Wikipedia minwiki https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utamo MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.8 first-letter Media Istimewa Rundiang Pangguno Rundiang Pangguno Wikipedia Rundiang Wikipedia Berkas Rundiang Berkas MediaWiki Rundiang MediaWiki Templat Rundiang Templat Bantuan Rundiang Bantuan Kategori Rundiang Kategori Portal Diskusi Portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Rundiang Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 189 3183796 1655239 2025-07-07T06:57:09Z Rojiblancos 21480 https://www.laliga.com/laligavs 3183796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info klub sipak bola |clubname = Athletic Bilbao |current = La Liga 2012–13 |image = [[Berkas:Athletic club 200px.png|200px|Logo Athletic Bilbao]] |fullname = Athletic Club<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.athletic-club.net/web/main.asp?a=2&b=1&c=1&d=0&idi=2|title=Official name|publisher=Athletic-club.net|date=|accessdate=2009-12-03}}</ref> |nickname = ''Los Leones'' (Singa) |founded = {{Start date and age|1898}} |ground = [[Stadion San Mamés]], <br /> [[Bilbao]], [[País Vasco]], [[Spanyol]] |capacity = 39.750<ref name="www.fussballtempel.net">{{cite web|author=Gunther Lades|url=http://www.fussballtempel.net/uefa/ESP.html|title=www.fussballtempel.net|publisher=www.fussballtempel.net|date=|accessdate=2009-12-03}}</ref> |chrtitle = Presiden |chairman = [[Josu Urrutia]] | manager = [[Marcelo Bielsa]] | season = [[La Liga 2011–12|2011–12]] | position = ka-10, La Liga | league = [[La Liga]] | website = http://www.athletic-club.net/web/main.asp?a=0&b=0&c=0&d=0&idi=2 |pattern_la1=_ath1213|pattern_b1=_acbilbao1213h|pattern_ra1=_ath1213|pattern_sh1=_ath1213|pattern_so1=_ath1213long |leftarm1=FF0000|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=FFFFFF|shorts1=000000|socks1=000000 |pattern_la2=_ath1213s|pattern_b2=_ath1213s|pattern_ra2=_ath1213s|pattern_sh2=_ath1213s|pattern_so2=_ath1213slong |leftarm2=000000|body2=000000|rightarm2=000000|shorts2=FF0000|socks2=FF0000 }} '''Athletic Bilbao''' adolah sabauh tim [[sepak bola]] [[Spanyol]] nan barasa dari kota [[Bilbao]], [[Basque]]. Tim iko didirian taun 1898.07.18 Gala nan alah pernah didapek adolah lapan kali juara [[La Liga]]. Klub iko mamainan patandiangan kandangnyo di [[Stadion San Mamés]] nan bakapasitas 39.750 panonton. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == * {{official|http://www.athletic-club.net/}} [[Kategori:Klub sipak bola Spanyol]] {{klub-sb-stub}} dodmoab491ec8zxdzggm8vc1fr6jatw 0 324 3183785 3183749 2025-07-06T12:23:48Z 2407:4B00:1C02:7813:5943:14EE:F567:6B56 3183785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete}} '''Joo Min Soo''' ('''주민수''' lahia 4 Juli 1994) adolah pamain film asal [[Korea Selatan]]. == Filmografi == === Serial televisi === *[[Chosun Police#Musim 2|Chosun Police 2]] (MBC DramaNet, 2008) *[[Belle]] (KBS1, 2007) *[[The King and I]] (SBS, 2007) *[[My Man's Woman]] (SBS, 2007) *[[Surgeon Bong Dal Hee]] (SBS, 2007) *[[A Love To Kill]] (KBS2, 2005) *[[Ballad Of Suh Dong]] (SBS, 2005) *[[The Immortal Lee Soon-Shin]] (KBS1, 2004) *[[Lovers in Paris]] (SBS, 2004) === Film === *Once Upon a Time in Seoul (2007) *Shin Sung-il is Lost (2006) == Pautan lua == *[http://people.nate.com/people/info/ju/mi/juminsu/ Profil (nate)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004071854/http://people.nate.com/people/info/ju/mi/juminsu/ |date=2012-10-04 }} *[http://www.hancinema.net/korean_Joo_Min-soo.php HanCinema] {{bio-stub}} [[Kategori:Palakon Korea Selatan]] atmck4i9nsh6qbndcf3juv6970kqqnq 0 476244 3183808 3183784 2025-07-07T09:02:13Z Naval Scene 55 3183808 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Steen met inscripties te Ponggongan op Sumatra 's Westkust, KITLV 162924.tiff|jmpl|Prasasti Ponggongan (foto k.1890)]] '''Batu basurek Ponggongan''' adolah sabuah [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di wilayah [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Nagari Pagaruyung]], [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Kecamatan Tanjung Emas]], [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]]. Batu basurek iko dipakiroan barasa dari abaik ka-13 atau ka-14 Masehi, pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Batu basurek iko lah marupoan salah satu paninggalan basijarah nan mandapek status bando cagar budaya dek BPCD Sumatera Barat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.halonusa.id/berita/77907/sejarah-cagar-budaya-prasasti-ponggongan-di-kabupaten-tanah-datar|title=Sejarah Cagar Budaya Prasasti Ponggongan di Kabupaten Tanah Datar|last=Yuandha|first=Ade|date=2021-11-06|website=Halonusa News|language=id|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A View from the Highlands: Archaeology and Settlement History of West Sumatra, Indonesia|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/A_View_from_the_Highlands/QIDRDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=ponggongan&pg=PA57&printsec=frontcover|publisher=ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute|date=2019-11-07|isbn=978-981-4843-02-7|language=en|first=Mai Lin|last=Tjoa-Bonatz}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] kae3ty04yr50vk0hq7nzcckaca796mc 3183809 3183808 2025-07-07T09:02:37Z Naval Scene 55 3183809 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Steen met inscripties te Ponggongan op Sumatra 's Westkust, KITLV 162924.tiff|jmpl|Prasasti Ponggongan (poto k.1890)]] '''Batu basurek Ponggongan''' adolah sabuah [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di wilayah [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Nagari Pagaruyung]], [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Kecamatan Tanjung Emas]], [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]]. Batu basurek iko dipakiroan barasa dari abaik ka-13 atau ka-14 Masehi, pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Batu basurek iko lah marupoan salah satu paninggalan basijarah nan mandapek status bando cagar budaya dek BPCD Sumatera Barat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.halonusa.id/berita/77907/sejarah-cagar-budaya-prasasti-ponggongan-di-kabupaten-tanah-datar|title=Sejarah Cagar Budaya Prasasti Ponggongan di Kabupaten Tanah Datar|last=Yuandha|first=Ade|date=2021-11-06|website=Halonusa News|language=id|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A View from the Highlands: Archaeology and Settlement History of West Sumatra, Indonesia|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/A_View_from_the_Highlands/QIDRDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=ponggongan&pg=PA57&printsec=frontcover|publisher=ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute|date=2019-11-07|isbn=978-981-4843-02-7|language=en|first=Mai Lin|last=Tjoa-Bonatz}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] nxd99guptwmijkc6h02smqs59i0x0ja 3183810 3183809 2025-07-07T09:03:41Z Naval Scene 55 3183810 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Steen met inscripties te Ponggongan op Sumatra 's Westkust, KITLV 162924.tiff|jmpl|Batu basurek Ponggongan (poto k.1890)]] '''Batu basurek Ponggongan''' adolah sabuah [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di wilayah [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Nagari Pagaruyung]], [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Kecamatan Tanjung Emas]], [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]]. Batu basurek iko dipakiroan barasa dari abaik ka-13 atau ka-14 Masehi, pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Batu basurek iko lah marupoan salah satu paninggalan basijarah nan mandapek status bando cagar budaya dek BPCD Sumatera Barat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.halonusa.id/berita/77907/sejarah-cagar-budaya-prasasti-ponggongan-di-kabupaten-tanah-datar|title=Sejarah Cagar Budaya Prasasti Ponggongan di Kabupaten Tanah Datar|last=Yuandha|first=Ade|date=2021-11-06|website=Halonusa News|language=id|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A View from the Highlands: Archaeology and Settlement History of West Sumatra, Indonesia|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/A_View_from_the_Highlands/QIDRDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=ponggongan&pg=PA57&printsec=frontcover|publisher=ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute|date=2019-11-07|isbn=978-981-4843-02-7|language=en|first=Mai Lin|last=Tjoa-Bonatz}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] t857elom7w0b2jml55t5llyi5mew85g 0 476276 3183786 3183706 2025-07-07T04:08:16Z Harris Est 13 4498 3183786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book|name=Cermin Terus|title_orig=Cermin Terus: Berguna untuk Pengurus, Penglihat Jalan yang Lurus|translator=|image=|caption=|author=[[Abdul Karim Amrullah]]|cover_artist=|country=[[Hindia Belanda]]|language=[[Bahaso Melayu|Melayu]]|series=|genre=Non-fiksi|publisher=[[Drukkerij Baroe]]|release_date=1930|media_type=|pages=238 halaman|isbn=|dewey=|congress=|oclc=|preceded_by=|followed_by=Pelita Jilid 1<br/>Pelita Jilid 2}} '''''Cermin Terus''''' iolah sabuah kitab nan ditulih dek [[Abdul Karim Amrullah]], [[ulama Minangkabau]] nan dari [[Sungai Batang, Tanjung Raya, Agam|Sungai Batang]]. Kitab iko tabik pado taun 1930 dek [[Drukkerij Baroe]] di Fort de Kock (kini [[Bukiktinggi|Kota Bukittinggi]]) dalam [[Abjaik Jawi|bahaso Arab-Melayu]] sataba 238 halaman.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1090634131|title=Penerbitan Minangkabau Masa Kolonial: Sejarah Penerbitan Buku di Fort de Kock (Bukittinggi) 1901-1942|last=Zikri Fadila|first=|date=|publisher=|isbn=978-602-7677-59-3|location=|pages=77-78|oclc=1090634131}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Yulfira Riza & Titin Nurhayati Ma’mun|first=|year=2018|title=Berdamai dengan Perempuan: Komparasi Teks antara Naskah Al-Muāshirah dan Kitab Cermin Terus|url=|journal=Manuskripta|volume=8|issue=2|pages=113-136|doi=10.33656/manuskripta.v9i1.134}}</ref> Judul langkoknyo adolah ''Cermin Terus: Berguna untuk Pengurus, Penglihat Jalan yang Lurus''. Kitab iko mancaraminkan pandangan Abdul Karim tantang padusi dalam ugamo Islam, dan sacaro khusus mangkritik pandangan [[Muhammadiyah]] pado maso itu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">Hamka. ''Ayahku: Riwayat Hidup Dr H Abdul Karim Amrullah dan Perjuangan Kaum Agama di Sumatra.'' Jakarta: Ummind. 1982. hlm. 192-193.</ref> == Latar balakang == Abdul Karim Amrullah basobok jo pandiri Muhammadiyah, [[Ahmad Dahlan|Kiai Haji Ahmad Dahlan]], di Yogyakarta pado taun 1917. Maliek kambangnyo gerakan pambaharuan Islam iko nan sajalan juo jo pamikiran Kaum Mudo, Abdul Karim Amrullah mambuek pulo organisasi banamo Sendi Aman Tiang Selamat di kampuangnyo, Sungai Batang. Katiko bakunjuang ka Yogyakarta nan kaduo kali, inyo baniek manggabuangan Sendi Aman ka organisasi Muhammadiyah, sahinggo badirilah cabang Muhammadiyah patamo di Minangkabau pado 29 Mei 1925. Dari Sungai Batang, gerakan Muhammadiyah manyebar dan mambuko cabang di saluruah Minangkabau. Sajalan jo Muhammadiyah iolah cabang nan padusi, 'Aisyiyah, nan manyokong kegiatan aktif padusi sarupo jo Muhammadiyah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Walau parannyo gadang bana dalam mengambangan [[Muhammadiyah di Sumatera Barat|Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau]] sarato acok dijapuik di alek-alek gadang organisasi itu, Abdul Karim Amrullah indak sato sabagai anggota atau panguruih; inyo surang marupoan anggota Persatuan Guru Agama Islam (PGAI) nan malarang anggotanyo masuak ka pakumpulan lain.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Ayahku: Riwayat hidup Dr. H. Abdul Karim Amrullah dan perjuangan kaum agama di Sumatera|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Ayahku.html?id=tLYXAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Umminda|date=1982|language=|last=Hamka|location=Jakarta}}</ref> Di sisi lain, inyo indak ragu mangkritisi babarapo amalan Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau nan dicaliaknyo indak badasarkan pangatahuan dan hanyolah [[Taklid|''tiru-tiru'']] dari Muhammadiyah di Jogja. Kritik-kritik itu disampaikannyo dalam pabagai khutbah inyo sapanjang taun 1928.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/971526815|title=Sengketa Tiada Putus: Matriarkat, Reformisme Agama, dan Kolonialisme di Minangkabau|last=Jeffrey Hadler|first=|date=2010|publisher=Freedom Institute|isbn=978-979-19466-5-0|location=|pages=283-284|oclc=971526815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daya|first=Burhanuddin|date=1990|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=CPQeAAAAMAAJ&q=Masjid+%22MANINJAU%22&dq=Masjid+%22MANINJAU%22&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG6ML83872AhXMzjgGHUAsAc04ChDoAXoECAUQAg|title=Gerakan pembaharuan pemikiran Islam|publisher=Tiara Wacana Yogya|isbn=978-979-8120-13-8|language=id}}</ref> Di antaro amalan Muhammadiyah nan ditentangi dek Abdul Karim Amrullah adolah padusi maagiah pidato di hadapan laki-laki sarato menghadiri kagiatan tanpa didampingi ''[[mahram]]''.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Pado tanggal 24–26 Maret 1930, Muhammadiyah mangadoan kongres patamo di lua pulau Jawa, Kongres Muhammadiyah ka-19 di Bukiktinggi. Dalam kongres tu dijadwalkan saurang panguruih 'Aisyiyah, Siti Rasyidah, ka maagiah pidato. Namun, rancano ditantang hebat dek Abdul Karim Amrullah, dek inyo bapandapek baso padusi haram mangangke suaronyo lantang-lantang di hadapan majelis laki-laki. Dek urang basa Muhammadiyah nan manantangnyo, Muhammadiyah mangadoan pambicaroan antaro Abdul Karim jo panguruih Muhammadiyah sabalun kongres tajadi, nan sabagai moderator iolah [[Ahmad Rasyid Sutan Mansur|Sutan Mansur]]. Akhirnyo, bamupakaiklah panitia kongres baso pidato Siti Rasyidah indak ka dimasuakkan dalam rangkaian acara kongres, tapi tetap bulek ka pandapek baso padusi buliah bapidato di hadapan umum.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Dek Muhammadiyah indak mangubah pandangannyo tasabuik, Abdul Karim Amrullah managakkan pandapeknyo hinggo tabiklah buku ''Cermin Terus'' pado taun 1930. Kitab ko dicetak dek panabik Drukkerij Baroe di Bukittinggi nan dibiayoi dek Yusuf Amrullah, adiak Abdul Karim. == Isi == Dalam kitab sataba 238 halaman iko, Abdul Karim Amrullah mambagi 12 topik nan mampakarokan banyak hal, mulai dari zakat fitrah, kadudukan suami istri, hinggo pakaian padusi. Dalam zakat fitrah, Abdul Karim manantang praktik Muhammadiyah nan batindak sabagai amil zakat, yakni mangumpulan zakat fitrah untuak dibagi ka nan fakir miskin. Abdul Karim bapandapek baso zakat fitrah harus diagiahan langsuang, dan muzakki (nan mangagiah zakat) labiah tahun kama ka disumbangan, sahinggo Muhammadiyah indak berhak mangumpulannyo. Khusus dalam hal pakaian padusi, Abdul Karim Amrullah manarangkan panjang lebar soal bateh aurat manuruik syarak, dan katiko babicaro pasal kebaya, inyo bantah habis-habisan, disabuiknyo sabagai pakaian "perempuan lacur" dek potongannyo nan acok indak manutuik bateh aurat dalam pandangannyo, bahkan hinggo manampakkan sabagian dado padusi nan mamakainyo.