Wikipedia minwiki https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utamo MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Istimewa Rundiang Pangguno Rundiang Pangguno Wikipedia Rundiang Wikipedia Berkas Rundiang Berkas MediaWiki Rundiang MediaWiki Templat Rundiang Templat Bantuan Rundiang Bantuan Kategori Rundiang Kategori Portal Diskusi Portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Rundiang Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 3 23 3345383 3344275 2026-04-01T10:21:47Z MediaWiki message delivery 1634 /* This Month in Education: March 2026 */ bagian baru 3345383 wikitext text/x-wiki Pertamaaaax ! :Cubolah dibangun [[Wikipedia:Kadai Kopi]] nan rancak saketek. Marancang2 laman ambo indak pandai doh :D [[Pengguna:Gombang|Gombang]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Gombang|bicara]]) 7 Pebruari 2013 16.51 (WIT) == Palanta == Mungkin palanta nan di inkubator nantik diimpor ka sinan. Tanyo ka sia yo? [[Pengguna:Gombang|Gombang]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Gombang|bicara]]) 7 Pebruari 2013 16.58 (WIT) Saya sudah memindahkan artikel [[Aceh]] dan [[Skandar Keynes]] tolong diperiksa. [[Pengguna:Aldo samulo|Aldo samulo]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Aldo samulo|bicara]]) 7 Pebruari 2013 17.07 (WIT) :Haha! Baa kaba? Tarimo kasih Bang Iwan. [[Pengguna:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Naval Scene|bicara]]) 7 Pebruari 2013 18.37 (WIT) ::Alhamdulillah. Kini ko wakatunyo awak manyusun siasaik nan tapek untuak manggadangannyo, yo ndak? Salam, [[Pengguna:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Naval Scene|bicara]]) 7 Pebruari 2013 19.03 (WIT) :::Iyo lah. Baa kok ambo samantaro iko bafokus mambuek alaman2 bantuan nan paralu bana? Supayo urang nan iyo bana baru bisa juo mandapek saketek pitunjuak. [[Pengguna:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Naval Scene|bicara]]) 7 Pebruari 2013 19.31 (WIT) == Semoga menjadi pengurus pertama == Saya do'akan semoga anda menjadi pengurus pertama di sini. Wassalam. [[Pengguna:Wagino 20100516|Wagino 20100516]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Wagino 20100516|bicara]]) 7 Pebruari 2013 23.46 (WIT) :Amiin! Saya tidak berambisi untuk posisi itu, namun jika ada kesempatan ''why not?''. [[Pengguna:Wagino 20100516|Wagino 20100516]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Wagino 20100516|bicara]]) 7 Pebruari 2013 23.59 (WIT) ::Alah limo watt ko Bang Iwan, vote dulu dah tu ka tanang ambo talalok.. :-) [[Pengguna:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Naval Scene|bicara]]) 8 Pebruari 2013 02.13 (WIT) :::Tarimo kasih kambali. [[Pengguna:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Naval Scene|bicara]]) 8 Pebruari 2013 14.26 (WIT) :Aamiin. Sumuhun, juragan. Sami-sami. [[Pengguna:Reindra|Reindra]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Reindra|bicara]]) 8 Pebruari 2013 15.44 (WIT) == Salamaik datang == Untuk menyambut pengguna baru pake template apa pak? :) [[Pengguna:Aris riyanto|Aris riyanto]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Aris riyanto|bicara]]) 8 Pebruari 2013 09.49 (WIT) :Udah ketemu, pake template {{<nowiki/>sd}} {{senyum}}[[Pengguna:Aris riyanto|Aris riyanto]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Aris riyanto|bicara]]) 8 Pebruari 2013 09.58 (WIT) ==Pengurus== Siapa pengurus di sini? [[Pengguna:Aldo samulo|Aldo samulo]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Aldo samulo|bicara]]) 8 Pebruari 2013 14.46 (WIT) == Re: Bak pasir == Di [[MediaWiki:Sidebar]] saja ya. [[Pengguna:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Bennylin|bicara]]) 8 Pebruari 2013 21.43 (WIT) == Kategori:!Main category == A sarancaknyo tindakan ka kategori ko? Kosongkan? [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|bicara]]) 9 Pebruari 2013 09.43 (WIT) :Oke, ambo biakan se dulu. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|bicara]]) 9 Pebruari 2013 09.51 (WIT) ::Oh iyo da Iwan, tolong baiki templat Citenews-nyo, rusak nampaknyo. Caliak contohnyo di [[Aston Villa F.C.]] [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|bicara]]) 9 Pebruari 2013 11.34 (WIT) Satau ambo salain <nowiki>[[Templat:Kebijakan]]</nowiki> alah ado lo <nowiki>[[Templat:Kabijakan]]</nowiki>. A ma nan nio wak pakai? [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|bicara]]) 9 Pebruari 2013 17.06 (WIT) == Laman Utamo == Uda, manga laman utamonyo balun barubah? -- [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|bicara]]) 9 Pebruari 2013 20.09 (WIT) :A tu nampaknyo lai mantap tu Da. Cubo cari lu gamba rumah gadangnyo nan pas untuak latar balakang. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|bicara]]) 9 Pebruari 2013 23.21 (WIT) ::Iyo, bia bedo stek awak dari (id). Ado contoh lain ndak? Sarancaknyo gamba dari common nak awak pakai. Atau kalau ado koleksi pribadi poto rumah gadang, upload sajo ka common. &nbsp;‹›&nbsp;[[Berkas:MySign.png|40px|link=Pengguna:Iwan Novirion|alt=Iwan Novirion]]™&nbsp;[[Berkas:Gartoon-Evolution.png|15px|link=Pembicaraan_Pengguna:Iwan Novirion|alt=Kirim Pesan]]&nbsp;&nbsp; 9 Pebruari 2013 23.24 (WIT) Ambo cuma agiah saran sajo Da.. :p Ambo indak pandai desain-desain mode tu. -- [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|bicara]]) 10 Pebruari 2013 00.37 (WIT) :Lah ambo pelokkan saketek LU. Tolong caliak ma nan rusak atau maleset. :D [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|bicara]]) 10 Pebruari 2013 13.53 (WIT) ==Samo-samo Da Iwan== [[Pengguna:Hariadhi|Hariadhi]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Hariadhi|bicara]]) 10 Pebruari 2013 02.42 (WIT) ==Tarimo Kasih== Alhamdulillah dek lai basamo lalu juo jadi nyo, tarimo kasih ambo sampai an ka sanak dek lai sato lo sa kaki :), Salam, [[Pengguna:VoteITP|VoteITP]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:VoteITP|bicara]]) 10 Pebruari 2013 11.29 (WIT) :Terima kasih kerana mendukung saya. Saya akan membantu Wikipedia ini mencapai lebih 2,000 rencana. Tetapi saya kurang mahir berbahasa Minang, jadi saya akan mengusahakan mengenai rencana tahun masehi.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|Aplikasi]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Aplikasi|maota]]) 15 Pebruari 2013 01.26 (WIT) ::USah dikhuatiri karena bot akan membantu memasukkan interwiki. Saya rasakan kedalaman WBM ini tidak akan menurun. Insyaallah saya akan mengusahakan berkaitan [[:ms:Komun di Perancis]] pula di Wikipedia Minang ini.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|Aplikasi]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Aplikasi|maota]]) 15 Pebruari 2013 01.34 (WIT) == Sysop activity == Meskipun masih berumur 3 hari, ternyata [https://toolserver.org/~vvv/adminstats.php?wiki=minwiki_p&tlimit=none situs ini] telah mendukung WPMIN untuk data aktivitas pengurus. Salam. [[Pengguna:Wagino 20100516|Wagino 20100516]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Wagino 20100516|bicara]]) 10 Pebruari 2013 20.37 (WIT) :Secara pribadi hanya pranala itu yang sering saya pantau untuk melihat kontribusi para pengurus meskipun ada beberapa pranala lain, namun yang paling penting adalah kepedulian kita dalam hal memegang ''sapu dan pel''. Menurut saya kontribusi seorang admin yang Utamo bukanlah untuk membuat artikel bagus hingga pilihan (meskipun hal tersebut juga sangat dibutuhkan, tetapi tidak harus dengan perkakas pengurus, bukan?) melainkan untuk berkontribusi melebihi dari pengguna biasa yang tidak memiliki perkakas seorang opsis. :Hehehe... Sebenarnya dari masa menjabat saya merupakan ''newbie admin'' di WPID, namun dari [https://toolserver.org/~vvv/adminstats.php?wiki=idwiki_p&tlimit=none kontribusi saat ini] saya telah berada di posisi 5, melampaui banyak pengurus senior lainnya. Salam sejahtera. [[Pengguna:Wagino 20100516|Wagino 20100516]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Wagino 20100516|bicara]]) 10 Pebruari 2013 21.52 (WIT) ::Memantau perubahan baru secara teratur. Lihat pula [[:id:Wikipedia:Nasihat bagi pengurus baru]]. Memang kalau baru begini belum banyak pekerjaan, tapi siap-siap saja untuk menangani "serangan komune" :). Selain itu, jangan terlalu banyak menggunakan blokir atau perlindungan dulu. Salam. [[Pengguna:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Bennylin|bicara]]) 11 Pebruari 2013 09.32 (WIT) :::Dihapus dulu saja. Tidak usah diblokir, karena entah mengapa yang membuat adalah akun-akun "single-purpose", dan cuma berhenti setelah membuat satu komune. [[Pengguna:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Bennylin|bicara]]) 11 Pebruari 2013 20.17 (WIT) :::Oh iya, coba disalin dulu [[:id:MediaWiki:Common.js]] dan [[:id:MediaWiki:Common.css]], supaya infobox serta navboxnya mirip. [[Pengguna:Bennylin|Bennylin]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Bennylin|bicara]]) 11 Pebruari 2013 20.19 (WIT) == Kalahiaran == Mokasih lo Bang Iwan. Iyo bana tu, labiah 'lasuah' kok keceknyo Spartacks. :-) [[Pengguna:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Naval Scene|maota]]) 15 Pebruari 2013 20.41 (WIT) : Sip.. itu nan talupo tadi.. [[Pengguna:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Naval Scene|maota]]) 16 Pebruari 2013 00.39 (WIT) ::He3x.. bisuak pagi inggo agak patang ka dimonopoli untuak pai ka mall jo soping mingguan! [[Pengguna:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Naval Scene|maota]]) 16 Pebruari 2013 01.08 (WIT) == MediaWiki == Hi, I saw you translated [[MediaWiki:Sitesupport]]. Please consider to use [[:translatewiki:]] for it so that your translation can be used on all wikis :-) --[[Pengguna:MF-Warburg|MF-Warburg]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:MF-Warburg|maota]]) 15 Pebruari 2013 23.30 (WIT) == Blh:Usulan ko == Iko pamikiran nan rancak bana, ambo dukuang karano pasti ka sangaik baguno dalam jangka panjang. Tapi, ambo sacaro paribadi agak cameh jo formatnyo nan rumik. Format nan labiah sadarano, nan indak mambuek urang nan gagok IT jadi sagan, tantulah ka labiah baiak. Info sajo, iko ado duo alaman nan dibuek jo panguruih Wikipedia bahaso Jawa, nan lah ambo pakai tuak baraja jo manulih artikel rintisan di sinan: (1) http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Indon%C3%A9sia_-_Basa_Jawa ; (2) http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jawa_-_Basa_Indonesia . Mungkin kok awak nan masih saketek ko mau, depek pulo manirunyo. Salam, [[Pengguna:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Naval Scene|maota]]) 16 Pebruari 2013 02.16 (WIT) :Iyo lah 3 kolom tu labiah elok tampeknyo. Salam, [[Pengguna:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Naval Scene|maota]]) 17 Pebruari 2013 16.29 (WIT) == Hapus == Mohon hapus artikel [[Sajarah cino]], karena isinya ngawur. Terima kasih. Salam. --[[Pengguna:Dede2008|Dede2008]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Dede2008|maota]]) 16 Pebruari 2013 16.53 (WIT) :Saya bukan admin di sini. [[Pengguna:Yosri|Yosri]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Yosri|maota]]) 17 Pebruari 2013 18.27 (WIT) ::Ya benar. Yosri admin di Wikipedia Malaysia dan mantan admin wiki-id. Betulkan? &nbsp;‹›&nbsp;[[Berkas:MySign.png|40px|link=Pengguna:Iwan Novirion|alt=Iwan Novirion]]™&nbsp;[[Berkas:Gartoon-Evolution.png|15px|link=Pembicaraan_Pengguna:Iwan Novirion|alt=Kirim Pesan]]&nbsp;&nbsp; 17 Pebruari 2013 18.35 (WIT) :::Hee. . . Saya silap. Saya kira saya menulis di bicara saya. Mungkin ketika menjawap kategori di bawah. Maaf. [[Pengguna:Yosri|Yosri]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Yosri|maota]]) 17 Pebruari 2013 19.27 (WIT) ::::{{senyum}} No problem. &nbsp;‹›&nbsp;[[Berkas:MySign.png|40px|link=Pengguna:Iwan Novirion|alt=Iwan Novirion]]™&nbsp;[[Berkas:Gartoon-Evolution.png|15px|link=Pembicaraan_Pengguna:Iwan Novirion|alt=Kirim Pesan]]&nbsp;&nbsp; 17 Pebruari 2013 19.31 (WIT) == Kategori == Adakah seperti yang saya buat ok? Saya letak di kategori distrik. Jadinya India=>distrik=>Kota. Agar tidak terlalu banyak dalam kategori India sehingga pening. [[Pengguna:Yosri|Yosri]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Yosri|maota]]) 17 Pebruari 2013 17.59 (WIT) == Koto India == Saya betuli menurut suntingan anda cuma pertanyaan, * kurang = ?? ? ? * nagar panchayat dari baso India. (Inggeris tidak tukar. '''Ia guna nama tempatan Hindi''') * perbandaran anda mahu tukar pada koto? (koto = bandar. Perbandaran termasuk koto + bandar & pekan sekeliling kota besar. Dalam kes Kuala Lumpur - Koto Kuala Lumpur, tetapi perbandaran Kuala Lumpur turut berkhidmat kawasan sekeliling ie "Kampung Baharu serta Kampung Cendana (kini sekitar Kondominium Cendana dan Hotel Renaissance) yang sekarang sudah pun lenyap daripada peta ibu negara." Artikel Penuh: http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/Laporan_Khas/20120714/lk_01/Kubur-di-sebalik-hutan-batu#ixzz2LLP6VvfY © Utusan Melayu (M) Bhd]) * kawasan diberi notice = ? [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notified_area '''kawasan yang diwarta akan dibangunkan.'''] * kampung industri = ? * koto pangkalan (cantonment) = ? [[Pengguna:Yosri|Yosri]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Yosri|maota]]) 19 Pebruari 2013 14.23 (WIT) :Saya masih perlukan jawapan anda untuk saya betulkan rencana sedia ada. [[Pengguna:Yosri|Yosri]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Yosri|maota]]) 19 Pebruari 2013 16.24 (WIT) ::Penjelasan seperti di atas. [[Pengguna:Yosri|Yosri]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Yosri|maota]]) 19 Pebruari 2013 18.44 (WIT) == Sitenotice == Kok iyo indak nio serangan artikel kampuang di Azerbaijan dek si Aplikasi tu, ancak pasang sitenotice lai. Jaleh bana tu. Ambo bukak diskusinyo di Waruang Kopi, basatuju atau indak. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 20 Pebruari 2013 17.39 (WIT) :Mokasi, Da. Lupo ambo nio upload ka Commons patang, alah ado nieknyo patang tu. :D [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 21 Pebruari 2013 18.55 (WIT) ==Pola to Templat== Alamak!! :< . Anda perlu bantu saya padamkan laman silap selepas saya pindahkan nanti. [[Pengguna:Yosri|Yosri]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Yosri|maota]]) 21 Pebruari 2013 16.28 (WIT) :Mohon hapuskan yang terdaftar di laman saya. Maaf. [[Pengguna:Yosri|Yosri]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Yosri|maota]]) 21 Pebruari 2013 16.43 (WIT) ::Rasanya tiada lagi. Terima kasih. [[Pengguna:Yosri|Yosri]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Yosri|maota]]) 21 Pebruari 2013 17.13 (WIT) == Hoo User Page Bot == In my opinion, [[Pembicaraan_Pengguna:Hoo_User_Page_Bot|this bot]] does not need a bot flag. The bot edits only user pages requested on meta. Kind regards, [[Pengguna:Vogone|Vogone]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Vogone|maota]]) 21 Pebruari 2013 21.12 (WIT) ==RE:Welcome back== Tidak merajuk pun. Cuma tak tahu sama ada ingin menyambung mencipta rencana ataupun berhenti.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|Aplikasi]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Aplikasi|maota]]) 22 Pebruari 2013 08.32 (WIT) :Bisa kamu bantu mswp sedikit?--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|Aplikasi]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Aplikasi|maota]]) 22 Pebruari 2013 08.39 (WIT) Boleh aja. Sekarang mswp ada pemilihan admin baru. Harap awak sudi mengundi disana. Lihat [[:ms:Wikipedia:Penyelia/Pengundian/Irfanshaharuddin sebagai penyelia 19 Februari 2013|ini]].--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|Aplikasi]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Aplikasi|maota]]) 22 Pebruari 2013 13.57 (WIT) Terima kasih. Sila lihat rencana [[Kuala Lumpur]] yang baru saya cipta tadi. Maaf kerana saya kurang mahir berbahasa Minang.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|Aplikasi]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Aplikasi|maota]]) 22 Pebruari 2013 14.10 (WIT) == Daftar pangguno == {{done}} Uda.. {{senyum}}. -- [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|maota]]) 22 Pebruari 2013 16.17 (WIT) == Translation request == Could you translate some sentences for the sandbox gadget, please? They are still in English, at the moment. <source lang="javascript"> conf = { subpageName: 'sandbox', portletLabel: 'Sandbox', portletTooltip: 'Go to your sandbox', editintroPagename: 'Template:User_sandbox', preloadPagename: 'Template:User_sandbox/preload' }; </source> Additionaly, translate [[MediaWiki:Gadget-mySandbox]], please. Thanks in advance, [[Pengguna:Vogone|Vogone]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Vogone|maota]]) 24 Pebruari 2013 21.01 (WIT) == Thanks and good luck == Hi Iwan, thanks for picking up on the wp/min on my userpage. Good luck with min.wp too; I know you have all put a lot of hard effort into getting min.wp off the ground. If I can be of any assistance to you and other min.wp editors, especially with issues related to Commons, please feel free to get in touch with me. Cheers, [[Pengguna:Russavia|Russavia]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Russavia|maota]]) 25 Pebruari 2013 05.46 (WIT) ==RE:Aplikasi-Bot== Iya, itu bot saya dari mswp. Kini kerjanya menambahkan laman pembicaraan di setiap artikel yang dicipta bagi meningkatkan kedalamannya yang semakin menurun secara drastis.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|Aplikasi]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Aplikasi|maota]]) 25 Pebruari 2013 06.01 (WIT) :Maksud saya di mswp.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|Aplikasi]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Aplikasi|maota]]) 25 Pebruari 2013 07.40 (WIT) ==Bantuan di minwp== Bisa bantu menterjemahkan [[:ms:Templat:Bincang|templat bincang]] ke dalam bahasa minang. Ia mempunyai kelebihan dalam tempoh yang panjang.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|Aplikasi]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Aplikasi|maota]]) 25 Pebruari 2013 10.14 (WIT) :Terjemahkan yang dalam bahasa melayu saje. Yang bahasa Inggirih itu dibiarkan saje sebab takut templat itu rosak.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|Aplikasi]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Aplikasi|maota]]) 25 Pebruari 2013 10.15 (WIT) :Maaf, sudah ada rupanya, nanti bolehlah saya gunakan templat itu untuk tambah bilangan kontennya agar kedalamannya terus bertambah.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|Aplikasi]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Aplikasi|maota]]) 25 Pebruari 2013 10.21 (WIT) Sama juga seperti mswp. Ia juga automatik.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|Aplikasi]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Aplikasi|maota]]) 25 Pebruari 2013 10.31 (WIT) :Saya harap minwp akan lebih maju ke hadapan sama seperti idwp dan mswp. Kalau guna WBM ia juga digunakan di minwp dan mswp.----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Perbincangan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bincang</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 25 Pebruari 2013 10.39 (WIT) ::Telah diperbetulkan.----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 25 Pebruari 2013 10.47 (WIT) == Re:Siang Uda == Malam da.. haha, indak masalah doh.. kalau samisalnyo itu untuak kabaikkan daripado wikipedia minang, ambo persilahkan, lagian ambo nan harus maagiah kato tarimo kasiah ka uda, dek karano lah mamindahkan itu ka commons. makasih yo da. (<big><span style="-moz-border-radius: 5px; border: solid 2px #F99A2F; background-color: #F99A2F; color=#5994C5"> '''[[Pengguna:Luthfi94|Ⓛⓤ]][[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Luthfi94|ⓣⓗ]][[Istimewa:Kontribusi pengguna/Luthfi94|ⓕⓘ]]'''</span></big> 27 Pebruari 2013 19.31 (WIT)) == Laman pengguna mswp== Hi, saya ada lihat perkembangan laman pengguna anda di mswp. Anda juga boleh ''copy paste'' laman anda dari idwp ke sana. Lagi pula laman pengguna anda di idwp sangat menarik untuk dilihat.----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 27 Pebruari 2013 23.46 (WIT) :Buat masa ini masih belum ada apa-apa lagi.----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 28 Pebruari 2013 08.28 (WIT) == Rujuakan == Da Iwan, ''font'' kalimek rujuakan nan dihasilkan dek <nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki> tolong disasuaian saroman Wikipedia bahaso Indonesia. Raso taganggu lo mancaliak gadang kalimek rujuakan samo gadang jo gadang kalimek artikel. Mokasi. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 28 Pebruari 2013 19.49 (WIT) :Oh, oke, alah cukuik tu. Mokasi. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 28 Pebruari 2013 20.33 (WIT) == Re:Hallo == Halo juga Mas Iwan, tolong diperiksa templat-templat yang saya buat, hehe dan ada satu templat lagi yang belum saya buat, templat min-0. Bisa dibantu? Terimakasih. Salam. [[Pengguna:TracySurya|TracySurya]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:TracySurya|maota]]) 1 Maret 2013 01.35 (WIT) :Wah sip sip, rupanya templatnya sudah ada. Hapus saja buatan saya yang ''copy paste'' dari id itu. Wiki-min mantab deh. [[Pengguna:TracySurya|TracySurya]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:TracySurya|maota]]) 1 Maret 2013 01.38 (WIT) ::Iya, rupanya lebih ''up to date'' {{senyum}}. Saya kurang paham masalah-masalah beginian. Terimakasih sekali lagi. [[Pengguna:TracySurya|TracySurya]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:TracySurya|maota]]) 1 Maret 2013 01.40 (WIT) == Making changes == I am changing the gadgets over so that they pull the active code from the respective wikis where the code is maintained with [[mw:Resource Loader|Resource Loader]] , rather than having the code forked and being static and unsupported locally. The scheme is inside the .js files to identify the means to open the file, and the location of the file; and then we need to tell the [[mw:gadget|gadget]] about how we are importing it, any dependencies and permission. A good guide is [[mw:Gadget kitchen]]. [[Pengguna:Billinghurst|Billinghurst]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Billinghurst|maota]]) 1 Maret 2013 17.11 (WIT) :Extra. Normally the place for this support is [[m:Tech]] which is inhabited by scripters and people with editinterface permissions which enables them to come and do bits, without the requirement for admin or steward rights. [[Pengguna:Billinghurst|Billinghurst]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Billinghurst|maota]]) 1 Maret 2013 17.12 (WIT) ::Okay, those with which I am familiar I am pretty certain that I have working fine. Some of the others, I either don't know, and with the Min language, I am not comfortable working out what they are meant to do, and/or where. Try them and see how they work, and get back to me or the other url if there are problems. ResourceLoader is the way to go, rather than to copy and paste scripts. If a script works but needs customisation go back and hassle the hacker to see if they will/can split out the customisable parts. See how you go, and apologies if I missed anything. [[Pengguna:Billinghurst|Billinghurst]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Billinghurst|maota]]) 1 Maret 2013 18.25 (WIT) ==Interwiki== Setiap rencana yang dicipta perlu diletakkan interwiki bagi memudahkan bot menjalankan kerja meletakkan interwiki di wikipedia bahasa lain. Ini juga bisa membantu Wikipedia bahas Minang dikenali di wikipedia lain.----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 2 Maret 2013 00.52 (WIT) ==Membantu min.wp== Saya disini berhasrat untuk membantu di min.wp kerana saya sudah tidak bersama lagi dengan ms.wp.----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 2 Maret 2013 21.57 (WIT) :Maaf, saya tarik balik kenyataan utk bersara dari ms.wp kerana kebanyakannya meminta saya agar terus kekal mungkin saya cuti sebentar di ms.wp ataupun membuat suntingan kecil disana.----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 2 Maret 2013 23.00 (WIT) ==Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia== Maaf, bisa saya tahu mengapa Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia kehilangan terlalu banyak rencana?. Tak silap saya dahulu pernah mencapai sebanyak ±213,000 sekarang mengapa jadi ±205,000?.----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 4 Maret 2013 03.11 (WIT) == pranala pipa == Kalau macam tu, yo paralu wakatu stek, nanti basamo wak ansua-ansua mambaikinyo, Salam [[Pengguna:VoteITP|VoteITP]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:VoteITP|maota]]) 4 Maret 2013 19.30 (WIT) == Re: Kecamatan == Siap, Komandan. :D [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 5 Maret 2013 20.35 (WIT) :Tolong apuih [[:Kategori:Pembagian administratif Indonesia]], dek alah ado [[:Kategori:Pambagian administratif Indonesia]]. Salam, [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 12 Maret 2013 13.21 (WIT) ::{{done}} Cuman ado sangkuik stek tadi, di templat {{tl|Pambagianadministratifnagara}} "negara" alun ditajamahan ka "nagara", tapi lah dipelok'an. Ciek lai, indak paralu pakai nowiki di Kategori kalau untuak mambuek link/pranala sajo... cukuik agiah tando bagi ":" dimukonyo. Iko untuk Berkas pun bisa dibuek. &nbsp;‹›&nbsp;[[Berkas:MySign.png|40px|link=Pengguna:Iwan Novirion|alt=Iwan Novirion]]™&nbsp;[[Berkas:Gartoon-Evolution.png|15px|link=Pembicaraan_Pengguna:Iwan Novirion|alt=Kirim Pesan]]&nbsp;&nbsp;16.37, 12 Maret 2013 (WIB) ==Rencana pilihan ms.wiki== Salam, bisa anda mengundi di sini bagi rencana Kota Kinabalu edisi April. Harap bisa membantu. Terima kasih. [[:ms:Wikipedia:Calon_rencana_pilihan#Kota_Kinabalu]]----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 7 Maret 2013 09.11 (WIT) == Re: Kapulauan == Ambo manarjamahannyo ka bahaso Minang dek mancaliak sistem panamoan sanak-sanak kito di [[:w:ace:Pulo-pulo Riau|di Aceh]], [[:w:jv:Kapuloan Bangka-Belitung|Jawa]], sarato[[w:su:Kapuloan Riau|Sunda]] nan manarjamahan kato ''kepulauan''. Baa kok manuruik pandapek apak? [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 12 Maret 2013 17.00 (WIT) :Kok mancaliak [[w:id:Wikipedia:Pedoman penamaan/Nama geografis#Pulau dan Kepulauan|WPID]], lah batua tu, sebab WPEN juo manarjamahan Kepulauan Riau manjadi [[w:en:Riau Islands Province|''Riau Islands'']] dan Kepulauan Bangka Belitung manjadi [[w:en:Bangka–Belitung Islands|''Bangka-Belitung Islands'']]. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 12 Maret 2013 17.11 (WIT) == This Month in Education: March 2013 == {| style="width: 100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" | {| |- | <center></center><br/> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/March 2013|<font color=darkslategray>This Month in Education – Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2013</font>]]</div> <hr/><br /> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; "> |- style="text-align: center;" |<font style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</font> |- style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center;" |<div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 28em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 28em;"> * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/March 2013/Program leaders invited to workshop in Milan|Program leaders invited to workshop in Milan]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/March 2013/Chesapeake College Wikipedia Project|Chesapeake College Wikipedia Project]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/March 2013/Toni Sant joins Wikimedia UK as Education Organiser|Toni Sant joins Wikimedia UK as Education Organiser]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/March 2013/Medical English students begin work with Wikimedia Commons and Wikipedia|Medical English students begin work with Wikimedia Commons and Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/March 2013/Farewell, Annie!|Farewell, Annie!]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/March 2013/Articles of Interest in other publications|Articles of Interest in other publications]] <div> |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; " | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]] · Distributed via [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]], 16 Maret 2013 04.32 (WIT) </div> <!-- EdwardsBot 0384 --> == Timur jo barat == ''Timur'' jadi ''timua'', ''barat'' jadi ''baraik''? Ambo raso indak pernah urang Minang manyabuik Sumatera Barat jo Sumatera Baraik. Baa tu? [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 16 Maret 2013 13.07 (WIT) :Main Page dilinduangi se, pak. Salamonyo. Samantaro untuak anon sajo dulu. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 16 Maret 2013 16.31 (WIT) == Roger Federer == If you could help me make an article about Roger Federer on this Wikipedia? Greeting! --[[Pengguna:Kolega2357|Kolega2357]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Kolega2357|maota]]) 22 Maret 2013 17.42 (WIT) :{{alah|Done}}! [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 22 Maret 2013 18.10 (WIT) ::Great! &nbsp;‹›&nbsp;[[Berkas:MySign.png|40px|link=Pengguna:Iwan Novirion|alt=Iwan Novirion]]™&nbsp;[[Berkas:Gartoon-Evolution.png|15px|link=Pembicaraan_Pengguna:Iwan Novirion|alt=Kirim Pesan]]&nbsp;&nbsp;18.53, 22 Maret 2013 (WIB) ==RE:Welcome back== Baik, maaf kerana bersara masa itu kerana mahu fokus target 200,000 di ms.wiki.----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 23 Maret 2013 05.51 (WIT) ==Undian== Anda dijemput untuk mengu ndi [[Pengguna:Nasir36|Nasir36]] sebagai penyelia. Sila klik [[:ms:Wikipedia:Penyelia/Pengundian/Nasir36 sebagai penyelia 14 Mac 2013|ini]] untuk mengundi sama ada sokongan,bantahan atau berkecuali.----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 23 Maret 2013 06.09 (WIT) :Haha, tidak mengapa kerana beliau jarang melakukan kerja-kerja penyeliaan. Lagipula sekarang saya sedang membanteras pengguna boneka (sockpuppet) yang menyerang peribadi saya di sana. [[:ms:Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi_(lain-lain)#Pembatasan_tapak_.28site_ban.29_terhadap_pengguna_boneka]].----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 23 Maret 2013 11.21 (WIT) Yup, satu akaunnya telah saya sekat [[:ms:Pengguna:Shukur2020|Shukur2020]] dan lagi satu akaun [[:ms:Pengguna:Filiosus's Saga|Filiosus's Saga]] sedang dibicarakan. Ini bukti mereka orang yang sama dengan membuka sebuah akaun untuk menyerang saya di KedaiKopi [[:meta:Steward_requests/Checkuser#Shukur2020.40ms.wiki]].----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 23 Maret 2013 11.32 (WIT) == Tanya == Halo mas Iwan, bolehkah saya menanyakan terjemahan dari bahasa Indonesia ke bahasa Minang untuk membantu penambahan artikel? Berikut paragrafnya: "78430 Andrewpearce (2002 QX48) adalah sebuah asteroid yang terletak di sabuk Utamo. Asteroid ini ditemukan pada tanggal 18 Agustus 2002 oleh S. F. Hönig dari citra-citra NEAT yang diambil di Observatorium Palomar. Eksentrisitas orbit asteroid ini tercatat sebesar 0,0577354, sementara magnitudo mutlaknya adalah 16,4." dan "Plasmodium vivax adalah protozoa parasit dan patogen manusia. P. vivax adalah salah satu dari empat spesies parasit malaria yang umumnya menyerang manusia. P. vivax dibawa oleh nyamuk Anopheles betina." Terima kasih banyak :) [[Pengguna:Mimihitam|Mimihitam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Mimihitam|maota]]) 24 Maret 2013 18.36 (WIT) == 1,400! == Baa ndak muncua-muncua samalam ko Pak? Jumlah artikel lah duo kali lipek naiaknyo ko ha. {{senyum}} [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 25 Maret 2013 09.56 (WIT) :Iyo, paralu dikerahkan traktor parangkek lunak untuak mangaruak baliak kadalaman WPMin ko, hahahaha. Eh tapi kini awak labiah banyak artikel daripado Banjar. {{senyum}} [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 25 Maret 2013 10.12 (WIT) ::Oiyo, lupo ambo. Dima lataknyo tu Pak? Common.js? [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 25 Maret 2013 10.20 (WIT) :::[[Dafta kabupaten jo koto di Indonesia|Iko]] jo [[Dafta provinsi Indonesia|iko]] nan paralu dikaruak pakai AWB beko Pak Iwan. Daftar jadi dafta, utara jadi utaro, dan banyak kato Indonesia lain nan paralu diminangisasi. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 25 Maret 2013 10.56 (WIT) Juo {{cl|Artikel nan paralu ditarjamahan dari bahaso Indonesia}}. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 25 Maret 2013 11.15 (WIT) ==2,000== Terima kasih karena terus setia di sini. Ayuh kita dapatkan 2,000 rencana pula.----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 25 Maret 2013 17.32 (WIT) :Hehe.. Saya nak awak dan Spartacks terus menjadi panguruih di sini.{{smile}}----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 25 Maret 2013 17.59 (WIT) ::Setiap manusia pasti akan sentiasa sibuk di dunia nyata. Mungkin saya aktif sehingga Mei kerana saya akan melanjutkan pengajian saya nanti.----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 25 Maret 2013 18.11 (WIT) == Re == Terima kasih banyak mas Iwan :) Saya akan "beraksi" lagi setelah kesibukan minggu ini selesai hehehe. [[Pengguna:Mimihitam|Mimihitam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Mimihitam|maota]]) 25 Maret 2013 17.35 (WIT) == Jorong == Pak, artikel sarupo [[Tago Palange, Pangian, Lintau Buo, Tanah Datar]] ko tingkeknyo jorong kan, bukan desa/kelurahan? Lai layak masuak? Ambo indak pernah basuo artikel jorong di WPID do. [[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|<font color="">^ڠيچيق</font>]] [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|سڤارتاچکسچومڤاتريوت]] 27 Maret 2013 06.02 (WIT) [[Wikipedia:Gambar Nan Tapiliah/Usulan|Iko]] jo [[Wikipedia:Artikel nan Tapiliah/Usulan|iko]] tolong dilatakkan di sitenotices, Pak Iwan. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 27 Maret 2013 09.47 (WIT) == Blokir == Cubo cek, Pak. [http://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_pengguna/82.73.99.249 Iko]. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 29 Maret 2013 20.07 (WIT) :Hanyo salah paham se, kana lo sampai ka diblokir? :) &nbsp;‹›&nbsp;[[Berkas:MySign.png|40px|link=Pengguna:Iwan Novirion|alt=Iwan Novirion]]™&nbsp;[[Berkas:Gartoon-Evolution.png|15px|link=Pembicaraan_Pengguna:Iwan Novirion|alt=Kirim Pesan]]&nbsp;&nbsp;20.25, 29 Maret 2013 (WIB) == Kategori:Tokoh == Hello Iwan, can you help me with two language questions? I miss the langlinks for [[:Kategori:Tokoh]]. What would be the best translation: artist, intellectual? And is "pangarang" a writer (of novels, dramas etc.) or an author (all kind of texts)? Thanks & greetings --[[Pengguna:Tokoh-Tom|Tokoh-Tom]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Tokoh-Tom|maota]]) 1 April 2013 04.07 (WIT) :Thanks for your fast answer! --[[Pengguna:Tokoh-Tom|Tokoh-Tom]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Tokoh-Tom|maota]]) 1 April 2013 07.01 (WIT) == Suku Bangsa atau Suku Bangso? Suku atau Urang atau Etnik? == Tanyo ciek Da! Ambo nio ka manambahkan laman ttg suku-suku bangsa di Indonesia jo Dunia kok bisa. Nan labiah elok atau labiah lazim dek urang minang, Suku Bangso atau Suku Bangsa? taruih, untuk manyabuikkan suku di Indonesia labiah ancak misalnyo Suku Batak atau Etnik Batak atau Urang Batak? [[Pengguna:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Ardzun|maota]]) 3 April 2013 10.41 (WIT) == Redundansi == Pak Iwan, cubo dicaliak baliak artikel kecamatan hasil AWB tu, ado banyak redundansi "adolah marupokan." Contoh acak: [[Curup Tengah, Rejang Lebong]]. Baa tu? [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 4 April 2013 18.52 (WIT) == Tanya == Cara memakai AWB untuk menambahkan artikel bagaimana ya? Terima kasih banyak [[Pengguna:Mimihitam|Mimihitam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Mimihitam|maota]]) 5 April 2013 05.24 (WIT) == Penghargaan == {| style="border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}};" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Working Wikimedian's Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]|[[File:Working Wikimedian's Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]}} |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''Bintang Penghargaan Kerja Keras''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Atas kerja keras saudara mengembangkan artikel bertajuk pembagian administratif Indonesia di WPMin. Selamat!--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 5 April 2013 14.11 (WIT) |} :Sama-sama, saya mohon kebenaran untuk menyalin AWB dari laman pengguna saudara gunakan agar saya bisa mencipta rencana dengan begitu laju.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 5 April 2013 14.19 (WIT) ::Saya berhasrat untuk menggunakan AWB.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 5 April 2013 14.25 (WIT) :Susah juga untuk memasangnya.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 5 April 2013 14.41 (WIT) == Tanya == Akhirnya pertanyaannya jadi, haha. Kenapa ya, kalau column headernya jadi 2, langsung "Error on Davidjohn. Please make sure the column header matches the number of columns on the file." Padahal di column header dan columnnya sudah tercantum. Kalau cuma ada satu langsung jalan, tetapi begitu ada dua langsung erro seperti itu. Kira-kira kenapa ya? Terima kasih :) [[Pengguna:Mimihitam|Mimihitam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Mimihitam|maota]]) 5 April 2013 16.38 (WIT) ::Saya tidak ada column ##artikel## sih. Boleh lihat screenshot CSVnya juga? Terima kasih :) [[Pengguna:Mimihitam|Mimihitam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Mimihitam|maota]]) 5 April 2013 16.54 (WIT) Saya kira2 salahnya di mana ya? Screenshot: http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/341/salahp.jpg/ Oh iya, kalau mau menambahkan templat yang isinya banyak harus manual ya? Terima kasih :) [[Pengguna:Mimihitam|Mimihitam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Mimihitam|maota]]) 5 April 2013 17.04 (WIT) ::Sudah, tapi nggak bisa :/ peringatannya keluar terus [[Pengguna:Mimihitam|Mimihitam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Mimihitam|maota]]) 5 April 2013 17.23 (WIT) Setelah ngutak ngutik barusan bisa. Oh iya, mas Iwan pakai versi berapa? Saya mengunduh versi terbaru (5.5.0.1) tapi malah error terus. Saya pakai versi lama katanya harus update versi baru. [[Pengguna:Mimihitam|Mimihitam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Mimihitam|maota]]) 5 April 2013 17.26 (WIT) ::Windows XP. Tulisannya: "The type initializer for Wikifunctions.Parse.Parsers threw an exception", lalu muncul "Object reference not set to an instance of an object." Dan setiap kali mau ditutup atau mau log in, "Object reference not set to an instance of an object." selalu muncul dan membuat programnya nggak bisa ditutup/nggak bisa log in. Waktu mau distart juga sama. Makanya saya pakai yang versi lama, tapi nggak bisa dipakai untuk start bikin artikelnya krn harus pakai versi baru, tapi versi barunya malah error begitu. [[Pengguna:Mimihitam|Mimihitam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Mimihitam|maota]]) 5 April 2013 17.34 (WIT) Terima kasih banyak mas Iwan... saya unduh dulu, dan saya coba kemudian :) [[Pengguna:Mimihitam|Mimihitam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Mimihitam|maota]]) 5 April 2013 17.44 (WIT) ::Halo m as, sudah saya install NET versi 3.5, tapi hal yang sama masih terjadi :( [[Pengguna:Mimihitam|Mimihitam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Mimihitam|maota]]) 5 April 2013 21.03 (WIT) Ini bugnya: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:AutoWikiBrowser/Bugs&diff=prev&oldid=548837497] [[Pengguna:Mimihitam|Mimihitam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Mimihitam|maota]]) 6 April 2013 03.41 (WIT) ::Bukan karena itu mas, saya ganti settingan min pun nggak bisa dan error itu langsung muncul. Payahnya, saat saya mau komplain malah dihapus sama pengurusnya, katanya sudah ada yang pernah lapor, padahal laporannya nggak ada yang nanggapin... [[Pengguna:Mimihitam|Mimihitam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Mimihitam|maota]]) 6 April 2013 15.54 (WIT) OK mas, terima kasih :) [[Pengguna:Mimihitam|Mimihitam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Mimihitam|maota]]) 6 April 2013 18.46 (WIT) == AWB == Pak Iwan, bisa dikarahkan kapa karuak (baco: AWB) untuak mangganti arah mato angin sasuai nan ambo tulih di [https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kadai_Kopi#Mato_angin siko]? Tarimo kasih. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 14 April 2013 13.32 (WIT) == This Month in Education: April 2013 == {| style="width: 100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" | {| |- | <center></center><br/> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/April 2013|<font color=darkslategray>This Month in Education – Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013</font>]]</div> <hr/><br /> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; "> |- style="text-align: center;" |<font style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</font> |- style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center;" |<div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 28em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 28em;"> * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/April 2013/Survey research and design in psychology - Example of a Wikiversity resource|Survey research and design in psychology - Example of a Wikiversity resource]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/March 2013/Wikimedia Argentina's educational strategic plan|Wikimedia Argentina's educational strategic plan]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/April 2013/Wikiversity and Moodle|Wikiversity and Moodle]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/April 2013/Czech program flourishes|Czech program flourishes]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/April 2013/Egypt program celebrates end of second term|Egypt program celebrates end of second term]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/April 2013/Articles of Interest in other publications|Articles of Interest in other publications]] <div> |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; " | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]] · Distributed via [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]], 16 April 2013 04.37 (WIT) </div> <!-- EdwardsBot 0414 --> == Lai Tau Sanak == Pak Iwan, buliah ambo mintak tolong stek? {{tl|Lai Tau Sanak}} rencananyo akan ditampilan di LU satalah salasai ditarjamahan. Tolong didesain satu kotak khusus untuaknyo di LU. Marancang templat ndak pandai ambo doh. Mokasih. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 20 April 2013 21.27 (WIT) == Tumbuahan apo tumbuhan == [http://books.google.co.id/books?id=fjdLyIOtgckC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q=tumbuahan&f=false Rancaknyo tumbuahan]. Bisa juo [http://books.google.co.id/books?id=fjdLyIOtgckC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=snippet&q=tanaman&f=false tanaman]. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 22 April 2013 22.15 (WIT) == Rintisan vs rancangan == Pak, tolong hapuih kategori [http://min.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istimewa%3APencarian&search=rintisan&fulltext=Cari 'rintisan'] di siko, beko dibuek nan batuanyo, 'rancangan'. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 23 April 2013 13.14 (WIT) :Mantap! [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 23 April 2013 18.29 (WIT) ::<small>Cek {{Kat|Artikel nan patuik diapuih}} yo, Pak. :D [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 23 April 2013 18.33 (WIT)</small> :::Tolong dicek juo {{tl|Kotak suksesi}} pak, baa kok ndak muncul di artikel nyo. Salam, [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 23 April 2013 19.48 (WIT) ==Istilah jiwa== Apakah istilah bagi jiwa dalam bahasa Minang? Adakah ianya sama seperti idwp?--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 29 April 2013 03.39 (WIT) :Mujurlah ianya sama, tidak banyak yang perlu ditukar.{{senyum}}--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 29 April 2013 03.52 (WIT) == Halo Dinda == Assalamualaikum dinda Iwan, salamaik yo, barakaik parjuangan dinda jo kawan-kawan nan lain, lah ado pulo kini Wikipedia baso Minang. Ambo takajuik sabanta ko, sadang mamareso artikel tokoh padusi, ee ado namo nan masuak ciek, rasonyo salamo ko indak ado namo tu, ndak taunyo dinda Iwan nan mamasuak-an. Tarimokasi yo, salam, sukses salalu.--[[Pengguna:Jayrangkoto|Jayrangkoto]] ([[Pembicaraan pengguna:Jayrangkoto|mangecek]]) 29 April 2013 09.?? (WIT) :Ha ha ha (sato pulo galak ciek). Ondee ampia talewaikkan namo tu, salamo iko awak indak tau baso baliau tu anak inyiak Sariamin Ismail. Rajin-rajinlah mamasuak-an namo-namo nan masih bakaliaran dilua daftar tu yo Dinda, he he he, bialah alun ado artikelnyo lai, beko lambek-lambek awak buek-an artikelnyo. Tarimokasi, salam.--[[Pengguna:Jayrangkoto|Jayrangkoto]] ([[Pembicaraan pengguna:Jayrangkoto|mangecek]]) 29 April 2013 10.10 (WIT) ::Okelah kalau baitu Dinda. Salamaik baaktivitas, samoga banyak rasaki. Tarimokasi.--[[Pengguna:Jayrangkoto|Jayrangkoto]] ([[Pembicaraan pengguna:Jayrangkoto|mangecek]]) 29 April 2013 10.25 (WIT) == Perkembangan min.wp == Saya begitu senang melihat perkembangan wikipedia ini. Walaupun masih kecil dan juga baru, namun ia ada juga komunitas yang begitu aktif berbanding dengan bugwiki yang dikira hampir tiada komunitas. Saya harap wiki ini akan terus sukses ke hadapan. Jika bisa, undanglah penutur Minang di idwp untuk menyumbang sekali disini. Tidak kira apapun artikelnya sama ada geografis, sains, matematika, bahasa, agama, sejarah, bisnis dan sebagainya. Saya berharap sangat agar wiki ini akan terus maju ke hadapan.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 30 April 2013 17.12 (WIT) == Manajamahan == Assalamualaikum Dinda Iwan, tarimokasi yo, lah baisian saketek laman panggono ambo. Baa kaba?, samoga baiak-baiak sajo yo. Ambo ka batanyo ciek ko a. Ambo kan lah manajamahan babarapo artikel biografi tokoh dari Wiki Indonesia ka Wiki Minang, lai indak salah tu?. Lai ndak berang urang usali (asli) nan mambueknyo dulu di Wiki Indonesia?. Ambo kini jadi ragu, tapikia dek ambo, beko urang nan mambuek artikel tu maanggap ambo main lamak se. Baitu dulu yo Dinda, lain wakatu disambuang baliak. Tarimokasi, salam.--[[Pengguna:Jayrangkoto|Jayrangkoto]] ([[Pembicaraan pengguna:Jayrangkoto|mangecek]]) 1 Mei 2013 16.16 (WIT) :Ok lah kalau baitu Dinda. Tarimokasi banyak yo, salam.--[[Pengguna:Jayrangkoto|Jayrangkoto]] ([[Pembicaraan pengguna:Jayrangkoto|mangecek]]) 1 Mei 2013 00.07 (WIT) == Kolega2357-Bot == Can my bot to work on this Wikipedia? I use Python version 2.7.3. Greeting! --'''[[User:Kolega2357|Kolega2357]] ([[User talk:Kolega2357|talk]])''' 1 Mai 2013 18.55 (WIT) Because I know. But I have another problem, it seems to me Python language does not support min language. --'''[[User:Kolega2357|Kolega2357]] ([[User talk:Kolega2357|talk]])''' 1 Mai 2013 22.14 (WIT) ==Rencana bot== Selamat sore pak Iwan, adakah anda setuju sekiranya saya menggunakan bot saya untuk mencipta artikel mengenai taun-taun Masehi? Sekadar minta pandangan saja.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 2 Mai 2013 14.48 (WIT) :Saya sudah mengemukakan permohonan di sini serta di meta.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 2 Mai 2013 17.34 (WIT) == Mintak tolong == Assalamualaikum dinda Iwan, baa kaba?, samoga baiak-baiak sajo yo. Ambo ka mangadu jo mintak tolong ciek a. Ambo manajamahan/mambuek artikel biografi tokoh, tapi acok indak kalua foto/gambarnyo, baa kok baitu tu?. Ambo lah mancubo mambatua-annyo tapi indak bisa ambo do, maklumlah ambo ko urang gaek gatek. Tolong juolah ambo manambahan gambar/foto ka infobox nan alun ado fotonyo lai, ambo indak bisa. Kalau ndak, ajai ambo caro mamasuak-an foto tu. Baa caronyo manantuan baso foto tu lah bebas di pakai sacaro umum. Dulu ambo pernah mancubo, ee langsuang ditulak dek panguruih, sajak itu ambo indak pernah mancubonyo lai. Baitu dulu yo Dinda, tarimokasi, salam.--[[Pengguna:Jayrangkoto|Jayrangkoto]] ([[Pembicaraan pengguna:Jayrangkoto|mangecek]]) 3 Mei 2013 16.55 (WIT) == Your temporary access is going to expire soon == <div style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ccc; background: #fafaff;">Hello, you were granted temporary adminship in this wiki which is going to expire in a few days. Just to let you know that if you want to continue as an administrator here, you need to request an extension on [[m:Steward requests/Permissions|stewards' permission request page]] on Meta-Wiki. Usually you only have to make a local announcement on your local village pump or request for adminship page, and if there are no objections after no less than three days, your request will be fulfilled. Additionally, if you think the community is big enough to elect a permanent administrator, you can place a local request here for a permanent adminship, so stewards can grant you the permanent access. Please ask me or any other steward if you have any questions. Thank you! [[Pengguna:Mathonius|Mathonius]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Mathonius|maota]]) 5 Mai 2013 13.46 (WIT)</div> :Harap pak Iwan terus menjadi pengurus di sini. Saya senang jika Pak Iwan, SpartacksCompatriot, Naval Scene dan Ardzun menjadi pengurus sekali disini.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 5 Mai 2013 16.06 (WIT) Sama-sama, harap pak Iwan terus berada disini karena disebabkan Pak Iwan wikipedia Minang ini adanya komunitas.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 5 Mai 2013 17.32 (WIT) == Cekidot == [http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Thread:Support/About_User_%22namesspace%22_on_minwiki_Pangguno Lah Ambo agiah tahu]. Kok indak ado respon, yo pangota gadang urang-urang teknis tu mah. :p [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 9 Mai 2013 22.59 (WIT) == Your temporary access has expired == <div style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ccc; background: #fafaff;">Hello, the temporary access you requested on this wiki has expired. Just to let you know that If you want it back, feel free to make a local announcement and open a new request on [[m:Steward requests/Permissions|stewards' permission request page]] on Meta-Wiki later. Moreover, if you think the community is big enough to elect a permanent administrator, you can place a local request here for a permanent adminship, so stewards can grant you the permanent access. Please ask me or any other steward if you have any questions. Thank you! [[Pengguna:MarcoAurelio|MarcoAurelio]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:MarcoAurelio|maota]]) 9 Mai 2013 23.34 (WIT)</div> ==Pengurus tetap== Pak Iwan, pergilah memohon status pengurus tetap. Sumbangan pak Iwan sangat diperlukan disini bagi membangunkan wiki ini dan membangunkan pelbagai jenis perkakas baru di wiki ini. Harap pak Iwan akan memohon status sebagai pengurus tetap di meta.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 10 Mai 2013 16.10 (WIT) :Hmm..susah juga bila menjadi dewasa ini. Sering sibuk dengan dunia nyata. Saya boleh menjadi pengurus sementara untuk membangunkan gajet2 di wikipedia ini. Malangnya, mungkin saya tak bisa menjadi pengurus karena saya ada masalah sedikit dengan bahasa Minang. Saya akan membantu wiki ini dengan mencipta artikel secara pukal.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 10 Mai 2013 17.28 (WIT) Saya juga mungkin akan menjadi kurang aktif di ms dan min mulai Juni ini karena terpaksa fokus terhadap peperiksaan dimana ianya antara 5 peperiksaan tersusah di Asia. Baru saya tahu, inilah sebab mengapa pak Iwan tidak pernah memohon status sebagai pengurus di ID mungkin ianya disebabkan oleh kesibukan di dunia nyata. Sedangkan saya lihat pak Iwan sangat sesuai menjadi pengurus di ID dan MIN. Mungkin aja nanti di MS. Di MS juga sudah mula berlaku pengurus yang kurang aktif. Saya rasa lebih baik Spartacks, Naval Scene dan Ardzun menjadi pengurus tetap di sini.--[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 10 Mai 2013 17.55 (WIT) :Salam pak Iwan, anda diundang untuk mengundi sanak [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] di [[Wikipedia:Panguruih/Pamiliahan/SpartacksCompatriot untuak panguruih 10 Mai 2013|sini]].[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 10 Mai 2013 18.16 (WIT) Semoga kalian berdua menjadi pengurus yang rajin dan adil. Saya sudah melakukan sedaya upaya saya untuk membantu kalian berdua. Mungkin saya akan teruskan usaha untuk erkempen di ms dan id nanti.[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 10 Mai 2013 23.48 (WIT) == Panguruih tatap == Assalamualaikum, Pak Iwan. Salah satu pangguno [http://min.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AKadai_Kopi&diff=39999&oldid=39921 alah mancalonan] apak sabagai salah satu panguruih tatap Wikipedia bahaso Minang. Mohon konfirmasinyo, manarimo atau manulak di Kadai Kopi, supayo proses pamiliahan bisa segera dimulai. Salam, [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 10 Mai 2013 18.00 (WIT) == Tahniah == Tahniah karena berjaya memperoleh 20 undian. Saya rasa pak Iwan sudah tiba masanya untuk menjadi pengurus tetap disini bersama-sama dengan sanak Ramzy.[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 12 Mai 2013 22.56 (WIT) ==Undian untuk [[Pengguna:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]]== Salam semua, anda semua diundang untuk mengundi saudara pak Ichsan sebagai pengurus di Wikipedia bahasa Minang. Untuk mengundi sila ke [[:min:Wikipedia:Panguruih/Pamiliahan/Naval Scene untuak panguruih 13 Mai 2013|halaman ini]]. Saya meminta maaf sekiranya ianya menganggu kalian semua demi masa hadapan Wikipedia bahasa Minang yang lebih baik dengan adanya 3 orang pengurus.[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 13 Mai 2013 15.21 (WIT) ==Sasaran 5,000== Ambo akan terus mengupayakan untuak mencoba sampai 10,000 artikel pula. Ambo juo membagikan masa antara ms dan min tambahanpula di id sekali.[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 13 Mai 2013 23.28 (WIT) == This Month in Education: May 2013 == {| style="width: 100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" | {| |- | <center></center><br/> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/May 2013|<font color=darkslategray>This Month in Education – Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2013</font>]]</div> <hr/><br /> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; "> |- style="text-align: center;" |<font style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</font> |- style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center;" |<div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 28em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 28em;"> * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/May 2013/First ever medical school education program pilot begins at UCSF|First ever medical school education program pilot begins at UCSF]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/May 2013/7th grade Wikipedia project in Geneva|7th grade Wikipedia project in Geneva]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/May 2013/Wiki Education Foundation proposed|Wiki Education Foundation proposed]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/May 2013/Wikiversity-Moodle project is moving on|Wikiversity-Moodle project is moving on]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/May 2013/Principles of radiation astronomy in Wikiversity|Principles of radiation astronomy in Wikiversity]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/May 2013/Trophy Case highlights good student work|Trophy Case highlights good student work]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/May 2013/Articles of Interest in other publications|Articles of Interest in other publications]] <div> |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; " | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]] · Distributed via [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]], 16 Mai 2013 00.03 (WIT) </div> <!-- EdwardsBot 0449 --> == Tutuik == Pak Iwan, bisa bantu manutuik halaman pamiliahan panguruih ambo? Sagan lo manutuiknyo surang. Tarimo kasih. {{hahaha}} [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 17 Mai 2013 23.14 (WIT) == Baleh:Tahniah! == Tarimo kasih Pak Iwan, jika ado maso ambo akan membantu disini.[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 17 Mai 2013 23.21 (WIT) == Celebratory logo == Hi Ivan, [//min.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&diff=35241&oldid=35238 do you mind removing the 4k celebratory logo]? It's been there for almost two months, I think that's enough, especially seeing that you have already crossed the 5k milestone… I'd appreciate it if you reverted back to the regular logo. [[:commons:user:odder|odder]] ([[commons:user talk:odder|talk]]) 18 Mai 2013 05.28 (WIT) :Tarimo Kasih! [[:commons:user:odder|odder]] ([[commons:user talk:odder|talk]]) 18 Mai 2013 15.01 (WIT) == Re: Tooltips == Ambo maikuk'an versi WPID, nampaknyo bajalan lancar di sinan. Kok ado nan salah, a diubah se lah Pak. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 18 Mai 2013 21.52 (WIT) == Re: Terimakasih == Wuih dapat bunga dobel, di wiki dan FB hehe. Terimakasih kembali. Happy wikipeding! Salam. [[Pengguna:TracySurya|TracySurya]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:TracySurya|maota]]) 19 Mai 2013 00.23 (WIT) :Sudah saya tanam di halaman depan rumah, biar awet hehehe. [[Pengguna:TracySurya|Tres]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:TracySurya|maota]]) 19 Mai 2013 00.27 (WIT) == Blh: Tarimokasi == Yo iyo Dinda Iwan, samo-samo. Yo Dinda-lah nampaknyo nan paliang aktif basamo Ramzy jo Ichsan, kok ndak ka sia lai. Samoga Dinda jo Nanda Ramzy sarato Dinda Ichsan bisa mangemban amanah nan disandangan ka pundak Anda sakalian demi kamajuan Wiki Min. Mari basamo awak buek Wiki Min ko manjadi Wiki nan tasabuik jo tapuji, amiin. Onde iyo, awak takajuik tadi mancaliak bungo rancak bana, bungo aa tu Dinda he he he, tarimokasi yo bungonyo.<span style="border:1px solid #000000;padding:1px;">[[User:jayrangkoto|<font style="color:#000000;background:#000000;">&nbsp;?!<font style="color:#FF0000;background:#FF0000;">&nbsp;?!</font>]][[User talk:jayrangkoto|<font style="color:#FFFF00;background:#FFD700;">?!&nbsp;</font>]]</span> 19 Mai 2013 01.27 (WIT) :Yo, samo-samo. Tananglah Dinda, bungonyo pasti disiram taruih jo aia Aqua campua jo minyak zaitun, supayo barasiah sarato bakilek taruih hehehe. <span style="border:1px solid #000000;padding:1px;">[[User:jayrangkoto|<font style="color:#000000;background:#000000;">&nbsp;?!<font style="color:#FF0000;background:#FF0000;">&nbsp;?!</font>]][[User talk:jayrangkoto|<font style="color:#FFFF00;background:#FFD700;">?!&nbsp;</font>]]</span> 19 Mai 2013 02.56 (WIT) ::Hahaha, tantu iyo Dinda, kok dapek satiok nan dikarajoan tu salalu mantaap. <span style="border:1px solid #000000;padding:1px;">[[User:jayrangkoto|<font style="color:#000000;background:#000000;">&nbsp;?!<font style="color:#FF0000;background:#FF0000;">&nbsp;?!</font>]][[User talk:jayrangkoto|<font style="color:#FFFF00;background:#FFD700;">?!&nbsp;</font>]]</span> 19 Mai 2013 03.07 (WIT) :::Wah, dapek bung lo ambo. Tarimo kasi, Pak. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 19 Mai 2013 12.49 (WIT) :: Sairiang balam jo barabah{{br}} Barabah ka taluak pai mandi{{br}} Sairiang salam jo sambah{{br}} Sambah taunjuak salam kumbali. :{{smile}}. Bang Iwan, tarimo kasih banyak ateh dukuangannyo yo. Samo-samo wak bagotong-royong untuak WpMin ko. Salam, [[Pengguna:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Naval Scene|maota]]) 21 Mai 2013 14.48 (WIT) ==Pamiliahan di ms.wiki== Sanak Pak Iwan diundang untuak mamiliah saudara [[:ms:JerichoNation|JerichoNation]] sabagai panguruih di ms.wiki. Lihat [[:ms:Wikipedia:Penyelia/Pengundian/JerichoNation sebagai penyelia 31 Mei 2013|di sini]]. Tarimo kasih. Salam.[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''法汉'''</span>]] [[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:green; font-family:Comic Sans MS">'''Aplikasi'''</span>]] 31 Mai 2013 18.03 (WIT) == Mangarajoi? == Bang Iwan, alamaik2 IP 180.252 ko (dari Depok jo modem Telkom), rasonyo lah mangarajoi awak se jo copas2nyo nan bulek2 ko. Baa sikap awak maadoki nan sarupo tu? [[Pengguna:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Naval Scene|maota]]) 11 Juni 2013 13.44 (WIT) :O, kok baitu ambo satuju2 se lah Bang Iwan. Salam, [[Pengguna:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Naval Scene|maota]]) 11 Juni 2013 14.33 (WIT) :: Ondeh.. tanyato salain di siko, inyo manyarok pulo di Wp Aceh, Banjar, Banyumas, Jawa, jo Sunda. Bulek2 sarupo tu pulo. Agak-agaknyo indak pamulo. Ambo anyo manyampaian se. Salam, [[Pengguna:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Naval Scene|maota]]) 21 Juni 2013 18.45 (WIT) == Tolong ciek da == Ambo baru mancubo mamasuakkan bbrp entry baru di kajadian kini ko. Tapi nampaknyo kurang rapih. tolong ciek da dirapikan laman utamo, biar nampak labiah rapi dan indak ado banyak ruang kosong, atau tulisan nan balabiah. mokasi da :) [[Pengguna:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Ardzun|maota]]) 12 Juni 2013 20.22 (WIT) == Fixing redirect == Can his own bot to fix redirects here on Wikipedia? How to make request for a bot? Template can not find it. Greeting! --'''[[User:Kolega2357|Kolega2357]] ([[User talk:Kolega2357|talk]])''' 15 Juni 2013 02.43 (WIT) == This Month in Education: June 2013 == {| style="width: 100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" | {| |- | <center></center><br/> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/June 2013|<font color=darkslategray>This Month in Education – Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013</font>]]</div> <hr/><br /> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; "> |- style="text-align: center;" |<font style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</font> |- style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center;" |<div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 28em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 28em;"> * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/June 2013/Growing contributions from wikiArS initiative|Growing contributions from wikiArS initiative]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/June 2013/German Wikiversity continues its relaunch|German Wikiversity continues its relaunch]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/June 2013/English Wikipedia program seeks Ambassadors|English Wikipedia program seeks Ambassadors]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/June 2013/Italian nursing students and Wikipedia|Italian nursing students and Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/June 2013/Articles of Interest in other publications|Articles of Interest in other publications]] <div> |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; " | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]] · Distributed via [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]], 17 Juni 2013 21.19 (WIT) </div> <!-- EdwardsBot 0492 --> == Adolah vs adalah == Baa kok diubah sadoalahnyo Pak? [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 20 Juni 2013 15.03 (WIT) == Penghargaan buat anda! {{Senyum}} == {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92; width: 100%;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 7.5px;" | [[File:BoNM - Malaysia Hires.png|100px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 10px; height: 1.5em;" | {{Center|'''Bintang Malaysia + Bintang Kerja Kuat'''}} |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 7.5px;" | [[File:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px|border]] |- |style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Sebagai penghargaan kerana membantu menyiapkan artikel [[Kota Kinabalu]]. Salam dari saya. {{Senyum}} <span style="font-size:1.0em; font-family:Calibri (Body),serif; font-style:bold;">&mdash;&nbsp;[[User:Ranking Update|'''иz нίpнόp''']]^{&nbsp;[[User talk:Ranking Update|ʜᴇʟᴘ!]]}</span> 20 Juni 2013 19.38 (WIT) |} == This Month in Education: July 2013 == {| style="width: 100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" | {| |- | <center></center><br/> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/July 2013|<font color=darkslategray>This Month in Education – Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2013</font>]]</div> <hr/><br /> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; "> |- style="text-align: center;" |<font style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</font> |- style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center;" |<div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 28em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 28em;"> * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/July 2013/Students' articles nominated for Featured Article|Students' articles nominated for Featured Article]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/July 2013/Articles of Interest in other publications|Articles of Interest in other publications]] <div> |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; " | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]] &middot; Distributed via [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]], 17 Juli 2013 05.49 (WIT) </div> <!-- EdwardsBot 0526 --> == Terjemahan == Iwan, terima kasih atas pautan. [[Pangguno:Algazel|Algazel]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Algazel|maota]]) 19 Juli 2013 18.17 (WIT) == Blh: Soal kota jo koto == Wa'alaikumsalam. Maliek ka pambicaroan sabalunnyo [http://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maota:Koto_Padang_Panjang] [http://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maota:Koto_Bukittinggi] jo pandapek rakan dari Kiktenggi tu, (kok Ramzy satuju juo) elok lah awak mulai se mambuek panduan panamoan geografi a la WpMin untuak hal ko. Baitu manuruik ambo, Bang Iwan. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 23 Juli 2013 15.22 (WIT) :A ambo baru mambaco diskusi ko :) Ambo juo baru mancaliak kamuih, dan di sinan nan ado "kota". Ambo satuju kok nio diubah sadoalahnyo. Silakan nan labiah ahli mangeksekusi. :) [[Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 25 Juli 2013 22.51 (WIT) == AWB == AWB-nyo bilo dijalanan juo pak untuak mangganti "koto"? :) [[Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 29 Juli 2013 16.15 (WIT) :Ado artikel rancak di Singgalang '''[http://hariansinggalang.co.id/nama-nagari/ Nama Nagari]'''. Baa kok wak pakai juo di WpMin ko? Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 2 Agustus 2013 20.28 (WIT) ::Soal rujuakan tu memang paralu "mangakeh-ngakeh ka dasar-dasar", kok keceknyo Pak Jay. Ambo raso komunitas panutua asali sarupo Cimbuak.net jo Rantau.net dapek wak pagunoan, salain rujuakan2 lainnyo nan taseba di internet. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 6 Agustus 2013 12.49 (WIT) == Diskusi == Mintak pandapek di [http://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kadai_Kopi#.22Bedo.22_vs_.22beda.22 siko], Da. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 16 Agustus 2013 23.08 (WIB) == This Month in Education: August 2013 == {| style="width: 100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" | {| |- | <center></center><br/> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/August 2013|<font color=darkslategray>This Month in Education – Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2013</font>]]</div> <hr/><br /> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; "> |- style="text-align: center;" |<font style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</font> |- style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center;" |<div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 28em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 28em;"> * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/August 2013/EduWiki Conference 2013 - Call for Proposals|EduWiki Conference 2013 - Call for Proposals]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/August 2013/The Singapore Management University Constitutional and Administrative Law Wikipedia Project – putting accurate and free information about Singapore law on the Internet|The Singapore Management University Constitutional and Administrative Law Wikipedia Project – putting accurate and free information about Singapore law on the Internet]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/August 2013/Videos from Open Educational Resources conference|Videos from Open Educational Resources conference]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/August 2013/Welcome to Sophie Österberg and Tighe Flanagan|Welcome to Sophie Österberg and Tighe Flanagan]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/August 2013/Articles of Interest in other publications|Articles of Interest in other publications]] <div> |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; " | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]] &middot; Distributed via [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]], 21 Agustus 2013 05.04 (WIB) </div> <!