dek mayoritas jamaahnyo urang Sunda sainggo manjadi daya tarik di Jawa Barat. Majalah tu di antaronyo ''At-Taqwa'', kudian ado majalah ''Iber'' nan bamakna “kaba” atau “ barito” nan batahan cukuik lama. Majalah nan baslogan “''Basana Moal Basi'' (Bahasonyo indak ka basi)” ko dipalopori dek K.H. Abdullah.<ref>[https://www.persis.or.id/sastra-dakwah-dan-persis-sebuah-analisa Sastra, Dakwah, dan Persis (Sebuah Analisa)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809133123/https://www.persis.or.id/sastra-dakwah-dan-persis-sebuah-analisa |date=2020-08-09 }} persis.or.id</ref> Katalibatan Persis dalam politik nasional amaik dipangaruahi dek sikap para pamimpin jo tokoh-tokohnyo. Kok Ahmad Hassan manjadi palatak dasa prinsip-prinsip Persis nan basifaik pamikiran kaagamoan, mangko M. Natsir jo M. Isa Anshary (kaduonyo murid A. Hassan) basikap amaik politis jo aktif dalam babagai medan politik nasional. Pado 8 November 1945 di Yogyakarta, didirikanlah partai politik Masyumi sabagai pangganti wadah pasatuan umaik Islam sarato pangganti organisasi Masjumi, nan bantuakan Japang. PERSIS manjadi anggota istimewa basamo jo Muhammadiyah sarato Nahdlatul Ulama (NU). Di antaro tokoh Persis nan talibaik iyolah [[Mohammad Natsir]]. Mohammad Natsir, nan marupokan murid dari A. Hassan,<ref name=":0" /> tapiliah manjadi katua umum partai Masjumi inggo maantanyo manjadi Pardano Mantari Indonesia.<ref>[https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengapa-nu-keluar-dari-masyumi-PzMm8 Mengapa NU Keluar dari Masyumi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615140610/https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengapa-nu-keluar-dari-masyumi-PzMm8 |date=2019-06-15 }} historia.id</ref> Pado maso kapamimpinan [[Muhammad Isa Anshary|Muhammad Isa Anshory]] (Katua Persis dari 1949 sampai 1962), Persis dihadokan jo kondisi politik Indonesia nan indak stabil dek paham kuminih makin manguek.<ref name=":1" /> Di bawah kapamimpinannyo, Persis kareh malawan PKI. Baliau tamasuak tokoh nan acok badebat jo tokoh-tokoh kuminih. Pado 4 Maret 1957, baliau manandotangani manifesto politik Persis nan dikaluakan dek Pimpinan Pusek Persis untuak manulak konsepsi [[Soekarno|Bung Karno]] nan mambaok kaum kuminih ka dalam pamarintahan Republik Indonesia. Bukti lain karehnyo Persis manantang kuminih adolah tabantuaknyo bagian otonom Persis nan diisi dek kaum mudo nan banamo ''Pemuda Persis'' untuak malakukan infiltrasi ka daerah-daerah nan dikuasoi PKI.<ref name=":3" /> Kapamimpinan barikuiknyo, Persis agak manjauah dari dunia politik Indonesia. KH. E. Abdurrahman nan tapiliah manjadi katua umum (1962-1983), mamiliah untuak mampatahankan bantuak asali organisasi. Kapamimpinan baliau maambiak pola kapamimpinan ulama (agamo), bukan kapamimpinan politik sainggo baliau disabuik sabagai panagak khittah Persis. Salamo maso kapamimpinannyo, Persis canduang pado kagiatan-kagiatan dakwah, baiak babantuak tabligh taupun pandidikan dari tingkek pusek inggo cabang.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Pado maso kapamimpinan KH. Aceng Zakaria (katua umum sajak 2015), Indonesia dihadapkan jo kondisi politik nan samakin mamaneh, tarutamo manjalang Pemilu 2019. Persis indak mangarahkan dukuangan politiknyo kapado salah satu partai politik maupun salah satu capres jo cawapres. Persis masih manjago jarak jo kontestasi politik nasional.<ref name=":3" /><ref>[https://suara-islam.com/tentukan-sikap-politik-persis-akan-gelar-mukernas/ Tentukan Sikap Politik, Persis Akan Gelar Muskernas]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. suara-islam.com</ref> Kini organisasi Persatuan Islam alah tasebar di banyak provinsi di Indonesia, utamonyo di [[Jawa Barat]] jo [[DKI Jakarta]]. Bahkan, tabantuak pulo Pimpinan Cabang Istimewa (PIC) subagai pimpinan jam'iyyah di lua nagari, sarupo di Singapura, Mesir, Turki, jo nagara-nagara lain. == Organisasi == === Asas jo Tujuan === ''Jam'iyyah'' Persis baasaskan Islam sarato batujuan untuak tajalankannyo syarak Islam balandaskan Al-Quran jo As-Sunnah sacaro ''kaffah'' dalam sagalo aspek kahidupan. === Lambang === * Jalur-jalur sinar babantuak bintang basuduik duo baleh bamukasuik cahayo Al-Qur'an jo As-Sunnah. * Lingkaran tangahnyo batuliskan "Persatuan Islam" jo huruf Arab. * Lambang ''Jam’iyyah'' PERSIS dibuek jo rono kuniang di ateh dasa barono ijau. * Satangah lingkaran bagian ateh jo satangah lingkaran bagian bawah ditulih kaduo semboyan PERSIS. === Semboyan === Ado duo semboyan ''Jam’iyyah'' PERSIS, iyolah ayaik Al-Qur'an surek Ali Imran 103, nan babunyi: <blockquote><big>...وَٱعْتَصِمُوا۟ بِحَبْلِ ٱللَّهِ جَمِيعًا وَلَا تَفَرَّقُوا</big> </blockquote><blockquote>"''Wa'tashimuu bi hablillaahi jamii'an wa laa tafarraquu''" </blockquote><blockquote>Aratinyo: "''Dan bapaciklah awak sadonyo kapado tali (agamo) Allah, dan ijanlah awak tacarai berai''",</blockquote>sarato hadits Rasulullah riwayat Imam Tirmidzi jo Ibnu Hibban, nan babunyi:<blockquote><big>...يَدُ اللَّهِ مَعَ الْجَمَاعَةِ</big></blockquote><blockquote>"''Yadullaahi ma'al Jamaa'ah''"</blockquote><blockquote>Aratinyo: ''"Tangan Allah basamo Jamaah"''</blockquote> === Pimpinan === # Pimpinan Pusek (PP). Pimpinan ''Jam'iyyah'' Persis tingkek nasional. #Pimpinan Wilayah (PW). Pimpinan tingkek propinsi. Pimpinan Wilayah nan alah didirian dek ''jam'iyyah'' tadiri dari 16 PW. # Pimpinan Daerah (PD). Pimpinan tingkek kabupaten/kota. Dari 16 Pimpinan Wilayah mambawahi jalua ''jam'iyyah'' sabanyak 62 Pimpinan Daerah. # Pimpinan Cabang (PC). Pimpinan tingkek kecamatan. Dari 62 Pimpinan Daerah mambawahi 358 Pimpinan Cabang #Pimpinan Rantiang (PR). Pimpinan tingkek desa/kelurahan. #Pimpinan Jamaah (PJ). Pimpinan di lingkungan pamukiman. #Pimpinan Cabang Istimewa (PCI). Pimpinan Persis di lua nagari. === Lembaga pandidikan === [[Berkas:Halaman depan Pesantren Persatuan Islam 04 Cianjur.jpg|jmpl|263x263px|Pesantren Persatuan Islam di Cianjur, Jawa Barat]] Persis nan garakan utamonyo adolah pandidikan alah mampunyoi babarapo lambago pandidikan, diantaronyo sikolah tahfisz Quran, sikolah umum dari janjang sadarajaik SD inggo SMA, sarato pondok pasantren sabanyak 330 pesantren. Pesantren-pesantren ko tarutamo tasebar di Jawa Barat, DKI Jakarta, Jawa TImur, jo daerah-daerah lain di Indonesia.<ref name=":2" /> Untuak Paguruan Tingginyo alah ado babarapo saraupo Sikolah Tinggi Agamo Islam (STAI) Persis nan tasebar di Jawa Barat jo DKI Jakarta. Pado taun 2019, Persis alah mandapek izin pandirian Universitas Persis dari Kemenristek Dikti.<ref>[https://www.persis.or.id/menristek-dikti-serahkan-sk-persis-resmi-miliki-universitas Menristek Dikti Serahkan SK, Persis Resmi Miliki Universitas]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. persis.or.id ''diakses pada 11 Maret 2019''</ref><ref>[https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20180925140503-32-333006/jokowi-sanggupi-pembangunan-rusun-dan-universitas-persis Jokowi Sanggupi Pembangunan Rusun dan Universitas Persis]. CNN Indonesia. 2018</ref> === Katua umum === Barikuik daftar katua umum PERSIS dari maso ka maso : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Periode !Namo !Awa !Akhia |- |I |KH. Zamzam |12 September 1923 |1949 |- |II |Ust. M. Isa Anshory |1949 |1962 |- |III |KH. E. Abdurrahman |1962 |1983 |- |IV |KH. Abdul Latief Muchtar |1983 |1997 |- |V |KH. Shiddiq Amien |1997 |2010 |- |VI |KH. Prof. Maman Abdurrahman |2010 |2015 |- |VII |KH. Aceng Zakaria |2015 |2010 |} === Bagian Otonom === Bagian Otonom adolah bagian dari ''Jam’iyyah'' PERSIS sabagai kader jo palopor pajuangan PERSIS nan diagiah hak sarato kawajiban, wewenang jo tangguang jawek untuak mangatua jo manguruih surang bidang kagiatannyo sasuai jo kawenangan nan diagiah dek Pimpinan Pusat. Bagian Otonom ''Jam'iyyah'' Persis di antaronyo:<ref>[http://www.persissubang.com/2017/10/qanun-dakhili-persatuan-islam-persis.html Qanun Dakhili Persatuan Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018053045/http://www.persissubang.com/2017/10/qanun-dakhili-persatuan-islam-persis.html |date=2018-10-18 }} Persis Subang</ref> * Persistri (Persatuan Islam Istri) * Pemuda Persis * Pemudi Persis * Hima Persis (Himpunan Mahasiswa Persis) * Himi Persis (Himpunan Mahasiswi Persis) === Dewan Hisbah === Dewan Hisbah marupokan sabuah wadah patamuan bagi kalangan alim ulama Persis.<ref name=":4" /> Dalam dewan ko, alim ulama tasabuik malakukan patukaran ilmu sarato badiskusi mangkaji sagalo pasoalan agamo. Dewan ko batugas untuak:<ref>[http://www.persissubang.com/2017/10/qanun-dakhili-persatuan-islam-persis.html Qanun Dakhili Persatuan Islam.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018053045/http://www.persissubang.com/2017/10/qanun-dakhili-persatuan-islam-persis.html |date=2018-10-18 }} persissubang.com</ref> # Manjadi dewan patimbangan hukum syarak dalam jam'iyyah Persis, # Malakukan pangkajian syarak ateh baragam pasoalan nan sadang bakambang, # Mamutuihan pasoalan-pasoalan syarak dalam bidang dakwah, pandidikan, ekonomi, sosial, jo politik. Pado organisasi Islam lainnyo, dewan ko sarupo jo Dewan Tarjih nan ado di [[Muhammadiyah]] atau ''Lajnah Bahtsul Masail'' (LBM) di [[Nahdlatul Ulama|NU]]. Nan mambedakannyo, Dewan Hisbah Persis ko hanyo ado di tingkek pusek, sadangkan Dewan Tarjih Muhammadiyah atau LBM NU ado inggo tingkek pimpinan daerah atau cabang. <br /> == Tokoh == * [[Muhammad Isa Anshary]], politikus jo pajuang Indonesia. * [[Mohammad Natsir]], mantan [[Pardano Mantari]] [[Indonesia]] * [[Ahmad Hassan]], guru gadang Persis sarato kawan debat [[Soekarno]] katiko di Bandung * [[Haji Zamzam]], pandiri Persis * H. Eman Sar'an, Katua Dewan Hisbah 1990 - 2005 * [[Achyar Syuhada]], ulama takamuko Persis * [[Mohammad Yunus]], ulama Persis * K.H. E. Abdurrahman, pamimpin Persis taun 1962-1983 * K.H. A. Latif Muchtar, Katua Umum Persis 1990 - 1997 * [[KH. Shiddiq Amien, Mba]] Mantan Katua Umum persis 1997 - 2010 * K.H.Ikin Shadikin, Ulama takamuko Persis, Katua Majilih Panasihaik Persis 2000 - 2011 * K.H. Usman Sholehudin, Katuo Dewan Hisbah * K.H. [[Aceng Zakaria]], Katua Umum Persis 2015 - 2020 * K.H. [[Jeje Zaenuddin]], Wakia Katua Umum Persis 2015-2020 * K.H. M. Romli, Katua Dewan Hisbah 2015 - 2020 * K.H. Entang Muchtar ZA, Ulama Persis == Caliak juo == * [[Muhammadiyah]] * [[Al-Irsyad]] * [[Jamiat Kheir]] * [[A. Hassan]] * [[Masyumi]] * [[Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia (DDII)]] == Pautan lua == * '''{{id}}''' [https://www.persis.or.id/ Situs rasmi Persatuan Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301003038/http://www.persis.or.id/ |date=2019-03-01 }} == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Persatuan Islam| ]] [[Kategori:Organisasi Islam di Indonesia]] 2fnsvxyodo326gxzam00fuytu5rliqt 0 322665 3170242 3147491 2025-06-11T16:55:47Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ibukota provinsi|300px|pulau=Sumatera|provinsi=Sumatera Selatan|motto=''Palembang EMAS''<br />Julukan: "''Bumi Sriwijaya''"|foto=Jembatan Ampera at night.JPG|caption=[[Jambatan Ampera]]|image_flag=|logo=Palembang CoA.svg|peta=Lokasi Sumatra Selatan Kota Palembang.svg|mapsize=250px|jenis pemimpin=Wali kota|pemimpin=[[Harnojoyo|H. Harnojoyo, S.Sos]]|tanggal={{start date and age|683|6|17}}|dau=Rp1.125.008.229.000.-|dauref=(2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/regulation/27/tahun/2013/bulan/02/tanggal/04/id/873/|title=Perpres No. 10 Tahun 2013|date=2013-02-04|accessdate=2013-02-15|archive-date=2013-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214064515/http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/regulation/27/tahun/2013/bulan/02/tanggal/04/id/873|dead-url=yes}}</ref>|wilayah=358,55|wilayahref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kota.palembang.go.id/?nmodul=halaman&judul=keadaaan-geografis&bhsnyo=id|date=2013-06-15|accessdate=2013-06-15|title=archive copy|archive-date=2013-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805205816/http://kota.palembang.go.id/?nmodul=halaman&judul=keadaaan-geografis&bhsnyo=id|dead-url=yes}}</ref>|penduduktahun=2018|pendudukref=|penduduk=1.573.898<ref name="sumsel.bps.go.id">{{Cite web |url=https://sumsel.bps.go.id/index.php/publikasi/108/ |title=Selatan Dalam Angka 2016" |access-date=2019-03-08 |archive-date=2017-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201225507/http://sumsel.bps.go.id/index.php/publikasi/108 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>|kepadatan=4.764,78|suku=[[Suku Palembang|Melayu Palembang]], [[Suku Musi|Musi]], [[Suku Lematang|Lematang]], [[Suku Komering|Komering]], [[Suku Pasemah|Pasemah]], [[Suku Semendo|Semendo]], [[Suku Lampung|Lampung]], [[Suku Batak|Batak]], [[Suku Minangkabau|Minangkabau]], [[Suku Sunda|Sunda]], [[Suku Aceh|Aceh]], [[Arab-Indonesia|Arab]], [[Tionghoa-Indonesia|Tionghoa]] dan [[India-Indonesia|India]] <ref>''Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape.'' Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2003.</ref>|bahasa=[[Bahaso Palembang|Palembang]], [[Bahaso Musi]], [[Bahaso Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Bahaso Jawa|Jawa]], [[Bahaso Sunda|Sunda]], [[Bahaso Batak|Batak]]|agama=[[Islam]] 91.93%<br> [[Buddha]] 3.46%<br> [[Kristen Protestan]] 2.87%<br> [[Katolik]] 1.65%<br> [[Hindu]] 0.08%<ref name="sumsel.bps.go.id"/>|kecamatan=18|kelurahan=107|zona=[[Wakatu Indonesia Barat|WIB]]|zona_utc=+7|bandar udara=[[Palabuahan udaro Internasional Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II|Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II]]|latd=2|latm=59|lats=27.32|latNS=S|longd=104|longm=45|longs=23.68|longEW=E|coordinates_display=|elevation_m=3|elevation_ft=|postal_code_type=|postal_code=|kodearea=+62 711|SNI=PLG|situs={{URL|http://www.palembang.go.id/}}|footnotes=}} '''Palambang''' adolah ibundo koto provinsi [[Sumatera Selatan]] nan juo kota tagadang kaduo di [[Sumatera]] sasudah [[Kota Medan|Medan]]. Kota Palembang mamiliki laweh wilayah 358,55&nbsp;km²<ref>[http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/1671.pdf Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010 Kota Palembang]</ref> nan diuni 1.573.898 jiwa (2018) jo kapadatan panduduak 4.800 per km². Diprediksikan pado taun 2030 mandatang kota ko ka diuni 2,5 juta urang. Sijarah Palembang nan panah manjadi ibu kota karajaan bahari Buddha tagadang di Asia Tenggara pado sangkek tu, [[Karajaan Sriwijaya]], nan mandominasi Nusantara jo [[Semenanjung Malaya]] pado abaik ka-9 juo mambuek kota ko tanamo jo gala "Bumi Sriwijaya". Manuruik [[batu basurek Kedukan Bukit]] nan ditamukan di [[Bukik Siguntang]] sabalah barat Kota Palembang nan manyatokan pambantuakan sabuah ''wanua'' nan ditafsirkan sabagai kota pado tanggal 16 Juni 688 Masehi manjadikan kota Palembang sabagai kota tatuo di Indonesia. Di dunia Barat, kota Palembang juo digala ''Venice of the East'' ("Venesia dari Timur"). Kini Wali Kota Palembang dijabaik dek H. Harnojoyo, S.Sos.<ref>[http://news.okezone.com/read/2013/07/21/340/840247/romi-herton-dilantik-menjadi-wali-kota-palembang Romi Herton resmi jadi Wali kota Palembang]</ref> == Kota kamba == {{main article|Daftar kota kembar di Indonesia}} Sabagai kota metropolitan di Indonesia, Pamarintah Kota Palembang juo bakarajosamo jo kota-kota lainnyo di dunia sainggo tajalinnyo hubuangan budayo jo kontak sosial antarpanduduak. Barikuik ko kota-kota kamba nan manjalin karajosamo jo Palembang: * {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Belgorod]], [[Rusia]] * {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Oblast Moskwa]], [[Rusia]] * {{flagicon|NED}} [[Den Haag]], [[Ulando]] * {{flagicon|COL}} [[Neiva]], [[Kolombia]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Domo frente a la Terminal de transportes de Neiva es símbolo de la unión con Indonesia|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-7714573|accessdate=22 August 2017|agency=El Tiempo|date=17 May 2010|language=Spanyol}}</ref> * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sendai]], [[Japang]] * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Venesia]], [[Italia]]<ref>{{cite news|title=The Indonesian twin sister of Venice: Palembang|url=https://www.facciunsalto.it/archives/65515/the-indonesian-twin-sister-of-venice-palembang|accessdate=04 Februari 2019|agency=Facciunsalto.it|date=20 Juni 2016|language=Italia}}</ref> == Caliak juo == * [[Bahaso Palembang]] * [[Daftar Tokoh Kalahiran Palembang]] * [[Jambatan Ampera]] * [[Sungai Musi]] * [[Benteng Kuto Besak]] * [[Karajaan Sriwijaya]] * [[Pempek]] * [[Palabuahan udaro Internasional Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II]] * [[Stadion Gelora Sriwijaya]] * [[Sriwijaya FC]] * [[Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II]] == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{commonscat|Palembang}}{{wikivoyage|Palembang}}{{Wikiportal|Indonesia}} * '''{{id}}''' [http://www.kodam-ii-sriwijaya.mil.id/ Situs Kodam II Sriwijaya]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * '''{{id}}''' [http://www.sultanpalembang.com/ Situs Sultan Palembang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416115450/http://sultanpalembang.com/ |date=2021-04-16 }} * '''{{id}}''' [http://www.antarasumsel.com/ Situs Kantua Barito Indonesia ANTARA Sumatera Selatan] * '''{{id}}''' [http://palembang.bpk.go.id/ Badan Pamareso Kauangan Provinsi Sumatera Selatan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307181635/http://palembang.bpk.go.id/ |date=2019-03-07 }} {{Ibukota Provinsi di Indonesia}}{{Kota Palembang}}{{Sumatera Selatan}}{{Kota besar di Indonesia|image=Jembatanamperakalasenja.jpg}} [[Kategori:Kota Palembang]] [[Kategori:Kota di Sumatera Selatan]] [[Kategori:Ibu kota provinsi di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Kota di Indonesia]] h6llk5tdz2okx7qdsphp1q3y8m9uge1 0 325669 3170255 2504312 2025-06-12T00:20:54Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} [[File:Viering 100-ste Dies Natalis VU in de Nieuwe Kerk , 21 22 mr. Yap Thiam Hien in , Bestanddeelnr 931-0954.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Yap Thiam Hien (kiri) manarimo pangaragoan pado acara dies natalis [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]], 1980]] '''[[Meester in de rechten|Mr.]] Yap Thiam Hien''' ({{lahiamati|[[Banda Aceh|Kutaraja]], [[Aceh]]|25|5|1913|[[Brussels]], [[Belgia]]|25|4|1989}}) adolah surang [[pangacara]] Indonesia nan tanamo dek karajo-karajonyo nan mambela panagakan [[hak asasi manusia]] salamo era [[Orde Lamo]] jo [[Orde Baru]]. Yap ikuik mandirian [[Yayasan Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Indonesia]]. Namonyo kini dipakai untuak [[Penghargaan Yap Thiam Hien]] yang mangaragoi tokoh-tokoh HAM di Indonesia. == Rujuakan == *{{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/dari-pengajar-ke-pengacara-voR0e|title=Dari Pengajar ke Pengacara|date=|access-date=26 Oktober 2019|website=historia.id|publisher=Historia|last=Aryono|archive-date=2019-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026113059/https://historia.id/politik/articles/dari-pengajar-ke-pengacara-voR0e|dead-url=yes}} *{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/dari-yap-thiam-hien-kita-belajar-arti-keadilan-cJfw|title=Dari Yap Thiam Hien, Kita Belajar Arti Keadilan|date=25 April 2018|access-date=26 Oktober 2019|website=tirto.id|publisher=Tirto|last=Faisal|first=Muhammad}} *{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2017/01/31/06060031/yap.thiam.hien.pembela.orang.miskin.bukan.tipe.advokat.ferrari.?page=all|title=Yap Thiam Hien, Pembela Orang Miskin, Bukan Tipe "Advokat Ferrari"|date=31 Januari 2017|access-date=26 Oktober 2019|website=kompas.com|publisher=Kompas|last=Erdianto|first=Kristian}} *{{Cite journal|author=Daniel S. Lev|year=1991|month=Juli|title=Becoming an Orang Indonesia Sejati: The Political Journey of Yap Thiam Hien|url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/54723|journal=Indonesia|issue=Special Issue|at=97-112}} *{{Cite book|title=No Concessions: The Life of Yap Thiam Hien, Indonesian Human Rights Lawyer|last=Lev|first=Daniel S.|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0295991146|location=Seattle|url=https://www.amazon.com/No-Concessions-Indonesian-Dialogues-Southeast/dp/0295991143}} [[Kategori:Pangacara Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Hak asasi manusia di Indonesia]] bnarpi6crdremc6lfcoms0gctmux8hb 0 326229 3170252 3161944 2025-06-11T22:47:38Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Urang Arab<!-- [[WP:NOETHNICGALLERIES --> | native_name = {{lang|ar|عَرَب}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|'arab}}) {{ar icon}} | native_name_lang = ar<!-- ethnolinguistic/ethnic group [[Talk:Arabs#Proposal|under discussion]] --> | population = {{Circa|450 juta}} (est. 2011)<ref name="Nydell">Margaret Kleffner Nydell [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC&printsec Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times], Intercultural Press, 2005, {{ISBN|1931930252}}, page xxiii, 14</ref> | popplace = {{flag|Liga Arab}} | pop1 = 430.000.000<ref>total population 450 million, [[CIA Factbook]] estimates an Arab population of 450 million, see article text.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World Arabic Language Day {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/world-arabic-language-day/|website=Unesco.org|accessdate=18 December 2017}}</ref> <!-- -->| region2 = {{flag|Brazil}} | pop2 = Dipakiroan 12–13 juta jiwa saindaknyo badarah campuran Arab<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2019-04-28|first=Marina|last=Sarruf|title=Brazil - Brasil - BRAZZIL - News from Brazil - Arabs: They are 12 Million in Brazil - Brazilian Immigration - September 2004|url=http://www.brazzil.com/2004/html/articles/sep04/p118sep04.htm|website=www.brazzil.com|archive-date=2010-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914205846/http://www.brazzil.com/2004/html/articles/sep04/p118sep04.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Larry |last1=Luxner |first2=Douglas |last2=Engle |title=The Arabs of Brazil|url=http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200505/the.arabs.of.brazil.htm|date=September–October 2005 |website=Aramco World}}</ref>{{efn|The Brazilian and Lebanese governments claim 7 million Lebanese, with 4 million Syrians. A 2008 study done by [[IGBE]] covering the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paolo, Rio Grande de Sol, Mato Grosso, and Disitro Federal showed that 0.9% or 2 million white Brazilians claimed any Middle Eastern ancestry<ref>http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv63405.pdf</ref>}} | region3 = {{flag|Parancih}} | pop3 = 3,3<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2019-01-30|title=France's crisis of national identity|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/frances-crisis-of-national-identity-1826942.html|date=25 November 2009|website=The Independent}}</ref> inggo 5,5<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2019-01-30|title=To count or not to count|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2009/03/26/to-count-or-not-to-count|newspaper=The Economist|date=26 March 2009|issn=0013-0613|via=The Economist}}</ref> juta jiwa bakaturunan [[Arab Maghrib|Afrika Utara]] (Arab atau [[Berber]])<ref name="variety.com">{{cite web |author=By |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117979837.html?categoryid=2879&cs=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221202920/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117979837.html?categoryid=2879&cs=1 |archive-date=21 February 2010 |title=French-Arabs battle stereotypes - Entertainment News, French Cinema, Media |publisher=Variety |date=29 January 2008 |accessdate=22 August 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | region4 = {{flag|Indonesia}} | pop4= {{plainlist| *Dipakiroan 4–5 juta jiwa saindaknyo badarah campuran Arab<ref>{{cite news |title=The world's successful diasporas |url=http://www.worldbusinesslive.com/research/article/648273/the-worlds-successful-diasporas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401110233/http://www.worldbusinesslive.com/research/article/648273/the-worlds-successful-diasporas/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-04-01 |accessdate=2019-04-25 |publisher=World Business |date=2007-04-03}}</ref><ref name="Hadramaut dan Para Kapiten Arab">{{cite web|last=Shihab|first=Alwi|url=http://alwishahab.wordpress.com/2009/08/20/hadramaut-dan-para-kapiten-arab/|title=Hadramaut dan Para Kapiten Arab|date=2003-12-21|publisher=Republika|accessdate=2015-03-25|author-link=Alwi Shihab}}</ref> *87.227 jiwa Arab Indonesia tacataik pado sensus 2005<ref name="Suryadinata2008">{{cite book|author=Leo Suryadinata|title=Ethnic Chinese in Contemporary Indonesia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFNKQcvGNSAC&pg=PA29|year=2008|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-835-1|page=29}}</ref> *1,2 juta jiwa katurunan [[Sayyid]] tacataik dek [[Al-Rabithah al-Alawiyyah]]<ref name="MusliModerat 2017">{{cite web |title=Mengenal Keturunan Nabi Muhammad SAW di Indonesia |url=http://www.muslimoderat.net/2017/01/mengenal-keturunan-nabi-muhammad-saw-di.html |website=Berita Berimbang Untuk Muslim Nusantara |language=Indonesian |publisher=MusliModerat |accessdate=2019-04-23 |archive-date=2021-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226202515/https://www.muslimoderat.net/2017/01/mengenal-keturunan-nabi-muhammad-saw-di.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="Tirto">{{cite web |last1=Subandoyo |first1=Arbi |title=Mereka yang Habib dan yang Bukan Habib |url= https://tirto.id/mereka-yang-habib-dan-yang-bukan-habib-chde |language=Indonesian |website=Tirto.Id |accessdate=2019-04-23}}</ref> *}} | region5 = {{flag|Turki}} | pop5 = 5.000.000<ref>{{cite web|last1=(UNHCR)|first1=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|title=UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response|url=http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224|website=UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response|language=en|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305121532/http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=iraqisinturkey>{{cite web|url=http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/11298|title=The Iraqi Refugee Crisis and Turkey: a Legal Outlook|year=2009|last=Kaya|first=Ibrahim|website=cadmus.eui.eu|accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="www.washingtoninstitute.org">{{cite web|title=The Impact of Syrian Refugees on Turkey|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-impact-of-syrian-refugees-on-turkey|website=www.washingtoninstitute.org}}</ref><ref name="www.aljazeera.com">{{cite web|title=Turkey's demographic challenge|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/02/turkey-demographic-challenge-arabs-syria-refugees-isis-160218063810080.html|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref name="UNHCR-Turkey">{{cite web|url=http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224|title=UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response/ Turkey|author=|date=31 December 2015|work=[[UNHCR]]|accessdate=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305121532/http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region6 = {{flag|Argentina}} | pop6 = 4.500.000 saindaknyo bakaturunan campuran Arab<ref name="Fearab.org.ar">{{cite web|url=http://www.fearab.org.ar/inmigracion_sirio_libanesa_en_argentina.php |title=Inmigración sirio-libanesa en Argentina |language=es |publisher=Fearab.org.ar |accessdate=13 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620004217/http://www.fearab.org.ar/inmigracion_sirio_libanesa_en_argentina.php |archivedate=20 June 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref> | region7 = {{flag|Amerika Sarikat}} | pop7 = 3.700.000<ref name="aaiusa.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.aaiusa.org/demographics|title=Demographics|publisher=Arab American Institute|accessdate=18 December 2017}}</ref> | region8 = {{flag|Venezuela}} | pop8 = 1.600.000<ref name="thedailybeast.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/09/15/abdel-el-zabayar-from-parliament-to-the-frontlines.html|title=Abdel el-Zabayar: From Parliament to the Frontlines|work=The Daily Beast}}</ref> | region9 = {{flag|Kolombia}} | pop9 = 1.500.000<ref name="Las mil y una historias">{{cite web|title= Las mil y una historias|url= http://www.semana.com/especiales/articulo/las-mil-historias/68653-3|publisher= semana.com|year= 2004|language= Spanish}}There is an estimated population of 1,500,000 Arabs in Colombia.</ref> | region10 = {{flag|Iran}} | pop10 = 1.500.000<ref name="Iran">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |title=Iran |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |archivedate=3 February 2012 |accessdate=3 August 2013 }}</ref> | region11 = {{flag|Meksiko}} | pop11 = 1.500.000<ref>{{cite web|title=Arabs Making Their Mark in Latin America: Generations of Immigrants in Colombia, Venezuela and Mexico {{!}} Al Jadid Magazine|url=http://www.aljadid.com/content/arabs-making-their-mark-latin-america-generations-immigrants-colombia-venezuela-and-mexico|website=www.aljadid.com}}</ref><ref name="Ben Cahoon">{{cite web|author=Ben Cahoon |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mexico.htm |title=World Statesmen.org |publisher=World Statesmen.org |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> | region12 = {{flag|Chad}} | pop12 = 1.536.000 (est.)<ref name="chad">{{cite web |url=http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html |title=Chad |accessdate=3 April 2019 |archive-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426192459/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | region13 = {{flag|Spanyol}} | pop13 = 1.350.000<ref name="europapress-18-millones">{{cite web|url=http://www.europapress.es/sociedad/noticia-musulmanes-espana-superan-18-millones-20150330182141.html|title=Los musulmanes en España superan los 1,8 millones|language=es|date=30 March 2015|website=www.europapress.es|accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="alertadigital-16-millones">{{cite web|url=http://www.alertadigital.com/2012/10/09/la-cifra-de-musulmanes-en-espana-casi-alcanza-los-16-millones-de-los-que-casi-un-tercio-viven-en-cataluna/|title=La cifra de musulmanes en España alcanza los 1,6 millones, de los que casi un tercio viven en Cataluña|language=es|date=9 October 2012|author=Redaction|website=www.alertadigital.com|accessdate=25 April 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040941/http://www.alertadigital.com/2012/10/09/la-cifra-de-musulmanes-en-espana-casi-alcanza-los-16-millones-de-los-que-casi-un-tercio-viven-en-cataluna/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | region14 = {{flag|Jerman}} | pop14 = 1.155.390<ref>{{cite web|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1221/umfrage/anzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland/|title=Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland in den Jahren 2015 und 2016|work=statista|language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/AuslaendBevoelkerung2010200167004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile|title=Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit|work=Statistisches Bundesamt|language=German|date=20 June 2017|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> | region15 = {{flag|Chile}} | pop15 = 800.000<ref name="aurora-israel.co.il">{{es icon}} [http://www.aurora-israel.co.il/articulos/israel/Titulares/24782/ En Chile viven unas 700.000 personas de origen árabe y de ellas 500.000 son descendientes de emigrantes palestinos que llegaron a comienzos del siglo pasado y que constituyen la comunidad de ese origen más grande fuera del mundo árabe.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318054736/http://www.aurora-israel.co.il/articulos/israel/Titulares/24782/ |date=18 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="ibtimes.com">{{cite web|title=Arabs In The Andes? Chile, The Unlikely Long-Term Home Of A Large Palestinian Community|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/arabs-andes-chile-unlikely-long-term-home-large-palestinian-community-1449718|website=International Business Times|date=31 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="Adnkronos.com">{{cite web |url=http://www1.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2050534508 |title=Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome |publisher=Adnkronos.com |date=7 April 2003 |accessdate=17 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919202702/http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2050534508 |archive-date=19 September 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Laventana.casa.cult.cu">{{cite web|url=http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722073846/http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514|archivedate=22 July 2009 |title=500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generación de palestinos en Chile |publisher=Laventana.casa.cult.cu |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> | region16 = {{flag|Kanada}} | pop16 = 750.925<ref name="canadianarabinstitute.org">{{cite web|title=Canadian Arab Institute :: 750,925 Canadians Hail from Arab Lands|url=http://www.canadianarabinstitute.org/publications/reports/750925-canadians-hail-arab-lands/|website=www.canadianarabinstitute.org|access-date=2019-11-27|archive-date=2017-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319032124/http://www.canadianarabinstitute.org/publications/reports/750925-canadians-hail-arab-lands/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | region17= {{flag|Italia}} | pop17 = 680.000<ref name="ISTAT">{{cite web|last1=Dati ISTAT 2016|first1=counting only immigrants from the [[Arab world]]|title=Cittadini stranieri in Italia - 2016|url=http://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2016/|website=tuttitalia.it}}</ref> | region18 = {{flag|Baritania Rayo}} | pop18 = 500.000<ref>{{cite web|title=The British Arab|url=http://www.naba.org.uk/CONTENT/articles/Diaspora/british_arabs.htm|publisher=National Association of British Arabs|accessdate=17 April 2012|author=Anthony McRoy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103180941/http://www.naba.org.uk/Content/articles/Diaspora/british_arabs.htm|archive-date=3 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region19 = {{flag|Australia}} | pop19 = 500.000<ref>{{cite web|title=australianarab.org/about-us |url=http://australianarab.org/about-us |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030002545/http://australianarab.org/about-us |archivedate=30 October 2016 }}</ref> | region20 = {{flag|Makedonia}} | pop20 = | region21 = {{flag|Ekuador}} | pop21 = 250.000 <ref>{{cite web|title=revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ANQE/article/viewFile/ANQE9797110057A/3864|df= }}</ref> | region22 = {{flag|Honduras}} | pop22 = 275.000 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200104/the.arabs.of.honduras.htm |title=The Arabs of Honduras |publisher=Saudi Aramco World |accessdate=8 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009182011/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200104/the.arabs.of.honduras.htm |archive-date=9 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="The Arabs of Honduras">{{cite web|url=http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200104/the.arabs.of.honduras.htm |title=The Arabs of Honduras |publisher=Saudiaramcoworld.com |date=27 June 1936 |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> | region23 = {{flag|Belgia}} | pop23 = 800.000 (600.000 dari Maroko){{citation needed|date=April 2018}} | region24 = {{flag|Balando}} | pop24 = 480.000–613.800<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.media-citizenship.eu/images/stories/pdf/Amsterdam_national_focus_group_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228151603/http://www.media-citizenship.eu/images/stories/pdf/Amsterdam_national_focus_group_report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2019 |title=Dutch media perceived as much more biased than Arabic media – Media & Citizenship Report conducted by University of Utrecht |periodical=Utrecht University |date=10 September 2010 |accessdate=29 November 2010}}</ref> | region25 = {{flag|Swedia}} | pop25 = 425.000{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} | region26 = {{flag|Denmark}} | pop26 = 121.000{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} | region27 = {{flag|El Salvador}} | pop27 = Labiah dari 100.000<ref>{{citeweb |url=https://newsvideo.su/video/10798241 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113091136/https://newsvideo.su/video/10798241 |date=2019-11-13 }}</ref><ref>{{citeweb |url=http://theidentitychef.com/2009/09/06/lebanese-diaspora-worldwide-geographical-distribution {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214110250/http://theidentitychef.com/2009/09/06/lebanese-diaspora-worldwide-geographical-distribution/ |date=2021-02-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Zielger|first1=Matthew|title=El Salvador: Central American Palestine of the West?|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Culture/Art/2004/Apr-27/91857-el-salvador-central-american-palestine-of-the-west.ashx#axzz3EZpwYUKb|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=27 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb |url=https://latinx.com/discover/aj-plus-the-palestinians-of-el-salvador/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113091131/https://latinx.com/discover/aj-plus-the-palestinians-of-el-salvador/ |date=13 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{citeweb |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2004-03-21-0403210538-story,amp.html</ref> | region28 = {{flag|Japang}} | pop28 = kurang dari 100.000<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2019-08-26|title=Muslim population in Japan increases with Islamic demands|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2015/05/31/muslim-population-in-japan-increases-with-islamic-demands|website=DailySabah}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | languages = [[Arabic]] | rels = Dominan: [[Islam]] <br />([[Sunni]]{{·}}[[Syiah]]{{·}}[[Sufisme|Sufi]]{{·}}[[Ibadi]]{{·}}[[Alawi]])<br />Minoritas gadang: [[Kristen]] <br />([[Gareja Ortodoks Yunani|Ortodoks Yunani]]{{·}}[[Katolik Yunani]])<br />Minoritas ketek: [[Druze]]{{·}}[[Baha'i]]<br />Maso daulu: [[Agamo di Arabia pra-Islam|Politeisme Arabia pra-Islam]] | related = Urang-urang nan babahaso [[Rumpun bahaso Afroasiati|Afroasiatik]] lainnyo, kusuihnyo [[urang Semitik]] sarupo [[urang Asyiria]] jo [[urang Yahudi]]<ref name="evolutsioon">{{cite journal|pmid=15300852|url=http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf|year=2004|last1=Shen|first1=P|last2=Lavi|first2=T|last3=Kivisild|first3=T|last4=Chou|first4=V|last5=Sengun|first5=D|last6=Gefel|first6=D|last7=Shpirer|first7=I|last8=Woolf|first8=E|last9=Hillel|first9=J|title=Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation|volume=24|issue=3|pages=248–60|doi=10.1002/humu.20077|journal=Human Mutation|access-date=2019-11-27|archive-date=2020-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420110753/http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="evolutsioon" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Studies Show Jews' Genetic Similarity|first= Nicholas|last= Wade|date=9 June 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/science/10jews.html?