<ref name=":2" /> Pakaro lain nan tasabuik di latar balakang dimasuakkan juo ka dalam kitab itu, sarupo padusi babicaro di hadapan majelis laki-laki. == Panarimoan == == Rujuakan == of32dr82kh5qo307kok4o8g62715grz 3183787 3183786 2025-07-07T04:13:48Z Harris Est 13 4498 3183787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book|name=Cermin Terus|title_orig=Cermin Terus: Berguna untuk Pengurus, Penglihat Jalan yang Lurus|translator=|image=|caption=|author=[[Abdul Karim Amrullah]]|cover_artist=|country=[[Hindia Belanda]]|language=[[Bahaso Melayu|Melayu]]|series=|genre=Non-fiksi|publisher=[[Drukkerij Baroe]]|release_date=1930|media_type=|pages=238 halaman|isbn=|dewey=|congress=|oclc=|preceded_by=|followed_by=Pelita Jilid 1<br/>Pelita Jilid 2}} '''''Cermin Terus''''' iolah sabuah kitab nan ditulih dek [[Abdul Karim Amrullah]], [[ulama Minangkabau]] nan dari [[Sungai Batang, Tanjung Raya, Agam|Sungai Batang]]. Kitab iko tabik pado taun 1930 dek [[Drukkerij Baroe]] di Fort de Kock (kini [[Bukiktinggi|Kota Bukittinggi]]) dalam [[Abjaik Jawi|bahaso Arab-Melayu]] sataba 238 halaman.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1090634131|title=Penerbitan Minangkabau Masa Kolonial: Sejarah Penerbitan Buku di Fort de Kock (Bukittinggi) 1901-1942|last=Zikri Fadila|first=|date=|publisher=|isbn=978-602-7677-59-3|location=|pages=77-78|oclc=1090634131}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Yulfira Riza & Titin Nurhayati Ma’mun|first=|year=2018|title=Berdamai dengan Perempuan: Komparasi Teks antara Naskah Al-Muāshirah dan Kitab Cermin Terus|url=|journal=Manuskripta|volume=8|issue=2|pages=113-136|doi=10.33656/manuskripta.v9i1.134}}</ref> Judul langkoknyo adolah ''Cermin Terus: Berguna untuk Pengurus, Penglihat Jalan yang Lurus''. Kitab iko mancaraminkan pandangan Abdul Karim tantang padusi dalam ugamo Islam, dan sacaro khusus mangkritik pandangan [[Muhammadiyah]] pado maso itu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">Hamka. ''Ayahku: Riwayat Hidup Dr H Abdul Karim Amrullah dan Perjuangan Kaum Agama di Sumatra.'' Jakarta: Ummind. 1982. hlm. 192-193.</ref> == Latar balakang == Abdul Karim Amrullah basobok jo pandiri Muhammadiyah, [[Ahmad Dahlan|Kiai Haji Ahmad Dahlan]], di Yogyakarta pado taun 1917. Maliek kambangnyo gerakan pambaharuan Islam iko nan sajalan juo jo pamikiran Kaum Mudo, Abdul Karim Amrullah mambuek pulo organisasi banamo Sendi Aman Tiang Selamat di kampuangnyo, Sungai Batang. Katiko bakunjuang ka Yogyakarta nan kaduo kali, inyo baniek manggabuangan Sendi Aman ka organisasi Muhammadiyah, sahinggo badirilah cabang Muhammadiyah patamo di Minangkabau pado 29 Mei 1925. Dari Sungai Batang, gerakan Muhammadiyah manyebar dan mambuko cabang di saluruah Minangkabau. Sajalan jo Muhammadiyah iolah cabang nan padusi, 'Aisyiyah, nan manyokong kegiatan aktif padusi sarupo jo Muhammadiyah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Walau parannyo gadang bana dalam mengambangan [[Muhammadiyah di Sumatera Barat|Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau]] sarato acok dijapuik di alek-alek gadang organisasi itu, Abdul Karim Amrullah indak sato sabagai anggota atau panguruih; inyo surang marupoan anggota Persatuan Guru Agama Islam (PGAI) nan malarang anggotanyo masuak ka pakumpulan lain.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Ayahku: Riwayat hidup Dr. H. Abdul Karim Amrullah dan perjuangan kaum agama di Sumatera|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Ayahku.html?id=tLYXAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Umminda|date=1982|language=|last=Hamka|location=Jakarta}}</ref> Di sisi lain, inyo indak ragu mangkritisi babarapo amalan Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau nan dicaliaknyo indak badasarkan pangatahuan dan hanyolah [[Taklid|''tiru-tiru'']] dari Muhammadiyah di Jogja. Kritik-kritik itu disampaikannyo dalam pabagai khutbah inyo sapanjang taun 1928.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/971526815|title=Sengketa Tiada Putus: Matriarkat, Reformisme Agama, dan Kolonialisme di Minangkabau|last=Jeffrey Hadler|first=|date=2010|publisher=Freedom Institute|isbn=978-979-19466-5-0|location=|pages=283-284|oclc=971526815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daya|first=Burhanuddin|date=1990|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=CPQeAAAAMAAJ&q=Masjid+%22MANINJAU%22&dq=Masjid+%22MANINJAU%22&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG6ML83872AhXMzjgGHUAsAc04ChDoAXoECAUQAg|title=Gerakan pembaharuan pemikiran Islam|publisher=Tiara Wacana Yogya|isbn=978-979-8120-13-8|language=id}}</ref> Di antaro amalan Muhammadiyah nan ditentangi dek Abdul Karim Amrullah adolah padusi maagiah pidato di hadapan laki-laki sarato menghadiri kagiatan tanpa didampingi ''[[mahram]]''.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Pado tanggal 24–26 Maret 1930, Muhammadiyah mangadoan kongres patamo di lua pulau Jawa, Kongres Muhammadiyah ka-19 di Bukiktinggi. Dalam kongres tu dijadwalkan saurang panguruih 'Aisyiyah, Siti Rasyidah, ka maagiah pidato. Namun, rancano ditantang hebat dek Abdul Karim Amrullah, dek inyo bapandapek baso padusi haram mangangke suaronyo lantang-lantang di hadapan majelis laki-laki. Dek urang basa Muhammadiyah nan manantangnyo, Muhammadiyah mangadoan pambicaroan antaro Abdul Karim jo panguruih Muhammadiyah sabalun kongres tajadi, nan sabagai moderator iolah [[Ahmad Rasyid Sutan Mansur|Sutan Mansur]]. Akhirnyo, bamupakaiklah panitia kongres baso pidato Siti Rasyidah indak ka dimasuakkan dalam rangkaian acara kongres, tapi tetap bulek ka pandapek baso padusi buliah bapidato di hadapan umum.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Dek Muhammadiyah indak mangubah pandangannyo tasabuik, Abdul Karim Amrullah managakkan pandapeknyo hinggo tabiklah buku ''Cermin Terus'' pado taun 1930. Kitab ko dicetak dek panabik Drukkerij Baroe di Bukittinggi nan dibiayoi dek Yusuf Amrullah, adiak Abdul Karim. == Isi == Dalam kitab sataba 238 halaman iko, Abdul Karim Amrullah mambagi 12 topik nan mampakarokan banyak hal, mulai dari zakat fitrah, kadudukan suami istri, hinggo pakaian padusi. Dalam zakat fitrah, Abdul Karim manantang praktik Muhammadiyah nan batindak sabagai amil zakat, yakni mangumpulan zakat fitrah untuak dibagi ka nan fakir miskin. Abdul Karim bapandapek baso zakat fitrah harus diagiahan langsuang, dan muzakki (nan mangagiah zakat) labiah tahun kama ka disumbangan, sahinggo Muhammadiyah indak berhak mangumpulannyo.<ref name=":2" /> Khusus dalam hal pakaian padusi, Abdul Karim Amrullah manarangkan panjang lebar soal bateh aurat manuruik syarak, dan katiko babicaro pasal kebaya, inyo bantah habis-habisan, disabuiknyo sabagai pakaian "perempuan lacur" dek potongannyo nan acok indak manutuik bateh aurat dalam pandangannyo, bahkan hinggo manampakkan sabagian dado padusi nan mamakainyo.<ref name=":2" /> Pakaro lain nan tasabuik di latar balakang dimasuakkan juo ka dalam kitab itu, sarupo padusi babicaro di hadapan majelis laki-laki. == Panarimoan == == Rujuakan == i2p5hk6puouuhqwvcu158ui3gyb9jhn 3183788 3183787 2025-07-07T04:37:49Z Harris Est 13 4498 3183788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book|name=Cermin Terus|title_orig=Cermin Terus: Berguna untuk Pengurus, Penglihat Jalan yang Lurus|translator=|image=|caption=|author=[[Abdul Karim Amrullah]]|cover_artist=|country=[[Hindia Belanda]]|language=[[Bahaso Melayu|Melayu]]|series=|genre=Non-fiksi|publisher=[[Drukkerij Baroe]]|release_date=1930|media_type=|pages=238 halaman|isbn=|dewey=|congress=|oclc=|preceded_by=|followed_by=Pelita Jilid 1<br/>Pelita Jilid 2}} '''''Cermin Terus''''' iolah sabuah kitab nan ditulih dek [[Abdul Karim Amrullah]], [[ulama Minangkabau]] nan dari [[Sungai Batang, Tanjung Raya, Agam|Sungai Batang]]. Kitab iko tabik pado taun 1930 dek [[Drukkerij Baroe]] di Fort de Kock (kini [[Bukiktinggi|Kota Bukittinggi]]) dalam [[Abjaik Jawi|bahaso Arab-Melayu]] sataba 238 halaman.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1090634131|title=Penerbitan Minangkabau Masa Kolonial: Sejarah Penerbitan Buku di Fort de Kock (Bukittinggi) 1901-1942|last=Zikri Fadila|first=|date=|publisher=|isbn=978-602-7677-59-3|location=|pages=77-78|oclc=1090634131}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Yulfira Riza & Titin Nurhayati Ma’mun|first=|year=2018|title=Berdamai dengan Perempuan: Komparasi Teks antara Naskah Al-Muāshirah dan Kitab Cermin Terus|url=|journal=Manuskripta|volume=8|issue=2|pages=113-136|doi=10.33656/manuskripta.v9i1.134}}</ref> Judul langkoknyo adolah ''Cermin Terus: Berguna untuk Pengurus, Penglihat Jalan yang Lurus''. Kitab iko mancaraminkan pandangan Abdul Karim tantang padusi dalam ugamo Islam, dan sacaro khusus mangkritik pandangan [[Muhammadiyah]] pado maso itu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">Hamka. ''Ayahku: Riwayat Hidup Dr H Abdul Karim Amrullah dan Perjuangan Kaum Agama di Sumatra.'' Jakarta: Ummind. 1982. hlm. 192-193.</ref> == Latar balakang == Abdul Karim Amrullah basobok jo pandiri Muhammadiyah, [[Ahmad Dahlan|Kiai Haji Ahmad Dahlan]], di Yogyakarta pado taun 1917. Maliek kambangnyo gerakan pambaharuan Islam iko nan sajalan juo jo pamikiran Kaum Mudo, Abdul Karim Amrullah mambuek pulo organisasi banamo Sendi Aman Tiang Selamat di kampuangnyo, Sungai Batang. Katiko bakunjuang ka Yogyakarta nan kaduo kali, inyo baniek manggabuangan Sendi Aman ka organisasi Muhammadiyah, sahinggo badirilah cabang Muhammadiyah patamo di Minangkabau pado 29 Mei 1925. Dari Sungai Batang, gerakan Muhammadiyah manyebar dan mambuko cabang di saluruah Minangkabau. Sajalan jo Muhammadiyah iolah cabang nan padusi, 'Aisyiyah, nan manyokong kegiatan aktif padusi sarupo jo Muhammadiyah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Walau parannyo gadang bana dalam mengambangan [[Muhammadiyah di Sumatera Barat|Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau]] sarato acok dijapuik di alek-alek gadang organisasi itu, Abdul Karim Amrullah indak sato sabagai anggota atau panguruih; inyo surang marupoan anggota Persatuan Guru Agama Islam (PGAI) nan malarang anggotanyo masuak ka pakumpulan lain.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Ayahku: Riwayat hidup Dr. H. Abdul Karim Amrullah dan perjuangan kaum agama di Sumatera|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Ayahku.html?id=tLYXAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Umminda|date=1982|language=|last=Hamka|location=Jakarta}}</ref> Di sisi lain, inyo indak ragu mangkritisi babarapo amalan Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau nan dicaliaknyo indak badasarkan pangatahuan dan hanyolah [[Taklid|''tiru-tiru'']] dari Muhammadiyah di Jogja. Kritik-kritik itu disampaikannyo dalam pabagai khutbah inyo sapanjang taun 1928.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/971526815|title=Sengketa Tiada Putus: Matriarkat, Reformisme Agama, dan Kolonialisme di Minangkabau|last=Jeffrey Hadler|first=|date=2010|publisher=Freedom Institute|isbn=978-979-19466-5-0|location=|pages=283-284|oclc=971526815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daya|first=Burhanuddin|date=1990|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=CPQeAAAAMAAJ&q=Masjid+%22MANINJAU%22&dq=Masjid+%22MANINJAU%22&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG6ML83872AhXMzjgGHUAsAc04ChDoAXoECAUQAg|title=Gerakan pembaharuan pemikiran Islam|publisher=Tiara Wacana Yogya|isbn=978-979-8120-13-8|language=id}}</ref> Di antaro amalan Muhammadiyah nan ditentangi dek Abdul Karim Amrullah adolah padusi maagiah pidato di hadapan laki-laki sarato menghadiri kagiatan tanpa didampingi ''[[mahram]]''.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Pado tanggal 24–26 Maret 1930, Muhammadiyah mangadoan kongres patamo di lua pulau Jawa, Kongres Muhammadiyah ka-19 di Bukiktinggi. Dalam kongres tu dijadwalkan saurang panguruih 'Aisyiyah, Siti Rasyidah, ka maagiah pidato. Namun, rancano ditantang hebat dek Abdul Karim Amrullah, dek inyo bapandapek baso padusi haram mangangke suaronyo lantang-lantang di hadapan majelis laki-laki. Dek urang basa Muhammadiyah nan manantangnyo, Muhammadiyah mangadoan pambicaroan antaro Abdul Karim jo panguruih Muhammadiyah sabalun kongres tajadi, nan sabagai moderator iolah [[Ahmad Rasyid Sutan Mansur|Sutan Mansur]]. Akhirnyo, bamupakaiklah panitia kongres baso pidato Siti Rasyidah indak ka dimasuakkan dalam rangkaian acara kongres, tapi tetap bulek ka pandapek baso padusi buliah bapidato di hadapan umum.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Dek Muhammadiyah indak mangubah pandangannyo tasabuik, Abdul Karim Amrullah managakkan pandapeknyo hinggo tabiklah buku ''Cermin Terus'' pado taun 1930. Kitab ko dicetak dek panabik Drukkerij Baroe di Bukittinggi nan dibiayoi dek Yusuf Amrullah, adiak Abdul Karim. == Isi == Dalam kitab sataba 238 halaman iko, Abdul Karim Amrullah mambagi 12 topik nan mampakarokan banyak hal, mulai dari zakat fitrah, kadudukan suami istri, hinggo pakaian padusi. Dalam zakat fitrah, Abdul Karim manantang praktik Muhammadiyah nan batindak sabagai amil zakat, yakni mangumpulan zakat fitrah untuak dibagi ka nan fakir miskin. Abdul Karim bapandapek baso zakat fitrah harus diagiahan langsuang, dan muzakki (nan mangagiah zakat) labiah tahun kama ka disumbangan, sahinggo Muhammadiyah indak berhak mangumpulannyo.<ref name=":2" /> Khusus dalam hal pakaian padusi, Abdul Karim Amrullah manarangkan panjang lebar soal bateh aurat manuruik syarak, dan katiko babicaro pasal kebaya, inyo bantah habis-habisan, disabuiknyo sabagai pakaian "perempuan lacur" dek potongannyo nan acok indak manutuik bateh aurat dalam pandangannyo, bahkan hinggo manampakkan sabagian dado padusi nan mamakainyo.<ref name=":2" /> Pakaro lain nan tasabuik di latar balakang dimasuakkan juo ka dalam kitab itu, sarupo padusi babicaro di hadapan majelis laki-laki. == Panarimoan == Pandangan Abdul Karim Amrullah soal kebaya mandapek kecaman, mulai dari [[Rasuna Said]] nan mambantah pandangannyo sajak taun 1928 dalam surek kaba ''Mustika Yogya'' pimpinan [[Agus Salim|Haji Agus Salim]]. Bantahan kaduo datang dari [[Nur Sutan Iskandar]], nan bapandapek baso kebaya alun umum dipakai di alam Minangkabau, lain halnyo jo Batavia tampek inyo bamukim, sahinggo "fatwa" Abdul Karim Amrullah indak dapek balaku di sagalo tampek. Bantahan-bantahan itu dibaleh Abdul Karim Amrullah dengan manulih kitabnyo nan kaduo, ''Pelita''. Dalam kitab itu inyo sakali lai mangkritik pandangan buliahnyo mamakai kebaya.<ref name=":2" /> Bantahan salanjoiknyo datang dari Dt. Rajo Pelawan. Inyo bapandapek baso pandangan Abdul Karim soal padusi talampau sampik dan mambatasi hiduik padusi, dan mambari kesan saolah-olah kawajiban padusi labiah banyak dari haknyo, samantaro hak laki-laki labiah banyak daripado kawajibannyo. Pandangan itu dibantah baliak dek Abdul Karim dengan tulisannyo, ''Pelita II''. Di situlah inyo mancantuman riwayaik istri-istri [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad]] nan batal dinikahi baliau.