-- EdwardsBot 0561 --> == This Month in Education: September 2013 == {| style="width: 100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" | {| |- | <center></center><br/> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/September 2013|<font color=darkslategray>This Month in Education – Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013</font>]]</div> <hr/><br /> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; "> |- style="text-align: center;" |<font style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</font> |- style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center;" |<div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 28em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 28em;"> * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/September 2013/Wikimania pre-conference draws crowd|Wikimania pre-conference draws crowd]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/September 2013/Student leader achieves Featured Article|Student leader achieves Featured Article]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/September 2013/Spanish-as-a-foreign-language students at ITESM-Mexico City Campus upload photographs on Mexico to Commons|Spanish-as-a-foreign-language students at ITESM-Mexico City Campus upload photographs on Mexico to Commons]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/September 2013/Articles of Interest in other publications|Articles of Interest in other publications]] <div> |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; " | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]] &middot; Distributed via [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]], 17 September 2013 04.36 (WIB) </div> <!-- EdwardsBot 0585 --> == This Month in Education: October 2013 == {| style="width: 100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" | {| |- | <center></center><br/> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/September 2013|<font color=darkslategray>This Month in Education – Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2013</font>]]</div> <hr/><br /> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; "> |- style="text-align: center;" |<font style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</font> |- style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center;" |<div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 28em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 28em;"> * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/October 2013/Students to Uganda, Swedish for Immigrants, university staff and researchers and a group of principals|Students to Uganda, Swedish for Immigrants, university staff and researchers and a group of principals]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/October 2013/Connect with others using Wikipedia in education – invitation to EduWiki Conference 2013|Connect with others using Wikipedia in education – invitation to EduWiki Conference 2013]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/October 2013/Two project starts in October for Tec de Monterrey, Mexico City campus|Two project starts in October for Tec de Monterrey, Mexico City campus]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/October 2013/WikiProject Open launches on English Wikipedia|WikiProject Open launches on English Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/October 2013/Demystifying Wikipedia at Singapore Management University|Demystifying Wikipedia at Singapore Management University]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/October 2013/Provide feedback on Welcome to Wikipedia brochure|Provide feedback on Welcome to Wikipedia brochure]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/October 2013/Articles of Interest in other publications|Articles of Interest in other publications]] <div> |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; " | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]] &middot; Distributed via [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]], 16 Oktober 2013 02.17 (WIB) </div> <!-- EdwardsBot 0605 --> == This Month in Education: November 2013 == {| style="width: 100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" | {| |- | <center></center><br/> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/November 2013|<font color=darkslategray>This Month in Education – Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2013</font>]]</div> <hr/><br /> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; "> |- style="text-align: center;" |<font style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</font> |- style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center;" |<div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 28em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 28em;"> * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/November 2013/EduWiki Conference 2013 convenes in Cardiff|EduWiki Conference 2013 convenes in Cardiff]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/November 2013/Notes from Tec de Monterrey-Mexico City Campus|Notes from Tec de Monterrey-Mexico City Campus]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/November 2013/"Students Write Wikipedia" in the Czech Republic again|"Students Write Wikipedia" in the Czech Republic again]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/November 2013/Plagiarism study results released|Plagiarism study results released]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/November 2013/More than 50 gather to celebrate third Egypt term|More than 50 gather to celebrate third Egypt term]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/November 2013/Feedback sought on new Welcome to Wikipedia draft|Feedback sought on new Welcome to Wikipedia draft]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/November 2013/Wikimedia Diversity Conference 2013 in Berlin|Wikimedia Diversity Conference 2013 in Berlin]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/November 2013/Articles of Interest in other publications|Articles of Interest in other publications]] <div> |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; " | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]] &middot; Distributed via [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]], 19 Nopember 2013 05.41 (WIB) </div> <!-- EdwardsBot 0655 --> == This Month in Education: December 2013 == {| style="width: 100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" | {| |- | <center></center><br/> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/December 2013|<font color=darkslategray>This Month in Education – Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2013</font>]]</div> <hr/><br /> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; "> |- style="text-align: center;" |<font style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</font> |- style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center;" |<div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 28em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 28em;"> * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/December 2013/International Seminar Wikipedia and University: Research and Teaching Experiences|International Seminar Wikipedia and University: Research and Teaching Experiences]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/December 2013/Final report on "Silberwissen" available in English|Final report on "Silberwissen" available in English]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/December 2013/Planning the future of course pages|Planning the future of course pages]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/December 2013/Day of the Dead photo contest winners|Day of the Dead photo contest winners]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/December 2013/Articles of Interest in other publications|Articles of Interest in other publications]] <div> |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; " | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Archives|here]].</div> |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]]. </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ldavis (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=6449078 --> == This Month in Education: January 2014 == {| style="width: 100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" | {| |- | <center></center><br/> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/January 2014|<font color=darkslategray>This Month in Education – Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2014</font>]]</div> <hr/><br /> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; "> |- style="text-align: center;" |<font style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</font> |- style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center;" |<div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 28em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 28em;"> * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/January 2014/Wikimedia Deutschland starts alliance for Open Educational Resources (OER) Berlin discusses introduction of OER in schools|Wikimedia Deutschland starts alliance for Open Educational Resources (OER); Berlin discusses introduction of OER in schools]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/January 2014/Next EduWiki conference slated for Serbia|Next EduWiki conference slated for Serbia]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/January 2014/Presentation on Wikipedia at the 8th Congress of Innovation and Educational Technology in Monterrey, Mexico|Presentation on Wikipedia at the 8th Congress of Innovation and Educational Technology in Monterrey, Mexico]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/January 2014/Presentation on Wikipedia at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne|Presentation on Wikipedia at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/January 2014/Articles of Interest in other publications|Articles of Interest in other publications]] <div> |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; " | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. </div> |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]]. </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ldavis (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=6946416 --> == 2014-6-1 == Terima kasih box selamat datangnya.[[Pangguno:Aldnonymous|Aldnonymous]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Aldnonymous|maota]]) 6 Pebruari 2014 16.51 (WIB) == This Month in Education: February 2014 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="width: 100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" | {| |- | <center></center><br/> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/February 2014|<font color=darkslategray>This Month in Education – Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2014</font>]]</div> <hr/><br /> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; "> |- style="text-align: center;" |<font style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</font> |- style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center;" |<div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 28em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 28em;"> * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/February 2014/Wikimania still accepting submissions for Education related presentations|Wikimania still accepting submissions for Education related presentations]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/February 2014/Wikimedia Deutschland: Summany of activities in January 2014|Wikimedia Deutschland: Summany of activities in January 2014]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/February 2014/Wiki Borregos begin Spring 2014 projects|Wiki Borregos begin Spring 2014 projects]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/February 2014/Free online course: Writing Wikipedia Articles|Free online course: Writing Wikipedia Articles]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/February 2014/Turning senior Czech citizens into Wikipedians|Turning senior Czech citizens into Wikipedians]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/February 2014/Editing Wikipedia brochure helps newbies learn basics|Editing Wikipedia brochure helps newbies learn basics]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/February 2014/New features for course pages released|New features for course pages released]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/February 2014/Interactive elements added to editing tutorials|Interactive elements added to editing tutorials]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/February 2014/Articles of Interest in other publications|Articles of Interest in other publications]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; " | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]]. </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ldavis (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=7433275 --> == This Month in Education: March 2014 == {| style="width: 100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" | {| |- | <center></center><br/> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/March 2014|<font color=darkslategray>This Month in Education – Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014</font>]]</div> <hr/><br /> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; "> |- style="text-align: center;" |<font style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</font> |- style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center;" |<div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 28em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 28em;"> * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/March 2014/Education Cooperative Kickoff Meeting in Prague|Education Cooperative Kickoff Meeting in Prague]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/March 2014/Frank Schulenburg selected as Wiki Ed executive director|Frank Schulenburg selected as Wiki Ed executive director]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/March 2014/Wikimedia Deutschland: Summary of activities in February 2014|Wikimedia Deutschland: Summary of activities in February 2014]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/March 2014/Teaching students to use Wikipedia critically as a first source in research|Teaching students to use Wikipedia critically as a first source in research]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/March 2014/Welcome, Floor Koudijs!|Welcome, Floor Koudijs!]] * [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/March 2014/Articles of Interest in other publications|Articles of Interest in other publications]] <div> |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; " | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education Portal/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]]. </div> <!-- Message sent by User:AKoval (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=7867845 --> == This Month in Education: April 2014 == {| style="width: 100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" | {| |- | <center></center><br/> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2014|<font color=darkslategray>This Month in Education – Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2014</font>]]</div> <hr/><br /> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; "> |- style="text-align: center;" |<font style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</font> |- style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center;" |<div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 28em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 28em;"> * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2014/Consolidation of Portals and newsletter for the Global Education Program|Consolidation of Portals and newsletter for the Global Education Program]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2014/Remembering Adrianne Wadewitz|Remembering Adrianne Wadewitz]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2014/Remembering Cynthia Ashley-Nelson|Remembering Cynthia Ashley-Nelson]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2014/Engineering students in Panama work on Spanish Wikipedia|Engineering students in Panama work on Spanish Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2014/Jisc/ Wikimedia UK partnership|Jisc/ Wikimedia UK partnership]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2014/Wikimedia Sverige: New resource for Swedish teachers on Wikiversity|Wikimedia Sverige: New resource for Swedish teachers on Wikiversity]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2014/Wikimedia Deutschland: Summary of activities in March 2014|Wikimedia Deutschland: Summary of activities in March 2014]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2014/Happenings at Tec de Monterrrey, Mexico City Campus|Happenings at Tec de Monterrey, Mexico City Campus]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2014/Educational programming continues on Wikinews|Educational programming continues on Wikinews]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2014/Welcome, Anna Koval!|Welcome, Anna Koval!]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2014/Exploratory research started for setting up a Wikpedia Education program in the Netherlands|Exploratory research started for setting up a Wikipedia Education program in the Netherlands]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2014/LiAnna Davis joins Wiki Ed as head of communications and external relations|LiAnna Davis joins Wiki Ed as head of communications and external relations]] </div></div> |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; " | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} [[User:AKoval (WMF)|Anna Koval (WMF)]] ([[user talk:AKoval (WMF)|talk]]) 16 April 2014 05.05 (WIB) <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]]. </div> <!-- Message sent by User:AKoval (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=8163849 --> == This Month in Education: May 2014 == {| style="width: 100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" | {| |- | <center></center><br/> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2014|<font color=darkslategray>This Month in Education – Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2014</font>]]</div> <hr/><br /> <div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; "> |- style="text-align: center;" |<font style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</font> |- style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center;" |<div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 28em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 28em;"> * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2014/Wiki Camp 2014 at Vanadzor|Wiki Camp 2014 at Vanadzor]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2014/EduWiki Conference in Belgrade 2014|EduWiki Conference in Belgrade 2014]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2014/Participation of "Servicio Social" students in Wikipedia grows at Tec de Monterrey|Participation of "Servicio Social" students in Wikipedia grows at Tec de Monterrey]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2014/Wikimedia Deutschland: Summary of activities in April 2014|Wikimedia Deutschland: Summary of activities in April 2014]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2014/Wikimedia Sverige: Meeting the educators|Wikimedia Sverige: Meeting the educators]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2014/Egyptian students and professors celebrate last term's accomplishments|Egyptian students and professors celebrate last term's accomplishments]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2014/Articles of interest in other publications|Articles of interest in other publications]] </div></div> |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; " | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 16 Mai 2014 03.08 (WIB) <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]]. </div> <!-- Message sent by User:AKoval (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=8517082 --> == This Month in Education: June 2014 == {| style="width: 100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em;" | {| |- | <center></center><br/> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014|<font color="black">This Month in Education – Volume 3, Issue 6, June 2014</font>]]</div> <hr/><br /> <div style="font-size: 15pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; "> |- style="text-align: center;" |<font style="font-size: 15pt; font-family: Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</font> |- style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center;" |<div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014/Wikipedia Education Project in Uruguay|Wikipedia Education Project in Uruguay]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014/Sanothimi Campus celebrates 12 years of Nepali Wikipedia|Sanothimi Campus celebrates 12 years of Nepali Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014/Wikipedia Primary School Project|Wikipedia Primary School Project]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014/Israeli Ministry of Education and Wikipedia collaboration: teachers and students will be trained to write Wikipedia articles|Israeli Ministry of Education and Wikipedia collaboration: teachers and students will be trained to write Wikipedia articles]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014/Wikimedia Serbia teacher education course accredited by the Republic of Serbia|Wikimedia Serbia teacher education course accredited by the Republic of Serbia]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014/Geneva education department produces two films on Wikipedia editing by students|Geneva education department produces two films on Wikipedia editing by students]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014/Busy 2014 for Education at Wikimedia UK, so far|Busy 2014 for Education at Wikimedia UK, so far]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014/Getting ready for WikiCamp 2014 Armenia|Getting ready for WikiCamp 2014 Armenia]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014/News from Tec de Monterrey, Mexico City Campus|News from Tec de Monterrey, Mexico City Campus]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014/Wikimedia Deutschland: Summary of activities in May 2014|Wikimedia Deutschland: Summary of activities in May 2014]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014/Czech senior citizen program supported by a WMF grant|Czech senior citizen program supported by a WMF grant]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014/Wikimedia Sverige: Classrooms and ambassadors|Wikimedia Sverige: Classrooms and ambassadors]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014/Wiki Education Foundation attends WikiConference USA|Wiki Education Foundation attends WikiConference USA]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014/Update on the education portal|Update on the education portal]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014/Articles of interest in other publications|Articles of interest in other publications]] </div></div> |- | style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <center><small>'''[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June_2014/Highlights|Highlights]] {{·}} [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2014/Single|Single page edition]]'''</small></center> |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; " | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 16 Juni 2014 12.12 (WIB) <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|please update your subscription]]. </div> <!-- Message sent by User:AKoval (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=8872797 --> == This Month in Education: July 2014 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em; padding-top: 2em; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size:1.15em;"> <hr/> <div style="font-size: 1.5em; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2014|<font color="black">This Month in Education – Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2014</font>]]</div> <hr /> <div style="text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July_2014|Headlines]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July_2014/Highlights|Highlights]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2014/Single|Single page edition]]</div> <hr/> <br> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2014/Macedonian internet marketing students learn about Wikipedia and suggest ways to improve its fundraising|MACEDONIA: Internet marketing students learn about Wikipedia and suggest ways to improve its fundraising]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2014/Haifa University students write Wikipedia articles for academic credit|ISRAEL: Haifa University students write Wikipedia articles for academic credit]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2014/Editing about Literary Theory in UNAM|MEXICO: Editing about Literary Theory in UNAM]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2014/Professor training continues as part of the Wiki Learning program|MEXICO: Professor training continues as part of the Wiki Learning program]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2014/Czech education program presented at BarCamp, a free conference of Czech language|CZECH REPUBLIC: Education program presented at BarCamp]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2014/Wikimedia Deutschland: Summary of activities in June 2014|GERMANY: Wikimedia Deutschland June Activities]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2014/6th International Integrity and Plagiarism Conference|UK: 6th International Integrity and Plagiarism Conference]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2014/VLE content reuse at Wikimania|UK: VLE content reuse at Wikimania]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2014/The Wikipedia Library|TWL: The Wikipedia Library]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2014/Wikimedia Learning & Evaluation will launch a quarterly newsletter|WMF: Learning & Evaluation to publish quarterly newsletter]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2014/Updates from Wikipedia Education Program and the Education Collaborative|WMF: Updates from the Wikipedia Education Program and the Wikipedia Education Collaborative]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2014/Articles of interest in other publications|Articles of interest in other publications: Brazil, South Africa, The Signpost, and more]] </div> <div style="padding: 0.5em; text-align: center; font-size: 0.9em;"><br> To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|in the archives]]. </div></div></div> 15 Juli 2014 21.07 (WIB) <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]]. </div> <!-- Message sent by User:AKoval (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=9198271 --> == ''This Month in Education'': August 2014 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;">''Updates, reports, news, and stories about how Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects are used in education around the world.'' </div> <div style="column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * Wikimania: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2014/Education at Wikimania|Education at Wikimania]] * U.S & Canada: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2014/U.S. and Canada Program Spring 2014 wrap-up|U.S. and Canada Program Spring 2014 wrap-up]] * Taiwan: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2014/Wikimedia Taiwan dreams of Open Knowledge|Wikimedia Taiwan dreams of Open Knowledge]] * Armenia: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2014/Vanadzor again welcomes WikiCamp|Vanadzor, Armenia again welcomes WikiCamp]] * Netherlands: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2014/Pilot project by Wikimedia Nederland|Education pilot projects by Wikimedia Nederland]] * Sweden: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2014/Wikimedia Sweden creates Open Badges|Wikimedia Sverige creates Open Badges for education program]] * Germany: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2014/Wikimedia Deutschland's July report|Wikimedia Deutschland's July education activities]] * Tech: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2014/VisualEditor for students|VisualEditor for students and educators]] * Media: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2014/Articles of interest in other publications|Articles of interest in other publications: Israel, India, Armenia, Ukraine]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August_2014|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August_2014/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2014/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]''' &middot; [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 20 Agustus 2014 04.39 (WIB) </div></div> <!-- Message sent by User:AKoval (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=9576931 --> == ''This Month in Education'': September 2014 == <div style="font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;">''Updates, reports, news, and stories about how Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects are used in education around the world.'' </div> * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2014/Wikipedia Education Collaborative welcomes five new members|Wikipedia Education Collaborative welcomes five new members]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2014/Wikimedia Deutschlands recent activities: events, events and more events|Wikimedia Deutschlands recent activities: events, events and more events]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2014/Working with Wikipedia expands at Tec de Monterrey|Working with Wikipedia expands at Tec de Monterrey]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2014/Digital agenda for education and open badges to be tested|Digital agenda for education and open badges to be tested]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2014/Most successful Czech course continues again this year|Most successful Czech course continues again this year]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2014/Articles of interest in other publications|Articles of interest in other publications]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September_2014|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September_2014/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2014/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]''' &middot; [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 17 September 2014 22.19 (WIB) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:AKoval (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=9888493 --> == This Month in Education: October 2014 == <div style="font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;">''Updates, reports, news, and stories about how Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects are used in education around the world.'' </div> * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2014/Swedish teacher wins national award for teaching with Wikimedia projects|Sweden: Swedish teacher wins national award for teaching with Wikimedia projects]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2014/Greek university giving credit for translation of Wikipedia articles|Greece: Greek university giving credit for translation of Wikipedia articles]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2014/Wikipedia in Secondary and Adult Education: presentation at CIE2014 in Corfu, Greece|Greece: Wikipedia in Secondary and Adult Education: presentation at CIE2014 in Corfu, Greece]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2014/Wikicamp 2014 in Serbia and Hungary brings chapters together|Serbia & Hungary: Wikicamp 2014 in Serbia and Hungary brings chapters together]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2014/Bulgarian students will explore Wikipedia in a new lecture course on "New Media and Participatory Culture"|Bulgaria: Bulgarian college students will explore Wikipedia in a new lecture course on "New Media and Participatory Culture"]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2014/Bulgarian college teachers "became nodes" in the Wikipedia Network|Bulgaria: Bulgarian college teachers "became nodes" in the Wikipedia Network]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2014/9th grade students in Be'er Sheva, Israel conclude a year-long project on Wikipedia|Israel: 9th grade students in Be'er Sheva, Israel conclude a year-long project on Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2014/New classes and activities at Tec de Monterrey|Mexico: New classes and activities at Tec de Monterrey]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2014/Education Program Extension enabled on Catalan Wikipedia|Catalonia: Education Program Extension enabled on Catalan Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2014/Education Program Extension enabled on Ukrainian Wikipedia|Ukraine: Education Program Extension enabled on Ukrainian Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2014/Education Program Extension enabled on Dutch Wikipedia|Netherlands: Education Program Extension enabled on Dutch Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2014/Data Collection Round II has started: be part|WMF: Data Collection Round II has started: be part]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2014/Articles of interest in other publications|Articles of interest in other publications: Poland, Philippines, United States, WikiProject Medicine, Jimmy Wales, and more]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October_2014|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October_2014/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2014/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]''' </div> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 4 Desember 2014 03.55 (WIB) <!-- Message sent by User:AKoval (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=10450833 --> == This Month in Education: November 2014 == <div style="font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;">''Updates, reports, news, and stories about how Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects are used in education around the world.'' </div> * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2014/Wikimedia France obtains an agreement from the French Ministry of Education|France: Wikimedia France obtains an agreement from the French Ministry of Education]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2014/Tec de Monterrey wrapping up semester projects|Mexico: Tec de Monterrey wrapping up semester projects]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2014/A student in Mexico makes the best of her study to edit Wikipedia|Mexico: A student in Mexico makes the best of her study to edit Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2014/Egyptian Student invites his colleagues at Al-Azhar University to edit Wikipedia|Egypt: Egyptian Student invites his colleagues at Al-Azhar University to edit Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2014/Successful Wikipedia assignments presented by faculty at national conference in Sweden|Sweden: Successful Wikipedia assignments presented by faculty at national conference in Sweden]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2014/Wikipedia Education Collaborative members meet in Edinburgh|Global: Wikipedia Education Collaborative members meet in Edinburgh]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2014/Iberoconf discusses Wikipedia in education|Global: Iberoconf discusses Wikipedia in education]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2014/Welcoming new WMF staff supporting education|Global:Welcoming new WMF staff supporting education]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2014/Articles of interest in other publications|Articles of interest in other publications: MIT, Myanmar, and Jimmy Wales]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November_2014|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November_2014/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2014/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]''' &middot; [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 4 Desember 2014 03.57 (WIB)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:AKoval (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=10450833 --> == This Month in Education: December 2014 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;">''Updates, reports, news, and stories about how Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects are used in education around the world.'' </div> <div style="column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * Uruguay: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2014/Wikipedia Education Program Celebration in Uruguay|Wikipedia Education Program Celebration in Uruguay]] * Egypt: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2014/Egyptian students wrap up their 5th term on Wikipedia with great success|Egyptian students wrap up their 5th term on Wikipedia with great success]] * Serbia: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2014/First Wikipedia Ambassador at the University of Belgrade|First Wikipedia ambassador at the University of Belgrade]] * Sweden: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2014/Swedish Wikimini 1 year anniversary|Swedish Wikimini 1 year anniversary]] * UK: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2014/Wikimedia UK processing EduWiki 2014|Wikimedia UK processing EduWiki 2014]] * Regional: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2014/Eastern European education programs presented at regional conference|Eastern European education programs presented at regional conference]] * Media: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2014/Articles of interest in other publications|Articles of interest in other publications: Korea, Australia, the Gender Gap, the Wikipedia Library, WikiProject Medicine, Adrianne Wadewitz, Jimmy Wales, and Wikibombs]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December_2014|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December_2014/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2014/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]''' </div></div> --[[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 6 Januari 2015 08.27 (WIB) <!-- Message sent by User:Selsharbaty (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=10863442 --> == This Month in Education: [January 2015] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;">''Updates, reports, news, and stories about how Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects are used in education around the world.'' </div> <div style="column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * Czech Republic: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2015/Young Czech scientists upload pictures at Fluorescent Night|Young Czech scientists upload pictures at Fluorescent Night]] * India: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2015/100+ Indian college students will contribute to Wikipedia to support national pilgrimage|100+ Indian college students will contribute to Wikipedia to support national pilgrimage]] * Sweden: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2015/Master students design prototypes for categorizing images on Wikimedia Commons|Master students design prototypes for categorizing images on Wikimedia Commons]] * Egypt: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2015/Wikipedia Education Program expands to new campuses in Cairo|Wikipedia Education Program expands to new campuses in Cairo]] * Syria: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2015/Pilot Wikipedia Education Program in Syria|Pilot Wikipedia Education Program in Syria]] * Wikimania: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2015/Get a scholarship to attend Wikimania 2015 and discuss education with the worldwide movement|Get a scholarship to attend Wikimania 2015 and discuss education with the worldwide movement]] * Mexico: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2015/Wiki Learning expands to three campuses at Tec de Monterrey|Wiki Learning expands to three campuses at Tec de Monterrey]] * Sweden: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2015/Open Badges in the Education Program in Sweden|Open Badges in the Education Program in Sweden]] * Czech Republic: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2015/Senior citizens learn to edit Wikipedia in the Czech Republic|Senior citizens learn to edit Wikipedia in the Czech Republic]] * Media: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2015/Articles of interest in other publications|Articles of interest in other publications: Egypt, India, Armenia, Books, Jimmy Wales, and more]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January_2015|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January_2015/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2015/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]''' </div></div> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 1 Pebruari 2015 11.16 (WIB) <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]]. </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Selsharbaty (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=11078510 --> == This Month in Education: [February 201 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;">''Updates, reports, news, and stories about how Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects are used in education around the world.'' </div> <div style="column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * Armenia: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2015/Wikimedia Armenia run WikiCamps with great success|Wikimedia Armenia runs WikiCamps with great success]] * Greece: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2015/Greek adult school starts a project on writing articles in Wikipedia|Corfu adult school piloting WikiExpeditions and article writing on Wikipedia]] * Serbia: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2015/Serbian high school student advocates for the Education Program|High school student advocates for Education Program]] * Sweden: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2015/Education Program in Sweden succeeds with high school students|Education Program succeeds with high school students]] * Armenia: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2015/Armenian students contribute more than 300,000 bytes to Armenian Wiktionary in a month|WikiClub contributes more than 300,000 bytes to Armenian Wiktionary in a month]] * Egypt: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2015/New campus ambassador serving a new translation class in Egypt's Education Program|New campus ambassador and new Chinese translation class]] * Resources: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2015/New education toolkit to help program leaders develop their programs at all levels|New education toolkit helps program leaders develop their programs]] * Resources: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2015/New education learning patterns answer many of your questions|New education learning patterns answer many of your questions]] * Communications: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2015/Wikipedia Education Program is now on Facebook|Wikipedia Education Program is now on Facebook]] * Media: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2015/Articles of interest in other publications|Articles of interest in other publications: Australia, Ireland, Black History Month, WikiWomen and Jimmy Wales]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February_2015|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February_2015/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2015/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]''' </div></div> <noinclude>[[Category:This Month in Education]]</noinclude> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 1 Maret 2015 04.25 (WIB) <!-- Message sent by User:Selsharbaty (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=11318733 --> == Birokrat == Terkait pengusulan status bot, memang dengan belum adanya birokrat di proyek ini maka kita harus mengajukannya ke meta dengan syarat telah melakukan diskusi minimal selama 1 minggu di wiki lokal tersebut. Berkaitan dengan status birokrat di sini, saya berharap Uda Iwan besedia diusulkan untuk mengisi kekosongan tersebut agar min.wp memiliki birokrat sendiri. Bila setuju maka saya akan membuka diskusi pengusulan status tersebut. Bagaimana, Uda? [[Pangguno:Wagino 20100516|Wagino 20100516]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Wagino 20100516|maota]]) 6 Maret 2015 05.40 (WIB) :Saya merasa tersanjung atas inisiatif Mas [[Pangguno:Wagino 20100516|Wagino 20100516]]. Pada dasarnya saya setuju, mengingat kesibukan pekerjaan saya belakangan ini agak berkurang. Mudah-mudahan bisa berkonsentrasi di Wikipedia. Salam. &nbsp;‹›&nbsp;[[Berkas:MySign.png|40px|link=Pengguna:Iwan Novirion|alt=Iwan Novirion]]™&nbsp;[[Berkas:Gartoon-Evolution.png|15px|link=Pembicaraan_Pengguna:Iwan Novirion|alt=Kirim Pesan]]&nbsp;&nbsp; 6 Maret 2015 10.03 (WIB) ::Baiklah, Uda! Akan segera saya buka halaman diskusinya. Semoga mulai besok, tanggal 7 Maret 2015, pukul 00.00 (UTC) sudah bisa dilaksanakan pemungutan suara. Salam sejahtera. [[Pangguno:Wagino 20100516|Wagino 20100516]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Wagino 20100516|maota]]) 6 Maret 2015 11.03 (WIB) == This Month in Education: March 2015 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;">''Updates, reports, news, and stories about how Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects are used in education around the world.'' </div> <div style="column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * Uruguay: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2015/A new edition of Wikipedia Education Program kicks off in Uruguay|A new edition of Wikipedia Education Program kicks off in Uruguay]] * Czech Republic: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2015/Czech senior citizen program scales up|Czech senior citizen program scales up]] * Egypt: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2015/Cairo University students wrap up their sixth term on Wikipedia|Cairo University students wrap up their sixth term on Wikipedia]] * Israel: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2015/Educator conference successfully concludes teachers' online courses|Education/Newsletter/March 2015/Educator conference successfully concludes teachers' online courses]] * Argentina: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2015/Wikimedia Argentina reinforces gender diversity on Wikipedia with several women targeted events|Wikimedia Argentina reinforces gender diversity on Wikipedia with several women targeted events]] * Mexico: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2015/Novel photo projects related to editathon at Tec de Monterrey|Novel photo projects related to editathon at Tec de Monterrey]] * Media: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2015/Articles of interest in other publications|Articles of interest in other publications: Events commemorating WikiWomen History Month, WikiMed and Black History editathons]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March_2015|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March_2015/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2015/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]''' </div></div> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 1 April 2015 07.31 (WIB) <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]]. </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Selsharbaty (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=11528793 --> == Pertanyaan tentang bahasa Minangkabau == Selamat pagi Saya mahasiswa dan sedang membuat proyek tentang bahasa Minangkabau. Anda boleh bantu saya? Saya mau minta bagaimana cara mengatakan dalam bahasa Minangkabau: * bulu kening * bulu mata * kelopak mata * bokong * zakar Terima kasih banyak atas contribusi anda. == This Month in Education: April 2015 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;">''Updates, reports, news, and stories about how Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects are used in education around the world.'' </div> <div style="column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * WMF: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2015/Quarterly update from the education team|Quarterly update from the education team]] * Armenia: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2015/Teachers and journalists of Armenian community in Lebanon joined Wikipedia and Wikipedia Education program|Teachers and journalists of Armenian community in Lebanon joined Wikipedia and Wikipedia Education program]] * Ukraine: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2015/First round of WikiStudia wraps up with success|First round of WikiStudia wraps up with success]] * Greece: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2015/Greek Adult school completes wikiexpedition on Greek villages|Greek Adult school completes wikiexpedition on Greek villages]] * Mexico: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2015/New to Wikipedia: A personal perspective|New to Wikipedia: A personal perspective]] * Latvia: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2015/Education Program Extension enabled on Latvian Wikipedia|Education Program Extension enabled on Latvian Wikipedia]] * Russia: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2015/Education Program Extension enabled on Russian Wikipedia|Education Program Extension enabled on Russian Wikipedia]] * Sweden: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2015/Students nominated for their MOOC on Swedish Wikiversity|Students nominated for their MOOC on Swedish Wikiversity]] * Media: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2015/Articles of interest in other publications|Articles of interest in other publications: Studies and news from Harvard to Cambridge, women events and history editathons]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April_2015|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April_2015/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2015/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]''' </div></div> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 1 Mai 2015 22.17 (WIB) <!-- Message sent by User:Selsharbaty (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=12056134 --> == This Month in Education: May 2015 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;">''Updates, reports, news, and stories about how Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects are used in education around the world.'' </div> <div style="column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * Tunisia: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2015/Rachidia music school celebrates 80 years of love and art by editing Wikipedia|Rachidia music school celebrates 80 years of love and art by editing Wikipedia]] * Mexico: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2015/Five new classes begin experimenting with Wikipedia|Five new classes begin experimenting with Wikipedia]] * Arab World: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2015/Arab World Education Program at WikiArabia 2015|Arab World Education Program at WikiArabia 2015]] * China: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2015/Chinese students commemorate deceased philanthropist Run Run Shaw|Chinese students commemorate deceased philanthropist Run Run Shaw]] * Argentina: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2015/Editathon for young students to edit articles about their school|Editathon for young students to edit articles about their school]] * Mexico: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2015/Maria enjoys editing Wikipedia as her community service|Maria enjoys editing Wikipedia as her community service]] * Global: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2015/Registration for Wikimania Education Pre-Conference in Mexico City is now open!|Registration for Wikimania Education Pre-Conference in Mexico City is now open!]] * Sweden: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2015/Wikimedia conference 2015: better understanding for Wikipedia in Education|Wikimedia conference 2015: better understanding for Wikipedia in Education]] * Media: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2015/Articles of interest in other publications|Articles of interest in other publications: School editathons, medical research, Jimmy wales and new Wiki]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May_2015|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May_2015/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2015/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]''' </div></div> <noinclude>[[Category:This Month in Education]]</noinclude> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 2 Juni 2015 02.44 (WIB) <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]]. </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Selsharbaty (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=12357013 --> == This Month in Education: June 2015 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;">''Updates, reports, news, and stories about how Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects are used in education around the world.'' </div> <div style="column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * Uruguay: [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2015/A Wikipedia project in foreign languages receives a teaching award in Uruguay|A Wikipedia project in foreign languages receives a teaching award]] * Hong Kong: [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2015/The First Wikipedia Education Program in Hong Kong|The First Wikipedia Education Program in Hong Kong]] * Greece: [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2015/Greek adult school graduates learn to edit Wikipedia and inspire their peers|Adult school graduates learn to edit Wikipedia and inspire their peers]] * Sweden: [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2015/Mid-year Summary from the Wikipedia Education Program in Sweden|Mid-year Summary from the Wikipedia Education Program]] * Mexico: [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2015/New video tutorial for Commons created by students|New video tutorial for Commons created by students]] * Armenia: [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2015/Wikimedia Armenia New Office, Annual Conference, and WikiCamp 2015|Wikimedia Armenia New Office, Annual Conference, and WikiCamp 2015]] * Argentina: [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2015/Argentina contributes to a massive cross-border course of free knowledge in Spanish-speaking countries|Argentina contributes to a massive cross-border course of free knowledge in Spanish-speaking countries]] * Israel: [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2015/Education Program Extension enabled on Hebrew Wiktionary|Education Program Extension enabled on Hebrew Wiktionary]] * Global: [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2015/New recognition certificates for program students, teachers and leaders|New recognition certificates for program students, teachers and leaders]] * Media [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2015/Articles of interest in other publications|Articles of interest in other publications: Uk, India, Palestine and more]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June_2015|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June_2015/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2015/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]''' </div></div> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 1 Juli 2015 03.07 (WIB) <!-- Message sent by User:Selsharbaty (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=12525637 --> == This Month in Education: July 2015 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;">''Updates, reports, news, and stories about how Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects are used in education around the world.'' </div> <div style="column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * Israel: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2015/Wikimedia Israel's annual conference helps expanding its education activity|Wikimedia Israel's annual conference helps expanding its education activity]] * Community: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2015/Join the Community Health learning campaign on Meta|Join the Community Health learning campaign on Meta]] * Global: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2015/Wikimania 2015: education highlights|Wikimania 2015: education highlights]] * Education Collaborative: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2015/Wikipedia Education Collaborative is changing. Be part of the movement!|Wikipedia Education Collaborative is changing. Be part of the movement!]] * Media: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2015/Articles of interest in other publications|Articles of interest in other publications: Wikimania, Wikipedians in residence and public domain value]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July_2015|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July_2015/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2015/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]''' </div></div> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 2 Agustus 2015 06.02 (WIB) <!-- Message sent by User:Selsharbaty (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=12853406 --> == This Month in Education: August 2015 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;">''Updates, reports, news, and stories about how Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects are used in education around the world.'' </div> <div style="column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * Sweden: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2015/The benefits of teaching with Wikipedia broadcasted on Swedish National Radio|The benefits of teaching with Wikipedia broadcasted on Swedish National Radio]] * Mexico: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2015/Summer term ends with great success and Fall begins at Tec de Monterrey|Summer term ends with great success and Fall begins at Tec de Monterrey]] * Newsletter: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2015/On its third birthday, a retrospective of This Month In Education and proposed changes to the publication process|On its third birthday, a retrospective of This Month In Education and proposed changes to the publication process]] * Newsletter: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2015/Call for volunteers - This Month In Education|Call for volunteers - This Month In Education]] * Media: [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2015/Articles of interest in other publications|Articles of interest in other publications: Israel, Mexico and Australia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August_2015|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August_2015/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2015/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]''' </div></div> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 1 September 2015 21.59 (WIB) <!-- Message sent by User:Selsharbaty (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=13014597 --> == Re:Help for translate == Hello. I want you to correct [[法马古斯塔新萨拉米斯足球俱乐部]]. Its a translation from the english version. Just to check it. [[Pangguno:Xaris333|Xaris333]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Xaris333|maota]]) 5 September 2015 04.41 (WIB) Many thanks! [[Pangguno:Xaris333|Xaris333]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Xaris333|maota]]) 5 September 2015 22.14 (WIB) == Wikimedia Education Newsletter: December 2015 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;">''Updates, reports, news, and stories about how Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects are used in education around the world.'' </div> <div style="column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Arab World Education Program at WISE Doha 2015|'''Arab World:''' Arab World Education Program at WISE Doha 2015]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Wikimedia Argentina, about the global and local in the digital and academic communities|'''Argentina:''' Wikimedia Argentina, about the global and local in the digital and academic communities]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/The collaborative production in open educational environments: Is Wikipedia an answer?|'''Argentina:''' The collaborative production in open educational environments: Is Wikipedia an answer?]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Armenian students inspire their teachers to join Wikipedia|'''Armenia:''' Armenian students inspire their teachers to join Wikipedia]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Wikipedia Education Program participants commemorated the creation/discovery of the Armenian alphabet in Beirut|'''Armenia:''' Wikipedia Education Program participants commemorated the creation/discovery of the Armenian alphabet in Beirut]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Wikimedia Bangladesh's new secondary school education program aims to increase Bangla Wikipedia readers|'''Bangladesh:''' Wikimedia Bangladesh's new secondary school education program aims to increase Bangla Wikipedia readers]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/First Wiki Education Workshop in Bulgaria|'''Bulgaria:''' First Wiki Education Workshop in Bulgaria]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Education Program at Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2015 in Estonia|'''Central and Eastern Europe:''' Education Program at Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2015 in Estonia]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Collaboration with Masaryk University turns official|'''Czech Republic:''' Collaboration with Masaryk University turns official]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Online ambassador played a prominent role in helping Egyptian students to nominate their excellent content|'''Egypt:''' Online ambassador played a prominent role in helping Egyptian students to nominate their excellent content]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/A portal for teachers and education institutions on the French Wikipedia|'''France:''' A portal for teachers and education institutions on the French Wikipedia]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Two Wikimedian adult educators and an adult student present paper on Wikimedia editing at CIE2015 in Greece|'''Greece:''' Two Wikimedian adult educators and an adult student present paper on Wikimedia editing at CIE2015 in Greece]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/The very first Wikipedia Education Program of Wikimedia Hong Kong|'''Hong Kong:''' The very first Wikipedia Education Program of Wikimedia Hong Kong]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Wikipedia in Higher Education in Israel: A new for-credit elective course focusing on contributing to Wikipedia at Tel Aviv University|'''Israel:''' Wikipedia in Higher Education in Israel: A new for-credit elective course focusing on contributing to Wikipedia at Tel Aviv University]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Israel: Dozens of articles were created by dint of a structured teaching process that incorporates new training tools and involvement of scientists|'''Israel:''' Dozens of articles were created by dint of a structured teaching process that incorporates new training tools and involvement of scientists]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Wiki expeditions, animation clips about alebrijes and more at the Tec de Monterrey in Mexico|'''Mexico:''' Wiki expeditions, animation clips about alebrijes and more at the Tec de Monterrey in Mexico]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Norwegian Masters students in History and Archeology twists their brains on Wikipedia|'''Norway:''' Norwegian Masters students in History and Archeology twists their brains on Wikipedia]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/What I Learned: Wiki Photo School in Serbia|'''Serbia:''' What I Learned: Wiki Photo School in Serbia]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Teachers in Serbia professionally trained to use Wikipedia in the classroom by Wikimedians|'''Serbia:''' Teachers in Serbia professionally trained to use Wikipedia in the classroom by Wikimedians]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Science Outreach on Wikipedia has impact on the Education Program in Sweden|'''Sweden:''' Science Outreach on Wikipedia has impact on the Education Program in Sweden]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Education students in Uruguay reflect on Wikipedia as a learning tool|'''Uruguay:''' Education students in Uruguay reflect on Wikipedia as a learning tool]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/The Wikipedia Education Program now on Twitter|'''Global:''' The Wikipedia Education Program now on Twitter]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Recent improvements to the Wikipedia Education Collaborative bear fruit|'''Global:''' Recent improvements to the Wikipedia Education Collaborative bear fruit]] * [[Outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Articles of interest in other publications|'''Global:''' Articles of interest in other publications]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December_2015|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December_2015/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]''' [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 8 Desember 2015 02.10 (WIB) <!