_r=0|work=New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s004390000426|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Nebel-HG-00-IPArabs.pdf|title=High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews|year=2000|last1=Nebel|first1=Almut|last2=Filon|first2=Dvora|last3=Weiss|first3=Deborah A.|last4=Weale|first4=Michael|last5=Faerman|first5=Marina|last6=Oppenheim|first6=Ariella|last7=Thomas|first7=Mark G.|journal=Human Genetics|volume=107|issue=6|pages=630–41|pmid=11153918}}</ref><ref name="sciencedaily">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/05/000509003653.htm |title=Jews Are The Genetic Brothers Of Palestinians, Syrians, And Lebanese |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=9 May 2000 |access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="Abraham 2010">{{cite journal|pmc=3032072|year=2010|last1=Atzmon|first1=G|last2=Hao|first2=L|last3=Pe'Er|first3=I|last4=Velez|first4=C|last5=Pearlman|first5=A|last6=Palamara|first6=PF|last7=Morrow|first7=B|last8=Friedman|first8=E|last9=Oddoux|first9=C|title=Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry|volume=86|issue=6|pages=850–59|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|pmid=20560205}}</ref><ref name="Tadmouri2014"/> | footnotes = {{smallsup|a}} Etnis Arab indak buliah disamoan jo etnis non-Arab nan samo-samo panduduak asali dari dunia Arab.<ref name="Tadmouri2014"/><br />{{smallsup|b}} Indak sadonyo urang Arab adolah Muslim jo indak sadonyo Muslim adolah urang Arab. Saurang Arab dapek sajo mamaluak agamo tatantu atau indak baagamo.<br />{{smallsup|c}} [[Identitas Arab]] didefinisikan sacaro tapisah dari identitas agamo. }} '''Urang Arab''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ær|ə|b|z|}};<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Arabs|title=Arabs – Wiktionary|website=en.wiktionary.org|language=en}}</ref> {{lang-ar|عَرَب}}, <small>[[ISO 233]]</small> {{transl|ar|‘arab}}; <small>Arabic pronunciation:</small> {{IPA-ar|ˈʕarab||Arabspronouncedar.oog.ogg}}) adolah panduduak nan manampati wilayah nan disabuik [[dunia Arab]], nan umumnyo adolah panduduak [[Liga Arab|nagara-nagara Arab]] di [[Asia Barat]], [[Afrika Utara]], [[Tanduak Afrika]], sarato di [[kapulauan Samudera Hindia]] sabalah barat.<ref name=":0" /> Salain itu tadapek juo komunitas [[diaspora Arab|diaspora]] dalam jumalah nan cukuik banyak di babagai nagara di saluruah dunia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bureš|first1=Jaroslav|title=Main characteristic and development trends of migration in the Arab world|date=2008|publisher=Institute of International Relations|location=Prague|isbn=978-8086506715}}</ref> Namo Arab patamo kali tasabuik pado patangahan abaik kasambilan Sabalun Masihi, sabagai banso nan manatap di sabalah timur jo selatan jo [[Suriah]] inggo ka bagian utara [[Jazirah Arabia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Myers|first1=E. A.|title=The Ituraeans and the Roman Near East: Reassessing the Sources|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139484817|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cRrGQ8bIAkC|page=18|date=11 February 2010}}</ref> Urang-urang Arab maso itu agaknyo barado di bawah kakuasoan (manjadi ''vasal'') karajaan [[Asyiria Baru]] (911–612 SM), sarato karajaan-karajaan salanjuiknyo sarupo [[Babilonia Baru]] (626–539 SM), [[Akhamenia]] (539–332 SM), [[Seleukia]], jo [[Parthia]].<ref> * {{cite book|last1=Bowman|first1=Alan K.|last2=Champlin|first2=Edward|last3=Lintott|first3=Andrew|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521264303|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JZLW4-wba7UC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|language=en|date=8 February 1996}} * {{cite web|last1=Jan|first1=Retsö|title=Arabs (historical)|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/arabs-historical-COM_22957?s.num=41&s.rows=50&s.start=40|language=en}} * {{cite web|title=The origin of the word "Arab"|url=http://www.ismaili.net/histoire/history03/history302.html|website=Ismaili.net|accessdate=18 December 2017}}</ref> Karajaan-karajaan Arab, nan paliang tanamo iolah Bani Ghassan jo Bani Lakhm, muloi muncua di bagian selatan [[Gurun Suriah]] pado patangahan abaik katigo Masihi jo sataruihnyo, yaitu di maso-maso patangahan inggo akia dari pamarentahan kakaisaran [[Romawi]] jo [[Sassania]].<ref> * {{cite web|title=LAKHMIDS – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/lakhmids|website=Iranicaonline.org|accessdate=18 December 2017|language=en}} * {{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G.W.|last2=Brown|first2=Peter|last3=editors|first3=Oleg Grabar|title=Late antiquity : a guide to the postclassical world|date=1999|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0674511736|edition=2. print.|url=https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe}} * {{cite book|last1=Cameron|first1=Averil|title=The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity: AD 395–700|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136673054|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NSoAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q&f=false|language=en|date=29 April 2015}}</ref> Sabalun muloi tasebanyo banso Arab pado maso [[Khulafaur Rasyidin]] (632-661 M), istilah "Arab" marujuak kapado satiok banso Semitik nan masiah nomadik atau nan alah manatap di wilayah [[Jazirah Arabia]], [[Gurun Suriah]], sarato bagian utara jo ilia lambah [[Mesopotamia]].<ref>* {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arab|title=Arab people|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en}} * {{cite book|title=The Syrian desert : caravans, travel and exploration|date=2003|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=978-1136192715|location=Hoboken|last1=Grant|first1=Christina Phelps}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-i-ancient-civilizations-enlightenment-textbook/the-rise-and-spread-of-islam-8/pre-islamic-arabia-42/the-nomadic-tribes-of-arabia-154-13223/|title=The Nomadic Tribes of Arabia|date=2 October 2016|website=Boundless|language=en|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221031402/https://www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-i-ancient-civilizations-enlightenment-textbook/the-rise-and-spread-of-islam-8/pre-islamic-arabia-42/the-nomadic-tribes-of-arabia-154-13223/|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-i|title=ʿARAB i. Arabs and Iran (pre-Islamic) – Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=electricpulp.com|website=Iranicaonline.org|language=en|access-date=7 August 2017}}</ref> Kini ko, nan disabuik "Arab" alah maliputi jumalah gadang panduduak asali nan iduik di babagai nagara di dunia Arab, dek alah tajadi papindahan banso jo [[bahaso Arab]] ka wilayah nan labiah laweh pado maso awa panaklukan Muslim di abaik ka-7 jo ka-8, nan balanjuik jo proses [[Arabisasi]] kapado para panduduak satampek.<ref> * {{cite book|title=A history of the Arab peoples|date=2010|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674058194|edition=1st Harvard Press pbk.|location=Cambridge, Mass.|last1=Ruthven|first1=Albert Hourani ; with a new afterword by Malise}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=bbv|title=HISTORY OF MIGRATION|website=Historyworld.net|accessdate=18 December 2017}} * {{cite web|url=http://people.umass.edu/educ613/WorldhistoryI/WHI.3.html|title=Untitled Document|website=people.umass.edu|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903042434/http://people.umass.edu/educ613/WorldhistoryI/WHI.3.html|archivedate=3 September 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=ebh|title=History of the Arabs (book)|website=Historyworld.net|accessdate=18 December 2017}} * {{cite book|author=Bernard Ellis Lewis |author2=Buntzie Ellis Churchill |title=Islam: The Religion and the People |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |page=137|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=IVyMAvW9slYC&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=21 August 2017 |quote=At the time of the Prophet's birth and mission, the Arabic language was more or less confined to Arabia, a land of deserts, sprinkled with oases. Surrounding it on land on every side were the two rival empires of Persia and Byzantium. The countries of what now make up the Arab world were divided between the two of them—Iraq under Persian rule, Syria, Palestine, and North Africa part of the Byzantine Empire. They spoke a variety of different languages and were for the most part Christians, with some Jewish minorities. Their Arabization and Islamization took place with the vast expansion of Islam in the decades and centuries following the death of the Prophet in 632 CE. The Aramaic language, once dominant in the Fertile Crescent, survives in only a few remote villages and in the rituals of the Eastern churches. Coptic, the language of Christian Egypt before the Arab conquest, has been entirely replaced by Arabic except in the church liturgy. Some earlier languages have survived, notably Kurdish in Southwest Asia and Berber in North Africa, but Arabic, in one form or another, has in effect become the language of everyday speech as well as of government, commerce, and culture in what has come to be known as "the Arab world."}}</ref> Urang-urang Arab mandirian kakhalifahan-kakhalifahan [[Khilafah Rasyidah|Rasyidah]], [[Umayyah]], [[Abbasiyyah]] jo [[Fathimiyyah]], nan bateh-batehnyo mancapai selatan [[Parancih]] di barat, di [[Cino]] di timur, [[Anatolia]] di utara, jo [[Sudan]] di selatan. Iko salah satu karajaan darek tagadang dalam sijarah.<ref>* {{cite web|title=Islam, The Arab Empire Of The Umayyads|url=http://history-world.org/islam11.htm|website=history-world.org|access-date=21 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215204011/http://history-world.org/islam11.htm|archive-date=15 December 2014|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|title=The Arab Empire {{!}} Mohammed {{!}} Umayyad Empire History|url=http://www.historybits.com/arab-empire.htm|website=Historybits.com|accessdate=18 December 2017}} * {{cite web|title=Top 10 Greatest Empires In History|url=https://listverse.com/2010/06/22/top-10-greatest-empires-in-history/|website=Listverse|date=22 June 2010}} * {{cite web|last1=Pillalamarri|first1=Akhilesh|title=The 5 Most Powerful Empires in History|url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-5-most-powerful-empires-history-12296?page=2|website=The National Interest|language=en}} * {{cite web|title=10 Greatest Empires in the History of World|url=http://www.smashinglists.com/top-10-greatest-empires-in-the-history-of-world/|website=Top Ten Lists|date=24 March 2010|access-date=11 November 2019|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024450/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-10-greatest-empires-in-the-history-of-world/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Di awa abaik ka-20, [[Parang Dunia Patamo]] manandoi runtuahnyo [[Kasultanan Usmaniyyah]], nan alah manguasoi sabagian gadang dunia Arab satalah manaklukkan [[Kasultanan Mamluk]] pado 1517.<ref> * [http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/ottoman-empire/arab-revolt Page 8 – The Arab Revolt, 1916–18] Published by New Zealand History at nzhistory.net.nz * Sean McMeekin (2012) ''The Berlin–Baghdad Express''. Belknap Press. {{ISBN|0674064321}}. pp. 288, 297</ref> Puncaknyo adolah kakalahan jo pambubaran Kasultanan Usmaniyyah, lalu tabagi-bagi bakeh wilayahnyo manjadi nagara-nagara Arab moderen.<ref>*{{Cite book|title=Frontiers of the state in the late Ottoman Empire : Transjordan, 1850–1921|last=L.|first=Rogan, Eugene|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521892230|oclc=826413749}} *Schsenwald, William L. "The Vilayet of Syria, 1901–1914: A Re-Examination of Diplomatic Documents As Sources." Middle East Journal (1968), Vol 22, No. 1, Winter: p. 73.</ref> Manyusul balakunyo [[Protokol Aleksandria]] pado 1944, mako batagaklah [[Liga Arab]] pado 22 Maret 1945.<ref name="History">[http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/arab-league-formed Arab League formed — History.com This Day in History — 3/22/1945]. History.com. Retrieved on 28 April 2014.</ref> [[Piagam Liga Arab]] mandukuang prinsip tanah aia Arab, namun tatok maakui kadaulatan nagara-nagara anggotanyo.<ref>* {{cite book|last1=MacDonald|first1=Robert W.|title=The League of Arab States: A Study in Dynamics of Regional Organization|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400875283|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQ_WCgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|language=en|date=8 December 2015}} * {{cite web|title=Arab League from The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1E1-ArabLeag/arab-league|website=Questia.com|language=en|accessdate=18 December 2017|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513151053/https://www.questia.com/read/1E1-ArabLeag/arab-league|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kini ko, urang-urang Arab tarutamo mandiami 22 nagara-nagara Arab nan anggota Liga Arab: [[Aljazair]], [[Bahrain]], [[Komoro]], [[Djibouti]], [[Mesir]], [[Irak]], [[Yordania]], [[Kuwait]], [[Lebanon]], [[Libya]], [[Mauritania]], [[Maroko]], [[Oman]], [[Palestina]], [[Qatar]], [[Arab Saudi]], [[Somalia]], [[Sudan]], [[Suriah]], [[Tunisia]], [[Uni Emirat Arab]], jo [[Yaman]]. Dunia Arab mambantang sakita 13 juta km2, dari [[Samudra Atlantik]] di barat ka [[Lauik Arab]] di timur, jo dari [[Lauik Mediterania]] di utara ka [[Tanduak Afrika]] jo [[Samudra Hindia]] di tenggara. Di lua bateh-bateh Liga Nagara-nagara Arab, urang-urang Arab dapek ditamuan juo sabagai [[diaspora Arab|diaspora]] global.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Frishkopf|first1=edited by Michael|title=Music and media in the Arab world|date=2010|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|location=Cairo|isbn=978-9774162930|edition=1st}}</ref> Ikatan nan mangikek sasamo urang Arab adolah etnis, [[bahaso Arab|bahaso]], [[budayo Arab|budayo]], sijarah, [[identitas Arab|identitas]], [[nasionalisme Arab|nasionalisme]], [[geografi Liga Arab|geografis]], jo [[politik Liga Arab|politik]].<ref>* {{cite web|title=Who is an Arab?|url=http://al-bab.com/albab-orig/albab/arab/arabs.htm|website=al-bab.com|access-date=2019-11-26|archive-date=2018-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006061004/http://al-bab.com/albab-orig/albab/arab/arabs.htm|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|author=Francis M. Deng|title=War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAPLHidx8MkC|date=1 October 2011|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-2369-1|page=405}}</ref> Banso Arab punyo adaik, bahaso, [[arsitektur Arab|arsitektur]], [[seni Arab|seni]], [[sastra Arab|sastra]], [[musik Arab|musik]], [[tarian Arab|tari]], media, [[masakan Arab|masakan]], pakaian, masarakaik, olahraga, jo mitologi kusuihnyo surang.<ref> * {{cite web|title=Culture and Tradition in the Arab Countries|url=http://www.habiba.org/culture.html|website=Habiba.org|accessdate=18 December 2017}} * {{cite web|title=Arabic Culture & Traditions – Online Resources {{!}} Pimsleur Approach™|url=http://www.pimsleurapproach.com/…/useful-li…/culture-guides/|website=Pimsleurapproach.com|accessdate=18 December 2017}} * {{cite book|last1=El-Shamy|first1=Hasan M.|title=Folk traditions of the Arab world : a guide to motif classification|date=1995|publisher=Indiana Univ. Press|location=Bloomington u.a.|isbn=978-0253352224|edition=1. [Dr.].}}</ref> Jumalah total urang Arab dipakiroan mancapai 450 juta.<ref name="Nydell"/> Urang-urang Arab marupoan kalompok nan baragam kok dicaliak dari afiliasi jo praktik kaagamoannyo. Pado maso [[Arabia pra-Islam|pra-Islam]], kabanyakan urang Arab manganuik [[politeisme]]. Babarapo suku alah mamaluak agamo [[Kristen]] atau [[agamo Yahudi|Yahudi]], jo babarapo urang nan disabuik ''[[hanif]]'' maamalan suatu bantuak [[monoteisme]].<ref name="auto"> * {{cite book|author=Jonathan Porter Berkey|title=The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLV6lo4mvj0C&pg=PA42|year=2003|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-58813-3|page=42}} * {{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Neal|title=Islam: A Concise Introduction|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136817731|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2UL8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q&f=false|language=en}}</ref> Kini ko, labiah kurang 93% urang Arab adolah panganuik [[Islam]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Arabs facts, information, pictures | website=Encyclopedia.com articles about Arabs | date=21 April 2018 | url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/arabs | access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref> sarato cukuik banyak pulo minoritas Kristen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/04/04/global-religious-diversity/|title=Religious Diversity Around The World – Pew Research Center|date=4 April 2014|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> Arab Muslim tarutamo maikuik aliran [[Sunni]], [[Syiah]], [[Ibadi]], jo Alawi. [[Arab Kristen]] umumnyo maikuik salah satu [[Gareja Kristen Timur]], sarupo [[Gareja Ortodoks Oriental]] atau salah satu [[Gareja Katolik Timur]].<ref name="PharesIntro"> * {{cite web|first=Walid|last=Phares|author-link=Walid Phares|url=https://www.arabicbible.com/for-christians/christians/1396-arab-christians-introduction.html|title=Arab Christians: An Introduction|publisher=Arabic Bible Outreach Ministry|date=2001}} * {{cite web|title=Majority and Minorities in the Arab World: The Lack of a Unifying Narrative|url=http://jcpa.org/article/majority-and-minorities-in-the-arab-world-the-lack-of-a-unifying-narrative/|website=Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs}}</ref> Agamo minoritas nan labiah ketek lai adolah [[Baha'i]] jo [[Druze]]. Banso Arab alah banyak mampangaruahi jo manyumbang dalam babagai bidang, tarutamo seni jo arsitektur, bahaso, [[pilsapaik Islam|pilsapaik]], mitologi, [[etika Islam|etika]], sastra, politik, bisnis, musik, tari, bioskop, kedokteran, sains jo teknologi<ref>* {{Cite web|url=http://www.alhewar.org/ArabCivilization.htm|title=Arab Civilization|website=Alhewar.org|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024174615/http://www.alhewar.org/ArabCivilization.htm|dead-url=yes}} * Studies in the History of the Near East – Page 28 113627331X P.M. Holt – 2013 "He held the post until his death in 1624 and was succeeded by his former pupil, James Golius (1596–1667). Erpenius and Golius made outstanding contributions to the development of Arabic studies by their teaching, their preparation of texts, ..."</ref> sapanjang sijarah kuno jo modern paradaban manusia. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Arabia]] 09qpo04lr3s5tx99uykr7axcw06xcpq 0 336485 3170237 3161590 2025-06-11T12:47:14Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox basketball biography|name=Kobe Bryant|image=Kobe Bryant 2015.jpg|caption=Bryant basamo Lakers pada tahun 2015|birth_date={{birth date|1978|8|23}}|birth_place=[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]<!--***NOTE*** "U.S." is redundant to American nationality and is not added per [[Template:Infobox basketball biography]] documentation ***NOTE***-->|death_date={{death date and age|2020|01|26|1978|08|23}}|death_place=[[Calabasas, California|Calabasas]], [[California]]|nationality=Amerika Serikat|height_ft=6|height_in=6|height_footnote={{convert|6|ft|4|in|m}}|weight_lb=212|high_school=[[Lower Merion High School|Lower Merion]]<br />([[Ardmore, Pennsylvania]])|draft_year=1996|draft_round=1|draft_pick=13|draft_team=[[Charlotte Hornets]]|career_start=1996|career_end=2016|career_position=''[[Shooting guard]]''<!--****Primarily a SG. He only played SF one season out of 20.****-->|career_number=8, 24|years1=1996–2016|team1=[[Los Angeles Lakers]]|highlights=<!--*** See talk page at [[Talk:Kobe Bryant#Infobox highlights]] re: Academy Award ***--> * 5× [[Daftar juara NBA|Juara NBA]] ([[Final NBA 2000|2000]]–[[Final NBA 2002|2002]], [[Final NBA 2009|2009]], [[Final NBA 2010|2010]]) * 2× [[Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award|MVP Final NBA]] * [[NBA Most Valuable Player Award|NBA Most Valuable Player]] * 18× [[Daftar NBA All-Star|NBA All-Star]] * 4× [[NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award|NBA All-Star Game MVP]] ([[2002 NBA All-Star Game|2002]], [[2007 NBA All-Star Game|2007]], [[2009 NBA All-Star Game|2009]], [[2011 NBA All-Star Game|2011]]) * 11× [[All-NBA Team|All-NBA First Team]] * 2× [[All-NBA Team|All-NBA Second Team]] * 2× [[All-NBA Team|All-NBA Third Team]] * 9× [[All-NBA Defensive Team|NBA All-Defensive First Team]] * 3× [[All-NBA Defensive Team|NBA All-Defensive Second Team]] * 2× [[Daftar pencetak skor tahunan terbanyak National Basketball Association|Pencetak skor terbanyak NBA]] * Juara [[Slam Dunk Contest|NBA Slam Dunk Contest]] ([[1997 NBA All-Star Game|1997]]) * [[All-NBA Rookie Team|NBA All-Rookie Second Team]] * No. 8 & 24 [[Los Angeles Lakers#Nomor yang dipensiunkan|dipensiunkan oleh Los Angeles Lakers]] * [[Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award|Naismith Prep Player of the Year]] (1996) * Tim utama [[Parade All-America Boys Basketball Team|''Parade'' All-American]] (1996)|stat1label=[[Poin (bola basket)|Poin]]|stat1value=33,643 (25.0 ppg)|stat2label=''[[Rebound (bola basket)|Rebound]]''|stat2value=7,047 (5.2 rpg)|stat3label=''[[Assist (bola basket)|Assist]]''|stat3value=6,306 (4.7 apg)|nba_profile=kobe_bryant|bbr=bryanko01|medaltemplates={{MedalSport|[[Bola basket pada Olimpiade Musim Panas|Bola basket]] putra}} {{flagu|Amerika Serikat}}}} '''Kobe Bean Bryant''' (/ˈkoʊbiː/ ''koh-bee''; lahia di [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Amerika Sarikat|Amerika Serikat]] pado tanggal 23 Agustus 1978, maningga di [[Calabasas]], [[California]], Amerika Serikat, pado tanggal 26 Januari 2020 di umuar 41 taun) adolah saurang pamain basket profesional Amerika Serikat. Bamain di posisi ''shooting guard'', Bryant labiah banyak bamain untuak [[Los Angeles Lakers]] di [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA). Bryant pernah mamanangan limo gala juara NBA. Baliau tapiliah manjadi All-Star sabanyak 18 kali, anggota All-NBA Team sabanyak 15 kali, anggota All-Defensive team sabanyak 12 kali, mandapek gala NBA's Most Valuable Player (MVP) pado taun 2008, jo duo kali manang panghargoan NBA Finals MVP. Baliau mancetak skor paliang banyak di NBA salamo duo musim, mandapek paringkek ka ampek daftar pancetak skor musim reguler paliang banyak sapanjang maso jo paringkek ka ampek di daftar pancetak skor ''playoff'' paliang banyak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foxsports.com/nba/gallery/ranking-the-25-greatest-players-in-nba-history-100716|title=Ranking the 25 greatest players in NBA history|last=Dec 25|first=rewlynch|last2=ET|first2=2017 at 11:35a|website=FOX Sports|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbssports.com/nba/news/cbs-sports-50-greatest-nba-players-of-all-time-where-do-lebron-curry-rank/|title=CBS Sports' 50 greatest NBA players of all time: Where do LeBron, Curry rank?|website=CBSSports.com|language=en|access-date=2020-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/nba/story/_/page/nbarankalltime/greatest-players-ever|title=All-Time #NBArank: The greatest players ever|date=2016-01-14|website=ESPN.com|language=en|access-date=2020-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.com/nba/2016/02/08/michael-jordan-lebron-james-stephen-curry-nba-greatest|title=SI's 50 greatest players in NBA history|last=McCallum|first=Jack|website=Sports Illustrated|language=en-us|access-date=2020-12-25}}</ref> == Kahidupan Awal == Bryant marupoan anak bungsu dari tigo urang sbasudaro, urang tuonyo banamo Joe Bryant jo Pamela Cox Bryant. Namo Bryant diagiah dek urang tuonyo dek mancaliak dagiang dari [[Japang]], Kobe. Namo tangahnyo, Bean barasa dari namo lain ayahnyo "Jellybean". Bryant tumbuah sabagai saurang Katolik Roma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gq.com/story/kobe-bryant-nba-allstar|title=Kobe Bryant Will Always Be an All-Star of Talking|last=Klosterman|first=Chuck|website=GQ|language=en-us|access-date=2020-12-25}}</ref> Bryant mulai bamain basket katiko baumua 3 taun, nan wakatu tu mangidolaan tim Lakers. Baliau mulai mandapek parhatian nasional katiko pamainan basketnyo samaso SMA di Lower Merion High School, Ardmore, Lower Merion, Philadelphia. Di akhia maso SMA nyo, baliau mancetak angko tabanyak di Pennsylvania bagian Barat Daya jo 2.883 poin, malampaui [[Wilt Chamberlain]] jo [[Lionel Simmons]]. Katiko baru masuak kuliah, baliau bamain basket untuak paguruan tingginyo, Lower Merion. Baliau mandapekan rato-rato 31.1 poin, 10.4 ''rebound'', jo 5.2 ''asssist'' sarato diagiah julukan Pemain Pennsylvania tahun ko. Di kamp Adidas ABCD, baliau mandapek MVP senior taun 1995, sambia bamain jo Lamar Odom. Baliau pernah lo manarimo panghargoan sabagai Pamain SMA Naismith terbaik, Pemain Basket Pria Terbaik versi Gatorade, McDonald's All-American, jo tim patamo All-USA versi USA Today.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jockbio.com/Bios/Bryant/Bryant_bio.html|title=JockBio: Kobe Bryant Biography|website=www.jockbio.com|access-date=2020-12-25|archive-date=2017-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311191235/http://www.jockbio.com/Bios/Bryant/Bryant_bio.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Katiko baliau baumua 17 tahun, baliau maambiak pilihan untuak bamain di NBA nan wakatu tu masih manjadi murid SMA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://basketball.realgm.com/highschool/awards-by-season/1996|title=1996 High School Basketball Awards - RealGM|website=basketball.realgm.com|access-date=2020-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/playoffs/2010/columns/story?page=beforetheywerestars-kobe-100601|title=Before they were stars: Kobe Bryant|date=2010-06-01|website=ESPN.com|language=en|access-date=2020-12-25}}</ref> == Karier Profesional == Bryant mamulai debutnyo di Summer Pro League, Long Beach, California, nan mancetak 36 poin di final, rato-rato 24.5 poin, jo 5.3 rebound dalam 4 patandiangan. Baliau mamulai rookie dari bangku cadangan di balakang Eddie Jones jo Nick Van Exel pado taun 1996-1997. Ketika All-Star Weekend pado taun 1997, baliau mamanangan Slam Dunk Contest, manjadi juara Dunk paliang mudo di umua 18 taun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://basketballdaily.today.com/2009/01/30/the-youngest-nba-basketball-player-records/|title=The Youngest NBA Basketball Player Records - Allstar Andrew Basketball Bryant Bynum Chamberlain James Kobe|date=2010-01-24|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2020-12-25|archive-date=2010-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124090925/http://basketballdaily.today.com/2009/01/30/the-youngest-nba-basketball-player-records/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/b/bryanko01/gamelog/1997/|title=Kobe Bryant 1996-97 Game Log|website=Basketball-Reference.com|language=en|access-date=2020-12-25|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126075025/https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/b/bryanko01/gamelog/1997|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Di musim kaduonyo bamain basket, baliau mandapek rato-rato 15.4 poin per patandiangan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scorenow.co/|title=Live Scores|access-date=2023-03-25|archive-date=2023-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319062639/https://scorenow.co/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Baliau tapiliah pulo manajdi ''juara kaduo di'' ''NBA's Sixth Man of the Year'', jo ''starter'' NBA All-Star paliang mudo dalam sijarah NBA. Pado tahun 1999, baliau manjadi pamain cadangan salamo 6 minggu dek cedera di tangannyo katiko malawan [[Washington Wizards]]. Sacaro statistik, pado musim 2000-2001, baliau mancetak rato-rato 6 poin labiah banyak per patandiangan (28.5).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/allstar2008/players/kobe_bryant.html|title=NBA.com: Kobe Bryant|date=2011-06-28|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2020-12-25|archive-date=2011-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628211313/http://www.nba.com/allstar2008/players/kobe_bryant.html|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Pada tahun 2001-2002, baliau bamain sabanyak 80 patandiangan untuak patamo kalinyo. Di patandiangan salanjuiknyo baliau bamain di sadolah ronde jo mandapek rato-rato 25.2 poin, jo 5.5 ''rebound'', sarato 5.5 ''assist'' per patandaingan. Pado umua 23 taun, baliau manjadi pamain mudo nan manang di tigo kajuaraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/boxscores/200201140LAL.html|title=Memphis Grizzlies at Los Angeles Lakers Box Score, January 14, 2002|website=Basketball-Reference.com|language=en|access-date=2020-12-25|archive-date=2021-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111033711/https://www.basketball-reference.com/boxscores/200201140LAL.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/nba/02playoffs/2002-06-14-kobe.htm|title=USATODAY.com - Bryant's heroics, deference pay off for Lakers|website=usatoday30.usatoday.com|access-date=2020-12-25}}</ref> == Karier di Tim Nasional == Bryant manulak bamain di Olimpiade 2000 dek karano nio manikah di akhia musimnyo. Baliau indak pulo bamain di FIBA World Championship pado taun 2002. Pado awalnyo baliau dipilih untuak bamain di FIBA Americas Championship 2003, tapi baliau mundur dek harus manjalani operasi bahu jo lutuiknyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insidehoops.com/carter-olympic-072903.shtml|title=Vince Carter on Olympic Qualifying Team|website=www.insidehoops.com|access-date=2020-12-25}}</ref> Karir basket baliau barakhia di taun 2007. Baliau dijadian anggota Timnas AS Pria 2007 jo Tim AS FIBA Americas Championship nan finis 10-0, baliau mamanangan ameh jo masuak ka Tim AS Pria di Olimpiade 2008. Pado bulan Juni 2008, baliau masuak ka Timnas AS Pria untuk Olimpiade Musim Panas 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=oly&id=3457017|title=James, Bryant to lead US team|website=ESPN.com|access-date=2020-12-25}}</ref> Baliau mancetak 20 poin, tamasuak 13 di quarter kaampek, tamasuak 6 assist katiko Tim AS manang 118-107 malawan [[Spanyol]] pado 24 Agustus 2008. Baliau masuak ka olimpiade baliak di Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012. Baliau pensiun sasudah mandapekan ameh sasudah tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/fiba/news/kobe-bryant-and-usa-basketball-whatever-it-takes/1woyvmlziow1p1i9xcyyxq7yhl|title=Kobe Bryant and USA Basketball - Whatever It Takes|website=www.sportingnews.com|language=en|access-date=2020-12-25|archive-date=2020-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207073915/https://www.sportingnews.com/us/fiba/news/kobe-bryant-and-usa-basketball-whatever-it-takes/1woyvmlziow1p1i9xcyyxq7yhl|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> [[Kategori:Pamain bola basket Amerika Serikat]] piylbv04633cfb2i8az9swe6ay16av0 0 336667 3170240 2504323 2025-06-11T14:11:00Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Marie Thomas''' ({{lahirmati|[[Likupang]], [[Hindia Balando]]|17|2|1896|[[Bukittinggi]], [[Indonesia]]|10|10|1966}}) adolah urang padusi Indonesia partamo nan manjadi [[dokter]]. Inyo lulus dari ''School tot Opleiding van Indische Artsen'' (STOVIA) di [[Batavia]] pado tahun 1922 dan manampuah studi lanjutan di bidang [[kadokteran kanduangan|kanduangan]]. Inyo juo mandirian sabuah sakolah bidan di [[Bukittinggi]]. == Kaidupan awal == Marie Thomas laia pado tanggal 17 Pebruari 1896 di Likupang, pado wilayah [[Minahasa Utara]] di [[Sulawesi Utara]].<ref>[[#hesselink2|Hesselink (2017)]].</ref> Ayahnyo, Adriaan Thomas, adolah surang perwira militer, sainggo kaluarga Thomas iduik bapindah-pindah. Marie sempat basakolah di kota-kota dari Sulawesi inggo [[Jawa]]. Mandenyo banamo Nicolina Maramis. <ref>[[#good|Benmetan (2018)]].</ref> Marie masuk ka STOVIA pado bulan September 1912. Pado maso inyo masuak, inyo adolah satu-satunyo siswi di sakolah tu, di tangah sakitar 200 urang siswa. Pado awalnyo, STOVIA indak manarimo masuaknyo padusi samo sakali, namun kabijakan ko diubah dek usao [[Aletta Jacobs]], dokter padusi partamo di nagari Balando. Kutiko Jacobs mangunjuangi Hindia pado tahun 1911, inyo manyampaian masalah ko pado Gubernur Jenderal [[Alexander Willem Frederik Idenburg|A.W.F. Idenburg]].<ref>[[#hesselink1|Hesselink (2011)]], p. 218.</ref> Duo tahun salapeh masuaknyo Marie, surang siswi dari Minahasa banamo Anna Warouw masuak ka STOVIA.<ref>[[#hesselink1|Hesselink (2011)]], p. 220.</ref> Salapeh dibuliahannyo padusi masuak ka STOVIA, tantangan salanjuiknyo adolah larangan untuak mampakarajoan dokter padusi di Dinas Kasiatan Sipil (''Burgerlijke geneeskundige dienst''), sainggo siswi nan alah masuak harus mambayia surang biaya kuliahnyo. [[Charlotte Jacobs]], padusi partamo nan mandapek gala di bidang [[farmakologi]] di Balando (dan sanak padusi Aletta Jacobs) mandirian sabuah yayasan untuak mambantu siswi STOVIA,<ref>[[#hesselink1|Hesselink (2011)]], p. 219.</ref> dibantu dek Marie van Zeggelen jo Elisabeth van Deventer.<ref>[[#good|Benmetan (2018)]].</ref><ref>[[#budi_mulia|Budi Mulia Hospital]].</ref> Yayasan ko banamo ''Vereeniging tot Vorming van een Studiefonds voor Opleiding van Vrouwelijke Inlandsche Artsen'' (SOVIA), dan manjadi limbago nan mambantu Marie salamo kuliahnyo.<ref>[[#hesselink1|Hesselink (2011)]], p. 219.</ref><ref>[[#hesselink2|Hesselink (2017)]].</ref><ref>[[#historia|Aryono (Historia)]].</ref> == Karier == Marie Thomas lulus dari STOVIA pado tahun 1922, siswi partamo nan lulus dari sakolah ko.<ref>[[#sumatra_post|De Sumatra Post (1922)]].</ref> Inyo mulai bapraktek dokter di Rumah Sakik ''Centrale Burgerlijke Ziekeninrichting'' (CBZ, kini [[Rumah Sakik Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo]]).<ref>[[#atria|Atria (2007)]].</ref><ref>[[#good|Benmetan (2018)]].</ref> Inyo kudian bapraktek di [[Medan]], [[Manado]], dan baliak ka Batavia di Rumah Sakik Budi Kemuliaan, nan didirian dek yayasan SOVIA.<ref>[[#budi_mulia|Budi Mulia Hospital]].</ref><ref>[[#atria|Atria (2007)]].</ref> Marie pernah pulo manjadi asisten Nicolaas Boerma, surang dokter spesialis kabidanan bakabansoan Balando.<ref>[[#hesselink2|Hesselink (2017)]].</ref><ref>[[#groningen|University of Groningen (2017)]], p. 15.</ref> Di Hindia Balando, inyo adolah salah satu dokter partamo nan manangani kasus [[pangandalian kalairan]] jo [[alaik kontrasepsi dalam rahim]].<ref>[[#hesselink2|Hesselink (2017)]].</ref> Marie manikahi Mohammad Joesoef, surang dokter, pado 16 March 1929. Pasangan ko pindah ka [[Padang]], kampuang halaman Joesoef. Di Padang inyo bakarajo pado ''Dienst der Volksgezondheid'' (DVG, Dinas Kasiatan Masyarakat). Namun, salapeh babarapo taun, Marie jo Joesoef baliak ka Batavia. Di sinan, Marie masuak partai [[Persatuan Minahasa]], nan anggotanyo salah satunyo [[Sam Ratulangi]]. Indak lamo sudah tu, pasangan ko pindah baliak ka Sumatera Barat, dan mamiliah manetap di [[Fort de Kock]] (kini Bukittinggi). Pado tahun 1950, Marie ikuik mandirian sabuah sakolah bidan nan partamo di Bukittinggi; sakolah ko adolah sakolah bidan nan partamo di Sumatera dan nan kaduo di Indonesia.<ref>[[#hesselink2|Hesselink (2017)]].