<ref name=":2" /> == Rujuakan == clb2fpymz6aueirwmrvai0g6g16w3q0 3183789 3183788 2025-07-07T04:38:07Z Harris Est 13 4498 3183789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book|name=Cermin Terus|title_orig=Cermin Terus: Berguna untuk Pengurus, Penglihat Jalan yang Lurus|translator=|image=|caption=|author=[[Abdul Karim Amrullah]]|cover_artist=|country=[[Hindia Belanda]]|language=[[Bahaso Melayu|Melayu]]|series=|genre=Non-fiksi|publisher=[[Drukkerij Baroe]]|release_date=1930|media_type=|pages=238 halaman|isbn=|dewey=|congress=|oclc=|preceded_by=|followed_by=Pelita Jilid 1<br/>Pelita Jilid 2}} '''''Cermin Terus''''' iolah sabuah kitab nan ditulih dek [[Abdul Karim Amrullah]], [[ulama Minangkabau]] nan dari [[Sungai Batang, Tanjung Raya, Agam|Sungai Batang]]. Kitab iko tabik pado taun 1930 dek [[Drukkerij Baroe]] di Fort de Kock (kini [[Bukiktinggi|Kota Bukittinggi]]) dalam [[Abjaik Jawi|bahaso Arab-Melayu]] sataba 238 halaman.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1090634131|title=Penerbitan Minangkabau Masa Kolonial: Sejarah Penerbitan Buku di Fort de Kock (Bukittinggi) 1901-1942|last=Zikri Fadila|first=|date=|publisher=|isbn=978-602-7677-59-3|location=|pages=77-78|oclc=1090634131}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Yulfira Riza & Titin Nurhayati Ma’mun|first=|year=2018|title=Berdamai dengan Perempuan: Komparasi Teks antara Naskah Al-Muāshirah dan Kitab Cermin Terus|url=|journal=Manuskripta|volume=8|issue=2|pages=113-136|doi=10.33656/manuskripta.v9i1.134}}</ref> Judul langkoknyo adolah ''Cermin Terus: Berguna untuk Pengurus, Penglihat Jalan yang Lurus''. Kitab iko mancaraminkan pandangan Abdul Karim tantang padusi dalam ugamo Islam, dan sacaro khusus mangkritik pandangan [[Muhammadiyah]] pado maso itu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">Hamka. ''Ayahku: Riwayat Hidup Dr H Abdul Karim Amrullah dan Perjuangan Kaum Agama di Sumatra.'' Jakarta: Ummind. 1982. hlm. 192-193.</ref> == Latar balakang == Abdul Karim Amrullah basobok jo pandiri Muhammadiyah, [[Ahmad Dahlan|Kiai Haji Ahmad Dahlan]], di Yogyakarta pado taun 1917. Maliek kambangnyo gerakan pambaharuan Islam iko nan sajalan juo jo pamikiran Kaum Mudo, Abdul Karim Amrullah mambuek pulo organisasi banamo Sendi Aman Tiang Selamat di kampuangnyo, Sungai Batang. Katiko bakunjuang ka Yogyakarta nan kaduo kali, inyo baniek manggabuangan Sendi Aman ka organisasi Muhammadiyah, sahinggo badirilah cabang Muhammadiyah patamo di Minangkabau pado 29 Mei 1925. Dari Sungai Batang, gerakan Muhammadiyah manyebar dan mambuko cabang di saluruah Minangkabau. Sajalan jo Muhammadiyah iolah cabang nan padusi, 'Aisyiyah, nan manyokong kegiatan aktif padusi sarupo jo Muhammadiyah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Walau parannyo gadang bana dalam mengambangan [[Muhammadiyah di Sumatera Barat|Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau]] sarato acok dijapuik di alek-alek gadang organisasi itu, Abdul Karim Amrullah indak sato sabagai anggota atau panguruih; inyo surang marupoan anggota Persatuan Guru Agama Islam (PGAI) nan malarang anggotanyo masuak ka pakumpulan lain.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Ayahku: Riwayat hidup Dr. H. Abdul Karim Amrullah dan perjuangan kaum agama di Sumatera|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Ayahku.html?id=tLYXAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Umminda|date=1982|language=|last=Hamka|location=Jakarta}}</ref> Di sisi lain, inyo indak ragu mangkritisi babarapo amalan Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau nan dicaliaknyo indak badasarkan pangatahuan dan hanyolah [[Taklid|''tiru-tiru'']] dari Muhammadiyah di Jogja. Kritik-kritik itu disampaikannyo dalam pabagai khutbah inyo sapanjang taun 1928.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/971526815|title=Sengketa Tiada Putus: Matriarkat, Reformisme Agama, dan Kolonialisme di Minangkabau|last=Jeffrey Hadler|first=|date=2010|publisher=Freedom Institute|isbn=978-979-19466-5-0|location=|pages=283-284|oclc=971526815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daya|first=Burhanuddin|date=1990|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=CPQeAAAAMAAJ&q=Masjid+%22MANINJAU%22&dq=Masjid+%22MANINJAU%22&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG6ML83872AhXMzjgGHUAsAc04ChDoAXoECAUQAg|title=Gerakan pembaharuan pemikiran Islam|publisher=Tiara Wacana Yogya|isbn=978-979-8120-13-8|language=id}}</ref> Di antaro amalan Muhammadiyah nan ditentangi dek Abdul Karim Amrullah adolah padusi maagiah pidato di hadapan laki-laki sarato menghadiri kagiatan tanpa didampingi ''[[mahram]]''.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Pado tanggal 24–26 Maret 1930, Muhammadiyah mangadoan kongres patamo di lua pulau Jawa, Kongres Muhammadiyah ka-19 di Bukiktinggi. Dalam kongres tu dijadwalkan saurang panguruih 'Aisyiyah, Siti Rasyidah, ka maagiah pidato. Namun, rancano ditantang hebat dek Abdul Karim Amrullah, dek inyo bapandapek baso padusi haram mangangke suaronyo lantang-lantang di hadapan majelis laki-laki. Dek urang basa Muhammadiyah nan manantangnyo, Muhammadiyah mangadoan pambicaroan antaro Abdul Karim jo panguruih Muhammadiyah sabalun kongres tajadi, nan sabagai moderator iolah [[Ahmad Rasyid Sutan Mansur|Sutan Mansur]]. Akhirnyo, bamupakaiklah panitia kongres baso pidato Siti Rasyidah indak ka dimasuakkan dalam rangkaian acara kongres, tapi tetap bulek ka pandapek baso padusi buliah bapidato di hadapan umum.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Dek Muhammadiyah indak mangubah pandangannyo tasabuik, Abdul Karim Amrullah managakkan pandapeknyo hinggo tabiklah buku ''Cermin Terus'' pado taun 1930. Kitab ko dicetak dek panabik Drukkerij Baroe di Bukittinggi nan dibiayoi dek Yusuf Amrullah, adiak Abdul Karim. == Isi == Dalam kitab sataba 238 halaman iko, Abdul Karim Amrullah mambagi 12 topik nan mampakarokan banyak hal, mulai dari zakat fitrah, kadudukan suami istri, hinggo pakaian padusi. Dalam zakat fitrah, Abdul Karim manantang praktik Muhammadiyah nan batindak sabagai amil zakat, yakni mangumpulan zakat fitrah untuak dibagi ka nan fakir miskin. Abdul Karim bapandapek baso zakat fitrah harus diagiahan langsuang, dan muzakki (nan mangagiah zakat) labiah tahun kama ka disumbangan, sahinggo Muhammadiyah indak berhak mangumpulannyo.<ref name=":2" /> Khusus dalam hal pakaian padusi, Abdul Karim Amrullah manarangkan panjang lebar soal bateh aurat manuruik syarak, dan katiko babicaro pasal kebaya, inyo bantah habis-habisan, disabuiknyo sabagai pakaian "perempuan lacur" dek potongannyo nan acok indak manutuik bateh aurat dalam pandangannyo, bahkan hinggo manampakkan sabagian dado padusi nan mamakainyo.<ref name=":2" /> Pakaro lain nan tasabuik di latar balakang dimasuakkan juo ka dalam kitab itu, sarupo padusi babicaro di hadapan majelis laki-laki. == Panarimoan == Pandangan Abdul Karim Amrullah soal kebaya mandapek kecaman, mulai dari [[Rasuna Said]] nan mambantah pandangannyo sajak taun 1928 dalam surek kaba ''Mustika Yogya'' pimpinan [[Agus Salim|Haji Agus Salim]]. Bantahan kaduo datang dari [[Nur Sutan Iskandar]], nan bapandapek baso kebaya alun umum dipakai di alam Minangkabau, lain halnyo jo Batavia tampek inyo bamukim, sahinggo "fatwa" Abdul Karim Amrullah indak dapek balaku di sagalo tampek. Bantahan-bantahan itu dibaleh Abdul Karim Amrullah dengan manulih kitabnyo nan kaduo, ''Pelita''. Dalam kitab itu inyo sakali lai mangkritik pandangan buliahnyo mamakai kebaya.<ref name=":2" /> Bantahan salanjoiknyo datang dari Dt. Rajo Pelawan. Inyo bapandapek baso pandangan Abdul Karim soal padusi talampau sampik dan mambatasi hiduik padusi, dan mambari kesan saolah-olah kawajiban padusi labiah banyak dari haknyo, samantaro hak laki-laki labiah banyak daripado kawajibannyo. Pandangan itu dibantah baliak dek Abdul Karim dengan tulisannyo, ''Pelita II''. Di situlah inyo mancantuman riwayaik istri-istri [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad]] nan batal dinikahi baliau.<ref name=":2" /> Pado tahun 1937, duo urang mudo nan banano Sumandari dan Suroto manulih di surek kaba ''Bangun'' baso Nabi Muhammad iolah "seorang Nabi yang keras nafsunya" dek banyak istrinyo nan sambilan ditambuah calon-calon istri nan indak jadi dinikahan. Tulisan itu mandapek bantahan sakareh-karehnyo sahinggo kaduo urang mudo itu manarik tulisannyo dan mamintak maaf ka publik. Pado taun nan samo, saurang nan banamo Haji Kamaluddin manuduah Haji Abdul Karim Amrullah manghino Nabi dalam tulisannyo ''Cermin Terus'' dan ''Pelita II'', sahinggo buliah disamoan jo Sumandari jo Suroto.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|title=Ayahku: Riwayat hidup Dr. H. Abdul Karim Amrullah dan perjuangan kaum agama di Sumatera|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Ayahku.html?id=tLYXAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Umminda|date=1982|language=|last=Hamka|location=Jakarta}}</ref> == Rujuakan == 9ckfy0w0anwtkktredbiksgejsop5dx 3183790 3183789 2025-07-07T04:58:10Z Harris Est 13 4498 3183790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book|name=Cermin Terus|title_orig=Cermin Terus: Berguna untuk Pengurus, Penglihat Jalan yang Lurus|translator=|image=|caption=|author=[[Abdul Karim Amrullah]]|cover_artist=|country=[[Hindia Belanda]]|language=[[Bahaso Melayu|Melayu]]|series=|genre=Non-fiksi|publisher=[[Drukkerij Baroe]]|release_date=1930|media_type=|pages=238 halaman|isbn=|dewey=|congress=|oclc=|preceded_by=|followed_by=Pelita Jilid 1<br/>Pelita Jilid 2}} '''''Cermin Terus''''' iolah sabuah kitab nan ditulih dek [[Abdul Karim Amrullah]], [[ulama Minangkabau]] nan dari [[Sungai Batang, Tanjung Raya, Agam|Sungai Batang]]. Kitab iko tabik pado taun 1930 dek [[Drukkerij Baroe]] di Fort de Kock (kini [[Bukiktinggi|Kota Bukittinggi]]) dalam [[Abjaik Jawi|bahaso Arab-Melayu]] sataba 238 halaman.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1090634131|title=Penerbitan Minangkabau Masa Kolonial: Sejarah Penerbitan Buku di Fort de Kock (Bukittinggi) 1901-1942|last=Zikri Fadila|first=|date=|publisher=|isbn=978-602-7677-59-3|location=|pages=77-78|oclc=1090634131}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Yulfira Riza & Titin Nurhayati Ma’mun|first=|year=2018|title=Berdamai dengan Perempuan: Komparasi Teks antara Naskah Al-Muāshirah dan Kitab Cermin Terus|url=|journal=Manuskripta|volume=8|issue=2|pages=113-136|doi=10.33656/manuskripta.v9i1.134}}</ref> Judul langkoknyo adolah ''Cermin Terus: Berguna untuk Pengurus, Penglihat Jalan yang Lurus''. Kitab iko mancaraminkan pandangan Abdul Karim tantang padusi dalam ugamo Islam, dan sacaro khusus mangkritik pandangan [[Muhammadiyah]] pado maso itu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">Hamka. ''Ayahku: Riwayat Hidup Dr H Abdul Karim Amrullah dan Perjuangan Kaum Agama di Sumatra.'' Jakarta: Ummind. 1982. hlm. 192-193.</ref> == Latar balakang == Abdul Karim Amrullah basobok jo pandiri Muhammadiyah, [[Ahmad Dahlan|Kiai Haji Ahmad Dahlan]], di Yogyakarta pado taun 1917. Maliek kambangnyo gerakan pambaharuan Islam iko nan sajalan juo jo pamikiran Kaum Mudo, Abdul Karim Amrullah mambuek pulo organisasi banamo Sendi Aman Tiang Selamat di kampuangnyo, Sungai Batang. Katiko bakunjuang ka Yogyakarta nan kaduo kali, inyo baniek manggabuangan Sendi Aman ka organisasi Muhammadiyah, sahinggo badirilah cabang Muhammadiyah patamo di Minangkabau pado 29 Mei 1925. Dari Sungai Batang, gerakan Muhammadiyah manyebar dan mambuko cabang di saluruah Minangkabau. Sajalan jo Muhammadiyah iolah cabang nan padusi, 'Aisyiyah, nan manyokong kegiatan aktif padusi sarupo jo Muhammadiyah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Walau parannyo gadang bana dalam mengambangan [[Muhammadiyah di Sumatera Barat|Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau]] sarato acok dijapuik di alek-alek gadang organisasi itu, Abdul Karim Amrullah indak sato sabagai anggota atau panguruih; inyo surang marupoan anggota Persatuan Guru Agama Islam (PGAI) nan malarang anggotanyo masuak ka pakumpulan lain.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Ayahku: Riwayat hidup Dr. H. Abdul Karim Amrullah dan perjuangan kaum agama di Sumatera|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Ayahku.html?id=tLYXAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Umminda|date=1982|language=|last=Hamka|location=Jakarta}}</ref> Di sisi lain, inyo indak ragu mangkritisi babarapo amalan Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau nan dicaliaknyo indak badasarkan pangatahuan dan hanyolah [[Taklid|''tiru-tiru'']] dari Muhammadiyah di Jogja. Kritik-kritik itu disampaikannyo dalam pabagai khutbah inyo sapanjang taun 1928.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/971526815|title=Sengketa Tiada Putus: Matriarkat, Reformisme Agama, dan Kolonialisme di Minangkabau|last=Jeffrey Hadler|first=|date=2010|publisher=Freedom Institute|isbn=978-979-19466-5-0|location=|pages=283-284|oclc=971526815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daya|first=Burhanuddin|date=1990|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=CPQeAAAAMAAJ&q=Masjid+%22MANINJAU%22&dq=Masjid+%22MANINJAU%22&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG6ML83872AhXMzjgGHUAsAc04ChDoAXoECAUQAg|title=Gerakan pembaharuan pemikiran Islam|publisher=Tiara Wacana Yogya|isbn=978-979-8120-13-8|language=id}}</ref> Di antaro amalan Muhammadiyah nan ditentangi dek Abdul Karim Amrullah adolah padusi maagiah pidato di hadapan laki-laki sarato menghadiri kagiatan tanpa didampingi ''[[mahram]]''.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Pado tanggal 24–26 Maret 1930, Muhammadiyah mangadoan kongres patamo di lua pulau Jawa, Kongres Muhammadiyah ka-19 di Bukiktinggi. Dalam kongres tu dijadwalkan saurang panguruih 'Aisyiyah, Siti Rasyidah, ka maagiah pidato. Namun, rancano ditantang hebat dek Abdul Karim Amrullah, dek inyo bapandapek baso padusi haram mangangke suaronyo lantang-lantang di hadapan majelis laki-laki. Dek urang basa Muhammadiyah nan manantangnyo, Muhammadiyah mangadoan pambicaroan antaro Abdul Karim jo panguruih Muhammadiyah sabalun kongres tajadi, nan sabagai moderator iolah [[Ahmad Rasyid Sutan Mansur|Sutan Mansur]]. Akhirnyo, bamupakaiklah panitia kongres baso pidato Siti Rasyidah indak ka dimasuakkan dalam rangkaian acara kongres, tapi tetap bulek ka pandapek baso padusi buliah bapidato di hadapan umum.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Dek Muhammadiyah indak mangubah pandangannyo tasabuik, Abdul Karim Amrullah managakkan pandapeknyo hinggo tabiklah buku ''Cermin Terus'' pado taun 1930. Kitab ko dicetak dek panabik Drukkerij Baroe di Bukittinggi nan dibiayoi dek Yusuf Amrullah, adiak Abdul Karim. == Isi == Dalam kitab sataba 238 halaman iko, Abdul Karim Amrullah mambagi 12 topik nan mampakarokan banyak hal, mulai dari zakat fitrah, kadudukan suami istri, hinggo pakaian padusi. Dalam zakat fitrah, Abdul Karim manantang praktik Muhammadiyah nan batindak sabagai amil zakat, yakni mangumpulan zakat fitrah untuak dibagi ka nan fakir miskin. Abdul Karim bapandapek baso zakat fitrah harus diagiahan langsuang, dan muzakki (nan mangagiah zakat) labiah tahun kama ka disumbangan, sahinggo Muhammadiyah indak berhak mangumpulannyo.<ref name=":2" /> Khusus dalam hal pakaian padusi, Abdul Karim Amrullah manarangkan panjang lebar soal bateh aurat manuruik syarak, dan katiko babicaro pasal kebaya, inyo bantah habis-habisan, disabuiknyo sabagai pakaian "perempuan lacur" dek potongannyo nan acok indak manutuik bateh aurat dalam pandangannyo, bahkan hinggo manampakkan sabagian dado padusi nan mamakainyo.