-- Message sent by User:Saileshpat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=14461758 --> == This Month in Education: [March 2016] == <h2>[[Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Arab World Education Program at WISE Doha 2015|Arab World Education Program at WISE Doha 2015]]</h2> By [[User:لا روسا|Walaa Abdel Manaem (Wikipedia Education Program Egypt) & (Egypt Wikimedians user group)]] [[File:WISE 2015 00 (3).JPG|thumbnail|Walaa with Mr. Rashid El Telwaty and Ms. Suad Alhalwachi|right]] [[File:WISE 2015 00 (5).JPG|thumbnail|Walaa with Dr. Sherifa Atallah|right]] [[File:WISE 2015 00 (4).JPG|thumbnail|left|Walaa with Mr. Rashid El Telwaty, Ms. Bonnie Chiu, Mr. Jake and Ms. Naadiya Moosajee.]] '''Snippet:''' Education Leaders at WISE Doha 2015 introducing Wikipedia Education Program in Egypt to WISE Conference attendees, as an example of a program in the Arab World, to share their experience to inspire other universities and institutions starting new programs in the area. WISE 2015 Sessions and Plenaries were designed around three main pillars such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals; education and the economy; fostering innovation in education systems. Each pillar examined a variety of key topics including: the linkages between education, employment, and entrepreneurship; education reform and innovation in the MENA region and Qatar; emerging models of education financing, attracting, rewarding and retaining quality teachers; and the importance of investing in early childhood development. Representatives of [[outreach:Education/Countries/Egypt|Wikipedia Education Program]] [[user:لا روسا|Walaa Abdel Manaem]] and [[user:Reem Al-Kashif|Reem Al-Kashif]] participated in [https://www.wise-qatar.org/2015-summit-education-invest-impact WISE Doha 2015] in Qatar, the annual World Innovation Summit for Education is the premier international platform dedicated to innovation and creative action in education where top decision-makers share insights with on-the-ground practitioners and collaborate to rethink education. Also, WISE 2015 was the first global education conference following the ratification of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in September 2015. Contributions ranged from [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arabic_Brochure_of_Editing_Wikipedia,_WALAA.pdf Arabic Brochure of Editing Wikipedia for students in WEP in Egypt and everybody who would like to edit Wikipedia without ‎problems], [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Welcome2WP_Arabic_082310.pdf The Arabic version of Welcome to Wikipedia reference guideline], [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia-in-Arabic-Education-Program.pdf PDF of brochure handed out during Arabic Wikipedia Convening, Doha, Qatar, 2011] and [https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7.pdf Introduction to Wikipedia]. These contributions are related to show a case study of Wikipedia Education program in Egypt and how it worked since February 2012 till the November 2015, as the seventh edition ended last October. All discussions were about the program's mechanism and what were the motivations keeping it going. The program helped increasing gender diversity and supported the featured content on Arabic Wikipedia. Wikipedia Education Program, like any other initiative, has achievements and dark sides, for that reason, the representatives had to locate both of them and how they influence the Arabic community and how the community interact with this phenomenon. ''[[outreach:Education/Countries/Egypt|Read more about the Wikipedia Education Program in Egypt here.]]'' ''[[:ar:ويكيبيديا:برنامج ويكيبيديا للتعليم|Read more about the Wikipedia Education program in the Arab World here (in Arabic).]]'' {{clear}} <h2>[[Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Wikipedia in Higher Education in Israel: A new for-credit elective course focusing on contributing to Wikipedia at Tel Aviv University|Wikipedia in Higher Education in Israel: A new for-credit elective course focusing on contributing to Wikipedia at Tel Aviv University]]</h2> By [[User:esh77|Shani Evenstein (WMIL)]] [[File:Amir Aharoni explains about the new translation tool to students.jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|Amir explains about the new translation tool to students]] '''Snippet:''' A first-of-its-kind, for-credit, elective course that focuses on contributing to Wikipedia has opened at Tel Aviv University and is now available to all B.A. students on campus On October 19th a new for-credit elective course called "Wikipedia: Skills for producing and consuming knowledge"<ref>Link to the course page at the TAU website (in Hebrew) - http://www2.tau.ac.il/yedion/syllabus.asp?course=1880180101&year=2015</ref> has opened at Tel Aviv University (TAU). The semester-long course (13 weeks) is available to all B.A. students on campus and this semester about 50 students from various disciplines are taking part in this first-of-its-kind course in Israel. [[File:Working in small groups 3.jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|Working in small groups to correct copyrights and Non-NPOV violations]] The course draws from "flipped classroom" concepts and uses "blended learning" methods, which practically means combining in-class lectures, workshops and small-group activities, as well as online individual learning. Both the Moodle learning management system (LMS) and the Wikipedia Education Extension are used to monitor the students' work and progress throughout the course. The course has 2 main assignments - expanding an existing stub, as well as writing a new article, in the hopes that the content added during the course will assist not only the students themselves, but also future generations of learners as well as the general public. Though the course focuses on adding quality content to Wikipedia, it also aims to help students sharpen their academic skills and their 21st century skills, highlighting collaborative learning, joint online research and interdisciplinary collaborations in the process of constructing knowledge. This course was initiated and is led by Shani Evenstein, an educator, Wikimedian and member of the [[Education/Wikipedia Education Collaborative|Wikipedia Education Collaborative]], in collaboration with the Orange Institute for Internet Studies, as well as the School of Education at TAU. The syllabus for the new course builds on the success of [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/02/13/wiki-med-israel-wikipedia-education-course/#cite_note-7 Wiki-Med], a for-credit elective course, which was designed in 2013 and is led by Evenstein at the Sackler school of Medicine for the third consecutive year. While Wiki-med is focused on contributing medical content to Wikipedia and is only available to Medical Students on campus, the new course is designed to accommodate students from different academic disciplines and varying backgrounds. [[File:Wikipedia course for BA students at Tel Aviv University - Course Logo.png|thumbnail|right|75px]] The course was chosen to be part of TAU's cross-discipline elective courses system ("Kelim Shluvim") and was approved by the Vice-Rector, who heads the program. In that, the course marks an important precedent in the collaboration between Academia and the Wikipedia Education Program, as it is the first time a higher institution acknowledges the importance of a course focusing on Wikipedia ''on a university level'', offering it to all students, rather than a faculty level or individual lecturers as mostly practiced. It is our hope that other higher education institutions will follow this example and offer similar courses to students both in Israel and around the world. ''[[outreach:Education/Countries/Israel|Read more about the Wikipedia Education Program in Israel here.]]'' {{clear}}<h2>[[Education/Newsletter/December 2015/The collaborative production in open educational environments: Is Wikipedia an answer?|The collaborative production in open educational environments: Is Wikipedia an answer?]]</h2> By [[User:Melina Masnatta (WMAR)|Melina Masnatta]], Wikimedia Argentina '''Snippet:''' University professors become Wikipedians in an online course during just a week. [[File:MOOC UBA II 2015.jpg|thumb|How to be a Wikipedian in a week ([http://www.escenariostec.citep.rec.uba.ar/2015/ educactional MOOC] for university professors) ]] Educators with different profiles and from different latin america countries, but most of them professors at the [[:en:University_of_Buenos_Aires|University of Buenos Aires]] (UBA) from different faculties, have just participated in the online training and free course "Educational scenarios with technology. Among the real and the possible" organized by the [http://citep.rec.uba.ar/ Center for Innovation in Technology and Pedagogy] (CITEP) of this university. Different educational activities were carried out simultaneously. During the week and under the topic “Open movement”, Wikimedia Argentina participated with three different proposals: starting with an interview of [[:es:Usuario:Patricio.lorente|Patricio Lorente]] accompanied with a short text to know more about the movement. To make an immersive experience we designed " Knowing Wikipedia by first-hand or Wikipedia in the first person" to work directly on the platform translating articles from english to spanish from a list created especially for that purpose. Along with this specific proposal, educators participated in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uT5u0h2luac&feature=youtu.be videoconference with Galileo Vidoni (available in Spanish)], where participants could talk and learn more about how are the first steps to become a Wikipedian and the importance of the movement at the local and regional level. [[File:MOOC UBA I 2015.jpg|thumb|A professor´s educational experience with Wikipedia explained with a tweet. He said: "I´m translating, enjoying and learning with Wikipedia". Know more experiences on [https://storify.com/wikimedia_ar/mooc-uba Storify].]] With only seven days and without being mandatory, different educators discovered how to edit on Wikipedia, indeed many of them mentioned that they had it as a pending to learn and participate on the free encyclopedia, but never had the time or the real chance. The enthusiasm was also present on social networks, where they shared the experience with the [https://storify.com/wikimedia_ar/mooc-uba hashtag #escenariostec]. '''<u>The result</u>''' '''More than 100 educators got involved''' and exchanged their experience in an online forum with '''more of 280 messages''' that reflected their learning process while experiencing with the activity. '''80 of them were new users''', and '''they created 61 new articles''' [[:es:Wikipedia:Wikimedia_Argentina/MOOC_UBA|in spanish]]. An important fact: '''78 of them were women''', which means that working with educators is a key issue '''to continue closing the digital gender gap'''. Finally from CITEP, they shared the following insights regarding the question that ran through all the activities that took place during the week dedicated to the open movement. Some thoughts can be sum up as follows:<blockquote>''The collaborative production in open environments: chaos or construction? (...) For the teacher also means accepting new challenges: encourage students to produce knowledge in an environment of divergent nature, it requires permanent operations and convergence. In a space that fosters interventions unmarked, the teacher needs to frame depending on the purpose of education and teaching purposes. (…) Wikipedia is the best example of the challenges posed by the digital era in the educational field, it forces us to rethink the relationship between technology and the production of knowledge and allows us to confirm that the collaborative work does not lead to chaos, if not to the construction. (. ..) [Authors: Angeles Solectic and Miri Latorre]''</blockquote>We share some of the voices of the protagonists in social networks with [https://storify.com/wikimedia_ar/mooc-uba storify] (available in Spanish). ''[[outreach:Education/Countries/Argentina|Read more about the Wikipedia Education Program in Argentina here.]]''<h2>[[Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Collaboration with Masaryk University turns official|Collaboration with Masaryk University turns official]]</h2> By [[User:Vojtěch Dostál|Vojtěch Dostál (Wikimedia Czech Republic)]] [[File:Seminář pro zaměstnance MU 09.jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|Masaryk University employees are being trained in using and editing Wikipedia]] [[File:Brno-Masarykova-univerzita-ujíždí-na-Wikipedii2015Marek-Blahuš2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Marek Blahuš, Wikipedian in residence at Masaryk University]] '''Snippet:''' The second largest university in the Czech Republic has employed a Wikipedian in residence, leading to a boom of Wikimedia activities in the city of Brno. Collaboration between Wikipedia and Czech institutions has always been a priority for Wikimedia Czech Republic, but the year 2015 has taken this to another level. First, an official memorandum of collaboration with the [[:cs:Národní památkový ústav|National Heritage Institute]] (NPÚ) was signed in May 2015, to be followed by official collaboration with [[:cs:Masarykova univerzita|Masaryk University]] in Brno (the second largest city and university in the Czech Republic), which was contracted in November 2015. In fact, Wikimedia activities in Brno have been blooming for several years now, mainly as a result of the community's own development, but aided substantially by the external interest in Wikipedia by [http://www.spolek.muni.cz/ Masaryk University alumni society], demonstrated as early as March 2013. In February 2015, the university employed one of the most experienced Czech Wikipedians – Marek Blahuš ([[:cs:User:Blahma|Blahma]]) – who was appointed to become the university's first "[[Wikipedian in Residence|Wikipedian in residence]]". Marek Blahuš has been in the center of the Wikimedia community in Brno for about two years, organizing regular Wikipedia meetups, the 2014 edition of the annual [[:cs:Wikipedie:Wikikonference/2014|WikiConference]] ([{{fullurl:File:WM_CZ_-_Annual_Report_2014.pdf|page=7}} more in English here]) and creating the [[:cs:Wikipedie:WikiProjekt Česko-slovenská Wikipedie|Czech-Slovak Wikipedia translation tool]], which has famously led to the creation of >9000 articles on Czech and Slovak Wikipedias ([{{fullurl:File:WM_CZ_-_Annual_Report_2014.pdf|page=9}} more in English here]). His current work as Wikipedian in residence is funded by Masaryk University and runs under the patronage of Wikimedia Czech Republic as well as Masaryk University's rector [[:cs:Mikuláš Bek|Mikuláš Bek]]. Since February, Wikipedia has taken a prominent role within Masaryk University. Marek Blahuš started a "Masaryk University Wikipedians team", gathering local Wikipedians and facilitating contacts with the university, aided by his status of a graduate and current employee in its language center. Articles about Masaryk University alumni and faculties have been identified and improved after consultations with Masaryk University archives and libraries which provided helpful resources. Wikipedia citation templates can now be directly generated from the university's [http://is.muni.cz/thesis/?lang=en on-line archive of theses]. In September, a public conference called "[[:cs:Wikipedie:Masarykova univerzita/Masarykova univerzita ujíždí na Wikipedii|Masaryk University Is Getting High on Wikipedia]]" took place on university grounds, featuring the experienced Wikipedian [[:en:Jan Sokol (philosopher)|Jan Sokol]] ([[:cs:user:Sokoljan|Sokoljan]]), who is a philosopher, university teacher and a former presidential candidate. The talks focused on the use of Wikipedia in university education, in line with the successful Czech "[https://blog.wikimedia.org/2012/05/22/the-czech-ambassador-program-at-one-year/ Students Write Wikipedia]" program. One of the teachers, Jiří Rambousek, expressed his desire to organize a Wikipedia Club as a regular meetup where articles would be improved in a collaborative effort and new editors introduced to Wikipedia. The program is actively preparing for 2016 when we expect Wikimedia Czech Republic to take a more active role in overseeing the initiatives as well as the creation of a position of a "Wikipedian in Brno" – person officially in charge of the wide array of Wikimedia activities happening in the city. The chapter's annual plan includes initiatives to increase the number of university courses which incorporate Wikipedia into the curriculum, public presentations of Wikipedia at various events, scanning and uploading of images from institutional and personal archives, and much more. Let's wish that our plans come true! ''[[outreach:Education/Countries/Czech Republic|Read more about the Wikipedia Education Program in the Czech Republic here.]]'' {{clear}}<h2>[[Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Wiki expeditions, animation clips about alebrijes and more at the Tec de Monterrey in Mexico|Wiki expeditions, animation clips about alebrijes and more at the Tec de Monterrey in Mexico]]</h2> By [[User:Thelmadatter|Leigh Thelmadatter (Wiki Learning-Tec de Monterrey)]] [[File:StudentsRetoWikimediaSept2015 01.JPG|thumb|Group photo of Reto Wikimedia participants at Tec de Monterrey, Mexico City Campus]] '''Snippet:''' Student participation is more than just text! For the Fall 2015 Wiki Learning-Tec de Monterrey held two wiki expeditions in Mexico City and began a collaboration with the Museo de Arte Popular. We also received our first grant! ===Wiki expeditions=== The 32-campus [[Education/Countries/México/Tec de Monterrey|Tec de Monterrey system]] has each semester an event called "Semana i" (i Week), when students forego normal classes for an entire week to work on challenging projects called "retos." For the [[:en:Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City|Mexico City]] and [[:en:Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Santa Fe|Santa Fe]] campuses, one option for students was to work with Wikimedia, with the aptly named projects "[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Reto_Wikimedia_Semana_i_Fall_2015 Reto Wikimedia]." Both campuses opted to do wiki-expeditions to different parts of Mexico City. The Mexico City campus had the larger group with almost 90 students registered, who covered the two southern boroughs of [[:en:Xochimilco|Xochimilco]] and [[:en:Tlalpan|Tlalpan]]. The Santa Fe group had 35 participants, and covered the [[:en:San Ángel|San Ángel]] neighborhood found not far from this campus. Both campus took photos of landmarks with the Mexico City campus also focusing on photos of everyday life in the south of the city. The Mexico City campus tallied 5264 photos, 8 videos and 36 articles, including articles related to the area into French, Swedish and Danish. The Santa Fe group tallied 605 photos, and ten articles in Spanish on landmarks in San Ángel. In addition, the Mexico City campus had a special speaker the borough chronicler of Xochmilco, Sebastián Flores Farfán. A short montage video of the event is in the works. Some student photos: <gallery> File:Day4RetoWikimediaFall2015 008.JPG File:Building003.JPG File:Nahui ollin.JPG File:Cruce del canal.JPG File:Lagarto "barisia imbricata" criadero Xochimilco.JPG File:Puerta principal de la capilla Santa Cruz, Xochimilco, México.JPG File:Mural 001.JPG File:Oratorio de Amaxalco4.JPG File:Parque ecológico de la ciudad de México 12.jpg File:Santuario Parroquial de nuestra señora de los dolores 3.JPG </gallery> Some video clips of the event: <gallery> File:Clip of Sebastian Flores Farfán.webm File:SaraStudentRetoWikimediaFall2015CCM.webm File:JoelStudentFrenchRetoWikimedia.webm </gallery> ===Animation clips with the Museo de Arte Popular=== [[File:Alebrijes wikilearning.webm|thumb|Animation about alebrijes]] Wikiservicio, students working with Wikimedia for their community service requirement, added a new component. To attract more students and encourage more students to do all of their community service hours with Wikimedia, a collaboration was set up with the Museo de Arte Popular (MAP)... the first of many we hope! Six students from the digital art and animation major (see [https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/Education/Newsletter/August_2015/Summer_term_ends_with_great_success_and_Fall_begins_at_Tec_de_Monterrey last newsletter]) have continued working with Wikimedia, but focusing their efforts in creating short animation clips in relation to the mission of promoting and preserving Mexican folk art. One clip has been completed and can be see to the right of this text. So far, the video has subtitles in English, German, French and Punjabi. A second clip is nearing completion at the time of this writing. ===Classes and Wikimetrics=== Fifteen students completed work with Wikiservicio doing translations, writing new articles and doing photography projects. As of this date, 7 have indicated interest in working with Wikiservicio on campus and another six with MAP. Five university level classes and one high school class on the Mexico City (South) campus have had projects, all in writing and translation, with some video work. Wikimetrics for the semester are: ''According to Wikimetrics tool....'' *'''9,589,918 bytes to Spanish Wikipedia''' *'''3,098 edits to the mainspace of Spanish Wikipedia''' *'''367 pages created in the mainspace of Spanish Wikipedia''' ''Manual count'' *'''302 student and teacher participants''' *'''281 Spanish Wikipedia articles created or expanded''' *'''6,057 photographs''' *'''10 videos''' *'''9 articles in English Wikipedia''' *'''2 articles in French Wikipedia''' *'''1 article in Swedish Wikipedia''' *'''1 article in Danish Wikipedia''' '''First grant''' Wiki Learning received its first grant from the Wikimedia Foundation. The long-term goal of this grant is to establish a system for financing Wiki Learning. The grant, which totals a modest 12,500 Mexican pesos, will be used for swag, such as t shirts, stickers, buttons, etc, especially for Semana i activities and promotion of wiki activities to other campus. The money will also be used for incidental travel expenses, especially for projects needing to move expensive camera equipment. ''[[outreach:Education/Countries/México|Read more about the Wikipedia Education Program in Mexico here.]]'' {{clear}}<h2>[[Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Wikimedia Argentina, about the global and local in the digital and academic communities|Wikimedia Argentina, about the global and local in the digital and academic communities]]</h2> By [[User:Christian Cariño|Christian Cariño (Wikimedia México)]] and [[User:Melina Masnatta (WMAR)|Melina Masnatta (Wikimedia Argentina)]] [[File:Learning to educate digital free magazine.jpg|thumb|[http://issuu.com/cristinavdls/docs/edicion_12 Wikipedia Education Program in Argentina]]] '''Snippet''': Aprender para Educar writes about Wikipedia Education Program in Argentina. The digital free magazine ''Aprender para Educar'' (Learning to educate) of the [[w:es:Universidad Tecnológica Nacional|National Technological University (UTN]]) is recognized in the community of education and technology in Argentina to write about innovation issues in Spanish, which is not common in the academic dissemination and teacher training field. Cristina Velazquez, general editor of the magazine invited Wikimedia Argentina to write an article that generally describes their activities in the Education Program, after reading the proposal she decided to publish it as the [http://issuu.com/cristinavdls/docs/edicion_12 main article] of the 12th edition. To describe the education program, WMAR wrote two notes completing one another, as doing a zoom: from the local to the global and from the global to the local, showing how a movement of this magnitude does not stand alone, it is part of a huge network. [[User:Melina Masnatta (WMAR)|Melina Masnatta]], education manager in WMAR and [[user:Patricio.lorente|Patricio Lorente]], chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees wrote those two notes.The first one focuses on the Education Program, implementation, challenges and obstacles that they had at the beginning, plans to integrate it into the classrooms in Argentina and how different Wikimedia Projects are also relevant in education. The most important thing, Melina adds, is to strengthen the values that inspire them, show how the free culture give meaning to education in general and digital culture in particular. Meanwhile in the second part, Lorente focuses on the global movement, the community pillars, the agenda of today's challenges and the effort of their volunteers as protagonists. It is not easy show the world what drives us and why we work as volunteers in different countries. In education very few people understand the value of building free knowledge. There is still a great prejudice or negative perceptions of Wikipedia in the classroom because teachers ignore how Wikipedia is built. Everybody reads Wikipedia, but few people edit it. We can change this fact by spreading in spaces such as the Journal of the UTN and inviting more people to collaborate and be the protagonist of this huge collective work for humanity. ''[[outreach:Education/Countries/Argentina|Read more about the Wikipedia Education Program in Argentina here.]]''<h2>[[Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Online ambassador played a prominent role in helping Egyptian students to nominate their excellent content|Online ambassador played a prominent role in helping Egyptian students to nominate their excellent content]]</h2> By [[User:لا روسا|Walaa Abdel Manaem (Wikipedia Education Program Egypt) & (Egypt Wikimedians user group)]] [[File:Wiki Arabia 2015 - Day 1 DSC 9802 (cropped).jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Bassem Fleifel]] '''Snippet:''' Online ambassador helped spanish students course in Cairo University to nominate their articles, scoring an [[Commons:File:Education_program-_Figures_and_Statistics.pdf|exceptional record of WEP excellent content]]. [[:ar:مستخدم:باسم|Bassem Fleifel]], an online ambassador of [[:ar:برنامج التعليم:جامعة القاهرة - كلية الآداب/ترجمة من الإسبانية (صيف 2015)|Cairo university spanish course]], played a prominent role to help all students to encourage them to nominate their excellent content to be a featured and good articles in Arabic Wikipedia. Those articles are [[:ar:تاريخ الخبز|History of bread]] (Featured article); [[:ar:والت ديزني|Walt Disney]]; [[:ar:دانيال رادكليف|Daniel Radcliffe]]; Al-[[:ar:الأندلس|Andalus]]; [[:ar:شاعر في نيويورك|Poet in New York]]; and [[:ar:بوبول فو|Popol Vuh]]. The seventh term, the program started in Cairo University with promoting posts on Wikipedia and social media websites to help new participants understand the general idea of the program as well as holding meetings with professors from the departments of History, chinese, English language and Spanish language. Walaa Abdel Manaem (program leader in Cairo University) and Bassem Fleifel (online ambassador) have held some workshops in campus and online for the whole students to teach them "How to edit Wikipedia". On the other hand, Prof. Abeer Abdel-Hafiz has exerted great efforts with her students in addition to introducing Walaa to new classes of senior students for whom she has organized general seminars about Wikipedia and the education program. At the same time Walaa was assigning her Spanish department students of the first and second year to edit Wikipedia. This term, Prof. Abeer let the chance to her students to choose any articles they would like to translate from the Spanish Wikipedia to the Arabic Wikipedia or working on articles about history. They already have chosen some articles to translate with the target of nominating them to be a featured and good articles. Most of students worked on articles about different topics like history, writers, actors, history of food and drink, mayan literature, islam and politics, etc. This course itself achieved an exceptional record of [[:ar:ويكيبيديا:برنامج ويكيبيديا للتعليم/لوحة الشرف/محتوى متميز|Wikipedia Education program excellent]] content and the best term ever in the history of [[Education/Countries/Egypt|WEP in Egypt]] in general and in the Faculty of Arts, Cairo University in specific. Walaa has held 2 online webinars to follow up with her students in addition to the workshops held at the campus. Regarding numbers, 38 students joined this course, of which 35 are female and 3 are male students. They worked on 1748 articles adding more than 12,282,943 million bytes to the article namespace on the Arabic Wikipedia, with the help of the online ambassador, who also participated as a student. ''[[:ar:برنامج التعليم:جامعة القاهرة - كلية الآداب/ترجمة من الإسبانية (صيف 2015)|See the course page of this group on the Arabic Wikipedia here.]]'' ''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Education_program-_Figures_and_Statistics.pdf Full statistics of WEP in Egypt the first term in 2012 till the seventh term in 2015 which include numbers of created articles, featured and good articles, featured portals and lists.]'' ''[[outreach:Education/Countries/Egypt|Read more about the Wikipedia Education Program in Egypt here.]]'' {{clear}}<h2>[[Education/Newsletter/December 2015/Norwegian Masters students in History and Archeology twists their brains on Wikipedia|Norwegian Masters students in History and Archeology twists their brains on Wikipedia]]</h2> By [[User:WMNOjorid|Jorid Martinsen]] (Wikimedia Norge) [[File:Jorid Martinsen at the University of Oslo.png|thumbnail|Jorid Martinsen teaching students at the University of Oslo about Wikipedia.]] '''Snippet''': This fall masters students in History and Archeology at the University of Oslo take on the task of Wikipedia editing as one of the main parts in a subject on communication of History. The University of Oslo is Norway’s largest higher education institution, and it is the first time Wikimedia Norway collaborates with this University in forming and using Wikipedia editing as a integrated part of higher education. The collaboration started by Wikimedia Norway contacting assistant professor John McNicol, who already had gotten some media attention on his eagerness to make students skilled in knowledge sharing. Starting off with a two hour lecture on the secret world of Wikipedia and a two hour editing workshop in mid-September, and in October the students will evaluate the life of their articles. Has there been many additional edits on their articles? Discussions? Request to delete everything? For Wikimedia Norge it is fun to see the students both engaging in Wikipedia editing and using the ways of Wikipedia to discuss how knowledge is formed. ''[[outreach:Education/Countries/Norway|Read more about the Wikipedia Education Program in Norway here.]]'' {{clear}}[[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 1 Maret 2016 15.26 (WIB). <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]]. </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Rberchie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=15329308 --> == This Month in Education: [March 2016] == <section begin="education-newsletter"/><div style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em; padding-top: 2em; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size:1.15em;"> <hr /> <div style="font-size: 1.5em; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2016|<font color="black"> Wikimedia Education Newsletter – Volume 1, Issue 2, March 2016</font>]]</div> <hr /> <center> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March_2016|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March_2016/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2016/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]'''</div> </center> <hr /> <br /> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2016/Educational hackathon about digital sources, big data, and Wikipedia|'''Argentina:''' Educational hackathon about digital sources, big data, and Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2016/First mentoring program between the Argentine and Mexican chapters|'''Argentina and Mexico:''' First mentoring program between the Argentine and Mexican chapters]] *[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2016/Czech education program turns professional with a new education manager|'''Czech Republic:''' Czech education program turns professional with a new education manager]] *[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2016/Egyptian Wikimedians celebrate the seventh conference of WEP|'''Egypt:''' Egyptian Wikimedians celebrate the seventh conference of WEP]] *[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2016/Wikipedia workshop for students of Fountain University|'''Nigeria:''' Wikipedia workshop for students of Fountain University]] *[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2016/Teacher celebrated for excellent pedagogy with Wikipedia|'''Sverige:''' Teacher celebrated for excellent pedagogy with Wikipedia]] *[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2016/Taiwanese students use Spoken Wikipedia as their service learning|'''Taiwan:''' Taiwanese students use Spoken Wikipedia as their service learning]] *[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2016/Education Program Historic Data Campaign|'''Global:''' Education Program Historic Data Campaign]] *[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2016/Articles of interest in other publications|'''Global:''' Articles of interest in other publications]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]]. </div> </div></div> We apologize for an earlier distribution that mistakenly took on the older content. We hope you enjoy the newest issue of the newsletter we are sharing now.--[[en:User:Saileshpat|Sailesh Patnaik (Distribution leader)]] using [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 3 Maret 2016 01.44 (WIB) <!-- Message sent by User:Saileshpat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=15399206 --> == This Month in Education: [June 2016] == <section begin="education-newsletter"/><div style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em; padding-top: 2em; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size:1.15em;"> <hr /> <div style="font-size: 1.5em; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2016|<font color="black"> Wikimedia Education Newsletter – Volume 1, Issue 3, June 2016</font>]]</div> <hr /> <center> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June_2016|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June_2016/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2016/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]'''</div> </center> <hr /> <br /> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[Outreach: Education/Newsletter/June 2016/A New Online Course in a New Virtual Campus‎|'''Argentina:''' A New Online Course in a New Virtual Campus]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2016/How to survive the Big Bang in your education program|'''Czech Republic:''' How to survive the Big Bang in your education program]] * [[Outreach: Education/Newsletter/June 2016/An online elective course on Wikipedia for high school pupils in Estonia‎|'''Estonia:''' An online elective course on Wikipedia for high school pupils in Estonia‎]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2016/Argostoli Evening School students and a Wikitherapy participant turn Wiktionary project into Android app|'''Greece:''' Argostoli Evening School students and a Wikitherapy participant turn Wiktionary project into Android app]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2016/New training materials in Arabic by WMIL‎‎|'''Israel:''' New training materials in Arabic by WMIL‎‎‎]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2016/Luz María Silva's students and their adventure editing Spanish Wikipedia|'''Mexico:''' Luz María Silva's students and their adventure editing Spanish Wikipedia]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2016/Spring semester wiki activities end at Tec de Monterrey, Mexico City‎|'''Mexico:''' Spring semester wiki activities end at Tec de Monterrey, Mexico City‎‎]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2016/Maastricht University 40 years|'''Netherlands:''' Maastricht University 40 years]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2016/Students in Sweden edit Somali Wikipedia‎|'''Sweden:''' Students in Sweden edit Somali Wikipedia‎]] * [[Outreach: Education/Newsletter/June 2016/Visualizations of relationships among knowledge? Try WikiSeeker!|'''Taiwan:''' Visualizations of relationships among knowledge? Try WikiSeeker!]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2016/Education at Wikimania‎|'''Wikimania 2016:''' Education at Wikimania‎‎]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2016/Education Program surveys are here!|'''Wikimedia Foundation:''' Education Program surveys are here!]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2016/Vahid Masrour joins the education team at the Wikimedia Foundation|'''Wikimedia Foundation:''' Vahid Masrour joins the education team at the Wikimedia Foundation]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2016/Programs and Events Dashboard Update|'''Global:''' Programs and Events Dashboard Update]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2016/Articles of interest in other publications|'''Global:''' Articles of interest in other publications]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]]. </div> </div></div> We hope you enjoy the newest issue of the Education Newsletter.--[[en:User:Saileshpat|Sailesh Patnaik (Distribution leader)]] using [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 1 Juni 2016 23.53 (WIB) <!-- Message sent by User:Saileshpat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=15665751 --> == This Month in Education: [September 2016] == <section begin="education-newsletter"/><div style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em; padding-top: 2em; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size:1.15em;"> <hr /> <div style="font-size: 1.5em; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2016|<font color="black"> Wikimedia Education Newsletter – Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2016</font>]]</div> <hr /> <center> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:90%;"> '''[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September_2016|Headlines]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September_2016/Highlights|Highlights]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2016/Single|Single page]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &middot; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] &middot; [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education|Unsubscribe]]'''</div> </center> <hr /> <br /> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2016/Armenian students inspire their parents to join Wikipedia|'''Armenia:''' Armenian students inspire their parents to join Wikipedia]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2016/Brazilian Wikimedians interview editor of academic journal ''Wiki Studies''|'''Brazil:''' Brazilian Wikimedians interview editor of academic journal ''Wiki Studies'']] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2016/Cairo University students wrap up their eighth term and start their ninth term on WEP|'''Egypt:''' Cairo University students wrap up their eighth term and start their ninth term on WEP]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2016/Egyptian Wikimedians celebrate eighth WEP conference|'''Egypt:''' Egyptian Wikimedians celebrate eighth WEP conference]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2016/Online wiki training for educators in Greece|'''Greece:''' Online wiki training for educators in Greece]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2016/Outcomes report on a Wikipedia Course “Skills for Producing and Consuming Knowledge”, Tel Aviv University|'''Israel:''' Outcomes report on a Wikipedia Course “Skills for Producing and Consuming Knowledge”, Tel Aviv University]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2016/Wikipedia as a Teaching and Learning Tool in Medical Education at IAMSE Medical Education Conference|'''Israel:''' Wikipedia as a Teaching and Learning Tool in Medical Education at IAMSE Medical Education Conference]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2016/"Writing a new article is a special experience that feels new every time"|'''Israel:''' "Writing a new article is a special experience that feels new every time"]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2016/Video projects redefine student Wiki work and student community service|'''Mexico:''' Video projects redefine student Wiki work and student community service]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2016/Wiki Workshop at Saint Petersburg Internet Conference 2016 in Russia|'''Russia:''' Wiki Workshop at Saint Petersburg Internet Conference 2016 in Russia]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2016/Swedish National Agency of Education endorses Wikipedia Education Program|'''Sweden:''' Swedish National Agency of Education endorses Wikipedia Education Program]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2016/Psychology students of Uludag University are very proud of contributing Turkish Wikipedia|'''Turkey:''' Psychology students of Uludag University are very proud of contributing Turkish Wikipedia]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2016/West African schools will test Kiwix, the offline Wikipedia reader|'''West Africa:''' West African schools will test Kiwix, the offline Wikipedia reader]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2016/Programs and Events Dashboard Update|'''Global:''' Programs and Events Dashboard Update]] * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2016/Articles of interest in other publications|'''Global:''' Articles of interest in other publications]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]]. </div> </div></div> We hope you enjoy the newest issue of the Education Newsletter.-- [[User:Saileshpat|Sailesh Patnaik]] using [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 1 September 2016 19.59 (WIB) <!-- Message sent by User:Saileshpat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=15874487 --> == This Month in Education: December 2016 == <section begin="education-newsletter"/><div style="border: 1px gray solid; padding: 1em; padding-top: 2em; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size:1.15em;"><hr /> <div style="font-size: 1.5em; text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2016|<font color="black">Wikimedia Education Newsletter – Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2016</font>]]</div> <hr /> <div style="text-align: center; ">[[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2016|Headlines]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2016/Highlights|Highlights]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2016/Single|Single page edition]]</div> <hr /> <br /> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2016/Greek_schools_collaborate_to_write_local_history_about_Corfu|'''Greece:''' Greek schools collaborate to write on local history]] * [[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2016/It’s a win win project: An interview with Sivan Lerer, a teacher at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem|'''Israel:''' It’s a win win project: An interview with Sivan Lerer, a teacher at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] * [[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2016/Open Science Fellows Program launched in Germany|'''Germany:''' Open Science Fellows Program launched in Germany]] * [[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2016/Students go wikipedian in the Basque Country|'''Basque Country:''' Students go wikipedian in the Basque Country]] * [[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2016/Third term of Wikipedia editing at the University of Oslo|'''Norway:''' Third term of Wikipedia editing at the University of Oslo]] * [[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2016/First Wiki Club in Macedonia|'''Macedonia:''' First Wiki Club in Macedonia]] * [[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2016/Articles of interest in other publications|'''Global:''' Articles of interest in other publications]] </div> <div style="padding: 0.5em; text-align: center; font-size: 0.9em;"> <br> To get involved with the newsletter, please visit [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|the newsroom]]. To browse past issues, please visit [[outreach:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/Archives|the archives]]. </div></div><section end="education-newsletter"/> [[outreach:Education/News|Home]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Education Newsletter|Subscribe]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|Archives]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Newsroom|Newsroom]] - The newsletter team 23 Desember 2016 01.51 (WIB) <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=16170520 --> == This Month in Education: [February 2017] == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|left]] <div style="text-align: left; direction: ltr"> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: #006699; font-size:60px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align: center; direction: ltr; margin-left"> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: #006699; font-size:20px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px"> Volume 6 | Issue 1 | February 2017</span> </div> <span style="font-weight: regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px"> This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. Be sure to check out the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Feb_2017|full version]], and [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|past editions]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[Outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction: ltr"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;"> {{anchor|back}} In This Issue </span></div> === === {| style="width: 70%;" |style="width: 40%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman| [[#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] |style="width: 60%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman"| <!-- Enter the title of the articles for this issue --> [[Outreach:Education/News/Drafts/newsletter_update|Newsletter update]] [[Outreach:Education/News/Drafts/time_is_not_an_unlimited_resource|Common Challenges: Time is not an unlimited resource]] |- |<span style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman"> [[#From the Community|From the Community]]</span> |<span style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman"> [[Outreach:Education/News/Drafts/Medical_students%27_contributions_reach_200_articles_in_an_innovative_elective_course_at_Tel_Aviv_University.| Medical Students' contributions reach 200 articles in innovative elective course at Tel Aviv University]] [[Outreach:Education/News/Drafts/Wikilesa:_Working_with_university_students_on_human_rights| Wikilesa: working with university students on human rights]] [[Outreach:Education/News/Drafts/An_auspicious_beginning_at_university| An auspicious beginning at university in Basque Country]] [[Outreach:Education/News/Drafts/The_Wikipedia_Education_Program_kicks_off_in_Finland| The Wikipedia Education Program kicks off in Finland]] [[Outreach:Education/News/Drafts/The_Brief_Story_of_Mrgavan_WikiClub| The Brief Story of Mrgavan WikiClub]] [[Outreach:Education/News/Drafts/Citizen_Science_and_biodiversity_in_school_projects_on_Wikispecies,_Wikidata_and_Wikimedia_Commons| Citizen Science and biodiversity in school projects on Wikispecies, Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons]] </span> |- |<span style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman">[[#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]]</span> |<span style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman"> [[Outreach:Education/News/Drafts/ACTC2017| WMF Education Program to be featured at the Asian Conference for Technology in the Classroom]] [[Outreach:Education/News/Drafts/Opportunities_to_grow_in_Oman|Opportunities to grow in Oman]] [[Outreach:Education/News/Drafts/hundred_words_campaign|An invitation to participate in the "Hundred Words" campaign!]] [[Outreach:Education/News/Drafts/Education_Collab_adopts_new_membership_criteria#The_Education_Collab_adopts_new_membership_criteria|Education Collab updates membership criteria]] </span> |- |<span style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman"> [[#In the News|In the News]]</span> |<span style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman"> [http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2017/02/22/515244025/what-students-can-learn-by-writing-for-wikipedia|What Students Can Learn By Writing For Wikipedia] [http://www.businessinsider.com/career-benefits-sharing-knowledge-2017-2| Online communities are supercharging people's careers] [https://www.linux.com/news/2017/2/using-open-source-empower-students-tanzania| Using open source to empower students in Tanzania] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2017-02-27/Recent_research| Signpost Special Issue: Wikipedia in Education] </span> |} We hope you enjoy this issue of the Education Newsletter.-- [[User:Saileshpat|Sailesh Patnaik]] using [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 1 Maret 2017 04.54 (WIB) <!-- Message sent by User:Saileshpat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=16360344 --> == This Month in Education: [March 2017] == <div> <section begin="education-newsletter"/><div style="border: 0.25px gray solid; padding: 1em; padding-top: 2em; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size:1.15em;"> [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|centre]] <div style="text-align: center; direction: ltr"> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: #006699; font-size:40px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; margin-centre"> <center> <span style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; color: #006699; font-size:14px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px"> Volume 6 | Issue 2 |March 2017</span> </center> </div> <span style="font-weight: regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px"> <center> This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. Be sure to check out the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March_2017|full version]], and [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|past editions]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[Outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]]</span> </center> <div style="text-align:center; direction: ltr"> <center> <span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:800px;"> {{anchor|back}} In This Issue </center> <hr /> </div> {| style="width: 70%;" |style="width: 40%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman| [[#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] |style="width: 60%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman"|[[Outreach:Education/News/Drafts/newsletter_update|Newsletter update]] <hr /> [[Outreach: Education/Newsletter/March 2017/Overview on Wikipedia Education Program 2016 in Taiwan|Overview on Wikipedia Education Program 2016 in Taiwan]] <hr /></span> |- <hr /> |<span style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman"> [[#From the Community|From the Community]]</span> |<span style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman"> [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2017/High School and Collegiate Students Enhance Waray Wikipedia during Edit-a-thons|High School and Collegiate Students Enhance Waray Wikipedia during Edit-a-thons]] [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2017/Approaching History students as pilot of Education program in Iran|Approaching History students as pilot of Education program in Iran]] [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2017/An experience with middle school students in Ankara|An experience with middle school students in Ankara]] [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2017/Wikishtetl: Commemorating Jewish communities that perished in the Holocaust|Wikishtetl: Commemorating Jewish communities that perished in the Holocaust]] </span> <hr /> |- |<span style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman">[[#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]]</span> |<span style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman"> [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2017/UCSF Students Visit WMF Office as they start their Wikipedia editing journey|UCSF Students Visit WMF Office as they start their Wikipedia editing journey]] [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2017/Meet the team|Meet the team]] </span> <hr /> |- |<span style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman"> [[#In the News|In the News]]</span> |<span style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman"> [http://lararnastidning.se/fran-dammiga-arkiv-till-artiklar-pa-natet%7C| Från dammiga arkiv till artiklar på nätet] </span> <hr /> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]]. </div> </div></div> The new issue of the newsletter is out! Thanks to everyone who submitted stories and helped with the publication. We hope you enjoy this issue of the Education Newsletter.-- [[User:Saileshpat|Sailesh Patnaik]] using [[User:Saileshpat|Saileshpat]] ([[User talk:Saileshpat|talk]]) 19:07, 1 April 2017 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Saileshpat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=16517453 --> == This Month in Education: [April 2017] == <div> <section begin="education-newsletter"/><div style="border: 0.25px gray solid; padding: 1em; padding-top: 2em; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size:1.15em;"> [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|centre]] <div style="text-align: center; direction: ltr"> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: #006699; font-size:40px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; margin-centre"> <center> <span style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; color: #006699; font-size:14px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px"> Volume 6 | Issue 3 | April 2017</span> </center> </div> <span style="font-weight: regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px"> <center> This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. Be sure to check out the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March_2017|full version]], and [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|past editions]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[Outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]]</span> </center> <div style="text-align:center; direction: ltr"> <center> <span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:800px;"> {{anchor|back}} In This Issue </center> <hr /> </div> {| style="width: 70%;" |style="width: 40%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman| [[#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] |<span style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman"> <hr /> [[Outreach: Education/Newsletter/April 2017/How responsible should teachers be for student contributions?|How responsible should teachers be for student contributions?]] <hr /></span> |- <hr /> |<span style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman"> [[#From the Community|From the Community]]</span> |<span style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman"> [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2017/Cairo and Al-Azhar Universities students wrap up their ninth term and start their tenth term on WEP|Cairo and Al-Azhar Universities students wrap up their ninth term and start their tenth term on WEP]] [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2017/Glimpse of small language Wikipedia incubation partnership in Taiwan|Glimpse of small language Wikipedia incubation partnership in Taiwan]] [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2017/Key to recruiting seniors as Wikipedians is long-term work|Key to recruiting seniors as Wikipedians is long-term work]] [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2017/Education at WMCON17|Education at WMCON17]] [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2017/OER17|OER17]] [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2017/Western Armenian WikiCamper promotes Wikiprojects in his school|Western Armenian WikiCamper promotes Wikiprojects in his school]] [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2017/Building a global network for Education|Building a global network for Education]] </span> <hr /> |- |<span style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman">[[#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]]</span> |<span style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman"> [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2017/Mobile Learning Week 2017|Mobile Learning Week 2017]] </span> </span> <hr /> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> If this message is not on your home wiki's talk page, [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|update your subscription]]. </div> </div></div> The new issue of the newsletter is out! Thanks to everyone who submitted stories and helped with the publication. We hope you enjoy this issue of the Education Newsletter.-- [[User:Saileshpat|Sailesh Patnaik]] using [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 2 Mai 2017 02.18 (WIB) <!-- Message sent by User:Saileshpat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=16627464 --> == This Month in Education: September 2017 == <div style="border: 0.25px gray solid; padding: 1em; padding-top: 2em; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size:1.15em;"> [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left]] <div style="text-align: left; direction: ltr"> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: #006699; font-size:60px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align: center; direction: ltr; margin-left"> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: #006699; font-size:20px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px"> Volume 6 | Issue 8 | September 2017</span> </div> <span style="font-weight: regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px"> This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter| subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction: ltr"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;"> In This Issue </span></div> {| style="width: 60%;" | style="width: 50%; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | Featured Topic | style="width: 50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/September 2017/Wikipedia - Here and Now|"Wikipedia – Here and Now": 40 students in the Summer School "I Can – Here and Now" in Bulgaria heard more about Wikipedia]] |- | colspan="3" | ---- |- | style="font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | From the Community | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/News/September 2017/Klexikon|Klexikon: the German 'childrens' Wikipedia' in Montréal]] [[outreach:Education/News/September 2017/Wikipedia is now a part of Textbook in Informatics|Wikipedia is now a part of Textbook in Informatics]] |} </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 1 Oktober 2017 09.24 (WIB)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=17258722 --> == This Month in Education: October 2017 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 6 | Issue 9 | October 2017 </span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="width:50%; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | Featured Topic | style="width:50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2017#Article 1|Your community should discuss to implement the new P&E Dashboard functionalities]] |- | style="font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | From the Community | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2017#Article 2|Wikidata implemented in Wikimedia Serbia Education Programe]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2017#Article 3|Hundred teachers trained in the Republic of Macedonia]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2017#Article 4|Basque Education Program makes a strong start]] |- | style="font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | From the Education Team | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2017#Article 8|WikiConvention Francophone 2017]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2017#Article 9|CEE Meeting 2017]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 2 Nopember 2017 09.05 (WIB)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=17368194 --> == This Month in Education: November 2017 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 6 | Issue 10 | November 2017</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2017#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2017#Article 1|Hashemite University continues its strong support of Education program activities]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2017#Article 2|Wikicontest for high school students]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2017#Article 3|Exploring Wikiversity to create a MOOC]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2017#Article 4|Wikidata in the Classroom at the University of Edinburgh]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2017#Article 5|How we defined what secondary education students need]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2017#Article 6|Wikipedia Education Program in Bangkok,Thailand]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2017#Article 7|Shaken but not deterred]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2017#Article 8|Wikipedia workshop against human trafficking in Serbia]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2017#Article 9|The WikiChallenge Ecoles d'Afrique kicks in 4 francophones African countries]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2017#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2017#Article 10|A Proposal for Education Team endorsement criteria]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2017#In the News|In the News]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2017#Article 11|Student perceptions of writing with Wikipedia in Australian higher education]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 2 Desember 2017 00.23 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=17496082 --> == This Month in Education: December 2017 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 6 | Issue 11 | December 2017</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2017#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2017#Article 2|Wikimedia Serbia has established cooperation with three new faculties within the Education Program]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2017#Article 3|Updates to Programs & Events Dashboard]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2017#Article 4|Wiki Camp Berovo 2017]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2017#Article 5|WM User Group Greece organises Wikipedia e-School for Educators]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2017#Article 6|Corfupedia records local history and inspires similar projects]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2017#Article 7|Wikipedia learning lab at TUMO Stepanakert]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2017#Article 8|Wikimedia CH experiments a Wikipedia's treasure hunt during "Media in Piazza"]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2017#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2017#Article 9|Creating digitally minded educators at BETT 2017]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2017#In the News|In the News]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2017#Article 10|Things My Professor Never Told Me About Wikipedia]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2017#Article 11|"Academia and Wikipedia: Critical Perspectives in Education and Research" Conference in Ireland]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/December 2017#Article 12|Science is shaped by Wikipedia]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 6 Januari 2018 02.31 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=17597557 --> == This Month in Education: January 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 7 | Issue 1 | January 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> {{anchor|back}} <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="width:50%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] | style="width:50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | <!-- Enter the title of the articles for this issue --> [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 1|Bertsomate: using Basque oral poetry to illustrate math concepts]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 2|Wikimedia Serbia celebrated 10 years from the first article written within the Education Program]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 3|WikiChallenge Ecoles d'Afrique update]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 4|The first Swedish Master's in Digital Humanities partners with Wikimedia Sverige]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 5|How we use PetScan to improve partnership with lecturers and professors]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 6|The Education Survey Report is out!]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 7|Education Extension scheduled shutdown]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 2 Pebruari 2018 01.42 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=17696217 --> == This Month in Education: February 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 7 | Issue 2 | February 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 2|WikiProject Engineering Workshop at IIUC,Chittagong]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 3|What did we learn from Wikibridges MOOC?]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 4|Wikimedia Serbia launched Wiki scholar project]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 5|Wiki Club in Ohrid, Macedonia]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 6|Karvachar’s WikiClub: When getting knowledge is cool]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 7|More than 30 new courses launched in the University of the Basque Country]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 8|Review meeting on Christ Wikipedia Education Program]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 9|The Multidisciplinary Choices of High School Students: The Arabic Education Program; Wikimedia Israel]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 10|The Education Extension is being deprecated (second call)]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 11|The 2017 survey report live presentation is available for viewing]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 1 Maret 2018 15.53 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=17757914 --> == This Month in Education: March 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 7 | Issue 3 | March 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="width:50%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] | style="width:50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 1|Education Programs Itinerary]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 2|Animated science educational videos in Basque for secondary school student]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 3|Beirut WikiClub: Wikijourney that has enriched our experiences]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 4|Students of the Faculty of Biology in Belgrade edit Wikipedia for the first time]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 5|The role of Wikipedia in education - Examples from the Wiki Education Foundation]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 6|Multilingual resource for Open education projects]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 7|Wikipedia: examples of curricular integration in Portugal]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 8|Resources and Tips to engage with Educators]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 9|Education Session at WMCON 2018]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 4 April 2018 17.33 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=17882222 --> == This Month in Education: April 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 7 | Issue 4 | April 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="width:50%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] | style="width:50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 1|Wikimedia at the Open Educational Resources Conference 2018]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 2|Global perspectives from Western Norway]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 3|Togh's WikiClub: Wikipedia is the 8th wonder of the world!]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 4|Aboriginal Volunteers in Taiwan Shared Experience about Incubating Minority Language Wikipedia in Education Magazine]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 5|Workshops with Wiki Clubs members in the Republic of Macedonia]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 6|Celebrating Book's Day in the University of the Basque Country: is Wikipedia the largest Basque language book?]