</ref> == Pangormatan == Pado ari ulang tahun Marie Thomas nan ka-125, [[Google]] manampilan inyo pado [[Google Doodle]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/doodles/dr-marie-thomas-125th-birthday|title=Dr. Marie Thomas’ 125th Birthday|first=Google|date=17 Pebruari 2021|website=Google.com|publisher=[[Google]]|access-date=17 Pebruari 2021}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist|26em}} == Bibliografi == {{refbegin|32em}} * {{cite web |author = Aryono |url = https://historia.id/sains/articles/dokter-perempuan-pertama-indonesia-6l71E |title = Dokter Perempuan Pertama Indonesia |trans-title = The First Indonesian Female Doctor |publisher = Historia |date = 2007-08-23 |access-date = 2020-05-27 |language = Indonesian |ref = historia |archive-date = 2023-06-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230602053332/https://historia.id/sains/articles/dokter-perempuan-pertama-indonesia-6l71E |dead-url = yes }} * {{cite web | last = Benmetan | first = Thomas | url = https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2018/02/23/kisah-marie-thomas-dokter-perempuan-pertama-di-indonesia | title = Kisah Marie Thomas, Dokter Perempuan Pertama di Indonesia | trans-title = The Story of Marie Thomas, the First Female Doctor in Indonesia | publisher = Good News from Indonesia | date = 2018-02-23 | access-date = 2020-05-27 | language = Indonesian | ref = good }} * {{cite web |url = https://www.rsbudikemuliaan.id/tentang-rs-budi-kemuliaan-jakarta/kartini-bagian-sejarah-rumah-sakit-budi-kemuliaan/ |title = Sejarah Rumah Sakit Budi Kemuliaan |trans-title = The History of the Budi Kemuliaan Hospital |publisher = Budi Kemuliaan Hospital |access-date = 2020-05-27 |language = Indonesian |ref = budi_mulia |archive-date = 2020-10-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201029161736/https://rsbudikemuliaan.id/tentang-rs-budi-kemuliaan-jakarta/kartini-bagian-sejarah-rumah-sakit-budi-kemuliaan/ |dead-url = yes }} * {{cite book | last = Hesselink | first = Liesbeth | date = 2011 | chapter = The STOVIA, dokter djawa 1875–1915 | title = Healers on the Colonial Market: Native Doctors and Midwives in the Dutch East Indies | pages = 163–224 | location = Leiden | publisher = Brill | jstor = 10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2db.10 | ref = hesselink1 }} * {{cite web | last = Hesselink | first = Liesbeth | url = http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Thomas | title = Thomas, Marie E. (1896-1966) | publisher = Digital Women's Lexicon of the Netherlands (Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland) | date = 2017-10-19 | access-date = 2020-05-27 | language = Dutch | ref = hesselink1 }} * {{cite web | url = https://atria.nl/nieuws-publicaties/bijzondere-vrouwen/vrouwelijke-pioniers/marie-e-thomas/ | title = Marie E. Thomas | publisher = Institute on Gender Equality and Women's History (Atria) | date = 2007-08-23 | access-date = 2020-05-27 | language = Dutch | ref = atria }} * {{cite news | url = https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010367173:mpeg21:a0054 | title = De eerste Vrouwelijke Arts van STOVIA | trans-title = The First Female Doctor from STOVIA | publisher = De Sumatra Post | date = 1922-05-11 | access-date = 2020-05-27 | language = Dutch | ref = sumatra_post }} * {{cite web | url = https://www.rug.nl/university-museum/exhibitions/2017/eng-egids-nobelscience-2017.pdf | title = Nobel Science: Feringa, Zernike, and the Groningen Tradition | publisher = University of Groningen | date = 2007 | access-date = 2020-05-27 | ref = groningen }} {{refend}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Marie}} [[Category:Dokter Indonesia]] [[Category:Urang Minahasa]] 0mjo46wd3hgpguef7xow11nyqzanc0t 0 385602 3170244 3170110 2025-06-11T17:45:18Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS)<br />ڤيتروليام ناسيونل برحد | logo = PETRONAS Logo (2013).png | logo_size = 230px | caption = | type = [[Syarikat milik negara|Milik negara]] | traded_as = | fate = | predecessor = | successor = | foundation = {{start date and age|1974|8|17|df=yes}} | founder = | defunct = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | location_city = | location_country = [[Malaysia]] | location = Menara 1, [[Menara Berkembar Petronas]], [[Pusat Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur]], 50088 [[Kuala Lumpur]] | area_served = Seluruh dunia | key_people = {{plainlist| * Tengku Muhammad Taufik Tengku Aziz (Presiden & CEO Kumpulan)<ref>{{cite news|title=PETRONAS Bids Farewell To Tan Sri Wan Zulkiflee As Its President & Group CEO; Welcomes The Appointment Of Tengku Muhammad Taufik As The New PETRONAS' President & Group CEO|url=https://www.petronas.com/media/press-release/petronas-bids-farewell-tan-sri-wan-zulkiflee-its-president-group-ceo-welcomes|accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref> * Ahmad Nizam Salleh (Pengerusi)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/bisnes/2018/08/363964/ahmad-nizam-dilantik-pengerusi-petronas|title=Ahmad Nizam dilantik Pengerusi PETRONAS|date=1 Ogos 2018|accessdate=2 Jun 2020|author=Alzahrin Alias|publisher=[[Harian Metro]]}}</ref> }} | industry = [[Industri petroleum|Minyak dan gas]] | products = [[Petroleum]], [[gas asli]], [[petrokimia]] | services = [[Stesen minyak]], [[perkapalan|perkhidmatan perkapalan]] | revenue = {{loss}} AS$46.06 bilion (2016) dari S$55.68 bilion (2015)<ref name="PETRONAS Annual Report FY 2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/03/220740/petronas-records-higher-net-profit-fy16-pay-out-rm13b-dividend-govt-ceo|title=PETRONAS Annual Report FY 2016 |date=14 March 2017}}</ref> | operating_income = | net_income = {{increase}} AS$5.28 bilion (2016) dari AS$4.69 bilion (2015) | assets = {{increase}} AS$135.63 bilion (2016) dari AS$133.07 bilion (2015)<ref name="PETRONAS Annual Report FY 2016"/> | equity = {{increase}} AS$95.22 bilion (2016) dari AS$93.44 bilion (2015) | owner = [[Kerajaan Malaysia]] | num_employees = 51,000 (2016)<ref>[https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/327674 Top 20 Largest Oil & Gas Employers]</ref> | parent = | divisions = | subsid = {{unbulleted list|[[KLCC Property Holdings]]|Petronas Gas|[[Petronas Dagangan]]|Petronas Chemicals|Bintulu Port|[[MISC Berhad|MISC]]|Petronas Canada|[[BASF Petronas Chemicals]]}} | homepage =Hidupjokowi.com | footnotes = | intl = }} '''Petroliam Nasional Berhad'''<ref name="Petronas">[http://www.petronas.com.my/internet/corp/centralrep2.nsf/frameset_corp?OpenFrameset Petronas Malaysia: Corporate News 2005] About PETRONAS</ref> atau lebih dikenali sebagai '''Petronas''' (digayakan sebagai '''PETRONAS''') ialah sebuah syarikat [[Industri minyak dan gas|minyak dan gas]] [[perbadanan multinasional|multinasional]] [[Malaysia]]. Ditubuhkan pada 17 Ogos 1974 dan dimiliki sepenuhnya oleh [[kerajaan Malaysia]], syarikat ini telah mendapat hak keseluruhan terhadap sumber-sumber minyak dan gas di Malaysia dan diamanahkan dengan tanggungjawab untuk membangunkan dan menambah nilai kepada sumber-sumber tersebut. ''[[Fortune Global 500]]'' telah meletakkan Petronas sebagai sebuah syarikat ke-95 terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2008 dan ke-80 terbesar pada tahun 2009. Ia juga meletakkan Petronas sebagai syarikat perbadanan ke-13 paling banyak membuat keuntungan di dunia dan yang paling banyak keuntungan di [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Global 500 2008: Petronas|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/snapshots/6418.html| publisher=Fortune Magazine| date=| accessdate=2008-07-16| author=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Global 500 2008: Top Performers - Most Profitable| url= http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/performers/companies/profits/| date=| accessdate=2008-07-16| publisher=Fortune Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title= Global 500 2009: Full List| url= http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/full_list/| publisher=Fortune Magazine| accessdate=2009-07-21}}</ref> Menurut senarai kedudukan yang diterbitkan oleh Forbes Global 2000, Petronas Gas diumumkan sebagai syarikat awam ke-1881 terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/petronas-gas/#5545a5271104|title= Forbes Global 2000|access-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> Sejak diperbadankan, Petronas berkembang menjadi syarikat minyak dan gas dengan kepentingan perniagaan di 31 negara. Sehingga akhir Mac 2005, Kumpulan ini mengandungi 103 pemilikan sendiri anak-anak syarikat, 19 syarikat kelengkapan milik sebahagiannya dan yang dimiliki separuhnya dan 57 syarikat bersekutu. Bersama-sama ini, menjadikan Petronas, yang terlibat di dalam pelbagai aktiviti-aktiviti berasaskan minyak dan gas. Majalah ''[[Financial Times]]'' telah mengenal pasti Petronas sebagai satu daripada "kembar tujuh" yang baru":<ref name=ft>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/471ae1b8-d001-11db-94cb-000b5df10621.html The new Seven Sisters: oil and gas giants dwarf western rivals], by Carola Hoyos, Financial Times. 11 March 2007</ref> syarikat minyak dan gas milik kerajaan yang paling berpengaruh di luar [[OECD]]. Petronas menyediakan satu spektrum aktiviti [[petroleum]] yang luas, termasuk penerokaan huluan dan penghasilan minyak dan gas kepada hiliran [[minyak|penapisan minyak]]; pemasaran dan pengagihan [[petroleum|produk petroleum]]; perdagangan; pemprosesan gas dan [[Cecair|pencecairan]]; operasi rangkaian penghantaran talian paip gas; pemasaran [[gas|gas cecair semulajadi]]; pengilangan dan pemasaran [[petrokimia]]; [[perkapalan]]; [[automotif|kejuruteraan automotif]]; dan [[pelaburan]] [[hartanah]]. [[Menara Berkembar Petronas]] telah dibuka secara rasminya pada [[Hari Kemerdekaan Malaysia]] ke-42 pada 31 Ogos 1998 yang juga hari ulang tahun syarikat ke-24. Pada 31 Mac 2011, [[Kerajaan Malaysia]] secara rasminya menamatkan jawatan mantan [[Perdana Menteri Malaysia]] [[Mahathir Mohamad]] sebagai penasihat Petronas. Tindakan ini diambil berikutan ketidakfahaman dalam kesaksamaan berpolitik, dimana Mahathir dilihat menyerang secara terbuka pentadbiran dan personaliti Perdana Menteri ketika itu [[Najib Razak]], Mahathir juga dilihat mengadakan baiah bersama pemimpin pembangkang sebagai satu langkah untuk meminta Perdana Menteri melepaskan jawatannya. [[Jabatan Perdana Menteri Malaysia|Jabatan Perdana Menteri]] dalam kenyataannya bersetuju atas penamatan ini kerana "tidak menyokong kerajaan yang sedia ada dan tidak patut mempunyai sebarang jawatan dalam kerajaan".<ref>Ngui, Y. (2016). ''Malaysia Fires Former Leader Mahathir as Adviser to Petronas.'' WSJ. Retrieved March 12 2016, from http://www.wsj.com/articles/malaysia-fires-former-leader-mahathir-as-adviser-to-petronas-1457707460</ref> Sebanyak 0.69 peratus gas yang dilepaskan melalui proses perindustrian global dari tahun 1988 hingga 2015 berasal daripada aktiviti-aktiviti Petronas.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change | title= Top 100 producers and their cumulative greenhouse gas emissions from 1988-2015 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | access-date= 29 October 2020}}</ref> Oleh itu, Petronas merupakan antara penyumbang utama perubahan iklim, suatu fenomena yang membawa banyak risiko terhadap kesihatan, pekerjaan, kestabilan bekalan makanan dan air, keselamatan, serta perkembangan ekonomi.<ref>{{cite journal |title=IPCC, 2018: Summary for Policymakers |issue=Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf |accessdate=29 October 2020 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723103232/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==History== [[File:KL - Menara Carigali, KLCC.JPG|thumb|[[Petronas Tower 3]], Kuala Lumpur]] [[File:KotaKinabalu Sabah Petronas-Tower-01.jpg|thumb|Petronas office building in [[Kota Kinabalu|Kota Kinabalu, Sabah]]]] Before the formation of Malaysia, Royal Dutch Shell (now [[Shell plc]]) first began the oil exploration in [[Miri, Malaysia|Miri]], [[Sarawak]]; after [[Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak|Charles Brooke]] signed the first Oil Mining Lease in 1909. In 1910, the first oil well was drilled in Miri. This oil well is later known as the Grand Old Lady.<ref name=AAPG>{{cite web|last1=Sorkhabi|first1=Rasoul|title=Historical Highlight: Miri Field Seeps Helped, But Success Was a Higher Calling|url=http://archives.aapg.org/explorer/2011/03mar/miri_well0311.cfm|publisher=[[American Association of Petroleum Geologists]] (AAPG)|access-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324151035/http://archives.aapg.org/explorer/2011/03mar/miri_well0311.cfm|archive-date=24 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Geoexpro>{{cite book|last1=Sorkhabi|first1=Rasoul|title=History of oil: Sarawak - Miri 1910|date=2010|publisher=GEO ExPro Magazine Vol 7, No 2|page=44|url=http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2010/02/miri-1910|access-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324153023/http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2010/02/miri-1910|archive-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> In 1929, oil was discovered in [[Brunei]]. There were no other drilling activities in [[Borneo]] or [[British Malaya]] until 1950s.<ref name="Fred R 2007">{{cite book|last1=Dr Fred R|first1=von der Mehden|last2=Al|first2=Troner|title=Petronas: a national oil company with an international vision|date=March 2007|publisher=James A Baker III Institute for public policy, Rice university|url=https://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/page/9dd51576/noc_petronas_tronervdm.pdf|access-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516220308/http://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/page/9dd51576/noc_petronas_tronervdm.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1966, the enactment of Petroleum Mining Act gave Exxon and Shell rights to explore oil territories and produce oil royalties and tax payments to the government.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Malaysian Oil and Gas Infustry: Challenging times, but fundamentals intact|date=May 2016|publisher=Price Waterhouse Coopers|url=https://www.pwc.com/my/en/assets/publications/2016-msian-oil-n-gas-industry.pdf|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705021436/https://www.pwc.com/my/en/assets/publications/2016-msian-oil-n-gas-industry.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2017|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> In the late 1960s, Esso and [[ConocoPhillips|Continental Oil]] were given concessions to explore oil off the shores of the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.<ref name="BPMB 2011">{{cite book|title=Report on Malaysia oil and gas exploration and production|date=2011|publisher=Bank Pembangunan (Malaysian Development Bank)|page=60|access-date=17 May 2018|url=http://www.bpmb.com.my:80/documents/21475/33700/20.pdf/3723eecd-5976-4fd2-9b10-c1375fbdd4cc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411100217/http://www.bpmb.com.my/documents/21475/33700/20.pdf/3723eecd-5976-4fd2-9b10-c1375fbdd4cc|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2017}}</ref> By 1974, Malaysia's output of crude oil stood at about {{convert|90,000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} to {{convert|99,000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}.<ref name="BPMB 2011"/> ===1970s: Establishment with the Malaysian Government=== Several factors converged in the early 1970s to prompt the Malaysian government into setting up a state-owned oil and gas company. In 1972, the oil price per barrel was US$1.50, which later rose to US$2.28 per barrel. War in the middle east and oil embargo by Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ([[OPEC]]) had caused the price per barrel to rise until US$12.00, thus giving more incentives for Malaysia to set up her own oil company. Several countries such as [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Egypt]], and [[Indonesia]] have adopted the [[production sharing agreement]] instead of a concession system for oil revenue distribution. The Malaysian government also believed that foreign oil companies did not properly inform the government regarding the oil exploration activities in their own concessions (such as the new discovery of oil fields), thus resulted in a loss of revenue to the government. The formulation of [[Malaysian New Economic Policy]] in the early 1970s encourages Malaysians to take control of various modern industries and to open more economic opportunities for [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]] (Malaysian natives).<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> The former chief minister of Sarawak, [[Abdul Rahman Ya'kub]] was the first one who proposed the idea of Malaysia setting up an oil company in 1965,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lau|first1=Leslie|title=Ex-Sarawak CM says Kelantan has no right to oil royalty|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/55898-ex-sarawak-cm-says-kelantan-has-no-right-to-oil-royalty|access-date=27 April 2015|publisher=The Malaysian Insider|date=14 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314022944/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/55898-ex-sarawak-cm-says-kelantan-has-no-right-to-oil-royalty|archive-date=14 March 2010}}</ref> when he was the federal lands and mines deputy minister.<ref name="Mokhtar 1981">{{cite book |last1=Mokhtar |first1=Suhaimi |title=Putera Kenyalang: Satu Dekad Penuh Cabaran (Son of the land of the hornbills, a challenging decade) |date=1981 |publisher=Penerbitan Pena Sdn Bhd |location=Selangor |isbn= |pages=84}}</ref> It was due to the pressure of the Sarawak people who sought to clarify the exact boundaries of Sarawak territorial waters. In fact, since the formation of Malaysia in 1963, the issue of territorial waters of Sabah and Sarawak has not been fully addressed, thus leaving its interpretation wide open. The Sarawak government has declared that the territorial waters extend well beyond the three-mile limit defined by the Malaysian federal government. However, Abdul Rahman Ya'kub was reminded of [[Tun Abdul Razak]]'s act of installing him as the chief minister of Sarawak. Therefore, Rahman decided to keep the conflict as low profile as possible. Rahman's nephew, [[Abdul Taib Mahmud]] assumed the role of federal deputy land and mines minister after Rahman became education minister and later, chief minister of Sarawak. Taib believed in the sharing of oil royalties between the state and the federal government. During the time, the oil mining activities in Sarawak were still under the exclusive control of Shell. Taib Mahmud initially suggested allowing independent contractors to market government oil. Taib found a Lebanese trader to purchase the Malaysian oil, however, the contractor defaulted on payments, resulting in US$4 million loss. A government hydrocarbon committee was later set up. Taib Mahmud visited Indonesia and had a discussion with [[Pertamina]] (Indonesian state-owned oil and gas company). Taib suggested that Malaysia scrap the concession system and replace it with a [[production sharing agreement]]. However, there were no laws that allowed Malaysia to take back the concessions without compensating foreign oil companies.<ref name="Ranjit 1986"/> Despite this, Taib decided to set up a statutory body named "HIKMA" (Hidrokarbon Malaysia),<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> which would have total rights of oil found in the territorial waters of Sabah and Sarawak. However, Rahman Ya'kub protested his nephew's decision and threatened to take the federal government to court if Sarawak were to be left out of this oil deal. [[Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah]] (chairman of [[Perbadanan Nasional Berhad]] (Pernas)) visited Rahman at the latter's private residence in [[Kuching]]. Tengku Razaleigh suggested the formation of a company instead of a statutory body where the former would distribute profits equally between the federal and the state governments. Rahman agreed with the suggestion. Tengku Razaleigh drafted the Petroleum Development Act together with his associates in secret, as instructed by Tun Razak, and to be completed before the [[Malaysian general election, 1974|1974 Malaysian general election]]. Rahman Ya'kub then telephoned Tengku Razaleigh to ask about the terms offered by the Malaysian federal government. Tengku Razaleigh then told Rahman regarding abolishment of the concession system. Meanwhile, 5% oil royalty will be given to the respective oil-producing states. Rahman agreed with the deal.<ref name="Ranjit 1986">{{cite book|last1=Ranjit|first1=Gill|title=Razaleigh: An Unending Quest|date=1986|publisher=Pelanduk publication|location=Petaling Jaya, Selangor|isbn=967-978-101-1|pages=118–129|chapter=19 and 20|quote=When Taib became Minister of Land and Mines, he showed considerable interest in the development of this resource, and in his view, there should be a sharing of royalties between the State (i.e. Sarawak) and the federal government.(page 121) ... Tengku Razaleigh visited Datuk Rahman, ... I suggested the formation of a company, not a statutory corporation, which would distribute profits equally between the Federal government and Sarawak in the form of cash payments. He accepted the proposal and I rushed back to Tun Razak with the news. (page 122) ... The proceeds would accrue to Petronas, but 5 percent of the oil revenue thereafter would go to the state, and a similar amount to the Federal government. Rahman agreed (page 123).}}</ref> In 1974, the Petroleum Development Act was tabled and approved in parliament. Petronas was incorporated on 17 August 1974, and Tengku Razaleigh became its inaugural chairman. Initially, Exxon and Shell refused to surrender their concessions and refused to negotiate with Petronas. Petronas then served a notice to all foreign oil companies that after 1 April 1975, all the foreign oil companies would be operating illegally in Malaysian waters if they do not start negotiations with Petronas. After a few rounds of negotiations, foreign oil companies finally surrendered their concessions to Petronas. While all other oil-producing states in Malaysia signed the petroleum agreement, [[Tun Mustapha]], the chief minister of [[Sabah]], stubbornly refused to sign the oil agreement, complaining of the meagre 5% oil royalty. Mustapha requested for 10 to 20% oil royalty; otherwise, he would threaten to pull Sabah out of Malaysia. Tengku Razaleigh refused to bulge in. The Malaysian federal government then made another deal with Datuk [[Harris Salleh]] (who was out of favour with Tun Mustapha) to establish [[Sabah People's United Front|Berjaya]] party and oust Tun Mustapha. However, Harris was reluctant to become the Chief Minister of Sabah, and [[Fuad Stephens]] was asked to assume to the post of chief minister if Berjaya were to come to power. Berjaya successfully ousted Tun Mustapha in the 1976 Sabah state election.<ref name="Ranjit 1986"/> One week after the [[1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash|1976 air crash]] which killed the chief minister [[Fuad Stephens]] and other five state ministers, Harris signed the oil agreement.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bid to nullify the oil royalty deal|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=82657|access-date=30 May 2015|work=Daily Express|date=26 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028232222/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=82657|archive-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> With Sabah entering the oil agreement, Petronas finally has total control of all oil and gas reserves in Malaysia. Petronas first embarked on the oil exploration and production activities with the formation of Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd in 1978. In 1980, Petronas expanded its downstream businesses by setting up ASEAN [[Bintulu]] Fertiliser plant in [[Sarawak]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About us - milestones |url=https://www.petronas.com/about-us/milestones |publisher=Petronas |access-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830130233/https://www.petronas.com/about-us/milestones |archive-date=30 August 2018}}</ref> In 1984, Petronas moved to [[Dayabumi Complex|Dayabumi]] after occupying various buildings in Kuala Lumpur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glut of office space in KL |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19840511-1.2.26.2?qt=dayabumi&q=dayabumi%20 |work=The Straits Times |date=11 May 1984}}</ref> ===Late 1980s: Battling oil depletion=== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}} Oil exploration was by no means at an end and could yet produce more reserves. The Seligi field, which came onstream at the end of 1988 and was developed by Esso Production Malaysia, was one of the richest oilfields so far found in Malaysia waters, and further concessions to the majors would encourage exploration of the deeper waters around Malaysia, where unknown reserves could be discovered. Meanwhile, computerised seismography made it both feasible and commercially justifiable to re-explore fields which had been abandoned, or were assumed to be unproductive, over the past century. In 1990, Petronas invited foreign companies to re-explore parts of the sea off Sabah and Sarawak on the basis of new surveys using up-to-date techniques. Another way to postpone depletion was to develop sources of oil, and of its substitute, natural gas, outside Malaysia. Late in 1989, the governments of [[Vietnam]] and [[Myanmar]] (Burma) invited Petronas Carigali to take part in joint ventures to explore for oil in their coastal waters. In 1990, a new unit, Petronas Carigali Overseas Sdn Bhd, was created to take up a 15% interest in a field in Myanmar's waters being explored by Idemitsu Myanmar Oil Exploration Co. Ltd., a subsidiary of the Japanese firm [[Idemitsu Kosan|Idemitsu Oil Development Co. Ltd.]], in a production sharing arrangement with [[Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise]]. Thus began Petronas' first oil exploration outside Malaysia. In May 1990, the governments of [[Malaysia]] and [[Thailand]] settled a long-running dispute over their respective rights to an area of 7,300 square kilometres in the [[Gulf of Thailand]] by setting up a joint administrative authority for the area and encouraging a joint oil exploration project by Petronas, the [[PTT Public Company Limited|Petroleum Authority of Thailand]], and the US company [[Triton Energy Limited|Triton Oil]]. In a separate deal, in October 1990, the Petroleum Authority of Thailand arranged with Petronas to study the feasibility of transferring natural gas from this jointly administered area, through Malaysia to Thailand, by way of an extension of the pipelines laid for the third stage of the Peninsular Gas Utilisation Project. That project was on course to becoming a major element in the postponement of oil depletion. Contracts for line pipes for the second stage of the project were signed in 1989 with two consortia of Malaysian, Japanese, and Brazilian companies. This stage, completed in 1991, included the laying of 730 kilometres of pipeline through to the tip of the Peninsula, from where gas could be sold to Singapore and [[Thailand]]; the conversion of two power stations—[[Port Dickson]] and [[Pasir Gudang]]—from oil to gas; and the expansion of Petronas' output of [[methyl tert-butyl ether]] (MTBE), [[propylene]], and [[polypropylene]], which were already being produced in joint ventures with [[Idemitsu]] Petrochemical Co. of Japan and [[Neste Oy]] of Finland. The third and final stage of the project was to lay pipelines along the northwest and northeast coastlines of the Peninsula and was completed in 1997. Another new venture in 1990 was in ship-owning, since Petronas' existing arrangements with [[MISC Berhad|MISC]] and with Nigeria's state oil company would be inadequate to transport the additional exports of LNG due to start in 1994, under the contract with Saibu Gas. Petronas did not lose sight of the government's commitment to Malaysian self-reliance, and the company's second refinery at [[Malacca]], completed in 1994, with a capacity of {{convert|100000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}, promoted the same policy. The fact that it was built in a joint venture with [[Samsung]] of Korea, the [[Chinese Petroleum Corporation]] of [[Taiwan]], and [[Caltex]] of the United States did not negate the policy, for the subsidiary company Petronas Penapisan (Melaka) had a decisive 45% of equity while sharing the enormous costs of and gaining advanced technology for the project. More to the point, a side effect of the refinery's completion was that Petronas was able to refine all of the crude oil it produced, instead of being partially dependent on refining facilities in Singapore. Petronas, with its policies of promoting self-reliance, helping to develop associated industries, and varying the sources and uses of oil and gas, played an important role in the Malaysian economy as a whole. Under governments which—by current, if not historical, Western standards—were strongly interventionist, the contribution of oil taxes to the federal government's revenue hovered at around 12% to 16% until 1980, when it showed a marked increase to 23%, followed by another leap to 32% in 1981. From then until 1988 the proportion fluctuated between 29% and 36%. Petronas was not just another big oil company: it controlled a crucial sector of the economy and remained, for better or worse, an indispensable instrument of the state. ===Since 1990s: Global expansion=== [[File:E8664-Pattaya-Sukhumvit-Road.jpg|thumb|A Petronas station seen in [[Pattaya]], Thailand]] During the mid- to late 1990s, international exploration, development, and production remained key components in Petronas' strategy along with diversification. A key discovery was made in the Ruby field in Vietnam in 1994. That year, the firm also saw its first overseas production from the [[Dai Hung field]] in Vietnam and established its first retail station outside of Malaysia in [[Cambodia]].{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} In 1995, a subsidiary was created to import, store, and distribute [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG). In addition, the company's [[polyethylene]] plant in [[Kerteh]] began operations. Petronas marked a significant milestone during this time period—two of its subsidiaries, Petronas Dagangan Bhd and Petronas Gas Bhd, went public on the [[Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange]]. Between 1993 and 1996, it purchased the former sub-Saharan branch of Mobil Oil, rebranded as [[Engen Petroleum]]. In 1996, Petronas entered the aromatics market by way of a joint venture that created Aromatics Malaysia Sdn Bhd. It also formed a contract with [[China National Offshore Oil Corporation]] and [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] Overseas Petroleum Ltd. to begin the exploration of block 02/31 of the Liaodong Bay area in China. While the Asian economy as a whole suffered from an economic crisis during 1997 and 1998, Malaysia was quick to bounce back due to successful government reforms. From its new headquarters in the [[Petronas Twin Towers]], the state-owned concern continued its development in the oil and gas industry. During 1997, Petronas heightened its diversification efforts. The firm set plans in motion to build three petrochemical plants in [[Kuantan]] as well as an [[Acetic acid|acetic]] facility in [[Kerteh]]. Its first LPG joint venture in China was launched that year, and the company acquired a 29.3% interest in Malaysia International Shipping Corporation Berhad (MISC). In 1998, Petronas' tanker-related subsidiary merged with MISC, increasing Petronas' stake in MISC to 62%. That year, Petronas introduced the [[Proton E01 engine|Petronas E01]], the country's first commercial prototype engine. The company also signed a total of five new production sharing contracts (PSCs) in 1998 and 1999, and began oil production in the [[Sirri Island|Sirri]] field in Iran. Petronas entered the new century determined to expand its international efforts. The company forged deals for two new exploration plots in Pakistan and began construction on the Chad-Cameroon Integrated Oil Development and Pipeline Project. By 2002, Petronas had signed seven new PSCs and secured stakes in eight exploration blocks in eight countries, including [[Gabon]], [[Cameroon]], [[Niger]], Egypt, [[Yemen]], [[Indonesia]], and Vietnam. The firm also made considerable progress in its petrochemicals strategy, opening new gas-based petrochemical facilities in Kerteh and Gebeng. By 2003, Malaysia was set to usurp [[Algeria]] as the world's second-largest producer of LNG with the completion of the Malaysia LNG Tiga Plant. Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] commented on the achievement in a May 2003 [[Bernama]] News Agency article, claiming that "the Petronas LNG complex now serves as another shining example of a vision realized of a national aspiration, transformed into reality by the same belief among Malaysians that 'we can do it.'" Indeed, Petronas had transformed itself into a global oil company over the previous decade, becoming a national symbol for success. The company realised, however, that it would have to continue its aggressive growth strategy to ensure its survival in the years to come. The Petronas overseas expansion drive continues with the acquisition of Woodside Energy Ltd [[Mauritania]] assets for $418 million in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title= Petronas signs $418-million deal for Mauritania assets| url= http://www.offshore-mag.com/display_article/307375/120/ARTCL/none/PRODN/PETRONAS-signs-$418-million-deal-for-Mauritania-assets/?dcmp=ENL.OSWAR_ARCH| archive-url= https://archive.today/20140815022027/http://www.offshore-mag.com/display_article/307375/120/ARTCL/none/PRODN/PETRONAS-signs-$418-million-deal-for-Mauritania-assets/?dcmp=ENL.OSWAR_ARCH| url-status= dead| archive-date= 15 August 2014| access-date=15 July 2008| date=27 August 2007| publisher=Offshore Magazine}}</ref> The venture proved successful as they discovered oil in May 2008<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas and partners strike oil and gas in Mauritania |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/5/8/business/21182804&sec=business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208133205/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/5/8/business/21182804&sec=business |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2008 |work=The Star |date=8 May 2008 |access-date=15 July 2008 }}</ref> In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Datuk Mustapa Mohamed{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}, stated that Petronas contributed RM 25 Billion to the country's treasury accounting for 25% of revenue collected via dividends and other revenues. Petronas continued to focus on international exploration projects as 40% of revenue in 2008 was derived from international projects such as [[Iran]], [[Sudan]], [[Chad]] and [[Mauritania]]. The company's international reserves stood at 6.24 billion barrels oil equivalent in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title= Petronas to focus on overseas ops| url= http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/16/business/21836412&sec=business| author=Joseph Chin| access-date=16 July 2008| date=16 July 2008| work= The Star}}</ref> On 9 April 2019, Petronas was praised for its role in the Sudanese oil and gas industry by Minister of Oil and Gas engineer Yagoub Adam Bashir Gamaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.energymixreport.com/sudans-oil-minister-briefed-on-petronas-activities-in-sudan/|title=Sudan's Oil Minister briefed on Petronas activities in Sudan|date=9 April 2019|website=Energy News {{!}} Oil and Gas News|language=en-US|access-date=12 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412010509/https://www.energymixreport.com/sudans-oil-minister-briefed-on-petronas-activities-in-sudan/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> On 29 October 2012, Petronas sources said it would renew a bid for gas producer, Progress Energy Resources after Canada blocked its bid earlier that month. The $6-billion bid was approved by Ottawa on 7 December 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-progress-petronas-idUSBRE89S03320121029|title=Petronas agrees to renew bid for Canada's Progress: sources |date=29 October 2012 |work= Reuters }}</ref> On 17 January 2013, Petronas issued a statement that an onshore oil and gas discovery has been made in the state after drilling a test well about 20 kilometres away from the city of Miri in northern [[Sarawak]]. The well was found to have a net hydrocarbon thickness of 349 meters. It had flow rates of 440 barrels of crude oil per day and 11.5 million standard cubic feet of gas per day. The find is the first onshore oil discovery in [[Malaysia]] in 24 years. <ref name=discovery2013>{{Cite news | title = Rich oil deposits discovered in Sarawak | publisher = Investvine.com | date = 19 January 2013 | url = http://investvine.com/rich-oil-deposits-discovered-in-sarawak/ | access-date = 19 January 2013 | archive-date = 6 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170106174239/http://investvine.com/rich-oil-deposits-discovered-in-sarawak/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref> On 2 May 2015, Petronas completed its acquisition of oil and gas assets in Azerbaijan from Norway's Statoil (now Equinor) for US$2.25 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Petronas closes $2.25 billion purchase of Statoil's Azerbaijan assets|date=5 May 2015|url=http://petroglobalnews.com/2015/05/petronas-closes-2-25-billion-purchase-of-statoils-azerbaijan-assets/|publisher=Petro Global News|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510013900/http://petroglobalnews.com/2015/05/petronas-closes-2-25-billion-purchase-of-statoils-azerbaijan-assets/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Plagued by the [[2010s oil glut]], Petronas reported on 26 February 2015 that it cut its 2015 capital expenditures budget after reporting a $2 billion fourth quarter loss, the company's first loss since it began reporting quarterly results five years ago.<ref>{{cite news|title=Petronas suffers first-ever loss — $2 billion in Q4|url=http://petroglobalnews.com/2015/03/petronas-suffers-first-ever-loss-2-billion-in-q4/|access-date=2 March 2015|publisher=Petro Global News}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 1 April 2017, Petronas' PFLNG Satu, is the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) facility, has achieved a new milestone with the successful loading of its first cargo at the Kanowit gas field, offshore Bintulu, Sarawak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.petronas.com.my/media-relations/media-releases/Pages/article/PETRONAS%E2%80%99-FIRST-FLOATING-LNG-FACILITY,-PFLNG-SATU.aspx|title=PETRONAS' FIRST FLOATING LNG FACILITY, PFLNG SATU ACHIEVES FIRST CARGO &#124; PETRONAS|website=www.petronas.com.my|language=en-us|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref> On 25 July 2017, Petronas cancelled a $36-billion [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) project, the Pacific Northwest LNG, which was considered ambitious and a priority in the [[Canadian province]] of [[British Columbia]]. Both the company and the province blamed poor global LNG market conditions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/commodities/energy/a-tragedy-for-canada-petronas-cancels-36b-lng-project-as-b-c-jacks-up-demands/wcm/de2567c8-499d-489f-9dec-3826a01c932c|title='A tragedy for Canada': Petronas cancels $36B LNG project as B.C. jacks up demands|date=26 July 2017|work=Financial Post|access-date=30 July 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> == Controversies == ===War crimes allegations in Sudan=== In June 2010, the European Coalition on Oil in Sudan (ECOS)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ecosonline.org |publisher=European Coalition on Oil in Sudan |title=ECOS Database}}</ref> published the report "Unpaid Debt",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/unpaid-debt-report |publisher=European Coalition on Oil in Sudan |access-date=28 June 2019 |title=Unpaid Debt, The legacy of Lundin, Petronas, and OMV in Block 5A, Sudan, 1997–2003}}</ref> that called upon the governments of Sweden, Austria, and Malaysia to look into allegations that PETRONAS, Fida Aziz, [[Lundin Petroleum]], and [[OMV]] may have been complicit in the commission of [[war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]] while operating in [[Block 5A, South Sudan]] (then [[Sudan]]), during the period 1997–2003. The reported crimes include indiscriminate attacks and intentional targeting of civilians, burning of shelters, pillage, destruction of objects necessary for survival, unlawful killing of civilians, rape of women, abduction of children, torture, and forced displacement. When the consortium that PETRONAS took part in operated in Block 5A, approximately 12,000 people died, and 160,000 were violently displaced from their land and homes, many forever. Satellite pictures taken between 1994 and 2003 show that the activities of PETRONAS in Sudan coincided with a spectacular drop in agricultural land use in its concession area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecosonline.org/reports/2009/Satellite_mapping_Block5a_small.pdf |publisher=Prins Engineering |date=30 August 2009 |title=Satellite mapping Block 5A |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> In June 2010, the Swedish public prosecutor for international crimes opened a criminal investigation into links between Sweden and the reported crimes. In 2016, Lundin Petroleum's Chairman Ian Lundin and CEO Alex Schneiter were informed that they were the suspects of the investigation. Sweden's Government gave the green light for the Public Prosecutor in October 2018 to indict the two top executives<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/reparations/39348-lundin-faces-prosecution-for-sudan-oil-war-abuses.html |title=Lundin faces prosecution for Sudan oil war abuses |publisher=Justice Info |date=23 October 2018 |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> On 1 November 2018, and the Swedish Prosecution Authority notified Lundin Petroleum AB that the company might be liable to a corporate fine and forfeiture of economic benefits of SEK 3,285 million (app. €315 million) for involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lundin-petroleum.com/download/lundin-petroleum-receives-information-regarding-a-potential-corporate-fine-and-forfeiture-of-economic-benefits-in-relation-to-past-operations-in-sudan/?wpdmdl=14539/ |publisher=Lundin Petroleum website |title=Regulatory disclosure |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119011030/https://www.lundin-petroleum.com/download/lundin-petroleum-receives-information-regarding-a-potential-corporate-fine-and-forfeiture-of-economic-benefits-in-relation-to-past-operations-in-sudan/?wpdmdl=14539/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Consequently, the company itself will also be charged, albeit indirectly, and will be legally represented in court. On 15 November 2018, the suspects were served with the draft charges and the case files.