<ref name=":2" /> Pakaro lain nan tasabuik di latar balakang dimasuakkan juo ka dalam kitab itu, sarupo padusi babicaro di hadapan majelis laki-laki. == Panarimoan == Pandangan Abdul Karim Amrullah soal kebaya mandapek kecaman, mulai dari [[Rasuna Said]] nan mambantah pandangannyo sajak taun 1928 dalam surek kaba ''Mustika Yogya'' pimpinan [[Agus Salim|Haji Agus Salim]]. Bantahan kaduo datang dari [[Nur Sutan Iskandar]], nan bapandapek baso kebaya alun umum dipakai di alam Minangkabau, lain halnyo jo Batavia tampek inyo bamukim, sahinggo "fatwa" Abdul Karim Amrullah indak dapek balaku di sagalo tampek. Bantahan-bantahan itu dibaleh Abdul Karim Amrullah dengan manulih kitabnyo nan kaduo, ''Pelita''. Dalam kitab itu inyo sakali lai mangkritik pandangan buliahnyo mamakai kebaya.<ref name=":2" /> Bantahan salanjoiknyo datang dari Dt. Rajo Pelawan. Inyo bapandapek baso pandangan Abdul Karim soal padusi talampau sampik dan mambatasi hiduik padusi, dan mambari kesan saolah-olah kawajiban padusi labiah banyak dari haknyo, samantaro hak laki-laki labiah banyak daripado kawajibannyo. Pandangan itu dibantah baliak dek Abdul Karim dengan tulisannyo, ''Pelita II''. Di situlah inyo mancantuman riwayaik istri-istri [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad]] nan batal dinikahi baliau.<ref name=":2" /> Pado tahun 1937, duo urang mudo nan banano Sumandari dan Suroto manulih di surek kaba ''Bangun'' baso Nabi Muhammad iolah "seorang Nabi yang keras nafsunya" dek banyak istrinyo nan sambilan ditambuah calon-calon istri nan indak jadi dinikahan. Tulisan itu mandapek bantahan sakareh-karehnyo sahinggo kaduo urang mudo itu manarik tulisannyo dan mamintak maaf ka publik. Pado taun nan samo, saurang nan banamo Haji Kamaluddin manuduah Haji Abdul Karim Amrullah manghino Nabi dalam tulisannyo ''Cermin Terus'' dan ''Pelita II'', sahinggo buliah disamoan jo Sumandari jo Suroto.<ref name=":2" /> Dek panehnyo pakaro itu, Majelis Kerapatan Tinggi Adat Alam Minangkabau pimpinan Dt. Simarajo mangadoan rapek umum dek desakan Serikat Kaum Ibu Sumatra. Rapek itu diadoan di [[Surau Inyiak Djambek]] di Bukittinggi. Rapek itu mambahas pakaro apokah ''Cermis Terus'' malangga adat jo kasopanan, sarato timbangan fikih pado kitab itu. [[Mahmoed Joenoes]] nan sato dalam rapek itu manarangkan masalah riwayat hadis nan disampaian dalam ''Cermin Terus''. Samantaro pambahasan lain mandapek perdebatan intens. Misalnyo, bahaso Melayu nan dipakai Abdul Karim itu dianggap kasa dek bacampua jo bahaso daerah. Manuruik Hamka, rapek itu gagal maambiak simpulan soal kitab inyo itu.<ref name=":2" /> == Rujuakan == 5shsa7ozr1k4bipoqh1o9c2i9uk3imm 3183791 3183790 2025-07-07T05:00:01Z Harris Est 13 4498 3183791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book|name=Cermin Terus|title_orig=Cermin Terus: Berguna untuk Pengurus, Penglihat Jalan yang Lurus|translator=|image=|caption=|author=[[Abdul Karim Amrullah]]|cover_artist=|country=[[Hindia Belanda]]|language=[[Bahaso Melayu|Melayu]]|series=|genre=Non-fiksi|publisher=[[Drukkerij Baroe]]|release_date=1930|media_type=|pages=238 halaman|isbn=|dewey=|congress=|oclc=|preceded_by=|followed_by=Pelita Jilid 1<br/>Pelita Jilid 2}} '''''Cermin Terus''''' iolah sabuah kitab nan ditulih dek [[Abdul Karim Amrullah]], [[ulama Minangkabau]] nan dari [[Sungai Batang, Tanjung Raya, Agam|Sungai Batang]]. Kitab iko tabik pado taun 1930 dek [[Drukkerij Baroe]] di Fort de Kock (kini [[Bukiktinggi|Kota Bukittinggi]]) dalam [[Abjaik Jawi|bahaso Arab-Melayu]] sataba 238 halaman.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1090634131|title=Penerbitan Minangkabau Masa Kolonial: Sejarah Penerbitan Buku di Fort de Kock (Bukittinggi) 1901-1942|last=Zikri Fadila|first=|date=|publisher=|isbn=978-602-7677-59-3|location=|pages=77-78|oclc=1090634131}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Yulfira Riza & Titin Nurhayati Ma’mun|first=|year=2018|title=Berdamai dengan Perempuan: Komparasi Teks antara Naskah Al-Muāshirah dan Kitab Cermin Terus|url=|journal=Manuskripta|volume=8|issue=2|pages=113-136|doi=10.33656/manuskripta.v9i1.134}}</ref> Judul langkoknyo adolah ''Cermin Terus: Berguna untuk Pengurus, Penglihat Jalan yang Lurus''. Kitab iko mancaraminkan pandangan Abdul Karim tantang padusi dalam ugamo Islam, dan sacaro khusus mangkritik pandangan [[Muhammadiyah]] pado maso itu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">Hamka. ''Ayahku: Riwayat Hidup Dr H Abdul Karim Amrullah dan Perjuangan Kaum Agama di Sumatra.'' Jakarta: Ummind. 1982. hlm. 192-193.</ref> == Latar balakang == Abdul Karim Amrullah basobok jo pandiri Muhammadiyah, [[Ahmad Dahlan|Kiai Haji Ahmad Dahlan]], di Yogyakarta pado taun 1917. Maliek kambangnyo gerakan pambaharuan Islam iko nan sajalan juo jo pamikiran Kaum Mudo, Abdul Karim Amrullah mambuek pulo organisasi banamo Sendi Aman Tiang Selamat di kampuangnyo, Sungai Batang. Katiko bakunjuang ka Yogyakarta nan kaduo kali, inyo baniek manggabuangan Sendi Aman ka organisasi Muhammadiyah, sahinggo badirilah cabang Muhammadiyah patamo di Minangkabau pado 29 Mei 1925. Dari Sungai Batang, gerakan Muhammadiyah manyebar dan mambuko cabang di saluruah Minangkabau. Sajalan jo Muhammadiyah iolah cabang nan padusi, 'Aisyiyah, nan manyokong kegiatan aktif padusi sarupo jo Muhammadiyah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> [[Berkas:Poster_Kongres_Muhammadiyah_di_Bukittinggi_1930.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Poster_Kongres_Muhammadiyah_di_Bukittinggi_1930.jpg|jmpl|Poster Kongres Muhammadiyah di Bukittinggi, 14–21 Maret 1930]] Walau parannyo gadang bana dalam mengambangan [[Muhammadiyah di Sumatera Barat|Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau]] sarato acok dijapuik di alek-alek gadang organisasi itu, Abdul Karim Amrullah indak sato sabagai anggota atau panguruih; inyo surang marupoan anggota Persatuan Guru Agama Islam (PGAI) nan malarang anggotanyo masuak ka pakumpulan lain.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Ayahku: Riwayat hidup Dr. H. Abdul Karim Amrullah dan perjuangan kaum agama di Sumatera|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Ayahku.html?id=tLYXAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Umminda|date=1982|language=|last=Hamka|location=Jakarta}}</ref> Di sisi lain, inyo indak ragu mangkritisi babarapo amalan Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau nan dicaliaknyo indak badasarkan pangatahuan dan hanyolah ''tiru-tiru'' (taqlid) dari Muhammadiyah di Yogyakarta. Kritik-kritik itu disampaikannyo dalam pabagai khutbah inyo sapanjang taun 1928.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/971526815|title=Sengketa Tiada Putus: Matriarkat, Reformisme Agama, dan Kolonialisme di Minangkabau|last=Jeffrey Hadler|first=|date=2010|publisher=Freedom Institute|isbn=978-979-19466-5-0|location=|pages=283-284|oclc=971526815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daya|first=Burhanuddin|date=1990|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=CPQeAAAAMAAJ&q=Masjid+%22MANINJAU%22&dq=Masjid+%22MANINJAU%22&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG6ML83872AhXMzjgGHUAsAc04ChDoAXoECAUQAg|title=Gerakan pembaharuan pemikiran Islam|publisher=Tiara Wacana Yogya|isbn=978-979-8120-13-8|language=id}}</ref> Di antaro amalan Muhammadiyah nan ditentangi dek Abdul Karim Amrullah adolah padusi maagiah pidato di hadapan laki-laki sarato menghadiri kagiatan tanpa didampingi ''[[mahram]]''.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Pado tanggal 24–26 Maret 1930, Muhammadiyah mangadoan kongres patamo di lua pulau Jawa, Kongres Muhammadiyah ka-19 di Bukiktinggi. Dalam kongres tu dijadwalkan saurang panguruih 'Aisyiyah, Siti Rasyidah, ka maagiah pidato. Namun, rancano ditantang hebat dek Abdul Karim Amrullah, dek inyo bapandapek baso padusi haram mangangke suaronyo lantang-lantang di hadapan majelis laki-laki. Dek urang basa Muhammadiyah nan manantangnyo, Muhammadiyah mangadoan pambicaroan antaro Abdul Karim jo panguruih Muhammadiyah sabalun kongres tajadi, nan sabagai moderator iolah [[Ahmad Rasyid Sutan Mansur|Sutan Mansur]]. Akhirnyo, bamupakaiklah panitia kongres baso pidato Siti Rasyidah indak ka dimasuakkan dalam rangkaian acara kongres, tapi tetap bulek ka pandapek baso padusi buliah bapidato di hadapan umum.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Dek Muhammadiyah indak mangubah pandangannyo tasabuik, Abdul Karim Amrullah managakkan pandapeknyo hinggo tabiklah buku ''Cermin Terus'' pado taun 1930. Kitab ko dicetak dek panabik Drukkerij Baroe di Bukittinggi nan dibiayoi dek Yusuf Amrullah, adiak Abdul Karim. == Isi == Dalam kitab sataba 238 halaman iko, Abdul Karim Amrullah mambagi 12 topik nan mampakarokan banyak hal, mulai dari zakat fitrah, kadudukan suami istri, hinggo pakaian padusi. Dalam zakat fitrah, Abdul Karim manantang praktik Muhammadiyah nan batindak sabagai amil zakat, yakni mangumpulan zakat fitrah untuak dibagi ka nan fakir miskin. Abdul Karim bapandapek baso zakat fitrah harus diagiahan langsuang, dan muzakki (nan mangagiah zakat) labiah tahun kama ka disumbangan, sahinggo Muhammadiyah indak berhak mangumpulannyo.<ref name=":2" /> Khusus dalam hal pakaian padusi, Abdul Karim Amrullah manarangkan panjang lebar soal bateh aurat manuruik syarak, dan katiko babicaro pasal kebaya, inyo bantah habis-habisan, disabuiknyo sabagai pakaian "perempuan lacur" dek potongannyo nan acok indak manutuik bateh aurat dalam pandangannyo, bahkan hinggo manampakkan sabagian dado padusi nan mamakainyo.<ref name=":2" /> Pakaro lain nan tasabuik di latar balakang dimasuakkan juo ka dalam kitab itu, sarupo padusi babicaro di hadapan majelis laki-laki. == Panarimoan == Pandangan Abdul Karim Amrullah soal kebaya mandapek kecaman, mulai dari [[Rasuna Said]] nan mambantah pandangannyo sajak taun 1928 dalam surek kaba ''Mustika Yogya'' pimpinan [[Agus Salim|Haji Agus Salim]]. Bantahan kaduo datang dari [[Nur Sutan Iskandar]], nan bapandapek baso kebaya alun umum dipakai di alam Minangkabau, lain halnyo jo Batavia tampek inyo bamukim, sahinggo "fatwa" Abdul Karim Amrullah indak dapek balaku di sagalo tampek. Bantahan-bantahan itu dibaleh Abdul Karim Amrullah dengan manulih kitabnyo nan kaduo, ''Pelita''. Dalam kitab itu inyo sakali lai mangkritik pandangan buliahnyo mamakai kebaya.<ref name=":2" /> Bantahan salanjoiknyo datang dari Dt. Rajo Pelawan. Inyo bapandapek baso pandangan Abdul Karim soal padusi talampau sampik dan mambatasi hiduik padusi, dan mambari kesan saolah-olah kawajiban padusi labiah banyak dari haknyo, samantaro hak laki-laki labiah banyak daripado kawajibannyo. Pandangan itu dibantah baliak dek Abdul Karim dengan tulisannyo, ''Pelita II''. Di situlah inyo mancantuman riwayaik istri-istri [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad]] nan batal dinikahi baliau.<ref name=":2" /> Pado tahun 1937, duo urang mudo nan banano Sumandari dan Suroto manulih di surek kaba ''Bangun'' baso Nabi Muhammad iolah "seorang Nabi yang keras nafsunya" dek banyak istrinyo nan sambilan ditambuah calon-calon istri nan indak jadi dinikahan. Tulisan itu mandapek bantahan sakareh-karehnyo sahinggo kaduo urang mudo itu manarik tulisannyo dan mamintak maaf ka publik. Pado taun nan samo, saurang nan banamo Haji Kamaluddin manuduah Haji Abdul Karim Amrullah manghino Nabi dalam tulisannyo ''Cermin Terus'' dan ''Pelita II'', sahinggo buliah disamoan jo Sumandari jo Suroto.<ref name=":2" /> Dek panehnyo pakaro itu, Majelis Kerapatan Tinggi Adat Alam Minangkabau pimpinan Dt. Simarajo mangadoan rapek umum dek desakan Serikat Kaum Ibu Sumatra. Rapek itu diadoan di [[Surau Inyiak Djambek]] di Bukittinggi. Rapek itu mambahas pakaro apokah ''Cermis Terus'' malangga adat jo kasopanan, sarato timbangan fikih pado kitab itu. [[Mahmoed Joenoes]] nan sato dalam rapek itu manarangkan masalah riwayat hadis nan disampaian dalam ''Cermin Terus''. Samantaro pambahasan lain mandapek perdebatan intens. Misalnyo, bahaso Melayu nan dipakai Abdul Karim itu dianggap kasa dek bacampua jo bahaso daerah. Manuruik Hamka, rapek itu gagal maambiak simpulan soal kitab inyo itu.<ref name=":2" /> == Rujuakan == gpn5vfkulnvi2j9gugz5y17ofoywh1y 3183792 3183791 2025-07-07T05:00:34Z Harris Est 13 4498 3183792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book|name=Cermin Terus|title_orig=Cermin Terus: Berguna untuk Pengurus, Penglihat Jalan yang Lurus|translator=|image=|caption=|author=[[Abdul Karim Amrullah]]|cover_artist=|country=[[Hindia Belanda]]|language=[[Bahaso Melayu|Melayu]]|series=|genre=Non-fiksi|publisher=[[Drukkerij Baroe]]|release_date=1930|media_type=|pages=238 halaman|isbn=|dewey=|congress=|oclc=|preceded_by=|followed_by=Pelita Jilid 1<br/>Pelita Jilid 2}} '''''Cermin Terus''''' iolah sabuah kitab nan ditulih dek [[Abdul Karim Amrullah]], [[ulama Minangkabau]] nan dari [[Sungai Batang, Tanjung Raya, Agam|Sungai Batang]]. Kitab iko tabik pado taun 1930 dek [[Drukkerij Baroe]] di Fort de Kock (kini [[Bukiktinggi|Kota Bukittinggi]]) dalam [[Abjaik Jawi|bahaso Arab-Melayu]] sataba 238 halaman.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1090634131|title=Penerbitan Minangkabau Masa Kolonial: Sejarah Penerbitan Buku di Fort de Kock (Bukittinggi) 1901-1942|last=Zikri Fadila|first=|date=|publisher=|isbn=978-602-7677-59-3|location=|pages=77-78|oclc=1090634131}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Yulfira Riza & Titin Nurhayati Ma’mun|first=|year=2018|title=Berdamai dengan Perempuan: Komparasi Teks antara Naskah Al-Muāshirah dan Kitab Cermin Terus|url=|journal=Manuskripta|volume=8|issue=2|pages=113-136|doi=10.33656/manuskripta.v9i1.134}}</ref> Judul langkoknyo adolah ''Cermin Terus: Berguna untuk Pengurus, Penglihat Jalan yang Lurus''. Kitab iko mancaraminkan pandangan Abdul Karim tantang padusi dalam ugamo Islam, dan sacaro khusus mangkritik pandangan [[Muhammadiyah]] pado maso itu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">Hamka. ''Ayahku: Riwayat Hidup Dr H Abdul Karim Amrullah dan Perjuangan Kaum Agama di Sumatra.'' Jakarta: Ummind. 1982. hlm. 192-193.</ref> == Latar balakang == Abdul Karim Amrullah basobok jo pandiri Muhammadiyah, [[Ahmad Dahlan|Kiai Haji Ahmad Dahlan]], di Yogyakarta pado taun 1917. Maliek kambangnyo gerakan pambaharuan Islam iko nan sajalan juo jo pamikiran Kaum Mudo, Abdul Karim Amrullah mambuek pulo organisasi banamo Sendi Aman Tiang Selamat di kampuangnyo, Sungai Batang. Katiko bakunjuang ka Yogyakarta nan kaduo kali, inyo baniek manggabuangan Sendi Aman ka organisasi Muhammadiyah, sahinggo badirilah cabang Muhammadiyah patamo di Minangkabau pado 29 Mei 1925. Dari Sungai Batang, gerakan Muhammadiyah manyebar dan mambuko cabang di saluruah Minangkabau. Sajalan jo Muhammadiyah iolah cabang nan padusi, 'Aisyiyah, nan manyokong kegiatan aktif padusi sarupo jo Muhammadiyah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> [[Berkas:Poster_Kongres_Muhammadiyah_di_Bukittinggi_1930.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Poster_Kongres_Muhammadiyah_di_Bukittinggi_1930.jpg|jmpl|Poster Kongres Muhammadiyah di Bukittinggi, 14–21 Maret 1930]] Walau parannyo gadang bana dalam mengambangan [[Muhammadiyah di Sumatera Barat|Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau]] sarato acok dijapuik di alek-alek gadang organisasi itu, Abdul Karim Amrullah indak sato sabagai anggota atau panguruih; inyo surang marupoan anggota Persatuan Guru Agama Islam (PGAI) nan malarang anggotanyo masuak ka pakumpulan lain.