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 7|Txikipedia is born and you'll love it]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 8|Students Write Wiktionary]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 9|Presenting the Wikipedia Education Program at the Open Education Global Conference]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 4 Mai 2018 14.33 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=17992472 --> == This Month in Education: May 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 5 | May 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 2|Creating and reusing OERs for a Wikiversity science journalism course from Brazil]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 3|Inauguration Ceremony of Sri Jayewardenepura University Wiki Club]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 4|Wiki Education publishes evaluation of Fellows pilot]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 5|The first students of Russia with diplomas of Wikimedia and Petrozavodsk State University]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 6|Selet WikiSchool]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 8|A lofty vision for the Education Team]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 9|UNESCO Mobile Learning Week 2018, Digital Skills for Life and Work]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 5 Juni 2018 04.44 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=18071070 --> == This Month in Education: June 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 6 | June 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="width:50%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] | style="width:50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 1|Academia and Wikipedia: the first Irish conference on Wikipedia in education]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 2|Ashesi Wiki Club: Charting the cause for Wikipedia Education Program in West Africa]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 3|Wikimedia Serbia has received a new accreditation for the Accredited seminars for teachers]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 4|Côte d'Ivoire: Wikipedia Classes 2018 are officially up and running]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 5|Basque secondary students have now better coverage for main topics thanks to the Education Program]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 6|What lecturers think about their first experience in the Basque Education Program]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 7|Education Extension scheduled deprecation]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#In the News|In the News]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 8|Wikipedia calls for participation to boost content from the continent]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 9|Wikipedia in the History Classroom]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 10|Wikipedia as a Pedagogical Tool Complicating Writing in the Technical Writing Classroom]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 11|When the World Helps Teach Your Class: Using Wikipedia to Teach Controversial Issues]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 30 Juni 2018 13.03 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18158878 --> == This Month in Education: July 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 7 | July 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="width:50%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] | style="width:50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 1|Wikipedia+Education Conference 2019: Community Engagement Survey]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 2|Young wikipedian: At WikiClub you get knowledge on your own will]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 3|Wikipedia in schools project at the "New Technologies in Education" Conference]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 4|Basque Education Program: 2017-2018 school year report]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#In the News|In the News]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 10|UNESCO ICT in Education Prize call for nominations opens]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 11|An educator's overview of Wikimedia (in short videos format)]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 2 Agustus 2018 13.32 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18263925 --> == This Month in Education: August 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 8 | August 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#Article 2|The reconnection of Wikimedia Projects in Brazil]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#Article 3|Christ (DU) students enrolls for 3rd Wikipedia certificate course]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#Article 4|Educational wiki-master-classes at International "Selet" forum]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#Article 5|54 students help enrich the digital Arabic content]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#Article 6|Mapping education in the Wikimedia Movement]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 2 September 2018 10.12 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18288215 --> == This Month in Education: September 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 9 | September 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 1|Edu Wiki Camp 2018: New Knowledge for New Generation]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 2|Education loves Monuments: A Brazilian Tale]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 3|“I have always liked literature, now I like it even more thanks to Wikipedia”. Literature is in the air of WikiClubs․]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 4|History of Wikipedia Education programme at Christ (Deemed to be University)]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 5|Preparation for the autumn educational session of Selet WikiSchool is started]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 6|Wiki Camp Doyran 2018]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 7|Wikicamp Czech Republic 2018]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 8|Wikipedia offline in rural areas of Colombia]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 9|Presentation on mapping education in the Wikimedia Movement]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 9 Oktober 2018 08.14 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18394865 --> == This Month in Education: November 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 10 | October 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 1|A new academic course featuring Wikidata at Tel Aviv University]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 2|How we included Wikipedia edition into a whole University department curriculum]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 3|Meet the first board of the UG Wikipedia & Education]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 4|The education program has kicked off as the new academic year starts]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 5|The education program has kicked off as the new academic year starts in Albania]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 6|The first Wikimedia+Education conference will happen on April 5-7 at Donostia-Saint Sebastian]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 7|Using ORES to assign articles in Basque education program]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 8|What to write for Wikipedia about? Monuments!]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 9|Wikifridays: editing Wikipedia in the university]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 10|Writing articles on Wikipedia is our way of leaving legacy to the next generations]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12 Nopember 2018 12.55 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18504430 --> == This Month in Education: November 2018 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em; direction:ltr;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 4 &bull; Issue 10 &bull; October 2018</span> ------ <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2018|Contents]] &bull; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2018/Single page|Single page view]] &bull; [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ------- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/WikiEducation - Report from Wikimedians of Albanian Language UG |WikiEducation - Report from Wikimedians of Albanian Language UG]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Wikipedia Education Program in ICETC 2018 , Japan |Wikipedia Education Program in ICETC 2018, Japan]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Wikipedia has become the inseparable part of my daily life |Wikipedia has become the inseparable part of my daily life]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Wikipedia is a world in which anyone of us has his own place |Wikipedia is a world in which anyone of us has his own place]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Wiki conference for teachers in Ohrid |Wiki conference for teachers in Ohrid]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Our baby is 3! |Our baby is 3!]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/highlighting work of Sailesh Patnaik |Highlighting work of Sailesh Patnaik]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Important updates from Wikimedia Education Team |Important updates from Wikimedia Education Team]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Welcome Melissa to the Education Team |Welcome Melissa to the Education Team]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/What has the education team been up to? Year end review and updates! |What has the education team been up to? Year end review and updates! ]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 1 Desember 2018 01.18 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18673623 --> == This Month in Education: January 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &bull; Issue 1 &bull; January 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2019|Contents]] &bull; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &bull; [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Registration for Wikimedia+Education Conference is open|Registration for Wikimedia+Education Conference is open]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Collaboration with Yerevan State University of Languages and Social Sciences after V. Brusov|Collaboration with Yerevan State University of Languages and Social Sciences after V. Brusov]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Meet the first Programs & Events Dashboard sysops|Meet the first Programs & Events Dashboard sysops]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/More than a hundred students gathered in Ecuador to edit Wikipedia|More than a hundred students gathered in Ecuador to edit Wikipedia]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Selet WikiSchool continues to teach young Tatar language Wikipedians|Selet WikiSchool continues to teach young Tatar language Wikipedians]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/The WikiClub contributes to the development of our human qualities |The WikiClub contributes to the development of our human qualities]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Third prize for Wikipedia in schools project|Third prize for Wikipedia in schools project]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/We've updated the design of Education space!|We've updated the design of Education space!]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/WikiChallenge Ecoles d'Afrique 2019|The WikiChallenge Ecoles d'Afrique is back]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Wiki Advanced Training at VVIT|Wiki Advanced Training at VVIT]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/WikiEducation in Albania from WoALUG|Creating our first WikiClub]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/WikiClubs participate in edit-a-thon of cartoons|WikiClubs participate in edit-a-thon of cartoons]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Wikimedia and Education in Portugal: Where are we now|Wikimedia and Education in Portugal: Where are we now]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Wikimedia Israel: “Wikipedia Ambassadors” program for Arabic-speaking schools is launched|Wikimedia Israel: “Wikipedia Ambassadors” program for Arabic-speaking schools is launched]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 29 Januari 2019 11.41 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18816770 --> == This Month in Education: February 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 2 &#x2022; February 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikimedia User Group Nigeria in Collaboration with AfroCrowd Celebrate Black Month History with a 2Day Editathon|Wikimedia User Group Nigeria in Collaboration with AfroCrowd Celebrate Black Month History with a 2Day Editathon]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikimedia+Education Programme announced|Wikimedia+Education Programme announced]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikipedia in Education, Uruguay|Wikipedia in Education, Uruguay]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Oslo Metropolitan University hires “Wikipedia-assistants”|Oslo Metropolitan University hires “Wikipedia-assistants”]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Basque Education Program: 2018 in review|Basque Education Program: 2018 in review]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikimedia Israel introduces Wikidata to Education|Wikimedia Israel introduces Wikidata to Education]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikimedia Serbia made tutorials in Serbian language on editing Wikipedia|Wikimedia Serbia made tutorials in Serbian language on editing Wikipedia]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Seminar on wikis in education|Seminar on wikis in education]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikimedia, Tourism and Education: Launching project ISAL|Wikimedia, Tourism and Education: Launching project ISAL]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/The Swiss Lab: Wikipedia as a game|The Swiss Lab: Wikipedia as a game]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Meet Hungary|Meet Hungary]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 28 Pebruari 2019 00.52 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18903920 --> == This Month in Education: March 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 3 &#x2022; March 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/Wikimedia at MLW2019|Wikimedia at UNESCO Mobile Learning Week 2019]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/Wiki Education publishes evaluation on how to get subject matter experts to edit|Wiki Education publishes evaluation on how to get subject matter experts to edit]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/WikiGap brings editors to close WikiGap|WikiGap brings editors to close WikiGap and open Wiki Pathshala]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/Education Mapping exercise is open for public review|Education Mapping exercise is open for public review]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/Wikimedia movement projects and activities presented at EDU RUSSIA 2019 forum|Wikimedia movement projects and activities presented at EDU RUSSIA 2019 forum]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/“Edit-a-thons give us opportunity to distract from common interests” The club members write articles about New Year|“Edit-a-thons give us opportunity to distract from common interests” The club members write articles about New Year]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/WikiClub as a non-formal educational centre in rural communities|WikiClub as a non-formal educational centre in rural communities]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/Mini-MWT at VVIT (Feb 2019)|Mini MediaWiki Training at VVIT]]</div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 28 Maret 2019 13.32 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18959709 --> == Bring your idea for Wikimedia in Education to life! Launch of the Wikimedia Education Greenhouse == {|border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="10" width="100%" style="background:transparent;font-size:1.0em;line-height:normal" |-valign="top" |style="{{pre style}};width:100%"| '''<center>Apply for Education Greenhouse</center>'''<br><br> [[File:Wikimedia Education Greenhouse logo button.svg|frameless|left|120px]] Are you passionate about open education? Do you have an idea to apply Wikimedia projects to an education initiative but don’t know where to start? Join the the Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse! It is an immersive co-learning experience that lasts 9 months and will equip you with the skills, knowledge and support you need to bring your ideas to life. You can apply as a team or as an individual, by May 12th. Find out more <big> [[:outreach:Education/Greenhouse|Education Greenhouse]].</big> For more information reachout to mguadalupe{{@}}wikimedia.org |} —[[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 5 April 2019 18.16 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Saileshpat@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18981257 --> == This Month in Education: April 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 4 &#x2022; April 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[:outreach:Education/News/April 2019/Launch of the Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse!|Launch of the Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse!]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/April 2019/Wikipedia Student Scholar|Wikipedia Student Scholar]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/April 2019/Wikimedia Commons: a highly hostile place for multimedia students contributions|Wikimedia Commons: a highly hostile place for multimedia students contributions]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/April 2019/Wikimedia+Education Conference highlights|Wikimedia+Education Conference highlights]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 24 April 2019 08.27 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19034809 --> == This Month in Education: May 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 5 &#x2022; May 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Education in Wales|Education in Wales]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse: Applications closed!|Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse: Applications closed!]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Meet Germany|Wiki Camp 'Meet Germany']] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Seniors also count!|Seniors also count!]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Mandatory internship at Wikimedia Armenia|Mandatory internship at Wikimedia Armenia]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Wikimedia Experience Survey by VVIT WikiConnect|Wikimedia Experience Survey by VVIT WikiConnect]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/OFWA Wikipedia Education Highlights April 2019|OFWA Wikipedia Education Highlights April 2019]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Wikimedia Education at "Wikicamp Chattogram 2019"|Wikimedia Education at "Wikicamp Chattogram 2019"]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Edit a thon about flora and fauna to celebrate the earth day|Edit a thon about flora and fauna to celebrate the earth day]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 29 Mai 2019 14.16 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19113682 --> == This Month in Education: June 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 6 &#x2022; June 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/The introduction of the Wikipedia into the educational program has expanded|The introduction of the Wikipedia into the educational program has expanded]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/Welcome Vasanthi|Welcome Vasanthi to the Education Team!]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/Wikimedia Education SAARC Conference happening in India|Wikimedia Education SAARC Conference happening in India]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/"Won't somebody please think of the children?"|"Won't somebody please think of the children?"]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/The first Annual Report of VVIT WikiConnect|The first Annual Report of VVIT WikiConnect]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/An effective collaboration of WikiClubs and schools|An effective collaboration of WikiClubs and schools]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/Wikiclassroom: New way for students' inspiration|Wikiclassroom: New way for students' inspiration]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/Wikipedia as a classroom activity kicks off in Kosovo|Wikipedia as a classroom activity kicks off in Kosovo]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 7 Juli 2019 00.40 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19174995 --> == This Month in Education: July 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 7 &#x2022; July 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/First WikiEducation gathering in Mexico|First WikiEducation gathering in Mexico]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/SEABA school in India has hired a Wikimedian to teach Wikimedia project in their school.|SEABA school in India has hired a Wikimedian to teach Wikimedia project in their school.]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Selet WikiSchool: results of first half of 2019|Selet WikiSchool: results of first half of 2019]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Students Use Archival Documents in a Competition, WMIL|Students Use Archival Documents in a Competition, WMIL]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Stepanakert WikiClub: Meeting with the Speaker of the Artsakh Parliament - Ashot Ghoulian|Stepanakert WikiClub: Meeting with the Speaker of the Artsakh Parliament - Ashot Ghoulian]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Collaboration with American University of Armenia|Collaboration with American University of Armenia]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Finalizing the Collaboration with Armenian Education Foundation|Finalizing the Collaboration with Armenian Education Foundation]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Wikimedia Education SAARC Conference Journey|Wikimedia Education SAARC Conference Journey]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 30 Juli 2019 16.53 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19221452 --> == This Month in Education: August 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 8 &#x2022; August 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2019/Summer WikiCamp for secondary school students 2019 in Armenia|Summer WikiCamp for secondary school students 2019 in Armenia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2019/Together, we can create an environment that promotes Quality Education|Together, we can create an environment that promotes Quality Education]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2019/International Days and pop culture motivate primary and secondary education students to write on Wikipedia and Wikidata|International Days and pop culture motivate primary and secondary education students to write on Wikipedia and Wikidata]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2019/Quality learning and recruiting students at Edu Wiki camp|Quality learning and recruiting students at Edu Wiki camp]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2019/We spend such wonderful days in WikiCamps that noone wants to return home|We spend such wonderful days in WikiCamps that noone wants to return home]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 5 September 2019 08.00 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19308048 --> == This Month in Education: September 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 9 &#x2022; September 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Learning history by expanding articles about novels|Learning history by expanding articles about novels]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Organizing the Education space at Wikimania 2019 - A conversation with Shani Evenstein|Organizing the Education space at Wikimania 2019 - A conversation with Shani Evenstein]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Wiki Goes to School is back in three cities in Indonesia|Wiki Goes to School is back in three cities in Indonesia]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Wikipedia workshop at the Summer IT School for Teachers|Wikipedia workshop at the Summer IT School for Teachers]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/WikiChallenge Ecoles d'Afrique 2019 is over|WikiChallenge Ecoles d'Afrique 2019 is over]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Wikipedia Education Program launched in Bangladesh|Wikipedia Education Program held at Netrokona Government College, Bangladesh]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Stepanakert WikiClub turns 4!|Stepanakert WikiClub turns 4!]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Wikimedia Indonesia trained the trainers through WikiPelatih 2019|Wikimedia Indonesia trained the trainers through WikiPelatih 2019]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Students learning Wikipedia editing by attending Wikicamp at Nabran|Students learning Wikipedia editing by attending Wikicamp at Nabran]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/What is happening at Wikimedia Space?|What is happening at Wikimedia Space?]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 2 Oktober 2019 02.34 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19418815 --> == This Month in Education: October 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 10 &#x2022; October 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Wikimedia Chile launched its new online course for school teachers|Wikimedia Chile launched its new online course for school teachers]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Wikimedia Norway is developing an education program for Sámi students and universities teaching Sámi subjects|Wikimedia Norway is developing an education program for Sámi students and universities teaching Sámi subjects]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Teachers Association of the Republic of Indonesia (PGRI) Keeps Improving Teachers’ Digital Literacy Through the Use of Wikipedia|Teachers Association of the Republic of Indonesia (PGRI) Keeps Improving Teachers’ Digital Literacy Through the Use of Wikipedia]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Lectures on Wikipedia at the the University of Warsaw|Lectures on Wikipedia at the the University of Warsaw]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Wikicamp in Armenia through the Eyes of Foreigners| Wikicamp in Armenia through the Eyes of Foreigners]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/New Wiki Education evaluation report of Wikidata courses published|New Wiki Education evaluation report of Wikidata courses published courses.]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Youth Salon by VVIT WikiConnect along with Wikipedia & Education user group|Wikimedia 2030 Strategoy Youth Salon by VVIT WikiConnect]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Highlights from the first unit of the online course|Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Highlights from the first unit of the online courses.]] *[[outreach:Education/News/September 2019/What is happening at Wikimedia Space?|What is happening at Wikimedia Space?]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 25 Oktober 2019 15.30 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19436525 --> == This Month in Education: November 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 11 &#x2022; November 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/GOES for Ghana|Wikimedians aim to make a difference in the lives of students in Ghana with support from the Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/The Third "Editatón WikiUNAM"|The Third "Editatón WikiUNAM"]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/Spreading Free Knowledge in the Land of Minangkabau|Spreading Free Knowledge in the Land of Minangkabau]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/What can we learn from the Open Education movement about attaining educational SDG in the digital age?|What can we learn from the Open Education movement about attaining educational SDG in the digital age?]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/We are highlighting the work User:Ixocactus for his contributions in Wikimedia & Education‎| We are highlighting the work of User:Ixocactus this month‎]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/“Olympic sports through history” on Serbian Wikipedia|“Olympic sports through history” on Serbian Wikipedia courses.]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/Workshops with Wiki Club members|Workshops with Wiki Club members]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/"Learning about other Culture" SEABA School, Lehragaga|"Learning about other Culture" SEABA School, Lehragaga.]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/What is happening at Wikimedia Space?|What is happening at Wikimedia Space?]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 29 Nopember 2019 10.15 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19589002 --> == This Month in Education: January 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &bull; Issue 1 &bull; January 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2019|Contents]] &bull; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &bull; [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Featured education community member of January 2020|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member: User:Parvathisri]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Alva's college collaboration|Alva's college collaboration]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/EtnoWiki strikes again!|EtnoWiki strikes again in Poland!]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Internship program: Engaging New Volunteers to Join the Community|Internship program: Engaging New Volunteers to Join the Community]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Joint translations as language studying tool in Karvachar’s Wikiclub|Joint translations as language studying tool in Karvachar’s Wikiclub]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Selet WikiSchool introduces Wikinews and other Wikimedia projects|Selet WikiSchool introduces Wikinews and other Wikimedia projects]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Training of Trainers for Teachers in South Sulawesi Was Organized For the First Time|Training of Trainers for Teachers in South Sulawesi Was Organized For the First Time]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Twenty video tutorials in Serbian language on editing Wikipedia|Twenty video tutorials in Serbian language on editing Wikipedia]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Updates from Wikimedia Education database edit-a-thon|Updates from Wikimedia Education database edit-a-thon]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Wiki Club Ohrid grows|Wiki Club Ohrid grows]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Wiki Masuk Sekolah (Wiki Goes to School) Involved the Students in Producing and Sharing Knowledge Through Wikipedia|Wiki Masuk Sekolah (Wiki Goes to School) Involved the Students in Producing and Sharing Knowledge Through Wikipedia]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Wikiclassroom as a New Means of Gaining Knowledge|Wikiclassroom as a New Means of Gaining Knowledge]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Highlights from the second unit of the online course|Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Highlights from the second unit of the online course]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/WoALUG collaboration with educational institution BONEVET in Prishtina|WoALUG collaboration with educational institution BONEVET in Prishtina]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 3 Pebruari 2020 14.26 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19722205 --> == This Month in Education: February 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 1 &#x2022; February 2020</span> ----<span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ----<span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Featured education community member of February 2020|Featured education community member of February 2020]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Wikipedia in Mayan Language|Wikipedia in Mayan Language]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Open Education Week - events with Wikimedia Poland|Open Education Week - events with Wikimedia Poland]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Youngest wikimedians ever editing Txikipedia|Youngest wikimedians ever editing Txikipedia]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Fashion and digital citizenship at Bath Spa University|Fashion and digital citizenship at Bath Spa University]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/WoALUG and REC Albania continue their collaboration in Wikimedia Education|WoALUG and REC Albania continue their collaboration in Wikimedia Education]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Respati Project|Respati Project]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 4 Maret 2020 05.06 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19845865 --> == This Month in Education: March 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 3 &#x2022; March 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/An Update on Wikimedia Indonesia’s Education Program|An Update on Wikimedia Indonesia’s Education Program]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/Education Program in CUC Sur, Jalisco, México|Education Program in CUC Sur, Jalisco, México]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/Featured education community member of March 2020|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member: Amber Berson]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/Enhancing Armenian Wikipedia with professional articles|Enhancing Armenian Wikipedia with professional articles]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/How collaborations and perseverance contributed to an especially impactful educational project|How collaborations and perseverance contributed to an especially impactful educational project]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/Wikimedia Argentina carried out the first training program in education and Human Rights for the Wikimedia Movement|Wikimedia Argentina carried out the first training program in education and Human Rights for the Wikimedia Movement]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 30 Maret 2020 22.30 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19864438 --> == This Month in Education: April 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 4 &#x2022; April 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/ Wikipedia Reveals New Sides of Translation|Wikipedia Reveals New Sides of Translation]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Education Webinars organized by Wikimedia México|Education Webinars organized by Wikimedia México]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Fact checking tool with library under cc-license|Fact checking tool with library under cc-license]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Fast help for schools: An interactive platform for Open Educational Resources|Fast help for schools: An interactive platform for Open Educational Resources]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Featured education community member of April 2020|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Wiki Club Ashesi Welcomes Onboard a New Patron|Wiki Club Ashesi Welcomes Onboard a New Patron]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Wiki-school project with Wikimedia Poland|Wiki-school. A new program for teachers in Poland]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Wikimedia Serbia was organized action on improving students assignments on Wikipedia|Wikimedia Serbia was organized action on improving students assignments on Wikipedia]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 5 Mai 2020 17.45 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20024483 --> == This Month in Education: May 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 5 &#x2022; May 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/EduWiki challenge México by Wikimedia México|EduWiki challenge México by Wikimedia México]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/Featured education community member of May 2020|Featured education community member of May 2020]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/Sharing Wikimedia Education Projects in the Philippines|Sharing Wikimedia Education Projects in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/Turkish professors are giving Wikipedia assignments during Covid-19 days|Turkish professors are giving Wikipedia assignments during Covid-19 days]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/Wikidata introduced in Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade|Wikidata introduced in Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/Wikipedia as career counseling tool for teenagers|Wikipedia as career counseling tool for teenagers]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 10 Juni 2020 23.39 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20130275 --> == This Month in Education: June 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 6 &#x2022; June 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Understanding Wikimedia Affiliates Evaluation in Education Report|Understanding Wikimedia Affiliates Evaluation in Education Report]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Understanding Wikimedia Community as Research Fellows|Understanding Wikimedia Community as Research Fellows]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Participants of Wiki/Ponder online workshop in Kosovo edit Wikipedia|Participants of Wiki/Ponder online workshop in Kosovo edit Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Celebrating the final unit of the online course!|Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Celebrating the final unit of the online course!]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Wikipedia in schools competing for innovations in teaching award|Wikipedia in schools competing for innovations in teaching award]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Featured education community member of June 2020|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member: Oleh Kushch]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 24 Juni 2020 10.54 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20166080 --> == This Month in Education: July 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 7 &#x2022; July 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/About Education at the Wikimedia Polska Conference|About Education at the Wikimedia Polska Conference]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/Featured education community member of July 2020|Featured education community member]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/The importance of having an Education and Human Rights Program|The importance of having an Education and Human Rights Program]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/The Welsh Wiki-Education project|The Welsh Wiki-Education project]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/Wikimedia Chile faces the challenge of mandatory virtuality|Wikimedia Chile faces the challenge of mandatory virtuality]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/WoALUG and Canadian Institute of Technology write about women in tech|WoALUG and Canadian Institute of Technology write about women in tech]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 5 Agustus 2020 12.27 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20337242 --> == This Month in Education: August 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 • Issue 8 • August 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2020|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2020/Collaboration between Karvachar Armath laboratory and Karvachar’s Wikiclub as a new educational platform for the teenagers|Collaboration between Karvachar Armath laboratory and Karvachar’s Wikiclub as a new educational platform for the teenagers]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2020/Education cycle “Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: an instructional strategy for the teaching practice” organized by the Faculty of Education Sciences of the Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala and Wikimedia México.|Education cycle “Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: an instructional strategy for the teaching practice”]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2020/3rd edition of Wikipedia Education Program in Hebron, Palestine. (COVID-19 edition)|3rd edition of Wikipedia Education Program in Hebron, Palestine. (COVID-19 edition)]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2020/Introductory Wikipedia Workshop with Future Engineers: First Step of Education Program|Introductory Wikipedia Workshop with Future Engineers: First Step of Education Program]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2020/A picture is worth a thousand words: history students research pictures on Commons|A picture is worth a thousand words: history students research pictures on Commons]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 23 Agustus 2020 20.33 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20345269 --> == This Month in Education: September 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 • Issue 9 • September 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2020|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/Active autumn in the Polish wiki-education|Active autumn in the Polish wiki-education]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/Cycle "Caminos y voces de la educación con Wikipedia"|Cycle "Caminos y voces de la educación con Wikipedia"]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/Featured education community member of September 2020|Featured education community member of September 2020]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/The Use of Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons as tool for Module Development in the Philippines|The Use of Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons as tool for Module Development in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/Wikimedia Indonesia Education Team Launched Their Books About Wikipedia|Wikimedia Indonesia Education Team Launched Their Books About Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/Wikimedia Serbia is organizing the first online Edu Wiki camp|Wikimedia Serbia is organizing the first online Edu Wiki camp]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 23 September 2020 19.49 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20463283 --> == This Month in Education: October 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 • Issue 10 • October 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2020|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Collegiate Students Fight Historical Revisionism Through Online Wikipedia Edit-a-thon|Collegiate Students Fight Historical Revisionism Through Online Wikipedia Edit-a-thon]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Digital skills using Wikimedia Art + Feminism|Digital skills using Wikimedia Art + Feminism]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Editathon “¡No se olvida!” (We don’t forget!)|Editathon “¡No se olvida!” (We don’t forget!)]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Education news bytes|Education news bytes]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Featured education community member of October 2020|Featured education community member of October 2020]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Teaching Wikipedia at University of Tromsø with support from the Sámi Parliament|Teaching Wikipedia at University of Tromsø with support from the Sámi Parliament]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 25 Oktober 2020 19.59 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20514345 --> == This Month in Education: November 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 • Issue 11 • November 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2020|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Celebrating 10 years of student editing in the United States and Canada|Celebrating 10 years of student editing in the United States and Canada]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Cooperation in digital education – Wikimedia Polska conference|Cooperation in digital education – Wikimedia Polska conference]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Education Team 2020 Year End Review|Education Team 2020 Year End Review]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Featured education community members of 2020|Featured education community members of 2020]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Fifteen years of implementation of the Wikipedia Education Program in Serbia|Fifteen years of implementation of the Wikipedia Education Program in Serbia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Hablon User Group and UP Internet Freedom Network Wikipedia Edit-a-thon|Hablon User Group and UP Internet Freedom Network Wikipedia Edit-a-thon]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Online trainings on Wikipedia with high school students of Kosova|Online trainings on Wikipedia with high school students of Kosova]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Photographics and free culture training in Cameroon and Switzerland|Photographics and free culture training in Cameroon and Switzerland]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/The article about Wiki-education in the science magazine|The article about Wiki-education in the science magazine]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/The first Online EduWiki Camp in Serbia|The first Online EduWiki Camp in Serbia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Wikimedia Mexico’s Education Program celebrates Open Access Week 2020|Wikimedia Mexico’s Education Program celebrates Open Access Week 2020]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Wikipedia as a Tool to Educate and to Be Educated|Wikipedia as a Tool to Educate and to Be Educated]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 17 Desember 2020 14.15 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20831200 --> == Undangan urun pikiran dalam konsultasi Kode Etik Universal == Salam, Semoga Anda dalam keadaan baik dan sehat. Nama saya Ramzy Muliawan, mewakili tim Kode Etik Universal (UCoC) Yayasan Wikimedia bagi komunitas bahasa-bahasa Indonesia dan Melayu. Saya ingin mengabarkan bahwa proses konsultasi UCoC tahap kedua akan dimulai pada hari Senin, 18 Januari 2021. Konsultasi tahap kedua UCoC akan berfokus pada perumusan mekanisme penerapan dan penegakan yang efektif dan berlaku bagi seluruh proyek-proyek Wikimedia. Sebagai pengurus di Wikipedia bahasa Minangkabau, saya ingin mengundang Anda untuk ikut urun pikiran dan gagasan. Tahap kedua ini penting mengingat UCoC merupakan salah satu mandat yang paling utama dari proses Strategi Gerakan Wikimedia dan akan menjadi standar minimum bagi kebijakan tingkah laku di proyek-proyek Wikimedia. Untuk memulai, Anda dapat meninjau terlebih dahulu beberapa hal terkait UCoC. Halaman berikut tersedia dalam bahasa Indonesia: * [[meta:Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review/id|Rancangan akhir UCoC yang disusun oleh komite staf dan sukarelawan Wikimedia]]; * [[meta:Universal Code of Conduct/Initial 2020 Consultations/id|Laporan akhir dari konsultasi tahap pertama mengenai perumusan UCoC]]; * [[meta:Universal Code of Conduct/FAQ/id|Pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang sering ditanyakan terkait UCoC]] Setelah itu, Anda dapat berkomentar pada '''[[id:Wikipedia:Permohonan pendapat/Pelaksanaan Kode Etik Universal|halaman permohonan pendapat di Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia]]''' sampai akhir bulan Februari 2021. Untuk mitra lokal gerakan Wikimedia, kami juga merencanakan proses konsultasi terpisah yang akan diinformasikan kemudian. Saya memohon maaf karena keterbatasan sumber daya, diskusi hanya dapat diselenggarakan dalam bahasa Indonesia dan tidak dapat dalam bahasa-bahasa daerah lain yang dipertuturkan di Indonesia. Namun, Anda amat dianjurkan untuk berkomentar dan menyampaikan pendapat sesuai dengan situasi, kondisi, dan nilai-nilai budaya yang berlaku di komunitas Minangkabau. Bila Anda memiliki pertanyaan lain atau ingin menyampaikan respon yang dirasa lebih sesuai disampaikan pada ruang privat, silakan balas surel ini atau [https://t.me/ramzymuliawan hubungi saya melalui Telegram]. Atas perhatian Anda, saya ucapkan terima kasih. Salam hangat, '''[[meta:User RamzyM (WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]]''' <br> Fasilitator Konsultasi Kode Etik Universal, Yayasan Wikimedia -- [[Pangguno:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:RamzyM (WMF)|maota]]) 15 Januari 2021 15.37 (WIB) == This Month in Education: January 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 1 • January 2021</span> ----<span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[metawiki:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ----<span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Featured education community member of January 2021|Featured education community member of January 2021]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Open Education Global 2020 Conference|Open Education Global 2020 Conference]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia|Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/The impact of war on young Wikimedians in Stepanakert|The impact of war on young Wikimedians in Stepanakert]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/The Possibility of Open-Access Learning Portals in the Philippines|The Possibility of Open-Access Learning Portals in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Training Resources about Author’s Rights published by Wiki in Africa|Training Resources about Author’s Rights published by Wiki in Africa]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 24 Januari 2021 00.26 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20974633 --> == This Month in Education: January 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 1 • January 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Featured education community member of January 2021|Featured education community member of January 2021]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Open Education Global 2020 Conference|Open Education Global 2020 Conference]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia|Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/The impact of war on young Wikimedians in Stepanakert|The impact of war on young Wikimedians in Stepanakert]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/The Possibility of Open-Access Learning Portals in the Philippines|The Possibility of Open-Access Learning Portals in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Training Resources about Author’s Rights published by Wiki in Africa|Training Resources about Author’s Rights published by Wiki in Africa]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 24 Januari 2021 22.35 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21000945 --> == This Month in Education: February 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 2 • February 2021</span> ----<span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[metawiki:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ----<span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/February 2021/Education news bytes|Wikimedia Education news bytes]] * [[outreach:Education/News/February 2021/Featured education community member of February 2021|Featured education community member of February 2021]] * [[outreach:Education/News/February 2021/Karvachar Wikiclub continues its activities online|Karvachar Wikiclub continues its activities online]] * [[outreach:Education/News/February 2021/Over 4,000 references added|Over 4,000 more references added! 1Lib1Ref campaign in Poland]] * [[outreach:Education/News/February 2021/Philippines Climate Change Translate-a-thon|Philippines Climate Change Translate-a-thon]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 24 Pebruari 2021 14.34 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21035028 --> == This Month in Education: March 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 3 • March 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2021/A Wikipedia Webinar for Indonesian Women Teachers|A Wikipedia Webinar for Indonesian Women Teachers]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2021/Educational program of GLAM Macedonia|Educational program of GLAM Macedonia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2021/Filling Gaps - the Conference about Education in Poland|Filling the Gaps & Open Education Week]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2021/Featured education community member of March 2021|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member: Bara'a Zama'reh]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2021/Using Wikipedia and Bridging the Gender Gap: In-Service training for Teachers in Philippines|Using Wikipedia and Bridging the Gender Gap: In-Service training for Teachers in Philippines]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 26 Maret 2021 18.46 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21247888 --> == This Month in Education: April 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 4 • April 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2021/Collaboration with Brusov State University|Collaboration with Brusov State University]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2021/Editing contest "Meet Russia"|Editing contest "Meet Russia"]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2021/Educational project: Wikipedia at the University with the University Center for Economic-Administrative Sciences|Educational project: Wikipedia at the University with the University Center for Economic-Administrative Sciences (Centro Universitario de Ciencias Económico Administrativas (CUCEA)) of the University of Guadalajara]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2021/Regional Meeting of Latin American Education by the EWOC|Regional Meeting of Latin American Education by the EWOC]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2021/Students of the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade have started an internship program|Students of the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade have started an internship program]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 26 April 2021 05.48 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21372399 --> == This Month in Education: May 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 5 • May 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/A Multimedia-Rich Wikiversity MOOC from Brazil|A Multimedia-Rich Wikiversity MOOC from Brazil]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/Featured education community member of May 2021|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member: Maria Weronika Kmoch]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/Offline workshop with Nikola Koperniku High School in Albania|Offline workshop with Nikola Koperniku High School in Albania]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/Wiki Education Program Organized with the University Students for the First time in Bangladesh|Wiki Education Program Organized with the University Students for the First time in Bangladesh]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/Wikimedia Commons workshop with high school students in Kosovo; Workshop with telecommunication students at University of Prishtina|Wikimedia Commons workshop with high school students in Kosovo]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/Wikipedia training for the Safeguardians of the Intangible Cultular Heritage|Wikipedia training for the Bearers of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Poland]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/“Writing a Wikipedia article isn’t as difficult and unimaginable as it seems”: A case for Wikipedia Education Program in Ukraine|“Writing a Wikipedia article isn’t as difficult and unimaginable as it seems”: A case for Wikipedia Education Program in Ukraine]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 28 Mai 2021 00.38 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21425406 --> == This Month in Education: June 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 6 • June 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Children writing for an encyclopedia – is it possible?|Can children write articles for a wiki encyclopedia?]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Editing contest "Biosphere reserves in the world"|Editing contest "Biosphere reserves in the world"]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Training & workshop on Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons with students from Municipal Learning Center, Gurrakoc|Training & workshop on Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons with students from Municipal Learning Center, Gurrakoc]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Wiki for Human Rights Campaign in the Philippines|Wiki for Human Rights Campaign in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Wiki-School program in Poland at the end of school year|Wikipedia makes children and teachers happy!]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Workshop with students of Language Faculty of Philology, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina"|Workshop with the students of Language Faculty of Philology, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina"]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 24 Juni 2021 02.57 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21553405 --> == This Month in Education: July 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 7 • July 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/UHI Editathon celebrates 10 years as a university|University celebrates 10th anniversary with an Editathon]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/A paper on Students' Attitudes Towards the Use of Wikipedia|A paper on Students' Attitudes Towards the Use of Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/Announcing the Training of Trainers program for Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom!|Announcing the Training of Trainers program for "Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom"]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/MOOC Conocimiento Abierto y Software Libre|MOOC Conocimiento Abierto y Software Libre]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/Leamos Wikipedia en Bolivia|Updates on the Leamos Wikipedia en Bolivia 2021]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/E-lessons on Wikipedia from Wikimedia Polska|Virtual lessons on Wikipedia from Wikimedia Polska for schools]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 4 Agustus 2021 02.32 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21829196 --> == This Month in Education: August 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 8 • August 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2021/Workshop for the Teachers from Poland|GLAM-wiki Summer in the City: Polish Teachers met in Warsaw]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2021/Wikipedia for School – our largest article contest for Ukrainian teachers|Wikipedia for School – our largest article contest for Ukrainian teachers]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2021/The importance of Social Service: Modality of educational linkage with ITESM, Querétaro campus and Wikimedia Mexico|The importance of Social Service: Modality of educational linkage with ITESM, Querétaro campus and Wikimedia Mexico]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2021/"Searching for the unschooling vibes around Wikipedia" at the Wikimania 2021|Wikimania 2021 and the unschooling vibes around Wikipedia by Wikimedia Polska, Education team]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2021/Open Foundation West Africa Introduces KIWIX Offline to the National Association of Graduate Teachers|Open Foundation West Africa Introduces KIWIX Offline to the National Association of Graduate Teachers]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 25 Agustus 2021 20.38 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21914750 --> == This Month in Education: September 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 9 • September 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2021/Cultural history on Wikipedia|Cultural history on Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2021/Education program in Ukraine is finally back to offline|Education program in Ukraine is finally back to offline!]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2021/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Module Distribution in the Philippines|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Module Distribution in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2021/Senior Citizens WikiTown 2021: Týn nad Vltavou|Senior Citizens WikiTown 2021: Týn nad Vltavou]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2021/WikiXLaEducación: New contest to include articles about education on Wikipedia|#WikiXLaEducación: New contest to include articles about education on Wikipedia]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 27 September 2021 02.43 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=22072998 --> == This Month in Education: October 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 10 • October 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2021/1st joint contest Wikimedia UG Georgia and the Ministry of Education of Georgia.|1st joint contest Wikimedia UG Georgia and the Ministry of Education of Georgia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2021/Promoting more inclusive and equitable support for the Wikimedia Education community|Promoting more inclusive and equitable support for the Wikimedia Education community]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2021/The Second Online EduWiki Camp in Serbia|The Second Online EduWiki Camp in Serbia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2021/University courses in the UK|Higher and further education courses in the UK]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2021/Wikipedia on Silesia Cieszyn in Poland|Wikipedia on Silesia Cieszyn in Poland and in Czech Republic]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 26 Oktober 2021 22.40 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=22208730 --> == This Month in Education: November 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 11 • November 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/November 2021|Contents]] • [[m:Education/Newsletter/November 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/We talked about EduWiki Outreach Collaborators and how Wikimedia Serbia played a role being a part of it|We talked about EduWiki Outreach Collaborators and how Wikimedia Serbia played a role being a part of it]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Welcome to Meta!|Welcome to Meta!]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Wikipedia Education Program in Ukraine in 2021|Wikipedia Education Program in Ukraine in 2021]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Wikipedia and Education Mentorship Program-Serbia and Philippines Partnership|Wikipedia and Education Mentorship Program-Serbia and Philippines Partnership]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Launch of the Wikimedia Research Fund!|Launch of the Wikimedia Research Fund!]