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/lundin-petroleum-receives-indictment.html |title=Lundin Petroleum Receives Final Notice before Indictment |access-date=29 June 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They will be indicted for aiding and abetting [[Transnational crime|international crimes]] and may face life imprisonment if found guilty.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/stream/48c2d29d-b0ea-4de1-81ae-7db98cef0bcf |title=Swedish oil bosses set to be charged on South Sudan |publisher=Financial Times |date=18 October 2018}}</ref> The trial is likely to begin early in 2022 and may take two years. The Swedish war crimes investigation raises the issue of access to remedy and reparation for victims of human rights violations linked with business activities. In May 2016, representatives of communities in Block 5A claimed their right to remedy and reparation and called upon PETRONAS and its shareholders to pay off their debt to them.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/remedy-claim/ |publisher=Unpaid Debt |title=Victim's Remedy Claim |access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref> A conviction in Sweden may provide some level of remedy and reparation for the few victims of human rights violations who will testify in court, but not for the other 200,000 victims who will not be represented in court. The Swedish court cannot impose obligations upon PETRONAS. On 23 May 2019, the T.M.C. Asser Institute for International Law in The Hague organised the conference 'Towards criminal liability of corporations for human rights violations: The Lundin case in Sweden'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEwrVwXN-nA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/PEwrVwXN-nA |archive-date=22 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Towards criminal liability of corporations for human rights violations: The Lundin case in Sweden|website=[[YouTube]]|date=23 May 2019 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> The international standard for business and human rights, the UNGP, underlines the duty of business enterprises to contribute to effective remedy of the adverse impact that it has caused or contributed to.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/GuidingprinciplesBusinesshr_eN.pdf|title=UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights}}</ref> The company has never publicly showed an interest in the adverse effects of its activities on the communities in its concession area. According to the Dutch peace organisation PAX, PETRONAS, Lundin Petroleum, OMV, as well as their shareholders are disregarding the human rights standards that they claim to respect, because they, ''A''. never conducted appropriate due diligence for their Sudanese operations; ''B''. made no effort to know their human rights impacts; and ''C''. do not show how they address alleged adverse human rights impacts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/consortium/ |publisher=PAX |title=How Lundin, OMV, and Petronas do not respect human rights}}</ref> PETRONAS Carigali Overseas Sdn Bhd, a wholly owned subsidiary of PETRONAS Group of Companies, held a 28.5% share in the consortium that acquired the right to explore and develop oil deposits in Block 5A. In 2003, Lundin Petroleum and OMV sold their interest following a public outcry about the role of the consortium in Sudan's [[oil war]]. PETRONAS picked up Lundin's 40.375% working interest for a cash payment of US$142.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lundin-petroleum.com/timeline/lundin-2003-2/|title=Lundin 2003}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As the operator of the consortium, Lundin Petroleum was responsible for day-to-day management. Still, it stood under the supervision of the Operating Committee, that exercised "overall direction and control of all matters pertaining to the Joint Operations and the Joint Property". PETRONAS was permanently represented in the Operating Committee and has never publicly distanced itself from any of its decisions.<ref>Joint Operating Agreement between IPC Sudan Limited and Petronas Carigali Overseasn Sdn Bhd and OMV (SUDAN) Exploration GmbH and Sudapet Ltd. SUDAN BLOCK 5A, 7 April 1999.</ref> PETRONAS has never publicly responded to the allegations of negative impacts in Sudan or discussed the issue with local communities. The company is not known to have taken adequate measures to prevent involvement in human rights violations during the oil war or to undo the adverse impacts of its consortium's operations. PETRONAS was a loyal participant in the consortium that operated in Block 5A and had a substantial say in the way it operated. Therefore, the suspicions against the consortium's top managers also concern PETRONAS. The company is wholly owned by the Malaysian State. According to the UN Guiding Principles, abuse of human rights by a business enterprise that is wholly or partially controlled by a State, may entail a violation of that State's own international law obligations.<ref>UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, p. 7.</ref> In early October 2021, the [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan|Sudanese transitional government]] made moves to confiscate PETRONAS' assets, alleging that they had been acquired through illegal means under the rule of ousted [[President of Sudan|Sudanese President]] [[Omar al-Bashir]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aslan |first1=Dilara |title=Sudanese government seeks confiscation of Malaysia's Petronas' assets |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Daily Sabah]] |date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064956/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |archive-date=8 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 October, the Sudanese transitional government issued an arrest warrant for PETRONAS's country manager.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aslan |first1=Dilara |title=Sudan issues arrest warrant for Petronas country manager: Sources |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudan-issues-arrest-warrant-for-petronas-country-manager-sources |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Daily Sabah]] |date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064956/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |archive-date=8 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, the Malaysian Government summoned the Sudanese charge d'affaires and urged the Sudanese government to honour the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Treaty and to respect the sanctity of the Malaysian Embassy, which was housed in the same complex as the PETRONAS Sudan Complex in [[Khartoum]]. PETRONAS has also sought to cancel the manager's arrest warrant and submitted a request for arbitration at the [[World Bank]]'s [[International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes]] (ICSID).<ref>{{cite web |title=Issue of Petronas Sudan Complex in Khartoum |url=https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/issue-of-petronas-sudan-complex-in-khartoum |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013141919/https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/issue-of-petronas-sudan-complex-in-khartoum |archive-date=13 October 2021 |date=13 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia urges Sudan to honour bilateral treaty, observe sanctity of a diplomatic premise over Petronas Sudan Complex |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/13/malaysia-urges-sudan-to-honour-bilateral-treaty-observe-sanctity-of-a-diplo/2013155 |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Malay Mail]] |date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013153724/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/13/malaysia-urges-sudan-to-honour-bilateral-treaty-observe-sanctity-of-a-diplo/2013155 |archive-date=13 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Siew Mung |title=Petronas pursuing legal action to cancel arrest warrant issued against ex-officers |url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-pursuing-legal-action-cancel-arrest-warrant-issued-against-exofficers |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[The Edge (Malaysia)|The Edge]] |date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014061101/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-pursuing-legal-action-cancel-arrest-warrant-issued-against-exofficers |archive-date=14 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Middle East Monitor]] contributor Nasim Ahmed opined that the Sudanese government's actions against Malaysian, Turkish, Qatari and Chinese companies were part of a foreign policy shift to court Western investors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Nasim |title=Sudan is turning on former allies under the pretext of fighting corruption |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210928-sudan-is-turning-on-former-allies-under-the-pretext-of-fighting-corruption/ |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Middle East Monitor]] |date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009230119/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210928-sudan-is-turning-on-former-allies-under-the-pretext-of-fighting-corruption/ |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> Former federal counsel and [[University of Technology Malaysia]] visiting professor Salleh Buang opined that the Sudanese government's actions violated international law on the undue expropriation of commercial assets without adequate compensation, citing the 1927 [[Chorzów Factory case]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buang |first1=Salleh |title=Making sense of Sudan's move against Petronas |url=https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2021/10/735297/making-sense-sudans-move-against-petronas |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013094755/https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2021/10/735297/making-sense-sudans-move-against-petronas |archive-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> ===2022 seizure of Luxembourg assets=== {{Main|North Borneo dispute#Seizure of Malaysian foreign assets}} In February 2022, a French arbitration court known as the ''[[Tribunal de grande instance de Paris]]'' ordered the Malaysian Government to pay at least US$14.9 billion (RM 62.59 billion) to the descendants of the [[Sultanate of Sulu]], who have laid claim to the Malaysian state of [[Sabah]]. To enforce the award, the claimants filed a ''saisie-arret'' (seize order) on 11 July 2022 for Luxembourg authorities to seize two Luxembourg-based subsidiaries of PETRONAS: PETRONAS Azerbaijan (Shah Deniz) and PETRONAS South Caucasus units. The descendants' territorial claim to Sabah dated back to an 1878 agreement between Baron [[Gustav Overbeck]] and [[Alfred Dent]] of the [[British North Borneo Company]] and the-then Sultan of Sulu Jamal Al Alam of Sulu. While the British and Malaysian Governments claimed that the Sultan had permanently ceded North Borneo, the descendants of the Sultan and the Philippines Government have contended that the Sultan had merely leased the territory. Until 2013, the Malaysian Government had paid eight claimants to the Sultanate of Sulu an annual rent of RM5,300. Following the [[2013 Lahad Datu standoff]], the Malaysian Government had terminated the annual stipends; prompting these descendants to pursue legal action.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zulkaflee |first=Ikhwan |title=International Court Ruled That Malaysia Must Pay RM62 Billion To Sulu Sultan's Descendents [sic] |url=https://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2022/03/01/international-court-ruled-that-malaysia-must-pay-rm62-billion-to-sulu-sultans-descendents/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=TRP |date=March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Indian Express explainer">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rishika |title=Explained: Why a late Sultan's heirs want Malaysia to pay $15bn over a colonial-era land dispute |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/explained/malaysia-petronas-dispute-sulu-kingdom-sultan-8038849/|access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720080520/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/malaysia-petronas-dispute-sulu-kingdom-sultan-8038849/ |archive-date=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera 13 July 2022">{{cite news |title=Malaysia's Petronas to fight seizure of Luxembourg assets |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/7/13/malaysias-petronas-to-fight-seizure-of-luxembourg-assets |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720125745/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/7/13/malaysias-petronas-to-fight-seizure-of-luxembourg-assets |archive-date=20 July 2022}}</ref> On 13 July, the Malaysian Government obtained a stay on the French court's ruling, with [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] stating that the ruling undermined Malaysian sovereignty. In addition, PETRONAS described the seize order as "baseless" and stated it would contest the enforcement actions. It also stated that the two affected subsidiaries had already divested their assets in Azerbaijan and repatriated all their proceeds.<ref name="Al Jazeera 13 July 2022" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tay |first1=Chester |last2=Khalid |first2=Sulhi |title=Petronas says seized Luxembourg units have already divested Azerbaijan assets |url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-says-seized-luxembourg-units-have-already-divested-azerbaijan-assets |access-date=21 July 2022 |publisher=[[The Edge (Malaysia)|The Edge Markets]] |date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714152904/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-says-seized-luxembourg-units-have-already-divested-azerbaijan-assets |archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas says taking steps to protect global assets after seizure of Luxembourg units |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-says-taking-steps-protect-global-assets-after-seizure-luxembourg-units-2022-07-18/ |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=18 July 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726031438/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-says-taking-steps-protect-global-assets-after-seizure-luxembourg-units-2022-07-18/|archive-date=26 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 July, Malaysian opposition politicians unsuccessfully demanded a debate on the seizure order against PETRONAS' assets in the [[Malaysian Parliament]] but were blocked by the Speaker of the House on procedural grounds. [[Minister in the Prime Minister's Department|Law Minister]] [[Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar]] stated that the stay would prevent the final award from being enforced in any county until a final decision by the French court regarding the Malaysian government's application that the February court ruling be cancelled. By contrast, lawyers representing the Sultanate of Sulu claimants contended that the stay on the award was only valid in France and remained enforceable in other international jurisdictions, citing a United Nations treaty on international arbitration.<ref name="Indian Express explainer" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Paris court grants Malaysia's application to suspend claims by purported heirs of Sultan Jamilul Kiram II |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/07/813311/paris-court-grants-malaysias-application-suspend-claims-purported-heirs |work=[[New Straits Times]] |agency=[[Bernama]] |date=14 July 2022}}</ref> In September 2022, the heirs asked the Hague Court of Appeal to recognise and enforce the award in the Netherlands, and allow them to seize Malaysian assets to this end.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Latiff, Rozanna |author2=Ananthalakshmi, A. |date=29 September 2022 |title=Late Sultan's heirs press $15 bln claim, target Malaysian assets in Netherlands |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/late-sultans-heirs-ask-dutch-court-enforce-15-bln-award-against-malaysia-2022-09-29/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> They attempted to do the same in France and Luxembourg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dutch Court Rules in Malaysia's Favor in Sulu Heirs Case |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/06/dutch-court-rules-in-malaysias-favor-in-sulu-heirs-case/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2023, a Luxembourg court reportedly set aside the heirs' request to enforce the $15 billion arbitration award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Malaysia says Luxembourg court sets aside request to enforce $15 bln arbitration award |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysia-says-luxembourg-court-sets-aside-request-enforce-15-bln-arbitration-2023-01-26/}}</ref> However, shortly after, a Luxembourg district court issued new orders to seize holdings and assets belonging to Petronas in mid-February.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=Paris court upholds Malaysia's stay on Sulu heirs award |url=https://www.luxtimes.lu/businessandfinance/paris-court-upholds-malaysia-s-stay-on-sulu-heirs-award/1356200.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=luxembourg-times-online |language=en}}</ref> Petronas has two holding companies in Luxembourg called Petronas Azerbaijan and Petronas South Caucasus which are related to the state-owned oil company's activities around the Caspian sea.<ref name=":0" /> Petronas confirmed the new seizure order for the two units and their parent company, but reiterated the heirs' actions were baseless and that the company will continue to defend its legal position.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Latiff |first=Rozana |date=17 February 2023 |title=Petronas units in Luxembourg seized again in $15 bln arbitration dispute |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-units-luxembourg-seized-again-15-bln-arbitration-dispute-2023-02-16/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> On 14 March, the Paris Court of Appeal ruled that Sulu claimants' challenge to a stay order filed by Malaysia last year was "inadmissible".<ref name=":0" /> The court handed another "decisive victory" to Malaysia on 4 June, when it found that the arbitral tribunal that had heard the petition filed by the Sulu heirs did not have jurisdiction over the case.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Malaysia hails 'victory' in row with Sulu sultan's Filipino heirs |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/7/malaysia-wins-decisive-victory-in-row-with-sulu-sultans-heirs |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> According to the Malaysian Law Minister, this judgement implied that the Paris Court of Appeal will also annual the $14.9 billion award handed down earlier.<ref name=":1" /> On the other hand, the claimants said they would now consider their options before the French Supreme Court.<ref name=":1" /> On 27 June, Malaysia won another legal victory, with the Hague Court of Appeal dismissing a bid to enforce the $15 billion award.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |author1=Stephanie van den Berg |author2=Rozanna Latiff |date=27 June 2023 |title=Dutch court rules sultan's heirs cannot seize Malaysian assets |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/dutch-court-rules-sultan-heirs-cannot-seize-malaysian-assets-2023-06-27/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> According to Reuters, the Dutch judges sided with Malaysia, saying the original pact lacked a clause binding parties to arbitration and the French stay meant the claim was not enforceable in the Netherlands.<ref name=":2" /> While lawyer [[Paul Cohen (lawyer)|Paul Cohen]], acting for the Sulu heirs, said they were disappointed with the court decision, Malaysia's Prime Minister, Anwar Ibrahim, welcomed the decision, stating, "Malaysia trusts that today's decision ... will put an end to the frivolous attempts of the claimants to enforce the purported final award in other jurisdiction".<ref name=":2" /> On 8 January 2023, it was announced that [[Gonzalo Stampa]], the Spanish arbitrator who had awarded the arbitral sum against Malaysia, had been convicted of contempt of court for "knowingly disobeying rulings and orders from the Madrid High Court of Justice", and sentenced to six months in prison.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arbitrator's Guilty Verdict Puts UK Funder's Investment at Risk |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/arbitrators-guilty-verdict-puts-uk-funders-investment-at-risk |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=news.bloomberglaw.com |language=en}}</ref> According to Law360, the Spanish courts' decision to move ahead with criminal proceedings against Stampa is a significant "victory for the Malaysian government".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arbitrator Who Issued $14.9B Award Against Malaysia Indicted - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1765396/arbitrator-who-issued-14-9b-award-against-malaysia-indicted |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref> On 5 January 2024, Stampa was convicted for contempt of court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Bianca |date=19 January 2024 |title=Arbitrator in $14.9bn case jailed following intervention by Malaysia |url=https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/arbitrator-in-149bn-case-jailed-following-intervention-by-malaysia/5118364.article |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=Law Gazette |language=en}}</ref> He was sentenced to six months in prison and banned from acting as an arbitrator for one year for "knowingly disobeying rulings and orders from the Madrid High Court of Justice".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arbitrator's Guilty Verdict Puts UK Funder's Investment at Risk |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/arbitrators-guilty-verdict-puts-uk-funders-investment-at-risk |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=Bloomberg Law |language=en}}</ref> On 17 May 2024 the Madrid Court of Appeal upheld the contempt of court conviction and sentence against Stampa, upholding his six-month prison sentence, and a one-year ban from practising as an arbitrator.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=BERNAMA |title=Sulu Case: Madrid Court of Appeal upholds Stampa's conviction, sentence |url=https://thesun.my/local-news/sulu-case-madrid-court-of-appeal-upholds-stampa-s-conviction-sentence-BB12466373 |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=The Sun |language=en-MY}}</ref> On 30 May 2024, Petronas moved a Manhattan court to seek directions for litigation funding firm Therium and its parent company to turn over subpoenaed financial documents and communications. Petronas' Azerbaijani arm said it would sue the companies and their lawyers in Spain over losses from the seizure of assets in Luxembourg.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Petronas units in Luxembourg seized again in $15 bln arbitration dispute" |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-units-luxembourg-seized-again-15-bln-arbitration-dispute-2023-02-16/ }}</ref> On 7 November 2024, the French Court of Cassation—the highest court in the French judicial system—annulled a $15 billion arbitration ruling against Malaysia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2024 |title=Un Jugement historique inaugure une nouvelle ère de progrès pour les tribunaux européens |url=https://www.latribune.fr/supplement/la-tribune-now/un-jugement-historique-inaugure-une-nouvelle-ere-de-progres-pour-les-tribunaux-europeens-1011299.html |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=La Tribune |language=fr}}</ref> This decision marked a significant legal victory for Malaysia and reinforced its sovereignty in a dispute with the self-proclaimed Sulu heirs.<ref name=":3" /> The ruling highlighted irregularities in the arbitration process led by [[Gonzalo Stampa]] and raised concerns about practices such as forum shopping and unregulated litigation funding in European courts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Supreme Court Rejects Enforcement of Jurisdictional Award |url=https://natlawreview.com/article/french-supreme-court-track-annul-us15-billion-award-against-malaysia#google_vignette |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=natlawreview.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia Wins $15B Arbitration Case Against Sulu Heirs - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/2257972/malaysia-wins-15b-arbitration-case-against-sulu-heirs |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref> The French court's decision was deemed a significant "win" for Malaysia that effectively marked the end of the Sulu case by several publications, including Law.com and Law360.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia Wins $15B Arbitration Case Against Sulu Heirs - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/2257972/malaysia-wins-15b-arbitration-case-against-sulu-heirs |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=French High Court Rejects Sultanate 'Heirs' $15 Billion Claim Against Malaysia |url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2024/11/11/french-high-court-rejects-sultanate-heirs-15-billion-claim-against-malaysia/?slreturn=20241219121833 |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=Law.com International |language=en}}</ref>  Keith Ellison, former vice-chairman of the Democratic National Committee and Minnesota attorney general, pointed out that the case highlighted the enormous scope for "corruption," irresponsible profiteering, and foreign influence operations to subvert arbitration proceedings".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bensoussan |first=David |date=1 October 2024 |title=L'impasse politique de la France sera le plus grand cadeau pour Poutine à ce jour |url=https://42mag.fr/2024/10/limpasse-politique-de-la-france-sera-le-plus-grand-cadeau-pour-poutine-a-ce-jour/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=42mag.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ==Corporate affairs== PETRONAS is a legal entity incorporated under the Malaysian Companies Act and reports to the company's Board of Directors. The Malaysian federal government is the sole shareholder of the company. Key positions in the company are all appointees from the federal government. The federal government also controls the amount of dividend payout to finance the yearly budget of the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas' money is government's money |url=https://www.tnb.com.my/assets/newsclip/04042022c1.pdf |access-date=9 June 2022 |publisher=The Edge, Malaysia |date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609144039/https://www.tnb.com.my/assets/newsclip/04042022c1.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> In December 2019, prime minister Mahathir Mohamad mooted an idea of selling a percentage of PETRONAS stake to Sabah and Sarawak because the [[Pakatan Harapan]] government was unable to fulfill its promise of giving 20% oil royalty to both the states.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia's PM Mahathir considering selling stakes in Petronas to Sabah and Sarawak |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-pm-mahathir-says-considering-selling-stakes-in-petronas-to-sabah-and-sarawak |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=The Straits Times |date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305160158/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-pm-mahathir-says-considering-selling-stakes-in-petronas-to-sabah-and-sarawak |archive-date=5 March 2021}}</ref> The price of the purchase was reported to be RM 8 billion for one per cent of the company. Such proposal met cold response from Sarawak. This is because once the shares are bought, Sarawak can only become a minority shareholder. Sarawak therefore would not have much voice in the PETRONAS board meetings. Due to its high share price, the money, once invested, may have difficulty to break even in the future.<ref>{{cite news |title=Minos: not worth it for Sarawak to buy shares in Petronas |url=https://dayakdaily.com/minos-not-worth-it-for-sarawak-to-buy-shares-in-petronas/ |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=Dayak Daily |date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220610124358/https://dayakdaily.com/minos-not-worth-it-for-sarawak-to-buy-shares-in-petronas/ |archive-date=10 June 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> A lawmaker from Sarawak stated that PETRONAS acts as a trustee for the oil and gas fields in both the states; therefore, it makes no sense of buying a property that should have been already owned by the state governments.<ref>{{cite news |title=How about giving Petronas to Sarawak and Sabah? |url=https://sarawakvoice.com/2019/12/12/how-about-giving-petronas-to-sarawak-and-sabah/ |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=Sarawak Voice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610123727/https://sarawakvoice.com/2019/12/12/how-about-giving-petronas-to-sarawak-and-sabah/ |archive-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> The brand valuation of PETRONAS as of January 2021 was US$12 billion (RM 48 billion according to conversion rate of US$1.00 to RM 4.00).<ref>{{cite web |title=Brand value of Petronas from 2015 to 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1189070/brand-value-of-petronas-globally/#:~:text=Petronas'%20brand%20value%20worldwide%202015%2D2022&text=The%20public%20Malaysian%20oil%20and,oil%20and%20gas%20companies%20globally. |publisher=[[Statista]] |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506190020/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1189070/brand-value-of-petronas-globally/ |archive-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> Total stockholder equity as of February 2021 was US$82 billion (RM 328 billion).<ref>{{cite web |title=Global 500 - Petronas |url=https://fortune.com/company/petronas/global500/ |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225143608/https://fortune.com/company/petronas/global500/ |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> ===Production sharing contracts=== Production-sharing contract (PSC) was signed between PETRONAS and other foreign oil companies in 1976. A ratio of 70:30 was agreed upon where for total amount of oil produced, other oil companies will take 20% of oil for cost recovery (cost oil), and the remaining 10% will be taken as oil royalty and shared equally between federal and respective state governments. The remaining 70% of oil (profit oil) will be divided again according to 70:30 formula where PETRONAS will take 70% and 30% goes to respective oil companies. Both PETRONAS and other oil companies will be subjected to 45% income tax by the federal government. Besides, 70% of any increase in oil price from the base price of US$12.72 will go to PETRONAS and the base price will increase by 5% each year so other oil companies will be able to cover for any cost inflation. In return, PETRONAS will not take over the equity of other oil companies. Each oil company will contribute 0.5% for a petroleum research fund.<ref name="Muhammad 1978">{{cite book |last1=Muhammad |first1=Anuar Adnan |title=The Petroleum Industry in Malaysia |date=June 1978 |publisher=University of London |page=80 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28739/1/10672907.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530050937/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28739/1/10672907.pdf |access-date=27 October 2021|archive-date=30 May 2020 }}</ref><ref name="CCOP">{{cite web |title=Overview of Malaysian PSC |url=http://www.ccop.or.th/ppm/document/CAWS4/MalaysianPSC.pdf |publisher=Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP) |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512074005/http://www.ccop.or.th/ppm/document/CAWS4/MalaysianPSC.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2022}}</ref> Another PSC (the deep-water model) was developed in 1985 to attract other oil companies to enter the Malaysian oil mining scene, while taking into account the rising cost of oil exploration (cost oil of 28%). Sharing of oil revenue become more flexible, depending upon the depth of the oil is found. The deeper the oil seeps (from 200 meters to more than 1&nbsp;km), the higher the cost oil (50 to 75%). However, foreign oil companies will get higher share of profit oil (from 30 to 85%) in deep-water oil mining.<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> In 1997, revenue over cost (R/C) model was adopted for PSC. PETRONAS will get higher share of profit oil as R/C ratio increases.<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> In the meantime, 10% oil royalty stays the same throughout the years. Overall, PETRONAS earns 13.3% on R/C model and 12.5% on deep-water model. Meanwhile, the federal government earns 37% in R/C model and 25% in deep-water model.<ref name="CCOP"/> ===Finances=== PETRONAS has been publishing its financial reports online since 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports |url=https://www.petronas.com/media/reports |publisher=Petronas |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209084740/https://www.petronas.com/media/reports |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Noorshahrizam |first1=Shahrin Aizat |title=Are Petronas finances a secret? Hardly, minister says reports available publicly, so no need to debate in Parliament |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/11/22/are-petronas-finances-a-secret-hardly-minister-says-reports-available-publi/2022713 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122140542/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/11/22/are-petronas-finances-a-secret-hardly-minister-says-reports-available-publi/2022713 |archive-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> However, certain quarters demanded detailed profit and loss accounts and reports on PSCs with other companies for transparency instead of just providing a summary of profits before tax.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Teo |first1=Richard |title=Why Petronas accounts are secret |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55721 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=22 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125171550/https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55721 |archive-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tunstile |title=Petronas accounts a secret due to us |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55834 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=24 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126135417/https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55834 |archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghazali |first1=Rahmah |title=Reveal accounts, not financial records, Petronas told |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/84642 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=18 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610021504/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/84642 |archive-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> Responding to allegations of public funds mismanagement, PETRONAS responded that its profits are managed by the Malaysian federal government, not by the company itself.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Petronas Staff |title=Don't ask Petronas how profits used, ask... |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/84737 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=19 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011150549/http://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/84737 |archive-date=11 October 2008}}</ref> In 2007, PETRONAS revenue come from petroleum exports from Malaysia (50%), domestic operations (20%) and international operations (30%).