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Ayahku: Riwayat hidup Dr. H. Abdul Karim Amrullah dan perjuangan kaum agama di Sumatera|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Ayahku.html?id=tLYXAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Umminda|date=1982|language=|last=Hamka|location=Jakarta}}</ref> Di sisi lain, inyo indak ragu mangkritisi babarapo amalan Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau nan dicaliaknyo indak badasarkan pangatahuan dan hanyolah ''tiru-tiru'' (taqlid) dari Muhammadiyah di Yogyakarta. Kritik-kritik itu disampaikannyo dalam pabagai khutbah inyo sapanjang taun 1928.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/971526815|title=Sengketa Tiada Putus: Matriarkat, Reformisme Agama, dan Kolonialisme di Minangkabau|last=Jeffrey Hadler|first=|date=2010|publisher=Freedom Institute|isbn=978-979-19466-5-0|location=|pages=283-284|oclc=971526815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daya|first=Burhanuddin|date=1990|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=CPQeAAAAMAAJ&q=Masjid+%22MANINJAU%22&dq=Masjid+%22MANINJAU%22&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG6ML83872AhXMzjgGHUAsAc04ChDoAXoECAUQAg|title=Gerakan pembaharuan pemikiran Islam|publisher=Tiara Wacana Yogya|isbn=978-979-8120-13-8|language=id}}</ref> Di antaro amalan Muhammadiyah nan ditentangi dek Abdul Karim Amrullah adolah padusi maagiah pidato di hadapan laki-laki sarato menghadiri kagiatan tanpa didampingi ''[[mahram]]''.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Pado tanggal 24–26 Maret 1930, Muhammadiyah mangadoan kongres patamo di lua pulau Jawa, Kongres Muhammadiyah ka-19 di Bukiktinggi. Dalam kongres tu dijadwalkan saurang panguruih 'Aisyiyah, Siti Rasyidah, ka maagiah pidato. Namun, rancano ditantang hebat dek Abdul Karim Amrullah, dek inyo bapandapek baso padusi haram mangangke suaronyo lantang-lantang di hadapan majelis laki-laki. Dek urang basa Muhammadiyah nan manantangnyo, Muhammadiyah mangadoan pambicaroan antaro Abdul Karim jo panguruih Muhammadiyah sabalun kongres tajadi, nan sabagai moderator iolah [[Ahmad Rasyid Sutan Mansur|Sutan Mansur]]. Akhirnyo, bamupakaiklah panitia kongres baso pidato Siti Rasyidah indak ka dimasuakkan dalam rangkaian acara kongres, tapi tetap bulek ka pandapek baso padusi buliah bapidato di hadapan umum.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Dek Muhammadiyah indak mangubah pandangannyo tasabuik, Abdul Karim Amrullah managakkan pandapeknyo hinggo tabiklah buku ''Cermin Terus'' pado taun 1930. Kitab ko dicetak dek panabik Drukkerij Baroe di Bukittinggi nan dibiayoi dek Yusuf Amrullah, adiak Abdul Karim. == Isi == [[Berkas:Abdul_Karim_Amrullah.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Abdul_Karim_Amrullah.jpg|jmpl|214x214px|Abdul Karim Amrullah, panulih buku ''Cermin Terus'']] Dalam kitab sataba 238 halaman iko, Abdul Karim Amrullah mambagi 12 topik nan mampakarokan banyak hal, mulai dari zakat fitrah, kadudukan suami istri, hinggo pakaian padusi. Dalam zakat fitrah, Abdul Karim manantang praktik Muhammadiyah nan batindak sabagai amil zakat, yakni mangumpulan zakat fitrah untuak dibagi ka nan fakir miskin. Abdul Karim bapandapek baso zakat fitrah harus diagiahan langsuang, dan muzakki (nan mangagiah zakat) labiah tahun kama ka disumbangan, sahinggo Muhammadiyah indak berhak mangumpulannyo.<ref name=":2" /> Khusus dalam hal pakaian padusi, Abdul Karim Amrullah manarangkan panjang lebar soal bateh aurat manuruik syarak, dan katiko babicaro pasal kebaya, inyo bantah habis-habisan, disabuiknyo sabagai pakaian "perempuan lacur" dek potongannyo nan acok indak manutuik bateh aurat dalam pandangannyo, bahkan hinggo manampakkan sabagian dado padusi nan mamakainyo.<ref name=":2" /> Pakaro lain nan tasabuik di latar balakang dimasuakkan juo ka dalam kitab itu, sarupo padusi babicaro di hadapan majelis laki-laki. == Panarimoan == Pandangan Abdul Karim Amrullah soal kebaya mandapek kecaman, mulai dari [[Rasuna Said]] nan mambantah pandangannyo sajak taun 1928 dalam surek kaba ''Mustika Yogya'' pimpinan [[Agus Salim|Haji Agus Salim]]. Bantahan kaduo datang dari [[Nur Sutan Iskandar]], nan bapandapek baso kebaya alun umum dipakai di alam Minangkabau, lain halnyo jo Batavia tampek inyo bamukim, sahinggo "fatwa" Abdul Karim Amrullah indak dapek balaku di sagalo tampek. Bantahan-bantahan itu dibaleh Abdul Karim Amrullah dengan manulih kitabnyo nan kaduo, ''Pelita''. Dalam kitab itu inyo sakali lai mangkritik pandangan buliahnyo mamakai kebaya.<ref name=":2" /> Bantahan salanjoiknyo datang dari Dt. Rajo Pelawan. Inyo bapandapek baso pandangan Abdul Karim soal padusi talampau sampik dan mambatasi hiduik padusi, dan mambari kesan saolah-olah kawajiban padusi labiah banyak dari haknyo, samantaro hak laki-laki labiah banyak daripado kawajibannyo. Pandangan itu dibantah baliak dek Abdul Karim dengan tulisannyo, ''Pelita II''. Di situlah inyo mancantuman riwayaik istri-istri [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad]] nan batal dinikahi baliau.<ref name=":2" /> Pado tahun 1937, duo urang mudo nan banano Sumandari dan Suroto manulih di surek kaba ''Bangun'' baso Nabi Muhammad iolah "seorang Nabi yang keras nafsunya" dek banyak istrinyo nan sambilan ditambuah calon-calon istri nan indak jadi dinikahan. Tulisan itu mandapek bantahan sakareh-karehnyo sahinggo kaduo urang mudo itu manarik tulisannyo dan mamintak maaf ka publik. Pado taun nan samo, saurang nan banamo Haji Kamaluddin manuduah Haji Abdul Karim Amrullah manghino Nabi dalam tulisannyo ''Cermin Terus'' dan ''Pelita II'', sahinggo buliah disamoan jo Sumandari jo Suroto.<ref name=":2" /> Dek panehnyo pakaro itu, Majelis Kerapatan Tinggi Adat Alam Minangkabau pimpinan Dt. Simarajo mangadoan rapek umum dek desakan Serikat Kaum Ibu Sumatra. Rapek itu diadoan di [[Surau Inyiak Djambek]] di Bukittinggi. Rapek itu mambahas pakaro apokah ''Cermis Terus'' malangga adat jo kasopanan, sarato timbangan fikih pado kitab itu. [[Mahmoed Joenoes]] nan sato dalam rapek itu manarangkan masalah riwayat hadis nan disampaian dalam ''Cermin Terus''. Samantaro pambahasan lain mandapek perdebatan intens. Misalnyo, bahaso Melayu nan dipakai Abdul Karim itu dianggap kasa dek bacampua jo bahaso daerah. Manuruik Hamka, rapek itu gagal maambiak simpulan soal kitab inyo itu.<ref name=":2" /> == Rujuakan == n4ikwo64y9z6bpmgw18cko71260lmp8 3183793 3183792 2025-07-07T05:02:36Z Harris Est 13 4498 3183793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book|name=Cermin Terus|title_orig=Cermin Terus: Berguna untuk Pengurus, Penglihat Jalan yang Lurus|translator=|image=|caption=|author=[[Abdul Karim Amrullah]]|cover_artist=|country=[[Hindia Belanda]]|language=[[Bahaso Melayu|Melayu]]|series=|genre=Non-fiksi|publisher=[[Drukkerij Baroe]]|release_date=1930|media_type=|pages=238 halaman|isbn=|dewey=|congress=|oclc=|preceded_by=|followed_by=Pelita Jilid 1<br/>Pelita Jilid 2}} '''''Cermin Terus''''' iolah sabuah kitab nan ditulih dek [[Abdul Karim Amrullah]], [[ulama Minangkabau]] nan dari [[Sungai Batang, Tanjung Raya, Agam|Sungai Batang]]. Kitab iko tabik pado taun 1930 dek [[Drukkerij Baroe]] di Fort de Kock (kini [[Bukiktinggi|Kota Bukittinggi]]) dalam [[Abjaik Jawi|bahaso Arab-Melayu]] sataba 238 halaman.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1090634131|title=Penerbitan Minangkabau Masa Kolonial: Sejarah Penerbitan Buku di Fort de Kock (Bukittinggi) 1901-1942|last=Zikri Fadila|first=|date=|publisher=|isbn=978-602-7677-59-3|location=|pages=77-78|oclc=1090634131}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Yulfira Riza & Titin Nurhayati Ma’mun|first=|year=2018|title=Berdamai dengan Perempuan: Komparasi Teks antara Naskah Al-Muāshirah dan Kitab Cermin Terus|url=|journal=Manuskripta|volume=8|issue=2|pages=113-136|doi=10.33656/manuskripta.v9i1.134}}</ref> Judul langkoknyo adolah ''Cermin Terus: Berguna untuk Pengurus, Penglihat Jalan yang Lurus''. Kitab iko mancaraminkan pandangan Abdul Karim tantang padusi dalam ugamo Islam, dan sacaro khusus mangkritik pandangan [[Muhammadiyah]] pado maso itu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">Hamka. ''Ayahku: Riwayat Hidup Dr H Abdul Karim Amrullah dan Perjuangan Kaum Agama di Sumatra.'' Jakarta: Ummind. 1982. hlm. 192-193.</ref> == Latar balakang == Abdul Karim Amrullah basobok jo pandiri Muhammadiyah, [[Ahmad Dahlan|Kiai Haji Ahmad Dahlan]], di Yogyakarta pado taun 1917. Maliek kambangnyo gerakan pambaharuan Islam iko nan sajalan juo jo pamikiran Kaum Mudo, Abdul Karim Amrullah mambuek pulo organisasi banamo Sendi Aman Tiang Selamat di kampuangnyo, Sungai Batang. Katiko bakunjuang ka Yogyakarta nan kaduo kali, inyo baniek manggabuangan Sendi Aman ka organisasi Muhammadiyah, sahinggo badirilah cabang Muhammadiyah patamo di Minangkabau pado 29 Mei 1925. Dari Sungai Batang, gerakan Muhammadiyah manyebar dan mambuko cabang di saluruah Minangkabau. Sajalan jo Muhammadiyah iolah cabang nan padusi, 'Aisyiyah, nan manyokong kegiatan aktif padusi sarupo jo Muhammadiyah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> [[Berkas:Poster_Kongres_Muhammadiyah_di_Bukittinggi_1930.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Poster_Kongres_Muhammadiyah_di_Bukittinggi_1930.jpg|jmpl|Poster Kongres Muhammadiyah di Bukittinggi, 14–21 Maret 1930]] Walau parannyo gadang bana dalam mengambangan [[Muhammadiyah di Sumatera Barat|Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau]] sarato acok dijapuik di alek-alek gadang organisasi itu, Abdul Karim Amrullah indak sato sabagai anggota atau panguruih; inyo surang marupoan anggota Persatuan Guru Agama Islam (PGAI) nan malarang anggotanyo masuak ka pakumpulan lain.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Ayahku: Riwayat hidup Dr. H. Abdul Karim Amrullah dan perjuangan kaum agama di Sumatera|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Ayahku.html?id=tLYXAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Umminda|date=1982|language=|last=Hamka|location=Jakarta}}</ref> Di sisi lain, inyo indak ragu mangkritisi babarapo amalan Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau nan dicaliaknyo indak badasarkan dalil kuek dan hanyolah ''tiru-tiru'' (taqlid) dari Muhammadiyah di Yogyakarta. Kritik-kritik itu disampaikannyo dalam pabagai khutbah inyo sapanjang taun 1928.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/971526815|title=Sengketa Tiada Putus: Matriarkat, Reformisme Agama, dan Kolonialisme di Minangkabau|last=Jeffrey Hadler|first=|date=2010|publisher=Freedom Institute|isbn=978-979-19466-5-0|location=|pages=283-284|oclc=971526815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daya|first=Burhanuddin|date=1990|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=CPQeAAAAMAAJ&q=Masjid+%22MANINJAU%22&dq=Masjid+%22MANINJAU%22&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG6ML83872AhXMzjgGHUAsAc04ChDoAXoECAUQAg|title=Gerakan pembaharuan pemikiran Islam|publisher=Tiara Wacana Yogya|isbn=978-979-8120-13-8|language=id}}</ref> Di antaro amalan Muhammadiyah nan ditentangi dek Abdul Karim Amrullah adolah padusi maagiah pidato di hadapan laki-laki sarato menghadiri kagiatan tanpa didampingi ''[[mahram]]''.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Pado tanggal 24–26 Maret 1930, Muhammadiyah mangadoan kongres patamo di lua pulau Jawa, Kongres Muhammadiyah ka-19 di Bukiktinggi. Dalam kongres tu dijadwalkan saurang panguruih 'Aisyiyah, Siti Rasyidah, ka maagiah pidato. Namun, rancano ditantang hebat dek Abdul Karim Amrullah, dek inyo bapandapek baso padusi haram mangangke suaronyo lantang-lantang di hadapan majelis laki-laki. Dek urang basa Muhammadiyah nan manantangnyo, Muhammadiyah mangadoan pambicaroan antaro Abdul Karim jo panguruih Muhammadiyah sabalun kongres tajadi, nan sabagai moderator iolah [[Ahmad Rasyid Sutan Mansur|Sutan Mansur]]. Akhirnyo, bamupakaiklah panitia kongres baso pidato Siti Rasyidah indak ka dimasuakkan dalam rangkaian acara kongres, tapi tetap bulek ka pandapek baso padusi buliah bapidato di hadapan umum.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/610593110|title=Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau|last=Hamka|first=|date=1974|publisher=Yayasan Nurul Islam|isbn=|location=|pages=47-53|oclc=610593110}}</ref> Dek Muhammadiyah indak mangubah pandangannyo tasabuik, Abdul Karim Amrullah managakkan pandapeknyo hinggo tabiklah buku ''Cermin Terus'' pado taun 1930. Kitab ko dicetak dek panabik Drukkerij Baroe di Bukittinggi nan dibiayoi dek Yusuf Amrullah, adiak Abdul Karim. == Isi == [[Berkas:Abdul_Karim_Amrullah.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Abdul_Karim_Amrullah.jpg|jmpl|214x214px|Abdul Karim Amrullah, panulih buku ''Cermin Terus'']] Dalam kitab sataba 238 halaman iko, Abdul Karim Amrullah mambagi 12 topik nan mampakarokan banyak hal, mulai dari zakat fitrah, kadudukan suami istri, hinggo pakaian padusi. Dalam zakat fitrah, Abdul Karim manantang praktik Muhammadiyah nan batindak sabagai amil zakat, yakni mangumpulan zakat fitrah untuak dibagi ka nan fakir miskin. Abdul Karim bapandapek baso zakat fitrah harus diagiahan langsuang, dan muzakki (nan mangagiah zakat) labiah tahun kama ka disumbangan, sahinggo Muhammadiyah indak berhak mangumpulannyo.<ref name=":2" /> Khusus dalam hal pakaian padusi, Abdul Karim Amrullah manarangkan panjang lebar soal bateh aurat manuruik syarak, dan katiko babicaro pasal kebaya, inyo bantah habis-habisan, disabuiknyo sabagai pakaian "perempuan lacur" dek potongannyo nan acok indak manutuik bateh aurat dalam pandangannyo, bahkan hinggo manampakkan sabagian dado padusi nan mamakainyo.<ref name=":2" /> Pakaro lain nan tasabuik di latar balakang dimasuakkan juo ka dalam kitab itu, sarupo padusi babicaro di hadapan majelis laki-laki. == Panarimoan == Pandangan Abdul Karim Amrullah soal kebaya mandapek kecaman, mulai dari [[Rasuna Said]] nan mambantah pandangannyo sajak taun 1928 dalam surek kaba ''Mustika Yogya'' pimpinan [[Agus Salim|Haji Agus Salim]]. Bantahan kaduo datang dari [[Nur Sutan Iskandar]], nan bapandapek baso kebaya alun umum dipakai di alam Minangkabau, lain halnyo jo Batavia tampek inyo bamukim, sahinggo "fatwa" Abdul Karim Amrullah indak dapek balaku di sagalo tampek. Bantahan-bantahan itu dibaleh Abdul Karim Amrullah dengan manulih kitabnyo nan kaduo, ''Pelita''. Dalam kitab itu inyo sakali lai mangkritik pandangan buliahnyo mamakai kebaya.<ref name=":2" /> Bantahan salanjoiknyo datang dari Dt. Rajo Pelawan. Inyo bapandapek baso pandangan Abdul Karim soal padusi talampau sampik dan mambatasi hiduik padusi, dan mambari kesan saolah-olah kawajiban padusi labiah banyak dari haknyo, samantaro hak laki-laki labiah banyak daripado kawajibannyo. Pandangan itu dibantah baliak dek Abdul Karim dengan tulisannyo, ''Pelita II''. Di situlah inyo mancantuman riwayaik istri-istri [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad]] nan batal dinikahi baliau.