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Education projects in the Land of Valencia|Education projects in the Land of Valencia]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/A Hatch-Tyap-Wikipedia In-person Training Event|A Hatch-Tyap-Wikipedia In-person Training Event]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Celebrating Sq Wikipedia Birthday with the Vasil Kamami High School students|Celebrating Sq Wikipedia Birthday with the Vasil Kamami High School students]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Celebrating Wikidata with the Nikola Koperniku High School students|Celebrating Wikidata with the Nikola Koperniku High School students]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 21 Nopember 2021 23.19 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=22360687 --> == How we will see unregistered users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> </div> 5 Januari 2022 01.17 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(5)&oldid=22532651 --> == Your advanced permissions on minwiki== Hello. A [[:m:Admin activity review|policy]] regarding the removal of "advanced rights" (administrator, bureaucrat, interface administrator, etc.) was adopted by [[:m:Requests for comment/Activity levels of advanced administrative rights holders|community consensus]] in 2013. According to this policy, the stewards are reviewing activity on wikis with no inactivity policy. You meet the inactivity criteria (no edits and no logged actions for 2 years) on this wiki. Since this wiki, to the best of our knowledge, does not have its own rights review process, the global one applies. If you want to keep your advanced permissions, you should inform the community of the wiki about the fact that the stewards have sent you this information about your inactivity. A community notice about this process has been also posted on the local Village Pump of this wiki. If the community has a discussion about it and then wants you to keep your rights, please contact the stewards at the [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard]], and link to the discussion of the local community, where they express their wish to continue to maintain the rights. If you wish to resign your rights, please [[m:SRP|request removal of your rights on Meta]]. If there is no response at all after one month, stewards will proceed to remove your administrator and/or bureaucrat rights. In ambiguous cases, stewards will evaluate the responses and will refer a decision back to the local community for their comment and review. If you have any questions, please contact the [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard|stewards]]. Yours faithfully. [[Pangguno:Stanglavine|Stanglavine]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Stanglavine|maota]]) 19 Januari 2022 08.04 (WIB) == This Month in Education: January 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span><br/> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 1 • January 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/30-h Wikipedia Article Writing Challenge|30-h Wikipedia Article Writing Challenge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Announcing Wiki Workshop 2022|Announcing Wiki Workshop 2022]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Final exhibition about Cieszyn Silesia region|Final exhibition about Cieszyn Silesia region]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Join us this February for the EduWiki Week|Join us this February for the EduWiki Week]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Offline Education project WikiChallenge closed its third edition|Offline Education project WikiChallenge closed its third edition]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom ToT Experience of a Filipina Wikimedian|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom ToT Experience of a Filipina Wikimedian]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Welcoming new trainers of the Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom program|Welcoming new trainers of the Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Wikimedia Israel’s education program: Students enrich Hebrew Wiktionary with Biblical expressions still in use in modern Hebrew|Wikimedia Israel’s education program: Students enrich Hebrew Wiktionary with Biblical expressions still in use in modern Hebrew]] </div></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 25 Januari 2022 00.29 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=22669905 --> == This Month in Education: February 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English ... {{int:please-translate}} <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 2 • February 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</div> </div> <div style="column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/Open Foundation West Africa Expands Open Movement With UHAS|Open Foundation West Africa Expands Open Movement With UHAS]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/Celebrating the 18th anniversary of Ukrainian Wikipedia|Celebrating the 18th anniversary of Ukrainian Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/Integrating Wikipedia in the academic curriculum in a university in Mexico|Integrating Wikipedia in the academic curriculum in a university in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/Results of "Reading Wikipedia" workshop in the summer school of Plan Ceibal in Uruguay|Results of "Reading Wikipedia" workshop in the summer school of Plan Ceibal in Uruguay]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/WikiFundi, offline editing plateform : last release notes and how-tos|WikiFundi, offline editing plateform : last release notes and how-tos]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/Writing Wikipedia as an academic assignment in STEM fields|Writing Wikipedia as an academic assignment in STEM fields]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/The Learning and Connection – 1Lib1Ref with African Librarians|The Learning and Connection – 1Lib1Ref with African Librarians]] </div> </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 28 Pebruari 2022 22.09 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=22886200 --> == This Month in Education: March 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English... Please help translate to your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 3 • March 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Arte+Feminismo Pilipinas:Advocacy on Women Empowerment|Arte+Feminismo Pilipinas:Advocacy on Women Empowerment]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/The edit-a-thon on Serbian Wikipedia on the occasion of Edu Wiki Week|The edit-a-thon on Serbian Wikipedia on the occasion of Edu Wiki Week]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Call for Participation: Higher Education Survey|Call for Participation: Higher Education Survey]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Collection of Good Practices in Wikipedia Education|Collection of Good Practices in Wikipedia Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Conversation: Open education in the Wikimedia Movement views from Latin America|Conversation: Open education in the Wikimedia Movement views from Latin America]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/EduWiki Week 2022, celebrations and learnings|EduWiki Week 2022, celebrations and learnings]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/EduWiki Week in Armenia|EduWiki Week in Armenia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Open Education Week at the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León|Open Education Week at the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Wikipedia + Education Talk With Leonard Hagan|Wikipedia + Education Talk With Leonard Hagan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Wikimedia Israel cooperates with Yad Vashem in developing a training course for teachers|Wikimedia Israel cooperates with Yad Vashem in developing a training course for teachers]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 25 Maret 2022 23.57 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23020683 --> == This Month in Education: April 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English... Please help translate to your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 4 • April 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/Audio-Educational Seminar of Wikimedia Mexico|Audio-Educational Seminar of Wikimedia Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/Dagbani Wikimedians using digital TV broadcast to train Wikipedia contributors in Ghana|Dagbani Wikimedians using digital TV broadcast to train Wikipedia contributors in Ghana]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/Digital Education & The Open Space With Herbert Acheampong|Digital Education & The Open Space With Herbert Acheampong]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/HerStory walks as a part of edit-a-thons|HerStory walks as a part of edit-a-thons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/Join us for Wiki Workshop 2022|Join us for Wiki Workshop 2022]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/The youngest member of Tartu Wikiclub is 15-year-old student|The youngest member of Tartu Wikiclub is 15-year-old student]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 24 April 2022 19.52 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23177152 --> == This Month in Education: May 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 5 • May 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[Education/News/May 2022/Wiki Hackathon in Kwara State|Wiki Hackathon in Kwara State]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Introduction of the Wikimedia Fan Club to Kwara State University Malete|Introduction of the Wikimedia Fan Club to Kwara State University Malete]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Education in Kosovo|Education in Kosovo]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Bringing the Wikiprojects to the Island of Catanduanes|Bringing the Wikiprojects to the Island of Catanduanes]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Tyap Wikipedia Goes Live|Tyap Wikipedia Goes Live]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Spring 1Lib1Ref edition in Poland|Spring 1Lib1Ref edition in Poland]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Tyap Editors Host Maiden Wiktionary In-person Training Workshop|Tyap Editors Host Maiden Wiktionary In-person Training Workshop]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Wikibooks project in teaching|Wikibooks project in teaching]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Africa Eduwiki Network Hosted Conversation about Wikimedian in Education with Nebojša Ratković|Africa Eduwiki Network Hosted Conversation about Wikimedian in Education with Nebojša Ratković]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/My Journey In The Wiki-Space By Thomas Baah|My Journey In The Wiki-Space By Thomas Baah]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education| Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 1 Juni 2022 09.43 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23282386 --> == This Month in Education: May 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 5 • May 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Wiki Hackathon in Kwara State|Wiki Hackathon in Kwara State]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Introduction of the Wikimedia Fan Club to Kwara State University Malete|Introduction of the Wikimedia Fan Club to Kwara State University Malete]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Education in Kosovo|Education in Kosovo]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Bringing the Wikiprojects to the Island of Catanduanes|Bringing the Wikiprojects to the Island of Catanduanes]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Tyap Wikipedia Goes Live|Tyap Wikipedia Goes Live]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Spring 1Lib1Ref edition in Poland|Spring 1Lib1Ref edition in Poland]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Tyap Editors Host Maiden Wiktionary In-person Training Workshop|Tyap Editors Host Maiden Wiktionary In-person Training Workshop]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Wikibooks project in teaching|Wikibooks project in teaching]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Africa Eduwiki Network Hosted Conversation about Wikimedian in Education with Nebojša Ratković|Africa Eduwiki Network Hosted Conversation about Wikimedian in Education with Nebojša Ratković]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/My Journey In The Wiki-Space By Thomas Baah|My Journey In The Wiki-Space By Thomas Baah]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education| Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 1 Juni 2022 09.54 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23351176 --> == This Month in Education: June 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 6 • June 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Black Lunch Table: Black History Month with Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Black Lunch Table: Black History Month with Igbo Wikimedians User Group]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Bolivian Teachers Welcomed Wikipedia in their Classroom|Bolivian Teachers Welcomed Wikipedia in their Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Educational program & Wikivoyage in Ukrainian University|Educational program & Wikivoyage in Ukrainian University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/The Great Learning and Connection: Experience from AFLIA|The Great Learning and Connection: Experience from AFLIA]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/New Mexico Students Join Wikimedia Movement Through WikiForHumanRights Campaign|New Mexico Students Join Wikimedia Movement Through WikiForHumanRights Campaign]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/The school wiki-project run by a 15 year old student came to an end|The school wiki-project run by a 15 year old student came to an end]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/The students of Kadir Has University, Istanbul contribute Wikimedia projects in "Civic Responsibility Project" course|The students of Kadir Has University, Istanbul contribute Wikimedia projects in "Civic Responsibility Project" course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Wiki Trip with Vasil Kamami Wikiclub to Berat, the town of one thousand windows|Wiki Trip with Vasil Kamami Wikiclub to Berat, the town of one thousand windows]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Wikiclubs in Albania|Wikiclubs in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Wikidata in the classroom FGGC Bwari Experience|Wikidata in the classroom FGGC Bwari Experience]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Wikipedia and Secondary Schools in Aotearoa New Zealand|Wikipedia and Secondary Schools in Aotearoa New Zealand]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/А large-scale online course for teaching beginners to work in Wikipedia has been developed in Russia|А large-scale online course for teaching beginners to work in Wikipedia has been developed in Russia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 5 Juli 2022 01.50 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23406065 --> == This Month in Education: July 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 7 • July 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/Wikimedia Chile launched a teacher guidebook with Wiki tools for Heritage Education|Wikimedia Chile launched a teacher guidebook with Wiki tools for Heritage Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/Wikimedia Serbia received a new accreditation for the professional development program|Wikimedia Serbia received a new accreditation for the professional development program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/Wikimedia for Illiterate Persons|Wikimedia for Illiterate Persons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/EtnoWiki edit-a-thon in Poland|Polish Wikipedia is enriched with new EtnoWiki content]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/Career Education through Wikipedia|Career Education through Wikipedia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 4 Agustus 2022 00.39 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23607963 --> == This Month in Education: August 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 8 • August 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/The Making of a Certified Trainer of Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom|The Making of a Certified Trainer of Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Wikimania SDGs 2022: The Kwara Experience|Wikimania SDGs 2022: The Kwara Experience]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/An adapted Module teacher’s guide in Yoruba and English about Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom in Nigeria is now available on Commons|An adapted Module teacher’s guide in Yoruba and English about Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom in Nigeria is now available on Commons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Kwara, Nigeria: The Trainers Experience|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Kwara, Nigeria: The Trainers Experience]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Edu Wiki Camp 2022 in Serbia: Together again|Edu Wiki Camp 2022 in Serbia: Together again]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Program Nigeria: The Teacher experience |Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Program Nigeria: The Teacher experience]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Wiki For Senior Citizens|Wiki For Senior Citizens]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/WikiLoves SDGs Nigeria Tours Kwara State University Malete|WikiLoves SDGs Nigeria Tours Kwara State University Malete]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Wikiteka project in Poland - summertime|Wikiteka project in Poland - summertime]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 7 September 2022 23.01 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23758285 --> == This Month in Education: September 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 9 • September 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2022/OpenEdu.ch: centralising training documents, a platform for the teachers' community in Switzerland|OpenEdu.ch: centralising training documents, a platform for the teachers' community in Switzerland]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2022/Senior Citizens WikiTown 2022: Exploring Olomouc and its heritage|Senior Citizens WikiTown 2022: Exploring Olomouc and its heritage]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2022/Wikimedia Research Fund|Wikimedia Research Fund]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2022/Wikimedia Youths Commemorate the International Youth Day 2022 in an exciting way across the globe|Wikimedia Youths Commemorate the International Youth Day 2022 in an exciting way across the globe]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2022/Wikipedia, Education, and the Crisis of Information|Wikipedia, Education, and the Crisis of Information]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 3 Oktober 2022 23.55 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23879722 --> == This Month in Education: End of the 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 10 • October–November 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/End of the 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/End of the 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/2nd Latin American Regional Meeting on Education|2nd Latin American Regional Meeting on Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Adopting Wikipedia for Secondary School Students in Nigeria Classroom|Adopting Wikipedia for Secondary School Students in Nigeria Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Celebrating 2022 Vibrance in Kwara State University Malete|Celebrating 2022 Vibrance in Kwara State University Malete]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Celebrating the Wikipedia and Wikidata Birthday in school|Celebrating the Wikipedia and Wikidata Birthday in school]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Report on school libraries in Poland for the Wikiteka project|Report on school libraries in Poland for the Wikiteka project]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Wiki For Senior Citizens Network|Wiki For Senior Citizens Network]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/WikiEducation, Educational practices and experiences in Mexico with Wikipedia and other open resources|WikiEducation, Educational practices and experiences in Mexico with Wikipedia and other open resources]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Wikimedia & Education Workshops: a Wiki Movimento Brasil initiative|Wikimedia & Education Workshops: a Wiki Movimento Brasil initiative]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/An event at the National History Museum in Tirana|An event at the National History Museum in Tirana]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Students 24-hour competition on Wikipedia article writing|Students 24-hour competition on Wikipedia article writing]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Wiki-Data a Giant at 10|Wiki-Data a Giant at 10]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/WikiGraphers: Visualizing Open Knowledge|WikiGraphers: Visualizing Open Knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Wikimedia Israel’s Educational Innovation: “Students Write Wikipedia” as a Matriculation-Exam Alternative|Wikimedia Israel’s Educational Innovation: “Students Write Wikipedia” as a Matriculation-Exam Alternative]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Wikimedia Morocco User Group Empowers Moroccan Teachers to Use Wikipedia in the Classroom |Wikimedia Morocco User Group Empowers Moroccan Teachers to Use Wikipedia in the Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Wikimedia Russia has released the "Introduction to Wikipedia" textbook|Wikimedia Russia has released the "Introduction to Wikipedia" textbook]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/“Wikipedia for School” contest was held in Ukraine for the third time|“Wikipedia for School” contest was held in Ukraine for the third time]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Announcing the Wikipedia & Education User Group Election Results|Announcing the Wikipedia & Education User Group Election Results]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 19 Desember 2022 13.56 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24091294 --> == This Month in Education: January 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 1 • January 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Educational Projects 2023-1 in Mexico|Educational Projects 2023-1 in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Integration of Wikipedia in Ukrainian universities – teacher-led and student-led|Integration of Wikipedia in Ukrainian universities – teacher-led and student-led]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Transitional Justice in Kosovo edit-a-thon and Partnership with Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering - University of Prishtina|Transitional Justice in Kosovo edit-a-thon and Partnership with Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering - University of Prishtina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Wikidata Citation Hunt Program for secondary school students, Dubai|Wikidata Citation Hunt Program for secondary school students, Dubai]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Wikipedia edit-a-thon with students from Art Faculty - University of Prishtina|Wikipedia edit-a-thon with students from Art Faculty - University of Prishtina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Тeacher from Belgrade got a reward for using Wikibooks in teaching|Тeacher from Belgrade got a reward for using Wikibooks in teaching]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 7 Pebruari 2023 00.32 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24472891 --> == This Month in Education: February 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 2 • February 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/A Strategic Direction for a Massive Online Course for Educators in Brazil|A Strategic Direction for a Massive Online Course for Educators in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/Alliance Funding for Wikipedia as a school resource in Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland, New Zealand|Alliance Funding for Wikipedia as a school resource in Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland, New Zealand]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/Call for Submissions to Wiki Workshop 2023|Call for Submissions to Wiki Workshop 2023]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/Collaboration with Charles University on the creation of Czech Wikipedia started in January|Collaboration with Charles University on the creation of Czech Wikipedia started in January]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/Open Education Week 2023 in the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program|Open Education Week 2023 in the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/Wikiclubs with different schools in Albania |Wikiclubs with different schools in Albania]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 13 Maret 2023 04.08 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24706239 --> == This Month in Education: March 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 3 • March 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Audio-seminar project of the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program|Audio-seminar project of the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Empowering Nigerian Female Artists: Through Art & Feminism Edith-A-Thon at KWASU Fan Club|Empowering Nigerian Female Artists: Through Art & Feminism Edith-A-Thon at KWASU Fan Club]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Exploring How Wikipedia Works|Exploring How Wikipedia Works]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Florida graduate students complete Library History edit-a-thon for credit|Florida graduate students complete Library History edit-a-thon for credit]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Improving hearing health content in Brazil|Improving hearing health content in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Media Literacy Portal to become a key resource for media education in Czech Libraries |Media Literacy Portal to become a key resource for media education in Czech Libraries]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikeys in the Albanian language|Wikeys in the Albanian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikimarathon is an opportunity to involve students and teachers in creating and editing articles in Wikipedia|Wikimarathon is an opportunity to involve students and teachers in creating and editing articles in Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikimedia Polska short report|Wikimedia Polska short report]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikimedia Serbia participated in the State Seminar of the The Mathematical Society of Serbia|Wikimedia Serbia participated in the State Seminar of the The Mathematical Society of Serbia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 9 April 2023 01.45 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24824837 --> == This Month in Education: April 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 4 • April 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Auckland Museum Alliance fund project update|Auckland Museum Alliance fund project update]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Introducing Wikipedia to Kusaal Language Teachers|Introducing Wikipedia to Kusaal Language Teachers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/KWASU Fan Club Leads the Way in 21st Century Learning with Wiki in School Program|KWASU Fan Club Leads the Way in 21st Century Learning with Wiki in School Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/On-line Courses for Educators in Poland|On-line Courses for Educators in Poland]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Online meeting of Ukrainian educators working with Wikipedia – four perspectives|Online meeting of Ukrainian educators working with Wikipedia – four perspectives]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Wikiclubs Editathon in Elbasan, Albania |Wikiclubs Editathon in Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Wikipedia at the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad|Wikipedia at the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Wikipedia at the University of Łódź Information Management Conference|Wikipedia at the University of Łódź Information Management Conference]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 23 Mai 2023 23.27 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24999562 --> == This Month in Education: June 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 5 • June 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/Africa Day 2023: Abuja Teachers celebrates|Africa Day 2023: Abuja Teachers celebrates]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/From editing articles to civic power – Wikimedia UK's research on democracy and Wikipedia|From editing articles to civic power – Wikimedia UK's research on democracy and Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Program in Yemen Brings Positive Impact to Yemeni Teachers|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Program in Yemen Brings Positive Impact to Yemeni Teachers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/Using Wikipedia in education: students' and teachers' view|Using Wikipedia in education: students' and teachers' view]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/The Journey of Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Lagos State|The Journey of Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Lagos State]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/WMB goes to Serbia |WMB goes to Serbia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/But we don't want it to end!|But we don't want it to end!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 4 Juli 2023 15.44 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25147408 --> == This Month in Education: July 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 7 • July 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wikimedia Kaduna Connect Campaign|Wikimedia Kaduna Connect Campaign]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wikimedia Serbia published a paper Promoting Equity in Access to Open Knowledge: An Example of the Wikipedia Educational Program|Wikimedia Serbia published a paper Promoting Equity in Access to Open Knowledge: An Example of the Wikipedia Educational Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wikimedia and Education Kailali Multiple campus|Wikimedia and Education Kailali Multiple campus]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/WikiCamp in Istog, Kosovo: Promoting Knowledge and Nature Appreciation|WikiCamp in Istog, Kosovo: Promoting Knowledge and Nature Appreciation]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wiki at the Brazilian National History Symposium|Wiki at the Brazilian National History Symposium]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/US & Canada program reaches 100M words added |US & Canada program reaches 100M words added]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Renewed Community Wikiconference brought together experienced Wikipedians and newcomers|Renewed Community Wikiconference brought together experienced Wikipedians and newcomers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Kusaal Wikipedia Workshop at Ajumako Campus, University of Education, Winneba|Kusaal Wikipedia Workshop at Ajumako Campus, University of Education, Winneba]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Join us to celebrate the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program Graduation Ceremony|Join us to celebrate the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program Graduation Ceremony]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Activities that took place during the presentation of the WikiEducation book|Activities that took place during the presentation of the WikiEducation book. Educational practices and experiences in Mexico with Wikipedia and other open resources in Xalala, Veracruz from the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/62+ Participants Graduates from the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program|62+ Participants Graduates from the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/“Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” course launched in Ukraine|“Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” course launched in Ukraine]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/OFWA and Goethe Institute Host Wiki Skills For Librarians Workshop-Ghana|OFWA and Goethe Institute Host Wiki Skills For Librarians Workshop-Ghana]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 14 Agustus 2023 22.33 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25457946 --> == This Month in Education: September 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 7 • September 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference|Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs|Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa|Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools|WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia|WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education |Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 10 Oktober 2023 12.01 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25700976 --> == This Month in Education: October 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Volume 12 • Issue 8 • October 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye|3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community|CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan|Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci|Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU|PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab|PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities|WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi|Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book|Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023|Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 8 Nopember 2023 18.34 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25784366 --> == This Month in Education: November 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 9 • November 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education|4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo|Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia|EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia|Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities|Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania |Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/First anniversary of the game Wikeys|First anniversary of the game Wikeys]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Involve visiting students in education programs|Involve visiting students in education programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing|Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy|Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin|Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach|Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Art Outreach at Aje Compreshensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland|Art Outreach at Aje Comprehensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment|PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 14 Desember 2023 15.24 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25919737 --> == This Month in Education: January 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 1 • January 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia|Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students|Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania|Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Summer students at Auckland Museum|Summer students at Auckland Museum]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project|WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops|Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment|Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 10 Pebruari 2024 17.02 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26091771 --> == This Month in Education: February 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 2 • February 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February|2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/More two wiki-education partnerships|More two wiki-education partnerships]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico|Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows|Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization|Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna|Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP - Call for Papers Research track|Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP – Call for Papers Research track]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 21 Maret 2024 01.38 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26310117 --> == This Month in Education: March 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 3 • March 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna|Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand|Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad|Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania|Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 28 April 2024 14.28 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26659969 --> == This Month in Education: April 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 4 • April 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/EduWiki Updates From Uganda|EduWiki Updates From Uganda]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024|Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil|Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project|Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project]]</div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 14 Mai 2024 10.20 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26698909 --> == This Month in Education: May 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 5 • May 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024|Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan|Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia|Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons|Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi|We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series |Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA|Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15 Juni 2024 20.30 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26854161 --> == This Month in Education: June 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 6 • June 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect|From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico|5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students|Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024|First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy|Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects |Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions|Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration|Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 9 Juli 2024 13.58 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27085892 --> == This Month in Education: August 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 7 • August 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran|Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba|Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine|Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024|Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount|Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning|Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon|Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop|Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 11 September 2024 20.21 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27310254 --> == This Month in Education: October 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 8 • October 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year|CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic|7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo|Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edu_Wiki_in_South_Sudan:_Creating_a_better_future_in_education|Empowering Digital Literacy through Wikimedia in South Sudan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD|Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month |New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms|Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global|WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills|Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact|Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club|WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 12 Nopember 2024 21.57 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27733413 --> == This Month in Education: November 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 9 • November 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language|Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week|Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania|Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024|Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in School |Wikidata birthday in School]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University|Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content|Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program|Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 10 Desember 2024 22.12 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27879342 --> == This Month in Education: January 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 1 • January 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Advancing Education Pillar in Kosovo: 2024 Journey|Advancing Education Pillar in Kosovo: 2024 Journey]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Students Making Progress|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Students Making Progress]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Celebrating 10 Years of Wiki Education|Celebrating 10 Years of Wiki Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Empowering Multilingual Students: Expanding Wikipedia Through Collaboration of foreign languages faculty's students of the University of Tehran|Empowering Multilingual Students: Expanding Wikipedia Through Collaboration of foreign languages faculty's students of the University of Tehran]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Ensuring accurate and authentic information with 1Lib1Ref Campaign in Anambra|Ensuring accurate and authentic information with 1Lib1Ref Campaign in Anambra]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Experiences of Wikipedia in the classroom with a gender perspective in Monterrey |Experiences of Wikipedia in the classroom with a gender perspective in Monterrey]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Fine Arts University Students exploring Wikipedia in Tirana, Albania|Fine Arts University Students exploring Wikipedia in Tirana, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Lviv hosted Ukraine’s first student photo walk for Wikipedia|Lviv hosted Ukraine’s first student photo walk for Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Many new trained volunteers and new articles at the end of the year in Macedonia|Many new trained volunteers and new articles at the end of the year in Macedonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Wikimedia and Scientific Events in Brazil|Wikimedia and Scientific Events in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Wiki Workshop- Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop- Call for Contributions]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 5 Pebruari 2025 22.56 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28111205 --> == This Month in Education: February 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 2 • February 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Activities series at the Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania|Activities series at the Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia Brazil has formed a partnership with a public policy research institute|Wikimedia Brazil has formed a partnership with a public policy research institute]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Preserving Heritage: Tuluvas Aati Month Educational Wikimedia Programs|Preserving Heritage: Tuluvas Aati Month Educational Wikimedia Programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Reflecting on our Past: Farewell to the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Reflecting on our Past: Farewell to the Auckland Museum Summer Students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Successful Conclusion of the Second Phase of "Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom" in Yemen|Successful Conclusion of the Second Phase of "Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom" in Yemen]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wiki Workshop in Mitrovica |Wiki Workshop in Mitrovica]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia MKD' Education: Lots of new trained users, lots of new articles|Wikimedia MKD' Education: Lots of new trained users, lots of new articles]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia Serbia receives accreditation from the National Library of Serbia for the Wiki Senior seminar|Wikimedia Serbia receives accreditation from the National Library of Serbia for the Wiki Senior seminar]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 12 Maret 2025 16.04 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28314249 --> == This Month in Education: March 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 3 • March 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/A Whole New World: Research Findings on New Editor Integration in Serbian Wikipedia|A Whole New World: Research Findings on New Editor Integration in Serbian Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Bolivia: a new round of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia|Bolivia: a new round of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Faculty of Social Sciences Workshop in Albania|Faculty of Social Sciences Workshop in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Lots of contributions and trainings as part of Wikimedia MKD's Education Programme|Lots of contributions and trainings as part of Wikimedia MKD's Education Programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Wikimedia organized multiple events of science and education in Brazil during the month of March|Wikimedia organized multiple events of science and education in Brazil during the month of March]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 10 April 2025 22.04 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28458563 --> == This Month in Education: April 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 4 • April 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Ceremony of giving certificates and awarding the winners of the edit-a-thon: Meet Slovenia|Ceremony of giving certificates and awarding the winners of the edit-a-thon: Meet Slovenia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/The Workshops Wikimedia & Education are back in Brazil|The Workshops Wikimedia & Education are back in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/EduWiki Nigeria: Advancing Digital Literacy in Schools|EduWiki Nigeria: Advancing Digital Literacy in Schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Empowering the Next Generation: Wikidata Training at Federal Government Boys College, FGBC Abuja|Empowering the Next Generation: Wikidata Training at Federal Government Boys College, FGBC Abuja]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Final Wikipedia project with Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania|Final Wikipedia project with Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Teachers who graduated from the Leamos Wikipedia program in Bolivia become mentors for their colleagues |Teachers who graduated from the Leamos Wikipedia program in Bolivia become mentors for their colleagues]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Wikivoyage in Has region, Northern Albania|Wikivoyage in Has region, Northern Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Wikivoyage workshop in Bulqiza|Wikivoyage workshop in Bulqiza]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 10 Mai 2025 09.48 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28656387 --> == This Month in Education: May 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 5 • May 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Journalism students at Aleksandër Xhuvani University explore Wikipedia in Albania|Journalism students at Aleksandër Xhuvani University explore Wikipedia in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Reviewing pending articles editathon with high school students in Albania|Reviewing pending articles editathon with high school students in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Several educational workshops to promote science on Wiki were held in Brazil in the month of May|Several educational workshops to promote science on Wiki were held in Brazil in the month of May]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Simón Bolívar Teacher Training College joins the Let's Read Wikipedia Program|Simón Bolívar Teacher Training College joins the Let's Read Wikipedia Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Students become Editors: Wikimedia Chile launches Latin America's first Vikidia Workshop|Students become Editors: Wikimedia Chile launches Latin America's first Vikidia Workshop]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/The DemocraTICon competition was held, this year for the first time with a discipline focused on Wikipedia |The DemocraTICon competition was held, this year for the first time with a discipline focused on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Wikimedia MKD's "Lajka" workshop in Skopje|Wikimedia MKD's "Lajka" workshop in Skopje]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 28 Mai 2025 09.57 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28771448 --> == This Month in Education: June 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 6 • June 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague|Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program|Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota|Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT|Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children|PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College|Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June|Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival|Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 27 Juni 2025 14.19 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28903832 --> == This Month in Education: July 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 7 • July 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025|Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania|Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025|Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs|Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning|The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025 |When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD|Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia|Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague|Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 1 Agustus 2025 10.00 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29005310 --> == This Month in Education: August 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 8 • August 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom|Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki|Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins|Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI|Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader|From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators|From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain|Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal|Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network|Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/The brains behind Wikipedia|The brains behind Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers|Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point|Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers|Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University|Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers|St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna|Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education|In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer|Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 2 September 2025 22.16 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29205629 --> == This Month in Education: September 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 9 • September 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination|Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism & Folklore 2025 Winners|CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism & Folklore 2025 Winners]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025|2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište|Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters|Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach |Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU & Alvan|Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU & Alvan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia|Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Monográfico sobre Wikipedia en el aula, Revista Docere|Monograph on Wikipedia in the classroom, Docere Magazine]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan|The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025|The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes|Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cultura libre en las aulas|Free culture in the classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs|Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 2 Oktober 2025 22.10 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29344785 --> == This Month in Education: October 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 10 • October 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/"WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!" winner at the Open Education Awards 2025|"WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!" winner at the Open Education Awards 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer|A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil|Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta|Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025|India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/JDACA & Amman Arab University|JDACA & Amman Arab University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September|New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset|Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October|Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp|Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania|Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 2 Nopember 2025 13.05 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29511272 --> == This Month in Education: November 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 11 • November 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 & 2026|Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 & 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia|Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras|Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day|190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI|2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States|Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th|November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025|EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia|Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon & Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka|Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon & Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe|Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course|Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training|United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM|Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge|Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo|Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo|Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community|Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 30 Nopember 2025 20.46 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29716809 --> == This Month in Education: December 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 12 • December 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages|WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage|Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context|What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge|WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina|Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon & Workshop in St Aloysius University |WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon & Workshop in St Aloysius University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição|Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025|Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania|New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania|New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025|Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop|Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 17 Desember 2025 21.22 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29814101 --> == This Month in Education: January 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 1 • January 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026|Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan|Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia Education Program - Train The Trainer in Nepal|Wikipedia Education Program – Train The Trainer in Nepal]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU|Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program|CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth|WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme|Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network|Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge|Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025|Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme|Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Envisioning an Open Future together - WikiForAll|Envisioning an Open Future together – WikiForAll]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025|A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge|A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/¡Celebrando 25 años de conocimiento libre! El Proyecto "25x25" llega a las aulas de Córdoba, Argentina|Celebrating 25 years of free knowledge! The '25x25' Project reaches the classrooms of Córdoba, Argentina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A atuação em rede da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora para a difusão do conhecimento livre na Wikipédia|The collaborative efforts of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora for the dissemination of free knowledge on Wikipedia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 29 Januari 2026 01.26 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29951116 --> == This Month in Education: February 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 2 • February 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces|Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan|Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Encontro da Rede Latino Americana de Inteligência Artificial Feminista: construindo futuros possíveis|Meeting of the Latin American Network of Feminist Artificial Intelligence: building possible futures]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi|Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana |Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade|Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics|Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia|LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia|New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors|Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects|The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day|Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages|Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026|Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity|Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia|WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops|Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valorisation du patrimoine culturel africain à l'Université Senghor|WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valuation of African cultural heritage at the University Senghor]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future|Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 3 Maret 2026 18.55 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30155806 --> == This Month in Education: March 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 3 • March 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona|Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG|Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources|Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe|Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program|Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026|Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up|One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN|Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology|Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries|The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners|Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil|Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI|Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities|“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikipedia & Libraries: Building New Contributors|Wikipedia & Libraries: Building New Contributors]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 1 April 2026 17.21 (WIB)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30317659 --> j6laqcif7gh929xgs5b7lxdfcfilhnf 4 606 3345238 3344533 2026-04-01T04:42:58Z MediaWiki message delivery 1634 /* Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! */ bagian baru 3345238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{untuak|arsip jo kaba teknis|Wikipedia:Kadai Kopi/Arsip|Wikipedia:Kadai Kopi/Kaba teknis}} {{untuak|pamohonan status bot|Wikipedia:Bot/Pamohonan}} {{/Header}} {{Portal:Komunitas/Kapalo}} == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Automatic citations based on ISBN are broken</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message" /> Apologies if this message does not reach you in your favorite language. [[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)/ISBN|You can help translate it centrally at Meta]]. Thanks for your help. We have recently become unable to access the WorldCat API which provided the ability to generate citations using ISBN numbers. The Wikimedia Foundation's [[mw:Editing_team|Editing team]] is investigating several options to restore the functionality, but will need to disable ISBN citation generation for now. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts, such as the autofill button on [[:en:Wikipedia:RefToolbar|refToolbar]]. Please note that all the other automatic ways of generating citations, including via URL or DOI, are still available. You can keep updated on the situation [[phab:T336298|via Phabricator]], or by reading the next issues of [[m:Tech News]]. If you know of any users or groups who rely heavily on this feature (for instance, someone who has an upcoming editathon), I'd appreciate it if you shared this update with them. [[User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]], on behalf of the Editing team.<section end="message" /> </div> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 12 Mai 2023 02.45 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox3&oldid=25009633 --> == Managah Vandalisme: Palarangan Pangguno IP mambuek artikel baru (sabuah opsi) == Assalamualaikum <br/> Tabiak SanakWiki kasadonyo! </br> Awak di siko ka mambukak rundiang jo kaji basamo Sanak sadoalahnyo takaik '''palarangan pangguno IP untuak mambuek artikel baru'''. Sabalunnyo, dalam internal kami, nan tukang-tukang pel ko (''pengurus''), panah mambahas soal upayo '''untuak manjago Wikipedia Minangkabau dari vandalisme'''. Dek tindakan vandalisme '''acok''' barasa dari pangguno IP/anonim, di antaro opsi nan ado salah satunyo palarangan pangguno IP atau anonim untuak mambuek artikel baru. Rundiang kadai ko ka '''balansuang kurang labiah 14 hari''' sajak tulisan ko tabik. Silakan SanakWiki kasadonyo maagiah komentar, pandangan, pandapek, takaik opsi ciek ko! Kok ado solusi lain buliah disampaikan juo. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 25 Mai 2023 18.23 (WIB) : Ambo raso buliah lah kok diadoan kabijakan managah pangguno IP mambuek artikel baru, dek karano tujuannyo mangurangi vandalisme. Tapi saindaknyo alah cukuik juo (mayoritas) pangguno aktif lainnyo nan satuju jo kabijakan iko. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 28 Mai 2023 15.52 (WIB) :: Manuruik ambo, karano tujuannyo untuak manjago artikel dari vandalisme mako ambo '''satuju'''. Salam, [[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Adhmi|maota]]) 29 Mai 2023 13.23 (WIB) :: Namun baitu pulo sabaliaknyo, jo adonyo pangguno IP nan mambuek artikel baru tantu kan manambah jumlah artikel-artikel kito di Wikipedia Minangkabau, salagi artikel nan baru tu tamasuak artikel nan elok sarato bamanfaaik. Iko hanyo pandapek ambo, tantu dipulangan baliak ka kito nan basamo sarato jo kapado tukang pel. Salam, [[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Adhmi|maota]]) 29 Mai 2023 13.23 (WIB) :::Manuruik ambo indak kasado pangguno IP basifek Vandal, kadang ado pulo pangguno lamo nan lupo login wakatu mambuek artikel, atau urang nan baru tahu bahwa inyo bisa mambuek artikel di wiki, baru baraja mambuek artikel tanpa ado neik untuak malakukan vandal karano alun pernah mandapek pelatihan. Mungkin untuk manjagonyo kito basamo bisa mamparatikan artikel baru nan di buek pangguno IP ko basifek vandal atau indak. Tapi apobilo langkah efektifnyo mambatasi pangguno IP ko indak masalah juo. [[Pangguno:Taufik Hadris|Taufik Hadris]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Taufik Hadris|maota]]) 6 Juni 2023 17.07 (WIB) [[Pangguno:Taufik Hadris|Taufik Hadris]] ::::@[[Pangguno:Taufik Hadris|Taufik Hadris]] Tarimo kasih Sanak alah ikuik barundiang. Kalau manuruik awak, kalau ciek duo panyuntiangan, mungkin labiah murah untuak mamantaunyo. Namun kok banyak suntiangannyo, ciek duo suntiangan vandal dapek lolos. Memang indak kasado IP, namun pangalaman nan sudah tajadi, palaku vandal tajadi dari pangguno IP. Untuak awak manindak IP salamoko agak kapayahan den walau alah baulang kali diingekan atau disakek, pangguno IP tatap muncua juo dan taruih ma-vandal. Tarimo kasih Bang Ardzun alah mambukak kaji dalam topik ko. Di level global kini ko sadang ado proyek ''[[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation]]'' dari Yayasan Wikimedia nan akan maadoan perubahan teknis pado suntiangan dari kontributor alamat IP. Salah satu opsi nan ditawarkan adalah kajian tentang [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study|pambatasan penyuntiangan dek alamat IP]], nan alah diterapkan dek duo proyek Wikimedia: * Di Wikipedia bahasao Portugis, komunitas memutuskan untuak malarang suntiangan dari IP pado sadoalah ruang namo (kecuali ruang namo bincang jo bantuan). [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Portuguese Wikipedia|Hasil penelitian]]: "''We evaluated the effects of turning off IP editing on the health of Portuguese Wikipedia and we found no significant negative impact in the analysis conducted thus far.''" * Di Wikipedia bahaso Persia, komunitas memutuskan untuak malarang IP untuak mambuek artikel baro sajo, tapi masih bisa manyuntiang di ruang namo nan lain. [[m:IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Editing_Restriction_Study#Farsi_Wikipedia_2|Hasil penelitian]]: "''...the restriction on Farsi effectively reduced vandalism on the wiki. We can say this based on the fact that reverts were down 68% compared to the previous six months and down 70% compared to same time period last year. Blocks were also down by over 50% in both comparisons. This trend was consistent with the Portuguese Wikipedia experiment.''" Ambo sarankan untuak sadoalah kontributor nan aktif di siko untuak mempertimbangkan talabiah daulu manfaat jo kakurangan nan didapek kok awak mamutuskan untuak malarang atau mambatasi kontribusi dek alamat IP di siko. Salam, [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwadieff]] [[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 30 Mai 2023 16.01 (WIB) :: Ambo labiah satuju untuak maniru aturan nan dipakai Wikipedia bahaso Portugih dek salamoko, vandalisme indak hanyo dari artikel nan baru babuek, tapi banyak juo dari artikel-artikel lamo nan disuntiang vandal. ::Kakurangannyo mungkin, awak "mamaso" urang baru untuak mambuek akun talabiah dahulu untuak bisa mambuek artikel dan batantangan saketek juo definisi "wiki" nan buliah disuntiang siapo sajo. Namun, raso ambo hal iko indak mambuek urang nan memang katuju untuak turuik sato bajariah manjadi suruik langkah. Baa manuruik sanak @[[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] jo @[[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]]? [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 3 Juni 2023 13.31 (WIB) Maundang juo dalam kaji ko, @[[Pangguno:Lim Natee|Lim Natee]]@[[Pangguno:Onyaso|Onyaso]]@[[Pangguno:Kartika sari|Kartika sari]]@[[Pangguno:Zhilal Darma|Zhilal Darma]]@[[Pangguno:Janniba Arifah|Janniba Arifah]]@[[Pangguno:Uni Riska|Uni Riska]]@[[Pangguno:SutanKart|SutanKart]]@[[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]]@[[Pangguno:Fuadi Zikri|Fuadi Zikri]]@[[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]]@[[Pangguno:Mechaenjoyed|Mechaenjoyed]]@[[Pangguno:Rachmat (WMID)|Rachmat (WMID)]]@[[Pangguno:Harditaher|Harditaher]] dan Sanak-SanakWiki lainnyo. [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 3 Juni 2023 13.47 (WIB) ::Maingek motto Wikipedia sabagai ensiklopedia bebas, mako ambo satuju jo aturan Wikipedia bahaso Persia nan ditarangan Bang Dwadieff di ateh. Tarimo kasih alah maundang ambo Bang {{u|Ardzun}}. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 4 Juni 2023 13.58 (WIB) :::Samo-samo da @[[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]]. Ambo takuiknyo vandal nan di artikel-artikel lamo, indak tatagah do. :::Baa manuruik @[[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]]@[[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]]@[[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|David Wadie Fisher-Freberg]] mungkin ado pandapek nan suai, antaro maikuik langkah Portugih atau langkah Persia? [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 6 Juni 2023 16.11 (WIB) ::::Kok ka dipasang, ambo suai nan caro Persia, Da {{u|Ardzun}}. [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 8 Juni 2023 20.51 (WIB) * Sekedar konteks, model Persia ko samo jo pembatasan nan alah diterapkan di Wikipedia bahaso Indonesia sajak Desember 2009 ([[:id:Wikipedia:Pembatasan_hak_membuat_artikel_baru_untuk_pengguna_anonim|diskusi]]; [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22666 phabricator]). [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwadieff]] [[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 14 Juni 2023 13.37 (WIB) <div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: #E6F2FF; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;"> :''Ambiak suaro di baruah alah ditutuik. Tarimo kasih alah turuik sato. <span style="color:red">'''Mohon untuak indak manyuntiang baliak bagian iko.'''</span> === Ambiak suaro === Dari kaji nan balansuang dari 28 Mai--13 Juni 2023 didapek simpulan baso awak basamo sapandapek baso palarangan pangguno IP untuak manyuntiang paralu untuak managah adonyo vandalisme di Wikipedia Minangkabau. Namun, alun ado bulek suaro tantang sistem nan dipiliah. <br/> Mangutip dari [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwadieff]] pado kaji di ateh, <blockquote>Yayasan Wikimedia manawarkan [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study|pambatasan penyuntiangan dek alamat IP]], nan alah diterapkan dek duo proyek Wikimedia: * Di '''Wikipedia bahaso Portugis''', komunitas memutuskan untuak '''malarang suntiangan dari IP pado sadoalah ruang namo (kecuali ruang namo bincang jo bantuan)'''. [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Portuguese Wikipedia|Hasil penelitian]]: "''We evaluated the effects of turning off IP editing on the health of Portuguese Wikipedia and we found no significant negative impact in the analysis conducted thus far.''" <br/>{{id}} ''"Kami mengevaluasi efek mematikan pengeditan IP pada Wikipedia bahasa Portugis dan kami tidak menemukan dampak negatif yang signifikan dalam analisis yang dilakukan sejauh ini."'' * Di '''Wikipedia bahaso Persia''', komunitas memutuskan untuak '''malarang IP untuak mambuek artikel baru sajo, tapi masih bisa manyuntiang di ruang namo nan lain'''. [[m:IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Editing_Restriction_Study#Farsi_Wikipedia_2|Hasil penelitian]]: "''...the restriction on Farsi effectively reduced vandalism on the wiki. We can say this based on the fact that reverts were down 68% compared to the previous six months and down 70% compared to same time period last year. Blocks were also down by over 50% in both comparisons. This trend was consistent with the Portuguese Wikipedia experiment.''" <br/>{{id}} ''"...pembatasan bahasa Farsi secara efektif mengurangi vandalisme di wiki. Kami dapat mengatakan ini berdasarkan fakta bahwa tingkat pembalikan revisi menurun 68% dibandingkan enam bulan sebelumnya dan turun 70% dibandingkan periode waktu yang sama tahun lalu. Blok juga turun lebih dari 50% pada kedua perbandingan. Tren ini konsisten dengan percobaan Wikipedia bahasa Portugis."'' </blockquote> Dek hal itu, ka dilansuangkan ambiak suaro untuak mamiliah caro Portugih atau caro Persia. Ambiak suaro balansuang dari pukua 18.00 WIB 13 Juni 2023 sampai 18.00 WIB 20 Juni 2023. ==== Caro Portugih ==== ''malarang suntiangan dari IP pado sadoalah ruang namo (kecuali ruang namo bincang jo bantuan)'' <br/>Nan mamiliah caro iko, latak suaro di baruah iko: # {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 13 Juni 2023 18.00 (WIB) # {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Fuadi Zikri|Fuadi Zikri]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Fuadi Zikri|maota]]) 14 Juni 2023 14.30 (WIB) # {{satuju}} jo caro Portugih [[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Adhmi|maota]]) 15 Juni 2023 11.34 (WIB) # {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Taufik Hadris|Taufik Hadris]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Taufik Hadris|maota]]) 18 Juni 2023 15.07 (WIB) # {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Seruni Aden|Seruni Aden]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Seruni Aden|maota]]) 18 Juni 2023 15.13 (WIB) # {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Onyaso|Onyaso]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Onyaso|maota]]) 18 Juni 2023 17.12 (WIB) # {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Panda Sins|Panda Sins]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Panda Sins|maota]]) 19 Juni 2023 15.21 (WIB) ==== Caro Persia ==== ''malarang IP untuak mambuek artikel baru sajo, tapi masih bisa manyuntiang di ruang namo nan lain'' <br/>Nan mamiliah caro iko, latak suaro di baruah iko: # {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 13 Juni 2023 20.32 (WIB) # {{satuju}} Labiah cocok jo nan iko. [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwadieff]] [[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 14 Juni 2023 13.16 (WIB) # {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rang Djambak|maota]]) 14 Juni 2023 18.25 (WIB) # {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:S Kartika|S Kartika]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:S Kartika|maota]]) 14 Juni 2023 20.14 (WIB) # {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 17 Juni 2023 00.45 (WIB) # {{setuju}} [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 18 Juni 2023 15.07 (WIB) # {{setuju}} [[Pangguno:DinaMardiati|DinaMardiati]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:DinaMardiati|maota]]) 18 Juni 2023 15.22 (WIB) # {{setuju}} [[Pangguno:Sathira15|Sathira15]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Sathira15|maota]]) 18 Juni 2023 15.56 (WIB) ==== Indak Tuju Kaduonyo (Caro Portugih jo Caro Persia) ==== * <s>{{Satuju}} [[Pangguno:114.10.71.63|114.10.71.63]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:114.10.71.63|maota]]) 17 Juni 2023 11.57 (WIB)</s> <small> pangguno IP indak ado hak suaro [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwadieff]] [[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 18 Juni 2023 17.49 (WIB)</small> :''Ambiak suaro di ateh alah ditutuik. Tarimo kasih alah turuik sato. <span style="color:red">'''Mohon untuak indak manyuntiang baliak bagian iko.'''