<ref>{{cite web |last1=von Der Mehden |first1=Fred R |last2=Troner |first2=AL |title=Petronas - a national oil company with international vision |url=https://www.resourcedata.org/dataset/rgi-petronas-a-national-oil-company-with-an-international-vision |publisher=James Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220603122436/https://www.resourcedata.org/dataset/rgi-petronas-a-national-oil-company-with-an-international-vision |archive-date=3 June 2022 |date=March 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> The weightage of the revenue streams were similar in 2020, where international operations accounted for 33% of total revenue received by PETRONAS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial Review and Other Information - Revenue by Geographical Trade |url=https://www.petronas.com/integrated-report/files/PETRONAS-IR20-Financial-Review-and-Other-Information.pdf |publisher=Petronas |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603121209/https://www.petronas.com/integrated-report/files/PETRONAS-IR20-Financial-Review-and-Other-Information.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> PETRONAS continuously provides the Malaysian government dividends from its profits. Since its inception in 1974, PETRONAS have paid the government RM 403.3 billion, with RM 67.6 billion in 2008. The payment represents 44% of the 2008 federal government revenue.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chin |first1=Joseph |title=Petronas posts record profit, declares RM6b dividend to govt (updated) |url=http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/15/business/20080715121235&sec=business |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=The Star (Malaysia) |date=15 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821001815/http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/15/business/20080715121235&sec=business |archive-date=21 August 2008}}</ref> PETRONAS paid RM 54 billion in dividends to the federal government in 2019. In 2022, PETRONAS contributed RM 50 billion to the federal government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas to double dividend payment to government this year, to RM50bil from RM25bil promised earlier |url=https://www.nst.com.my/business/2022/08/827012/petronas-double-dividend-payment-government-year-rm50bil-rm25bil-promised |access-date=8 March 2023 |publisher=New Straits Times |date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831170444/https://www.nst.com.my/business/2022/08/827012/petronas-double-dividend-payment-government-year-rm50bil-rm25bil-promised |archive-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>[[File:Petronas 2013 logo.svg|thumb|150px|Petronas logo, 2013–present]] === Corporate identity === Petronas's logo was created in 1974<ref name="version"/><ref name="brands"/> by Dato Johan Ariff of Johan Design Associates.<ref name="brands">{{cite web |title=Petronas |url=https://www.brandsoftheworld.com/logo/petronas |website=Brands of the World |access-date=6 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204060608/https://www.brandsoftheworld.com/logo/petronas |archive-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> On 22 July 2013, Petronas unveiled a refreshed version of its corporate logo in that year's Asia Oil and Gas Conference, symbolising the growth and progression of its brand. It is the third iteration of the logo.<ref name="version">{{cite news |title=Petronas unveils refreshed version of logo |url=http://www.btimes.com.my/articles/20130611011418/Article/#selection-645.100-645.127 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130723083200/http://www.btimes.com.my/articles/20130611011418/Article/#selection-645.100-645.127 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 July 2013 |work=Business Times (Malaysia) |date=23 July 2013}}</ref> ==Subsidiaries== PETRONAS has more than 100 subsidiaries and around 40 Joint Venture companies in which PETRONAS has at least 50% stake in the company. Although PETRONAS is considering to listing more of its subsidiaries,<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas to mull possibility of listing units |url=http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/20090810132042/Article/index_html |publisher=Business Times |date=10 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812011820/http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/20090810132042/Article/index_html |archive-date=12 August 2009 }}</ref> so far the company has listed at least 3 of its subsidiaries in the [[Bursa Malaysia]]. ===PETRONAS Dagangan Berhad=== [[File:YosriNov2004StesenMinyakPetronas.jpg|thumb|350px|right |A PETRONAS petrol station at km 54, Karak-Kuala Lumpur Highway]] Involved in the distribution and sale of finished petroleum products and operations of service stations for the domestic market. The company has over 800 petrol stations around Malaysia as of July 2007,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/Business|title=Malaysia Business & Finance News, Stock Updates &#124; The Star|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref> and further increased to 870 stations in January 2008.<ref>[http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/Tuesday/Latest/20080129161234/Article/index_html Petronas teams up with Maybank, CIMB] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201112935/http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/Tuesday/Latest/20080129161234/Article/index_html |date=1 February 2008 }}</ref> The company has also teamed up with local food and beverage companies, banks and transportation companies to provide better services at their petrol stations. Companies include [[McDonald's]], [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]], [[Dunkin' Donuts]], [[Konsortium Transnasional Berhad]], [[Maybank]], and [[CIMB|CIMB Bank]]. ===PETRONAS Gas Berhad=== Involved in the provision of gas processing and transmission services to PETRONAS and its customers as a throughput company. Owns and operates the [[Peninsular Gas Pipeline]] which is 2,550 kilometres in length and runs from [[Kerteh]] in Terengganu to [[Johor Bahru]] in the South and [[Kangar]] in the North of Peninsular Malaysia. ===MISC Berhad=== {{main|MISC Berhad}} Involved in ship-owning, ship-operating and other logistics and maritime transportation services and activities. ===KLCC Properties Berhad=== {{main|KLCC Properties}} Involves in the development and the management of the Kuala Lumpur City Centre project which includes the [[Petronas Twin Towers|PETRONAS Twin Towers]], [[Menara Exxon Mobil]] and [[KLCC Park]]. Other properties under its care include [[Dayabumi Complex]] which is located near [[Dataran Merdeka]]. ===PETRONAS Chemicals=== The PETRONAS Chemicals is the latest company to be publicly listed. The IPO was done on 26 November 2010 with investor raise around US$4.40 billion, effectively becoming one of the largest IPO exercises in South East Asia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Petronas Chemicals shares open up 13pc on debut |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/business/article/petronas-chemicals-shares-open-up-13pc-on-debut/ |date=26 December 2010 |publisher=The Malaysian Insider |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105201136/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/business/article/petronas-chemicals-shares-open-up-13pc-on-debut/ |archive-date=5 January 2011 }}</ref> The business is the largest petrochemical producer and seller in South East Asia. Products include [[olefins]], [[polymers]], fertilizers, [[methanol]] and other basic chemicals and derivative products.<ref>{{cite news| title= Petronas Chemicals| url= http://www.petronaschemicals.com/index.html| date= 12 January 2011| access-date= 12 January 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130304111016/http://www.petronaschemicals.com/index.html| archive-date= 4 March 2013| url-status= dead}}</ref> In 2022, the company acquired Swedish speciality plastics company Perstorp from [[PAI Partners]] for €2.3 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paipartners.com/mediaitem/pai-partners-agrees-sale-of-perstorp-to-petronas-chemicals-group/|title=PAI Partners agrees sale of Perstorp to Petronas Chemicals Group|date=17 May 2022|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canplastics.com/materials/petronas-completes-acquisition-of-swedish-specialty-chemicals-group-perstorp/1003459563/|title=Petronas completes acquisition of Swedish specialty chemicals group Perstorp|work=Canadian Plastics|date=12 October 2022|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref> ===Malaysian Marine and Heavy Engineering=== {{main|Malaysian Marine and Heavy Engineering}} MMHE was listing on 29 October 2010 with MYR 1 billion raised on its IPO exercise. The business builds offshore structures for oil and gas applications, help repair large vessels and converts vessels into [[Floating production storage and offloading]] and FSOs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysian Marine & Heavy Engineering Core Business |url=http://www.mmhe.com.my/Businesses/Pages/default.aspx |date=12 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130233536/http://www.mmhe.com.my/Businesses/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=30 November 2010 }}</ref> === New Biorefinery Joint Venture with Eniive SpA === In 2024, Petronas, Italy's [[Eni|Enilive SpA]], and Japan's Euglena Co. announced a final investment decision to establish a biorefinery in Malaysia. A joint venture will oversee the construction, slated to begin in the fourth quarter of this year at Petronas's integrated refinery and petrochemical complex in Pengerang, Johor. The facility is designed to process approximately 650,000 tons of raw materials annually, producing sustainable aviation fuel, hydrogenated vegetable oil, and bio-naphtha. The biorefinery is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2028.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2024 |title=Petronas, Enilive and Euglena to develop biorefinery in Malaysia's Pengerang |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/petronas-enilive-euglena-develop-biorefinery-malaysias-pengerang-2024-07-26/}}</ref> ===Other principal subsidiaries=== Some of the key subsidiaries are:- * PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd – Main [[Hydrocarbon exploration]] arm * E&P O&M Services Sdn Bhd (EPOMS) – Main Oil & Gas Maintenance Services – Cendor Phase 2 FPSO project, Bertam, Sepat, Layang, Gumusut-Kakap * PETRONAS Carigali Overseas Sdn Bhd – [[Hydrocarbon exploration]] arm aimed at finding new blocks in international areas * PETRONAS Research Sdn Bhd – Conducting research and development * MITCO Sdn Bhd – International Trading of non-oil assets * [[Petronas Fertiliser Kedah|PETRONAS Fertiliser Kedah]] – Creating [[urea]] fertiliser * [[Petronas Methanol (Labuan)|PETRONAS Methanol (Labuan) Sdn. Bhd. (PMLSB)]] – Methanol plant Others include PETRONAS Assets Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Maritime Services Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Selenia (OEM Oil for [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]], AREXONS); PETRONAS Trading Corp. Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Argentina S.A.; PETRONAS Australia Pty Ltd.; PETRONAS Thailand Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS Energy Philippines Inc.; PETRONAS Cambodia Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS Technical Services Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Group Technical Solutions Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS South Africa Pty Ltd.; PETRONAS India Holdings Company Pte Ltd.; PETRONAS China Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS International Corp. Ltd.; PETRONAS Marketing Thailand Co. Ltd.; Myanmar PETRONAS Trading Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS Canada; PETRONAS Marketing (Netherlands) B.V. and Indianoil PETRONAS ==Commercial automotive and motorcycle partnerships== PETRONAS is an official recommended flagship fuel and lubricants for [[Mercedes-Benz]] (including [[Mercedes-AMG]] models), [[PROTON Holdings|Proton]], [[Perodua]], and [[Tata Motors]] for automobiles. They are also recommended fuel and lubricants for [[Modenas]] and [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha motorcycles]]. ==Motorsport== ===Car racing=== [[File:Starting grid of 2010 Malaysian GP.jpg|thumb|PETRONAS sponsored the Formula One [[Malaysian Grand Prix]] as the title sponsor since its inaugural race in [[1999 Malaysian Grand Prix|1999]] until the [[2017 Malaysian Grand Prix|last race in 2017]]|left]] [[File:Sauber C23 5.JPG|thumb|The [[Sauber C23]] as used in the [[2004 Formula One season]], exhibited at the Galeria Perdana on Langkawi Island, Malaysia.]] PETRONAS was one of the main [[sponsor (commercial)|sponsors]] of the [[BMW in Formula One|BMW Sauber]] [[Formula One]] team alongside [[Intel]], and supplied [[lubricant]]s and [[fuel]] to the team. It also owned 40% of [[Sauber Petronas Engineering|Sauber PETRONAS Engineering]], the company that builds chassis which formerly used [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] designed engines used by the Sauber team, until being bought out by German motor company [[BMW]]. PETRONAS was also the main sponsor for the [[Malaysian Grand Prix]], and co-sponsored the [[Chinese Grand Prix]], and the inaugural [[Korean Grand Prix]]. PETRONAS was the exclusive premium partner of the [[Sauber Petronas|Sauber PETRONAS]] (1995–2005) and [[BMW in Formula One|BMW Sauber]] (2006–2009) F1 teams. BMW had acquired the controlling stake of the former Sauber PETRONAS Engineering, but left the sport after the 2009 season. On 21 December 2009, PETRONAS was confirmed as moving from BMW Sauber to the newly formed [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes AMG PETRONAS Formula One]] team.<ref name="Petronas Mercedes">{{cite web | url=http://www.brawngp.com/readstory.asp?bgp=j%C1%AA%C0rZ%7Df | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224101048/http://www.brawngp.com/readstory.asp?bgp=j%C1%AA%C0rZ%7Df | archive-date=24 December 2009 | title=Official site of the Brawn GP Formula One Team - News }}</ref> In terms of further Formula One involvement, every year PETRONAS took the BMW Sauber team to various parts of Malaysia for F1 demos, so the public who are unable to go to the track itself get to experience a little bit of what F1 offers. Other promotional events are held in the run up to the race and the drivers play an integral part in this so much so that [[Nick Heidfeld]] conceded that there were more fans for BMW Sauber in Malaysia than in most other countries. [[File:The frontview of No.1 PETRONAS TEAM TOM'S FN09.JPG|thumb]] [[File:Andre Lotterer 2010 Super GT Fuji 400km qualify Super Lap.jpg|thumb|PETRONAS supported [[TOM'S]], a [[Toyota]] automobile racing squad in [[Super GT]] between [[2008 Super GT Series|2008]] and [[2015 Super GT Series|2015]]]] PETRONAS also sponsors many other sporting events and teams, mostly motorsports. Some of these sponsorships include the PERT (PETRONAS EON Rally Team), and also the PETRONAS Adventure Team, a 4X4 adventure team. More recently PETRONAS was also a major sponsor for [[TOM'S|PETRONAS TOYOTA TEAM TOM'S]] which was participating in [[Super GT]] series, which they won the team title in [[2008 Super GT Series|2008]] and driver title in [[2009 Super GT Series|2009]]. The series also raced in Malaysia every season at [[Sepang International Circuit]] between [[2005 Super GT Series|2005]] and [[2013 Super GT Series|2013]]. PETRONAS signed a three-year sponsorship agreement with [[Yamaha Motor Racing|Yamaha]] [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] team. The PETRONAS branding can be seen starting [[2009 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Qatar race]] on the 10 to 12 April 2009. PETRONAS also sponsors all [[Mercedes-AMG]] [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|DTM]] cars from the 2011 season until Mercedes' DTM exit in [[2018 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|2018]] (replacing [[Mobil 1]]) for only providing the lubricants. [[File:Lewis Hamilton 2017 Malaysia FP2.jpg|thumb|PETRONAS supports the [[Mercedes AMG Petronas|Mercedes-AMG PETRONAS]] Formula One racing team since 2010. (pictured here in [[2017 Formula One World Championship|2017]])]] Since 2010, PETRONAS has been the main sponsor of the [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes AMG PETRONAS F1]] team. [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] have won eight straight Constructors' Championship titles and 7 Drivers' Championship titles from the beginning of the 1.6 litre (97.6 cu in) turbocharged V6 engine era in {{F1|2014}} until {{f1|2021}}. Since 2014, PETRONAS has also been supplying fuel and lubricants for [[Mercedes-AMG]] customer teams, including [[Force India]] (from 2014) (now known as [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]], along with Ravenol from 2018 season for lubricants only), [[Lotus F1|Lotus]] for {{F1|2015}}, [[Manor Racing|Manor]] for {{F1|2016}}, [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams]] from {{F1|2017}} to [[2022 Formula One World Championship|2022]] and [[McLaren]] from {{F1|2021}}. In addition PETRONAS also supplies fuels and lubricants for [[Honda F1|Honda]]-powered [[Red Bull GmbH|Red Bull]]-owned Italian team [[Scuderia Toro Rosso]], known as [[Scuderia AlphaTauri]] since the 2018 season, until 2023. PETRONAS' title and technical partnership with Mercedes is extended from the 2026 season onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racing the Future: Mercedes-AMGF1 and PETRONAS Power Towards Two Decades of Partnership and Embrace F1's Sustainable Future |url=https://www.petronas.com/media/press-release/racing-future-mercedes-amgf1-and-petronas-power-towards-two-decades-partnership |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=PETRONAS Global |language=en}}</ref> ===Motorcycle racing=== [[File:Fabio Quartararo 2019 Misano (cropped).jpeg|thumb|Petronas supporting the [[Sepang Racing Team]] in MotoGP]] In [[1996 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1996]], PETRONAS sponsored a Grand Prix motorcycle racing team called PETRONAS Sprinta TVK in the 250cc class with [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] as the manufacturer. The team got a wildcard opportunity at the [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix]] with [[Shahrol Yuzy]] as its rider. In the following season in [[1997 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1997]], the team received another wildcard and raced in the 125cc class. This time [[Honda]] was chosen as the manufacturer. Then two seasons later, PETRONAS Sprinta TVK returned to the 250cc class. From [[2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2000]] to [[2002 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2002]], the team competed for a full season in the 250cc class on [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] bikes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gridoto.com/read/221030120/kolaborasi-yamaha-dan-petronas-dulu-pernah-ada-ini-pembalapnya|title=Kolaborasi Yamaha dan Petronas Dulu Pernah Ada, Ini Pembalapnya - GridOto.com|website=www.gridoto.com}}</ref> PETRONAS also sponsors the [[Malaysian Cub Prix]] races, and the now-defunct Foggy PETRONAS Superbike team (in which PETRONAS debuts their superbike, the [[Petronas FP1|FP1]]). Then, PETRONAS became a team sponsor in the [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Moto2]] championship in the [[2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2011 season]] called the PETRONAS Malaysia Team with [[Hafizh Syahrin]] as the rider and using the [[Moriwaki]] motorcycle. Then in the [[2012 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2012 season]], PETRONAS became the sponsor of the Malaysian Raceline Team when he received a wildcard at the [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysian Sepang Grand Prix]] with [[Hafizh Syahrin]], who at that time switched to using an [[FTR Moto|FTR]] motorcycle. It was in this season that Syahrin managed to get on the podium for the first time. The team then got another wildcard in the following season, until in the [[2014 Moto2 season|2014]]-[[2017 Moto2 season|2017 season]], the team participated in full competition in the season with [[Kalex]] as the manufacturer. Since [[2017 MotoGP season|2017]], PETRONAS has been the main sponsor of the [[Sepang Racing Team]], which at that time competed in the Moto2 and Moto3 classes and was named PETRONAS Sprinta Racing. In the Moto3 class the team uses [[Honda]] bikes, while in Moto2 it uses [[Kalex]]. At [[2019 MotoGP season|2019]], PETRONAS is the main sponsor of the new [[Sepang Racing Team|PETRONAS Yamaha SRT]], which became the satellite team for [[Yamaha Motor Racing|Yamaha]] in MotoGP following [[Tech3]]'s switch to [[KTM]] bikes after 20 years with Yamaha bikes. Their riders are [[Valentino Rossi]] and 2017 Moto2 World Champion [[Franco Morbidelli]]. In addition, PETRONAS also played a role for supplying fuels, motorcycle oil and other products for [[Sepang Racing Team|PETRONAS Yamaha SRT]] [[MotoGP]] team. But unfortunately, at the end of the 2021 season, PETRONAS did not continue its cooperation to become the main sponsor of the [[Sepang Racing Team|SRT]] team. In [[2022 Moto2 World Championship|2022]], PETRONAS returned as a team sponsor in Moto2 with their wildcard riders [[Kasma Daniel]] in the PETRONAS MIE Racing team and Azroy Anuar with the PETRONAS RW Racing team. Both riders compete in the [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysian]] series. From [[2023 Superbike World Championship|2023]], PETRONAS became the [[title sponsor]] of a [[World Superbike]] and [[Supersport World Championship|World Supersport]] racing team, [[Moriwaki Engineering|MIE Honda Racing]] and changed its name to PETRONAS MIE Honda Racing Team. Their riders are [[Hafizh Syahrin]] & [[Eric Granado]] for WSBK category, and [[Adam Norrodin]] & [[Tarran Mackenzie]] for WSSP category at this season. As part of its corporate social responsibility programme, PETRONAS also brings underprivileged children to watch the races. ==Automotive manufacturers== Petronas once developed its own race bike. Initially, this racing bike will be fielded in the WorldSBK racing event. The desire began in [[2002 Superbike World Championship|2002]], when Petronas was already a partner of the [[Sauber]] racing team in [[Formula 1]]. The base used was the Petronas GP1, which was originally prepared to go down in [[MotoGP]]. But, it was changed to pass WorldSBK homologation. For its development, Petronas worked with Suter Racing Technology. The [[Petronas FP1]] is ready for mass production, to meet WorldSBK regulations. Petronas is working with MSX International in the UK to make 75 units of the road version of the FP1. The remaining 75 units are made by [[Modenas]], a Malaysian motorcycle brand. In terms of specifications, this bike is quite powerful. It uses an in-line 3-cylinder engine, DOHC, 4 valves per cylinder, with a capacity of 899.5 cc, and liquid-cooled. The engine produces 127.4 tk of power at 10,000 rpm and 92 Nm of torque at 9,700 rpm. Petronas had formed the Foggy Petronas Racing team to compete in WorldSBK. The team is led by [[Carl Fogarty]], a former legendary WorldSBK rider. For the riders, [[Troy Corser]], [[Chris Walker (motorcyclist)|Chris Walker]], and [[Garry McCoy]] were selected. However, during the 5 years the team competed in WorldSBK, Petronas FP1 was less competitive. One of the reasons was the change in regulations in 2003. Previously, 3-cylinder engines were limited to 900 cc. But, it was revised to 1,000 cc. Thus, the Petronas FP1 engine was quite defeated in terms of power. It was also not uncommon for the bike to experience technical problems. Even so, the bike made it to the podium three times. One of them was achieved by Walker when he finished third in the [[2004 Superbike World Championship|2004 Valencia WorlsSBK]]. Corser has also achieved pole position twice. The project was eventually discontinued in 2006 by Fogarty and Petronas. Until now, the road version of the Petronas FP1 has also been a question mark. Because, the motorcycle is difficult to detect its whereabouts now.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2021/05/03/180200715/petronas-pernah-kembangkan-motor-balap-sendiri-untuk-worldsbk | title=Petronas Pernah Kembangkan Motor Balap Sendiri untuk WorldSBK | date=3 May 2021 }}</ref> ===WorldSBK constructors=== ====By season results==== ([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) <div style="height: px; overflow: auto;"> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" |- !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Year !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Bike !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Team !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Tyres !valign="middle" rowspan=2| No. !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Riders !colspan=2| 1 !colspan=2| 2 !colspan=2| 3 !colspan=2| 4 !colspan=2| 5 !colspan=2| 6 !colspan=2| 7 !colspan=2| 8 !colspan=2| 9 !colspan=2| 10 !colspan=2| 11 !colspan=2| 12 !colspan=2| 13 !colspan=2| 14 ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| Points ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| {{Tooltip|RC|Riders' championship position}} ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| Points ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| {{Tooltip|MC|Manufacturers' championship position}} |- ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 |- !rowspan="2"| [[2003 Superbike World Championship season|2003]] !rowspan="2"| [[Petronas FP1]] !rowspan="2"| Foggy Petronas Racing !rowspan="2"| {{Pirelli}} |4 |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Troy Corser]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|5}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|8}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|12}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|13}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|12}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|14}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|16}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|10}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|8}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|6}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|9}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|8}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} | | | | ! 12th ! 107 !rowspan="2" style="background:#;"| 118 !rowspan="2" style="background:#;"| 4th |- |8 |align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[James Haydon]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|12}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|15}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|16}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|9}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|DNS}} |style="background:#;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|17}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|DNS}} |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|DNS}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} | | | | ! 26th ! 12 |- !rowspan="2"| [[2004 Superbike World Championship season|2004]] !rowspan="2"| [[Petronas FP1]] !rowspan="2"| Foggy Petronas Racing !rowspan="2"| {{Pirelli}} |4 |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Troy Corser]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|11}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|13}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Cir…" https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas#:~:text=%7B%7BShort%20description%7CMalaysian,7Breflist%257D%257D ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Pertamina|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=Cookbook:Pertamina|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Pertamina|d=Q1641044|display=Pertamina|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pertamina|voy=no|wikt=Pertamina}} {{commons|Petrol station|Pertamina}} ==HENDRI MELONTE== {{Sister project links |1=Pertamina|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=Cookbook:Pertamina|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Pertamina|d=Q1641044|display=Pertamina|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pertamina|voy=no|wikt=Pertamina}} {{commons|Petrol station|Pertamina}} iazanlak6wukiq24g42c73bx123uk3v 0 388170 3170254 3144462 2025-06-11T23:27:02Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Melayu Riau|nativename=''Bahase Melayu Riau''<br>بهاس ملايو رياو|pronunciation=/bʌ.hʌ.sə.mə.lʌ.jʊ.ɾɪ.ʌʊ/|states={{flag|Indonesia}}|region={{flag|Riau}}|speakers=|ethnicity=[[Suku Melayu Riau|Melayu Riau]]|familycolor=Austronesia|fam2=Austronesia|fam3=[[Rumpun bahaso Melayu-Polinesia|Melayu-Polinesia]]|fam4=[[Rumpun bahaso Sumatra|Sumatra]]|ancestor=[[Bahasa Melayu Kuno|Melayu Kuno]]|script=* [[Alfabet Latin|Latin]] (umum dan resmi) * [[Abjad Jawi|Jawi]] (opsional)|minority={{flag|Indonesia}}|agency=Badan Pangambangan jo Pambinaan Bahaso * [https://balaibahasariau.kemdikbud.go.id/ Balai Bahasa Provinsi Riau]|dia1=Pangaraian|dia2=Pesisir<ref name="Struktur bahaso Melayu Riau dialek">{{citebook|title=Struktur bahaso Melayu Riau dialek pesisir|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/id/eprint/3601|language=id|year=1991|isbn=9794591041}}</ref>|dia3=[[Bahaso Melayu Siak|Siak–Pekanbaru]]<ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2015|author=Said Zaki|language=id|access-date=21 Januari 2023|url=https://infopku.com/aneka-dialek-melayu-riau/18591/|title=Aneka Dialek Melayu Riau}}</ref>|iso1=|iso2=|iso3=zlm|linglist=zlm-rim|ietf=|map=Linguistic Map of Riau Malay Language.jpg|mapsize=350px|mapcaption=Peta bahaso Melayu Riau:{{efn|disadur dari laman resmi Peta Bahasa Provinsi Riau}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Peta Bahaso (Provinsi Riau)|url=https://petabahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/mapEnlarge2.php?idp=5|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan}}</ref> {{legend|#d60100|Daerah asal bahasa Melayu Riau dan dituturkan secara dominan}} {{legend|#ff5352|Daerah bahaso Melayu Riau ditutuakan sacaro pasif dan bacampua jo bahaso lain (utamonyo bahaso Melayu Jambi jo Minangkabau)}}|glotto=riau1234|glottofoot=no|notice=IPA}} '''Urang Melayu Riau'''<ref>{{citation|last=Tambusai|first=A.|year=2020|title=Morphological typology of Riau Malay Language|language=en|trans-title=Tipologi Morfologi Bahasa Melayu Riau|publisher=Rumpun Jurnal Persuratan Melayu|volume=8|number=1|pages=56-64|url=http://rumpunjurnal.com/jurnal/index.php/rumpun/article/view/114}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Rika Ningsih, et. al.|title=Politeness in Language of Riau Malay Students: A Linguistic Phenomenon|trans-title=Kesantunan Berbahasa Pelajar Melayu Riau: Sebuah Fenomena Linguistik|url=https://www.turcomat.org/index.php/turkbilmat/article/view/9715|language=en|year=2021|volume=12|number=13|publisher=Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT)}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The River Eco-Lexicons in the Texts of Riau Malay|language=en|trans-title=Eko-Leksikon Sungai dalam Naskah Melayu Riau|url=http://202.4.186.66/AICS-Social/article/view/24336|year=2021}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (''Bahase Melayu Riau''; [[Abjad Jawi]]: بهاس ملايو رياو) adolah urang melayu nan tingga di daerah Provinsi Riau, urang melayu Riau memiliki banyak bantuak babahaso. bentuk asli bahaso urang Melayu, nan diturunkan langsuang dari bahaso Melayu Kuno.<ref>{{citation|last=Fathira|first=Vina|title=Isoglosses Boundary in a Language Mapping of Riau Malay Language|language=en|trans-title=Batas Isoglos dalam Pemetaan Bahasa Melayu Riau|url=https://journal.uir.ac.id/index.php/jshmic/article/view/1159|work=J-SHMIC: Journal of English for Academic|volume=5|number=1|pages=143-152|year=2018}}</ref> Bantuak bahaso ikolah nan digunokan sabagai dasa [[bahasa Melayu Baku|bahaso Melayu Baku]],<ref name="atlantis-press.com">{{citation|title=Local Wisdom Based on Riau-Malay Language in Kuantan Singingi Regency|language=en|trans-title=Kearifan Lokal Berbasis Bahasa Melayu Riau di Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi|url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/iclle-18/55907997|work=International Conference on Language, Literature, and Education (ICLLE)|year=2018}}</ref> nan marupoan ragam [[Bahasa baku|baku]] bagi bahaso Melayu nan digunoan sacaro semiformal di [[Provinsi Riau]] jo [[Provinsi Kepulauan Riau]], serta juo digunoan sacaro resmi di [[Brunei]], [[Singapura]], [[Malaysia]], dan Indonesia (sabagai [[bahasa Indonesia|bahaso Indonesia]]). == Dialek == bahaso Melayu Riau memiliki limo dialek utamo, nan tadiri dari: # [[Bahasa Melayu Kuantan|Kuantan]]<ref name="atlantis-press.com" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://repositori.perpustakaan.kemdikbud.go.id/2495/|title=Struktur Bahasa Melayu Dialek Kuantan (1986)|last=Ruswan|first=Ruswan|last2=M.S.|first2=Suwardi M.S., Suwardi|date=1986|website=repositori.perpustakaan.kemdikbud.go.id|language=en|access-date=18 Januari 2023|last3=Abnadani|first3=Latifah Abnadani, Latifah|archive-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113456/http://repositori.perpustakaan.kemdikbud.go.id/2495/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # Pangaraian<ref name="repositori.kemdikbud.go.id">{{citebook|title=Struktur bahasa Melayu Riau dialek Pangaraian|language=id|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/id/eprint/2511|year=1990|isbn=9794590665|access-date=18 Januari 2023}}</ref> # Pesisir<ref name="Struktur bahasa Melayu Riau dialek">{{citebook|title=Struktur bahasa Melayu Riau dialek pesisir|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/id/eprint/3601|language=id|year=1991|isbn=9794591041|access-date=18 Januari 2023}}</ref> # Rokan Hilir<ref>{{citebook|title=Struktur Bahasa Melayu Riau Dialek Rokan Hilir|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/id/eprint/3602|year=2005|publisher=Balai Bahasa Provinsi Riau|location=Pekanbaru|access-date=18 Januari 2023}}</ref> # [[Bahasa Melayu Siak|Siak-Pekanbaru]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://infopku.com/aneka-dialek-melayu-riau/18591/|title=Aneka Dialek Melayu Riau|date=29 September 2015|language=id|access-date=18 Januari 2023|author=Said Zaki}}</ref> === Pabandingan antaro tigo dialek === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%" ! style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |'''Melayu Riau Baku''' ! style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |'''Dialek Pesisir''' ! style="background-color: #ece0f0" |'''[[Bahasa Melayu Siak|Dialek Siak-Pekanbaru]]''' ![[Terjemahan]] |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Awak'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |A'''wak''' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Awak'' |Diri |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Balek'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |''Baleik'' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Balek'' |Pulang |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Betol'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |''Betol'' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Beno'' |Benar |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Besak'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |B'''esa''' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Beso'' |Besar |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Budak'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |B'''udak''' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Budak'' |[[Anak]] |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Kecik'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |K'''ecik''' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Kecik'' |Kecil |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Kedai'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |K'''edai''' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Kedai'' |[[Toko]] |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Lawa'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |L'''awe''' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Lawo'' |Cantik |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Macam'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |''Macam'' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Macam'' |Seperti/Bagai |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Macam mane (camane)'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |''Macam mane (cemane)'' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Macam mano (camano)'' |Bagaimana (gimana) |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Makcik''/''Makwe'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |M'''akcik''' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Makcik/Makwo'' |Tante/[[Bibi]] |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Miang'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |M'''iang''' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Miang'' |[[Gatal]] |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Mike'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |''Mike'' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Miko'' |Kamu |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Nak'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |N'''ak''' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Nak'' |Mau |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Peda'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |''Pede'' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Pedo'' |Agak pahit |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Pegi'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |'<nowiki/>'''Pegi''' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Pegi'' |Pergi |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Pekan'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |P'''asa''' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Paso'' |[[Pasar]] |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Sahaye'' (''Saye'') | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |''Saye'' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Sayo'' |Aku |- | style="background-color: #d1ebeb" |''Sebayan'' | style="background-color: #e4e0f0" |''Sebayan'' | style="background-color: #ece0f0" |''Sebayan'' |Cantengan |- |} == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Bibliografi == * {{id}} {{citebook|title=Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Melayu Riau|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/id/eprint/3188|year=1983|publisher=Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa|location=Jakarta}} * {{id}} {{citebook|title=Struktur Bahasa Melayu Riau dalam Cerita Rakyat|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/id/eprint/3600|year=1985|publisher=Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa|location=Jakarta}} * {{id}} {{citebook|title=Morfo-sintaksis bahasa Melayu Riau|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/id/eprint/3216|year=1990|isbn=9794590738}} * {{id}} {{citebook|title=Morfologi nomina adjektiva bahasa Melayu Riau|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/id/eprint/3209|year=1990|isbn=9794590754}} * {{id}} {{citebook|title=Struktur bahasa Melayu Riau dialek Pangaraian|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/id/eprint/2511|year=1990|isbn=9794590665}} * {{id}} {{citebook|title=Struktur bahasa Melayu Riau dialek Pesisir|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/id/eprint/3601|year=1991|isbn=9794591041}} * {{id}} {{citebook|title=Kamus Bahasa Indonesia-Melayu Riau|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/id/eprint/2869|year=1997|publisher=Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa|isbn=979-459-785-6}} [[Kategori:Bahasa di Sumatra]] [[Kategori:Bahasa Melayu]] [[Kategori:Riau]] {{Suku banso di Indonesia}}. qqnsgxof7yf55e566zoddcne4ptrbnj 0 388182 3170253 3150369 2025-06-11T22:57:21Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=Urang Biak|native_name=''Kawasa Byak, Er Byak''|image=[[Berkas:Raiyani muharramah Biak senyumku 2007.jpg|nir|270px]] Potret urang Biak|poptime=|langs='''Asli:''' [[Bahasa Biak]], '''Lainnya:''' Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Belanda, Bahasa Inggris|rels='''Mayoritas:''' [[Kristen]], '''minoritas:''' Kepercayaan tradisional dan [[Islam]]|Mata pencaharian='''Tradisional:''' Nelayan dan berladang}} [[Berkas:Raiyani_muharramah_Biak_kampungku_2007.jpg|jmpl|Rumah kayu di Biak]] [[Berkas:Raiyani_muharramah_Biak_Kuhidup_dekat_rumahmu_2007.jpg|al=|jmpl|Rumah di tapi pantai Biak jo hewan taranak di sampiang rumah]] [[Berkas:Pulau_Owi_(Padaido_Bawah).jpg|jmpl|Pohon bakau di Pulau Owi]] '''Urang Biak''' adolah urang nan ado di Kabupaten Biak Numfor nan talatak di posisi 134deg 47' - 136deg 45' BT dan 0deg 55' - 1deg 27' LS, jo lueh wilayah 21.672 km2 (lueh daratan 3.130 km2 dan lueh lauik 18.442 km2). Bateh wilayah di sabalah utara jo Kabupaten Supiori, di selatan jo Selat Yapen, di barat jo Kabupaten Manokwari dan di timur jo Samudra Pasifik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://papua.go.id/view-detail-kabupaten-276/Profil-Kab.