<ref name=":2" /> Pado tahun 1937, duo urang mudo nan banano Sumandari dan Suroto manulih di surek kaba ''Bangun'' baso Nabi Muhammad iolah "seorang Nabi yang keras nafsunya" dek banyak istrinyo nan sambilan ditambuah calon-calon istri nan indak jadi dinikahan. Tulisan itu mandapek bantahan sakareh-karehnyo sahinggo kaduo urang mudo itu manarik tulisannyo dan mamintak maaf ka publik. Pado taun nan samo, saurang nan banamo Haji Kamaluddin manuduah Haji Abdul Karim Amrullah manghino Nabi dalam tulisannyo ''Cermin Terus'' dan ''Pelita II'', sahinggo buliah disamoan jo Sumandari jo Suroto.<ref name=":2" /> Dek panehnyo pakaro itu, Majelis Kerapatan Tinggi Adat Alam Minangkabau pimpinan Dt. Simarajo mangadoan rapek umum dek desakan Serikat Kaum Ibu Sumatra. Rapek itu diadoan di [[Surau Inyiak Djambek]] di Bukittinggi. Rapek itu mambahas pakaro apokah ''Cermis Terus'' malangga adat jo kasopanan, sarato timbangan fikih pado kitab itu. [[Mahmoed Joenoes]] nan sato dalam rapek itu manarangkan masalah riwayat hadis nan disampaian dalam ''Cermin Terus''. Samantaro pambahasan lain mandapek perdebatan intens. Misalnyo, bahaso Melayu nan dipakai Abdul Karim itu dianggap kasa dek bacampua jo bahaso daerah. Manuruik Hamka, rapek itu gagal maambiak simpulan soal kitab inyo itu.<ref name=":2" /> == Rujuakan == 0vaf52qg90limeqihrt7yuujq51atev 0 476289 3183795 3183774 2025-07-07T06:31:33Z Rang Djambak 14874 3183795 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Derafsh kaviani.svg|thumb|150px|Bandera]] [[File:The Sasanian Empire at its apex under Khosrow II.svg|thumb|Wilayah Kakaisaran Sasaniyah samaso pamarintahan [[Khosrau II]].]] '''Kakaisaran Sasaniyah''', sacaro rasmi disabuik '''Eranshahr''' ({{lang-pal|𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩}}), adolah sabuah kakaisaran [[Iran]] nan didirian jo diparintah dek [[Dinasti Sasania|Wangso Sasania]] dari tahun 224 hinggo 651 M. Batahan salamo labiah ampek abaik, maso pamarintahan dinasti Sasaniyah ateh Iran kuno hanyo kalah panjang dibandiangan jo [[Dinasti Arsasid]] dari [[Kakaisaran Partia|Partia]] nan mandauluinyo sacaro lansuang.<ref name="wiesehofer">{{harv|Wiesehöfer|1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief History |url=http://www.cultureofiran.com/b_history.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011121030510/http://www.cultureofiran.com/b_history.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2001 |work=Culture of Iran |access-date=11 September 2009 }}</ref> Didirian dek [[Ardashir I]], nan kamunculannyo batapekkan jo malamahnyo pangaruah Arsasid akibaik gajolak internal jo eksternal, Wangso Sasan sangaik batekad untuak mamuliahan warisan Kakaisaran Akhemeniyah jo mampalaweh sarato mampakuaik kuaso banso Iran. Sacaro khusus, sasudah mangalahan [[Artabanus IV dari Partia]] dalam [[Paparangan Hormozdgan]] pado tahun 2024, urang-urang tu mulai basaiang jauah labiah agresiglf jo [[Kakaisaran Romawi]] dibandiangan jo pandaulunyo, Arsasid, sahinggo mamicu fase baru dalam [[Parang Romawi–Iran]]. Upayo dinasti Ardashir tu pado akhianyo bahasia managgakan baliak Iran sabagai kakuatan gadang pado akia jaman kuno.<ref name="EIr-Sasanian">{{harv|Shahbazi|2005}}</ref><ref name="Norman A. Stillman pp 22">Norman A. Stillman ''The Jews of Arab Lands'' p. 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 {{ISBN|0827611552}}</ref><ref name="Byzantine Studies 2006, pp 29">International Congress of Byzantine Studies ''Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1–3'' p. 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 2006 {{ISBN|075465740X}}</ref> Pado puncak kajayaannyo, Kakaisaran Sasaniyah manguasoi kasadoan wilayah Iran jo [[Irak]] moderen sarato sabagian [[Arab pra-Islam|Samananjuang Arab]] (tautamo [[Arab Timur]] jo [[Arab Selatan|Selatan]]), sarato kawasan [[Kaukasus]], [[Syam]], [[Asia Tangah]] dan [[Asia Selatan|Selatan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khosrow II (590–628 CE) |url=https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23003#:~:text=It%20was%20under%20Khosrow%20II,the%20early%20seventh%20century%20CE. |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240619204859/https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23003 |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2025-02-27 |language=en}}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di [[Ctesiphon]], kacuali duo taun patamo di [[Istakhr]]. Sabagai salah ciek maso kaamehan dalam sijarah paradaban Iran, Kakaisaran Sasaniyah dicirian dek birokrasi pamarintahan nan kompleks jo tapusek sarato kabangkikan baliak [[Majusi]] sabagai ideologi pamasatu jo sumber legitimasi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eiland |first=Murray |title=Atlas of World Art |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0195215830 |editor-last=Onians |editor-first=John |pages=80–81 |chapter=West Asia 300 BC–AD 600 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/36355586}}</ref> Maso ko manyaksian pambangunan babagai monumen gadang, proyek-proyek umum, sarato limbago-limbago budaya jo pandidikan nan didukuang nagara. Di bawah kuaso Sasaniyah, pangaruah budaya Iran manyena sampai ka [[Eropa Barat]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Durant |first1=Will |author1-link=Will Durant |title=The Age of Faith |date=1950 |page=150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axQVzwEACAAJ |language=en |quote=Repaying its debt, Sasanian art exported its forms and motives eastward into India, Turkestan, and China, westward into Syria, Asia Minor, Constantinople, the Balkans, Egypt, and Spain.}}</ref> [[Afrika Timur]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/0104/sasanians.html |title=Transoxiana 04: Sasanians in Africa |publisher=Transoxiana.com.ar |access-date=2013-12-16}}</ref> sarato [[Republik Rakyaik Cino|Cino]] jo [[India]].<ref>Sarfaraz, pp. 329–330</ref> Salain tu, kakaisaran ko turuik mambantuak seni abaik patangahan di [[Eropa]] jo [[Asia]].<ref name="Iransaga: The art of Sassanians">{{cite web|url=http://www.artarena.force9.co.uk/sass2.htm |title=Iransaga: The art of Sassanians |publisher=Artarena.force9.co.uk |access-date=2013-12-16}}</ref> Sasudah bangkiknyo [[Sijarah Islam|Islam]] di Arab, Kakaisaran Sasaniyah takluak dalam galombang panakluakan [[Muslim]] awal nan dimulai dek [[Muhammad]] jo dilanjuikan dek [[Kakhalifahan Rasyidin]]. Meskipun panakluakan Muslim ateh Iran manandoi pageseran gadang dalam sijarah kaagamoan jo budaya banso tu, proses Islamisasi Iran mamungkinan tajadinyo panyatuan tahadok seni, arsitektur, musik, sastra jo filsafat Sasaniyah ka dalam [[budaya Islam]] nan sadang tumbuah. Hal iko pado gilirannyo manjamin jo mampatahankan panyabaran budaya, pangatahuan, jo pamikiran Iran nan taruih bakambang di [[dunia Islam]].<ref>Abdolhossein Zarinkoob: ''Ruzgaran: tarikh-i Iran az aghz ta saqut saltnat Pahlvi'', p. 305</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == {{refbegin|30em}} * G. Reza Garosi (2012): ''The Colossal Statue of Shapur I in the Context of Sasanian Sculptures''. Publisher: Persian Heritage Foundation, New York. * G. Reza Garosi (2009), ''Die Kolossal-Statue Šāpūrs I. im Kontext der sasanidischen Plastik''. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, Germany. * {{Citation|last=Baynes|first=Norman H.|year=1912|title=The restoration of the Cross at Jerusalem|doi=10.1093/ehr/XXVII.CVI.287|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=27|issue=106|issn=0013-8266|pages=287–299|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2408558}} * {{cite book |last=Benjamin |first=Craig |title=Empires of Ancient Eurasia: The First Silk Roads Era, 100 BCE – 250 CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2018 }} * {{Citation|title=The Cambridge Ancient History: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425|last=Blockley|first=R.C.|editor=Averil Cameron|editor2=Peter Garnsey|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-30200-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdoUNivK_hsC&q=Shapur,+Constantius|chapter=Warfare and Diplomacy}} * {{cite book | last = Bonner | first = Michael | title = The Last Empire of Iran | year = 2020 | publisher = Gorgias Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-1463206161 }} * {{Citation|url=https://www.academia.edu/1012245|title=Prokop und die Perser. 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"[https://www.academia.edu/23977858/A_Threat_or_a_Blessing_The_Sasanians_and_the_Roman_Empire_in_C._Binder_-_H._B%C3%B6rm_-_A._Luther_eds._Diwan._Studies_in_the_History_and_Culture_of_the_Ancient_Near_East_and_the_Eastern_Mediterranean_Duisburg_Wellem_2016_pp._615ff A Threat or a Blessing? The Sasanians and the Roman Empire]". In: Carsten Binder, Henning Börm, Andreas Luther (eds.): ''Diwan. Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean''. 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Cambridge 2010, pp.&nbsp;98–152. * Yarshater, Ehsan: ''The Cambridge History of Iran'' vol. 3 p.&nbsp;1 Cambridge 1983, pp.&nbsp;568–592. * {{cite book|last=Zarinkoob |first=Abdolhossein |author-link=Abdolhossein Zarinkoob |script-title=fa:روزگاران: تاريخ ايران از آغاز تا سقوط سلطنت پهلوى |title=Rūzgārān: tārīkh-i Īrān az āghāz tā suqūṭ-i salṭanat-i Pahlavī |trans-title=''Ages: The history of Iran from the beginning until the fall of the Pahlavi monarchy'' |year=1999 |location=Tehran |publisher=Intishārāt-i Sukhan|oclc=46890937 |isbn=9789646961111 |language=fa}} * {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Persia |display=Persia § ''History''|volume=21 |pages=202–249 |first=Eduard |last=Meyer}} {{refend}} [[Kategori:Kakaisaran Sasaniyah]] [[Kategori:Bakeh karajaan di Iran]] gzwkid72jiepjoepc0v0ysc2roupte1 3183797 3183795 2025-07-07T07:00:45Z Rang Djambak 14874 3183797 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Derafsh kaviani.svg|thumb|150px|Bandera]] [[File:The Sasanian Empire at its apex under Khosrow II.svg|thumb|Wilayah Kakaisaran Sasaniyah samaso pamarintahan [[Khosrau II]].]] '''Kakaisaran Sasaniyah''', sacaro rasmi disabuik '''Eranshahr''' ({{lang-pal|𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩}}), adolah sabuah kakaisaran [[Iran]] nan didirian jo diparintah dek [[Dinasti Sasania|Wangso Sasania]] dari tahun 224 hinggo 651 M. Batahan salamo labiah ampek abaik, maso pamarintahan dinasti Sasaniyah ateh Iran kuno hanyo kalah panjang dibandiangan jo [[Dinasti Arsasid]] dari [[Kakaisaran Parthia|Partia]] nan mandauluinyo sacaro lansuang.<ref name="wiesehofer">{{harv|Wiesehöfer|1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief History |url=http://www.cultureofiran.com/b_history.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011121030510/http://www.cultureofiran.com/b_history.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2001 |work=Culture of Iran |access-date=11 September 2009 }}</ref> Didirian dek [[Ardashir I]], nan kamunculannyo batapekkan jo malamahnyo pangaruah Arsasid akibaik gajolak internal jo eksternal, Wangso Sasan sangaik batekad untuak mamuliahan warisan Kakaisaran Akhemeniyah jo mampalaweh sarato mampakuaik kuaso banso Iran. Sacaro khusus, sasudah mangalahan [[Artabanus IV dari Partia]] dalam [[Paparangan Hormozdgan]] pado tahun 2024, urang-urang tu mulai basaiang jauah labiah agresiglf jo [[Kakaisaran Romawi]] dibandiangan jo pandaulunyo, Arsasid, sahinggo mamicu fase baru dalam [[Parang Romawi–Iran]]. Upayo dinasti Ardashir tu pado akhianyo bahasia managgakan baliak Iran sabagai kakuatan gadang pado akia jaman kuno.<ref name="EIr-Sasanian">{{harv|Shahbazi|2005}}</ref><ref name="Norman A. Stillman pp 22">Norman A. Stillman ''The Jews of Arab Lands'' p. 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 {{ISBN|0827611552}}</ref><ref name="Byzantine Studies 2006, pp 29">International Congress of Byzantine Studies ''Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1–3'' p. 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 2006 {{ISBN|075465740X}}</ref> Pado puncak kajayaannyo, Kakaisaran Sasaniyah manguasoi kasadoan wilayah Iran jo [[Irak]] moderen sarato sabagian [[Arab pra-Islam|Samananjuang Arab]] (tautamo [[Arab Timur]] jo [[Arab Selatan|Selatan]]), sarato kawasan [[Kaukasus]], [[Syam]], [[Asia Tangah]] dan [[Asia Selatan|Selatan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khosrow II (590–628 CE) |url=https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23003#:~:text=It%20was%20under%20Khosrow%20II,the%20early%20seventh%20century%20CE. |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240619204859/https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23003 |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2025-02-27 |language=en}}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di [[Ctesiphon]], kacuali duo taun patamo di [[Istakhr]]. Sabagai salah ciek maso kaamehan dalam sijarah paradaban Iran, Kakaisaran Sasaniyah dicirian dek birokrasi pamarintahan nan kompleks jo tapusek sarato kabangkikan baliak [[Majusi]] sabagai ideologi pamasatu jo sumber legitimasi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eiland |first=Murray |title=Atlas of World Art |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0195215830 |editor-last=Onians |editor-first=John |pages=80–81 |chapter=West Asia 300 BC–AD 600 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/36355586}}</ref> Maso ko manyaksian pambangunan babagai monumen gadang, proyek-proyek umum, sarato limbago-limbago budaya jo pandidikan nan didukuang nagara. Di bawah kuaso Sasaniyah, pangaruah budaya Iran manyena sampai ka [[Eropa Barat]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Durant |first1=Will |author1-link=Will Durant |title=The Age of Faith |date=1950 |page=150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axQVzwEACAAJ |language=en |quote=Repaying its debt, Sasanian art exported its forms and motives eastward into India, Turkestan, and China, westward into Syria, Asia Minor, Constantinople, the Balkans, Egypt, and Spain.}}</ref> [[Afrika Timur]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/0104/sasanians.html |title=Transoxiana 04: Sasanians in Africa |publisher=Transoxiana.com.ar |access-date=2013-12-16}}</ref> sarato [[Republik Rakyaik Cino|Cino]] jo [[India]].<ref>Sarfaraz, pp. 329–330</ref> Salain tu, kakaisaran ko turuik mambantuak seni abaik patangahan di [[Eropa]] jo [[Asia]].<ref name="Iransaga: The art of Sassanians">{{cite web|url=http://www.artarena.force9.co.uk/sass2.htm |title=Iransaga: The art of Sassanians |publisher=Artarena.force9.co.uk |access-date=2013-12-16}}</ref> Sasudah bangkiknyo [[Sijarah Islam|Islam]] di Arab, Kakaisaran Sasaniyah takluak dalam galombang panakluakan [[Muslim]] awal nan dimulai dek [[Muhammad]] jo dilanjuikan dek [[Kakhalifahan Rasyidin]]. Meskipun panakluakan Muslim ateh Iran manandoi pageseran gadang dalam sijarah kaagamoan jo budaya banso tu, proses Islamisasi Iran mamungkinan tajadinyo panyatuan tahadok seni, arsitektur, musik, sastra jo filsafat Sasaniyah ka dalam [[budaya Islam]] nan sadang tumbuah. Hal iko pado gilirannyo manjamin jo mampatahankan panyabaran budaya, pangatahuan, jo pamikiran Iran nan taruih bakambang di [[dunia Islam]].