</span></div> === Hasia suaro === Manuruik ambiak suaro di ateh, nan alah balansuang antaro pukua 18.00 WIB 13 Juni 2023 sampai 18.00 WIB 20 Juni 2023, diputuihkan baso '''Komunitas Wikipedia Minangkabau malarang pangguno IP untuak mambuek artikel baru sajo, tapi masih bisa manyuntiang di ruang namo lain'''. Kaputusan iko ka ditindaklanjuti dek panguruih. <br/> CC:@[[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]]@[[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|David Wadie Fisher-Freberg]] @[[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 21 Juni 2023 11.29 (WIB) :[[m:Talk:IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Editing_Restriction_Study#Minangkabau_Wikipedia|Diskusi labiah lanjut tentang penerapan konsensus ko jo tim Anti-Harassment Tools WMF di Meta]]. [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwadieff]] [[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 21 Juni 2023 11.46 (WIB) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Selection of the U4C Building Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The next stage in the Universal Code of Conduct process is establishing a Building Committee to create the charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). The Building Committee has been selected. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read about the members and the work ahead on Meta-wiki]].<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Project|UCoC Project Team]], 27 Mai 2023 11.20 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Pengumuman anggota baru Komite Pemilihan</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|Pesan ini telah diterjemahkan ke berbagai bahasa di Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Halo, Melalui surel ini, kami sangat senang mengumumkan [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/4TALOUFPAP2VDBR27GKRVOP7IGQYU3DB/|anggota dan penasihat baru Komite Pemilihan]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Komite Pemilihan]] merancang dan melaksanakan proses pemilihan pengawas Komunitas dan Organisasi Mitra sebagai bagian dari Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia. Setelah melewati proses pencalonan terbuka, para calon potensial diwawancarai oleh Dewan. Empat calon diajak bergabung sebagai anggota Komite Pemilihan. Empat calon lainnya diajak bergabung sebagai penasihat. Terima kasih untuk para anggota komunitas yang mencalonkan diri. Kami siap seterusnya bekerja sama dengan Komite Pemilihan. Mewakili Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 29 Juni 2023 01.00 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == Deploying the Phonos in-line audio player to your Wiki == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:Hello}}! Apologies if this message is not in your language, {{int:Please help translate}} to your language. This wiki will soon be able to use the [[mw:Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player]] implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. This is part of fulfilling a wishlist proposal of providing [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Multimedia_and_Commons/Audio_links_that_play_on_click|audio links that play on click]]. With the inline audio player, you can add text-to-speech audio snippets to wiki pages by simply using a tag: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> <phonos file="audio file" label="Listen"/> </syntaxhighlight> The above tag will show the text next to a speaker icon, and clicking on it will play the audio instantly without taking you to another page. A common example where you can use this feature is in adding pronunciation to words as illustrated on the [[wiktionary:en:English#Pronunciation|English Wiktionary]] below. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{audio|en|En-uk-English.oga|Audio (UK)}} </syntaxhighlight> Could become: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> <phonos file="En-uk-English.oga" label="Audio (UK)"/> </syntaxhighlight> The inline audio player will be available in your wiki in 2 weeks time; in the meantime, we would like you to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos|read about the features]] and give us feedback or ask questions about it in this [[mw:Help_talk:Extension:Phonos|talk page]]. Thank you!</div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]], on behalf of the Foundation's Language team</bdi> </div> 27 Juli 2023 09.26 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_announcement_list_(In-line_audio_player)&oldid=25350821 --> == MinT Machine Translation added to Minangkabau Wikipedia == Hello Minangkabau Wikipedians! Apologies as this message is not in your language, Please help translate to your language. The WMF Language team has added another machine translation (MT) system for [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] in your Wikipedia called MinT; you can use [[mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation/MinT|MinT machine translation]] when translating Wikipedia articles using the Content and Section Translation tool. The WMF Language team provides the MinT service. It is hosted in the Wikimedia Foundation Infrastructure with [[:en:Neural_machine_translation|neural machine translation]] models that other organizations have released with an open-source license. MinT integrates translation based on the [https://ai.facebook.com/research/no-language-left-behind/ NLLB-200] model in your Wikipedia.  This MT is set as optional in your Wikipedia. Still, you can choose not to use it by selecting "Start with empty paragraph" from the "Initial Translation" dropdown menu. Since MinT is hosted in the WMF Infrastructure and the models are open source, it adheres to Wikipedia's policies about attribution of rights, your privacy as a user and brand representation. You can find more information about the MinT Machine translation and the models on [[mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation/MinT|this page]]. Please note that the use of the MinT MT is not compulsory. However, we would want your community to: * use it to improve the quality of the Machine Translation service * [[mw:Talk:Content_translation|provide feedback]] about the service and its quality, and ask questions about this addition. We trust that introducing this MT is a good support to the Content Translation tool. Thank you! [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|maota]]) 9 Agustus 2023 23.28 (WIB) On behalf of the WMF Language team. == Mohon bantuan == Mohon bantuan jo paratian pangurus untuak mampabarui ANT jo GNT. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 12 Agustus 2023 23.51 (WIB) == Informasi Nominasi dan Pemilihan Majelis Persiapan == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Preparatory Council Nomination and Voting Information|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' Salam sejahtera kepada para komunitas dan kontributor dalam Kerjasama Regional ESEAP, Mandat Komite Pusat Sementara ESEAP akan berakhir dengan berakhirnya Wikimania 2023, dengan acara puncak penyerahan jabatan kepada Majelis Persiapan ESEAP yang baru. Majelis Persiapan ini akan terus menjabarkan dokumen mengenai peran dan tanggung jawab ESEAP sampai selesai. Majelis ini akan memfinalisasi rencana awal ESEAP untuk operasi tahun pertamanya, di mana akan berakhir dengan selesainya Konferensi ESEAP 2024. Majlis Persiapan akan terdiri atas 9 kursi: * 4 daripada 9 kursi akan dialokasikan untuk para Afiliasi dan pemilihan akan dilakukan oleh dan hanya oleh Afiliasi. Setiap afiliasi boleh memberikan maksimal 4 suara. * 3 kursi akan dialokasikan untuk Komunitas dari negara-negara di ESEAP. Setelah diverifikasi, pemilihan akan dilakukan oleh Komunitas. Setiap Komunitas boleh memberikan maksimal 3 suara. * 2 kursi akan dialokasikan untuk kontributor individu dan akan dipilih dengan suara populer, pemilihan yang hanya dilakukan oleh kontributor individu. Setiap individu boleh membnerikan maksimal 2 suara. <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> Kalau Komunitas Anda berniat untuk menominasi seorang kandidat, silakan berikan nama kandidat Anda sebelum 20 Agustus 2023. Perhitungan suara akan dilakukan dari tanggal 21 Agustus sampai 2 September 2023. </div> <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> Kalau Anda (sebagai kontributor individu) ingin menominasi seorang individu, sialkan berikan nama kandidat Anda sebelum 20 Agustus 2023. Perhitungan suara akan dilakukan dari tanggal 21 Agustus sampai 2 September 2023. </div> Mengingat singkatnya waktu yang ada, kami harapkan kerja sama dan partisipasi Anda secepat mungkin. Pemungutan suara untuk kursi ini akan dilakukan di Meta-Wiki ini. Mari kita terus maju bersama! Hormat kami, Komite Pusat ESEAP Sementara <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:VChang (WMF)|VChang (WMF)]] 17 Agustus 2023 17.03 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:VChang (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/Indonesia&oldid=24735136 --> == Plans to enable Content and Section translation tool in Minangkabau Wikipedia == {{int:Hello}} Minangkabau Wikipedians! Apologies as this message is not in your native language, {{int:Please-translate}}. The WMF Language team is pleased to let you know that we will like to enable the Section and Content translation tool in Minangkabau Wikipedia. For this, our team will love you to read about the tool and test the [https://design.wikimedia.org/strategy/section-translation.html Section Translation tool] so you can: * Give us your feedback * Ask us questions * Tell us how to improve it Below is background information about the tools and how you can test the Section translation tool. '''Background information''' [[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has been a successful tool for editors to create content in their language. More than one million articles have been created across all languages since the tool was released in 2015. However, the tool is not out of beta in Minangkabau Wikipedia, limiting the discoverability of the tool and its use and blocking the enablement of the Section translation in your Wikipedia [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section Translation]] extends the capabilities of Content Translation to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will: * Guide you to translate one section at a time in order to expand existing articles or create new ones * Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device We plan to enable the tools on Minangkabau Wikipedia in 2 weeks if there are no objections from your community. After it is enabled, we’ll monitor the content created with the tools and process all the feedback. In any case, feel free to raise any concerns or questions you may already have as a reply to this message or on [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|the project talk page]] '''Try the Section translation tool''' Before the enablement, you can try the current implementation of the tool in [https://test.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&from=en&to=min&sx=true#/ our testing instance]. Once it is enabled, you’ll have access to https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation with your mobile device. You can select an article to translate, and machine translation will be provided as a starting point for editors to improve. '''Provide feedback''' Please provide feedback about Section translation on [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|the project talk page]]. We want to  hear about your impressions on * The section translation tool * What do you think about our plans to enable it * Your ideas for improving the tool Thanks and we look forward to your feedback and questions. [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|maota]]) 17 Agustus 2023 23.29 (WIB) On behalf of the WMF Language team. == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Review the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello all, I am pleased to share the next step in the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] work. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) draft charter]] is now ready for your review. The [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] require a [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4.5_U4C_Building_Committee|Building Committee]] form to draft a charter that outlines procedures and details for a global committee to be called the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4._UCoC_Coordinating_Committee_(U4C)|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. Over the past few months, the U4C Building Committee worked together as a group to discuss and draft the U4C charter. The U4C Building Committee welcomes feedback about the draft charter now through 22 September 2023. After that date, the U4C Building Committee will revise the charter as needed and a community vote will open shortly afterward. Join the conversation during the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee#Conversation hours|conversation hours]] or on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Meta-wiki]]. Best,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]], on behalf of the U4C Building Committee, 28 Agustus 2023 22.35 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25392152 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wiki anda akan segara menjadi hanya baca.</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Baca pesan ini dalam bahasa lain]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">[[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] akan menguji coba mengalihkan pusat data utama dan sekundernya.</span> Hal ini dilakukan untuk memastikan Wikipedia dan wiki Wikimedia lainnya tetap berfungsi ketika terjadi gangguan luar biasa. Departemen teknologi Wikimedia Foundation akan melakukan uji coba yang telah dirancang sebelumnya untuk memastikan semua ini berjalan dengan baik. Uji coba ini akan menunjukkan apakah kami dapat mengalihkan satu pusat data ke pusat data lainnya secara optimal. Persiapan uji coba kali ini membutuhkan banyak anggota tim yang juga akan bersiap untuk memperbaiki masalah-masalah yang kemungkinan muncul. Semua lalu lintas akan beralih pada '''{{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|id}}'''. Uji coba akan dimulai pukul '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-09-20T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-09-20T14:00}}]'''. Akan tetapi, karena adanya keterbatasan dalam perangkat lunak [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], semua aktivitas penyuntingan harus berhenti sementara ketika proses pengalihan ini kami lakukan. Kami memohon maaf atas ketidaknyamanan ini dan kami akan berupaya untuk meminimalkan hal serupa pada waktu yang akan datang. '''Anda tetap dapat membaca semua wiki tetapi tidak dapat menyunting selama beberapa saat.''' *Anda tidak dapat menyunting hingga satu jam pada hari {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-09-20|id}}. *Jika Anda mencoba menyunting atau menyimpan suntingan Anda pada waktu tersebut, akan muncul pesan galat. Kami berharap tidak ada suntingan yang hilang pada waktu-waktu tersebut, tetapi kami tidak dapat menjamin hal ini. Jika Anda mendapat pesan galat, mohon menunggu hingga semuanya kembali normal. Ketika uji coba telah selesai, Anda dapat menyimpan suntingan Anda. Namun, kami sangat menyarankan untuk membuat salinan suntingan Anda terlebih dahulu untuk berjaga-jaga. ''Pengaruh lainnya'': *Pekerjaan latar belakang akan menjadi lebih lambat dan beberapa pekerjaan mungkin akan diberhentikan. Pranala merah mungkin tidak dapat diperbarui secepat biasanya. Jika Anda membuat artikel yang telah terhubung dengan halaman lainnya, pranalanya akan tetap merah lebih lama daripada biasanya. Beberapa skrip yang berjalan lama terpaksa dihentikan. * Kami memperkirakan kerah tugas kode terjadi seperti setiap minggu yang lain. Namun bagaimanapun, beberapa beku kode kasus demi kasus bisa terjadi tepat masanya jika operasi membutuhkannya setelah itu. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] akan tidak tersedia selama 90 menit. Proyek ini mungkin ditunda jika diperlukan. Anda dapat [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|membaca jadwalnya di wikitech.wikimedia.org]] Semua perubahan akan diumumkan dalam jadwal tersebut. Pemberitahuan lebih lanjut tentang hal ini akan disampaikan. Pesan pengumuman akan ditampilkan di semua wiki 30 menit sebelum operasi ini dilakukan. '''Mohon sebarkan informasi ini ke komunitas Anda.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|talk]]) 15 September 2023 16.23 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=25018086 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">== Pembukaan perekrutan anggota Komite Afiliasi, Komisi Ombuds, dan Komite Peninjauan Kasus ==</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <div style="margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|''Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.'']] ''<span class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</span>''</div> Halo semua! [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Komite Afiliasi]] (AffCom), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Komisi Ombuds]] (OC), dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee|Komite Peninjauan Kasus]] (CRC) sedang mencari anggota baru. Komite-komite sukarelawan ini bertugas untuk memberikan dukungan struktural dan pengawasan yang penting bagi komunitas dan gerakan Wikimedia. Anda diundang untuk mencalonkan diri atau mencalonkan orang lain yang menurut Anda akan dapat berkontribusi pada kelompok-kelompok ini untuk mendaftar. Ada lebih banyak informasi tentang peran kelompok, keterampilan yang dibutuhkan, dan kesempatan untuk mendaftar pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments|'''halaman Meta-wiki''']]. Atas nama tim ''Committee Support'',<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ~ [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 9 Oktober 2023 23.41 (WIB) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tinjau dan ulas paket aturan pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2024</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short| Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Halo semuanya, Silakan tinjau dan berikan ulasan pada paket aturan pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia mulai sekarang sampai 29 Oktober 2023. Paket aturan pemilihan didasarkan pada aturan terdahulu oleh Panitia Pemilihan dan akan digunakan dalam pemilihan Dewan Pengawas 2024. Pendapat Anda akan sangat membantu agar proses pemilihan Dewan dapat berlangsung dengan lancar. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|Baca lebih lengkap di halaman Meta-wiki]]. Tabik, Katie Chan <br> Ketua Panitia Pemilihan<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 17 Oktober 2023 08.13 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == Infobox officeholder bamasalah == Assalamu'alaikum sanak. Baa kok Infobox officeholder bamasalah/eror sanak? [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 11 Nopember 2023 17.59 (WIB) : Bung {{ping|Bennylin}}, bisa membantu kah untuk error di [[Templat:Infobox officeholder]]? [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 18 Nopember 2023 07.59 (WIB) ::{{done}} ‑[[User:Bennylin|<span style="font:small-caps 1.3em Garamond,Times,serif;color:#227744;letter-spacing:0.1em;">Ｂｅｎｎｙｌｉｎ</span>]]&nbsp;^{<small>｢[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Bennylin|komen]]｣</small>} 13.02, 21 Nopember 2023 (WIB) 21 Nopember 2023 13.02 (WIB) ::: Terima kasih banyak! Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 25 Nopember 2023 10.20 (WIB) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Coming soon: Reference Previews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="ReferencePreviewsDefault"/> [[File:Example_of_a_Reference_Preview.png|right|300px]] A new feature is coming to your wiki soon: Reference Previews are popups for references. Such popups have existed on wikis as local gadgets for many years. Now there is a central solution, available on all wikis, and consistent with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. Reference Previews will be visible to everyone, including readers. If you don’t want to see them, [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|you can opt out]]. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews unless you disable the gadget. Reference Previews have been a beta feature on many wikis since 2019, and a default feature on some since 2021. Deployment is planned for November 22. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Help page]] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Project page with more information (in English)]]. * Feedback is welcome [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|on this talk page]]. -- For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Wikimedia Deutschland’s Technical Wishes]] team, <section end="ReferencePreviewsDefault"/> </div> [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]], 15 Nopember 2023 20.11 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25866958 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(New) Feature on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]]: Adding geopoints via QID</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="Body"/>Since September 2022, it is possible to create geopoints using a QID. Many wiki contributors have asked for this feature, but it is not being used much. Therefore, we would like to remind you about it. More information can be found on the [[M:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|project page]]. If you have any comments, please let us know on the [[M:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|talk page]]. – Best regards, the team of Technical Wishes at Wikimedia Deutschland <section end="Body"/> </div> [[M:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)|Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] 13 Desember 2023 19.31 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25955829 --> == Do you use Wikidata in Wikimedia sibling projects? Tell us about your experiences == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English.'' Hello, the '''[[m:WD4WMP|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]]''' team at Wikimedia Deutschland would like to hear about your experiences using Wikidata in the sibling projects. If you are interested in sharing your opinion and insights, please consider signing up for an interview with us in this '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Interviews Registration form]'''.<br> ''Currently, we are only able to conduct interviews in English.'' The front page of the form has more details about what the conversation will be like, including how we would '''compensate''' you for your time. For more information, visit our ''[[m:WD4WMP/AddIssue|project issue page]]'' where you can also share your experiences in written form, without an interview.<br>We look forward to speaking with you, [[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 08:53, 5 January 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WD4WMP/ScreenerInvite&oldid=26027495 --> == Reusing references: Can we look over your shoulder? == ''Apologies for writing in English.'' The Technical Wishes team at Wikimedia Deutschland is planning to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. For our research, we are looking for wiki contributors willing to show us how they are interacting with references. * The format will be a 1-hour video call, where you would share your screen. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ More information here]. * Interviews can be conducted in English, German or Dutch. * [[mw:WMDE_Engineering/Participate_in_UX_Activities#Compensation|Compensation is available]]. * Sessions will be held in January and February. * [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ Sign up here if you are interested.] * Please note that we probably won’t be able to have sessions with everyone who is interested. Our UX researcher will try to create a good balance of wiki contributors, e.g. in terms of wiki experience, tech experience, editing preferences, gender, disability and more. If you’re a fit, she will reach out to you to schedule an appointment. We’re looking forward to seeing you, [[m:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)| Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25956752 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2024 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 18 Januari 2024 14.26 (WIB) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2024 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' -- [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 18 Januari 2024 14.26 (WIB) </div></div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Pemungutan Suara untuk Piagam Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens|Anda bisa membaca pengumuman berikut dalam bahasa lain di situs Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Saya ingin memberitahukan kepada Anda bahwa tahap pemungutan suara untuk Piagam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) telah resmi dibuka. Semua anggota komunitas bisa [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|memberikan suara dan mengirimkan komentar tentang piagam ini melalui SecurePoll]] dari sekarang hingga tanggal '''2 Februari 2024'''. Bagi Anda yang pernah mengikuti proses pemungutan suara selama proses pengembangan [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Pedoman Penegakan UCoC]] akan menemukan kemiripan proses pemungutan untuk kali ini. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Versi terkini Piagam U4C]] dan juga terjemahannya sudah tersedia di halaman Meta-Wiki Baca informasi tentang piagam, pilih, dan bagikan pengumuman ini ke kawan-kawan komunitas Anda. Saya ingin menginformasikan bahwa Panitia Persiapan U4C juga mengharapkan keikutsertaan Anda. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 20 Januari 2024 01.08 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == အျဘထ == နဆာျဘနပတ်ကြ အါန၃ [[Istimewa:SuntiangPangguno/1.47.22.88|1.47.22.88]] 22 Januari 2024 12.58 (WIB) == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Hari terakhir untuk memberikan suara pada Piagam Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder|Anda bisa membaca pengumuman berikut dalam bahasa lain di situs Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Saya ingin mengingatkan kepada Anda bahwa tahap pemungutan suara untuk Piagam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) akan segera ditutup pada '''2 Februari 2024'''. Semua anggota komunitas dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|memberikan suara dan mengirimkan komentar tentang piagam ini melalui SecurePoll]]. Bagi Anda yang pernah mengikuti proses pemungutan suara selama proses pengembangan [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Pedoman Penegakan UCoC]] akan menemukan kemiripan proses pemungutan untuk kali ini. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Versi terkini Piagam U4C]] dan juga terjemahannya sudah tersedia di halaman Meta-Wiki Baca informasi tentang piagam, pilih, dan bagikan pengumuman ini ke kawan-kawan komunitas Anda. Saya ingin menginformasikan bahwa Panitia Persiapan U4C juga mengharapkan keikutsertaan Anda. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 1 Pebruari 2024 00.00 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Hasil pemungutan suara ratifikasi Piagam Komite Pengarah UCoC</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semuanya, Terima kasih atas atensi Anda terhadap perkembangan proses Kode Etik Universal. Bersama pesan ini, saya mengabarkan hasil [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|pemungutan suara ratifikasi]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal]]. 1746 kontributor memberikan suara mereka pada pemungutan suara kali ini; 1249 orang mendukung pemberlakuan Piagam sementara 420 menolak. Pada proses ratifikasi ini, para pemilih dapat memberikan komentar mereka tentang isi Piagam. Laporan statistik pemungutan suara dan ringkasan komentar dari seluruh pemilih akan diterbitkan di Meta dalam beberapa pekan ke depan. Anda dapat mendengar lebih lanjut mengenai langkah selanjutnya dalam proses ini segera. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 13 Pebruari 2024 01.23 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26160150 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2024 general.jpg|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the forth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2024. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes.<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2024|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26166467 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Laporan pengesahan Piagam U4C dan Pembukaan Pendaftaran Calon U4C kini tersedia</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates| Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Saya menulis pesan ini kepada Anda hari ini dengan dua informasi penting. Pertama, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Vote results|report of the comments from the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter ratification]] kini telah tersedia. Kedua, pendaftaran calon U4C telah dibuka hingga tanggal 1 April 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) merupakan sebuah komunitas global yang berdedikasi untuk memastikan penerapan UCoC yang adil dan konsisten. Para anggota komunitas diundang untuk mengajukan lamarannya untuk menjadi bagian dari U4C. Untuk informasi lengkap dan tanggung jawab dari U4C, silakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Berdasarkan piagam, terdapat 16 kursi untuk posisi U4C yang terdiri atas: delapan kursi dari komunitas umum dan delapan kursi dari komunitas berbasis wilayah untuk memastikan bahwa U4C mewakili keberagaman gerakan. Baca lebih lanjut dan kirimkan lamaran Anda di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Kode Etik Universal/Komite Pengarah/Pemilihan/2024|Meta-wiki]]. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 5 Maret 2024 23.25 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26276337 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2024</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> : ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement| Anda bisa membaca terjemahan pesan ini ke bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]'' : ''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Halo semua, Tahun ini, periode 4 (empat) tahun jabatan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia untuk kursi perwakilan Komunitas dan Mitra Lokal akan berakhir. [1] Dewan Pengawas mengundang seluruh anggota Gerakan untuk ikut serta dalam proses pemilihan tahun ini serta memberikan suaranya supaya jabatan yang kosong bisa terisi. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Komite Pemilihan]] akan mengawasi proses pemilihan dengan dukungan dari staf Yayasan Wikimedia. [2] Komite Tata Kelola Dewan telah membuat Kelompok Kerja Pemilihan Dewan Pengawas yang terdiri atas anggota-anggota Dewan Pengawas yang tidak bisa mencalonkan diri pada proses pemilihan Dewan Pengawas yang dipilih oleh komunitas dan mitra lokal tahun 2024. Kelompok kerja tersebut terdiri dari Dariusz Jemielniak, Nataliia Tymkiv, Esra'a Al Shafei, Kathy Collins, dan Shani Evenstein Sigalov. [3] Mereka bertugas untuk mengawasi proses pemilihan 2024 serta memberikan informasi kepada Dewan Pengawas. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang peran Komite Pemilihan, Dewan Pengawas, dan staf, silakan kunjungi pranala pada catatan kaki di bawah ini. [4] Berikut merupakan garis waktu proses pemilihan yang direncanakan: * Mei 2024: Undangan pencalonan dan pengajuan pertanyaan * Juni 2024: Mitra lokal memberikan suara untuk memilih 12 calon teratas Dewan Pengawas (proses pengerucutan calon tidak akan dilakukan jika hanya ada 15 calon atau kurang) [5] * Juni--Agustus 2024: Kampanye * Akhir Agustus/awal September 2024: tahap pemungutan suara komunitas selama dua minggu * Oktober--November 2024: Pemeriksaan latar belakang dari calon terpilih * Rapat Dewan Pengawas pada bulan Desember 2024: anggota Dewan Pengawas baru ditetapkan Silakan pelajari proses pemilihan 2024 lebih mendalam, termasuk rincian lini masa, proses pencalonan, peraturan kampanye, dan syarat kelayakan pemilih pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|halaman Meta-Wiki]] dan rencanakan keikutsertaan Anda. '''Sukarelawan Pemilihan''' Cara lain untuk terlibat dalam proses pemilihan 2024 yaitu dengan menjadi Sukarelawan Pemilihan. Sukarelawan Pemilihan akan menjembatani komunikasi antara Komite Pemilihan dan komunitas terkait. Mereka akan membantu untuk memastikan agar komunitas mereka terwakili dan mengajak anggota komunitas untuk ikut serta memberikan suaranya. Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang program ini dan cara bergabung melalui halaman [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Election Volunteers|Meta Wiki]]. Salam hangat, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Pundit|Dariusz Jemielniak]] (Ketua Komite Tata Kelola, Kelompok Kerja Pemilihan Dewan Pengawas) [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Results#Elected [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Minutes:2023-08-15#Governance_Committee [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] Walaupun jumlah ideal sebanyak 12 calon untuk memperebutkan 4 kursi, proses pengerucutan calon akan dilakukan jika ada lebih dari 15 calon. Sebab, jika hanya 1-3 calon yang dihapus maka akan menimbulkan rasa peliyanan serta memberikan beban kerja bagi organisasi afiliasi dalam proses proses pengerucutan calon karena hanya untuk mengurangi 1-3 calon supaya bisa mendapatkan 12 calon teratas.<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]]13 Maret 2024 02.57 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26349432 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wiki anda akan segara menjadi hanya baca.</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Baca pesan ini dalam bahasa lain]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] akan menguji coba mengalihkan pusat data utama dan sekundernya. Hal ini dilakukan untuk memastikan Wikipedia dan wiki Wikimedia lainnya tetap berfungsi ketika terjadi gangguan luar biasa. Semua lalu lintas akan beralih pada '''{{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|id}}'''. Uji coba akan dimulai pukul '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-03-20T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-03-20T14:00}}]'''. Akan tetapi, karena adanya keterbatasan dalam perangkat lunak [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], semua aktivitas penyuntingan harus berhenti sementara ketika proses pengalihan ini kami lakukan. Kami memohon maaf atas ketidaknyamanan ini dan kami akan berupaya untuk meminimalkan hal serupa pada waktu yang akan datang. '''Anda tetap dapat membaca semua wiki tetapi tidak dapat menyunting selama beberapa saat.''' *Anda tidak dapat menyunting hingga satu jam pada hari {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-03-20|id}}. *Jika Anda mencoba menyunting atau menyimpan suntingan Anda pada waktu tersebut, akan muncul pesan galat. Kami berharap tidak ada suntingan yang hilang pada waktu-waktu tersebut, tetapi kami tidak dapat menjamin hal ini. Jika Anda mendapat pesan galat, mohon menunggu hingga semuanya kembali normal. Ketika uji coba telah selesai, Anda dapat menyimpan suntingan Anda. Namun, kami sangat menyarankan untuk membuat salinan suntingan Anda terlebih dahulu untuk berjaga-jaga. ''Pengaruh lainnya'': *Pekerjaan latar belakang akan menjadi lebih lambat dan beberapa pekerjaan mungkin akan diberhentikan. Pranala merah mungkin tidak dapat diperbarui secepat biasanya. Jika Anda membuat artikel yang telah terhubung dengan halaman lainnya, pranalanya akan tetap merah lebih lama daripada biasanya. Beberapa skrip yang berjalan lama terpaksa dihentikan. * Kami memperkirakan kerah tugas kode terjadi seperti setiap minggu yang lain. Namun bagaimanapun, beberapa beku kode kasus demi kasus bisa terjadi tepat masanya jika operasi membutuhkannya setelah itu. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] akan tidak tersedia selama 90 menit. Proyek ini mungkin ditunda jika diperlukan. Anda dapat [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|membaca jadwalnya di wikitech.wikimedia.org]] Semua perubahan akan diumumkan dalam jadwal tersebut. Pemberitahuan lebih lanjut tentang hal ini akan disampaikan. Pesan pengumuman akan ditampilkan di semua wiki 30 menit sebelum operasi ini dilakukan. '''Mohon sebarkan informasi ini ke komunitas Anda.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]], 15 Maret 2024 07.01 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=25636619 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Rancangan Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia akan segera dibagikan</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Halo semua, Komite Perumus Piagam Gerakan dengan senang hati mengumumkan bahwa rancangan lengkap Piagam Gerakan akan diterbitkan pada tanggal 2 April 2024. Dengan penerbitan rancangan ini, '''masa permohonan pendapat komunitas akan dimulai sampai 22 April 2024'''. [[Movement Charter|'''Piagam Gerakan''']] merupakan dokumen yang menjelaskan peran dan tanggung jawab untuk semua anggota serta entitas dalam Gerakan Wikimedia, termasuk rencana persiapan untuk Dewan Global yang baru untuk tata kelola Gerakan kita. Semua orang yang terlibat di Gerakan Wikimedia kami undang untuk membagikan pendapat mereka terkait dengan versi lengkap dari rancangan Piagam Gerakan tersebut. Ini merupakan kesempatan terakhir bagi semua anggota komunitas Wikimedia untuk bisa memberikan masukan, sebelum rancangan Piagam tersebut diajukan dalam pemungutan suara untuk ratifikasinya pada bulan Juni 2024. '''Bagaimana cara memberikan masukan?''' * Bagikan pesan atau pertanyaan melalui [[Talk:Movement Charter|'''halaman pembicaraan Piagam Gerakan''']]; * Hadir dalam [[Movement Charter/Community Consultation#Upcoming drop-in session|'''sesi pertemuan komunitas''']] pada tanggal '''4''' '''April''' pukul [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1712242800 15.00-17.00 UTC]; * Kirim surel ke [mailto:movementcharter@wikimedia.org '''movementcharter@wikimedia.org''']. Silakan baca [[Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates|halaman ini untuk mengetahui informasi terbaru dari Komite Perumus]].<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> Atas nama Komite Perumus Piagam Gerakan,<br> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 25 Maret 2024 19.48 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/Indonesia&oldid=25569967 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Mohon tinjau rancangan lengkap Piagam Gerakan di Meta</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Start of community engagement period 2024-04-02|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.</span>]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Start of community engagement period 2024-04-02}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Rancangan lengkap [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Piagam Gerakan]] sudah diterbitkan di Meta dan menunggu tinjauan Anda. Anda bisa membaca rancangan tersebut dalam bahasa Indonesia. '''Mengapa saya perlu peduli dengan Piagam Gerakan?''' Piagam Gerakan merupakan dokumen yang penting dalam menerapkan rekomendasi Strategi 2030. Dengan ikut serta dalam diskusi terkait Piagam ini, maka bisa dipastikan bahwa pendapat yang Anda ajukan bisa didengar serta Anda terlibat dalam pembentukan masa depan Gerakan kita. '''Permohonan pendapat komunitas: 2 April hingga 30 April 2024''' Komite Perumus Piagam Gerakan (MCDC) mengundang semua anggota komunitas Wikimedia untuk memberikan masukan mengenai rancangan lengkap Piagam Gerakan. Beri masukan dalam bahasa yang Anda kuasai supaya orang lain mengetahuinya melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter|halaman pembicaraan Piagam Gerakan]], menghadiri [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation#Upcoming drop-in session|sesi acara komunitas]], atau dengan mengirimkan surel ke [mailto:movementcharter@wikimedia.org movementcharter@wikimedia.org]. Silakan baca [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates|halaman ini]] untuk mengetahui informasi terbaru dari Komite Perumus. Terima kasih! Atas nama Komite Perumus Piagam Gerakan,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 3 April 2024 20.10 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/Indonesia&oldid=25569967 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Berikan suara Anda dalam pemilihan anggota U4C yang pertama</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Saya ingin menginformasikan bahwa masa pemilihan untuk Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal (U4C) telah dibuka saat ini sampai tanggal 9 Mei 2024. Silakan baca informasi pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|halaman pemilihan di Meta Wiki]] untuk mempelajari tentang pemilihan ini serta syarat kelayakan pemilih. Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal (U4C) merupakan sebuah komite global yang berdedikasi untuk memastikan penerapan UCoC yang adil dan konsisten. Para anggota komunitas Wikimedia diundang untuk mengajukan pencalonan dan menjadi bagian dari U4C. Untuk informasi lengkap dan tanggung jawab dari U4C, silakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|tinjau Piagam U4C]]. Mohon bagikan pesan ini kepada anggota komunitas Anda, sehingga mereka juga dapat ikut serta dalam pemilihan kali ini. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 26 April 2024 03.21 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Sign up for the language community meeting on May 31st, 16:00 UTC</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/>Hello all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks - May 31st at 16:00 UTC. If you're interested, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Language_engineering/Community_meetings#31_May_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This is a participant-driven meeting, where we share language-specific updates related to various projects, collectively discuss technical issues related to language wikis, and work together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, the topics included the machine translation service (MinT) and the languages and models it currently supports, localization efforts from the Kiwix team, and technical challenges with numerical sorting in files used on Bengali Wikisource. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates related to your project? Any problems that you would like to bring for discussion during the meeting? Do you need interpretation support from English to another language? Please reach out to me at ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org and [[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-may-2024|add agenda items to the document here]]. We look forward to your participation! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15 Mai 2024 04.22 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Permintaan umpan balik mengenai Prosedur Siklus Hidup Proyek Saudari</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)|Anda dapat membaca pesan ini yang telah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa-bahasa lain di Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' [[File:Sibling Project Lifecycle Conversation 3.png|150px|right|link=:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]] Anggota komunitas yang terhormat, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Komite Hubungan Komunitas]] (''Community Affairs Committee''; CAC) dari [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Dewan Pengawas Wikimedia Foundation]] mengajak Anda untuk memberikan umpan balik terhadap draf '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle|Prosedur Siklus Hidup Proyek Saudari]]'''. Draf ini menguraikan langkah-langkah yang ditawarkan dan persyaratan untuk meluncurkan dan menutup Proyek-proyek Saudari Wikimedia, dan untuk memastikan setiap proyek yang baru disetujui dapat berjalan dengan baik. Hal ini terlepas dari tata cara pembukaan atau penutupan versi-versi bahasa proyek, yang ditangani oleh [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|Komite Bahasa]] atau [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Closing_projects_policy|kebijakan penutupan proyek]]. Anda dapat menemukan informasi lengkapnya di [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle#Review|halaman ini]], termasuk tata cara menyampaikan tanggapan Anda mulai hari ini hingga '''23 Juni 2024''', di mana pun di seluruh dunia. Anda dapat membagikan informasi mengenai hal ini kepada komunitas proyek yang berminat untuk bekerja sama dengan Anda. Anda juga dapat membantu kami menerjemahkan prosedur ini ke dalam berbagai bahasa, sehingga orang-orang dapat bergabung dalam diskusi dalam bahasa mereka. Atas nama CAC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 22 Mai 2024 09.25 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Mengumumkan Komite Koordinasi Kode Etik Universal pertama</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results|Pesan ini telah diterjemahkan ke berbagai bahasa di Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo, Tim pengawas telah selesai meninjau hasil pemungutan suara. Kami sedang menindaklanjuti hasil pemilihan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Komite Koordinasi Kode Etik Universal (U4C)]] yang pertama. Melalui pengumuman ini, kami dengan bangga menyampaikan nama-nama berikut ini sebagai anggota regional U4C, dan akan bertugas selama dua tahun: * Amerika Utara (Amerika Serikat dan Kanada) ** – * Eropa Utara dan Eropa Barat ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ghilt|Ghilt]] * Amerika Latin dan Kepulauan Karibia ** – * Eropa Tengah dan Eropa Timur (CEE) ** — * Afrika Sub-Sahara ** – * Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ibrahim.ID|Ibrahim.ID]] * Asia Timur, Asia Tenggara, dan Pasifik (ESEAP) ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:0xDeadbeef|0xDeadbeef]] * Asia Selatan ** – Para individu berikut ini telah terpilih sebagai anggota U4C untuk masa tugas satu tahun: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Superpes15|Superpes15]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Civvì|Civvì]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Luke081515|Luke081515]] * – * – * – * – Kepada semua orang yang telah berpartisipasi dalam proses ini, kami ucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada para kandidat atas segala kontribusi dan dedikasi Anda kepada gerakan dan komunitas Wikimedia. Selanjutnya, U4C akan segera mengadakan pertemuan dan menyusun agenda untuk tahun 2024-25, tepatnya dalam empat minggu ke depan, guna menyukseskan pelaksanaan dan peninjauan ulang UCoC dan Pedoman Penegakan. Pantau kegiatan mereka di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-wiki]]. Mewakili tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 3 Juni 2024 15.15 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Naskah akhir Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia sudah tersedia di Meta.</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available|Anda dapat membaca pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di situs Meta.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Naskah akhir [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia]] sudah tersedia dalam 20 bahasa dan Anda bisa membacanya di Meta. '''Apa itu Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia?''' Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia merupakan dokumen yang diajukan untuk menjabarkan peran dan tanggung jawab untuk seluruh anggota dan entitas yang ada di Gerakan Wikimedia, termasuk pendirian badan baru untuk tata kelola gerakan yang disebut Dewan Global. '''Mari bergabung ke dalam "Acara Peluncuran" Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia''' Silakan bergabung ke dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Movement Charter Launch Party|"Acara Peluncuran"]] pada pukul '''14.00=15.00 UTC'' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1718892000 waktu setempat Anda]), tanggal '''20 Juni 2024'''. Selama acara ini, kami akan merayakan peluncuran versi akhir Piagam ini serta menjelaskan isi yang terkandung di dalamnya. Mari bergabung dan pelajari Piagam ini sebelum Anda memberikan suara Anda. '''Pemungutan suara ratifikasi Piagam Gerakan''' Pemungutan Suara akan dimulai pada pukul '''00:01 UTC''', '''25 Juni 2024''' dan akan berakhir pada pukul '''23:59 UTC''', '''9 Juli 2024''' melalui SecurePoll. Silakan baca informasi lebih lanjut mengenai [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|proses pemungutan suara, syarat kelayakan, dan juga hal lainnya]] pada halaman Meta. Jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan, silakan ajukan dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter|halaman pembicaraan di Meta]] atau kirimkan surel ke tim Komite Perumus Piagam Gerakan (MCDC) melalui [mailto:mcdc@wikimedia.org mcdc@wikimedia.org]. Atas nama Komite Perumus Piagam Gerakan,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 11 Juni 2024 15.44 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Minangkabau Wikipedia == {{int:Hello}} Minangkabau Wikipedians! Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:please-translate}}. The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] has been working on [[mw:MinT#MinT_for_wiki_readers|MinT for Wiki Readers]]. This feature will allow communities to access more content that is only available in other languages with machine translation in Wikipedia. We will be enabling the initial version of this feature first in Igbo Wikipedia, and your Wikipedia is the next to test and have this feature since it will be beneficial for reading content in other languages. For this, our team would like you to read about the feature and [[:min:Special:AutomaticTranslation|'''test it''']] so you can: * Ask us questions * Tell us how to improve the feature * Give us your feedback on enabling it in your Wikipedia '''About the feature''' The MinT for Wiki Readers is a feature that will allow readers of Minangkabau Wikipedia to expand their reading options and knowledge beyond the language they are familiar with in Wikipedia. For instance, if someone is interested in a topic or content that only exists in the Japanese language and the person is not familiar with the language. While using the mobile web version of Wikipedia, the reader can access the machine translation version of that content in the Minangkabau language from the language selector or the article's footer (as shown in the media files below). [[File:MinT MVP Language Selector entry point video.webm|Language selector entry point]], [[File:MinT_MVP_Article_footer_entry_point.png|300px|Article footer entry point]] These machine-generated translations of content are clearly identified as such, and the human-created content is surfaced and recommended if available. This feature is in its initial development. It is an early and functional version, and many aspects will be improved based on your community member's feedback on what works and what can be improved to better support your needs as readers. '''How to try the tool''' Before we enable this feature in your Wikipedia by the 26th June 2024, we invite members of your community to try MinT for Wiki Readers in your Wikipedia at [[:min:Special:AutomaticTranslation|Special:AutomaticTranslation]] and give us early feedback in this thread or on [[mw:Talk:MinT#Feedback_from_Wikipedians_about_MinT_for_Wiki_Readers|this talk page]]. Our team would like to know your impression on: * How do you use the feature * Anything we should consider for our plans to enable it? * Your ideas for improving it. We greatly appreciate your time and effort in testing this tool. We eagerly look forward to your valuable feedback and questions, which will be instrumental in the further development of this feature. Thank you. On behalf of the WMF Language team [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|maota]]) 14 Juni 2024 05.38 (WIB) == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Pemungutan suara untuk ratifikasi Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia sekarang sudah dibuka. Mari, berikan suara Anda!</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens|Anda dapat membaca pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di situs Meta.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Saat ini, pemungutan suara untuk ratifikasi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|'''Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia''']] sudah dibuka. Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia merupakan dokumen untuk menjabarkan peran dan tanggung jawab untuk seluruh anggota dan entitas yang ada di Gerakan Wikimedia, termasuk pendirian badan baru untuk tata kelola gerakan yang disebut Dewan Global. Versi akhir Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia juga tersedia dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|berbagai bahasa di Meta]]. Anda juga bisa membacanya dalam [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Movement_Charter_(June_2024).pdf versi PDF]. Pemungutan suara dimulai pada pukul '''00:01 UTC''', '''25 Juni 2024''' dan akan berakhir pada pukul '''23:59 UTC''', '''9 Juli 2024''' melalui SecurePoll. Silakan baca informasi lebih lanjut tentang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|informasi pemilih dan syarat kelayakan]]. Setelah membaca Piagam ini, silakan [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|'''berikan suara Anda di sini ''']] dan sebarkan informasi ini ke orang lain. Jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan tentang proses pemungutan suara, silakan hubungi Panitia Pemungutan Suara untuk Piagam Gerakan (CEC) melalui [mailto:cec@wikimedia.org '''cec@wikimedia.org''']. Atas nama CEC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 25 Juni 2024 17.51 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Pemungutan suara untuk ratifikasi Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia akan segera berakhir </span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder|Anda dapat membaca pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di situs Meta.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Pesan ini merupakan pengingat bahwa masa pemungutan suara untuk ratifikasi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia]] akan ditutup pada pukul '''23:59 UTC, 9 Juli 2024'''. Jika Anda belum memberikan suara, mohon lakukan segera melalui [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|SecurePoll]]. Atas nama [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral_Commission|Panitia Pemungutan Suara untuk Piagam Gerakan]],<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 8 Juli 2024 10.45 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">U4C Special Election - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, A special election has been called to fill additional vacancies on the U4C. The call for candidates phase is open from now through July 19, 2024. The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the [[:foundation:Wikimedia Foundation Universal Code of Conduct|UCoC]]. Community members are invited to submit their applications in the special election for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please review the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|U4C Charter]]. In this special election, according to [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#2. Elections and Terms|chapter 2 of the U4C charter]], there are 9 seats available on the U4C: '''four''' community-at-large seats and '''five''' regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#5. Glossary|No more than two members of the U4C can be elected from the same home wiki]]. Therefore, candidates must not have English Wikipedia, German Wikipedia, or Italian Wikipedia as their home wiki. Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Meta-wiki]]. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 10 Juli 2024 07.03 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Hasil ratifikasi Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Menyusul proses penghitungan suara individu dan organisasi mitra lokal Wikimedia, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral Commission|Panitia Pemungutan Suara]] dengan ini mengumumkan hasil pemungutan suara ratifikasi Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia. Sebagaimana yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter#Thank you for your participation in the Movement Charter ratification vote!|telah diumumkan]] oleh Panitia sebelumnya, pemungutan suara ini mencapai kuorum sah untuk proses pemungutan suara individu maupun organisasi mitra lokal pada saat ditutup pada tanggal '''9 Juli''' pukul '''23:59 UTC'''. Kami mengucapkan terima kasih sebesar-besarnya kepada 2.451 pemilih individu dan 129 perwakilan organisasi mitra lokal Wikimedia yang telah memberikan suaranya. Suara dan komentar Anda amat berharga untuk menentukan masa depan Strategi Gerakan. Hasil akhir dari pemungutan suara ratifikasi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia]] yang diselenggarakan antara tanggal 25 Juni hingga 9 Juli 2024 adalah sebagai berikut: '''Pemungutan suara individu:''' Dari 2.451 suara yang diterima sebelum pukul 23:59 UTC tanggal 9 Juli, 2.446 suara dinyatakan sah. Tercatat '''1.710''' suara "ya"; '''623''' suara "tidak"; dan '''113''' suara memilih "-" (netral). Oleh karena suara netral tidak dihitung, 73.30% pemilih memberikan suara untuk mendukung ratifikasi Piagam (1710/2333), sedangkan 26.70% memilih untuk menolak ratifikasi piagam (623/2333). '''Pemungutan suara organisasi mitra lokal:''' Dari 129 perwakilan organisasi mitra lokal yang memberikan suara sebelum pukul 23:59 UTC tanggal 9 Juli, 129 suara dinyatakan sah. Tercatat '''93''' suara "ya"; '''18''' suara "tidak"; dan '''18''' suara memilih "-" (netral). Oleh karena suara netral tidak dihitung, 83.78% organisasi mitra lokal memberikan suara untuk mendukung ratifikasi Piagam (93/111), sedangkan 16.22% memilih untuk menolak ratifikasi Piagam (18/111). '''Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia:''' Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia telah memutuskan untuk '''tidak meratifikasi''' Piagam Gerakan pada rapat khusus tanggal 8 Juli 2024. Ketua Dewan Pengawas Nataliia Tymkiv [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/Board_resolution_and_vote_on_the_proposed_Movement_Charter|membagikan hasil, resolusi dan catatan rapat tersebut]], beserta langkah selanjutnya yang akan diambil. Dengan ini, naskah Piagam Gerakan Wikimedia dalam bentuk saat ini '''tidak berhasil diratifikasi'''. Kami mengucapkan terima kasih atas partisipasi Anda dalam momen yang penting ini dalam riwayat tata kelola gerakan Wikimedia. Panitia Pemungutan Suara untuk Piagam Gerakan, [[m:User:Abhinav619|Abhinav619]], [[m:User:Borschts|Borschts]], [[m:User:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]], [[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]], [[m:User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 19 Juli 2024 00.52 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through '''August 10, 2024'''. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 27 Juli 2024 09.47 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now. '''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 6 Agustus 2024 22.30 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> ==Undangan pelatihan bagi pengurus Wikipedia== Para pengurus {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}}, Wikimedia Indonesia dan UNESCO Jakarta mengadakan pelatihan pelatih (''training of trainers'') yang dikhususkan untuk para pengurus (''administrator'') proyek-proyek Wikimedia di Indonesia. Pelatihan ini berfokus pada pencegahan misinformasi dan disinformasi yang terjadi di internet, khususnya dalam proyek-proyek Wikimedia, seperti Wikipedia. Wikipedia merupakan salah satu platform ensiklopedia daring yang banyak digunakan oleh ribuan pembaca setiap hari. Dengan demikian, penting bagi para pengguna, terutama pengurus, untuk memastikan upaya misinformasi dan disinformasi tidak terjadi, sehingga pembaca mendapatkan informasi yang sesuai dengan fakta. Seiring dengan hal tersebut, Wikimedia Indonesia dan UNESCO Jakarta mengundang secara khusus para pengurus proyek-proyek Wikimedia di Indonesia untuk mengikuti rangkaian pelatihan pencegahan misinformasi dan disinformasi ini. Proyek ini merupakan bagian dari #SocialMedia4Peace Project, yang didukung oleh Uni Eropa (European Union). Pelatihan ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan dan wawasan para pengurus di proyek-proyek Wikimedia untuk mengenali dan mencegah upaya misinformasi dan disinformasi. Pelatihan ini akan dilaksanakan pada 30 Agustus s.d. 1 September 2024 di Jakarta. Seluruh biaya, termasuk tiket perjalanan, akomodasi, dan konsumsi selama pelatihan akan ditanggung. Silakan mengisi [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfrzwbO10BGHdQB1KhnWZTZ674Rsu0BavVBzvFll0l8w-3Vjg/viewform?usp=sf_link formulir ini] dan dapatkan kesempatan lebih luas untuk menjadi salah satu pesertanya. Periode pendaftaran akan ditutup pada 18 Agustus 2024, pukul 23.59 WIB. Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di [[wmid:Proyek Pelatihan Pencegahan Misinformasi dan Disinformasi|Proyek Pelatihan Pencegahan Misinformasi dan Disinformasi]]. Salam, [[Pangguno:Hillun Vilayl Napis (WMID)|Hillun Vilayl Napis (WMID)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hillun Vilayl Napis (WMID)|maota]]) 14 Agustus 2024 18.10 (WIB) == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Segera hadir: Fitur sub-referensi baru – cobalah!</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] Halo. Selama bertahun-tahun, anggota komunitas telah meminta cara mudah untuk menggunakan kembali referensi dengan detail yang berbeda. Kini, solusi MediaWiki akan hadir: Fitur sub-referensi baru akan berfungsi untuk wikitext dan Visual Editor dan akan menyempurnakan sistem referensi yang ada. Anda dapat terus menggunakan cara referensi yang berbeda, tetapi Anda mungkin akan menemukan sub-referensi dalam artikel yang ditulis oleh pengguna lain. Informasi selengkapnya di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|halaman proyek]]. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you:</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]].</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Please help us spread the message.</span> --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC == Hi all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation! [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 23 Agustus 2024 06.19 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 2 September 2024 21.06 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berikan suara Anda: Ikuti pemilihan Dewan Pengawas 2024!</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Halo semua, Masa pemungutan suara untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|pemilihan Dewan Pengawas 2024]] sekarang sudah dimulai. Saat ini ada dua belas (12) calon yang akan memperebutkan empat (4) kursi Dewan Pengawas. Silakan pelajari [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|pernyataan para calon]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|jawaban mereka untuk pertanyaan komunitas]]. Kalau sudah siap, silakan berikan suara Anda melalui [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]]. '''Pemungutan suara akan dimulai dari pukul 00:00 UTC, 3 September hingga 23:59 UTC, 17 September 2024. Jangan lupa, periksa kelayakan Anda melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|halaman kelayakan pemilih]]. Salam hangat, Komite Pemilihan dan Kelompok Kerja Pemilihan Dewan<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 3 September 2024 19.14 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Wiki Anda akan segera menjadi mode hanya baca</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Baca pesan ini dalam bahasa lain]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] akan menguji coba mengalihkan pusat data utama dan sekundernya. Hal ini akan memastikan bahwa Wikipedia dan wiki Wikimedia lainnya dapat tetap beroperasi bahkan selepas bencana. Semua lalu lintas akan beralih pada '''{{#time:j xg|2024-09-25|id}}'''. Uji coba akan dimulai pukul '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-09-25T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-09-25T15:00}}]'''. Akan tetapi, karena adanya keterbatasan dalam perangkat lunak [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], semua aktivitas penyuntingan harus berhenti sementara ketika proses pengalihan ini kami lakukan. Kami memohon maaf atas ketidaknyamanan ini dan kami akan berupaya untuk meminimalkan hal serupa pada waktu yang akan datang. Sebuah papan pengumuman akan ditampilkan di semua wiki 30 menit sebelum pelaksanaan operasi ini. Papan pengumuman tersebut akan selalu terlihat hingga akhir pengerjaan. '''Anda masih bisa membaca, tetapi tidak bisa menyunting, seluruh wiki dalam waktu terbatas.''' *Anda tidak dapat menyunting hingga satu jam pada hari {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-09-25|id}}. *Jika Anda mencoba menyunting atau menyimpan suntingan Anda pada waktu tersebut, akan muncul pesan galat. Kami berharap tidak ada suntingan yang hilang pada waktu-waktu tersebut, tetapi kami tidak dapat menjamin hal ini. Jika Anda mendapat pesan galat, mohon menunggu hingga semuanya kembali normal. Ketika uji coba telah selesai, Anda dapat menyimpan suntingan Anda. Namun, kami sangat menyarankan untuk membuat salinan suntingan Anda terlebih dahulu untuk berjaga-jaga. ''Pengaruh lainnya'': *Pekerjaan latar belakang akan menjadi lebih lambat dan beberapa pekerjaan mungkin akan diberhentikan. Pranala merah mungkin tidak dapat diperbarui secepat biasanya. Jika Anda membuat artikel yang telah terhubung dengan halaman lainnya, pranalanya akan tetap merah lebih lama daripada biasanya. Beberapa skrip yang berjalan lama terpaksa dihentikan. * Kami berharap penerapan kode akan terjadi seperti minggu-minggu lainnya. Namun, beberapa kasus pembekuan kode dapat terjadi secara cepat jika proses operasi membutuhkannya setelah itu. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] akan tidak tersedia selama 90 menit. Proyek ini mungkin ditunda jika diperlukan. Anda dapat [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|membaca jadwalnya di wikitech.wikimedia.org]] Semua perubahan akan diumumkan dalam jadwal tersebut. '''Mohon sebarkan informasi ini kepada komunitas Anda.