-Biak-Numfor.html|title=Pemerintah Provinsi Papua|website=papua.go.id|language=en|access-date=2023-01-29}}</ref> Namo Biak surang diawali jaman pamarintahan Balando yaitu pado abad ke-17, urang Balando maagiah namo kepulauan Biak-Numfor jo sebutan Schouten Eilanden. Ado juo nan manyambatnyo jo Numfor atau Wiak. Fonem w pado kato wiak sabujurnyo barasa dari fonem v yang tu barubah jadi b sahinggo muncul kato Biak, sadangkan kato Biak-Numfor, jo tanda garisan mendatar di antaro duo kato itu sabagai tanda panghubung antaro duo kato itu, nan dipakai sacaro resmi untuak namonyo daerah dan panduduak nan mandiami pulau-pulau nan barado di sabalah utara Teluk Cenderawasih tu. Katarangan carito lisan rakyat bantuak mite, nan mangaguangan kalau namonyo Biak datang dari warga klen Burdam nan maninggaan Pulau Biak akibat pertengkaran awak jo warga klen Mandowen. Manuruik mite itu, warga klen Burdam mamutuihan bajalanan maninggaan pulau Warmambo (namonyo asli pulau Biak) untuak manotap di suatu tampek nan lataknyo jauah sahinggo pulau Warmambo hilang dari pamandangan mato. Katiko inyo barangkek maninggaan pulau sesekali mancalik ka balakang inyo maliek pulau Warmambo masih nampak di ateh lauik. Kondisi ko mambuek urang tu mangecek, v'iak wer', atau 'v'iak', aratinyo inyo tibo baliak. Kato v'iak ikolah nan kamudian dipakai dek urang-urang nan pai untuak namonyo pulau Warmambo. Namo Numfor barasa dari namo pulau dan kalompok panduduak asli pulau Numfor. Panggabungan namo Biak jo Numfor manjadi ciek namo dan pakananyo sacaro resmi tajadi pas tabentuknyo lembaga dewan daerah di kepulauan Schouten nan diagiah namo Dewan daerah Biak-Numfor pado tahun 1959.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://papua.go.id/view-detail-kabupaten-277/sejarah-singkat.html|title=Pemerintah Provinsi Papua|website=papua.go.id|language=en|access-date=2023-01-29}}</ref> == Asa usua == urang Biak nan mandiami pulau Biak dan Numfor takenal sabagai panjelajah lauik nan tangguang, samo jo kemampuan urang Bugis. Manjalajah lauik dari Maluku, Sulawesi, Jawa sampai ka Semenanjung Malaka. Penjelajah urang Biak ko dikarajoan dek motif lataknyo geografis nan kurang manimbuakan secara ekonomi, lahan nan kurang babuah sahinggo tajadiinyo kakurangan sumber makanan, salain itu ado juo alasan persaingan atau korfandi, yaitu adonyo perselisihan antar urang, jo adonyo perselisihan tata adaik dalam urang Biak. Tapi hal nan paliang manggaduah urang Biak malaliaro adalah dek dorongan paraluan bahan makanan nan pas itu tajadi karamaian nan manjanggaan di Biak, mulai balayar di sekitar taluk Cendrawasih sampai ka kapulauan Raja Ampat, dek katangguhan urang Biak, inyo mamadahi aspek perdagangan dan politik di wilayah Papua. Bukti-buktinyo kakuwasoan urang Biak bisa dicaliak dari namonyo babarapo kota di Papua nan manggunoan bahaso urang Biak, antaro lain Manokwari dari kato mnuk nan artinyo kampuang tuo, jo kota Sorong nan asali dari kato soren. [[Berkas:Raiyani_Muharramah_kapal_suku_biak_waiwor-0978.jpg|al=|jmpl|Replika kapa urang Biak nan disabuik Wai roon atau waiwor]] Aktivitas badagang urang Biak manggunoan sistem bagian perdagangan antaro kawan nan disabuik manibobi, yaitu jo caro balayar dan badagang balikuang. Komoditas nan inyo dagangan antara lain sagu, kulit kayu mesoyi, buruak cenderawasih, dan para budak. Inyo jajanan babagai macam komoditas ka babarapo gugusan kepulauan Yapen-Waropen, Teluk Wondama, dan Teluk Doreri Manokwari, Amberbaken, sampai meluas sampai ka babagai perairan nusantara sampai ka benua, hubungan perdagangan urang Biak tajalin jo para pelaut Eropa di Ternate, Tidore, Gemahera, Flores, Sulabe, Buton, sampai ka nagari China dan benua Eropa. Para pelaut bagian perdagangan besi tu biak mandapekan barang-barang bantuak porok dari China, manik-manik, tombak, jo dari babarapo jenis kain atau dari padusian daerah nan diselokan dari berbagai daerah jo daerah. Bahkan para pelaut urang Biak pado zaman Balando takenal jo sebutan Papoesche Zeerovers nan aratinyo para bajak lauik Papua. Inyo balayar manggunoan perahu layar tradisional; Wai roon biasonyo dipakai untuak parang urang jo urang-urang lain dan manangkok budak-budak. Wai mansusu dan Wai papan dipakai untuak badagang urang Biak alah mamadoan ilmu navigasi nan ancak jo manarimo bintang, biasonyo bintang Orion (Sawakoi) dan Scorpio (Romanggwandi).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/kultur/articles/suku-biak-suku-vikingnya-papua-PMLzX|title=Suku Biak, Suku Vikingnya Papua|date=2016-01-04|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-01-29|archive-date=2023-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308085248/https://historia.id/kultur/articles/suku-biak-suku-vikingnya-papua-PMLzX|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Tradisi == Masyarakaik Biak masih punyo kabudayaan kuno nan mangarajoan ka picayoan animisme sabalunnyo masuak injil ka Papua. Aliran kayakinan ko labiah ditampuahan malalui rangkaian upacara ritual nan labiah takenal jo Wor. Wor dalam bahaso Biak aratinyo lagu dan tari tradisional. Saurang anak nan takunjuang wabah panyakik dianggap punyo nasib malang, gagal baladan, bahkan accident dianggap sabuah malapetaka sahinggo harus dijadian upacara adaik untuak mangalukan panyakikatau mara bahaya. Wor adolah ekspresi aktivitas sadolah aspek kehidupan urang Biak. Babarapo upacara adaik nan masih acok dilakukan oleh urang Biak disabuik sabagai tradisi Wor.<ref name=":0" /> Tradisi Yakyaker urang Biak, yaitu tradisi mambari maskawin antaro lain bantuaknyo, binatang babi, maniak-maniak, guci, piriang antik, hasil parkebunan, hasil lauik, binatang hasil buruan, jo babagai macam harta benda lainnyo nan dimiliki. Piring antik (ben bepon), dan guci masih acok ditamui dalam ritual adaik urang Biak. Pemberian maskawin atau disabuik jo istilah Ararem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/ARAREM|title=ARAREM » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|access-date=2023-01-29}}</ref> Araram ko dapek bakumpua malalui proses adaik urang Biak dari ketek hinggo manjelang dewasa. Di antaro lain mangaluarikan anak dari kamar, manggendong anak, manutuik rambut, mambaok anak ka gereja sadolah ko harus dilakukan jo pambayaran maskawin dari pihak marga atau ipar-ipar dalam tatanan adaik urang Biak. Ararem ko nantinyo ka disimpan di tampek khusus nan disabuik arem. Setelah manantuan calon anak mantuah mako urang tuo ka mangundang om jo tante dari pihak ibu untuak malakuan paminangan. Kalau pihak padusi manarimo lamaran pihak laki-laki mako pihak padusi ka mangaluah pasan maskawin ka pihak laki-laki. Adopun gadangnyo jumlah maskawin (mahar) biasonyo ditantuan dek status padusi bisa dicaliak dari latar belakang kaluarga, kaperawanan, maupun kaindahan dan kini ko faktor pendidikan juo ikuik manantuan sasaran jumlah maskawin. Kaunikan lain pas mangata maskawin bantuak piriang antik dan guci adolah adonyo bendera Merah Putih sabagai simbol lambang negara ikuik mangantarkan prosesi maskawin, tradisi ko baru bakambang sajak masuak Papua manjadi salah ciek bagian dari Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI). Salain itu pihak padusi nan alah manarimo pihak kaluarga laki-laki juo manyadioan sesuatu bantuak barang-barang rumah tanggo sahinggo dalam mangunjuangi iduik ka tibo ndak mangalami kesulitan. Salain itu juo manjadi sikap dasar pihak padusi nan nantinyo kedepannyo indak jadi penilaian nan kurang ancak dari pihak laki-laki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbpapua/tradisi-iyakyaker-suku-biak-numfor/|title=Tradisi Iyakyaker Suku Biak Numfor|date=2013-12-31|website=Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Papua|language=en-US|access-date=2023-01-29|archive-date=2023-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117025735/http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbpapua/tradisi-iyakyaker-suku-biak-numfor/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Berkas:Raiyani_muharramah_Padwa,Biak_Indah_Namun_tak_ada_Listrik_2007.jpg|al=|jmpl|Kawasan kuburan tuo Padwa urang Biak di desa Urfu distrik Biak Kota]] [[Berkas:Raiyani_Muharramah-Tengkorak_suku_Biak_di_kuburan_Padwa-Biak.jpg|jmpl|Tengkorak urang Biak di kuburan Padwa Biak]] == Makanan tradisional == Makanan tradisional urang Biak adolah Pokem atau otong labiah populer jo namo gandum Papua adolah terigu dari tumbuhan (tanaman) Kelas Monocontiledonae, Familia Gramineae, Genus Sorghum, Species Sorghum rumbrawer (L) mirip jo oats (Avena sativa). Tanaman ko marupokan asli dan dibudidayakan dek urang bangso numfor sabagai makanan pokok di Pulau Numfor kabupaten Biak Numfor, Papua. Bentuknyo sarupo padi tapi batangnyo labiah ketek. Umua tanaman 90 hari, pokem bisa dipanen satiok tigo bulan. Jadi dalam ciek tahun bisa mahasiangan ampek kali panen. Untuak masyarakaik urang Biak, ado limo jenis tanaman pokem nan tadiri dari partamo pokem resyek atau pokem coklat, kaduo pokem verik atau pokem merah, katigo pokem vepyoper atau pokem putiah dan ka ampek pokem vepaisem atau pokem itam dan kalima pokem venanyar atau pokem kuniang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Pokem-Gandum/|title=Pokem Gandum » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|access-date=2023-01-29}}</ref> Proses pangolahan pokem jo caro malapeh bulir pokem dari tangkai, bulirannyo ditumbuk supayo lapeh dari kuliknyo, mirip jo proses padi manjadi bareh, tu diayak agar tapisah buliran jo kulik pokem. Pokem tu ditumbuak baliak sampai haluih, dan siap untuak dimasak. Proses mamasaknyo surang jo malabiah tapuang pokem jo aia tu ditambah santan kental agar gurih, diaduak sampai kental tu ditambah gula pasir dan susu kalau suko, diaduak sampai warna kakuningan dan siap disajian.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://papua.litbang.pertanian.go.id/images/Document/pokem.pdf |title=archive copy |access-date=2023-01-17 |archive-date=2022-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914230730/http://papua.litbang.pertanian.go.id/images/Document/pokem.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Kuburan tuo Padwa == Marga Swabra adolah marga tua di urang Biak talatak di kampuang Padwa Distrik Yendidori. Di kampuang Padwa ko masih bisa basobok kubua tua di dalam acok tebing-tebing karang tapi tapi pantai, tengkorak nan talatak di tapi tapi tapi, maupun ado dalam peti kayu nan masih tatata rapi. Hal ko berkaitan jo tata caro pangubuaran urang Biak jaman dulu, namun sajak Injil masuak ka Biak tahun 1855 mako pangubuaran tradisi ko alah jarang dilakukan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Pekuburan-Tua-Padwa/|title=Pekuburan Tua Padwa » Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|access-date=2023-01-20}}</ref> == Tokoh tanamo dari Urang Biak == [[Berkas:Frans_Kaisiepo,_Irian_Barat_dari_Masa_ke_Masa,_Preface_(cropped).jpg|jmpl|Frans Kaisiepo]] [[Berkas:Johannes_Abraham_Dimara.jpg|jmpl|Johannes Abraham Dimara, Mayor TNI-AD]] [[Berkas:Yonex_IFB_2013_-_Eightfinal_-_Ma_Jin_-_Zhong_Qianxin_—_Nitya_Krishinda_Maheswari_-_Greysia_Polii_02_(cropped).jpg|jmpl|Nitya Krishanda Maheswari]] === Politisi/negarawan === * [[Frans Kaisiepo]], Gubernur Irian Barat masa jabatan 1964–1973 dan Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia * [[Manuel Kaisiepo]], [[Menteri Negara Percepatan Pembangunan Kawasan Timur Indonesia]] pada masa Presiden Abdurrahman Wahid dan Megawati Sukarnoputri (masa jabatan 2000–2004) * [[Billy Mambrasar|Gracia Billy Mambrasar]], Staf Khusus untuk Presiden Joko Widodo (2019–sekarang) * [[Yusuf Melianus Maryen]], Bupati Biak Numfor masa jabatan 2004–2014 * [[Fredrik Menufandu]], Bupati Supiori masa jabatan 2011–2014 * [[Herry Ario Naap]], Bupati Biak Numfor masa jabatan 2019–sekarang * [[Mamberob Rumakiek]], anggota Dewan Perwakilan Daerah RI dapil Papua Barat masa jabatan 2019–sekarang === Militer === * [[Herman Asaribab]], Wakil Kepala Staf TNI Angkatan Darat * [[Johannes Abraham Dimara]], Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia * Dick Henk Wabiser, perwira tinggi TNI Angkatan Laut * Corinus Marselus Koreri Krey, Pejuang Kemerdekaan Indonesia * Lukas Rumkorem, Pejuang kemerdekaan Indonesia, pendiri PIM (Partai/Perserikatan Indonesia Merdeka), pendiri TTT (Tentara Tjadangan Tjendrawasih) * Petrus Korwa, Pejuang pembebasan Irian Barat, mantan tahanan Diguli * Hanoch Rumbrar, Pejuang pembebasan Irian Barat, mantan tahanan Diguli === Agamawan === * [[Petrus Kafiar]], pemuka agama Kristen * Angganita Menufandu, pemimpin Gerakan Koreri * Filep Jacob Spenyel (F. J. S.) Rumainum, Ketua Sinode [[Gereja Kristen Injili di Tanah Papua]] * Ds. [[F.J.S. Rumainum]], Pendeta asal Biak-Numfor, Pejuang intregasi Indonesia === Aktivis === * Marthen Abrauw, kepala adaik marga Abrauw dari Biak Utara yang menyuarakan kekhawatiran tentang pembangunan Bandar Antariksa Biak * [[Viktor Kaisiepo]], aktivis kemerdekaan West Papua * Fred C. Mambrasar, aktivis kemerdekaan West Papua * [[Seth Rumkorem|Seth Jafet Rumkorem]], aktivis kemerdekaan West Papua === Pendidikan & ilmu pengetahuan === * Andi Imannuel Rumbrar, guru di Sekolah Lentera Harapan (SLH) di pedalaman Mokndoma, Kabupaten Puncak Jaya, Papua Pegunungan * J. R. Mansoben, akademisi LIPI dari Universitas Cendrawasih * Suriel Mofu, Rektor Universitas Papua masa jabatan 2012–2016 * Frans Rumbrawer, peneliti bahasa di Badan Bahasa Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI === Budaya/hiburan === * [[Arnold Ap|Arnold Clemens Ap]], antropolog dan anggota grup musik [[Mambesak]] * Mambri Awom, penyanyi * [[Albert Fakdawer]], aktor dan penyanyi * Denis Koibur, budayawan, kapten kapal wairon perwakilan urang Biak yang mengikuti Festival Kano dan Kundu di Papua New Guinea pada tahun 2018 * Dorkas Waroy * Welem Meosido, penyanyi * Micha Ronsumbre, budayawan dan Ketua Dewan Kesenian Biak * Yosina Rumayauw, penyanyi * [[Frans Sisir]] (nama asli Frans Rumbino), penyanyi dan peserta Asia's Got Talent 2019 === Olahraga === * Panus Korwa, pesepakbola * [[Nitya Krishinda Maheswari|Nitya Krishanda Maheswari]], pemain bulutangkis dan anak dari Panus Korwa * [[Pieter Rumaropen]], pesepakbola * [[David Rumakiek]], pesepakbola * [[Ramai Rumakiek]], pesepakbola * [[Raema Lisa Rumbewas|Lisa Rumbewas]], atlit angkat besi * Lukas Rumkabu, pesepakbola * Simon Rumkabu, petinju * [[Ricky Kambuaya]] * [[Ruben Sanadi]], pesepakbola == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Suku bangsa di Papua|Biak]] {{Suku banso di Indonesia}} 36xgv1fo1p4t9mihiiizs3kb47s6fk8 0 389148 3170250 3152764 2025-06-11T21:03:21Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{judul miring}} '''TCG ''Anadolu'' (L-400)''' adolah kapa [[Angkatan Lauik Turki]] nan dapek dikonfigurasi sabagai [[kapa induak]] ringan. Dinamoi manuruik namo [[samananjuang]] [[Anatolia]] (Turki: ''Anadolu'') nan marupoan mayoritas daratan [[Turki]]. Pakarajoan konstruksi bamulo pado 30 April 2016 di galangan kapa Sedef Shipbuilding Inc. di [[Istanbul]], salasai dibuek pado 7 Februari 2018.<ref name="SavunmaSanayiST-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.savunmasanayist.com/tcg-anadolu-envantere-girmeye-hazirlaniyor/|title=TCG Anadolu envantere girmeye hazırlanıyor|publisher=SavunmaSanayiST.com|date=2019-11-21}}</ref><ref name="Turksail">{{cite web|url=http://www.turksail.com/genel-haberler/16875-tcg-anadolu-da-test-suereci-baslad|title=Türkiye'nin ilk uçak gemisi TCG Anadolu’da test süreci başladı |publisher=Turksail.com|date=2020-02-02}}</ref><ref name=NavyRecognition>{{cite web|url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2016/may-2016-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/3907-turkey-started-the-construction-of-its-future-lhd-tcg-anadolu.html|title=Turkey Started the Construction of its future LHD TCG Anadolu|publisher=Navy Recognition|date=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=BNN>{{cite web|url=https://turkishnavy.net/2016/05/02/the-construction-of-the-multipurpose-amphibious-assault-ship-tcg-anadolu-has-started/|title=The Construction Of The Multipurpose Amphibious Assault Ship TCG Anadolu Has Started|publisher=Bosphorus Naval News|date=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=NavalToday>{{cite web|url=http://navaltoday.com/2016/05/03/first-steel-cut-for-turkish-lhd-ship/|title=First steel cut for Turkish LHD ship|publisher=Naval Today|date=3 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=L400TechSpecs>{{cite web|url=https://turkishnavy.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/p1150564.jpg|title=Technical specifications of TCG Anadolu (L-400)|publisher=Turkishnavy.net|date=2 May 2016}}</ref> Kapa tasabuik batujuan untuak mamanuhi babagai kabutuhan dan parsyaraikan [[Angkatan Basanjato Turki]], ajak panopang jo dayo tahan lamo, patampuran militer jarak jauah atau operasi bantuan kamanusiaan; katiko batindak sabagai pusek komando dan andalan Angkatan Lauik Turki.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-national-flagship-set-to-sail-in-2021.aspx?pageID=238&nID=93398&NewsCatID=344|title=Turkey’s ‘national flagship’ set to sail in 2021|last=|first=|date=|publisher=hurriyetdailynews|accessdate=5 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=LHD1>[http://www.navantia.es/noticia.php?id_noti=291 Navantia: "Navantia and local partner selected by Turkey for construction of one LPD based on the Juan Carlos I"], 27 December 2013.</ref><ref name=LHD2>[http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/december-2013-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1450-turkey-selects-navantias-juan-carlos-lhd-design-as-winner-of-its-lpd-tender.html Navy Recognition: "Turkey selects Navantia's Juan Carlos LHD design as winner of its LPD tender"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230115750/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/december-2013-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1450-turkey-selects-navantias-juan-carlos-lhd-design-as-winner-of-its-lpd-tender.html |date=2021-12-30 }}, 28 December 2013.</ref><ref name=LHD3>[http://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/101354/navantia-and-sedef-join-forces-to-construct-lhd-and-lcms-for-turkish-navy/ World Maritime News: "Navantia and SEDEF Join Forces to Construct LHD and LCMs for Turkish Navy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402163355/http://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/101354/navantia-and-sedef-join-forces-to-construct-lhd-and-lcms-for-turkish-navy/ |date=2015-04-02 }}, 7 January 2014.</ref><ref name=LHD4>{{Cite web |url=http://worldmaritimenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Navantia-and-SEDEF-Join-Forces-to-Construct-LHD-and-LCMs-for-Turkish-Navy.jpg |title=World Maritime News: Concept design of the Turkish variant of Juan Carlos I (L-61) class BPE |access-date=2023-04-21 |archive-date=2016-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429064140/http://worldmaritimenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Navantia-and-SEDEF-Join-Forces-to-Construct-LHD-and-LCMs-for-Turkish-Navy.jpg |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=LHD5>{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2015-news/january-2015-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/2304-turkeys-future-lhd-could-be-modified-as-an-qaircraft-carrierq-to-deploy-f-35b-jets.html |title=Turkey's Future LHD Could Be Modified as an "Aircraft Carrier" to Deploy F-35B Jets |date=2 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=TN-LHD-3>{{cite web |url=http://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/101354/navantia-and-sedef-join-forces-to-construct-lhd-and-lcms-for-turkish-navy/ |publisher=World Maritime News |title=Navantia and SEDEF Join Forces to Construct LHD and LCMs for Turkish Navy |date=7 January 2014 |accessdate=23 May 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402163355/http://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/101354/navantia-and-sedef-join-forces-to-construct-lhd-and-lcms-for-turkish-navy/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=TN-LHD-4>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.plymouth.ac.uk/dcss/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2015/09/xlarge_JUAN_CARLOS_F-35.jpg |publisher=Dartmouth Centre for Seapower and Strategy, Plymouth University|title=Model of the Turkish variant of Juan Carlos I (L-61) class LHD|date=11 May 2015|accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref> Kapa alah dirancang untuak dapek manampuang pasawat tempur multiperan siluman F-35B STOVL. Dek tu Turki alah dihapuih dari program F-35 pado Juli 2019 basobok masalah kaámanan takaik jo akuisisi Turki ateh pambalian sistem patahanan udaro S-400 [[Rusia]].<ref name=TN-LHD-5>{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2015-news/january-2015-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/2304-turkeys-future-lhd-could-be-modified-as-an-qaircraft-carrierq-to-deploy-f-35b-jets.html |title=Turkey's Future LHD Could Be Modified as an "Aircraft Carrier" to Deploy F-35B Jets |publisher=Navy Recognition.com |date=2 January 2015 |accessdate=23 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=TN-LHD-6>{{cite press release |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/2692-turkish-navy-future-lhd-model-showcased-with-f-35b-stovl-aircraft-at-idef-2015.html |title=Turkish Navy Future LHD Model Showcased with F-35B STOVL Aircraft at IDEF 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411135025/https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/2692-turkish-navy-future-lhd-model-showcased-with-f-35b-stovl-aircraft-at-idef-2015.html |date=2023-04-11 }}</ref><ref name=TN-LHD-1>{{cite press release |url=http://www.navantia.es/noticia.php?id_noti=291 |title=Navantia and local partner selected by Turkey for construction of one LPD based on the Juan Carlos I |date=27 December 2013 |publisher=Navantia |accessdate=23 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=TN-LHD-2>{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/december-2013-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1450-turkey-selects-navantias-juan-carlos-lhd-design-as-winner-of-its-lpd-tender.html |publisher=Navy Recognition.com |title=Turkey selects Navantia's Juan Carlos LHD design as winner of its LPD tender |date=28 December 2013 |accessdate=23 May 2015 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230115750/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/december-2013-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1450-turkey-selects-navantias-juan-carlos-lhd-design-as-winner-of-its-lpd-tender.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Manson |first1=Katrina |last2=Pitel |first2=Laura |title=US Senate blocks F-35 sales to Turkey |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d3c7492c-7346-11e8-b6ad-3823e4384287 |website= ft.com |publisher=Financial Times |accessdate=19 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/16/politics/trump-turkey-s400-sales/index.html|title=Trump blames Obama as he reluctantly bans F-35 sales to Turkey|author=Kevin Liptak and Nicole Gaouette|website=CNN|access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== * {{Commons category-inline|TCG Anadolu (L-400)|{{PAGENAME}}}} * [https://www.navypedia.org/ships/turkey/tu_ls_anadolu.htm ANADOLU assault amphibious ship] * [https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/february-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/5932-keel-laying-of-future-turkish-navy-lhd-tcg-anadolu.html Keel Laying of Future Turkish Navy LHD TCG Anadolu] * [https://www.sedefshipyard.com/en/gemi.aspx?ID=27 Sedef Shipyard: Multipurpose Amphibious Assault Ship (LHD)] {{Authority control}} 0g8olvi42frame17vyt9qcm776uoqix 3170251 3170250 2025-06-11T21:03:23Z KiranBOT 21233 dihapuih palacakan AMP dari URL ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|detail]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|malaporkan kasalahan]]) v2.2.7s 3170251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{judul miring}} '''TCG ''Anadolu'' (L-400)''' adolah kapa [[Angkatan Lauik Turki]] nan dapek dikonfigurasi sabagai [[kapa induak]] ringan. Dinamoi manuruik namo [[samananjuang]] [[Anatolia]] (Turki: ''Anadolu'') nan marupoan mayoritas daratan [[Turki]]. Pakarajoan konstruksi bamulo pado 30 April 2016 di galangan kapa Sedef Shipbuilding Inc. di [[Istanbul]], salasai dibuek pado 7 Februari 2018.<ref name="SavunmaSanayiST-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.savunmasanayist.com/tcg-anadolu-envantere-girmeye-hazirlaniyor/|title=TCG Anadolu envantere girmeye hazırlanıyor|publisher=SavunmaSanayiST.com|date=2019-11-21}}</ref><ref name="Turksail">{{cite web|url=http://www.turksail.com/genel-haberler/16875-tcg-anadolu-da-test-suereci-baslad|title=Türkiye'nin ilk uçak gemisi TCG Anadolu’da test süreci başladı |publisher=Turksail.com|date=2020-02-02}}</ref><ref name=NavyRecognition>{{cite web|url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2016/may-2016-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/3907-turkey-started-the-construction-of-its-future-lhd-tcg-anadolu.html|title=Turkey Started the Construction of its future LHD TCG Anadolu|publisher=Navy Recognition|date=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=BNN>{{cite web|url=https://devrimyaylali.com/2016/05/02/the-construction-of-the-multipurpose-amphibious-assault-ship-tcg-anadolu-has-started/|title=The Construction Of The Multipurpose Amphibious Assault Ship TCG Anadolu Has Started|publisher=Bosphorus Naval News|date=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=NavalToday>{{cite web|url=http://navaltoday.com/2016/05/03/first-steel-cut-for-turkish-lhd-ship/|title=First steel cut for Turkish LHD ship|publisher=Naval Today|date=3 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=L400TechSpecs>{{cite web|url=https://turkishnavy.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/p1150564.jpg|title=Technical specifications of TCG Anadolu (L-400)|publisher=Turkishnavy.net|date=2 May 2016}}</ref> Kapa tasabuik batujuan untuak mamanuhi babagai kabutuhan dan parsyaraikan [[Angkatan Basanjato Turki]], ajak panopang jo dayo tahan lamo, patampuran militer jarak jauah atau operasi bantuan kamanusiaan; katiko batindak sabagai pusek komando dan andalan Angkatan Lauik Turki.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-national-flagship-set-to-sail-in-2021.aspx?pageID=238&nID=93398&NewsCatID=344|title=Turkey’s ‘national flagship’ set to sail in 2021|last=|first=|date=|publisher=hurriyetdailynews|accessdate=5 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=LHD1>[http://www.navantia.es/noticia.php?id_noti=291 Navantia: "Navantia and local partner selected by Turkey for construction of one LPD based on the Juan Carlos I"], 27 December 2013.</ref><ref name=LHD2>[http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/december-2013-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1450-turkey-selects-navantias-juan-carlos-lhd-design-as-winner-of-its-lpd-tender.html Navy Recognition: "Turkey selects Navantia's Juan Carlos LHD design as winner of its LPD tender"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230115750/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/december-2013-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1450-turkey-selects-navantias-juan-carlos-lhd-design-as-winner-of-its-lpd-tender.html |date=2021-12-30 }}, 28 December 2013.</ref><ref name=LHD3>[http://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/101354/navantia-and-sedef-join-forces-to-construct-lhd-and-lcms-for-turkish-navy/ World Maritime News: "Navantia and SEDEF Join Forces to Construct LHD and LCMs for Turkish Navy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402163355/http://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/101354/navantia-and-sedef-join-forces-to-construct-lhd-and-lcms-for-turkish-navy/ |date=2015-04-02 }}, 7 January 2014.</ref><ref name=LHD4>{{Cite web |url=http://worldmaritimenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Navantia-and-SEDEF-Join-Forces-to-Construct-LHD-and-LCMs-for-Turkish-Navy.jpg |title=World Maritime News: Concept design of the Turkish variant of Juan Carlos I (L-61) class BPE |access-date=2023-04-21 |archive-date=2016-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429064140/http://worldmaritimenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Navantia-and-SEDEF-Join-Forces-to-Construct-LHD-and-LCMs-for-Turkish-Navy.jpg |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=LHD5>{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2015-news/january-2015-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/2304-turkeys-future-lhd-could-be-modified-as-an-qaircraft-carrierq-to-deploy-f-35b-jets.html |title=Turkey's Future LHD Could Be Modified as an "Aircraft Carrier" to Deploy F-35B Jets |date=2 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=TN-LHD-3>{{cite web |url=http://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/101354/navantia-and-sedef-join-forces-to-construct-lhd-and-lcms-for-turkish-navy/ |publisher=World Maritime News |title=Navantia and SEDEF Join Forces to Construct LHD and LCMs for Turkish Navy |date=7 January 2014 |accessdate=23 May 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402163355/http://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/101354/navantia-and-sedef-join-forces-to-construct-lhd-and-lcms-for-turkish-navy/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=TN-LHD-4>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.plymouth.ac.uk/dcss/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2015/09/xlarge_JUAN_CARLOS_F-35.jpg |publisher=Dartmouth Centre for Seapower and Strategy, Plymouth University|title=Model of the Turkish variant of Juan Carlos I (L-61) class LHD|date=11 May 2015|accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref> Kapa alah dirancang untuak dapek manampuang pasawat tempur multiperan siluman F-35B STOVL. Dek tu Turki alah dihapuih dari program F-35 pado Juli 2019 basobok masalah kaámanan takaik jo akuisisi Turki ateh pambalian sistem patahanan udaro S-400 [[Rusia]].<ref name=TN-LHD-5>{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2015-news/january-2015-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/2304-turkeys-future-lhd-could-be-modified-as-an-qaircraft-carrierq-to-deploy-f-35b-jets.html |title=Turkey's Future LHD Could Be Modified as an "Aircraft Carrier" to Deploy F-35B Jets |publisher=Navy Recognition.com |date=2 January 2015 |accessdate=23 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=TN-LHD-6>{{cite press release |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/2692-turkish-navy-future-lhd-model-showcased-with-f-35b-stovl-aircraft-at-idef-2015.html |title=Turkish Navy Future LHD Model Showcased with F-35B STOVL Aircraft at IDEF 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411135025/https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/2692-turkish-navy-future-lhd-model-showcased-with-f-35b-stovl-aircraft-at-idef-2015.html |date=2023-04-11 }}</ref><ref name=TN-LHD-1>{{cite press release |url=http://www.navantia.es/noticia.php?id_noti=291 |title=Navantia and local partner selected by Turkey for construction of one LPD based on the Juan Carlos I |date=27 December 2013 |publisher=Navantia |accessdate=23 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=TN-LHD-2>{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/december-2013-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1450-turkey-selects-navantias-juan-carlos-lhd-design-as-winner-of-its-lpd-tender.html |publisher=Navy Recognition.com |title=Turkey selects Navantia's Juan Carlos LHD design as winner of its LPD tender |date=28 December 2013 |accessdate=23 May 2015 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230115750/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/december-2013-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1450-turkey-selects-navantias-juan-carlos-lhd-design-as-winner-of-its-lpd-tender.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Manson |first1=Katrina |last2=Pitel |first2=Laura |title=US Senate blocks F-35 sales to Turkey |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d3c7492c-7346-11e8-b6ad-3823e4384287 |website= ft.com |publisher=Financial Times |accessdate=19 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/16/politics/trump-turkey-s400-sales/index.html|title=Trump blames Obama as he reluctantly bans F-35 sales to Turkey|author=Kevin Liptak and Nicole Gaouette|website=CNN|access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== * {{Commons category-inline|TCG Anadolu (L-400)|{{PAGENAME}}}} * [https://www.navypedia.org/ships/turkey/tu_ls_anadolu.htm ANADOLU assault amphibious ship] * [https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/february-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/5932-keel-laying-of-future-turkish-navy-lhd-tcg-anadolu.html Keel Laying of Future Turkish Navy LHD TCG Anadolu] * [https://www.sedefshipyard.com/en/gemi.aspx?ID=27 Sedef Shipyard: Multipurpose Amphibious Assault Ship (LHD)] {{Authority control}} itzq74tnjsbfb4wqkes3nhkynxmmod7 0 473041 3170247 3147394 2025-06-11T20:06:37Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170247 wikitext text/x-wiki Si Patai adolah sosok dari [[Pauh, Padang]], nan tercatat dek Balando sabagai salah saurang bandit (urang bagak) tanamo di Kota Padang. Si Patai manjadi buah tutua urang Padang, khususnyo urang tuo-tuo di Pauh dek karano pabuatannyo bagi kolonial Balando sabagai bandit tapi bagi urang Padang sabagai pahlawan. Satidaknyo, Si Patai malenggang dalam dunia sastra berkat tulisan A.A. Navis dan Rusli Amran, man manjuluakkan inyo sabagai "Robin Hood" Padang. == Lata Balakang == Indak ado riwayaik hiduik nan jaleh dari Si Patai, baitu juo urang-urang bandit nan dikaja dek kolonial Balando. Namun, maso itu iolah perlawanan urang Minang terhadap Balando nan sakananyo mambuek peraturan sarupo Belasting nan mambuek [[Siti Manggopoh]] malawan.<ref>https://indonesiadefense.com/siti-manggopoh-pemimpin-perang-belasting-dari-ranah-minang/</ref> Di sampiang itu, kabijakan monopoli kopi Balando itu indak banyak lai manambah kauntungan dalam baniago dek komoditas itu indak laku bana lai di pasaran dunia. Kamunduran ekonomi nan malanda juo Kota Padang pado akhir abad ka-19, mambuek banyak urang malarek baralih karajo manjadi bandit. Pauh dan Koto Tangah manjadi sarang perlawanan di kota Padang pado maso itu. Muncualah namo-namo sarupo Si Rancak, Buyuang Tupang, Galuang, Mara Otong dan lain-lain. Si Rancak manjadi parhatian Balando sajak 1880, satiok dikaja inyo dapek lolos dari urang Balando. Si Rancak mangumpuaan banyak pangikuik dan basambunyi di babagai tampek di kota Padang, sahinggo urang Balando susah mancari inyo. Si Rancak nan pandai basilek itu akhianyo kalah ditembak malawan Marah Pense nan babadia di Manggopoh dan jatuah ka tabek, sadang badarah itulah inyo lalu ditangkok Balando, maningga dalam parjalanan ka Padang dek habih darahnyo.<ref name=":0">Rusli Amran, ''Padang Riwayatmu Dulu'' (Jakarta: Yasaguna, 1988) hlm. 112-117</ref> Kawannyo Galuang dan Baruak ditangkok sasudah adu silek jo Kabuik nan ilmunyo labiah tinggi dari duo urang itu. Galuang dan Baruak manuruik jo Kabuik untuak disarahan ka Balando. Marah Pense jo Kabuik iko kudian mandapek hadiah dan pangkek dari Balando. Pado 1 Maret 1902, sabagai paringatan bagi bandit-bandit nan baserak di Kota Padang, Rajo Ageh basamo limo anak buahnyo nan tatangkok dihukum gantuang sampai mati di Plein van Rome (kini Lapangan Imam Bonjol).<ref name=":0" /> == Riwayat Si Patai == Suatu ari, Si Patai bacakak jo anak saurang tuanku lareh, anak itu mati. Tuanku lareh nan kalap dek acok kalah bajudi manangkok Si Patai dan manyeso inyo dalam panjaronyo. Di panjaro itu konon inyo baguru dari tahanan lain urang Bugih dan Banten. Katiko ilmunyo diraso cukuik, Si Patai kabua dari panjaro dan manatok di Pauh.<ref name=":1">A.A. Navis, "Rekayasa Sejarah Si Patai", ''Kumpulan Cerpen A.A. Navis'' (tanpo taun, tanpo panarabik). </ref> Si Patai, basamo Buyuang Tupang, Palalok dan Sampan, manjadi incaran Balando pado awal abad ka-20. Manuruik carito pado maso itu, Si Patai acok masuak kalua kota Padang. Iindak ado nan barani malapor ka kolonial Balando, sabab katiko ado nan malapor di siang ari, rumahnyo kanai api di malam ari. Dek tasohor namonyo itu, urang sanantiaso manyabuik Si Patai apobilo tajadi maliang jo begal. Akhianyo Si Patai manjadi musuah nomor satu kolonial Balando di Padang<ref name=":1" /> Perlawanan sarupo Belasting menjadi alasan Balando mamasuakkan Si Patai sabagai gerakan perlawanan disampiang sabagai bandit. Suatu ari, urang Balando mandapek kaba baso Si Patai dan kawannyo Sampan singgah di lapau Maanjang di Aia Pacah. Iko mambuek urang Balando takajuik, dek karano Maanjang alah diamanan dek alah tau Si Patai acok basambunyi di sinan, tapi inyo barani ka situ baliak. Pado pukua 12 malam, 35 pasukan datang mangapuang lapau itu hanyo demi duo urang. Pado pukua 4, Si Patai kalua manyarang pasukan itu, namun ditembak dari jarak dakek.