<ref>Abdolhossein Zarinkoob: ''Ruzgaran: tarikh-i Iran az aghz ta saqut saltnat Pahlvi'', p. 305</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == {{refbegin|30em}} * G. Reza Garosi (2012): ''The Colossal Statue of Shapur I in the Context of Sasanian Sculptures''. Publisher: Persian Heritage Foundation, New York. * G. Reza Garosi (2009), ''Die Kolossal-Statue Šāpūrs I. im Kontext der sasanidischen Plastik''. 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Cambridge 2010, pp.&nbsp;98–152. * Yarshater, Ehsan: ''The Cambridge History of Iran'' vol. 3 p.&nbsp;1 Cambridge 1983, pp.&nbsp;568–592. * {{cite book|last=Zarinkoob |first=Abdolhossein |author-link=Abdolhossein Zarinkoob |script-title=fa:روزگاران: تاريخ ايران از آغاز تا سقوط سلطنت پهلوى |title=Rūzgārān: tārīkh-i Īrān az āghāz tā suqūṭ-i salṭanat-i Pahlavī |trans-title=''Ages: The history of Iran from the beginning until the fall of the Pahlavi monarchy'' |year=1999 |location=Tehran |publisher=Intishārāt-i Sukhan|oclc=46890937 |isbn=9789646961111 |language=fa}} * {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Persia |display=Persia § ''History''|volume=21 |pages=202–249 |first=Eduard |last=Meyer}} {{refend}} [[Kategori:Kakaisaran Sasaniyah]] [[Kategori:Bakeh karajaan di Iran]] pc6bbqzawuzulljkuis1wxl2s88ycbs 0 476299 3183794 2025-07-07T05:59:32Z 114.10.112.10 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{bedakan|sapu}}{{sadang karajo}}{{Infobox product | title = Panyedot dobu | image = Blue vacuum cleaner.svg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Panghisok atau panyedot dobu,{{br}}({{lang-en|vacuum cleaner}}){{br}}{{sadang karajo}} | type = [[Peralatan rumah tangga|Paralatan rumah tangga]] | inventor = | inception = {{start date and age|1898}} | manufacturer = | current supplier =..." 3183794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bedakan|sapu}}{{sadang karajo}}{{Infobox product | title = Panyedot dobu | image = Blue vacuum cleaner.svg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Panghisok atau panyedot dobu,{{br}}({{lang-en|vacuum cleaner}}){{br}}{{sadang karajo}} | type = [[Peralatan rumah tangga|Paralatan rumah tangga]] | inventor = | inception = {{start date and age|1898}} | manufacturer = | current supplier = | last production = | models = | website = | notes = }}'''Panyedot dobu''' (bantuak baku menurut KBBI) atau '''Panghisok dobu''' (bantuak salalu paguno) ({{lang-en|vacuum cleaner}}) adolah alaik nan manggunoan [[Pump-jet#Rujuakan|pompa udaro]] untuak mambuek kâadaan kosong untuak manghisok [[dobu|dobu atau abu]] jo [[kotoran]], biasonyo nan di [[lantai]]. {{Produk-stub}} jify1yfka6wv1epb8h49fuwmn77upnh 0 476300 3183798 2025-07-07T07:01:04Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Map of the Parthian Empire under Mithridates II.svg|thumb|Kakaisaran Parthia pado maso kajayaannyo tahun 94 SM pado pamarintahan Mithridates II.]] Kakaisaran Parthia (247 SM–224 M), dikenal juo sabagai Kakaisaran Arsakid, adolah sabuah kakaisaran nan manjadi kakuatan politik jo budaya gadang di Iran kuno.<ref>{{harvnb|Waters|1974|p=424}}.</ref> Didirian dek Arsaces I sasudah manakluakan Parthia dari pambarontak Seleukid,<ref>{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=84}}</r..." 3183798 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map of the Parthian Empire under Mithridates II.svg|thumb|Kakaisaran Parthia pado maso kajayaannyo tahun 94 SM pado pamarintahan Mithridates II.]] Kakaisaran Parthia (247 SM–224 M), dikenal juo sabagai Kakaisaran Arsakid, adolah sabuah kakaisaran nan manjadi kakuatan politik jo budaya gadang di Iran kuno.<ref>{{harvnb|Waters|1974|p=424}}.</ref> Didirian dek Arsaces I sasudah manakluakan Parthia dari pambarontak Seleukid,<ref>{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=84}}</ref><ref>"roughly western [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]]", see {{harvnb|Bickerman|1983|p=6}}.</ref> wilayah kakaisaran tu bakambang laweh di bawah Mithridates I hinggo mancakuik Media jo Mesopotamia.<ref name="curtis_2007_10-11 brosius_2006_86-87 Bivar_1983_34 Garthwaite_2005_76">{{harvnb|Curtis|2007|pp=10–11}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=86–87}}; {{harvnb|Bivar|1983|p=34}}; {{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=76}};</ref><ref name="brosius_2006_86">{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=86}}</ref> Pado puncaknyo, wilayahnyo mambantang dari Turki timur hinggo Afganistan jo Pakistan barat. Talatak di Jalur Sutra, Parthia manjadi pusek pantiang padagangan antaro Kakaisaran Romawi<ref>{{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=78}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=122–123}}</ref> jo Dinasti Han Tiongkok.<ref>{{harvnb|Ebrey|1999|p=70}}; for an archaeological survey of Roman glasswares in ancient Chinese burials, see {{harvnb|An|2002|pp=79–84}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Howard|2012|p=133}}</ref> Musuh awal Parthia adalah Seleukid dan bangsa Skit. Saat memperluas wilayah ke barat, Parthia berkonflik dengan Armenia dan kemudian Roma. Mereka bersaing dengan Romawi untuk menguasai Armenia, dan sempat mengalahkan pasukan Romawi dalam Pertempuran Carrhae (53 SM) serta merebut sebagian besar Levant.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1990}} Meski Romawi melancarkan serangan balik dan beberapa kali merebut kota penting seperti Seleukia dan Ctesiphon, ancaman terbesar bagi Parthia justru datang dari perang saudara internal. Kekuasaan Parthia runtuh pada tahun 224 M setelah Ardashir I membunuh Artabanus IV dan mendirikan Kekaisaran Sasaniyah.<ref name="brosius_2006_101 bivar_1983_95-96 curtis_2007_14 katouzian_2009_44"/> Meski begitu, keturunan Arsakid tetap memerintah di Armenia dan wilayah Kaukasus.<ref>Norman A. Stillman ''The Jews of Arab Lands'' pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 {{ISBN|0-8276-1155-2}}</ref><ref>International Congress of Byzantine Studies ''Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1–3'' pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 {{ISBN|0-7546-5740-X}}</ref> Sumber asli Parthia sangat terbatas dibandingkan masa Sasaniyah dan Akhemeniyah. Sejarah Parthia banyak diketahui melalui catatan luar seperti sumber Yunani, Romawi, dan Tiongkok.<ref>{{harvnb|Ball|2016|p=155}}</ref> Seni Parthia membantu mengungkap budaya dan masyarakat yang tidak tercatat dalam teks. == Referensi == {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == * {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Carrhae |first=A. Shapur |last=Shahbazi |year=1990 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/carrhae-harran-town-in-mesopotamia-where-in-may-53-b }} hxgzdc7cubrkem253vebo8c1s6gs1g9 3183799 3183798 2025-07-07T07:02:10Z Rang Djambak 14874 +[[Kategori:Kakaisaran Parthia]]; +[[Kategori:Bakeh nagara di Asia]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3183799 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map of the Parthian Empire under Mithridates II.svg|thumb|Kakaisaran Parthia pado maso kajayaannyo tahun 94 SM pado pamarintahan Mithridates II.]] Kakaisaran Parthia (247 SM–224 M), dikenal juo sabagai Kakaisaran Arsakid, adolah sabuah kakaisaran nan manjadi kakuatan politik jo budaya gadang di Iran kuno.<ref>{{harvnb|Waters|1974|p=424}}.</ref> Didirian dek Arsaces I sasudah manakluakan Parthia dari pambarontak Seleukid,<ref>{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=84}}</ref><ref>"roughly western [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]]", see {{harvnb|Bickerman|1983|p=6}}.</ref> wilayah kakaisaran tu bakambang laweh di bawah Mithridates I hinggo mancakuik Media jo Mesopotamia.<ref name="curtis_2007_10-11 brosius_2006_86-87 Bivar_1983_34 Garthwaite_2005_76">{{harvnb|Curtis|2007|pp=10–11}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=86–87}}; {{harvnb|Bivar|1983|p=34}}; {{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=76}};</ref><ref name="brosius_2006_86">{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=86}}</ref> Pado puncaknyo, wilayahnyo mambantang dari Turki timur hinggo Afganistan jo Pakistan barat. Talatak di Jalur Sutra, Parthia manjadi pusek pantiang padagangan antaro Kakaisaran Romawi<ref>{{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=78}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=122–123}}</ref> jo Dinasti Han Tiongkok.<ref>{{harvnb|Ebrey|1999|p=70}}; for an archaeological survey of Roman glasswares in ancient Chinese burials, see {{harvnb|An|2002|pp=79–84}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Howard|2012|p=133}}</ref> Musuh awal Parthia adalah Seleukid dan bangsa Skit. Saat memperluas wilayah ke barat, Parthia berkonflik dengan Armenia dan kemudian Roma. Mereka bersaing dengan Romawi untuk menguasai Armenia, dan sempat mengalahkan pasukan Romawi dalam Pertempuran Carrhae (53 SM) serta merebut sebagian besar Levant.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1990}} Meski Romawi melancarkan serangan balik dan beberapa kali merebut kota penting seperti Seleukia dan Ctesiphon, ancaman terbesar bagi Parthia justru datang dari perang saudara internal. Kekuasaan Parthia runtuh pada tahun 224 M setelah Ardashir I membunuh Artabanus IV dan mendirikan Kekaisaran Sasaniyah.<ref name="brosius_2006_101 bivar_1983_95-96 curtis_2007_14 katouzian_2009_44"/> Meski begitu, keturunan Arsakid tetap memerintah di Armenia dan wilayah Kaukasus.<ref>Norman A. Stillman ''The Jews of Arab Lands'' pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 {{ISBN|0-8276-1155-2}}</ref><ref>International Congress of Byzantine Studies ''Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1–3'' pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 {{ISBN|0-7546-5740-X}}</ref> Sumber asli Parthia sangat terbatas dibandingkan masa Sasaniyah dan Akhemeniyah. Sejarah Parthia banyak diketahui melalui catatan luar seperti sumber Yunani, Romawi, dan Tiongkok.<ref>{{harvnb|Ball|2016|p=155}}</ref> Seni Parthia membantu mengungkap budaya dan masyarakat yang tidak tercatat dalam teks. == Referensi == {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == * {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Carrhae |first=A. Shapur |last=Shahbazi |year=1990 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/carrhae-harran-town-in-mesopotamia-where-in-may-53-b }} [[Kategori:Kakaisaran Parthia]] [[Kategori:Bakeh nagara di Asia]] k0qfkboio5rkvrw02nww3n7jl7pugyv 3183800 3183799 2025-07-07T07:03:23Z Rang Djambak 14874 3183800 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map of the Parthian Empire under Mithridates II.svg|thumb|Kakaisaran Parthia pado maso kajayaannyo tahun 94 SM pado pamarintahan Mithridates II.]] Kakaisaran Parthia (247 SM–224 M), dikenal juo sabagai Kakaisaran Arsakid, adolah sabuah kakaisaran nan manjadi kakuatan politik jo budaya gadang di Iran kuno.<ref>{{harvnb|Waters|1974|p=424}}.</ref> Didirian dek Arsaces I sasudah manakluakan Parthia dari pambarontak Seleukid,<ref>{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=84}}</ref><ref>"roughly western [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]]", see {{harvnb|Bickerman|1983|p=6}}.</ref> wilayah kakaisaran tu bakambang laweh di bawah Mithridates I hinggo mancakuik Media jo Mesopotamia.<ref name="curtis_2007_10-11 brosius_2006_86-87 Bivar_1983_34 Garthwaite_2005_76">{{harvnb|Curtis|2007|pp=10–11}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=86–87}}; {{harvnb|Bivar|1983|p=34}}; {{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=76}};</ref><ref name="brosius_2006_86">{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=86}}</ref> Pado puncaknyo, wilayahnyo mambantang dari Turki timur hinggo Afganistan jo Pakistan barat. Talatak di Jalur Sutra, Parthia manjadi pusek pantiang padagangan antaro Kakaisaran Romawi<ref>{{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=78}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=122–123}}</ref> jo Dinasti Han Tiongkok.<ref>{{harvnb|Ebrey|1999|p=70}}; for an archaeological survey of Roman glasswares in ancient Chinese burials, see {{harvnb|An|2002|pp=79–84}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Howard|2012|p=133}}</ref> Musuh awal Parthia adalah Seleukid dan bangsa Skit. Saat memperluas wilayah ke barat, Parthia berkonflik dengan Armenia dan kemudian Roma. Mereka bersaing dengan Romawi untuk menguasai Armenia, dan sempat mengalahkan pasukan Romawi dalam Pertempuran Carrhae (53 SM) serta merebut sebagian besar Levant.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1990}} Meski Romawi melancarkan serangan balik dan beberapa kali merebut kota penting seperti Seleukia dan Ctesiphon, ancaman terbesar bagi Parthia justru datang dari perang saudara internal. Kekuasaan Parthia runtuh pada tahun 224 M setelah Ardashir I membunuh Artabanus IV dan mendirikan Kekaisaran Sasaniyah.<ref name="brosius_2006_101 bivar_1983_95-96 curtis_2007_14 katouzian_2009_44">{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=101}}; {{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=95–96}}; {{harvnb|Curtis|2007|p=14}}; see also {{harvnb|Katouzian|2009|p=44}}</ref> Meski begitu, keturunan Arsakid tetap memerintah di Armenia dan wilayah Kaukasus.<ref>Norman A. Stillman ''The Jews of Arab Lands'' pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 {{ISBN|0-8276-1155-2}}</ref><ref>International Congress of Byzantine Studies ''Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1–3'' pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 {{ISBN|0-7546-5740-X}}</ref> Sumber asli Parthia sangat terbatas dibandingkan masa Sasaniyah dan Akhemeniyah. Sejarah Parthia banyak diketahui melalui catatan luar seperti sumber Yunani, Romawi, dan Tiongkok.<ref>{{harvnb|Ball|2016|p=155}}</ref> Seni Parthia membantu mengungkap budaya dan masyarakat yang tidak tercatat dalam teks. == Referensi == {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == * {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Carrhae |first=A. Shapur |last=Shahbazi |year=1990 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/carrhae-harran-town-in-mesopotamia-where-in-may-53-b }} [[Kategori:Kakaisaran Parthia]] [[Kategori:Bakeh nagara di Asia]] m7fcmhixa9apbuyun0g07tbocpl9k9i 3183801 3183800 2025-07-07T07:06:50Z Rang Djambak 14874 3183801 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map of the Parthian Empire under Mithridates II.svg|thumb|Kakaisaran Parthia pado maso kajayaannyo tahun 94 SM pado pamarintahan Mithridates II.]] '''Kakaisaran Parthia''' (247 SM–224 M), dikenal juo sabagai '''Kakaisaran Arsakid''', adolah sabuah kakaisaran nan manjadi kakuatan politik jo budaya gadang di [[Iran]] kuno.<ref>{{harvnb|Waters|1974|p=424}}.</ref> Didirian dek [[Arsaces I dari Parthia|Arsaces I]] sasudah manakluakan Parthia dari pambarontak [[Kakaisaran Seleukia|Seleukid]],<ref>{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=84}}</ref><ref>"roughly western [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]]", see {{harvnb|Bickerman|1983|p=6}}.</ref> wilayah kakaisaran tu bakambang laweh di bawah [[Mithridates I dari Parthia|Mithridates I]] hinggo mancakuik [[Media (wilayah)|Media]] jo [[Mesopotamia]].