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[User:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 20 September 2024 16.37 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27248326 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 28 September 2024 01.56 (WIB) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> == Invitation to Participate in Wiki Loves Ramadan Community Engagement Survey == Dear all, Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. We are excited to announce the upcoming [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]] event, a global initiative aimed at celebrating Ramadan by enriching Wikipedia and its sister projects with content related to this significant time of year. As we plan to organize this event globally, your insights and experiences are crucial in shaping the best possible participation experience for the community. To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is engaging, inclusive, and impactful, we kindly invite you to participate in our community engagement survey. Your feedback will help us understand the needs of the community, set the event's focus, and guide our strategies for organizing this global event. Survey link: https://forms.gle/f66MuzjcPpwzVymu5 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will make a difference! Thank you for being a part of our journey to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success. Warm regards, User:ZI Jony 6 Oktober 2024 10.20 (WIB) Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27510935 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Hasil awal pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2024</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Halo semua, Terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah ikut serta dalam proses [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2024]]. Hampir 6000 anggota komunitas dari 180 proyek wiki sudah ikut serta dalam pemilihan kali ini. Empat calon berikut mendapatkan jumlah suara tertinggi: # [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]] # [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]] # [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]] # [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]] Walaupun data di atas diurutkan berdasarkan hasil pemilihan, tetapi para calon tetap harus diangkat oleh Dewan Pengawas. Mereka perlu lolos dari proses pengecekan latar belakang dan juga memenuhi persyaratan yang dijabarkan dalam Anggaran Rumah Tangga. Dewan Pengawas yang baru akan diangkat saat rapat dewan pada bulan Desember 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Silakan baca hasil lengkap pemilihan kali ini melalui situs Meta-Wiki.]] Salam hangat, Komite Pemilihan dan Kelompok Kerja Pemilihan Dewan <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 14 Oktober 2024 15.25 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17 Oktober 2024 06.08 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 22 Oktober 2024 18.28 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> == Final Reminder: Join us in Making Wiki Loves Ramadan Success == Dear all, We’re thrilled to announce the Wiki Loves Ramadan event, a global initiative to celebrate Ramadan by enhancing Wikipedia and its sister projects with valuable content related to this special time of year. As we organize this event globally, we need your valuable input to make it a memorable experience for the community. Last Call to Participate in Our Survey: To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is inclusive and impactful, we kindly request you to complete our community engagement survey. Your feedback will shape the event’s focus and guide our organizing strategies to better meet community needs. * Survey Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSffN4prPtR5DRSq9nH-t1z8hG3jZFBbySrv32YoxV8KbTwxig/viewform?usp=sf_link Complete the Survey] * Deadline: November 10, 2024 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will truly make a difference! '''Volunteer Opportunity''': Join the Wiki Loves Ramadan Team! We’re seeking dedicated volunteers for key team roles essential to the success of this initiative. If you’re interested in volunteer roles, we invite you to apply. * Application Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfXiox_eEDH4yJ0gxVBgtL7jPe41TINAWYtpNp1JHSk8zhdgw/viewform?usp=sf_link Apply Here] * Application Deadline: October 31, 2024 Explore Open Positions: For a detailed list of roles and their responsibilities, please refer to the position descriptions here: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oy0_tilC6kow5GGf6cEuFvdFpekcubCqJlaxkxh-jT4/ Position Descriptions] Thank you for being part of this journey. We look forward to working together to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success! Warm regards,<br> The Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team 29 Oktober 2024 12.12 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC == Hello everyone, The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone <https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000>). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024>. This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation. Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 22 Nopember 2024 02.54 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! == Dear All, We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture. * Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]] * When: Jan 19, 2025 * Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025). * Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 * Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]] To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025. Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language. Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all. Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate. Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success! For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 16 Januari 2025 19.08 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 24 Januari 2025 08.11 (WIB) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 29 Januari 2025 09.36 (WIB) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 29 Januari 2025 09.36 (WIB) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26503019 --> == Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 3 Pebruari 2025 07.48 (WIB) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28198931 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr"> Pertemuan Komunitas Bahasa (28 Februari, 14.00 UTC) dan Nawala Mendatang</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Halo, semuanya! [[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=Sebuah gambar yang menggambarkan berbagai bahasa]] Kami gembira mengumumkan bahwa '''Pertemuan Komunitas Bahasa''' mendatang akan diselenggarakan pada '''28 Februari pukul 14.00 UTC'''! Jika ingin bergabung, cukup mendaftar '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|di halaman wiki]]'''. Ini merupakan pertemuan yang berbasis peserta tempat kita berbagi informasi terbaru mengenai proyek-proyek yang berhubungan dengan bahasa, mendiskusikan tantangan teknis dalam wiki yang berhubungan dengan bahasa, dan bekerja sama dalam mencari solusi. Pada pertemuan terakhir yang lalu, kami membahas topik-topik seperti pengembangan papan ketik bahasa, pembuatan Wikipedia Moore, dan berita terbaru dari jalur dukungan bahasa di Wiki Indaba. '''Ada topik yang ingin disampaikan?''' Baik itu kabar terbaru teknis dari proyek Anda, tantangan yang perlu dibantu, atau permintaan bantuan penjurubahasaan, kami ingin mendengarnya dari Anda! Jangan ragu untuk '''menanggapi pesan ini''' atau menambahkan topik ke dalam dokumen '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|di sini]]'''. Kami juga ingin menyampaikan bahwa nawala Bahasa & Internasionalisasi edisi keenam (Januari 2025) tersedia di sini: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. Nawala ini menyajikan informasi terbaru dari kuartal Oktober–Desember 2024 tentang pengembangan fitur baru, peningkatan berbagai proyek teknis terkait bahasa dan upaya dukungan, informasi mengenai pertemuan komunitas, dan ide untuk berkontribusi ke dalam proyek tersebut. Untuk mendapatkan informasi terbaru, Anda dapat berlangganan nawalanya di halaman wiki: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]]. Sampai jumpa di pertemuan komunitas bahasa berikutnya. Kami tunggu ide dan partisipasi Anda! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22 Pebruari 2025 15.29 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28217779 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 8 Maret 2025 01.51 (WIB) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28307738 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 13 Maret 2025 09.56 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Wiki Anda akan segera menjadi mode hanya baca</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Baca pesan ini dalam bahasa lain]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] akan menguji coba mengalihkan pusat data utama dan sekundernya. Hal ini akan memastikan bahwa Wikipedia dan wiki Wikimedia lainnya dapat tetap beroperasi bahkan selepas bencana. Semua lalu lintas akan beralih pada '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|id}}'''. Uji coba akan dimulai pukul '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''. Akan tetapi, karena adanya keterbatasan dalam perangkat lunak [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], semua aktivitas penyuntingan harus berhenti sementara ketika proses pengalihan ini kami lakukan. Kami memohon maaf atas ketidaknyamanan ini dan kami akan berupaya untuk meminimalkan hal serupa pada waktu yang akan datang. Sebuah papan pengumuman akan ditampilkan di semua wiki 30 menit sebelum pelaksanaan operasi ini. Papan pengumuman tersebut akan selalu terlihat hingga akhir pengerjaan. '''Anda masih bisa membaca, tetapi tidak bisa menyunting, seluruh wiki dalam waktu terbatas.''' *Anda tidak dapat menyunting hingga satu jam pada hari {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|id}}. *Jika Anda mencoba menyunting atau menyimpan suntingan Anda pada waktu tersebut, akan muncul pesan galat. Kami berharap tidak ada suntingan yang hilang pada waktu-waktu tersebut, tetapi kami tidak dapat menjamin hal ini. Jika Anda mendapat pesan galat, mohon menunggu hingga semuanya kembali normal. Ketika uji coba telah selesai, Anda dapat menyimpan suntingan Anda. Namun, kami sangat menyarankan untuk membuat salinan suntingan Anda terlebih dahulu untuk berjaga-jaga. ''Pengaruh lainnya'': *Pekerjaan latar belakang akan menjadi lebih lambat dan beberapa pekerjaan mungkin akan diberhentikan. Pranala merah mungkin tidak dapat diperbarui secepat biasanya. Jika Anda membuat artikel yang telah terhubung dengan halaman lainnya, pranalanya akan tetap merah lebih lama daripada biasanya. Beberapa skrip yang berjalan lama terpaksa dihentikan. * Kami berharap penerapan kode akan terjadi seperti minggu-minggu lainnya. Namun, beberapa kasus pembekuan kode dapat terjadi secara cepat jika proses operasi membutuhkannya setelah itu. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] akan tidak tersedia selama 90 menit. Proyek ini mungkin ditunda jika diperlukan. Anda dapat [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|membaca jadwalnya di wikitech.wikimedia.org]] Semua perubahan akan diumumkan dalam jadwal tersebut. '''Mohon sebarkan informasi ini kepada komunitas Anda.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15 Maret 2025 06.14 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=28307742 --> == Peralatan CampaignEvents akan diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Minangkabau == Halo, para kontributor Wikipedia bahasa Minangkabau! Pertama-tama, kami meminta maaf karena mengirimkan pesan ini dalam Bahasa Indonesia. [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team|Tim Kampanye Wikimedia Foundation]] berencana untuk merilis [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/id|peralatan CampaignEvents]] untuk seluruh proyek Wikipedia. Mula-mula, kami akan memulainya dari beberapa proyek Wikipedia terlebih dahulu dan wiki Anda adalah salah satunya! Peralatan ini dirancang untuk membantu penyelenggara acara dalam mengatur acara, ProyekWiki, dan kolaborasi wiki lainnya. Selain itu, peralatan ini akan memudahkan pencarian dan penjangkauan acara maupun ProyekWiki terkait. Sebagai contoh, Anda dapat melihat [[:id:Event:Wiki_Cinta_Ramadan_2025|salah satu acara di Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia]] yang dibuat menggunakan perkakas dari CampaignEvents. Berikut adalah tiga perkakas yang disediakan oleh peralatan ini: * '''Pendaftaran acara''': cara mudah untuk mendaftar acara/kegiatan di wiki secara langsung tanpa membutuhkan aplikasi/layanan pihak ketiga. * '''Daftar acara''': sebuah kalender yang menampilkan seluruh acara di wiki Anda. Ke depannya, perkakas ini akan menampilkan ProyekWiki di wiki Anda. * '''Daftar undangan''': perkakas untuk menemukan pengguna yang kemungkinan berminat untuk mengikuti suatu acara/kegiatan berdasarkan riwayat penyuntingannya. Catatan: peralatan ini hadir dengan hak pengguna baru yang bernama “Penyelenggara acara”, serta akan diatur dan diberikan oleh pengurus Wikipedia bahasa Minangkabau. Ketika peralatan CampaignEvents diluncurkan di wiki ini, kontributor dengan hak pengguna tersebut dapat [[mediawikiwiki:Event_Center/Registration/Instructions/id#Cara_menggunakan_perkakas:_dari_sisi_penyelenggara|mengatur acara yang dibuat]]. Satu-satunya perkakas yang langsung tersedia setelah CampaignEvents diaktifkan adalah “Daftar acara”, yaitu berupa halaman istimewa yang menampilkan seluruh acara (baik akan dan sedang berlangsung) maupun ProyekWiki yang tersedia. Peralatan ini telah tersedia di beberapa wiki yang dapat dilihat [[metawiki:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status/id|di sini]]. Terkait rencana penerapan peralatan CampaignEvents secara global juga dapat Anda lihat melalui [[metawiki:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Global_Deployment_Plan|pranala berikut]]. Ingin menerapkan perkakas ini secara terlebih dahulu? Kunjungi [[metawiki:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status/id#Bagaimana_cara_menerapkan_peralatan_CampaignEvents_untuk_wiki_Anda|pranala ini]] untuk informasi selengkapnya. Kami mengharapkan pendapat dan masukan Anda terkait peralatan CampaignEvents ini hingga tanggal 31 Maret 2025. Apabila ada yang ingin ditanyakan, silakan hubungi [[:id:Pengguna:BAPerdana-WMF|Bonaventura Aditya Perdana]] melalui surel (baperdana-ctr@wikimedia.org). Salam. [[Pangguno:BAPerdana-WMF|BAPerdana-WMF]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:BAPerdana-WMF|maota]]) 26 Maret 2025 21.50 (WIB) :'''Informasi terkini''': peralatan CampaignEvents '''rencananya''' akan diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Minangkabau pada '''29 April 2025'''. [[Pangguno:BAPerdana-WMF|BAPerdana-WMF]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:BAPerdana-WMF|maota]]) 5 April 2025 01.04 (WIB) == Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon. Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 4 April 2025 09.04 (WIB) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes. If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest. <br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> 16 April 2025 23.11 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Hide on Rosé@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines ("UCoC EG") and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17 April 2025 07.34 (WIB) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> 28 April 2025 22.03 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 29 April 2025 10.41 (WIB)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! == ''(Apologies for posting in English)'' Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them. As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]]. After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki. The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org. If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 6 Mai 2025 22.07 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28663781 --> == Peralatan CampaignEvents sudah diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Minangkabau == Halo, rekan-rekan kontributor Wikipedia! Kami dari [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team|Tim Kampanye Wikimedia Foundation]] mengumumkan bahwa peralatan [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/id|CampaignEvents]] sudah tersedia di Wikipedia bahasa Minangkabau. Melalui peralatan ini, kami berharap ini bisa membantu Anda dalam mengelola kegiatan maupun acara di wiki dalam satu atap, tanpa harus menggunakan aplikasi/layanan pihak ketiga. Kami juga menyediakan [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1B42fTqueYNuNcofNNgUxNc8b_IIWvZ5E?usp=sharing video tutorial] (isinya akan diperbarui secara berkala) yang mungkin dapat membantu Anda dalam menggunakan peralatan ini. Selain itu, kami menawarkan sesi diskusi daring untuk membahas peralatan CampaignEvents ini secara menyeluruh. Apabila Anda tertarik, silakan hubungi [[:id:Pengguna:BAPerdana-WMF|Bonaventura Aditya Perdana]] melalui surel (baperdana-ctr@wikimedia.org). Salam. [[Pangguno:BAPerdana-WMF|BAPerdana-WMF]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:BAPerdana-WMF|maota]]) 7 Mai 2025 02.40 (WIB) == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Pembukaan Pendaftaran Calon Anggota Komite Koordinasi Kode Etik Universal (U4C)</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hasil pemungutan suara mengenai Pedoman Penegakan Kode Etik Universal dan Piagam Komite Koordinasi Kode Etik Universal (U4C) telah [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|tersedia di Meta-Wiki]]. Anda kini dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|mengajukan diri sebagai calon anggota U4C]] hingga 29 Mei 2025 pukul 12.00 UTC. Informasi mengenai [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|syarat kelayakan, proses pencalonan, dan jadwal pemilihan tersedia di Meta-Wiki]]. Pemungutan suara untuk para calon akan dibuka pada 1 Juni 2025 dan berlangsung selama dua pekan, ditutup pada 15 Juni 2025 pukul 12.00 UTC. Jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan, silakan ajukan di [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|halaman diskusi pemilihannya]]. — bersama dengan U4C, </div><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|rundiang]])</bdi> 16 Mai 2025 05.07 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)'' Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 22 Mai 2025 22.27 (WIB) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28768453 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2025 & Pengajuan Pertanyaan</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Tahun ini, periode 2 (dua) tahun jabatan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia untuk kursi perwakilan Komunitas dan Organisasi Afiliasi akan segera berakhir. [1] Dewan Pengawas mengundang seluruh anggota Gerakan Wikimedia untuk ikut serta dalam proses pemilihan tahun ini serta memberikan suara mereka supaya jabatan yang kosong bisa segera terisi. Komite Pemilihan akan mengawasi tahapan pemilihan ini dengan dukungan dari pegawai Yayasan Wikimedia. [2] Komite Tata Kelola Dewan, terdiri atas para anggota Dewan Pengawas yang tidak menjadi calon dalam tahapan pemilihan Dewan Pengawas untuk kursi perwakilan komunitas dan organisasi afiliasi tahun 2025 (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina dan Esra’a Al Shafei), [3] akan bertugas untuk melaksanakan fungsi pengawasan bagi Dewan Pengawas di dalam tahapan pemilihan 2025 ini serta senantiasa menginformasikan perkembangan terbaru kepada Dewan Pengawas. Silakan kunjungi pranala yang tersedia pada catatan kaki di bawah ini untuk mendapatkan informasi lebih lanjut mengenai peran dari Komite Pemilihan, Dewan Pengawas, dan pegawai Wikimedia. [4] Berikut merupakan tanggal-tanggal penting untuk tahapan pemilihan tahun ini: * 22 Mei–5 Juni 2025: Pengumuman (informasi yang sedang Anda baca ini) dan masa pengajuan pertanyaan [6] * 17 Juni–1 Juli 2025: Pengajuan calon17 Juni–1 Juli 2025: Pengajuan calon * Juli 2025: Jika diperlukan, organisasi afiliasi akan memilih calon Dewan Pengawas yang akan dimasukkan ke tahapan pemilihan berikutnya, apabila terdapat 10 atau lebih calon yang mendaftar [5] * Agustus 2025: Masa kampanye * Agustus–September 2025: Masa pemungutan suara komunitas yang akan berlangsung selama dua minggu * Oktober–November 2025: Pemeriksaan latar belakang dari calon terpilih * Rapat Dewan Pengawas pada bulan Desember 2025: Penetapan anggota Dewan Pengawas terbaru Silakan pelajari proses pemilihan 2025 lebih mendalam, termasuk rincian lini masa, proses pencalonan, peraturan kampanye, dan syarat kelayakan pemilih dengan mengakses [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|pranala halaman Meta-Wiki ini]]. '''Pengajuan Pertanyaan''' Dalam proses pemilihan ini, anggota komunitas berkesempatan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan yang akan dijawab oleh para calon Dewan Pengawas. Komite Pemilihan akan memilih pertanyaan dari daftar yang telah diajukan oleh anggota komunitas sebelumnya, dan kemudian, para calon akan menjawab pertanyaan tersebut. Para calon harus menjawab semua pertanyaan wajib yang tercantum dalam formulir pencalonan agar dapat dianggap telah memenuhi syarat. Jika tidak, pencalonan tersebut akan dianggap batal. Pada tahun ini, Komite Pemilihan akan memilih 5 pertanyaan untuk dijawab oleh para calon. Pertanyaan terpilih mungkin merupakan hasil perpaduan dari daftar pertanyaan yang diajukan oleh komunitas, jika ternyata pertanyaan tersebut mirip atau berkaitan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]] '''Sukarelawan Pemilihan''' Cara lain untuk terlibat dalam proses pemilihan 2025 yaitu dengan menjadi Sukarelawan Pemilihan. Sukarelawan Pemilihan akan menjembatani hubungan antara Komite Pemilihan dan komunitas masing-masing. Mereka akan membantu memastikan agar komunitas mereka terwakili dan mengajak anggota komunitas untuk ikut serta memberikan suaranya. Silakan pelajari lebih lanjut tentang program ini dan cara bergabung melalui dengan mengakses [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|pranala halaman Meta Wiki]]. Terima kasih banyak! [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024 [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ [6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates Salam hangat, Victoria Doronina Narahubung Dewan Pengawas untuk Komite Pemilihan Komite Tata Kelola Dewan<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 28 Mai 2025 10.07 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 14 Juni 2025 06.01 (WIB) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2025 - Pengajuan Calon</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div> Halo semua, Saat ini, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|tahap pengajuan calon untuk pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2025]] telah dibuka. Tahap ini akan berlangsung dari tanggal 17 Juni 2025 sampai pukul 11:59 UTC, 2 Juli 2025.[1] Dewan Pengawas bertugas untuk mengawasi pekerjaan Yayasan Wikimedia dan masing-masing Pengawas bertugas selama tiga tahun masa jabatan.[2] Jabatan ini bersifat sukarela. Tahun ini, komunitas Wikimedia akan menghadapi pemilihan yang akan dilangsungkan dari akhir Agustus hingga September 2025. Pemilihan ini bertujuan untuk mengisi dua (2) kursi kosong di Dewan Pengawas, Yayasan Wikimedia. Apakah Anda calon yang kami cari atau Anda tahu orang yang kira-kira cocok untuk dicalonkan sebagai Dewan Pengawas, Yayasan Wikimedia?[3] Silakan baca lebih lanjut [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|di halaman Meta-Wiki]] untuk mengetahui hal apa saja yang diperlukan untuk dapat menjabat sebagai Dewan Pengawas, cara mengajukan pencalonan diri atau mengajak orang lain untuk maju dalam pemilihan tahun ini. Salam hangat, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br /> Ketua Komite Pemilihan Atas nama Komite Pemilihan dan Komite Tata Kelola Dewan [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term. [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 18 Juni 2025 00.44 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28866958 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Dear Wikimedia Community, The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]] of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]]. A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity. Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact. Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement. Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate. Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended. === Wikispore === The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects. After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future. As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting. Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed. === Wikinews === We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways. Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years. While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>]. [[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews. Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs. SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives. '''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to: *Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects, *Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace, *Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects, *Archive Wikinews projects. Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels. === Feedback and next steps === We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language. I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. <section end="message"/> </div> -- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 28 Juni 2025 03.57 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&oldid=28911188 --> == Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes == ''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)'' Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations. The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''. The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below: [[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]] These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages. Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change. Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]]. Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 14 Juli 2025 19.45 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=28981877 --> == Help needed with translating User Interface message strings == Hello Wikimedians, I hope this message finds you well! We have some User Interface message strings for the [[mw:Growth/Feature_summary|Growth feature]] that need your help to be translated into Minangkabau. Right now, they're at 0 percent, and it would be fantastic to get them fully localized. @[[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]], @[[Pangguno:S Kartika|S Kartika]] and @[[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]], thank you for all your contributions in this Wikipedia. Maybe you are interested in volunteering to translate the message strings, and anyone else interested in jumping in and lending a hand. Below is the link for the message strings on translatewiki: * https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-growthexperiments&language=min&filter=&action=translate If you haven’t used [https://translatewiki.net/ translatewiki.net] before, no worries! Here’s what you need: * A good grasp of both English and Minangkabau. * A TranslateWiki account (your wiki account won’t work here, but you can easily create one with your existing Wiki details, so you don’t have to remember anything new). * A willingness to follow some simple instructions! Once you’ve got your account set up, you’ll need to translate a few random messages for the site to authenticate your knowledge of the language. After that, you can dive right into the translations using the link above. Thanks so much for helping! If you have any questions or need help, let me know. [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|maota]]) 25 Juli 2025 12.52 (WIB) == CentralNotice Experiment: Engaging Native Speakers for Content Growth == {{int:Hello}} Minangkabau Wikipedians! Apologies, this message is not in your native language.{{Int:Please-translate}}. Part of the WMF Annual plan work is [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2025-2026/Product_&_Technology_OKRs#Vital_Knowledge_(WE2)|to drive content growth in Wikipedia]]. The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] have an experiment to run in your Wikipedia to validate or invalidate a hypothesis that ''"If we invite native speakers of small wikis through a CentralNotice banner on a high-traffic Wikipedia in their region to contribute to SuggestedEdits and other Growth features, we can assess whether this approach attracts new native speakers and if they use these editing tools to improve vital content."'' Our team plans to run [[metawiki:CentralNotice/Request/WMF_Language_Onboarding_and_Development_Experiment|a CentralNotice banner]], from August 29th to September 12th, that will display on the English Wikipedia for users in regions where this language is spoken, and also on this Wikipedia. The banner for this Wikipedia will say “''The world is missing out on human knowledge in your language. Join the Minangkabau Wikipedia community and help expand it''." in Minangkabau. By clicking on the banner, users can easily access the [[mw:Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] or the [[mw:Event_Center/Registration/Instructions#Event_registration_tool:_organizer_experience|Event registration]] page and start contributing. For this to work, we '''need your expertise and help''' before we launch the banner. We need administrators to: * Create an event registration page in your native language using the information in this page: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:DRAFT_EVENT_LANGUAGE_EXPERIMENT. For guidance on creating an event registration page, refer to this link: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Event_Center/Registration/Instructions#Create_an_event_page_in_the_event_namespace. '''The above task is crucial for our work, and we would greatly appreciate it if you could first complete it by August 15th before working on the other tasks'''. * Set up the [[mw:Growth/Feature_summary#Mentorship_2|mentorship feature]] and invite experienced contributors to become mentors, ensuring that newcomers have sufficient mentors to turn to when they need help. You can set it up from this link [[Istimewa:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]] * Help us provide [[mw:Growth/Personalized_first_day/Newcomer_tasks#Maintenance_templates|maintenance templates]] so that more newcomer tasks can be surfaced through the [[Istimewa:Beranda|Suggested Edits]] feature, by editing this page: [[:min:Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits]] * Help us update the [[Istimewa:CommunityConfiguration/HelpPanel|Special:CommunityConfiguration]] with [[mw:Help:VisualEditor/User_guide|user guides]] or help pages on your local wiki so that new contributors we attract can receive proper support from the [[mw:Growth/Feature_summary#HP|Help panel]] on the [[Istimewa:Homepage|Newcomer Homepage]]. @[[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]], @[[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|David Wadie Fisher-Freberg]], and any other person with Admins right, we will really appreciate your help doing the above work. We also need translators to help us fully translate the [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-growthexperiments&language=min&filter=&action=translate Growth feature interface] into Minangkabau, focusing on the following message strings: # https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-growthexperiments-confirmemail&language=min&filter=&action=translate # https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-growthexperiments-welcomesurvey&language=min&filter=&action=translate # https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-growthexperiments-homepage&language=min&filter=&action=translate # https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-growthexperiments-helppanel&language=min&filter=&action=translate # https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-growthexperiments-user&language=min&filter=&action=translate Our team values your input on this project and are open to further discussions here. You can learn more about this work from [[metawiki:CentralNotice/Request/WMF_Language_Onboarding_and_Development_Experiment|this page]]. As an admin who would like to help, if you are interested in a virtual call for assistance with creating an event registration page, or other tasks, please let us know, and we’ll set up a meeting. We’re excited about the opportunity to collaborate, and I look forward to hearing from you. Thank you! [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|maota]]) 8 Agustus 2025 09.29 (WIB) On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Akun sementara akan diaktifkan segera</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> Halo, kami dari tim [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product and Safety]] Wikimedia Foundation ingin mengumumkan bahwa fitur '''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akun sementara]] rencananya akan diaktifkan di wiki ini pada 1 September'''. Fitur ini sudah diaktifkan di 30 wiki, termasuk beberapa di antaranya adalah Wikipedia bahasa Jerman, Jepang, Prancis, dan Indonesia. Ini berguna untuk kontributor yang tidak memiliki akun dan/atau masuk log dalam melindungi privasinya. Selain itu, fitur ini juga bermanfaat bagi kontributor yang melakukan patroli maupun pengurus, sebagai bagian dari menjaga wiki senantiasa aman dan tetap akurat. '''Mengapa kami membuat fitur ini?''' Sudah sepatutnya proyek Wikimedia menjadi tempat yang aman bagi semua kontributor, termasuk mereka yang memilih untuk tidak masuk log (pengguna anonim). Fitur Akun Sementara mengizinkan pengguna anonim untuk bisa berkontribusi tanpa harus menunjukkan alamat IP mereka secara publik. Selain itu, perangkat lunak moderasi kami sangat bergantung pada jaringan yang digunakan (dalam hal ini adalah alamat IP) untuk mendeteksi perilaku vandal maupun penggunaan akun siluman secara tidak bertanggung jawab. Permasalahannya, tidak jarang satu/beberapa alamat IP yang digunakan oleh pelaku vandal juga berbarengan dengan pengguna berniat baik. Alhasil, kontributor berniat baik tersebut bisa saja enggan untuk menyunting kembali karena diblokir dan dianggap sama dengan pelaku vandal tersebut. Melalui Akun Sementara, kami harapkan hal seperti ini dapat diminimalkan. Untuk cara kerja dari fitur ini dapat dilihat di bawah. '''Bagaimana fitur ini bekerja?''' [[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]] Siapa saja yang menyunting secara anonim di wiki, sebuah kuki (cookie) akan disimpan ke dalam peramban web pengguna anonim tersebut. Kemudian, akun sementara yang terhubung dengan kuki tersebut akan dibuat secara otomatis. Nama akun pengguna tersebut akan mengikuti format sebagai berikut: <code dir=ltr>~2025-12345-67</code> (tanda tilda, tahun sekarang, dan angka). Format tersebut yang akan tampil di halaman perubahan terbaru, alih-alih alamat IP seperti sebelumnya. Kuki akan disimpan selama 90 hari sejak pembuatan. Selama kuki tersebut masih tersimpan, maka nama tersebutlah yang akan digunakan dan akan tetap sama apapun koneksi internet (alamat IP) yang dipakai. Catatan log terkait alamat IP dari akun tersebut akan disimpan selama 90 hari setelah penyuntingan terakhir. Namun, hanya beberapa pengguna terdaftar yang dapat melihat alamat IP tersebut. '''Apa artinya ini bagi kontributor?''' '''Bagi pengguna anonim (tidak masuk log)''' * Meningkatkan privasi atau keamanan. Pada saat ini, ketika Anda memilih untuk tidak masuk log, maka alamat IP Anda akan tampil secara publik. Hal seperti ini tidak akan terjadi lagi nantinya. * Apabila Anda menggunakan akun sementara untuk menyunting di lokasi yang berbeda selama 90 hari terakhir, maka riwayat suntingan dan alamat IP dari lokasi tersebut akan tersimpan di dalam akun sementara. Pengguna terdaftar yang [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|memenuhi kriteria]] dapat melihat data tersebut. Jika hal ini membuat Anda terancam, silakan hubungi surel talktohumanrights@wikimedia.org untuk bantuan. '''Bagi kontributor yang berinteraksi dengan pengguna anonim''' * Akun sementara secara unik hanya terhubung ke satu perangkat. Jika dibandingkan dengan alamat IP, maka satu alamat IP bisa saja digunakan lebih banyak orang maupun perangkat pada saat yang bersamaan. * Akan jauh lebih mudah untuk berasumsi bahwa satu akun sementara hanya berlaku untuk satu orang. Jika dibandingkan dengan alamat IP, maka sulit untuk memprediksi apakah itu orang yang sama atau bukan. '''Bagi kontributor yang menggunakan alamat IP untuk patroli''' * '''Untuk kontributor yang rutin melakukan patroli''' dalam mencari pelaku vandal, melakukan investigasi pelanggaran kebijakan dan pedoman, dsb: kontributor yang [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|memenuhi kriteria]] dapat melihat alamat IP dari akun sementara maupun seluruh kontribusi yang dibuat oleh akun sementara dari alamat IP secara spesifik/rentang tertentu ([[Special:IPContributions]]). Mereka juga akan memiliki akses ke informasi bermanfaat tentang alamat IP berkat fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|Info IP]]. Selain itu, fitur yang sudah tersedia seperti filter penyalahgunaan, blokir global, kontribusi global, dsb. akan disesuaikan agar dapat bekerja dengan fitur Akun Sementara. * '''Untuk pengurus yang memblokir alamat IP:''' ** Sangat memungkinkan untuk mencegah beberapa orang dalam membuat akun hanya dengan memblokir akun sementaranya. Seseorang yang diblokir tidak akan dapat membuat akun sementara baru jika pengurus memilih opsi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|blokir otomatis.]] ** Blokir satu maupun rentang alamat IP tetap berlaku. * Akun Sementara tidak akan berlaku untuk kontribusi sebelum perilisan fitur ini. Pada halaman Istimewa:Kontribusi pengguna, alamat IP yang sudah ada sebelumnya tetap akan tampil. Jika ingin melihat suntingan oleh akun sementara, kunjungi halaman Istimewa:Kontribusi alamat IP. '''Tahap selanjutnya dan apa yang harus dilakukan''' * Apabila Anda mengetahui perkakas, akun bot, dsb. yang menggunakan alamat IP, sebaiknya dilakukan uji coba terlebih dahulu di [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] atau [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. Jika Anda adalah pengembang sukarelawan, silakan membaca dokumentasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers| berikut ini]] dan lihat bagian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|kode Anda mungkin perlu diperbarui]]. * Apabila Anda ingin merasakan pengalaman menggunakan akun sementara, silakan kunjungi testwiki atau test2wiki tanpa masuk log. * Sampaikan kepada kami apa saja halangan maupun permasalahan yang dialami. Kami akan berusaha semaksimal mungkin dalam membantu, tetapi apabila tidak bisa maka kami akan memikirkan opsi lain yang tersedia. * Lihat kembali [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|pengumuman terakhir kami]] tentang syarat bagi pengguna tanpa hak khusus (pengurus, birokrat, pemeriksa, pengawas) yang ingin melihat alamat IP akun sementara. Untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut tentang proyek ini, silakan kunjungi halaman [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|pertanyaan yang sering diajukan]]. Anda mungkin juga tertarik untuk melihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|pengumuman terkini ]] dan [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|berlangganan nawala kami]]. Salam.<section end="body" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]</bdi> 27 Agustus 2025 04.36 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox6&oldid=29181713 --> == Update on the CentralNotice experiment to engage native speakers for content growth == {{int:Hello}} Minangkabau Wikipedians! Apologies, this message is not in your native language. {{int:Please-translate}}. The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localisation team]] would like to update you on the upcoming CentralNotice banner campaign for multilingual editors, which we announced [[Wikipedia:Kadai Kopi#c-UOzurumba (WMF)-20250808022900-CentralNotice Experiment: Engaging Native Speakers for Content Growth|here]]. The CentralNotice banner launch is now scheduled for the week of September 3rd, to enable us complete some technical instrumentation work for the project. We appreciate all your support and work translating the Growth feature message strings and setting up the required pages for this experiment. [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|maota]]) 29 Agustus 2025 07.11 (WIB) == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Wiki Anda akan segera menjadi mode hanya baca</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Baca pesan ini dalam bahasa lain]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] akan menguji coba mengalihkan pusat data utama dan sekundernya. Hal ini akan memastikan bahwa Wikipedia dan wiki Wikimedia lainnya dapat tetap beroperasi bahkan selepas bencana. Semua lalu lintas akan beralih pada '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|id}}'''. Uji coba akan dimulai pukul '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''. Akan tetapi, karena adanya keterbatasan dalam perangkat lunak [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], semua aktivitas penyuntingan harus berhenti sementara ketika proses pengalihan ini kami lakukan. Kami memohon maaf atas ketidaknyamanan ini dan kami akan berupaya untuk meminimalkan hal serupa pada waktu yang akan datang. Sebuah papan pengumuman akan ditampilkan di semua wiki 30 menit sebelum pelaksanaan operasi ini. Papan pengumuman tersebut akan selalu terlihat hingga akhir pengerjaan. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Anda masih bisa membaca, tetapi tidak bisa menyunting, seluruh wiki dalam waktu terbatas.''' *Anda tidak dapat menyunting hingga satu jam pada hari {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|id}}. *Jika Anda mencoba menyunting atau menyimpan suntingan Anda pada waktu tersebut, akan muncul pesan galat. Kami berharap tidak ada suntingan yang hilang pada waktu-waktu tersebut, tetapi kami tidak dapat menjamin hal ini. Jika Anda mendapat pesan galat, mohon menunggu hingga semuanya kembali normal. Ketika uji coba telah selesai, Anda dapat menyimpan suntingan Anda. Namun, kami sangat menyarankan untuk membuat salinan suntingan Anda terlebih dahulu untuk berjaga-jaga. ''Pengaruh lainnya'': *Pekerjaan latar belakang akan menjadi lebih lambat dan beberapa pekerjaan mungkin akan diberhentikan. Pranala merah mungkin tidak dapat diperbarui secepat biasanya. Jika Anda membuat artikel yang telah terhubung dengan halaman lainnya, pranalanya akan tetap merah lebih lama daripada biasanya. Beberapa skrip yang berjalan lama terpaksa dihentikan. * Kami berharap penerapan kode akan terjadi seperti minggu-minggu lainnya. Namun, beberapa kasus pembekuan kode dapat terjadi secara cepat jika proses operasi membutuhkannya setelah itu. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] akan tidak tersedia selama 90 menit. Proyek ini mungkin ditunda jika diperlukan. Anda dapat [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|membaca jadwalnya di wikitech.wikimedia.org]] Semua perubahan akan diumumkan dalam jadwal tersebut. '''Mohon sebarkan informasi ini kepada komunitas Anda.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 18 September 2025 22.41 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29170715 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Confidence_Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 3 Oktober 2025 02.49 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2025-10-06_Wikipedias&oldid=29381387 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berikan suara Anda: pemilihan Dewan Pengawas 2025</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Halo semua, Masa pemungutan suara untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|pemilihan Dewan Pengawas 2025]] telah dibuka. Para calon akan bertanding untuk memperebutkan dua (2) kursi Dewan Pengawas. Untuk memeriksa kelayakan Anda sebagai pemilih, silakan kunjungi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|halaman kelayakan pemilih]]. Pelajari para calon dengan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|membaca pernyataan yang tercantum dalam halaman pencalonan dan juga saksikan video mereka]]. Jika Anda telah merasa siap, silakan kunjungi [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|halaman pemungutan suara untuk memberikan suara Anda]]. '''Pemungutan suara akan dibuka dari pukul 00:00 UTC, 8 Oktober hingga 23:59 UTC, 22 Oktober 2022.''' Salam hangat, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br />Ketua, Komite Pemilihan<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 9 Oktober 2025 11.48 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29360896 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function1"/> {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere). There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function1"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 20 Oktober 2025 18.43 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29432175 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 30 Oktober 2025 21.12 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:MKaur (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29517125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function2"/> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function2"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 20 Nopember 2025 21.22 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29583860 --> == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 17 Januari 2026 02.45 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 18 Januari 2026 20.21 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Tinjauan tahunan untuk Kode Etik Universal dan Panduan Penegakan</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Saya ingin menyampaikan bahwa periode peninjauan tahunan Kode Etik Universal dan Pedoman Penegakannya saat ini telah dibuka. Usulan perubahan dapat diajukan hingga 9 Februari 2026. Tahap ini merupakan langkah awal dari rangkaian proses peninjauan tahunan yang akan dilakukan.[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Informasi lengkap dan ruang diskusi tersedia di halaman UCoC di Meta]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) adalah grup global yang didedikasikan untuk memberikan implementasi yang adil dan konsisten dari UCoC. Tinjauan tahunan ini telah direncanakan dan diimplementasikan oleh U4C. Untuk informasi dan tanggung jawab U4C lebih lanjut, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Anda dapat meninjaunya pada piagam U4C]]. Mohon bagikan informasi ini pada anggota lain di komunitas Anda di mana pun yang mungkin sesuai. -- Bekerja sama dengan U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|bicara]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 20 Januari 2026 04.01 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Syamsi Hasan == Hello. I'm looking for any information about [[Syamsi Hasan]], but can't find anything. Can you please help me? - [[Pangguno:Erik Baas|Erik Baas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Erik Baas|maota]]) 21 Pebruari 2026 09.23 (WIB) Halo. Ambo sadang mancari informasi apo sajo tentang [[Syamsi Hasan]], tapi indak basuo apo-apo. Lai bisa tolong ambo? - [[Pangguno:Erik Baas|Erik Baas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Erik Baas|maota]]) 23 Pebruari 2026 19.01 (WIB) == Konsensus untuk pemasangan spanduk == Apakah komunitas Wikipedia Bahasa Minang memutuskan ingin memasang spanduk terkait pembatasan akses wiki di Indonesia? (Untuk pembahasan isu ini selengkapnya dapat disimak/berpartisipasi secara anonim di [[:id:Wikipedia:Permohonan pendapat/Pembatasan akses wiki di Indonesia (Februari 2026)#Konsensus untuk isi spanduk]] Apabila mencapai konsensus, kita akan membawa hasil ini ke Meta untuk meminta supaya spanduk dipasang di situs-situs wiki bahasa-bahasa di Indonesia, untuk pembaca dari Indonesia, tanggal (tentatif) 23 Maret 2026, selama 31 hari (durasi paling lama), hingga 24 April 2026. Setelah itu, bisa diperpanjang melalui konsensus yang baru. :(Opsional) Silakan menerjemahkan pesan ini ke bahasa Minang: :Sejak Februari 2026, akses pendaftaran dan masuk log ke Wikipedia serta proyek-proyek Wikimedia telah dibatasi di Indonesia. Kami mengajak Anda untuk mendorong Kemkomdigi mencabut pembatasan tersebut agar kita dapat bersama-sama terus membebaskan pengetahuan! Baca selengkapnya. :(Informasi tambahan 9 Maret): Saat ini pernyataan komunitas telah diterbitkan di https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pernyataan_resmi_komunitas_Wikipedia_bahasa_Indonesia_terhadap_pembatasan_akses_auth.wikimedia.org_di_Indonesia. ‑[[User:Bennylin|<span style="font:small-caps 1.3em Garamond,Times,serif;color:#444422;letter-spacing:0.1em;">Ｂｅｎｎｙｌｉｎ</span>]]&nbsp;^{<small>｢[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Bennylin|diskusi]]｣</small>} 00.47, 10 Maret 2026 (WIB) 10 Maret 2026 00.47 (WIB) # ‑[[User:Bennylin|<span style="font:small-caps 1.3em Garamond,Times,serif;color:#772244;letter-spacing:0.1em;">Ｂｅｎｎｙｌｉｎ</span>]]&nbsp;^{<small>｢[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Bennylin|cakap]]｣</small>} 02.15, 3 Maret 2026 (WIB) 3 Maret 2026 02.15 (WIB) sebagai inisiator. # {{satuju}} - Rang Djambak [[Istimewa:SuntiangPangguno/&#126;2026-14685-23|&#126;2026-14685-23]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:&#126;2026-14685-23|Pembicaraan]]) 8 Maret 2026 05.04 (WIB) == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> 6lioap31xee9hx2316pd5ju6bg7d90k 0 317462 3345247 3344987 2026-04-01T05:12:26Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact | name = Pagaruyung VII<br/>Gudam II | image = WBB Pagaruyung VII penuh 2.jpg | image_caption = | material = Batu [[andesit]] | language = [[Melayu Kuno]] | height = 10 cm | width = 50 cm | long = 82 cm | culture = Budaya Pagaruyung | period = Kerajaan Sri Akarendrawarmman | type = Prasasti | registration = No. SK: 77/M/2019 (tanggal 12 Maret 2019) | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | created = | discovered = | discovered_place = Gudam, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyung VII | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyung VII | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyung VII | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyung VII }} | id = KB003142 }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyung VII''', nan juo dikenal sabagai '''batu basurek Gudam II''',{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|p=201}}{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=36}} marupoan sebuah batu basurek nan ditamuan di Gudam, [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyung]], [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Tanjung Emas]], [[Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]]. Batu basurek ko barisi sakita 16 barih tulisan nan ditulih dalam bahaso [[Bahaso Malayu Kuno|Malayu Kuno]],{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|p=201}}{{sfn|Suhadi|1990|p=224}} jo istilah-istilah dalam [[bahaso Sanskerta]] jo [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno|Jawa Kuno]],{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=36}} sarato ditulih manggunoan aksara [[aksara Pallawa|Pasca Pallawa]].{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=36}} Batu basurek ko indak batarikh, tatapi dipakiroan barasa dari sakita abaik ka-14 Masehi.{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=36}} Batu basurek Pagaruyung VII<ref name="Kozok" /> adolah [[batu basurek]] nan tatulih di ateh sabuah batu nan lah patah jo aus,<ref name="Kozok">{{cite book | title = A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya | first = Uli | last = Kozok | others = Volume 16 dari Nalanda-Sriwijaya Series | url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38&dq=akarendrawarman&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUINDAD#v=onepage&q=akarendrawarman&f=false | page = 38 | publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies | year = 2015 | id = ISBN 9814459747, 9789814459747 }}</ref> nan manggunoan [[bahaso Malayu Kuno]] jo baangka taun 1238 Saka<ref name="Tamadun">{{cite book | title = Tamadun Melayu | first1 = Ismail (Datuk) | last1 = Hussein | first2 = Aziz | last2 = Deraman | first3 = Abd. Rahman | last3 = Al Ahmadi | others = Volume 3 | url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=94huAAAAMAAJ&q=akarendrawarman&dq=akarendrawarman&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQ6AEIUTAI | page = 923-927 | publisher = Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia | year = 1995 | id = ISBN 9836248447, 9789836248442 }}</ref> atau 1316 M.<ref name="Diaspora" /> Batu basurek ko manyabuik surang rajo bagala Maharajodirajo [[Akarendrawarman|Srimat Sri Akarendrawarman]] nan dipakiroan bakuaso sabalun [[Adityawarman]].<ref name="Kozok" /><ref name="Tamadun" /> Salain tu disabuikan pulo surang pajabaik nan bagala [[Datuak Parpatiah Nan Sabatang|Tuhan Parpatih]].<ref name="Kozok" /><ref name="Tamadun" /> Dek karano dalam [[batu basurek Kuburajo I]] disabuikan baso Adityawarman adolah anak dari [[Adwayawarman|Adwayawarmadewa]], mangko [[de Casparis]] bakasimpulan baso Akarendrawarman ko adolah mamaknyo dari Adityawarman nan mulai mamarentah sakita 1346 atau 1347, di mano pangaliahan kakuasoan samacam tu sasuai jo tradisi matrilineal Minangkabau.<ref>{{cite book | title = Leaves of the Same Tree: Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka | first = Leonard Y. | last = Andaya | url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=w7AqZR1ZUZgC&pg=PA84&dq=akarendrawarman&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUITjAH#v=onepage&q=akarendrawarman&f=false | page = 84 | others = Ed. berilustrasi | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 2008 | id = ISBN 0824831896, 9780824831899 }}</ref> Tulisan pado batu basurek ko hampir indak dapek dibaco jo elok dek batunyo alah mangalami kerusakan jo aus. Namun, tadapek tulisan nan manyabuikan namo rajo [[Akarendrawarman|Srimat Sri Akarendrawarman]], nan memiliki gala ''Maharajadhiraja''.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=19}} Salain itu, tadapek tulisan tantang sumpah atau kutukan nan ditujukan kapado urang nan indak mangindahkan maklumat rajo dalam batu basurek tasabuik. Penelitian-penelitian tabaru manyebuik baso batu basurek ko kamungkinan dikaluaan dek Akarendrawarman satalah diangkek manjadi rajo panaruih [[Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|p=201}}{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=20}} Saat iko, batu basurek Pagaruyung VII ditampekkan basamo babarapo batu basurek lainnyo di [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawaraman]], nan balokasi di kawasan Gudam, Nagari Pagaruyung, Kabupaten Tanah Data, Sumatera Barat.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=1}} == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyung VII disabuik juo sabagai batu basurek Gudam II, jo marupoan salah satu dari babarapo batu basurek nan ditamukan di Jorong Gudam, Nagari Pagaruyung, Kecamatan Tanjung Emas, Kabupaten Tanah Data, Sumatera Barat. Batu basurek ko dilaporkan dek epigrafis jo arkeolog [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J Krom]] dalam ''Oudheidkundig Verslag'' ([[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]]: Laporan Kepurbakalaan) terbitan ''[[Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen|Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kusten en Wetenschappen]]'' (Ikatan Ilmu jo Kesenian Batavia) pado taun 1912. Laporan inventaris kepurbakalaan tasabuik sabagian gadang datanyo disadioan dek [[Louis Constant Westenenk|L.C. Westenenk]], Asisten Residen Belanda nan batugeh di Fort de Kock (kini [[Kota Bukittinggi|Bukittinggi]]).{{sfn|Krom|1912|p=33}} [[Berkas:Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman.jpg|jmpl|Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] Batu basurek ko dipakiroan dikaluaan dek rajo Akarendrawarman pado sakita abaik ke-14 M.{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=36}} Batu basurek ko manyabuik Sri Akarendrawarman sabagai ''maharajadhi''rajo jo manyabuikan pulo jabatan-jabatan lainnyo saroman ''tuhan parpatih'' banamo Tudang (Tudaŋ) jo ''tuhan gha'' banamo Śrī Ratha nan kaduonyo marupoan pambantu rajo nan patuh jo setia.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=20}} Kini batu basurek tasabuik alah disimpan basamo batu-batu basurek lainnyo di Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman di Pagaruyuang, Sumatera Barat, jo nomor inventaris 26/BCB-TB/SMB.{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=35}} Batu basurek ko alah rasmi diakui sabagai [[Cagar budaya Indonesia|Benda Cagar Budaya Peringkat Nasional]]. Panatapan status cagar budaya dilakuan malalui Surek Kaputusan (SK) Nomor 77/M/2019, nan diterbitkan pado tangga 12 Maret 2019 dek Kamanterian Pandidikan jo Kabudayaan Republik Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Oktober 2022|title=Daftar Cagar Budaya peringkat Nasional Tahun 2013-2022 |url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/dpk/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/12/CBN2022-1.pdf|language=id|access-date=2025-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224024755/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/dpk/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/12/CBN2022-1.pdf |archive-date={{date|2023-02-24}}|url-status=live}}</ref> == Panggambaran fisik == Batu basurek ko digoreskan pado sabuah batu andesit barono abu-abu nan babantuak pasagi pipih. Batu tasabuik dalam kaadoan patah di bagian ateh jo di sisi kiri, nan malangkuang sampai ka tangah bidang tulisan, sainggo ado babarapo huruf nan ilang. Batu basurek ko tadiri dari 16 barih, nan dipahek pado batu andesit, barukuran tinggi 82&nbsp;cm, lebar 50&nbsp;cm, jo taba 10 cm.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=19}}{{sfn|Reichle|2007}} Suhadi (1990), de Casparis (1996), Griffith (2012) bapandapek baso batu basurek ko ditulih dalam bahaso Malayu Kuno;{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|p=201}}{{sfn|Suhadi|1990|p=224}}{{sfn|Salleh|Ramza|Kadir|2015|p=82}} samantaro Kusumadewi (2012) manganggapnyo ditulih dalam bahaso Sanskerta, Malayu Kuno, jo Jawa Kuno, jo manggunoan aksara Pasca Pallawa.{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=36}} Istiawan (2006) bapandapek baso bahaso jo aksara nan digunoan adolah Jawa Kuno, nan manunjuakan baso pangaruah bahaso Sanskerta jo Malayu pado pamarentahan Adityawarman samakin lamo samakin bakurang.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=20}} == Isi batu basurek == Barikuik adolah alih aksara jo alih bahaso dari tulisan asali batu basurek Pagaruyung VII ka dalam abjad Latin manuruik pambacoan babarapo ahli. Alih aksara umumnyo dilakukan badasarkan standar [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] (''International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration''). === Alih aksara === <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable vertical-align-top" |+ Alih aksara batu basurek Pagaruyung VII |- ! Boechari<ref name="boechari">Boechari "Daftar Prasasti Adityawarman : Naskah Transkripsi"</ref> ! de Casparis (1989){{sfn|de Casparis|1989}}<!-- Harus memberikan halaman dengan spesifik--> ! Kusumadewi (2012){{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=36-37}} ! Utomo & Sudarman (2018){{sfn|Utomo|Sudarman|2018}}<!-- Harus memberikan halaman dengan spesifik--> |- | # ... ddha rajo pra ... # ... purnarapi yawat madana pra ... # ... rajadhirajo srimat sri akarendra(wa) # ... rmma maharajadhirajo lagi tida bata(ng?)... # ... na batanna mwah banwa trampa tpuk da ... # ... naga ri pramuta(ka?) tuhannacpi ... # ... mangaban tuhan parpatih sa...y # ... muliha tida ba...nta tan su ... # ... tunpa ri ba...ra kani ... # ... hanni pahayangani ta madama/na? # ... tuha ...ma...punarapi nan mangmang... # ... satyah haduta sri maharajadhi ... # ... rajo tuhani gha sri rata sri... # ... mahu datu hananning... # ... tuhan parpatih tudang, mamang mamamwa... # ... sumpah sunda hanut waya ... || # ---- # purnarapi yawat= paduka sri maha # (r)ajadhira srimat=sri akarendra(wa)- # rmma maharajadhirajo lagi tida bara-... # ---ta bartanna mwah brampat=suku d.- # ----nagari pramukha tuhann=aryya # ----unganan tuhan=parpatih sa(su?) # ------lagi tida bu-------su # twyata.......kumpati # ------han=di parhyangan=di kota ma # ------ung mahameru punarapi nan mambawa # dhatya paduta sri maharajadhi- # rajo tuhann=aryya parakra(ma) # makuda (ta) tuhan=mantri het. # sumpah saglan # wi tuhan=nampu dharmma so # rekha || # .... ddha rāja pra ... # punarapi yawat pādu ... # (r)ājādhirāja śrīmat Śrī akarendra # rmma mahārājādhirāja lāgi tida bara.. # ..ta bartaṅna pwaḥ ṅntha brampat suku d.. # ....nagari pramukha tuhann=aryya # ...uṅgaṅan tuhan = parpatīh sa(su?) # ....lagi tida bu...su... # twyata....kumpati di...... # ...han=diparhyaṅan=dikota ma.. # ...uang mahāmeru punarapi yaŋ mambawa # dhatya pāduka śrī mahārājādhi # rāja tuhann=aryya...parakra[ma] # makuda(ta) tuhan.. ni het.. # tuhan parpatiḥ tudaŋ maḥ.. # sumpah saglan ... śrī.... # wi tuhan=nampu... # ...rekha || # ddha rājā pra… # punarapi yā wat ha jo .. pra… # {rā}ādhirājā śrimat sri akārendra[wa]… # rmma mahārā..dhirāja lāgi tida bata… # na batanna mwah banwa trampatpuk da… # ... naga ri pramuta tuhannā pr… # ... mangaban tuhan-parpātih sa... # ... muliha tida ba...nta tan su ... # ... tumpa ri ba ... ra kani ... # ... hanni pahyanani ta mādamā # ... tuhā ..ma .. punarapu yan man man ... # ... satyahaduta śrimahārājādhi … # ... rajo tuharani gha śrirata śri # ... madu dātu hanannin … # ... tuhanparpātih tudan, maman mamamwa # ... sumpah saṇdha saṇda lanut waya |} </div> === Alih bahasa === <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable vertical-align-top" |+ Alih bahaso batu basurek Pagaruyuang VII |- ! Istiawan (2006){{sfn|Istiawan|2006}} <br/><small>berdasarkan alih aksara Boechari</small> !! Kusumadewi (2012) |- | # ... rajo # ... nan senantiaso baamal (dalam jumlah) gadang # ... (adolah) rajo sagalo rajo nan mulia Sri Akarendrawarman # ... panguaso para rajo nan daulu ditaklukkan jo dikalahkan ... # ... jo parahu bambu # ... nan di muko (tarutama adolah) tuhan (pamimpin) # ... nan maagiah aba-aba? adaloh Tuhan Parpatih (namo Jabatan) # ... ditarik supayo baliak # ... disusun di ... # ... (nan salalu) mangadoan partamuan jo raso kasih ... # ... tetua ... nan basumpah # ... setya manjadi utusan Sri Maharajadhi ... # ... rajo (yaitu) tuhan Gha sri rata (dunia) sri ... # ... datu (ratu) nan barado di ... # ... tuhan parpatih (banamo) Tudang, basumpah apobilo ... # ... disumpah (apobilo sadang) basanda (pado pohon di tapi sungai) ka dibunuah (disambar) buayo || # ……. rajo………… # …nan senantiaso baamal (dalam jumlah) gadang # …(adolah)….rajo segalo rajo nan mulia Śri Akarendrawarmman # … panguaso para rajo nan daulu ditaklukan jo dikalahkan…. # …. jo parahu bambu…. # …nan di muko (tarutamo adolah) tuhan (pamimpin) # ….nan maagiah aba-aba adolah Tuhan Parpatih (namo jabatan) # … ditarik supayo baliak…. # disusun di… # .. (nan salalu) mangadoan partamuan jo raso kasih… # … tetua.. nan basumpah # … setya manjadi utusan Śrī Mahārājādhi… # ..rajo (yaitu) tuhan Gha Sri Rata (dunia) Sri….. # … datu (ratu) nan barado di… # .. Tuhan Parpatih (banamo) Tudang, basumpah apobilo… # … disumpah (appbilo sadang) basanda (pado pohon di tapi sungai) ka dibunuah (disambar) buayo… |} </div> == Panafsiran == === J.G. de Casparis (1989) === Manuruik de Casparis, batu basurek ko dikaluaan dek rajo Akarendrawarman, nan mamarentah sabalun Adityawarman, pado sakita awa abaik ka-14. Batu basurek ko mancaritoan pajalanan sang rajo nan dianta dek para urang gadang, saroman Tuhan Arya, Mantri, jo Tuhan Parpatih.{{sfn|de Casparis|1989}} Isi batu basurek manyabuik juo istilah ''parhyangan'', nan dipakiroan samo jo Nagari [[Pariangan, Pariangan, Tanah Datar|Pariangan]] saat iko, sakita 10 km dari Kota Batusangkar. Disabuikan pulo istilah ''berampek suku,'' suatu istilah nan tanamo dalam adat istiadat Minangkabau tantang wilayah adat istiadat lamo nan tadiri dari ampek suku awa, yaitu [[Suku Bodi|Bodi]], [[Suku Caniago|Chaniago]], [[Suku Koto|Koto]], jo [[Suku Piliang|Piliang]].{{sfn|de Casparis|1989}} De Casparis bapandapek baso batu basurek ko bakaik jo pamindahan ibu kota karajaan dari Jambi ka Sumatera Barat, sabalun awa pamarentahan Adityawarman. Pamindahan tasabuik dilakuan dek Akarendrawarman pado sakita taun 1347 M; hal ko badasa tarikh batu basurek nan tatulih pado [[batu basurek Amoghapasa]] (pado bagian belakang patuang) jo [[Batu basurek Pagaruyuang III|batu basurek Pagaruyung III]] (disabuik juo batu basurek Kapalo Bukit Gombak I).{{sfn|de Casparis|1989}} === Machi Suhadi (1990) === Suhadi manyatoan baso batu basurek ko sudah dalam kondisi aus jo tulisannyo indak jaleh kutiko partamo kali dibaco, sainggo de Casparis hanyo dapek mambaco 75% sajo dari tulisan nan ada. Pado batu basurek ko disabuikkan namo rajo Srimat Sri Akarendrawarman, sarato gala ''sri maharajadhirajo'' nan disabuikan sabanyak tigo kali.{{sfn|Suhadi|1990|pp=223-224}} Suhadi bapandapek baso batu basurek ko mancaritoan Akarendrawarman nan malakuan kunjuangan, mananyoan namo suatu tampek, jo akhianyo mamilih suatu tampek sabagai ''nagari pramuka''. Disabuik juo istilah desa-desa (''parhyaŋan''), Gunuang Mahameru, sarato saurang patih banamo Tuhan Parpatih.{{sfn|Suhadi|1990|p=225}} === Budi Istiawan (2006) === Istiawan maanggap baso tafsiran de Casparis cenderung kontroversial. Manuruiknyo, dek pananggalan batu basurek ko indak dapek dikataui sacaro pasti, mako isinyo pun indak dapek dipahami sacaro kaseluruan. Salanjuiknyo, inyo manyatoan baso adonyo sumpah atau kutukan pado bagian akhia batu basurek ditujuan kapado urang nan manganggu atau indak maindahkan maklumat rajo.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=20-21}} Istiawan bapandapek baso pamakaian namo ''-warmman'' manunjuakan ubuangan badunsanak antaro Akarendrawarmman jo Adityawarman. Inyo mamparkiroan Akarendrawarman alah diangkek manjadi rajo bagala Maharajadhirajo saat mangaluaran batu basurek, nan kamungkinan tajadi sasudah Adityawarman turun tahta atau maningga.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=19-20}} Inyo manafsirkan juo jabatan ''tuhan parpatih'' jo ''tuhan gha'' sabagai pambantu rajo nan patuh. Inyo manyamokan jabatan ''tuhan'' jo pamimpin ("juru") dalam suatu kalompok tugeh, sarato ''patih'' jo pajabaik desa ("rama" atau tuo-tuo desa). Istilah ''Tuhan Patih'' lalu barubah manjadi ''Tuhan Parpatih'', manyesuaian jo dialek lokal Minangkabau. Inyo mancatek kamiripan antaro Tuhan Parpatih Tudang dalam batu basurek ko jo tokoh adat Minangkabau [[Datuak Parpatiah Nan Sabatang|Datuk Parpatih nan Sabatang]], musikipun alun dapek manyimpulkan ubuangan lansuang di antaro kaduonyo. Adapun jabatan Tuhan Gha alun dapek diidentifikasi labiah lanjuik.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=20-21}} === Arlo Griffiths (2012) === Griffiths mangomentari penelitian sabalunnyo nan dilakuan dek de Casparis (1995) nan indak barasia mambaco tulisan ''bira'' pado barih ka-13 jo ka-14 batu basurek iko. Balain jo de Casparis nan manyimpulan baso Akarendrawarman adolah mamak dari Adityawarman, sasuai jo garis katurunan [[matrilineal]] nan balaku di Minangkabau; Griffiths mandebaik baso batu basurek ko dikaluakan dek Akarendrawarman sabagai panaruih dari Adityawarman.{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|p=201}} Inyo manganggap baso istilah ''biraparākramakuda'' marujuak pado namo sasurang. Iny mangamati adonyo variasi palafalan kat0 ''kuda'' nan balain dari versi [[bahas0 Jawa Kuno|Jawa Kuno]] (''kuḍa''), jo mandugo pabedaan ko muncua dek palafalan versi Jao balain jo versi [[Bahasa Malayu Kuno|Malayu]] (saroman ''vira'' jo ''bira'').{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|p=201}} Labiah lanjuik, Griffiths maubuangan Biraparākramakuda pado batu basurek ko jo Tumaṅguṅ Kuḍa Vīra nan tatulih pado [[batu basurek Pagaruyung VI]]. Griffiths mandugo juo baso tokoh ko mungkin takaik pulo jo Rakryān Damuṅ Pu Vīra nan tatulih di aleh patuang Amoghapasa ([[batu basurek Padang Roco]], 1286 M), yaitu surang delegasi [[Ekspedisi Pamalayu|Jalajah Pamalayu]] nan datang dari Jao ka Sumatera (''dari bhūmi jāva ka svarṇnabhūmi''). Inyo bapandapek baso panggunoan bahaso Jawa Kuno di Sumatera disababkan dek migrasi lansuang urang Jao, atau pangaruah katurunan pajabaik Jao nan batugeh di Sumatera, saroman Rakryān Damuṅ Pu Vīra iko.