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/sarekat-djin-melawan-belanda-P1B4O/page/2 |title=archive copy |access-date=2023-12-21 |archive-date=2023-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221101508/https://historia.id/politik/articles/sarekat-djin-melawan-belanda-P1B4O/page/2 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Inyo nan masih iduik jo Sampan diarak urang Balando dan dipanjaro salamo tigo taun. Sasudah lapeh panjaro indak jera Si Patai. Inyo dikabaan ikuik Sarekat Djin pado 8 Mei 1926 sabagai pamimpin di Pauh basamo 40 anggota lainnyo.<ref>Mestika Zed, ''Pemberontakan Komunis Silungkang 1927: Studi Gerakan Sosial di Sumatera Barat'' (Yogyakarta: Syarikat Indonesia, 2004).</ref> Sajak itu, urang Balando mancatat banyak parangai Si Patai nan marugikan Balando. inyo pun mambuek rusuah baliak ka Balando di Pauh, mambunuah pagawai kolonial, malempa bom, dan mangancam masuak ka kota Padang (maso kolonial, Kota Padang masih sabateh Balantuang hinggo Batang Arau), walau gerakannyo dapek dialau dakek Alai.<ref name=":0" /> Pado 9 Januari 1927 tajadilah sarangan ka bivak tentara dakek Pasar Ambacang di Padang. Konon, Si Patai sabananyo indak satuju sarangan iko dipabuek, tapi anak buahnyo mamasoan pakaro itu. Kajadian itu ditunggu-tunggu dek Mayor Rhemrev (Vermehr?) sabagai alasan untuak malancaran sarangan akhia ka Si Patai dan kawan-kawannyo. Mulonyo, dari bantuan mato-mato lokal, urang dakek Si Patai ditangkok, sarupo Pakih Tahir, sapupunyo, hinggo pambantunyo Lawai/Laweh. Akhianyo, pado malam ari tanggal 3 Februari 1927 Si Patai dikapuang dek Balando di Pauh, dan mati di tangan Sersan Klas I Lintong.<ref name=":0" /> Jasadnyo dipancuang, kapalonyo ditusuak dan manjadi tontonan dek Balando. Hasjim Ning, saudarar tanamo di Padang, mancaritoan kesaksiannyo:<blockquote>"Si Patai saurang pambarani dari Pauh, desa bagian utara Kota Padang. Si Patai adolah Kapalo pambarontak malawan Balando. Inyo telah banyak mambunuah tantaro dek parangnyo. Tantaro akan gantar dan lari lintang pukang bilo bahadapan jo inyo." ''Pasang surut pengusaha pejuang: otobiografi Hasjim Ning''</blockquote> == Warisan == Di tangah-tangah suasana pemberontakan [[Kuminih]] taun 1926-1927 di Minangkabau, Leo Hulsman, saurang wartawan Balando, maliput Si Patai langsuang ka Padang. Manuruiknyo, Si Patai alah manjadi lagenda urang Padang, bagaikan Robin Hood. Inyo manjadi buah tutur urang Pauh sakitarnyo dek diadang pasukan Balando. Ado carito, Si Patai singgah ka sabuah rumah dan mambaia sabanyak 25 Rupiah untuak samalam di surambinyo. Uang itu dipakai urang sarumah untuak makan basamo. Katiko garaknyo tabaco musuah, inyo dari surambi buliah langsuang kabur dengan mudahnyo. Bagi urang Pauh zaman dahulu, Si Patai dikaitkan jo pambarani, ahli beladiri, banci jo urang Balando, dan banyak ilmunyo. Hulsman manulih tantang Si Patai iko sabalun inyo tatangkok pado 3 Februari itu.<ref name=":1" /> Saketek urang nan manulih riwayaiknyo, tapi duo sejarawan manulih tantang inyo. Rusli Amran dalam ''Padang Riwayatmu Dulu'' manulih satu bab tasandiri tantang bandit Si Rancak dan Si Patai, dek pangalamannyo jo urang Pauh nan masih banyak bacarito lagenda itu. Amran manakanan peran Si Patai sabagai urang nan bajaso bagi Pauh, sahinggo panduduaknyo indak mudah manyarahan inyo ka Balando, sadang urang Balando kalang kabuik dek parangai Si Patai dan kawan-kawannyo<ref name=":0" /> A.A. Navis, di sisi lain, mambuek cerpen sejarah tantang Si Patai, di mano saurang tuanku lareh nan anaknyo dibunuah Si Patai manyimpan dandam ka inyo, lalu mangadu ka Balando bia inyo ditangkok dan dihukum mati. Bagitu suliknyo Si Patai ditangkok hinggo tuanku lareh manyaranan bia Marsose datang manyarabu inyo. Marsose iko takenal dek panumpehan perlawanan Rakyat Aceh nan silam. Akhianyo Marsose mangapuang Pauh, mambunuah urang nan dianggap Si Patai dan manancokkan kapalonyo di kayu. Tuanku lareh indak mandapek kapalo Si Patai, tapi residen Sumatra Westkust manganggap baso pakaro Si Patai alah usai walau nan tabunuah hanyo kawannyo nan mirip, Ujuang Patai.<ref name=":1" /> == Panunjuak == <references /> == Pranala Luar == # https://padangkita.com/si-patai-bandit-berhati-mulia-dari-padang/ # https://validnews.id/kultura/si-patai-bandit-sosial-dalam-kabut-sejarah t3i0f55dxo1mew849ccxykmw48i6xp1 0 473381 3170246 3161918 2025-06-11T20:04:02Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox urang}} Shofwan Karim Elhussein ([[Abjaik Jawi|Jawi]]: صفوان كاريم الحسين, {{Lahiamati|[[Sijunjung]]|12|12|1952}}) iolah saurang akademisi jo [[politikus]] [[Indonesia]] nan pernah manjabat Rektor [[Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat]] (2006-2013). Inyo pernah manjabat sabagai [[Muhammadiyah]] di [[Sumatera Barat]] dan mantan anggota Golkar era Orde Baru.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muhammadiyah.or.id/id/news/print/5135/-ini-profil-lengkap-ketua-pwm-sumbar--terpilih-20152020-dr-h-shofwan-karim-elha-ma.html|title=Ini Profil Lengkap Ketua PWM Sumbar Terpilih 2015-2020, Dr. H. Shofwan Karim Elha, MA|website=Muhammadiyah|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729051101/http://www.muhammadiyah.or.id/id/news/print/5135/-ini-profil-lengkap-ketua-pwm-sumbar--terpilih-20152020-dr-h-shofwan-karim-elha-ma.html|archive-date=2020-07-29|dead-url=yes|access-date=22 Januari 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=1993|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=qPmNAAAAMAAJ|title=Kenang-kenangan Sekber Gokar-Kino-Golkar dari Mukernas ke Munas - V Golkar: Sejarah Kepeloporan, Pembauran & Pembangunan Politik|volume=|page=495|publisher=Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya|language=}}</ref> == Kehidupan jo pandidikan == Shofwan asanyo dari Desa Sirih Sekapur, Jujuhan, Bungo, [[Jambi]]. Namun, akte kalahirannyo tatulih inyo lahir di [[Kabupaten Sijunjung|Sjunjung]], [[Sumatera Tengah|Sumatera Tangah]].<ref name="bio1">{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/shofwanhaluan/docs/riwayat_singkat_shofwan_karim.docx|title=Riwayat Singkat Shofwan Karim|last=Karim|first=Shofwan|website=Issuu|language=|access-date=22 Januari 2024|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314003247/https://issuu.com/shofwanhaluan/docs/riwayat_singkat_shofwan_karim.docx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Inyo adolah anak suluang dari sapuluah badunsanak, pasangan Haji Abdul Karim (1927-2003) jo Hajjah Rahana (1936-1995) nan punyo darah [[Bangso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]. Shofwan gadang di lingkungan kaluarga nan baragamo, samantaro ayahnyo bakarajo sabagai guru agamo di [[Sungai Limau, Asam Jujuhan, Dharmasraya|Sungai Limau]], [[Koto Baru, Dharmasraya|Kota Baru]], [[Kabupaten Sijunjung|Sjunjung]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shofwankarim.me/terindah-dalam-hidup-1-abak-dan-emak-tercinta/|title=Abak dan Emak Tercinta|date=2022-04-04|website=Berfikir, Berbicara, Bertulis dan Berikhtiar|language=id-ID|access-date=22 Januari 2024|archive-date=2023-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608122615/https://shofwankarim.me/terindah-dalam-hidup-1-abak-dan-emak-tercinta/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Namo Karim sabananyo diambil dari namo apaknyo, iyolah Abdul Karim. Sadangkan Elha iolah [[Namo urang Minangkabau|singkatan]] dari namo niniaknyo. Usai mangarajokan umrah pado taun 2013, Shofwan mangganti namo balakangnyo manjadi "Elhussein".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peoplepill.com/people/shofwan-karim-elha|title=Shofwan Karim Elha|date=2022-04-04|website=Peoplepill.com|language=|access-date=22 Januari 2024}}</ref> Shofwan mamulokan pandidikannyo di SR Rantau Ikil jo Madrasah Ibtidaiah Al-Hidayatul Islamiah pado taun 1965, kudian di SMP Negeri 5 Jambi pado taun 1968, lalu Sekolah Persiapan Institut Agamo Islam Negeri Imam Bonjol - kini MA Negeri 1 Padang Panjang - pado taun 1971. == Maso mudo == Shofwan sasudah lulus pandidikan manengah manaiak jajang sarjana di Fakultas Tarbiyah [[Universitas Islam Negeri Imam Bonjol Padang|IAIN Imam Bonjol]] - kini UIN Imam Bonjol - hinggo mancapai gelar sarjana muda pado taun 1976, sarato sarjana lengkap jo gelar doktorandus di kampus nan samo anam taun kudian. Inyo malanjuikan kuliahnyo di IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah hinggo mandapek gelar Magister agama Program Pascasarjana pado taun 1991. Pado taun 2008, inyo mandapek gelar doktor di Sakola Pascasarjana Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, manyusun disertasi tantang nasionalisme, ideologi [[Pancasila]], jo hubungannya dengan Islam sabagai dasar nagara Indonesia.<ref name="bio1"/> Salamo bakuliah, Shofwan aktif tajun di dunia organisasi. Inyo manjadi anggota senat mahasiswa, dewan mahasiswa, jo BKK dari 1972 sampai 1980. Shofwan duduak manjadi pangurus di Pelajar Islam Indonesia (PII) [[Padang Panjang]] wakil ketua cabang Padang Panjang dari 1969 sampai 1971, hinggo Wakil Ketua PII Sumatera Barat pado taun 1972-1976. Sajak 1972, inyo dipilih sabagai wakil ketua senat pado tingkek fakultas salamo duo taun, sasudah itu manjadi wakil ketua dewan mahasiswa sampai 1976. Shofwan bagabuang dalam Resimen Mahasiswa Mahasakti IAIN Imam Bonjol, mangapaloi Staf Resimen Maharuyung Sumatera Barat dari 1974 sampai 1980. Pangalaman di dunia jurnalis inyo jalani juo katiko manjadi Redaktur ''Suara Kampus'' dari 1979 sampai 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/shofwanhaluan/docs/cv.sk._bind.brief.edited.maret2011|title=CV SK by Shofwan Karim|website=Issuu.com|language=en|access-date=22 Januari 2024|archive-date=2023-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312171409/https://issuu.com/shofwanhaluan/docs/cv.sk._bind.brief.edited.maret2011|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado Maret 1985, inyo diangkek manjadi pegawai negeri sipil sabagai dosen tetap di Fakultas Ushuluddin IAIN Imam Bonjol. Salain itu, inyo mangaja pulo di [[Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat]] jo Kolej Islam Muhammadiyah Singapura.<ref>Seno, Seno and Hasanadi, Hasanadi (2016) [https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/10729/ Perkembangan organisasi Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau Provinsi Sumatera Barat 1925-2010]. Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Sumatera Barat, Padang. ISBN 9786028742870</ref> === Organisasi === Di lua kampus, Shofwan mudo aktif di Komite Nasional Pemuda Indonesia Sumatera Barat Ketua Departemen Organisasi salamo duo periode, hinggo wakil ketua duo kali (1982-1987 jo 1987-1992). Indak hanyo itu, inyo sakalian bagabuang ka dalam Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam Cabang [[Koto Padang|Padang]] sajak 1972, Wakil Ketua DPD Muhammadiyah Kota Padang pado tahun 1973 salamo tigo taun, Ketua Departemen Kader Ikatan Mahasiswa Muhammadiyah (IMM) Sumatera Barat pado taun 1976 salamo duo taun, dan dipilih sabagai Ketua Biro Organisasi Pemuda salamo duo periode (1975-1982). Sasudah aktifnyo di Ikatan Mahasiswa Muhammadiyah, Shofwan dipilih malalui musyawarah sabagai anggota Pimpinan Wilayah Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat periode 1995-2000. == Kiprah akademisi jo profesional == Pado awalnyo sabagai dosen, Shofwan bagabuang jo ''Team Teaching'' di Jurusan Antropologi Sosiologi Fakultas Sastra Universitas Andalas (Unand) dari taun 1985 salamo duo taun basamo dosen tamu Joke Van Reenen dari Universitas Vrije Amsterdam, nan bakuliah tantang agama jo kamanusiaan di Afrika. Pado taun 2000 nyo manjadi Dosen Pemikiran Modern salamo 10 taun di Dunia Islam di Kolej Islam Muhammadiyah, Singapura.<ref>{{Cite book|date=1991|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=u45JAAAAMAAJ|title=Kongress Kebudayaan, 1991|page=472|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia|language=id}}</ref> Inyo dipiliah sabagai Wakil Sekretaris Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia (ICMI) Sumatera Barat pado taun 2003. Inyo pulo manjadi salah satu dari limo urang nan manandatanganan ambil alih sepihak [[Semen Padang (parusahaan)|Semen Padang]] dari pamarentah pusat di bawah Semen Gresik kapado pamarentah provinsi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/17191/masyarakat-sumbar-ambil-alih-pt-semen-padang|title=Masyarakat Sumbar Ambil Alih PT Semen Padang|date=2003-09-18|website=Tempo.co|location=Jakarta|language=id-ID|access-date=22 Januari 2024}}</ref> Pado 5 Oktober 2005, inyo diangkek manjadi salah satu komisaris di parusahaan itu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://finance.detik.com/bursa-dan-valas/d-455846/manajemen-semen-padang-dan-semen-tonasa-dirombak|title=Manajemen Semen Padang dan Semen Tonasa Dirombak|website=detikfinance|language=|access-date=22 Januari 2024}}</ref> salamo duo periode hinggo 7 April 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.semenpadang.co.id/?mod=berita&kat=&id=168|title=Komisaris dan Direksi Lama Silaturrahmi dengan Staf Semen Padang|date=2011-06-22|website=[[Semen Padang (perusahaan)|Semen Padang]]|location=Padang|language=|access-date=22 Januari 2024}}</ref> Pado maso kini, inyo alah manjadi Sekretaris ICMI Sumatera Barat periode 2007-2012. Puncak karirnyo di dunia akademik adolah manjadi Rektor [[Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat]] dan dipilih untuak duo periode berturut-turut, iyolah 2006-2010 jo 2010-2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sumbarprov.go.id/home/news/7307-gubernur-hadiri-pengukuhan-pimpinan-wilayah-muhammadiyah-aisyiyah-pemuda-muhammadiyah-sumatera-barat|title=Gubernur Hadiri Pengukuhan Pimpinan Wilayah Muhammadiyah-Aisyiyah-Pemuda Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat dan Pencerahan Nasional|date=2016-04-11|editor-last=|editor-first=|website=Pemerintah Provinsi Sumatera Barat|language=id-ID|access-date=22 Januari 2024}}</ref> Pado maso itu, inyo alah ditunjuk sabagai Rektor Tugas dari 2001 sampai 2002 dan kaduo kalinyo pado taun 2005. Satiok manggok, inyo berhasil manggokakan "Hari mahasiswa" dalam barupo palatihan intensif kapado mahasiswa jo maningkatkan kualitas dosen dalam sudut pandang pandidikan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edukasi.kompas.com/read/2013/02/06/21511553/UMSB.Sediakan.Hari.Khusus.Tingkatkan.Mutu.Pendidikan|title=UMSB Sediakan Hari Khusus Tingkatkan Mutu Pendidikan|date=2016-02-06|editor-last=|editor-first=|website=Kompas.com|language=|access-date=22 Januari 2024}}</ref> Walau sajak Januari 2018 pansiun dari UIN IB, sampai kini, inyo masih aktif sabagai dosen Pascasarjana Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat. == Kiprah politik == Shofwan masuak ka Golongan Karya malalui jabatannyo sabagai Ketua Biro Pemenangan Pemilu Umum salamo taun 1982-1999.<ref>{{Cite book|date=1988|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=_0ATAAAAMAAJ|title=Musyawarah Nasional IV Golongan Karya|volume=2|page=931|publisher=Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya|language=id}}</ref> Pado taun 1992, inyo manjadi anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi Sumatera Barat|DPRD Sumatera Barat]] mawakili Fraksi Golkar.<ref>{{Cite book|date=1994|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=khWOAAAAMAAJ|title=Pemilihan umum 1992 dari daerah ke daerah|publisher=Lembaga Pemilihan Umum|language=id}}</ref> Inyo batahan di situ hinggo taun 1999. Kutiko Pemilukada Sumatera Barat 2005, Shofwan diliriak sabagai calon [[Daftar Wakia Gubernur Sumatera Barat|Wakil Gubernur Sumatra Barat]]. Walau [[Gamawan Fauzi]] barancano mangajaknyo manjadi wakil,<ref>{{Cite book|date=2007|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=kHkMAQAAMAAJ|title=Bang Saidal, Konsistensi Anak Zaman|page=265|publisher=JC Institute|language=id}}</ref> akhirnyo Gamawan maju basamo [[Marlis Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-354821/nomor-urut-pasangan-cagub--cawagub-sumbar-diundi|title=Nomor Urut Pasangan Cagub & Cawagub Sumbar Diundi|date=2005-05-04|editor-last=|editor-first=|website=Detik.com|location=Padang|language=id-ID|access-date=22 Januari 2024|archive-date=2022-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010091015/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-354821/nomor-urut-pasangan-cagub--cawagub-sumbar-diundi|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Shofwan dalam Pemilihan Presiden 2014 mandukuang calon presiden [[Joko Widodo]]. Inyo acok komentar nan mambanduang isu sensitif Joko Widodo di Sumatera Barat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pemilu.tempo.co/read/589973/jokowi-diisukan-kafir-di-sumatera-barat|title=Jokowi Diisukan Kafir di Sumatera Barat|date=2014-07-03|editor-last=Teguh Edi Pramono|editor-first=Stefanus|website=Tempo.co|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-03-16}}</ref> Limo taun kudian, inyo baliak mandukuang Joko Widodo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/langkanid/ketua-dpw-muhammadiyah-sumbar-dukung-jokowi-maruf-1qqHK0JSgst|title=Ketua DPW Muhammadiyah Sumbar Dukung Jokowi-Ma'ruf|date=2019-04-07|website=Kumparan.com|location=Padang|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-03-16}}</ref> dan manjadi panasihat Forum Komunikasi Relawan Pemenangan Joko Widodo Sumatera Barat pado taun 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jawapos.com/jpg-today/03/08/2018/jadi-timses-jokowi-shofwan-karim-ini-jalan-dakwah/|title=Jadi Timses Jokowi, Shofwan Karim: Ini Jalan Dakwah|date=2018-08-03|website=JawaPos.com|location=|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-03-16}}</ref> == Kehidupan pribadi == Pado tanggal 25 November 1977, Shofwan manikah jo Imnati Ilyas dari Payakumbuh dan baralek di Balai Talang, [[Guguak, Lima Puluh Kota|Guguak]], Lima Puluh Kota. Imnati iolah kawan kuliahnyo di [[Universitas Islam Negeri Imam Bonjol Padang|IAIN Imam Bonjol]], bakarajo sabagai guru di SMK Negeri 9 Padang hinggo pensiun pado taun 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://smkn9padang.blogspot.com/p/guru.html|title=Guru|last=|first=|publisher=SMK Negeri 9 Padang|language=id|access-date=2023-03-16}}</ref> Palaminannyo mambuahkan ampek anak: Iqbal Shoffan Shofwan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/news/world/vanny-rahman/profil-kepala-kdei-taipei-iqbal-shoffan-shofwan|title=Profil Kepala KDEI Taipei Iqbal Shoffan Shofwan|last=El Rahman|first=Vanny|website=IDN Times|location=Taipei|language=id|access-date=2023-03-16}}</ref> Shofwim Shofwan, Putri Bulqis, jo Adam Putra. == Karya == * ''Islam dan Nasionalisme: Pemikiran Mohammad Natsir'' (2023) {{ISBN|978-623-419-392-3}} * ''Islam sebagai Dasar Negara: Polemik Natsir Versus Soekarno'' (2020) {{ISBN|978-623-93471-3-0}} * ''68 Tahun Melukis di Atas Awan'' (2020) {{ISBN|978-623-95630-2-8}} == Referensi == [[Kategori:Ulama Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Ulama Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Melayu]] 1b5iik79ntmwp3z6ba2e9izwwunafl3 0 474178 3170238 3169034 2025-06-11T12:52:21Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|image=Coffee tree chary.jpg|image2=Liberica coffee beans, roasted.jpg|image_caption=[[Tumbuahan]] kopi liberika|image2_caption=[[Biji kopi]] liberika|item=Q47718|color={{taxobox colour|plantae }}|subdivision=[[William Philip Hiern|Hiern]]{{br}} [[Berkas:Wikispecies-logo.svg|al=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] [[Species:Coffea liberica|Media: {{PAGENAME}}]]|synonyms=''Coffea dewevrei'' <small>De Wild. & T.Durand</small><br>''Coffea dybowskii'' <small>Pierre ex De Wild.</small><br/>''Coffea excelsa'' <small>A.Chev.</small>}} '''[[Kopi]] Liberica''' adolah sabuah spesies kopi nan barasa dari [[Liberia]], jo Afrika Barat, nan manjadi asa namo kopi iko. Kopi liberika tumbuah sacara liar di daerah Afrika nan tamasuak Angola, Benin, Kamerun, Afrika Tangah, Kongo, Pantai Gading, Gabon, Gana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sao Tomé, Sierra Leone, Sudan, hingga Uganda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://diperpa.badungkab.go.id/artikel/http:/|title=Website Portal Resmi Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Pemerintah Kabupaten Badung|last=diskominfo@badungkab.go.id|website=Website Portal Resmi Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Pemerintah Kabupaten Badung|language=|access-date=2024-06-14}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kopi ko dapek tumbuah sampai 9 meter dari tanah. Pado abaik ka-19, kopi iko dibawok ka [[Indonesia]] untuak manganti kopi Arabika nan alah diserang dek [[Hama penyakit|hama panyakit]]. == Sejarah di Indonesia == Pado taun 1878 [[Balando]] mambaok kopi liberika ka Indonesia untuak maganti tanaman kopi arabika nan rusak dek panyakit karatan daun atau Hemelia vastatrixi (HV). Tapi pado taun 1907, tanaman liberika alah mancapai sasuatu nan samo jo tanaman Arabika. Sakir-kironyo tanaman kopi liberika nan talatak di dataran rendah rusak dek panyakik karat daun. Walaupun daya tahan kopi liberika untuak panyakik karat daun labiah elok dari kopi arabica namun indak samo jo kopi robusta. Jadi pamarentah Balando manganti Liberika jo jenis Robusta.<ref name=":0"/> [[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bloeiende_Liberia-koffie_geplant_in_april_1896_cultuuronderneming_Kedongdong_of_Way_Lima_Lampongse_Districten_Zuid-Sumatra._TMnr_60013379.jpg|al=Foto. Kopi liberika yang ditanam pada April 1896 sedang berbunga. Perkebunan Kedongdong, Way Lima, Lampung|jmpl|Sarupo iko. Kopi liberika nan ditanam pado bulan April 1896 sadang mananam. Tanaman Kedongdong, Way Lima, [[Lampuang]]]] Daerah [[Jawa Timur]] manjadi ciek daerah kantong produksi kopi di Indonesia, salah satu tanaman kopi nan dikenal di masyarakaik iyolah tanaman kopi di Kawasan [[Geopark Ijen]] Banyuwangi, jo Kacamatan Kalipuro sabagai salah satu daerah nan Banyo produktivitas kopi nan cukup tinggi. Kopi nan dibudidayakan dek urang Kacamatan Kalipuro salah surangnyo adolah ''Kopi liberica'' (Coffea liberica), spesies nan banyak ditamui di wilayah sakitar hutan namun indak banyak dibudidayakannyo sarupo kopi Arabika atau Robusta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tp.ub.ac.id/eksplorasi-kopi-liberika-dari-ujung-timur-pulau-jawa-kopi-penyelamat-lingkungan/|title=Eksplorasi Kopi Liberika dari Ujung Timur Pulau Jawa, Kopi Penyelamat Lingkungan – Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian|website=tp.ub.ac.id|access-date=2024-06-14|archive-date=2024-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529124723/https://tp.ub.ac.id/eksplorasi-kopi-liberika-dari-ujung-timur-pulau-jawa-kopi-penyelamat-lingkungan/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Jikok di [[Jambi]], kopi iko dibudidayakan di Kuala Tungka, unik jo khas kopi Liberika Tungkal Komposit iko dek karano dibudidayak di daerah gambut jo tingkat asam nan cukup tinggi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tanjabbarkab.go.id/unik-dan-khasnya-kopi-liberika-kuala-tungkal/|title=UNIK DAN KHASNYA KOPI LIBERIKA KUALA TUNGKAL|date=27 November 2017|access-date=14 Juni 2024}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kini, kopi Liberika Tungkal di tanam dek masyarakat di kabupaten Betara, Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat. Umumnyo urang Kacamatan Betara mangolah kopi sampai ka tahap green bean. Hal iko disababkan dek alat pangolahan kopi masih terbatas. Untuak produk dalam bantuak green bean asa, masyarakaik biasonyo mangolahnyo sacaro mandiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbkepri/liberika-kopi-khas-tanjungjabung-barat/|title=Liberika, Kopi Khas Tanjungjabung Barat|last=Arman|first=Dedi|date=2019-11-21|website=Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Kepulauan Riau|language=Indonesia|access-date=2024-06-21}}</ref> Kopi Liberika Tungkal alah mandapek pangakuan Hak Paten jo Sertifikat Indikasi Geografis dari Dirjen Kekayaan Intelektual Kementerian Hukum jo HAM Republik Indonesia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jambione.com/megapolitan/1363290380/kopi-liberika-tungkal-komposit-varian-unik-yang-membuat-pecinta-kopi-tercengang|title=Kopi Liberika Tungkal Komposit: Varian Unik yang Membuat Pecinta Kopi Tercengang! - Jambi One|last=Ahmadi|first=Ali|website=Kopi Liberika Tungkal Komposit: Varian Unik yang Membuat Pecinta Kopi Tercengang! - Jambi One|language=id|access-date=2024-06-21}}</ref> pado Rangkaian acara Hari Dharma Karyadhika Tahun 2015 di gedung Kamentrian Hukum jo HUM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://serambijambi.id/2018/04/08/jangan-ngaku-pecinta-kopi-kalau-belum-nyobain-kopi-liberika-tungkal-komposit/|title=Jangan Ngaku Pecinta Kopi, Kalau Belum Nyobain Kopi Liberika Tungkal Komposit|date=2018-04-08|website=Serambi Jambi|language=id|access-date=2024-06-21}}</ref> Kopi liberika sangaik tanamo di Kalimantan. Alasannyo, kopi iko sangaik cocok untuak ditanam di tanah gambut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/5172932/kopi-liberika-mutiara-hitam-dari-pulau-borneo|title=Kopi Liberika, Mutiara Hitam dari Pulau Borneo|last=Liputan6.com|date=2023-01-07|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2024-06-21}}</ref> Kopi jinih iko dinilai cocok jo karakter cuaca di Kalimantan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://money.kompas.com/read/2023/11/09/160623326/kopi-luwak-liberika-prangat-baru-kaltim-si-batu-hitam-berharga-selain-batu?page=all|title=Kopi Luwak Liberika Prangat Baru Kaltim, Si "Batu Hitam" Berharga Selain Batu Bara...|last=Ika|first=Aprillia|date=9 November 2023|website=Kompas.com|access-date=21 Juni 2024}}</ref> Salah satu kopi di pulau Kalimantan iko diasiekan dari taman sumber patani kopi parkebunan rakyat jinih kopi Liberika dari Desa Podorukun, Kecamatan Seponti, Kabupaten Kayong Utara nan alah alah dilakukan pelatihan langsung sajak taun 2017 jo namo kalompok tani "Cahaya Kayong Seponti". Kopi Liberika dari Kecamatan Seponti Kabupaten Kayong Utara iko alah mandapek anugerah pado Kompetisi World Coffee Challenge 2022 [[Spanyol]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bcketapang.com/berita/detail/114|title=Bea Cukai Ketapang|website=bcketapang.com|access-date=2024-06-21|archive-date=2024-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621005008/https://bcketapang.com/berita/detail/114|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Karakteristik == Kopi iko mampunyoi babarapo ciri: # daun, [[cabang]], bungo, buah jo batang labiah gadang dari [[kopi Arabika]] jo Robusta. # Cabang-cabang utamo dapek bertahan labiah lamo, jo dalam ciek bukik dapek manurunkan bungo atau buah labiah dari Sakadang. # agak peka jo penyakit HV. # Kualitas buahnyo relatif randah. # Produksi sedang, (4,-5 ku/ha/th) jo rendemen ± 12% # Mananam salamo sataun. # Ukuran buah indak samo # Tambah elok di padang gurun. Babarapo varietas kopi Liberika nan pernah dibawok ka Indonesia antaro lain adolah Ardoniana jo [[Durvei]]. == Pananal lua == * [http://www.winsscoffee.com/ WinssCoffee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116105942/http://www.winsscoffee.com/|date=2013-01-16}} * [http://www.coffeecommunity.web.id/ Indonesian Coffee Community - Forum Komunitas Pecinta Kopi Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020094206/http://www.coffeecommunity.web.id/|date=2016-10-20}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q47718}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q47718}} == Panunjuak == * [http://www.lablink.or.id/Env/Agro/Kopi/kopi-liberica.htm Kopi Liberica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113211547/http://www.lablink.or.id/Env/Agro/Kopi/kopi-liberica.htm |date=2008-01-13 }} Diarsipkan pado tanggal 11-13 Oktober 2008 di Wayback Machine. * [https://archive.org/stream/floraoftropicala03oliv#page/180 rujukan 1] * [https://archive.org/stream/coffeemonographo00chen#page/78 referensi 2] <references /> [[Kategori:Kopi]] [[Kategori:Spesies]] pkqpuyfnpu4ghuj7tcbkuzhmhx8nsew 0 474792 3170249 3157530 2025-06-11T20:18:41Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang|item=Q12515522}} '''Siti Oetari Tjokroaminoto''' (1905–1986)<ref name="HOS-museum">{{Cite book|last=Marihandono|first=Djoko|last2=Juwono|first2=Harto|last3=Tangkilisan|first3=Yudha B.|last4=Tjahjopurnomo|first4=R.|title=H.O.S. Tjokroaminoto : penyemai pergerakan kebangsaan dan kemerdekaan|publisher=Museum Kebangkitan Nasional|year=2015|isbn=978-602-14482-7-4|pages=89-90|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/18473/|quote=Kabar kelahiran Oetari terdengar juga oleh Tjokroaminoto, karena itu diputuskan untuk datang ke Ponorogo menemui isteri dan anaknya.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-21|title=Perjalanan Cinta Siti Oetari dan Bung Karno yang Bersemi di Surabaya|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/02/21/07070011/perjalanan-cinta-siti-oetari-dan-bung-karno-yang-bersemi-di-surabaya|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=30-10-2024|editor-last=Rachmawati}}</ref> adolah anak padusi nan paliang tuo dari [[Umar Said Cokroaminoto|Hadji Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto]], pamimpin [[Sarekat Islam]] sarato istri dari Presiden patamo Indonesia [[Soekarno]]. Kutiko Soekarno manikah jo Oetari, inyo alun baumua 20 tahun lai. Siti Oetari sandiri baumua 16 taun kutiko Soekarno manikahi inyo pado taun 1921 di [[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]]. Wakatu itu Soekarno manginap di rumah [[Umar Said Cokroaminoto|HOS Tjokroaminoto]] katiko inyo sadang baraja di SMA. Babarapo wakatu sasudah manikah, Bung Karno maninggaan Surabaya, pindah ka [[Kota Bandung|Banduang]] untuak malanjuikan pandidikannyo di perguruan tinggi di THS (''[[Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng]],'' kini [[Institut Teknologi Bandung|ITB]]). Namun, Soekarno malakuan parnikahan tasabuik karano manghormati Tjokroaminoto, jo manuruik Soekarno, Oetari bukanlah cito-citonyo karano Oetari masih kanak-kanak jo indak dapek manandiangi sumangaik gairah Soekarno. Soekarno kamudian bacarai jo Oetari sacaro baiak.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Panumbangan|first=Abraham|date=2020|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=PYL1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125&dq=Siti+Oetari&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNrcS_msj7AhUlSmwGHUqmDtcQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Siti%20Oetari&f=false|title=The Uncensored of Bung Karno|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Anak Hebat Indonesia|isbn=9786232443884|pages=124-126}}</ref> == Kahidupan awal == Siti Oetari Tjokroaminoto lahia pado taun 1905 di [[Ponorogo]],<ref name="HOS-museum" /> [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]] sabagai anak padusi nan paliang tuo dari limo urang anak dari [[Umar Said Cokroaminoto|H. Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto]] (1882–1934) jo Suharsikin (1885–1920). Baliau punyo ampek urang adiak kanduang tamasuak [[Harsono Tjokroaminoto]], mantan mantari dalam babarapo jabatan mantari di [[Indonesia]]. == Panikahan == Oetari alah manikah duo kali. ==== Panikahan partamo ==== Pado taun 1921, Oetari, baumua 16 taun, manikah jo saurang murik ayahnyo nan tingga di rumah mareka, [[Soekarno|Soekarno Sosrodihardjo]] yang katiko itu baumua 20 taun di [[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]]. Alasan mareka manikah karano Soekarno maraso basimpati mancaliak ibu Oetari, Suharsikin nan sadang sakik parah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/kultur/articles/ketika-bung-besar-digugat-cerai-6kR9q|title=Ketika Bung Besar Digugat Cerai|date=2018-01-08|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID|access-date=30-10-2024|archive-date=2022-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810141203/https://historia.id/kultur/articles/ketika-bung-besar-digugat-cerai-6kR9q|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Panikahan Oetari jo Soekarno balangsuang di rumah Tjokroaminoto jo kasederhanaan jo parsiapan nan minim. Ado ketegangan salamo acara pernikahan. Alasannyo dek pangulu mamintak Soekarno mangganti pakaian, yaitu jas jo dasi, karano indak sasuai jo adaik jo kabiasaan Islam wakatu itu. Soekarno berang dan basorak ka pengulu sarato maancam ka mambatalkan pernikahan. Namun, kudian inyo malapehan bangihnyo jo caro marokok, jari-jarinyo tabaka katiko inyo manyalokan rokok nan dianggap tando buruak untuak parnikahannyo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2016-02-14|title=Siti Oetari, Istri Pertama yang Tidak Pernah "Disentuh" Soekarno|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/xml/2016/02/14/16182181/Siti.Oetari.Istri.Pertama.yang.Tidak.Pernah.Disentuh.Soekarno|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=30-10-2024|editor-last=Galih|editor-first=Bayu}}</ref> Indak lamo sasudah kawin, Suharsikin maningga. Sasudah itu, Soekarno mulai maraso indak cocok jo Oetari nan masih kakanak-kanakan. Disabuikan baso panikahannyo hanyo "panikahan gantuang" dek karano Soekarno jo Oetari alun siap untuak mambina rumah tanggo. Inyo indak pulo doh manikmati bulan madu. Soekarno labiah sibuk jo kagiatan politiknyo dan maikuti Tjokroaminoto dima-dimanyo. Dalam otobiografi Soekarno, inyo bakato indak pernah "maawai" Oetari.<ref name=":1" /> Indak lamo sasudah tu, Soekarno barangkek dari Surabaya untuak baraja di [[THS]], [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]]. Pado taun 1923, Soekarno mangunjuangi Oetari, HOS Tjokroaminoto, jo kaluarganyo untuak mancaraikan Oetari sacaro baiak.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ==== '''Panikahan kaduo''' ==== Sasudah bacarai pado umua 18 taun, Oetari manikah baliak pado taun 1924 pado umua 19 taun jo saurang laki-laki nan banamo Sigit Bachroensalam. Pernikahan ko malahiakan surang anak laki-laki: * Ir. Harjono Sigit Bachroensalam (lahia 21 September 1939) — dikenal sabagai ayah seniman [[Maia Estianty]] Panikahan ko barakhia sasudah Sigit maningga pado taun 1981 jo maninggaan Oetari sabagai jando pado umua 76 taun. == Kamatian == Siti Oetari maningga dunia limo taun salapeh suami kaduonyo, iyolah pado taun 1986 pado umua 81 taun di [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Andriyanto|first=S. Dian|date=19 Desember 2021|title=Siti Oetari Putri HOS Tjokroaminoto Istri Pertama Soekarno, Nenek Maia Estianty|url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1540924/siti-oetari-putri-hos-tjokroaminoto-istri-pertama-soekarno-nenek-maia-estianty|work=tempo.co}}</ref> == Rujuakan == cex9c4cmup01wyop61pxxbjmvk4j2cq 0 474799 3170235 3158350 2025-06-11T12:17:08Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Pendudukan Jepang di Sumatra Barat<br>{{nobold|Provinsi Pantai Barat Sumatera}} | common_name = Kekaisaran Jepang | native_name = {{native name|ja|スマトラ西海岸州}} | image_flag = Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg | image_coat = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg | symbol_type = [[Lambang Negara dan Kekaisaran Jepang|Lambang Kekaisaran]] | national_motto = 八紘一宇 (''[[Hakkō ichiu]]'')<br />("Delapan Tali Mahkota, Satu Atap") | national_anthem = {{transliteration|ja|[[Kimigayo]]}}{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Kimi ga Yo 1930 instrumental.ogg]]}} | image_map = Japanese West Coast Sumatra location.svg | capital = [[Padang]]<ref>「日本官僚制総合事典: 1868 – 2000」138頁.</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|1|00|S|100|30|E|region:ID-SB_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | largest_city = capital | religion = | demonym = | legislature = <!--legislature name-->Shū Sangi-kai | area_km2 = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | currency = [[Rupiah Hindia Belanda]] | time_zone = [[Waktu Standar Jepang|TST]] | utc_offset = +9 | footnotes = | status = Pendudukan militer | status_text = Provinsi yang [[Daftar wilayah yang diperoleh oleh Kekaisaran Jepang|diduduki militer]] oleh [[Kekaisaran Jepang]] | year_end = 1945 | year_start = 1942 | flag_type = [[Bendera Jepang|Bendera Kekaisaran Jepang]] | image_map_caption = Pantai Barat Sumatera (merah tua) di dalam [[pendudukan Jepang di Hindia Belanda]] (merah) | common_languages = {{hlist|[[Bahasa Jepang|Jepang]]|[[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]]|[[Bahasa Belanda|Belanda]]|[[Bahasa Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]}} | title_leader = [[Kaisar Jepang|Kaisar]] | year_leader1 = 1942–1945 | leader1 = [[Hirohito]] | title_representative = [[Angkatan Darat ke-25 (Jepang)|Panglima Angkatan Darat]] (''Gunshireikan'') | year_representative1 = 1942 | representative1 = [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]] | year_representative2 = 1942‒1943 | representative2 = {{ill|Yaheita Saito|jp|斎藤弥平太}} | year_representative3 = 1943‒1945 | representative3 = [[Moritake Tanabe]] | title_deputy = [[Daftar Gubernur Sumatra Barat|Gubernur]] (''Shūchōkan'') | year_deputy1 = 1942‒1944 | deputy1 = [[Yano Kenzo]] | year_deputy2 = 1944‒1945 | deputy2 = [[Hattori Naoaki]] | type_house1 = [[Majelis Tinggi]] | house1 = [[Kerukunan Minangkabau]] | date_start = 9 Agustus | date_end = 17 Agustus | p1 = Hindia Belanda | s1 = Revolusi Nasional Indonesia#Formation of the Republican government{{!}}Indonesia | flag_p1 = Flag of the Netherlands.svg | flag_p2 = | p2 = | p3 = | flag_s1 = Flag of Indonesia.svg <!--|image_map = Japanese Empire - 1942.svg-->| flag_s2 = Flag of the Netherlands.svg | s2 = Hindia Belanda | flag_s3 = | s3 = | today = [[Indonesia]] | era = [[Perang Dunia II]] }} [[Berkas:Presiden Sukarno.jpg|[[Soekarno]] nan pado maso awa kedatangan Japang baada di Padang meyakinkan sabagian gadang tokoh-tokoh pergerakan kamardekaan agar mau bekerja sama jo Japang.|jmpl|ka|200px]] '''Kaduduakan Japang di Sumatera Barat''', sacaro resmi dikatahui sabagai {{Nihongo|'''Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shū'''|スマトラ西海岸州|Sumatora Nishikaigan-shū|lead=yes|{{lit|Provinsi Pantai Barat Sumatra}}}},<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFseAAAAMAAJ&q=Sumatora+Nishi+Kaigan+Shu |title=Sedjarah Minangkabau |date=1970 |publisher=Bhratara |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Asnan |first=Gusti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFqIIm2E8cMC&dq=Sumatora+Nishi+Kaigan+Shu&pg=PA8 |title=Memikir ulang regionalisme: Sumatera Barat tahun 1950-an |date=2007 |publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia |isbn=978-979-461-640-6 |language=id}}</ref> dimulai dari taun 1942 sampai taun 1945 katiko wilayah ko dikuasai dek [[Kekaisaran Jepang|Kekaisaran Japang]]. Japang mamasuki Kota Padang pado 17 Maret 1942 jo dalam sapuluah hari seluruah kota pantiang di wilayah Sumatera Barat diduduaki tanpa palawanan dari [[Belanda]]. Kaduduakan Japang di wilayah ko barakhia pado tangga 17 Agustus 1945 sairiang jo [[proklamasi kemerdekaan Indonesia|proklamasi kamardekaan Indonesia]] dek [[Soekarno]] jo [[Mohammad Hatta]]. Pado maso awa kaduduakan Japang, paristiwa nan tajadi di Padang banyak dipangaruhi dek Soekarno.