<ref name="curtis_2007_10-11 brosius_2006_86-87 Bivar_1983_34 Garthwaite_2005_76">{{harvnb|Curtis|2007|pp=10–11}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=86–87}}; {{harvnb|Bivar|1983|p=34}}; {{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=76}};</ref><ref name="brosius_2006_86">{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=86}}</ref> Pado puncaknyo, wilayahnyo mambantang dari [[Turki]] timur hinggo [[Afganistan]] jo [[Pakistan]] barat. Talatak di [[Jalur Sutra]], Parthia manjadi pusek pantiang padagangan antaro [[Kakaisaran Romawi]]<ref>{{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=78}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=122–123}}</ref> jo [[Dinasti Han]] Cino.<ref>{{harvnb|Ebrey|1999|p=70}}; for an archaeological survey of Roman glasswares in ancient Chinese burials, see {{harvnb|An|2002|pp=79–84}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Howard|2012|p=133}}</ref> Musuh awal Parthia adalah Seleukid dan bangsa Skit. Saat memperluas wilayah ke barat, Parthia berkonflik dengan Armenia dan kemudian Roma. Mereka bersaing dengan Romawi untuk menguasai Armenia, dan sempat mengalahkan pasukan Romawi dalam Pertempuran Carrhae (53 SM) serta merebut sebagian besar Levant.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1990}} Meski Romawi melancarkan serangan balik dan beberapa kali merebut kota penting seperti Seleukia dan Ctesiphon, ancaman terbesar bagi Parthia justru datang dari perang saudara internal. Kekuasaan Parthia runtuh pada tahun 224 M setelah Ardashir I membunuh Artabanus IV dan mendirikan Kekaisaran Sasaniyah.<ref name="brosius_2006_101 bivar_1983_95-96 curtis_2007_14 katouzian_2009_44">{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=101}}; {{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=95–96}}; {{harvnb|Curtis|2007|p=14}}; see also {{harvnb|Katouzian|2009|p=44}}</ref> Meski begitu, keturunan Arsakid tetap memerintah di Armenia dan wilayah Kaukasus.<ref>Norman A. Stillman ''The Jews of Arab Lands'' pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 {{ISBN|0-8276-1155-2}}</ref><ref>International Congress of Byzantine Studies ''Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1–3'' pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 {{ISBN|0-7546-5740-X}}</ref> Sumber asli Parthia sangat terbatas dibandingkan masa Sasaniyah dan Akhemeniyah. Sejarah Parthia banyak diketahui melalui catatan luar seperti sumber Yunani, Romawi, dan Tiongkok.<ref>{{harvnb|Ball|2016|p=155}}</ref> Seni Parthia membantu mengungkap budaya dan masyarakat yang tidak tercatat dalam teks. == Referensi == {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == * {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Carrhae |first=A. Shapur |last=Shahbazi |year=1990 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/carrhae-harran-town-in-mesopotamia-where-in-may-53-b }} [[Kategori:Kakaisaran Parthia]] [[Kategori:Bakeh nagara di Asia]] q8fagc31a87tlyxyt325w7wxz33lq3a 3183802 3183801 2025-07-07T07:14:12Z Rang Djambak 14874 3183802 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map of the Parthian Empire under Mithridates II.svg|thumb|Kakaisaran Parthia pado maso kajayaannyo tahun 94 SM pado pamarintahan Mithridates II.]] '''Kakaisaran Parthia''' (247 SM–224 M), dikenal juo sabagai '''Kakaisaran Arsakid''', adolah sabuah kakaisaran nan manjadi kakuatan politik jo budaya gadang di [[Iran]] kuno.<ref>{{harvnb|Waters|1974|p=424}}.</ref> Didirian dek [[Arsaces I dari Parthia|Arsaces I]] sasudah manakluakan Parthia dari pambarontak [[Kakaisaran Seleukia|Seleukid]],<ref>{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=84}}</ref><ref>"roughly western [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]]", see {{harvnb|Bickerman|1983|p=6}}.</ref> wilayah kakaisaran tu bakambang laweh di bawah [[Mithridates I dari Parthia|Mithridates I]] hinggo mancakuik [[Media (wilayah)|Media]] jo [[Mesopotamia]].<ref name="curtis_2007_10-11 brosius_2006_86-87 Bivar_1983_34 Garthwaite_2005_76">{{harvnb|Curtis|2007|pp=10–11}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=86–87}}; {{harvnb|Bivar|1983|p=34}}; {{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=76}};</ref><ref name="brosius_2006_86">{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=86}}</ref> Pado puncaknyo, wilayahnyo mambantang dari [[Turki]] timur hinggo [[Afganistan]] jo [[Pakistan]] barat. Talatak di [[Jalur Sutra]], Parthia manjadi pusek pantiang padagangan antaro [[Kakaisaran Romawi]]<ref>{{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=78}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=122–123}}</ref> jo [[Dinasti Han]] Cino.<ref>{{harvnb|Ebrey|1999|p=70}}; for an archaeological survey of Roman glasswares in ancient Chinese burials, see {{harvnb|An|2002|pp=79–84}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Howard|2012|p=133}}</ref> Musuah awal Parthia iolah Seleukid jo banso Skit. Katiko mampalaweh wilayah ka barat, Parthia bakonflik jo Armenia sarato Romawi. Jo Romawi, Parthia basaiang untuak manguasoi Armenia, jo pernah mangalahannyo dalam Paparangan Carrhae (53 SM) sarato marabuik sabagian Syam.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1990}} Walaupun Romawi malancaan sarangan baliak jo babarapo kali marabuik kota pantiang takah Seleukia jo Ctesiphon, ancaman tagadang bagi Parthia justru datang dari parang internal. Kuaso Parthia runtuah pado tahun 224 M sasudah Ardashir I mambunuah Artabanus IV jo mandirian Kakaisaran Sasaniyah.<ref name="brosius_2006_101 bivar_1983_95-96 curtis_2007_14 katouzian_2009_44">{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=101}}; {{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=95–96}}; {{harvnb|Curtis|2007|p=14}}; see also {{harvnb|Katouzian|2009|p=44}}</ref> Walaupun baitu, katurunan Arsakid tetap mamarintah di Armenia jo wilayah Kaukasus.<ref>Norman A. Stillman ''The Jews of Arab Lands'' pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 {{ISBN|0-8276-1155-2}}</ref><ref>International Congress of Byzantine Studies ''Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1–3'' pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 {{ISBN|0-7546-5740-X}}</ref> Sumber asli Parthia sangaik tabateh dibandiangan maso Sasaniyah jo Akhemeniyah. Sijarah Parthia banyak dikatahui malalui sumber lua takah sumber Yunani, Romawi, jo Cino.<ref>{{harvnb|Ball|2016|p=155}}</ref> Seni Parthia mambantu maungkap bidaya jo masyarakaik nan indak tacatat dalam sumber. == Referensi == {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == * {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Carrhae |first=A. Shapur |last=Shahbazi |year=1990 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/carrhae-harran-town-in-mesopotamia-where-in-may-53-b }} [[Kategori:Kakaisaran Parthia]] [[Kategori:Bakeh nagara di Asia]] pfvvnf8b1fklitso78lgp8bh7iltw0o 3183803 3183802 2025-07-07T07:16:38Z Rang Djambak 14874 3183803 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map of the Parthian Empire under Mithridates II.svg|thumb|Kakaisaran Parthia pado maso kajayaannyo tahun 94 SM pado pamarintahan Mithridates II.]] '''Kakaisaran Parthia''' (247 SM–224 M), dikenal juo sabagai '''Kakaisaran Arsakid''', adolah sabuah kakaisaran nan manjadi kakuatan politik jo budaya gadang di [[Iran]] kuno.<ref>{{harvnb|Waters|1974|p=424}}.</ref> Didirian dek [[Arsaces I dari Parthia|Arsaces I]] sasudah manakluakan Parthia dari pambarontak [[Kakaisaran Seleukia|Seleukid]],<ref>{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=84}}</ref><ref>"roughly western [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]]", see {{harvnb|Bickerman|1983|p=6}}.</ref> wilayah kakaisaran tu bakambang laweh di bawah [[Mithridates I dari Parthia|Mithridates I]] hinggo mancakuik [[Media (wilayah)|Media]] jo [[Mesopotamia]].<ref name="curtis_2007_10-11 brosius_2006_86-87 Bivar_1983_34 Garthwaite_2005_76">{{harvnb|Curtis|2007|pp=10–11}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=86–87}}; {{harvnb|Bivar|1983|p=34}}; {{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=76}};</ref><ref name="brosius_2006_86">{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=86}}</ref> Pado puncaknyo, wilayahnyo mambantang dari [[Turki]] timur hinggo [[Afganistan]] jo [[Pakistan]] barat. Talatak di [[Jalur Sutra]], Parthia manjadi pusek pantiang padagangan antaro [[Kakaisaran Romawi]]<ref>{{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=78}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=122–123}}</ref> jo [[Dinasti Han]] Cino.<ref>{{harvnb|Ebrey|1999|p=70}}; for an archaeological survey of Roman glasswares in ancient Chinese burials, see {{harvnb|An|2002|pp=79–84}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Howard|2012|p=133}}</ref> Musuah awal Parthia iolah Seleukid jo [[Banso Skithia|banso Skit]]. Katiko mampalaweh wilayah ka barat, Parthia bakonflik jo [[Karajaan Armenia|Armenia]] sarato Romawi. Jo Romawi, Parthia basaiang untuak manguasoi Armenia, jo pernah mangalahannyo dalam [[Paparangan Carrhae]] (53 SM) sarato marabuik sabagian [[Syam]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|1990}} Walaupun Romawi malancaan sarangan baliak jo babarapo kali marabuik kota pantiang takah [[Seleukia]] jo [[Ctesiphon]], ancaman tagadang bagi Parthia justru datang dari parang internal. Kuaso Parthia runtuah pado tahun 224 M sasudah [[Ardashir I dari Parthia|Ardashir I]] mambunuah [[Artabanus IV dari Parthia|Artabanus IV]] jo mandirian [[Kakaisaran Sasaniyah]].<ref name="brosius_2006_101 bivar_1983_95-96 curtis_2007_14 katouzian_2009_44">{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=101}}; {{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=95–96}}; {{harvnb|Curtis|2007|p=14}}; see also {{harvnb|Katouzian|2009|p=44}}</ref> Walaupun baitu, katurunan Arsakid tetap mamarintah di Armenia jo wilayah [[Kaukasus]].<ref>Norman A. Stillman ''The Jews of Arab Lands'' pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 {{ISBN|0-8276-1155-2}}</ref><ref>International Congress of Byzantine Studies ''Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1–3'' pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 {{ISBN|0-7546-5740-X}}</ref> Sumber asli Parthia sangaik tabateh dibandiangan maso Sasaniyah jo Akhemeniyah. Sijarah Parthia banyak dikatahui malalui sumber lua takah sumber [[Yunani Kuno|Yunani]], Romawi, jo Cino.<ref>{{harvnb|Ball|2016|p=155}}</ref> Seni Parthia mambantu maungkap bidaya jo masyarakaik nan indak tacatat dalam sumber. == Referensi == {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == * {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Carrhae |first=A. Shapur |last=Shahbazi |year=1990 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/carrhae-harran-town-in-mesopotamia-where-in-may-53-b }} [[Kategori:Kakaisaran Parthia]] [[Kategori:Bakeh nagara di Asia]] 69c7gsar1ezu6gyecxbuez15fnwwbeq 3183804 3183803 2025-07-07T07:17:21Z Rang Djambak 14874 3183804 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map of the Parthian Empire under Mithridates II.svg|thumb|Kakaisaran Parthia pado maso kajayaannyo tahun 94 SM pado pamarintahan Mithridates II.]] '''Kakaisaran Parthia''' (247 SM–224 M), dikenal juo sabagai '''Kakaisaran Arsakid''', adolah sabuah kakaisaran nan manjadi kakuatan politik jo budaya gadang di [[Iran]] kuno.<ref>{{harvnb|Waters|1974|p=424}}.</ref> Didirian dek [[Arsaces I dari Parthia|Arsaces I]] sasudah manakluakan Parthia dari pambarontak [[Kakaisaran Seleukia|Seleukid]],<ref>{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=84}}</ref><ref>"roughly western [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]]", see {{harvnb|Bickerman|1983|p=6}}.</ref> wilayah kakaisaran tu bakambang laweh di bawah [[Mithridates I dari Parthia|Mithridates I]] hinggo mancakuik [[Media (wilayah)|Media]] jo [[Mesopotamia]].<ref name="curtis_2007_10-11 brosius_2006_86-87 Bivar_1983_34 Garthwaite_2005_76">{{harvnb|Curtis|2007|pp=10–11}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=86–87}}; {{harvnb|Bivar|1983|p=34}}; {{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=76}};</ref><ref name="brosius_2006_86">{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=86}}</ref> Pado puncaknyo, wilayahnyo mambantang dari [[Turki]] timur hinggo [[Afganistan]] jo [[Pakistan]] barat. Talatak di [[Jalur Sutra]], Parthia manjadi pusek pantiang padagangan antaro [[Kakaisaran Romawi]]<ref>{{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=78}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=122–123}}</ref> jo [[Dinasti Han]] Cino.<ref>{{harvnb|Ebrey|1999|p=70}}; for an archaeological survey of Roman glasswares in ancient Chinese burials, see {{harvnb|An|2002|pp=79–84}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Howard|2012|p=133}}</ref> Musuah awal Parthia iolah Seleukid jo [[Banso Skithia|banso Skit]]. Katiko mampalaweh wilayah ka barat, Parthia bakonflik jo [[Karajaan Armenia|Armenia]] sarato Romawi. Jo Romawi, Parthia basaiang untuak manguasoi Armenia, jo pernah mangalahannyo dalam [[Paparangan Carrhae]] (53 SM) sarato marabuik sabagian [[Syam]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|1990}} Walaupun Romawi malancaan sarangan baliak jo babarapo kali marabuik kota pantiang takah [[Seleukia]] jo [[Ctesiphon]], ancaman tagadang bagi Parthia justru datang dari parang internal. Kuaso Parthia runtuah pado tahun 224 M sasudah [[Ardashir I dari Parthia|Ardashir I]] mambunuah [[Artabanus IV dari Parthia|Artabanus IV]] jo mandirian [[Kakaisaran Sasaniyah]].<ref name="brosius_2006_101 bivar_1983_95-96 curtis_2007_14 katouzian_2009_44">{{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=101}}; {{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=95–96}}; {{harvnb|Curtis|2007|p=14}}; see also {{harvnb|Katouzian|2009|p=44}}</ref> Walaupun baitu, katurunan Arsakid tetap mamarintah di Armenia jo wilayah [[Kaukasus]].<ref>Norman A. Stillman ''The Jews of Arab Lands'' pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 {{ISBN|0-8276-1155-2}}</ref><ref>International Congress of Byzantine Studies ''Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1–3'' pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 {{ISBN|0-7546-5740-X}}</ref> Sumber asli Parthia sangaik tabateh dibandiangan maso Sasaniyah jo Akhemeniyah. Sijarah Parthia banyak dikatahui malalui sumber lua takah sumber [[Yunani Kuno|Yunani]], Romawi, jo Cino.<ref>{{harvnb|Ball|2016|p=155}}</ref> Seni Parthia mambantu maungkap bidaya jo masyarakaik nan indak tacatat dalam sumber. == Referensi == {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} {{sfn whitelist|CITEREFSkjærvø2004|CITEREFWatson1983|CITEREFDuchesne-Guillemin1983|CITEREFNeusner1983|CITEREFAsmussen1983|CITEREFColpe1983|CITEREFEmmerick1983}} * {{citation|last=An|first=Jiayao|chapter=When Glass Was Treasured in China|pages=79–94|title=Silk Road Studies: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road|volume=7|year=2002|publisher=Brepols Publishers|location=Turnhout|editor-last=Juliano, Annette L. and Judith A. Lerner|isbn=978-2-503-52178-7}}. * {{Cambridge History of Iran|volume=3b|last=Asmussen|first=J.P.|chapter=Christians in Iran|pages=924–948}} * {{Cite journal|last=Assar|first=Gholamreza F.|year=2006|title=A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 91–55 BC|journal=Parthica. 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