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=137}} Inyo barado di Sumatera Barat salamo tigo sampai limo bulan, antaro Februari 1942 hinggo Juli 1942.{{sfn|Historia|1 Juni 2016}} Pado Oktoba 1943, Japang mamarintahan pandirian [[Giyugun]] untuak membantu patahanan. Dipimpin dek [[Chatib Sulaiman]], Giyugun marupoan ciek-cieknyo ciekan ketantaraan nan dibantuak Japang di Sumatera Barat. Tantara sukarela ko kelak manjadi tulang pungguang [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|kekuatan basenjata Indonesia]] susudah kamardekaan. == Kadatangan Japang == Japang mamulai invasinyo di Sumatra pado Februari 1942 jo manarjunan unit-unit pasukan payuang di [[Palembang]]. Manuruik Audrey Kahin, Japang bamaksik mandahului rancano Belanda nan ka marusakkan instalasi minyak di dakek Palembang. Dari Palembang, balatantara Japang basigageh manyeba ka arah selatan jo utara Sumatra. Pado patangahan Maret, pasukan dalam jumlah nan labiah gadang mandaraik di pantai utara jo timur Sumatra, lalu bagerak capek ka selatan.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=135}} Malalui [[Perjanjian Kalijati|Pajanjian Kalijati]] pado 8 Maret 1942, Belanda manyarahan wilayah jajahan Indonesia kapado Japang. Sasudah kaduduakan dimulai, Japang mambagi Indonesia dalam tigo wilayah pamarintahan militer. Wilayah Sumatra barado di bawah Departemen Pamarintahan Militer Angkatan Darat (''Rikugun'') ke-25 di Singapura nan dipimpin Jenderal Tomoyuki Yamashita. Namun, komandan militer Belanda di Sumatra A. I. Spits madneklarasikan tantara Belanda di Sumatra akan taruih bajuang hinggo tetes darah tarakhia.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=136}} Masuknyo Japang ka Sumatera Barat hampia babarengan jo pagerakan mereka di babagai daerah Sumatra lainnyo. Tantara angkatan perang Japang mamasuki [[Kota Padang]] pado 17 Maret 1942. Dalam hitungan hari, sadoalah Sumatera Barat dapek dek nyo kuasai jo komandan militer Belanda di Sumatra manyarah ndak basyarat kapado Japang.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=135}} == Pamarintahan == {{multiple image |perrow = 3 |total_width = 330 |align=right | image1 = Klokkentoren te Fort de Kock (small).jpg | image2 = Bukittinggi 1948 crop.jpg | image3 = Jam Gadang, Bukittinggi, 2016-02-12 01.jpg | footer = Atap [[Jam Gadang]] mengikuti bentuk atap [[pagoda]] (tengah) sewaktu pendudukan Jepang. }} Akademisi [[Audrey Kahin]]—nan maraiah gala doktor dalam ilmu sajarah Asia Tenggara dari [[Universitas Cornell]]{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|22 Januari 2014}}—mancataik, salah ciek fokus tantara kaduduakan Japang salamo taun patamo kaduduakan adolah mamfungsikan aparatur pamarintahan di Sumatra sahinggo jo damikian mereka dapek mamanfaatkan sacaro efisien sumber daya vital di Sumatra, tarutamo ladang minyak dakek Palembang jo pakabunan karet di [[Karesidenan Sumatra Timur|Sumatra Timur]]. Japang maiduikan baliak sistem pamarintahan paninggalan Belanda jo maangkek baliak sabagian gadang mantan pajabaik Indonesia nan alah duduak di birokrasi sebelumnyo.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=135}}<ref>http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/14166/1/Peranan%20desa%20dalam%20perjuangan%20kemerdekaan%20di%20sumatera%20barat%201945-1950.pdf</ref> Sumatra dalam struktur pamarintahan kaduduakan pado mulonyo barado di bawah kakuasaan [[Angkatan Darat ke-25 (Jepang)|Angkatan Darat ke-25]] nan bapusaik di [[Singapura]]. Namun, Komando Angkatan Darat ke-25 bakasimpulan dek inyo indak mungkin mamarintah Sumatra dari markas gadangnyo di Singapura, tarutamo dalam usahoo malindungi daerah di sekitar instalasi-instalasi vital. pado 1 Mei 1943, markas gadang Angkatan Darat ke-25 dipindahkan dari Singapura ka [[Kota Bukittinggi|Bukittinggi]] jo Sumatra nan sebelumnyo tergabung basama Malaya dijadikan unit pamarintahan sendiri.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=136}} Japang membagi Sumatra manjadi 10 ''shū'' (identik jo daerah administratif residen pado zaman Belanda) nan masing-masing dikepalai dek seorang ''shūchōkan.'' Keresidenan Sumatera Barat dibentuk pado Agustus 1942 jo nama [[Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shū]]. Keresidenan ko baibu kota di Padang. Mantan Gubanur [[Prefektur Toyama]] [[Yano Kenzo]] menjabat sabagai ''shūchōkan'' pertama.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=142}} Sebagai pemimpin sipil untuak wilayah Sumatera Barat, Yano Kenzo tiba di Padang tangga 9 Agustus 1942 basama jo 68 orang pegawai sipil.{{sfn|Asnan|2006|pp=119}} pambagian unit daerah administratif Sumatera Barat hampir sepenuhnyo mengacu pado pambagian nan dilakukan dek Belanda pado taun 1935 nan terdiri dari 5 ''afdeelingen'', 19 ''onderafdeelingen'', 20 ''districten'', jo 49 ''onderdistricten'' serta sedikitnyo 430 nagari. Sejarawan [[Gusti Asnan]] mencatat, sedikit perbedaan dari pambagian unit daerah administratif dek Japang adolah dikeluarkannyo Fuku Bun Bangkinang jo dimasukkannyo daerah itu ka dalam [[Rio Shū]]. Dalam menjalankan roda pamarintahannyo di Sumatera Barat, Japang indak banyak melakukan perubahan struktur pamarintahan, kecuali perubahan nomenklatur ka dalam bahaso Japang. ''Afdeeling'' nan dikepalai dek asisten residen diubah manjadi ''bunshū'' nan dikepalai dek ''bunshūchō''. ''Onderafdeeling'' nan dikepalai dek kontroler diubah manjadi ''fuku bunshū'' nan dikepalai dek seorang ''fuku bunshūchō''. ''District'' nan dikepalai dek demang diubah manjadi ''gun'' nan dikepalai dek ''gunchō''. ''Onderdistrict'' nan dikepalai dek asisten demang diubah manjadi ''fuku gun'' nan dikepalai dek ''fuku gunchō''.{{sfn|Asnan|2006|pp=119}} Kecuali posisi pantiang dalam pamarintahan, Japang masih menggunakan pegawai-pegawai pribumi nan sebelumnyo duduak di administrasi Hindia Belanda<ref>{{Cite book|date=1996|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Yqo5EROTOhAC&q=%22Karena+kekurangan+tenaga+sipil+maka+banyaklah+kedudukan+administrasi%22&dq=%22Karena+kekurangan+tenaga+sipil+maka+banyaklah+kedudukan+administrasi%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIroiB_IHrAhWWaCsKHRRGBksQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg|title=Kongres Nasional Sejarah, 1996: sub tema Dinamika Sosial Ekonomi, III|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|language=id}}</ref> jo syarat indak melanggar otoritas Japang.{{sfn|Siti Fatimah|2011|pp=82-83}} Pejabat Bumiputra tertinggi mengepalai ''gun'' jo struktur di bawahnyo, ''fuku gun''. Unit pamarintahan nan terkecil yaitu ''[[nagari]]'' dibai istilah ''son'' jo kepala nagari dinamakan ''sonchō''.{{sfn|Asnan|2006|pp=119}} == Pangerahan tanago panduduak == :''Lihat pula: [[Giyugun]] jo [[romusha|rōmusha]]'' [[Berkas:Dekorasi di Tugu Simpang Haru.jpg|jmpl|300x300px|Relief di [[Monumen Padang Area|Tugu Padang Area]], Padang nan menggambarkan antusiasme rakyat bagabung jo Giyugun]] Dalam waktu setaun sejak kaduduakan, Japang menggeser fokus kebijakan mereka dari konsolidasi kekuatan jo pengendalian terhadap daerah-daerah nan alah diduduaki di Asia Tenggara ka upaya-upaya persiapan mempertahankan kawasan ko dari serangan Sekutu.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=145}} Japang baupaya mengerahkan tenaga penduduak untuak kepantiangan Japang. Sebelumnyo, tantara kaduduakan gagal melengkapi kekuatan angkatan basenjata jo menggunakan sistem tantara bayaran. Kepado Gubanur Sumatera Barat Yano Kenzo, [[Chatib Sulaiman]] mengusulkan pembentukan tantara sukarela di Sumatera Barat nan bisa dimanfaatkan untuak melengkapi kekuatan balatantara Japang.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=144}} Sealah Komando Angkatan Darat nan bakeduduakan di [[Kota Hồ Chí Minh|Saigon]], [[Vietnam]] mengeluarkan perintah untuak membentuk ''kyodo boei giyugun'' pado 8 Septemba 1943, Panglima Angkatan Darat ke-25 Tanabe membai kewenangan penuh kapado Gubanur Sumatera Barat untuak melaksanakan pembentukan tantara sukareka.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=145}} [[Berkas:Rasuna Said.jpg|jmpl|kiri|180px|[[Rasuna Said]], tokoh [[Persatuan Muslim Indonesia|Permi]] nan mamimpinn pergerakan padusi lewat organisasi ''Haha No Kai'' sewaktu kaduduakan Japang di Sumatera Barat]] pado 14 Oktoba 1943, Chatib Sulaiman mamimpinn jo memelopori terbentuknyo panitia untuak pembentukan [[Giyugun]] banama Giyugun Koenkai.{{sfn|Husein|1991|pp=56}}{{efn|Chatib Sulaiman sibuk berkeliling Sumatera Barat untuk merekrut calon perwira Giyugun, sebagian besar waktunya digunakan untuk bolak-balik antara Padang dan Bukittinggi.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=146}}}} Panitia ko di bawah pengawasan Japang menyoring calon perwira sukarela nan akan dibentuk.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=145}} Ada sekitar 20.000 nan melamar Giyugun, tapi hanyo 1.000 jatah nan tersedia. Tanggung jawab perekrutan calon perwira Giyugun diserahkan Chatib Sulaiman basama [[Mahmud Yunus]], jo [[Ahmad Datuk Simaradjo]].{{efn|Pemuda-pemuda di Minangkabau didorong untuk menjadi pasukan Giyugun agar mendapat pelatihan kemiliteran dari Jepang. Dengan dorongan dari tokoh adat dan agama, banyak pemuda-pemuda mendaftarkan diri menjadi Giyugun. Di antara mereka yang tercatat adalah [[Dahlan Djambek]], [[Ismail Lengah]], Syarif Usman, [[Dahlan Ibrahim]], Syofyan Nur, Syofyan Ibrahim. A. Thalib, Nurmatias, Sayuti Amin, Alwi St. Marajo, Syefei Ali, Mahyuddin Tonek, Burhanuddin, [[Munir Latief]], dan banyak lagi yang lain;{{sfn|Husein|1991|pp=59}}{{sfn|Martamin|1978|pp=109}}}} Mereka meyakinkan para perwira bahwa bekal latihan militer dari Japang ditujukan untuak pencapaian cita-cita [[kemerdekaan Indonesia|kamardekaan Indonesia]].{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=150}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.justic.or.id/2010/10/21.html|title=Salinan arsip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001170135/http://www.justic.or.id/2010/10/21.html|archive-date=2020-10-01|dead-url=yes|access-date=2024-10-31}}</ref> Dorongan nan gadang bagi perkembangan Giyugun dibaikan dek Yano dalam suatu rapat gadang pado tangga 20 Novemba 1943 di Bukittinggi. Terakhir inyo mampu mempengaruhi para penghulu, nan seindak-indaknyo alah dapek merekrut 20.000 prajurit dari setiap anggota keturunannyo. Seruan penghulu ko mendapek sambutan nan baik dari kelompok kaumnyo.{{sfn|Siti Fatimah|1993}} Giyugun manjadi ciek-cieknyo kekuatan militer nan dibentuk Japang di Sumatera Barat.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=149}} Angkatan Giyugun mula-mula dibentuk di [[Kota Padang|Padang]] jo wilayah pesisir.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=147}} Di wilayah dataran tinggi, Giyugun baru dibentuk pado pengujung 1944. Propaganda Japang semakin intensif dalam taun 1944. Berbagai macam kelompok nan ada diciekkan dalam ''[[Hokokai]]'', nan dipimpin dek Muhammad Syafii jo Khatib Sulaiman dari golongan gerakan nasionalis atau terpelajar; Datuk Parpatih Baringek jo Datu Majo Uang dari kelompok adat; serta Djamil Djambek jo Sutan Mansur dari kelompok agama.{{sfn|Siti Fatimah|1993}} ''Giyugun Koenkai'' (lalu baganti ''Giyugun Koenbu''), perhimpunan pendukung Giyugun, dibentuk sabagai penghubung antara tokoh sipil jo tokoh militer.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Penerangan|first=Indonesia Departemen|date=1959|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=VBRIJAQx3zsC&pg=PA541&lpg=PA541&dq=giyu+gun+ko+en+kai&source=bl&ots=Z-zQ3r_iAI&sig=ACfU3U2k15gGofMcB7Z4LRVfNIezMswiiA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3l7nfgNnsAhX-xDgGHVsxDPEQ6AEwBnoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=giyu%20gun%20ko%20en%20kai&f=false|title=Propinsi Sumatera Tengah|publisher=Kementerian Penerangan|language=ms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bahar|first=Dr Brigjen (Purn) Saafroedin|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Tk1jDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=giyu+gun+ko+en+kai&source=bl&ots=b5zM8aLX7T&sig=ACfU3U3z46CuyHMhwiNyPfENaY2l8KXqOA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3l7nfgNnsAhX-xDgGHVsxDPEQ6AEwA3oECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=giyu%20gun%20ko%20en%20kai&f=false|title=ETNIK, ELITE DAN INTEGRASI NASIONAL: MINANGKABAU 1945-1984 REPUBLIK INDONESIA 1985-2015|publisher=Gre Publishing|language=id}}</ref> ''Haha No Kai'', organisasi sayap Giyugun nan baanggotakan padusi didirikan untuak menyiapkan perbekalan untuak para perwira.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=148}} Sampai proklamasi kamardekaan dikumandangkan, Giyugun alah menyelenggarakan dua kali latihan bagi opsirnyo.{{sfn|Asnan|2003|pp=115}} Seiring eskalasi ketegangan [[Perang Pasifik]], Japang meningkatkan kontrol terhadap penduduak. Dalam upaya memenuhi kebutuhan terhadap tenaga kerja, otoritas Japang mengenakan kerja wajib ''rōmusha'' kapado penduduak untuak babagai keperluan Japang, seperti membangun jalan raya, jalur kereta api, jembatan, benteng-benteng, jo terowongan perlindungan. Selain itu, kapado para pegawai negeri, pedagang, anak-anak sekolah serta penduduak nan indak ikut kerja paksa dikenai ''kinro hoshi'', kerja bakti mengumpulkan batu-batu kali, pasir, jo kerikil serta mengangkutnyo ka tempat-tempat nan diperlukan.{{sfn|Asnan|2003|pp=116}} Bunker jo terowongan perlindungan peninggalan Japang ditemukan di Padang jo Bukittinggi. [[Jalur kereta api Muaro–Pekanbaru]] adolah hasil kerja paksa nan melibatkan kurang lebih 5.000 tahanan perang jo 30.000 pekerja ''rōmusha''. Lewat jalur pendidikan, Japang melakukan perubahan-perubahan sacaro mendasar di Sumatera Barat. Sekolah-sekolah dimobilisasi untuak kepantiangan Japang. Bahasa Indonesia dijadikan bahaso pengantar di sekolah untuak mempekenalkan kebudayaan Japang jo pado saat nan sama, para murid dalam babagai tingkatan diajarkan babahaso Japang.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Asoka|first=Andi|date=2005|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JllxAAAAMAAJ&q=%22*+dan+Aisyiah,+yang+sebenarnya%22&dq=%22*+dan+Aisyiah,+yang+sebenarnya%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiazMi5_djsAhW2yDgGHd0LB10Q6AEwAXoECAAQAg|title=Sawahlunto, dulu, kini, dan esok: menyongsong kota wisata tambang yang berbudaya|publisher=Pusat Studi Humaniora (PSH), Unand kerja sama dengan Kantor Pariwisata, Seni, dan Budaya, Kota Sawahlunto, Sumatera Barat|isbn=978-979-3723-50-1|language=id}}</ref> Sementara itu, golongan terpelajar, terutama para guru, pegawai negeri, jo murid-murid dijadikan "orang Japang baru". ''Seikeirei'' (rukuk menghadap istana kaisar di Tokyo) jo ''mukto'' (memperingati arwah-arwah pahlawan Japang) dilakukan pado waktu-waktu tertentu. Kegiatan ko biasanyo dilakukan sealah mendengar pidato ''shūchōkan'' atau para petinggi Japang. ''Keirei'' (membai hormat jo sikap badiri) wajib dilakukan setiap kali bapapasan jo pemgadang–bahkan mobil–Japang.{{sfn|Asnan|2003|pp=115}}{{sfn|Asnan|2003|pp=116}} Penanggalan [[Masehi]] nan digunakan diganti jo [[Tahun Jepang|taun Sumera]] nan selisihnyo 660 taun, sementara tanda waktu disesuaikan jo waktu Japang nan selisihnyo sekitar 2,5 jam dari waktu Tokyo.{{sfn|Asnan|2003|pp=115}}{{sfn|Asnan|2003|pp=116}} === Padusi === :''Lihat pula: [[Jugun ianfu]]'' [[Berkas:Rangkajo Rahmah El Junusiah.jpg|jmpl|kiri|180px|[[Rahmah El Yunusiyah]] menuntut pamarintah kaduduakan Japang untuak menutup rumah bordil jo menentang pengerahan padusi Indonesia sabagai wanita penghibur.]] Selama kaduduakan Japang, banyak padusi Sumatera Barat manjadi korban kekerasan tantara Japang, khususnyo eksploitasi seksual. Tindak kekerasan terhadap padusi alah tajadi sejak hari-hari pertama bala tantara Japang datang. Aturan-aturan nilai nan menghargai padusi dilecehkan dek tindakan seperti memaksa, menculik, jo memperkosa, hingga manjadikan padusi penghibur sacaro paksa atau ''[[Ianfu|jugun ianfu]]''. Japang indak lagi bisa mendatangkan padusi penghibur dari negeri mereka sahinggo sabagai gantinyo, Japang membuat kebijakan untuak memaksa padusi sabagai penghibur bagi kebutuhan tantaranyo di [[Rumah pelacuran|rumah-rumah bordil]] nan mereka dirikan. Kebijakan pamarintah nan dikeluarkan pado 1938 mengatakan bahwa setiap batalion perlu memiliki rumah pelacuran, agar serdadu Japang dapek konsentrasi dalam menghadapi perang.{{sfn|Zusneli Zubir|2009|pp=103-116}} Mengatasi tindakan baupa paksaan ko alah diupayakan dek pemuka daerah setempat. Soekarno katiko baada di Padang sealah badiskusi jo bebaapa ulama membai izin praktik prostitusi untuak tantara Japang.{{sfn|Sukarno|2010|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=4rxW1J7M9T4C&pg=PA110&dq=sukarno+padang&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnn6SSm47lAhXaF3IKHdzTCQUQ6AEIODAC#v=onepage&q=sukarno%20padang&f=false 110]}} "Semata-mata sabagai tindakan darurat, demi menjaga para gadis kita, aku bamaksud memanfaatkan para pelacur di daerah ini. Dengan cara ini, orang-orang asing dapek memuaskan keinginannyo jo sebaiknyo para gadis indak diganggu," beba Soekarno.{{sfn|Merdeka.com|10 Juni 2012}}{{sfn|VIVA.co.id|10 Desember 2015}}{{sfn|Tirto.id|18 Juli 2017}}{{sfn|Tirto.id|15 Januari 2017}} Pembaian izin tersebut ditandai jo adanyo rumah-rumah bordil di bebapa tempat Sumatera Barat seperti Padang, Bukittinggi, jo Payakumbuh. Umumnyo para pekerja seks baasal dari padusi non-Sumatera Barat, kebanyakan mereka baasal dari padusi nan dibawa dek Belanda bekerja jo hidupnyo terlantar.{{sfn|Zusneli Zubir|2009|pp=103-116}} Pembaian izin Soekarno terhadap rumah-rumah bordil awanyo batujuan agar tantara Japang indak lagi mengganggu padusi-padusi Sumatera Barat. Namun, para padusi nan dibai izin baoperasi pado kamp-kamp Japang indak sebanding jumlahnyo jo tantara nan ribuan jumlahnyo. "Untuk mendapekkan padusi penghibur nan disediakan, tantara Japang harus beli karcis antrean. Bahkan untuak ciek padusi ada nan antre sampai empat/enam orang ciek malam," ujar kesaksian salah seorang Kaigun Heiho bapangkat kopral. Dengan adanyo karcis, serdadu Japang manjadi teratur dalam menunggu giliran untuak dapek basama jo padusi nan diinginkannyo.{{sfn|Zusneli Zubir|2009|pp=103-116}} Ketimpangan nan mencolok menimbulkan rasa indak puas pado banyak serdadu Japang sahinggo mendorong mereka melakukan pemaksaan kapado banyak padusi Sumatera Barat. Untuk mendapekkan padusi, Japang melakukan jo cara pemaksaan, penculikan, pemerkosaan, jo bujukan demi mencapai maksudnyo. Mereka bahkan indak segan-segan menarik padusi walau sudah kawin, indak peduli padusi itu sedang duduak jo suaminyo.{{sfn|Zusneli Zubir|2009|pp=103-116}} == Pangaruh Japang == [[Berkas:Japanese Tunnel Bukittinggi Indonesia.jpg|jmpl|300x300px|[[Lubang Jepang Bukittinggi|Lubang Japang]] di [[Bukittinggi]], terowongan perlindungan nan dibangun dek para pekerja paksa.|al=]] Manuruik [[Akira Oki]], diiziinkannyo panggunaan bahaso Indonesia sabagai bahaso panganta di sekolah bapangaruah pado pakambangan bahaso Indonesia jo manyebaban timbuanyo raso pasatuanan di kalangan rakyat.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oki|first=A.|date=1977|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=LNrCmAEACAAJ&dq=Social+Change+in+The+West+Sumatran+Village+1908-+1945&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjH6vLA_tjsAhXVV30KHaKtAhwQ6AEwAHoECAAQAQ|title=Social Change in the West Sumatran Village: 1908-1945|location=|publisher=|isbn=|pages=239|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Pandidikan nan diagiah Japang mampacapek matangnyo usaho kamardekaan Indonesia, ciek hal nan indak disadari dek panguaso Japang di Sumatera Barat. Dalam lapangan politik, Japang alah mawarisan bantuak lambago representatif Kerukunan Minangkabau nan mahimpun tokoh adaik jo agama sabagai penasihat dek residen.{{sfn|Asnan|2006|pp=123}} Meski indak mampunyoi wewenang resmi dalam pamarintahan, mereka dapek mawarnai kabijakan panguaso Japang di Sumatera Barat,{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=143}} jo sacaro diam-diam mananaman cito-cito kabangsaan kapado rakyat.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=154}} Dalam bidang militer, Japang maagiah palatihan militer lewaik tantara sukarela Giyugun. Angkatan terawa perwira Giyugun kelak baperan dalam pendirian [[Sejarah Tentara Nasional Indonesia|angkatan basenjata Indonesia]] sasudah kamardekaan{{sfn|Asnan|2003|pp=83}} jo sabagian gadang di antaro mereka mamparoleh tampek strategis dalam hierarki kemiliteran pado [[Revolusi Nasional Indonesia|maso revolusi]]. Audrey Kahin mancataik, karajo samo antara tokoh adaik jo agama salamo kaduduakan Japang di Sumatera Barat alah mambantuak mato rantai hubungan teritorial jo landasan bagi taciptanyo saliang pangartian, sasuatu nan sangai banilai pado taun-taun sasudah kamardekaan.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=150}} == Catatan kaki == === Keterangan === {{notelist}} === Rujuakan === {{reflist|2}} === Daftar pustaka === {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |title=Dari Pemberontakan ke Integrasi: Sumatera Barat dan Politik Indonesia, 1926–1998 |first=Audrey Richey |last=Kahin |year=2005 |publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia |isbn=979-461-519-6}} * {{cite book |title=Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan Minangkabau Masa Pendudukan Jepang (1942–1945) |first=Zusneli |last=Zubir |author-link=Zusneli Zubir |year=2006 |publisher=Universitas Gadjah Mada |isbn=}} * {{cite book |title=Reclaiming the Conversation: Islamic Intellectual Tradition in the Malay Archipelago |last=Hashim |first=Rosnani |year=2010 |publisher=The Other Press |location= |isbn=978-983-9541-74-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZUc2IzdaBUC&q=Reclaiming+the+Conversation:+Islamic+Intellectual+Tradition+in+the+Malay+Archipelago}} * {{cite book |first=Gusti |last=Asnan |date=2003 |title=Kamus Sejarah Minangkabau |publisher=Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Minangkabau |isbn=979-97407-0-3}} * {{cite book |first=Gusti |last=Asnan |date=2006 |title=Pemerintahan Daerah Sumatera Barat dari VOC hingga Reformasi |location=Yogyakarta |publisher=Citra Pustaka}} * {{cite book |first=Mahmud |last=Yunus |date=1996 |title=Sejarah Pendidikan Islam di Indonesia |location=Jakarta |publisher=Hidakarya Agung}} * {{cite book |first=Aiko |last=Kurasawa |date=1993 |title=Mobilisasi dan Kontrol: Studi Tentang Perubahan Sosial di Pedesaan Jawa, 1942–1945 |location=Jakarta |publisher=Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia}} * {{cite book |first=Irhash A. |last=Shamad |date=2007 |title=Islam dan Praksis Kultural Masyarakat Minangkabau |location=Jakarta |publisher=Tintamas Indonesia}} * {{cite web |title=Lima Bulan Sukarno di Padang |url=http://historia.id/modern/lima-bulan-sukarno-di-padang |last=Hendra |first=Jose |date=7 June 2016 |access-date=9 June 2016 |work=Historia |ref={{sfnRef|Historia|7 Juni 2016}} |archive-date=15 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315122113/http://historia.id/modern/lima-bulan-sukarno-di-padang |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite web |title=Sila Ketuhanan dari Ulama Padang Japang |url=http://historia.id/agama/sila-ketuhanan-dari-ulama-padang-japang |last= |first= |date=1 June 2016 |access-date=9 June 2016 |work=Historia |ref={{sfnRef|Historia|1 June 2016}} |archive-date=28 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328182700/http://historia.id/agama/sila-ketuhanan-dari-ulama-padang-japang |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite web |title=Syekh Abbas Abdullah |url=http://www.darulfunun.or.id/13/syekh-abbas-abdullah/13/ |last= |first= |date=5 November 2015 |access-date=9 June 2016 |publisher=[[Darul Funun]] |ref={{sfnRef|Darulfunun|2015}}}} * {{cite web |title=Kisah Soekarno Sediakan Pelacur untuk Tentara Jepang |url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/cerita-soekarno-sediakan-pelacur-untuk-tentara-jepang.html |last= |first= |date=10 June 2012 |access-date=9 June 2016 |work=[[Merdeka.com]] |publisher= |ref={{sfnRef|Merdeka.com|10 Juni 2012}}}} * {{cite web |title=Siasat Bung Karno Hadapi Tentara Jepang |url=https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/709450-siasat-bung-karno-hadapi-tentara-jepang |last= |first= |date=10 December 2015 |access-date=9 June 2016 |work=[[VIVA.co.id]] |publisher= |ref={{sfnRef|VIVA.co.id|10 Desember 2015}}}} * {{cite web |title=Sukarno & Para Pekerja Seks di Masa Pergerakan Indonesia |url=https://tirto.id/sukarno-para-pekerja-seks-di-masa-pergerakan-indonesia-csQ7 |last= |first= |date=18 July 2017 |access-date=9 June 2016 |work=[[Tirto.id]] |publisher= |ref={{sfnRef|Tirto.id|18 Juli 2017}}}} * {{cite web |title=Jugun Ianfu, Budak Wanita di Masa Penjajahan Jepang |url=https://tirto.id/jugun-ianfu-budak-wanita-di-masa-penjajahan-jepang-cgZz |last= |first= |date=15 January 2017 |access-date=9 June 2016 |work=[[Tirto.id]] |publisher= |ref={{sfnRef|Tirto.id|15 Januari 2017}}}} * {{cite report |author=Siti Fatimah |url=https://docplayer.info/138473018-Sistim-kepemimpinan-tradisional-masyarakat-minangkabau.html |title=Sistim Kepemimpinan Tradisional Masyarakat Minangkabau pada Masa Jepang |publisher=Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Padang |date=1993 |ref={{sfnRef|Siti Fatimah|1993}}}} * {{cite journal |author=Siti Fatimah |url=http://ejournal.unp.ac.id/index.php/tingkap/article/download/14/13 |title=Kepemimpinan Tradisional Masyarakat Minangkabau pada Masa Pendudukan Jepang |journal=Tingkap |date=2011 |volume=8 |issue=1}} * {{Cite book |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/670239003 |title=Sukarno |series=Seri Buku Tempo |last= |date=2010 |publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia |isbn=978-979-9102-66-9 |oclc=670239003 |ref={{sfnRef|Sukarno|2010}}}}<!-- belum dirapikan http://lontar.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/125822-RB08L199j-Jugunianfu%20pada-Literatur.pdf --> * {{cite book |last=White |first=Sally |editor-last1=Blackburn |editor-first1=Susan |editor-last2=Ting |editor-first2=Ting |title=Women in Southeast Asian Nationalist Movements |publisher=NUS Press |date=2013 |pages=98–123 |chapter=Rasuna Said: Lioness of the Indonesian Independence Movement |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1qv1g3.9 |jstor=j.ctv1qv1g3.9 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/j.ctv1qv1g3.9.pdf |isbn=978-979-96532-1-5}} * {{cite book |last1=Cribb |first1=R.B |last2=Kahin |first2=Audrey |title=Historical Dictionary of Indonesia |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2004 |isbn=9780810849358}} * {{cite book |title=Perkembangan Pendidikan Islam di Nusantara |last=Asy |first=Fauzan |year=2004 |publisher=Angkasa |location= |id= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-G2dAAAAMAAJ&q=Perkembangan+Pendidikan+Islam+di+Nusantara |ref={{sfnRef|Asy|2004}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Kahin |first=Audrey 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Sejarah Indonesia-Minangkabau |isbn=978-979-405-126-9 |edition=Cet. 2., dengan perbaikan |location=Jakarta |department=Badan Pemurnian Sejarah Indonesia-Minangkabau}} * {{Cite book |last=Kurasawa |first=Aiko |title=Giyūgun : Tentara Sukarela pada Pendudukan Jepang di Jawa dan Sumatra |date=2 April 2024 |publisher=Penerbit Buku Kompas |isbn=9786231604699 |editor-last=Mita |publication-place=Jakarta |language=id}} * {{cite book |title=Bung Karno dan Islam: Kumpulan Pidato Tentang Islam, 1953–1966 |trans-title=Sukarno and Islam: Collection of Speeches on Islam, 1953–1966 |author=Soekarno |author-link=Sukarno |year=1990 |publisher=Haji Masagung |place=Jakarta |isbn=979-412-167-3}} * {{cite web |title=Masjid Raya Gantiang |trans-title=Gantiang Grand Mosque |language=id |author=Culture and Tourism Ministry of Padang |url=http://www.padangtourism.info/index.php?tourism=destinations&id=59 |access-date=30 May 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|Dinbudpar Kota Padang|2012}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104150200/http://www.padangtourism.info/index.php?tourism=destinations&id=59 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Martamin |first=Mardjani |url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/7440/ |title=Sejarah Kebangkitan Nasional Daerah Sumatera Barat |publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan |year=1977 |location=Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah |publication-place=Jakarta |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Kanahele |first=George S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CvwnAQAAMAAJ |title=The Japanese Occupation of Indonesia: Prelude to Independence |date=1967 |publisher=Cornell University |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Lubis |first=Nina H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iag3AQAACAAJ |title=Peta cikal-bakal TNI |date=2005 |publisher=Pusat Penelitian Kemasyarakatan dan Kebudayaan, Lembaga Penelitian, Universitas Padjadjaran |isbn=978-979-97745-1-4 |language=id}} * {{Cite web |last=Fujiwara Iwaichi |date=1 October 1966 |title=Ｆ機関 |trans-title=F-Kikan or F-Agency |url=https://search.showakan.go.jp/search/book/detail.php?material_cord=000003587 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=昭和館デジタルアーカイブ |publisher=原書房 |language=ja |ref={{sfnRef|Iwaichi Fujiwara|1966}}}} * {{cite book |title=Etnik, Elite dan Integrasi Nasional |first=Saafroedin |last=Bahar |author-link=Saafroedin Bahar |year=2015 |publisher=GRE Publishing |location=Yogyakarta |isbn=978-602-7677-56-2 |ref={{sfnRef|Bahar|2015}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Bahar |first=Dr Brigjen (Purn) Saafroedin |author-link=Saafroedin Bahar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tk1jDwAAQBAJ&dq=giyu+gun+ko+en+kai&pg=PA110 |title=Etnik, Elite Dan Integrasi Nasional: Minangkabau 1945–1984 Republik Indonesia 1985–2015 |publisher=Gre Publishing |year=2018 |isbn=978-602-7677-56-2 |location=Yogyakarta |language=id}} * {{Cite book |last=Lebra |first=Joyce C. |title=Tentara gemblengan Jepang |publisher=Pustaka Sinar Harapan |year=1988 |isbn=9794160237 |location=Jakarta}} * {{Cite book |last=Benda |first=Harry Jindrich |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14321437M/Japanese_military_administration_in_Indonesia_selected_documents |title=Japanese military administration in Indonesia: selected documents |date=1965 |publisher=Yale University Southeast Studies |location=New Haven] |lccn=65026388 |oclc=306368 |ol=OL14321437M}} * {{Cite book |title=Memoar Siti Aminah Madjid usman-Hiroko Osada : kisah hidup dan perjuangan seorang putri bangsawan Jepang untuk kemerdekaan Indonesia |date=1 September 2017 |publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia |isbn=9789794619049 |editor-last=Usman |editor-first=Salmyah Madjid |location=Jakarta |language=id |editor-last2=Chaniago |editor-first2=Hasril |ref={{sfnRef|Usman|Chaniago|2017}}}} * {{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |author-link=Sukarno |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |ref={{sfnRef|Sukarno|1965}}}}<!-- belum dirapikan http://lontar.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/125822-RB08L199j-Jugunianfu%20pada-Literatur.pdf --> {{refend}} [[Kategori:Sejarah Sumatera Barat]] [[Kategori:Pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia]] j1gi64x0xv0l49hw2sdhg0waop8eesl 0 475643 3170248 3161501 2025-06-11T20:09:05Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3170248 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sidi''' adolah gala untuak laki-laki nan diturunkan dari ayah ka anak nan baasa dari Padang Pariaman. Kato "sidi" baasa dari kato Arab "Sayyidi" (سيدي) nan baarati [[Tuanku]]. Daulu, gala ko biasonyo diagiah kapado anak dari ulama katurunan Nabi Muhammad nan manyebakan agamo Islam di daerah Pariaman jo sakuliliangnyo.<ref> Priyambodo RH (2010) "[https://www.antaranews.com/berita/214826/jusuf-anwar-diberi-gelar-sidi-di-padangpariaman Jusuf Anwar Diberi Gelar Sidi di Padangpariaman]" Antara</ref> Gala ko akan diagiah ka marapulai salapeh akaik nikah di muko pangulu. Gala ko dijadian imbauan pangganti namo keteknyo dan masyarakaik akan mamanggianyo jo gala baru tasabuik. Salain sidi, gala Piaman lain nan diwarihan cando ko antaro lain "bagindo" jo "sutan". Babeda jo di daerah Darek cando [[Bukiktinggi]], [[Batusangkar (kota)|Batusangka]], atau [[Payokumbuah|Payakumbuah]], gala diturunkan dari mamak ka kamanakan.<ref>Hilma Pami Putri, Widya Syafitri (2019) "[https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lav7DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA20&dq=%22sidi%22,+pariaman&ots=wvmvm0LLPf&sig=lylxAhJnQXpGbhiTpyyikNZQVy8&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22sidi%22%2C%20pariaman&f=false Linguistics Relativity of the Sumando Tributes in Pariaman Culture]" BICED 2019. DOI 10.4108/eai.17-20-2019.2289771</ref> == Tokoh nan bagala sidi == * Sidi Bakarudin : Bupati Militer Tanah Datar nan patamo<ref>Rahmat Irfan Denas (2021) "[https://suluah.com/sidi-bakarudin-bupati-militer-tanah-datar/ Sidi Bakarudin, Bupati Militer Tanah Datar]" Suluah</ref> * Sidi Mara : Tokoh pajuang Paderi<ref>Jose Hendra (2016) "[https://historia.id/politik/articles/hikayat-sidi-mara-bajak-laut-pantai-barat-sumatra-vxGw5/page/1 Hikayat Sidi Mara : Bajak Laut Pantai Barat Sumatra]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" Historia</ref> * Sidi Tando : Pangusao, pamiliak "NV Pabrik Tjat, Tinta dan Pernis Indonesia"<ref>Petrik Matanasi (2020) "[https://tirto.id/kisah-sidi-tando-sang-juragan-cat-nasional-f5ia Kisah Sidi Tando Sang Juragan Cat Nasional]" Tirto</ref> * [[Rusli Amran|Sidi Muhammad Sjaaf]] : Wartawan jo panulih nan mandirikan Harian Berita Indonesia (1945) * [[Moeslim Taher|Sidi Moeslim Taher]] : Dewan Pertimbangan Agung Republik Indonesia (1983–1988) * [[:id:Hermanto (politikus)|Sidi Hermanto Tanjung]] : Anggota DPR * [[Edwel Yusri|Sidi Bakar]] : Guru silek harimau minangkabau * Sidi Batuah : Tokoh Masyarakaik [[Sikaladi, Pariangan, Pariangan, Tanah Datar|Sikaladi]] == Caliak juo == * [[Daftar Gala Datuak|Daftar gala datuak]] == Rujuakan == <references /> [[Kategori:Gala bangsawan Minangkabau]] qh3ja687i0y1s3c0s3vzshbvm46g7wg 0 476111 3170256 3169227 2025-06-12T03:13:08Z Grand-Duc 21383 3170256 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:POS Night Skyline.JPG|thumb|Panorama kota]] '''Port of Spain''' adolah ibu kota jo palabuahan utamo nagara [[Trinidad jo Tobago]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Winer |first=Lise |title=Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago: On Historical Principles |publisher=McGill-Queen’s University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780773534408}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mahabir |first=Kumar |title=Caribbean East Indians |publisher=Maha Publishing |year=2004}}</ref> Kota ko talatak di [[Taluak Paria]], di pantai barat lauik pulau [[Trinidad]].<ref name="nationsencyclopedia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Americas/Trinidad-and-Tobago.html |title=Trinidad and Tobago – Country overview, Location and size, Population, Industry, Oil and gas, Manufacturing, Services, Tourism |publisher=Nationsencyclopedia.com |access-date=26 June 2010}}</ref> Pado tahun 2017, panduduaknyo dipakiroan bajumlah 49.867 jiwa jo wilayah metropolitannyo sabanyak 81.142 jiwa.<ref name=census2011>{{cite report |title=Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report |url=http://www.tt.undp.org/content/dam/trinidad_tobago/docs/DemocraticGovernance/Publications/TandT_Demographic_Report_2011.pdf?download |page=26 |publisher=Trinidad and Tobago Central Statistical Office |access-date=27 May 2016 |archive-date=9 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009090940/http://www.tt.undp.org/content/dam/trinidad_tobago/docs/DemocraticGovernance/Publications/TandT_Demographic_Report_2011.pdf?download |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kota Port of Spain marupokan kota tagadang katigo di nagara tu sasudah [[Chaguanas]] jo [[San Fernando]]. Port of Spain awalnyo marupokan kampuang [[panduduak asali Amerika]] nan manguasoi pulau Trinidad sajak tahun 1500-an. Pamukiman patamo barado di dakek lokasi kampuang nalayan di lokasi Mucurapo kini ko, sabalah barat pusek kota. Kamudian pulau tu dijajah dek banso [[Spanyol]] jo mandirian kota jo namo ''Puerto España'' pado tahun 1784. Pado tahun 1560, garnisun Spanyol ditampekan di dakek bukik Laventille, nan kini manjadi bateh timur kota.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Port-of-Spain/333590#:~:text=Port%20of%20Spain%20was%20originally,1800s,%20but%20it%20was%20rebuilt.|title=Port of Spain|website=Britannica Kids|language=en-US|access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Newson |first=Linda A. |title=The Cost of Conquest: Indian Decline in Honduras under Spanish Rule |year=1986 |publisher=Westview Press |page=148}}</ref> Pado akhia abad ka-17, [[Baritania Rayo]] maambiak aliah pulau tu hinggo kamardekaan Trinidad jo Tobago pado tahun 1962.<ref>{{cite web |title=Port-au-Spain, Trinidad (1650–) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/places-global-african-history/port-au-spain-trinidad-1650/ |publisher=BlackPast |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Port of Spain]] [[Kategori:Kota di Trinidad jo Tobago]] [[Kategori:Ibu kota nagara di Karibia]] 6yqalffuf1fp7c6ef26p4c6zsrlrm68 0 476232 3170257 2025-06-12T10:42:26Z UserFromIndonesia 21379 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:ar:Special:Redirect/revision/69725174|الثقب الدودي]]" 3170257 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ملف:FY221c15.png|jmpl|Ilustrasi lubang caciang]] Lubang caciang ([[bahaso Inggirih]]: ''wormhole'') pado dasarnyo adolah sabuah lorong nan didugo ado di dalam [[lubang itam]], nan sampai kini masih tingga teori [[matematika]] jo alun parnah tadapek amati karano suliknyo manaliti isi lubang tasabuik. Sarupo dijelaskan pado sabuah teori nan manyatokannyo, lubang caciang mungkin mambuek urang nan malaluinyo dapek malinteh ka [[Alam samasta|alam semesta]] atau wakatu nan babedo basamo [[lubang putiah]] sabagai jalan kaluanyo.‎ Lubang caciang tasabuik dikenal juo jo '''jambatan Einstein-Rosen''', nan marupokan jalan pintas di alam semesta, di mano duo tampek nan jauah dapek [[Transportasi|ditransportasi]] sacaro langsuang malalui semacam terowongan nan [[Fiksi|khayali]]. ‎ msckb50g8zp71d49rhieam9tja196zn