{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|p=201}} == Naskah == Barikuik iko pambacoan naskah batu basurek dek De Casparis:<ref name="Diaspora">{{cite book | title = Diaspora Adat dan Kekerabatan Alam Minangkabau: Sebuah Kepelbagaian Kajian Pemikiran | first1 = Abdul Razak | last1 = Salleh | first2 = Harry | last2 = Ramza | first3 = Mohammad Alinor | last3 = Abdul Kadir | others = Volume 1 dari Sebuah kepelbagaian kajian pemikiran | url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=5ye0CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82&dq=akarendra&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjug97ozPzNAhUGOY8KHf5RCuEQuwUINzAF#v=onepage&q=akarendra&f=false | page = 82 | publisher = Penerbit Kemala Indonesia | year = 2015 | id = ISBN 6021478126, 9786021478127 }}</ref> # ''..... # ''punarapi yawat paduka sri maha # ''[r]ajadhirajo srimat sri akarendra [wa]'' # ''rmma maharajadhirajo lai tida bara'' # ''... ta bartanna mwah brampat suku d # ''... nagari pramukha tuhann aryya # ''... unganan tuhan parpatih sa (su?) # ''... lai tida bu ... su # ''twyata ... kumpati # ''... han di parhyanan di kota ma # ''... ung mahameru punarapi nan mambawa'' # ''dhatya paduka sri maharajadhi # ''rajo tuhann aryya parakra[ma]'' # ''makuda (ta?), tuhan mantri het # ''sumpah saglan # ''wi tuhan nampu dharmma so # ''............ rekha. == Caliak pulo == * [[Akarendrawarman]] * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuik === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|first=Johannes Gijsbertus |last=de Casparis |year=1989 |chapter=Peranan Adityawarman, Seorang Putera Melayu di Asia Tenggara |city=Kuala Lumpur |title=Persidangan Antarbangsa Tamadun Melayu II |publisher=Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pelancongan Malaysia|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Arlo|date=2012|title=Inscriptions of Sumatra II: Short Epigraphs in Old Javanese | url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02443389/file/%5B24076899%20-%20Wacana%5D%20Inscriptions%20of%20Sumatra.pdf |journal=Wacana, Journal of Humanities of Indonesia|volume=14|issue=2|pp=197-214|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Istiawan |first=Budi |year=2006 |url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf |title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno |publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar (Wilayah Kerja Provinsi Sumatera Barat dan Riau)|edition=1|pp=19-22|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530217/page/n39/mode/2up|title=Inventaris de Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden|last=Krom|first=Nicolaas Johannes|publisher=Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen|date=1912|journal=Oudheidkundig verslag|location=Weltevreden|publisher=Albrecht & Co.|volume=49|pp=33-50|url-status=live|lang=nl|ref=harv}} * {{Cite thesis |first=Sri Ambarwati |last=Kusumadewi |date=2012 |title=Adityawarman (1347-374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi |url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal |website=Universitas Indonesia Library |publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia |language=id |ref=harv }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|url=http://www.univpgri-palembang.ac.id/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/History/Seni%20Pahat%20Budha%20Indonesia.pdf|title=Violence and Serenity: Late Buddhist Sculpture from Indonesia|last=Reichle|first=Natasha|publisher=University of Hawai‘i Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8248-2924-7|location=|pages=202-204|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-date=2018-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914133952/http://www.univpgri-palembang.ac.id/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/History/Seni%20Pahat%20Budha%20Indonesia.pdf|dead-url=yes |ref={{sfnref|Reichle|2007}}}} * {{cite book|first1=Abdul Razak |last1=Salleh |first2=Harry |last2=Ramza |first3=Mohammad Alinor Abdul |last3=Kadir |title=Diaspora Adat dan Kekerabatan Alam Minangkabau: Sebuah Kepelbagaian Kajian Pemikiran |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Diaspora_Adat_dan_Kekerabatan_Alam_Minan.html |publisher=Kemala Indonesia |p=82 |ref=harv}} * {{cite magazine|first=Machi|last=Suhadi|magazine=Saraswati: Esai-Esai Arkeologi, Majalah Arkeologi|number=9 |year=1990 |url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/1312/1/kalpataru%209.pdf |title=Silsilah Adityawarman|publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|pp=218-234|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last1=Utomo |first1=Bambang Budi |last2=Sudarman |year=2018 |title=Budaya India di Minangkabau: Studi Analisis Terhadap Artefak di Tanah Datar dan Wilayah Sekitarnya |url=https://rjfahuinib.org/index.php/khazanah/article/view/76 |journal=Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam |volume=VIII |issue=16 |publisher=UIN Imam Bonjol Padang |ISSN=2339-207X |eissn=2614-3798 |DOI=10.15548/khazanah.v0i0.76|ref={{sfnref|Utomo|Sudarman|2018}}}} {{refend}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyung VII]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] ht4sbz3ntb5bjz4qeyvsogxv41f1mf8 0 317556 3345242 3345115 2026-04-01T05:11:54Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|00|27|34,4|S|100|36|28,2|E|display=title}} {{Infobox artifact | name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang I | place = Bukik Gombak, Kecamatan Tanjung Emas | image = File:Adityawarman batu tulis.jpg | image2 = | image_caption = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang I, kaadoan pado bulan Juli 2007. | material = Batu pasia bawarno coklat kakuniangan | language = | type = Batu basurek | size = 206 cm x 133 cm x 38 cm | writing = | created = | discovered = Awa abaik ka-19 | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | registration = 28/BCB-TB/A/12/2007 | id = | coordinates = {{coord|0|28|24,7|S|100|36|32,4|E|region:ID|display=inline}}{{sfn|Utomo|Sudarman|2018|p=86}} | map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang I | lat_deg = -0.45958 | lon_deg = 100.60784 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.459586|100.60784}} | float = centre | zoom = 12 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Pagaruyuang I | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi batu basurek Pagaruyuang I | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4596432|100.6078442}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang I }} }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang I''', disabuik juo '''Batu basurek Bukik Gombak I''', adolah sabuah [[batu basurek]] paninggalan maso Rajo [[Adityawarman]] di wilayah karajaan Pagaryuang, Sumatera Barat. Batu basurek ko dianggap sabagai salah satu paninggalan epigrafis paliang pantiang dari maso Malayu Kuno pado abaik ka-14 Masehi.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=3–8}}<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|last=Djafar|first=H.|authorlink=|year=1992|title=Prasasti-Prasasti Masa Kerajaan Melayu Kuno dan Permasalahannya|trans-title=Inscriptions from the Ancient Malay Kingdom Period and Their Problems|url=https://bpcbjatim.kemdikbud.go.id/slims/index.php?p=show_detail&id=977|journal=Seminar Sejarah Malayu Kuno Jambi, 7-8 Desember 1992|language=id|location=Jambi|publisher=Pemerintah Daerah Tingkat I Jambi bekerjasama dengan Kantor Wilayah Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Jambi}}</ref> Dipahaik tagak pado batu pasia bawarno coklat kakuniangan jo bantuak ampek pasagi, batu basurek ko ditulih mamakai aksara Pasca Pallawa Sumatera dalam duo bahaso, iolah [[bahaso Sanskerta]] pado awa jo akianya sarato [[bahaso Malayu Kuno]] babantuak prosa pado tangahnyo.<ref>{{cite book | title = Middle Indo-Aryan and Jaina Studies | first1 = Colette | last1 = Caillat | first2 = J. G. | last2 = de Casparis | url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=gbfgYakgCTgC&pg=RA1-PA45&dq=bukit+gombak+inscription&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirmsGZxMLOAhUIL48KHdsHA_EQuwUIJTAB#v=onepage&q=bukit%20gombak%20inscription&f=false | page = 45 | edition = berilustrasi | publisher = BRILL | year = 1991 | id = ISBN 9004094261, 9789004094260 }}</ref>{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=99}} Badasa candra sengkala ''wasur muni bhuja sthalam'', batu basurek ko disabuik batarikh 1278 Saka atau 1356 Masehi.{{sfn|Utomo|Sudarman|2018|p=86}}<ref name="Kozok">{{cite book | title = A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya | first = Uli | last = Kozok | url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=bukit+gombak+inscription&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirmsGZxMLOAhUIL48KHdsHA_EQuwUILTAC#v=onepage&q=bukit%20gombak%20inscription&f=false | page = 36 | publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies | volume = '''Vol. 16 dari Nalanda-Sriwijaya Series''' | year = 2015 | id = ISBN 9814459747, 9789814459747 }}</ref> Batu basurek ko ditamuan partamo kali di daerah [[Bukit Gombak, Baringin, Lima Kaum, Tanah Datar|Bukik Gombak]], Nagari [[Baringin, Lima Kaum, Tanah Datar|Baringin]], Kecamatan [[Lima Kaum, Tanah Datar|Lima Kaum]],{{sfn|Krom|1912|p=42}} sabalun akianyo dipindahan ka kawasan nan kini dikana sabagai [[Komplek Prasasti Adityawarman]] di Jorong [[Gudam, Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Gudam]], Nagari [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyuang]], Kecamatan [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Tanjung Emas]], kiro-kiro 2 km dari lokasi asanyo.<ref name="Kozok" /> Di dalam komplek nan talatak di tapi jalan raya Pagaruyuang–Batusangkar ko, bajaja sajumlah batu basurek nan diagiah nomor Pagaruyuang I inggo Pagaruyuang VIII.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=3–8}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang I marupoan bagian dari kalompok prasasti paninggalan Adityawarman nan alah ditatapan sabagai Benda Cagar Budaya Paringkat Nasional sarato Obyek Cagar Budaya Tidak Bergerak Kabupaten Tanah Datar badasarkan SK No. 77/M/2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB003136|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung 1|last=Pusdatin|first=Kemendikbudristek|date=2022|website=referensi.data.kemendikdasmen}}</ref> == Lata balakang == Prasasti iko disabuikan dalam laporan resmi pamarintah kolonial Balando malalui karya ''Inventaris der Oudheden ind de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]] (1912), nan disusun badasrkan data lapangan dari pajabaik ''Asistant-Resident'' L.C. Westenenk di [[Kota Bukittinggi|Ford de Kock]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporan tasabuik, Krom mangalompokkan batu-batu batulisan di daerah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]] sabagai bagian dari "Adityawarman-inscripties", yaitunyo batu batulisan nan sacaro langsuang manyabuik namo rajo Adityawarman atau manggunoan bantuak aksaro nan dek Krom disabuik sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift''.{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Manuruik Krom, prasasti iko ditamukan di daerah Bukik Gombak, nan pado maso kolonial tamasuak wilayah onderafdeeling Fort van der Capellen.{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|pp=41-42}} Pado maso barikuiknyo prasasti iko dipindahkan dari lokasi asanyo di sakitar Bukik Gombak dan kini disimpan di Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman.{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|pp=198-199}} Kini ko sabagai salah satu situs arkeologi nan dilinduangi, komplek batu basurek ko taruih manjadi objek panalitian jo daya tarik wisata bagi para sijarawan sarato wisatawan nan tatarik untuak mampalajari sijarah maso lalu nan mampangaruahi budayo Sumatera Barat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/features/1151351/kompleks-prasasti-pagaruyung-jejak-sejarah-adityawarman-melalui-9-prasasti-kuno?utm_source=chatgpt.com|title=Kompleks Prasasti Pagaruyung, Jejak Sejarah Adityawarman melalui 9 Prasasti Kuno|last=Roza|first=Darwyta|date=27 November 2024|website=rri.co.id}}</ref> Batu basurek Pagaruyuang I manjadi salah satu media pantiang dalam manunjuakan karisma jo legitimasi Rajo Adityawarman. Lewaik batu basurek ko, ditampian sipaikaik luhua rajo nan disajajaran jo para dewa dalam tradisi Hindu-Buddha, nan mano disabuikan baso Rajo Adityawarman manguasoi ilimu pangatauan sacaro samparono sarato mampunyoi kabaranian bakcando Dewa Indra.{{sfn|Pratiwi dkk, Eka|2024|p=135}} == Bantuak pisik == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang I barado di dalam Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman nan lawehnyo labiah kurang 133 meter pasagi. Batu basurek tasabuik barado di dalam sabuah tampek nan batutuik jo atok bagonjong [[rumah gadang]] tradisional [[Minangkabau]]. Pado taun 1980-an atok palinduang tampek tu tabuek dari ijuak, tapi kini ko atok tu alah baganti jo atok [[seng]]. Di sakuliliang tampek batu basurek tu tadapek paga basi satinggi labiah kurang 80 cm.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Direktorat Perlindungan dan Pembinaan Peninggalan Sejarah dan Purbakala |date=1997 |url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/8260/1/HASIL%20PEMUGARAN.pdf|title=Hasil Pemugaran Benda Cagar Budaya PJP I|location=Jakarta|publisher=Proyek Pembinaan Peninggalan Sejarah dan Kepurbakalaan Pusat|pages=30-31|url-status=live}}</ref> Batu basurek iko bapahaik pado batu pasia kuarsa bawarno coklat kakuniangan jo bantuak ampek pasagi tagak. Ukuaran batu basurek ko tingginyo 2,06 meter, leba 1,33 meter, sarato taba 38 sentimeter. Batu basurek ko kini tagak jo panopang basi di lokasi panamuannyo. Pamukoan batu mampaliekan pahatan uruf nan masih relatip jaleh walau lah mangalami erosi pado babarapo bagiannyo.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=3}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang I marupoan batu basurek nan barangko taun 1278 Saka atau 1356 M. Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[bahaso Sanskerta]] nan bacampua jo [[bahaso Malayu Kuno]]. Struktur bahaso jo gaya panulisannyo manunjuakan pangaruah kuek tradisi kabudayoan India, tarutamo dalam hal gala sarato kagiatan kaagamoan.{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}<ref>Witasari, Vernika Hapri (2011). ''[https://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/old26/20289790-T29226-Lambang%20raja-full%20text.pdf Lambang Raja pada Kerajaan Kuna di Kawasan Indonesia Abad XI- XV Masehi: Suatu Rekonstruksi Makna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705053743/https://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital%2Fold26%2F20289790-T29226-Lambang%20raja-full%20text.pdf |date=2024-07-05 }}''. Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia.</ref> === Ornamen === [[Berkas:WBB Pagaruyung I dekat 5.jpg|thumb|Iasan kapalo ''kāla'' di bagian ateh batu basurek]] Pado bagian ateh batu basurek Pagaruyuang I tadapek iasan nan babantuak kapalo ''kala'' (raksasa) nan babantuak ampek pasagi panjang, mampunyoi gigi nan gadang sarato batariang nan jumlahnyo 11 buah, lidahnyo manjulua panjang di tangah-tangah giginyo, batanduak nan dibantuak manyarupoi lidah ula (bacabang), di ateh giginyo tadapek duo lakuakan sarupo kalopak mato, sarato di atehnyo tadapek iasan babantuak mahkota ketek.{{sfn|Chandra|2016|p=3}} == Isi == Tadapek 21 barih nan tatulih pado batu basurek ko, nan diawali jo mamuji [[Buddha]].<ref name="Kozok"/> Pado barih patamo disabuik baso [[Adwayadwaja]] adolah ayah dari Rajo Adityawarman.<ref>{{cite book | title = Runtuhnya kerajaan Hindu-Jawa dan timbulnya negara-negara Islam di Nusantara | first = Slamet | last = Muljana | url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=j9ZOKjMxVdIC&pg=PA8&dq=bukit+gombak+adwayadwaja&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6o86UusPOAhXJRY8KHeSYC4MQuwUIMDAD#v=onepage&q=bukit%20gombak%20adwayadwaja&f=false | page = 8 | edition = cetak ulang | publisher = LKiS Pelangi Aksara | year = 2005 | id = ISBN 9798451163, 9789798451164 }}</ref> Kudian Adityawarman dipabandiangan jo katurunan wangsa Amararyya, iyolah [[Maitreya|Buddha Maitreya]] nan malinduangi sadonyo mukaluak, sasuai jo tugehnyo sabagai rajo nan bana.<ref name="Kozok"/> Salanjuiknyo inyo juo disabuik sabagai rajo nan tatinggi, nan mamancakan kabaranian sarupo [[Indra]], nan bagala Mauliwarmadewa, iyolah niniak-muyang Dharmaraja.<ref name="Kozok"/> Disabuik pulo baso rajo mambuek (bangunan?) tujuah kaki di [[Sumatera|Swarnna Bhumi]], mambuek [[biaro]] untuak urang sadonyo,<ref>{{cite book | title = The archaeology of Hindoo Sumatra | first = F.M. | last = Schnitger | url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YbsUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=bukit+gombak+inscription&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWiYe8xMLOAhULto8KHUqyCbM4ChC7BQgxMAM#v=onepage&q=bukit%20gombak%20inscription&f=false | page = 13 | publisher = E.J. Brill | year = 1937 | location = Leiden }}</ref> sarato [[puri]] [[Hindu]] nan bakubu jo bamanaro,<ref name="BMN">{{cite book | title = From Distant Tales: Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Highlands of Sumatra | first1 = Dominik | last1 = Bonatz | first2 = John | last2 = Miksic | first3 = J. David | last3 = Neidel | url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=MusYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA239&dq=bukit+gombak+inscription&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirmsGZxMLOAhUIL48KHdsHA_EQuwUIHjAA#v=onepage&q=bukit%20gombak%20inscription&f=false | page = 239 | publisher = Cambridge Scholars Publishing | year = 2009 | id = ISBN 1443807842, 9781443807845 }}</ref> nan diiasi juo jo kapalo [[Kala|''kala'']] (raksasa) dari tambago.<ref name="Kozok"/><ref name="BMN"/> Tampek ko dinyatoan sabagai tampek nan aman indak ado parampok, dan sia sajo nan nak maancuakannyo ka dibunuah.<ref name="BMN"/> Rajo manyuruah pulo babakti kapado rang gaek, dewa, jo guru, bukannyo bakianaik.<ref name="BMN"/> Di akianyo, disabuik pulo namo panulih batu basurek itu, iolah Mpu Dharmmaddwaja.<ref name="Kozok"/> === Naskah === [[Berkas:Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman.jpg|180px|jmpl|[[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]], tampek batu basurek Pagaruyuang I disimpan.]] Barikuik iko naskah batu basurek manuruik transkripsi Hardjowardojo (1966), sbb:<ref>{{cite book | title = Diaspora Adat dan Kekerabatan Alam Minangkabau: Sebuah Kepelbagaian Kajian Pemikiran | first1 = Abdul Razak (Prof. Dato. Dr.) | last1 = Salleh | first2 = Harry (Ir., MT) | last2 = Ramza | first3 = Mohammad Alinor (Dr.) | last3 = Abdul Kadir | url = https://www.slideshare.net/hramza/diaspora-adat-dan-kekerabatan-alam-minangkabau-sebuah-kepelbagaian-kajian-pemikiran | page = 83-84 | publisher = Penerbit Kemala Indonesia | year = 2015 | others = '''Vol. 1''' | id = ISBN 6021478126, 9786021478127 }}</ref> # ''Swasyamtu prabhu (m)adwayadwajanrpa adityawarman criya, wangcacari amararyya # ''Wangsapati aradhita maitritwam karuna mupaksa mudita satwopa # ''karaguna, yatwam raja sudharmmaraja krtawat lekhesi(t)tisthati. # ''sri kamaraja adhimukti sadas (trakintha) (r)a myabhisekasutathagata bajta(w) aya a # ''(g)ajna pancasadabhijna supernna (gatra) adityawarmanrpate adhirajarajah<br> Swasti # ''srimat sri ayadityawarma prataparakrama rajendramolimaniwarmmadewa maharajadhi # ''raja, sakolakajanapriya, dharmmarajakulatilaka saranagatabajrapanjara ekanggawira, du # ''sta(ri) grahacrista paripalaka saptanggaraja sayada mangundharana patapustaka pratimalaya yam ta # ''l(l)ah jirna pada sapta swarnna bhumi, diparbwatkan bihara nanawiddhaprakara sahatambak gopura kalampura # ''nan pancamahacabda, jalanda barbwat maniyammakrayadipaurnnamawasya di sanmuka # ''k bramhana(w)aryyopaddyana tyada kopadra wa tyada mulisamun, tyada rabuttrentak # ''Sakala pya sampurna sakyanyam mahima diwasak dadatu, ya datra punyambarum yam ha # ''ndak barbwinaca sasanenan sapapanam gohattya sapapanam matapitadrori sapapanam # ''swamidrohi gurudrihi, tulu ta yam mangumodana dharmmenan sapunyanam yam nguram (ma)mr # ''ta nana annadana, ya punyana yam nguram matapitabhakti, swamibhakti # ''gurubhakti, dewabhakti, sapunyana nguram maraksa cilapurnamawasya, antya(t)ama # ''nurbawa samyak sambuddhamargga. Satwopakarakrta punya sudana dharmmam jirnno # ''(lama) ya janacraya punyawrksamanittya pratapakiranai sadalokacri, adi # ''tyawarmmanpate marwadwa. Subham astu gate sake, wasur mmuni bhuja sthalam # ''waicakha pancadacake, site buddhacca ranjyatu. Krtiriyam acaryya a # ''mpuku dharmmaddhwajanama dheyassya, abhicekakarunabajra. === Tajamah === Barikuik ko alihbahaso atau tajamah dari batu basurek Pagaruyuang I:{{sfn|Budi Utomo, Bambang, Sudarman|2018|p=87-88}} # Salamaik/bahagia! Iko titah sang panguaso, rajo Adityawarman nan mulia, katurunan para arya/bangsawan. # Nan babakti pado ampek kabajikan: cinto kasih (''maitrī''), baleh kasih (''karuṇā''), kasaimbangan batin (''upekṣā''), jo turuik basuko-cito (''muditā''), # sarato pado kabajikan manolong mukaluak; mako bagindo, rajo palinduang dharma, manatokan piagam ko. # Jo tekaik Sri Kamarāja; disucian malalui abhiṣeka manuruik ajaran Tathāgata, … # (Bailimu jo basakti), batubuah laksano Suparṇa (Garuda); Adityawarman—sang rajo, rajo di ateh para rajo. Swasti (barakah)! # Nan mulia: Sri Ādityawarma Pratāparākrama Rājendra Mūli-Mani Varmmadewa, maharajadhiraja, # nan dicintoi sadoalah rakyaik; parmato kaluargo para rajo dharma; benteng ‘Bajrapañjara’ bagi nan mancari palinduangan; pahlawan tungga, # pangusia pangaruah jaek (''para graha''), palinduang; panguaso nan manyamparonoan tujuah unsua karajaan; pangangkek kitab-kitab suci jo rumah arca, # (di) Swarnnabhumi—nan daulu lah rusak pado tujuah tampek—bagindo mambangun sabuah vihara baragam rupo, basarato tambak, gapura, jo kolam, # sarato (managakan) limo tando kabasaran; mambangun jalan-jalan; mampasambahan parmato; dilakuan pado hari purnamo, di hadokan śanmukha/para hadirin, # kapado para brāhmaṇa, arya, para upādhyāya; jan ado kazaliman/gangguan; jan ado parampasan harato; jan ado "rabuttrentak"—makna indak pasti, # Samugo sadoalahnyo langkok samparono; samugo siapo pun mandapekan kautamoan pado ari-ari suci; barang siapo nan mananam kabajikan, # jan malangga titah ko. Dosa-dosa barek iolah: mambunuah jawi (''gohatyā''), durako ka apak-amak, # bakianaik ka tuan/majikan, durako ka guru; tapi siapo nan basuko cito pado dharma jo kabajikan ka mandapekan amṛta (anugerah abadi), # yakni liwaik sadakah makanan (''annadāna''); kabajikan nan manumbuahan bakti ka apak-amak, kasatioan ka tuan, # bakti ka guru jo para dewa; kabajikan tu mandoroang pamaliharoan sila, tarutamo pado ari purnamo; dan akhianyo, # mangarahan (sadoalahnyo) pado Jalan Sang Buddha Samparono (''samyak-saṃbuddha-mārga''). Demi manolong mukaluak, inyo manunaian dana jo mampabarui dharma nan lah usang, # (sajak lamo); batumpu pado rakyaik; bagaikan pohon kabajikan nan indak layu, mamancaan kaperkasaan jo kamasuaran ka saluruah dunia; # itulah (kabajikan) Sri Adityawarman. Samugo baiak adonyo! Sasudah taun Śaka (ditantuan)—jo sengkala ‘wasur muni bhuja sthalam’—, # pado bulan Waiśākha, ari ka-15 (purnamo), samogo ajaran Buddha bajayo. Ikolah karya (batu basurek) nan # disusun dek ācārya Ampuku Dharmadhvaja, nan bagala Abhiṣeka Vajra-Karūṇā. == Panapsiran == === Pananggalan === Batu basurek Pagaruyuang I ko baisi pulo tantang pananggalan maso panulihan batu basurek. Pananggalan dalam batu basurek tu ditulih dalam bantuak kalimat ''candra sengkala'' (sistim almanaik lambang) nan babunyi ''wasur mmuni bhuja sthalam'', nan baarati 'dewa ula jo pandeta nan manjadi langan dunia'. Masiang-masiang kato di ateh mampunyoi nilai tatantu, nan kok dirangkai ka manjadi angko taun. ''Wasur'' aratinyo angko 8, ''mmuni'' aratinyo 7, ''bhuja'' aratinyo 2, sarato ''sthalam'' aratinyo 1. Angko tasabuik dibaco dari balakang sainggo maasiaan angko taun 1278 Saka. Taun Saka tu kok baubah ka dalam taun [[Masehi]] ka manjadi 1356, jo caro ditambah 78 taun, dek karano taun 1 Saka samo jo taun 78 Masehi.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=5}} === Status jo kaduduakan rajo === Batu basurek Pagaruyuang I baisi puji-pujian ateh kabijaksanoan jo kakuasoan Rajo Adityawarman sabagai surang rajo nan manguasoi banyak ilimu pangatauan, tarutamo dalam bidang ilimu agamo. Istiawan (2006) bapandapek baso aliaran [[Buddha Mahayana]] nan dianuik rajo ko iolah [[Tantrayana]] sekte [[Bhairawa]]. Dalam batu basurek disabuikan istilah ''sutatha bajra daiya'', nan kok diaratian iolah 'Buddha nan elok, kuek bak cando kilek', malambangan kabajikan moral, kakuatan spiritual, sarato kakuasoan nan lua biaso dari sang rajo.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=5}} === Asa mulo kaluargo Dharmaraja === Rajo Adityawarman dianggap sabagai asa mulo kaluargo Dharmaraja Adityawarman.{{sfn|Chandra|2016|p=2}} Namun sampai kini ko alun ditamuan pamakaian lain namo ''rajakula'' ([[wangsa]]) Dharmaraja tu pado maso Adityawarman atau maso sasudahnyo. Namo ''rajakula'' ko anyo muncua sakali sajo dalam batu basurek Pagaruyuang I tu, sadangkan namo ''rajakula'' lain nan muncua di maso pamarintahan [[Karajaan Dharmasraya|Karajaan Melayu Dharmasraya]] adolah [[Mauli|Warmmadewa]], nan antaro lain bapakai dek [[Tribhuwanaraja|Tribhuwanaraja Mauliwarmmadewa]].{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=5}} Adityawarman surang mamakai juo namo ''rajakula'' Mauli ko di dalam salah satu galanyo, iolah Rajendra Maulimaniwarmmadewa (batu basurek Pagaruyuang I, bait ka-6). Pancantuman namo Adityawarman sabagai asa mulo kaluargo Dharmaraja dianggap batulak balakang jo kanyatoan nan ado. Hal iko manuruik Istiawan kamungkinan batujuan legitimatif, iolah untuak mamantapan kaduduakannyo sabagai rajo partamo Karajaan Suwarnna Bhumi di dataran tinggi padalaman, sasudah pindah dari pusek kakuasoan Malayu Dharmasraya di pantai timur Sumatera. Hal tasabuik sabagai sarano untuak maumuman kaduduakannyo sabagai rajo Suwarnna Bhumi nan partamo, sainggo barhak untuak mambuek ''rajakula'' atau silsilah katurunan baru nan dimulai dari dirinyo.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=5-6}} Pancantuman gala Rajendra Maulimaniwarmadewa basipaik politis untuak mandapekan pangasahan (legitimasi) dari pihaik nan indak satuju kaduduakannyo jo caro maambiak silsilah dari ''rajakula'' Malayu Dharmmasraya. Di sampiang dianggap sabagai ''sutatha bajra daiya'' jo asa mulo kaluargo Dharmmaraja, Adityawarman dianggap pulo basipaik sarupo [[Indra]] (salah satu dewa dalam [[Agamo Hindu]]). Panyipatan ko maagiah indikasi adonyo sinkretisme agamo Buddha jo Hindu pado maso pamarintahan Adityawarman. Hal iko maingekan pado sinkretisme nan panah juo tajadi pado maso Rajo [[Kertanagara]] dari [[Karajaan Singhasari]].{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=6}} === Panulih batu basurek === Batu basurek Pagaruyuang I manyabuikan pulo namo panulih batu basurek iko, atau ''citralekha''. Panulih batu basurek Pagaruyuang I disabuikan dalam barih ka-20 jo barih ka-21 jo namo Mpungku Dharmma Dwaja nan bagala Karuna Bajra. Hal tasabuik marupoan kaistimewaan dari batu basurek Pagaruyuang I itu surang, dek batu basurek Pagaruyuang I ko satu-satunyo batu basurek dari maso Adityawarman nan mancantuman namo panulihnyo.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=8}} == Upayo pamaliharoan == Kini ko, pangalolaan sarato parawatan batu basurek ko barado di bawah pangawasan [[Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan]] Wilayah III (daulu Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sumatera Barat). Batu basurek Pagaruyuang I ko lah rasmi diakui sabagai Benda Cagar Budaya Paringkat Nasional. Panatapan status cagar budaya ko dilakuan malalui Surat Keputusan (SK) Nomor PM.05/PW.007/MKP/2010, nan ditabikan dek Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Republik Indonesia pado tangga 8 Januari 2010.{{Cite web|date=2023-02-06|title=Peraturan Menteri Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Nomor PM.05/PW.007/MKP/2010|url=https://infoperaturan.id/peraturan-menteri-kebudayaan-dan-pariwisata-nomor-pm-05-pw-007-mkp-2010/|language=id|access-date=2025-08-26}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala (BP3) Batusangka alah malakuan babagai upayo untuak malastarian batu-batu basurek Adityawarman, tamasuak batu basurek Pagaruyuang I sarato babarapo batu basurek lainnyo nan ado di sakita Kota [[Batusangkar (kota)|Batusangka]]. Pado taun [[2022]] nan lalu lah dilakuan upayo panataan kawasan di Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman. Panataan nan dilakuan iolah pabaiakan sarana kompleks batu basurek nan batujuan mampeloki kamudahan akses kusuihnyo bagi para panaliti, sarato bagi para pangunjuang lain pado umumnyo. Salain itu, ado pulo upayo pamasangan atok palinduang baru guno malinduangi kompleks batu basurek tu dari karusakan akibaik cuaco, sarato pamasangan paga basi di sakaliliang kompleks supayo tainda dari gangguan hewan lia.{{Cite web|title=Penataan Kawasan Prasasti Adityawarman {{!}} ANTARA Foto|url=https://www.antarafoto.com/id/view/1824525/penataan-kawasan-prasasti-adityawarman|website=antarafoto.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-18}}{{Cite web|last=Roza|first=Darwyta|date=29 November 2024|title=Kompleks Prasasti Pagaruyung, Jejak Sejarah Adityawarman melalui 9 Prasasti Kuno|url=https://rri.co.id/sumatera-barat/features/1151351/kompleks-prasasti-pagaruyung-jejak-sejarah-adityawarman-melalui-9-prasasti-kuno|website=rri.co.id|access-date=18 Oktober 2025}} == Caliak pulo == * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Adwayadwaja]] * [[Pagaruyuang]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == === Referensi === {{reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuikan === * {{cite book|last=Chandra|first= Dodi|title=Lencana Raja Adityawarman|date=2016|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/501304305/Dodi-Chandra-Lencana-Raja-Adityawarman|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya}} * {{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Arlo|year=2012|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=942072&val=14628&title=Inscriptions%20of%20Sumatra%20II%20Short%20epigraphs%20in%20Old%20Javanese|title=Inscriptions of Sumatra: II. Short Epigraphs in Old Javanese|journal=Wacana Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia|volume=14|number=2|doi=10.17510/wjhi.v14i2.61|language=en|trans-title=Prasasti Sumatra: II. Prasasti Pendek dalam Bahasa Jawa Kuno}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|date=2006|url=https://repositori.kemendikbud.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|location=Batusangkar|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar (Wilayah Kerja Provinsi Sumatera Barat dan Riau)}} * {{cite journal|url=https://www.wayanjarrah.com/_files/archives/aed333_bfe1d9005fff4c039fdca9ebd6c31d5f.zip?dn=Oudheidkundig%20Verslag%201912-1949.zip|last1=Krom|first1=N.J.|year=1912|title=Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden|journal=Oudheidkundig Verslag|language=nl|trans-title=Inventarisasi Benda Purbakala di Dataran Tinggi Padang}} * {{cite book|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|year=2012|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal#|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite journal|journal=Berkala Arkeologi|last1=Pratiwi|first1=Eka|last2=Sunliensyar|first2=Hafiful Hadi|last3=Adi|first3=Ari Mukti Wardoyo|year=2024|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387187231_Legitimasi_Kekuasaan_Adityawarman_di_Kerajaan_Malayu_Berdasarkan_Sumber-Sumber_Prasasti?enrichId=rgreq-ab1ea06dfa226d109004cd2bb9ccda0e-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM4NzE4NzIzMTtBUzoxMTQzMTI4MTI5ODc1OTIzMkAxNzM0NTgzOTM2ODcy&el=1_x_2&_esc=publicationCoverPdf|title=Legitimasi kekuasaan Ādityawarman di Kerajaan Malayu Berdasarkan Sumber-Sumber Prasasti|volume=44|issue=November 2024|DOI=10.55981/jba.2024.6852}} * {{cite journal|url=https://rjfahuinib.org/index.php/khazanah/article/download/76/59/127|last1=Utomo|first1=Bambang Budi|last2=Sudarman|year=2018|title=Budaya India di Minangkabau: Studi Analisis Terhadap Artefak di Tanah Datar dan Wilayah Sekitarnya|journal=Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam|volume=VIII|number=16|publisher=UIN Imam Bonjol Padang|issn=2339-207X|eissn=2614-3798}} == Pautan lua == * [https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbsumbar/kompleks-prasasti-adityawarman/ Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sumatera Barat] [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang I]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] lq6z3e3z1pzw8wm1uklfsvrpnhde1bb 0 317608 3345244 3345171 2026-04-01T05:12:07Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact |name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang III |image = WBB Pagaruyung III penuh depan 1 (cropped).jpg |place = Kapalo Bukik Gombak, Jorong [[Bukik Gombak, Baringin, Lima Kaum, Tanah Datar|Bukik Gombak]], Kab. [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} |map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang III | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang III | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang III | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang III }} | language = [[Bahaso Sanskerta]] | type = Batu basurek | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]]){{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=35-36}} | material = Batu [[andesit]] | height = 190 cm | width = 66 cm | native_artifact_name = Batu basurek Kapalo Bukik Gombak I | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | period = Pado maso pamarentahan Adityawarman }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang III''', atau disabuik juo '''Batu basurek Kapalo Bukik Gombak I''', adoleh ciek [[batu basurek]] dari periode maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]], ditulih dalam [[bahaso Sanskerta]] mamakai uruf Pasca [[uruf Pallawa|Pallawa]], nan batarikh 1269 Saka atau 1347 Masehi.<ref name="Kusumadewi"/> Batu basurek ko ditamuan di Kapalo Bukik Gombak, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar, Sumatera Barat, kini ko lah disimpan di [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]], banomor No.Inv. 26/BCB-TB/SMB.<ref name="Kusumadewi"/> Batu basurek ko tingginyo 190&nbsp;cm, lebanyo 66&nbsp;cm, jo tabanyo 15&nbsp;cm, tapahek pado batu pasia.<ref name="Kusumadewi">{{cite book | title = Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi | first = Sri Ambarwati | last = Kusumadewi | url = http://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/20322904-T-PDF%20Adityawarman-full%20text.pdf | publisher = Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, Program Studi Arkeologi, Universitas Indonesia | location = Depok | year = 2012 | access-date = 2016-08-30 | archive-date = 2023-07-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230708163452/https://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/20322904-T-PDF%20Adityawarman-full%20text.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> [[Candrasengkala]] takadang takaik sacaro metafora jo kajadian nan ditunjuakan wakatunyo.<ref name="Kozok"/> Jadi, ''dvare rasa bhuje rupe'' (1269) nan apobilo ditajamahan kato parkato adolah 'pintu gabang / niaik / langan / bantuak', mungkin sajo marujuak pado bangunan kaagamoan nan dibangun pado wakatu tu.<ref name="Kozok">{{cite book | title = A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya | first = Uli | last = Kozok | url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA403&dq=kapalo+bukit+gombak&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy_demw-jOAhUBvI8KHdRXAIkQuwUIJjAB#v=onepage&q=kapalo%20bukit%20gombak&f=false | page = 37 | publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies | volume = '''Vol. 16 dari Nalanda-Sriwijaya Series''' | year = 2015 | id = ISBN 9814459747, 9789814459747 }}</ref> Batu basurek Pagaruyuang III jo [[batu basurek Saruaso I]] sabalunnyo panah dianggap marupoan bagian dari "batu basurek Batu Beragung" nan panah didokumentasikan sabalunnyo. Namun, panalitian Dr. Krom manyimpuakan baso batu basurek Batu Beragung tasabuik indak panah ado dan sabananyo adolah duo batu basurek nan tapisah.{{sfn|Krom|1912}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang III adolah bukti aktipitas karajaan nan bacorak Hindu-Buddha di maso Adityawarman, sarato banilai pantiang sabagai warisan budayo jo pandidikan sijarah bagi masyarakaik satampek maupun publik pado umumnyo.{{sfn|Suhadi|1990|pp=218-232}} == Lata balakang == Ahli purbakala Dr. [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom]] lah ditugehan dek Pamarentah Kolonial [[Hindia Belanda]] malalui Peraturan Pemerintah No. 12 tanggal 23 Maret 1912 untuak malakuan panalitian pado babagai artefak jo batu basurek di sakita [[Batusangkar (kota)|Fort Van der Capellen]], di pantai baraik Sumatera. Inyo mancatat kabaradoan batu basurek ko dalam ''Oudheidkundig Verslag'' pado taun 1912 jo namo Kapalo Bukit Gombak I, sarato manyabuikan pulo baso batu basurek ko dinamoi juo Pagaruyuang III.{{sfn|Krom|1912}} Panamoan tasabuik dek karano pado awanyo batu basurek ko ditamuan di Jorong Bukit Gombak, Nagari [[Baringin, Lima Kaum, Tanah Datar|Baringin]], Kecamatan [[Lima Kaum, Tanah Datar|Lima Kaum]], Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], Sumatera Barat.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=12}} Batu basurek tasabuik kamudian dipindahan dari lokasi asanyo ka Komplek Prasasti Adityawarman di Jorong Gudam, Nagari [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyuang]], Kecamatan [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Tanjung Emas]], Kabupaten Tanah Datar, basamo koleksi babarapo batu basurek lainnyo.{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=35-36}} Jarak lokasi awa batu basurek iolah sakita 2 kilometer ka arah utara dari komplek panampatannyo kini ko di Jorong Gudam.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=12}} Batu basurek ko tadaftar sacaro administratif sajak taun 1977,{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=12}} sarato pado taun 2019 lah masuak dalam daftar [[cagar budaya]] jinih bando di Kabupaten Tanah Datar, jo Surat Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan nomor 77/M/2019.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pusdatin Kemendikbudristek|date=2022|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung III|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB003138|website=Budaya Kita|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> Batu basurek ko basarato batu-batu basurek lainnyo di Komplek Prasasti Adityawarman tacataik dalam Inventarisasi Balai Cagar Budaya jo nomor inventaris 26/BCB-TB/SMB, sarato baparingkek Cagar Budaya Nasional.{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=35-36}} == Bantuak == [[Berkas:WBB Pagaruyung III kiri.jpg|jmpl|Tampak dakek batu basurek Pagaruyuang III. Pado pinggia paliang kiri tadapek ukiaran ornamen bonggo sulua.|378x378px]] === Pisik === Batu basurek Pagaruyuang III diukia pado [[Andesit|batu andesit]] nan bawarno abu-abu kacoklatan, nan bantuak batunyo lonjong alami (non artifisial). Ukuaran batu tasabuik iolah panjang 1,9 meter, leba 66 sentimeter, jo taba 15 sentimeter.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=12}} Tulisan pado batu basurek ko bapahaik pado sisi nan manonjol di pamukoan batu nan mamanjang. Agaknyo batu ko indak dibantuak talabiah dahulu maso proses panulisannyo, nan mano bantuaknyo mirip jo [[menhir]].{{sfn|Utomo|Sudarman|2018|p=88}} Anyo tadapek satu barih tulisan sajo pado batu basurek ko.{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=35-36}}{{sfn|Utomo|Sudarman|2018|p=88}} Pado sisi kiri ateh, tadapek ragam iasan nan babantuak bonggo sulua.{{sfn|Setiawan ''et al''|2006|p=14}} === Naskah jo tajamahan === [[File:Verspreide Geschriften Vol.6 (page 273 crop Pagaruyung III Inscription).jpg|jmpl|Faksimili tulisan pado batu basurek Pagaruyuang III|381x381px]] </br> Barikuik iko naskah batu basurek tasabuik manuruik transkripsi Hardjowardojo (1966), sbb.:<ref name="Diaspora">{{cite book | title = Diaspora Adat dan Kekerabatan Alam Minangkabau: Sebuah Kepelbagaian Kajian Pemikiran | first1 = Abdul Razak (Prof. Dato. Dr.) | last1 = Salleh | first2 = Harry (Ir., MT) | last2 = Ramza | first3 = Mohammad Alinor (Dr.) | last3 = Abdul Kadir | url = https://www.slideshare.net/hramza/diaspora-adat-dan-kekerabatan-alam-minangkabau-sebuah-kepelbagaian-kajian-pemikiran | page = 83 | publisher = Penerbit Kemala Indonesia | year = 2015 | others = '''Vol. 1''' | id = ISBN 6021478126, 9786021478127 }}</ref> :'' Dvare rasa bhuje rupe gatau varsacca Kartike suklah pancatithis Some bajrendra'' Nan ditajamahan dek Hardjowardojo sbb.:<ref name="Diaspora"/> : Pada tahun 1269, nan telah lalu, pada bulan Kartike, bahagian bulan terang, pada hari kelima, Isnin, vajra Yoga, Indra Karana Bava. == Isi batu basurek == === Patanggalan === Batu basurek Pagaruyuang III anyo baisi katarangan tangga ditulihnyo, iolah ari [[Saptawara|Soma]] tangga 5 Suklapaksa bulan Kartika taun 1269 Saka,{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=12}} atau sasuai jo tangga 8 Oktober 1347 Masehi.{{sfn|Utomo|Sudarman|2018|p=88}}{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=34}}{{sfn|Damais|1952|pp=102-103}} Bilangan taun didapek jo mambaco ''[[Sengkala|candra sengkala]]'' (sistim lambang almanaik) ''dware rasa bhuje rupe''— aratinyo gapura, mukasuik, langan, rupo. Kato ''dware'' banilai sambilan, ''rasa'' banilai anam, ''bhuje'' banilai duo, sarato ''rupe'' banilai satu. Jikok dibaco dari balakang, mako ka manjadi 1269 Saka atau 1347 Masehi. Maniliak taun tasabuik, gadang kamungkinan batu basurek ko dikaluaan pado maso pamarentahan Rajo Adityawarman.{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=35-36}} === Panapsiran === Istiawan bapandapaik baso batu basurek Pagaruyuang III saaruihnyo baisi katarangan tambahan manganai suatu kajadian tatantu, tapi kajadian tasabuik indak dapek dikataui dek ado bagian batu basurek nan ilang. Paristiwa nan ilang tasabuik kamungkinan bakaik jo suatu ajaran tantang kaagamoan jo kaidupan, hal tasabuik ditapsiran dari kalimaik nan tasusun pado ''candra sengkala''.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=12}} Kato ''rasa'' dapek baarati kato ati, ''bhuje'' atau langan baarati pancapaian atau alaik untuak mancapai sasuatu, ''rupe'' atau wajah/muko baarati dapan, sarato ''dwara'' atau gapura baarati nan tampia di muko. Istiawan manapsiran baso makna dari rangkaian kato-kato tasabuik adolah manusia dalam kaidupannyo mampunyoi raso sabagai panggarak sumangaiknyo dalam batindak, nan dilakuan jo tangannyo untuak mancapai suatu tujuan atau sabagai pintu masuak supayo salalu manjadi nan tabaik.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=12-13}}{{sfn|Kurnia|Monanda|2015|p=29}} Isi batu basurek nan manyabuik katarangan patanggalan tanpa manyabuikan suatu paristiwa tatantu mambuek dugaan baso batu basurek ko mungkin takaik jo konteks candi atau bangunan kaagamoan lainnyo. Bantuak pisik batu basurek nan manyarupoi ''dorpal'' (ambang pintu) mandukuang dugaan baso patanggalan tasabuik mungkin marupoan paringatan ateh tagaknyo suatu bangunan atau tampek. Salain itu, pamakaian kato ''dware'' (gapura) dapek manandoan gunonyo sabagai gapura atau bagian dari suatu bangunan. Jo itu, batu basurek ko kamungkinan gadang ditagakan untuak mamparingati tagaknyo suatu bangunan atau tampek suci kaagamoan, tapi alun dikataui sacaro jaleh kabaradoannyo inggo kini ko.{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=35-36}}{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=12-13}} === Arati pantiang === Walaupun anyo mamuek taun, batu basurek Pagaruyuang III marupoan salah satu bukti nan manunjuakkan kabaradoan [[Adityawarman]] di wilayah Pagaruyuang.{{Sfn|Suhadi|1990|pp=218-232}} Sadangkan sacaro budayo, batu basurek ko paguno sabagai alaik pandidiakan bagi masarakaik Pagaruyuang maupun urang rami pado umumnyo untuak manganal sijarah di maso tasabuik.{{sfn|Kurnia|Monada|2015|p=30}} == Kasuih "batu basurek Batu Beragung" == [[Berkas:Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen deel 26 (IA verhandelingenva2618unse).pdf|jmpl|Iko identifikasi "batu basurek Batu Beragung" manuruik Dr. Friedrich. Namun, Dr. Krom manamuan baso iko adolah gabuangan dari batu basurek Pagaruyuang III jo batu basurek Saruaso I.|page=119]] Sabuah batu basurek nan dinamoi "batu basurek Batu Beragung" lah didokumentasikan dek Vitzthum von Eckstaed di Nagari [[Batu Baraguang, Sumpur, Batipuh Salatan, Tanah Datar|Batu Baraguang]], kamudian ditajamahan dek Dr. R. Friederich sarato ditabikan dalam ''[[Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen|Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen]]'' (Jurnal Ikatan Kesenian dan Ilmu Batavia) volume 26 taun 1857. Batu basurek iko dilaporkan baisi limo barih naskah, nan dipakiroan marupoan bagian lanjuikan dari batu basurek Pagaruyuang III.{{sfn|Friedrich|1857}} Dr. [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]], salaku Katua Komisi Panalitian Arkeologi di Jawa jo Madura, lah baupayo mancari kabaradoan pisik batu basurek ko di antaro babagai artefak jo batu basurek lainnyo nan barado di sakita [[Batusangkar (kota)|Fort Van der Capellen]] pado pakan tarakia bulan April 1912 inggo awa bulan Mei 1912. Dalam paroses panalitiannyo, inyo indak barasia manamuan sabuah batu basurek utuah nan sarupo jo nan didokumentasikan Dr. Friedrich tasabuik, malah inyo manamuan duo batu basurek lain nan mampunyoi kamiripan nan samo bana (identik) jo bagian-bagian dari batu basurek Batu Beragung ko.{{sfn|Krom|1912}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang III tanyato identik jo barih partamo "batu basurek Batu Baraguang" ko, sadangkan [[batu basurek Saruaso I]] tanyato identik jo ampek barih salanjuiknyo. Kamiripan nan ditamuan tasabuik bahkan sampai ka susunan naskah, iasan bonggo sulua, sarato bagian batu nan takikih. Badasa kamiripan tasabuik, Krom akianyo bapandapaik baso kaduo batu basurek lainnyo tasabuik marujuak kapado obyek nan samo, sainggo inyo bakasimpulan baso "batu basurek Batu Beragung" sabananyo indak panah bana-bana ado, malainan suatu kasalahan panyalinan samato.{{sfn|Krom|1912}} == Caliak pulo == {{commonscat|Pagaruyung III Inscription|Batu basurek Pagaruyuang III}} * [[Malayupura]] * [[Pagaruyuang]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} ===Bacoan lanjuik=== * {{Cite journal|last=Damais|first=Louis-Charles|date=1952|title=Études D'épigraphie Indonésienne: Iii. Liste Des Principales Inscriptions Datées De L'indonésie|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44709137|journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient|volume=46|issue=1|pages=1–105|issn=0336-1519|ref={{sfnRef|Damais|1952}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Friedrich|first=R.|date=1857|title=Over Inscriptien van Java en Sumatra|url=https://archive.org/details/verhandelingenva2618unse/page/n12/mode/1up|journal=Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen|volume=26|pages=1-99|ref={{sfnRef|Friedrich|1857}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Hardjowardojo|first=R. Pitono|date=1966|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Adityawarman.html?id=CpE6AAAAMAAJ|title=Adityawarman: sebuah studi tentang tokoh nasional dari abad XIV|publisher=Bhratara|language=id|ref={{sfnRef|Hardjowardojo|1966}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|date=2006|url=http://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/id/eprint/28195|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|location=Batusangkar|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar [Wilayah Kerja Provinsi Sumatera Barat dan Riau]|url-status=live|ref={{sfnRef|Istiawan|2006}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Kurnia|first=Febby Eka|last2=Monanda|first2=Roberto|date=2015|url=http://repo.unand.ac.id/4609/1/BP-EB-PRM-02.pdf|title=Folklor Minangkabau: Mitos Batu-Batu dan Cerita Rakyat di Luhak Nan Tuo|location=Padang|publisher=Suri|isbn=978-602-70688-3-4|pages=30|url-status=live|ref={{sfnRef|Kurnia|Monada|2015}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|year=2012|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal#|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|location=Depok|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, Program Studi Arkeologi, Universitas Indonesia|url-status=live|ref={{sfnRef|Kusumadewi|2012}}}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA403&dq=kapalo+bukit+gombak&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy_demw-jOAhUBvI8KHdRXAIkQuwUIJjAB#v=onepage&q=kapalo%20bukit%20gombak&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|volume=16 dari Nalanda-Sriwijaya Series|id=ISBN 9814459747, 9789814459747|ref={{sfnRef|Kozok|2015}}}} * {{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530217/page/n39/mode/2up|title=Inventaris de Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden|last=Krom|first=Nicolaas Johannes|publisher=Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen|date=1912|journal=Oudheidkundig verslag|location=Weltevreden|publisher=Albrecht & Co.|volume=49|url-status=live|lang=nl|ref=harv|ref={{sfnRef|Krom|1912}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Setiawan|first=Taufiqurrahman|last2=Susilowati|first2=Nenggih|last3=Hidayati|first3=Dyah|last4=Soedewo|first4=Ery|last5=Oetomo|first5=Repelita Wahyu|last6=Chandra|first6=Dody|last7=Nasoichah|first7=Churmatin|last8=Koestoro|first8=Lucas Partanda|date=2016|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/27646/|title=Sumatera Barat: catatan sejarah dan arkeologi|location=Medan|publisher=Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Utara|isbn=978-979-751-682-6|language=id|ref={{sfnRef|Setiawan ''et al''|2016}}}} * {{Cite journal| last = Suhadi| first = Machi| year = 1990| title = Silsilah Adityawarman| journal = Kalpataru, Majalah Arkeologi| volume = 9| pages = 218–232| publisher = Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan| url = https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/1312/1/kalpataru%209.pdf| language = id| others = Dalam ''Saraswati: Esai-esai Arkeologi''|ref={{sfnRef|Suhadi|1990}}}} * {{cite journal| last1=Utomo | first1=Bambang Budi| last2=Sudarman |date=2018| url=https://rjfahuinib.org/index.php/khazanah/article/download/76/59/127 |title=Budaya India di Minangkabau: Studi Analisis Terhadap Artefak di Tanah Datar dan Wilayah Sekitarnya |journal= Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam| volume= VIII |number= 16 |publisher= UIN Imam Bonjol Padang| ISSN= 2339-207X (print), ISSN: 2614-3798 (online)| DOI= https://doi.org/10.15548/khazanah.v0i0.76|ref={{sfnRef|Utomo|Sudarman|2018}}}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang III]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] 4httn1atez6v2iec252ocq8qdw4sj5n 0 317694 3345243 3345160 2026-04-01T05:11:58Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact | name = Batu basurek Pagaruayung II | native_name = Batu basurek Bukik Gombak II | place = Jorong Bukit Gombak, Kecamatan Tanjung Emas, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Sumatera Barat | image = WBB Pagaruyung II penuh 1.jpg | image2 = | image_caption = Batu basurek Pagaruyaung II nan tabalah dua, poto tacaliak panuah dari ateh | material = [[Batu pasia]] bawarno coklat kakuniangan | language = [[Bahaso Sanskerta]] jo [[bahaso Malayu|Malayu Kuno]] | type = Batu basurek | size = Sagi ampek baukuran tinggi=250 cm, leba=116 cm, taba=18 cm | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | created = 1295 Saka (1373 M) | discovered = | location = [[Komplek Prasasti Adityawarman]] | registration = | id = | coordinates = {{coord|0|28|24,7|S|100|36|32,4|E|region:ID|display=inline}}{{sfn|Utomo|Sudarman|2018|p=86}} | map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang I | lat_deg = -0.45958 | lon_deg = 100.60784 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.459586|100.60784}} | float = centre | zoom = 12 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Pagaruyuang I | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi batu basurek Pagaruyuang II | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4596432|100.6078442}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang II }} }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang II''' adolah sabuah [[batu basurek]] paninggalan Rajo [[Adityawarman]], batarikh 1295 Saka atau 1373 Masehi.<ref name="Kozok">{{cite web | url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=prasasti+pagaruyung+ii&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi58OLZjKzPAhVFOY8KHf9TBPEQuwUINzAE#v=onepage&q=prasasti%20pagaruyung%20ii&f=false | title = A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya | first = Uli | last = Kozok | page = 37 | publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies | year = 2015 | id = ISBN 9814459747, 9789814459747 }}</ref> Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[bahaso Sanskerta]] dan mamakai [[uruf Kawi|uruf Jawa Kuno]], tulisannyo elok dan rapi jo turiahan nan cukuik dalam.<ref name="Iriyani">{{cite web | url = http://kebudayaanindonesia.net/kebudayaan/1615/prasasti-pagaruyung-ii | title = Prasasti Pagaruyung II | first = Dania | last = Iriyani | date = 4 Maret 2014 | publisher = Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia | others = © 2014 | accessdate = 25 September 2016 | archive-date = 20 April 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150420062933/http://kebudayaanindonesia.net/kebudayaan/1615/prasasti-pagaruyung-ii | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Kondisi batu basurek lah cukuik rusak,<ref name="Kozok"/> iyolah tabalah duo jo banyak tulisannyo nan indak dapek tabaco lai.{{sfn|Kozok|2015|p=37}} Bahan batu adolah batu pasia kwarsa bawarno coklat kakuniangan, bantuaknyo pasagi jo malangkuang satangah lingkaran bagian atehnyo. Tinggi batu mancapai 2,5 m, lebanyo 1,16 m, sarato tabanyo 18&nbsp;cm. Ado ornamen atau iasan raksasa (''kala'') pado bagiang tangah ateh. Salain namo Rajo Adityawarman, tasabuik pulo pajabaik-pajabaik lainnyo, tapi indak jaleh tabaco lai sia namonyo.<ref name="Kozok"/> Isi batu basurek ko barupo ungkapan pangoromatan jo pamujaan kapado Adityawarman sabagai surang panguaso nan dioromati. Batu basurek ko rasmi diakui sabagai Benda Cagar Budaya Paringkek Nasional malalui Surek Kaputusan (SK) Nomor PM.05/PW.007/MKP/2010, nan ditabikan dek Kementerian Kabudayaan jo Pariwisata Republik Indonesia pado tangga 8 Januari 2010.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-02-06|title=Peraturan Menteri Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Nomor PM.05/PW.007/MKP/2010|url=https://infoperaturan.id/peraturan-menteri-kebudayaan-dan-pariwisata-nomor-pm-05-pw-007-mkp-2010/|language=id|access-date=2025-08-26}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Lata balakang == Batu basurek ko lah disabuikan dalam laporan rasmi pamarentah [[Hindia Belanda|kolonial Balando]], ''Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' (1912), nan disusun dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]] badasarkan data lapangan dari Asisten Residen [[L.C. Westenenk]] di [[Kota Bukittinggi|Fort de Kock]] (kini ko Kota Bukittinggi).{{Sfn|Krom|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporannyo, Krom mangalompokan batu-batu basurek di daerah [[dataran tinggi Minangkabau]] ka dalam duo kategori: ''Adityawarman-inscripties'', iolah batu basurek nan sacaro langsuang manyabuik namo rajo Adityawarman, jo batu basurek nan mamakai bantuak aksara nan sarupo tapi indak manyabuikan namo rajo tasabuik, nan disabuiknyo sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift''. Batu basurek Pagaruyuang II iko tamasuak kalompok partamo jo tacantum pado inventaris nomor 24, halaman 42, jo deskripsi: "Sabuah batu gadang data nan ratak, di atehnyo tadapek mulo-mulo + sapuluah barih; di akianyo mamuek namo Adityawarman. Batu ko kini di Pagaruyuang (= batu Pagaruyuang No. 2)".{{sfn|Krom|1912|p=33}} Krom mancataik baso batu basurek ko ditamuan di daerah Bukik Gombak, nan pado maso kolonial tamasuak wilayah ''Onderafdeeling'' [[Benteng Van der Capellen|Fort van der Capellen]].{{sfn|Krom|1912|pp=41-42}} Lokasi panamuan asalinyo barado di Jorong [[Bukit Gombak, Baringin, Lima Kaum, Tanah Datar|Bukik Gombak]], Nagari [[Baringin, Lima Kaum, Tanah Datar|Baringin]], Kecamatan [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Tanjung Emas]], Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], Sumatera Barat.{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=19-20}} Di kudian ari, batu basurek ko dipindahan dari lokasi asanyo jo kini ko tasimpan di [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}} Sacaro umum, isi batu basurek ko mamuek puji-pujian kapado Rajo Adityawarman. Rajo ko didugo lah mangaluaan sakurang-kurangnyo duo puluah batu basurek, di mano dalapan baleh di antaronyo barado di [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]]. Manuruik babarapo sijarawan, Adityawarman masih mampunyoi ubuangan jo karajaan-karajaan di [[pulau Jawa]]; sainggo banyak model pahatan pado batu basureknyo dianggap tapangaruah dari tradisi rajo-rajo Jawa.{{sfn|Chandra|2019|p=8}} == Bantuak pisik == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang II baukuaran tinggi 250 sentimeter, leba 116 sentimeter, jo taba 18 sentimeter, nan ditulih di ateh [[batu pasir|batu pasia]] [[kuarsa]] bawarno coklat kakuningan.{{Sfn|Witasari|2011|p=46}}{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=9}} Batu basurek ko alah tapacah manjadi duo bagian, sarato talatak rabah di sampiang batu basurek Pagaruyuang I.{{Sfn|Suhadi|1990|p=127}} Dek kaadaan nan baitu, batu basurek ko indak maasiakan kalimaik jo tajamah nan utuah. Kaadaan pisik batu basurek ko kurang elok sainggo sulik untuak dibaco, walau baitu dipakiroan ado 14 barih tulisan pado batu tasabuik. Pado batu bagian ateh, ado 9 barih tulisan nan mano banyak kato-katonyo nan ilang. Namun, kaadaan pado batu bagian bawah relatip labiah elok sainggo masih bisa dibaco jo kalimaik nan labiah utuah. Batu basurek ko mampunyoi turiahan barupo coretan nan dalam jo tulisannyo dapek disabuik rancak sarato rapi.<ref name="rahmawita">{{Cite journal|last=Rahmawati|first=Nadia|last2=Susanti|first2=Lr. Retno|first3=Hudaidah|date=30 November 2024|title=Warisan Kerajaan Pagaruyuang :Studi Historis-Antropologis|url=https://josths.id/ojs3/index.php/jshs/article/view/456/273|journal=Banda Historia :Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Studi Budaya|volume=2|issue=2|pages=45|doi=https://doi.org/10.62176/bastoria.v2i2}}</ref>{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=9-10}} Pado batu bagian ateh, ditamuan karusakan atau kaausan tulisan pado sisi kiri, walaupun anyo babarapo urup. Pado sisi kanan jo bagian tangah akia batu basurek karusakannyo labiah parah. Panyabab karusakan pado sisi kanan adolah dek faktor kaausan batu, sadangkan pado tangah akia batu basurek adolah dek adonyo lubang-lubang buatan, nan manggaduah sarato mailangan sabagian tulisan. Salain itu, ado babarapo barih tulisan ilang tarutamo pado sisi kiri bawah dek adonyo bagian batu nan lapeh atau ilang. Hal ko taliek dari bantuak pacahan nan miriang ka bawah pado sisi kanan, sainggo pado sisi ko muncu babarapo urup sabagai lanjuikan urup sisi kiri nan ilang.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=9}} Pado batu bagian bawah nan marupoan pacahan dari batu bagian ateh, kironyo pasambungannyo indak tasambung sacaro utuah. Hal ko manunjuakan baso ado bagian tulisan nan ilang. Akibaiknyo, tulisan pado barih tarakia batu bagian ateh indak balanjuik pado tulisan awa pado batu bagian bawah. Walau baitu, batu bagian bawah mampunyoi tulisan nan masih utuah jo relatip rancak, kacuali pado bagian awa nan taputuih tasabuik.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=9}} === Ornamen === [[Berkas:WBB Pagaruyung II terang atas.jpg|jmpl|Ornamen rumik nan tadapek pado bagian ateh batu basurek Pagaruyuang II]] Ornamen atau iasan nan tadapek pado batu basurek Pagaruyuang II taliek labiah kayo dibandiangkan nan ado pado [[batu basurek Pagaruyuang I]]. Ornamen tasabuik mampaliekan sabuah bantuak nan manyarupoi kapalo ''kala'' nan distilir, jo bingkai nan dihiasi motif sulua-suluran sarato pola geometris nan rumit.{{sfn|Chandra|2019|p=3}} Kapalo ''kala'' pado bagian ateh batu basurek ko mampunyoi bibia atau kumih taba jo lidah tajulu panjang. Kapalo tasabuik dari sisi kanan jo kirinyo muncua sulua atau tanduak nan manyarupoi lidah ula bacabang, sarato tadapek pulo ornamen lainnyo nan mambantuak bingkai nan padek jo iasan di dalamnyo.{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=19-20}} Bagian ateh kapalo ''kala'' babantuak marunciang, sainggo jikok disatukan jo bingkainyo ka mambantuak stela.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=46}} Pamakaian ornamen gamba pado batu-batu basurek Adityawarman di Sumatera Barat marupoan suatu hal nan baru, dek karano para rajo Malayu sabalunnyo indak panah mamahatkan gamba pado batu basurek mareka.{{Sfn|Chandra|2019|p=8}}{{sfn|Witasari|2011|p=125}} == Isi == Barih awa pambuko banyak kalimaik nan indak jaleh taliek dek karano lah lapuak.<ref name="Iriyani"/> Barih salanjuiknyo ado disabuik gala-gala ''nrpati, maharaja, wira,'' sarato ''dyang'', sayangnyo namo-namo urang nan biaso maikuik gala-gala tu indak dapek tabaco.<ref name="Iriyani"/> Tasabuik pulo kato ''saka'' jo ''swasti'' pado barih ka tujuah, nan umumnyo manyabuik tangga jo paristiwa pantiang, namun kalimaik sasudah jo sabalunnyo indak dapek dibaco juo.<ref name="Iriyani"/> Di barih salanjuiknyo ado kato ''yakse'' (raksasa) jo ''dwara'' (gapura), nan kok mamakai candrasangkala baarati 5 jo 9.<ref name="Iriyani"/> Kok disangko baso batu basurek ko dari jaman Adityawarman, mangko dapek didugo taun ko adolah 1295 Saka atau 1373 M, iyolah duo-tigo taun sabalun rajo tu maunduaan diri.<ref name="Iriyani"/> Pado bagian akia disabuik kato ''sadaganyjanam'', nan dapek diaratian sabagai "manusia dari gunuang".<ref name="Iriyani"/> == Naskah jo tajamah == Batu basurek ko ditulih mamakai aksara Pasca Pallawa jo manggunoan bahaso Sanskerta sarato bahaso Malayu Kuno.{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=19-20}}<ref name="Kompas">{{Cite news|first1=Verelladevanka|last1=Adryamarthanino|first2=Tri|last2=Indriawati|publisher=Kompas Cyber Media|date=2022-12-20|title=Batu Prasasti Pagaruyung II|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2022/12/20/170000379/batu-prasasti-pagaruyung-ii|newspaper=Kompas.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-18}}</ref> === Naskah === Barikuik iko adolah aliah aksara batu basurek Pagaruyuang II, manuruik Utomo (2007) jo Kusumadewi (2012):{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=19-20}}{{sfn|Witasari|2011|p=124}}{{sfn|Utomo|2007|p=66}} {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} {{center|'''Utomo (2007)'''}} 1. ''Subhamastu //0//---jāto bha-ṅa''</br> 2. ''nṛpati ravi mahārāja---rajyami---''</br> 3. ''-giryya śūnani mātanuśatharaṇI [m]aṃ[da] ---''</br> 4. ''kādhī mūlastriteshi si---tatmārasa---''</br> 5. ''nani. satalani ri pakaga --- maśa - lan --- ''</br> 6. ''-la sa sāt ---------- raśa ra kr---''</br> 7. ''sabha svasti rātu na rajña //0// sakaga''</br> 8. ''------- i ---- pakșe da ---- teșṭina, dha ---''</br> 9. ''-------------''</br> 10. ''------------- ddhanasa -''</br> 11. ''----------- sanya caturtthi grașṭa satatana''</br> 12. ''pu dū saṅgatā . matriyā girmuditammupekșa ka---''</br> 13. ''tva toddhampadam . svasti''</br> 14. ''- ri sadā ganjānam //0//'' {{col-2}} {{center|'''Kusumadewi (2012)'''}} 2. ''nr□pati ravi mahārāja___rajyami___''</br> 3. ''giryyam gunam mātanuśatharan□i(m)an(da)__''</br> 4. ''kādī mūlastriteshi si___tatmārasa''</br> 5. ''nani satalani ri pakaga__maśa_lan__''</br> 6. ''la sa sāt____raśa ra kr□___''</br> 7. ''sabha svasti rātu na rajna//0// sakaga''</br> 8. ''i___paks□e da___tes□□na dha''</br> 9. ''_____''</br> 10. ''______ddhanasa''</br> 11. ''____sanya caturtthi gras□t□a satatana''</br> 12. ''pu dū sangatā matriyā girmuditammupeks□aka___''</br> 13. ''tvah tad dhama paam/ svasti sŕimat ādittavarmma_''</br> 14. ''nari sadā ganyjānam //0//'' {{col-end}} === Tajamah === Barikuik iko adolah aliah bahaso batu basurek Pagaruyung II manuruik Istiawan (2006) jo Arlo Griffiths sabagaimano dikutip dalam Kusumadewi (2012):{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=19-20}}{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=10}} {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} {{center|'''Istiawan (2006)'''}} 1. Salamaik (bahagia) ... ''(kalanjutannyo alun dapek ditajamahan)''</br> 2-6. ''alun dapek ditajamahan</br> 7. ...bahagialah rajo //o// (Pado taun) Saka...</br> 8. (''candra sengkala'') yakse (raksasa) dwara (gapura)</br> 9. <nowiki>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</nowiki> (batu pacah)</br> 10. tangga 20 (?)</br> 11. (dalam suasana) sunyi pado ari ka-4, kaluargo (catur asrama?) sarumpun?</br> 12. ...ramah, riang gambira jo gagah barani</br> 13. .../Bahagialah Rajo Adityawarmman</br> 14. dek karano sadaganyjanam {{col-2}} {{center|'''Griffiths''', <small>dalam Kusumadewi (2012)</small>}} # Rajo para rajo, rajo gadang nan manjadi matahari matoari di antaro para rajo, nan lahia dari katurunan Indra, sarato barasa dari tanah ameh, kutiko aka (pohon) Bodhi tadiri di muko bumi jo gunuang Bajendra..... mambunuah sadoalah musuah..... nan mampangaruahi kasajahteraan inggo rajo (maso dapan) Buddha. # Kutiko ko lah dikambalian pado taun Śaka (1) bulan, (2) sayap, (9) lubang... (129X) pado tangga 8 bulan Kārtika, hari..... # salalu mailangan kaampek..... pai jauah, karamahan, kasanangan, pangarapan, raso..... nagara Buddha. Kamakmuran jo kaaguangan Rajo Adityavarman, nan salalu manumpeh musuah-musuahnyo.. {{col-end}} == Arati pantiang jo upayo pamaliharoan == [[Berkas:Pagaruyung I, II, dan III.jpg|thumb|Posisi batu basurek Pagaruyuang II nan talatak malintang (horizontal), diapik Pagaruyuang I (paliang kiri) jo Pagaruyuang III (paliang kanan) di dalam paga Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman.]] Batu basurek Pagaruyuang II di maso kini masih paguno sabagai sarano pandidiakan jo panganalan sijarah untuak masarakaik sakaliliang maupun umum. Tulisan-tulisan nan tapahaik pado batu-batu ko bukan anyo sabagai bukti catatan pamarentahan, tapi adolah saksi sijarah nan mampaliekan kamajuan budayo, agamo, jo bahaso pado maso itu. Walaupun babarapo bagian batu basurek alah rusak, kabaradoan batu basurek ko sarato batu-batu basurek lainnyo di [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] manjadi sumber pantiang untuak manalusuri jajak paradaban Malayu Kuno jo maso kajayoan karajaan Adityawarman.<ref name="roza" /> Pangalolaan jo parawatan batu basurek ko kini barado di bawah pangawasan [[Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan]] Wilayah III (daulu Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sumatera Barat). Sabagai situs arkeologi nan dilinduangi, kompleks batu basurek ko tatap manariak paratian panaliti, sijarawan, sarato manjadi tujuan wisata nan basipaik pangajaran untuak mamahami sijarah kabudayoan Sumatera Barat.<ref name="roza">{{Cite news|last=Roza|first=Darwyta|date=2024-11-29|title=Kompleks Prasasti Pagaruyung, Jejak Sejarah Adityawarman melalui 9 Prasasti Kuno|url=https://rri.co.id/sumatera-barat/features/1151351/kompleks-prasasti-pagaruyung-jejak-sejarah-adityawarman-melalui-9-prasasti-kuno|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> Upayo parawatan teknis nan alah dilakuan balai ko maliputi pambangunan atok palinduang batu basurek dari pangaruah cuaco, sarato mamasang paga basi di sakaliliang kompleks untuak mancagah karusakan, tamasuak dari hewan lia. Pado taun [[2022]] dilakuan upayo panataan babarapo kawasan batu basurek Adityawarman di sakita [[Batusangkar (kota)|Kota Batusangka]], barupo pabaiakan sarana, guno maningkekan kamudahan akses bagi panaliti jo pangunjuang umum.<ref name="roza" /><ref>{{Cite web|first=Iggoy|last=el Fitra| title=Penataan Kawasan Prasasti Adityawarman|publisher=Antara Foto|url=https://www.antarafoto.com/id/view/1824525/penataan-kawasan-prasasti-adityawarman|website=antarafoto.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-18}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah rasmi juo diakui sabagai Benda Cagar Budaya Paringkat Nasional malalui Surat Keputusan (SK) Nomor PM.05/PW.007/MKP/2010, nan ditabikan dek Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Republik Indonesia pado tangga 8 Januari 2010.<ref name=":0" /> == Caliak pulo == {{commonscat|Pagaruyung II Inscription|Batu basurek Pagaruyuang II}} * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Batu basurek Pagaruyuang I]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuik === * {{Cite web|last=Chandra|first=Dodi|title=Lambang Raja Adityawarman (1347-1374 M): Sebuah Deskripsi Awal |url=https://id.scribd.com/document/501304305/Dodi-Chandra-Lencana-Raja-Adityawarman|date=2019-02-22|website=Scribd|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sumatera Barat|language=id|access-date=2025-10-04|ref={{sfnRef|Chandra|2019}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|date=2006|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|location=Batusangkar|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar [Wilayah Kerja Provinsi Sumatera Barat dan Riau]|url-status=live|ref={{sfnRef|Istiawan|2006}}}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUINDAD#v=onepage&q=false |title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya |last=Kozok |first=Uli |year=2015 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814459747 |language=en |ref={{sfnRef|Kozok|2015}}}} * {{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530217/page/n39/mode/2up|title=Inventaris de Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden|last=Krom|first=Nicolaas Johannes|publisher=Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen|date=1912|journal=Oudheidkundig verslag|location=Weltevreden|publisher=Albrecht & Co.|volume=49|url-status=live|lang=nl|ref=harv|ref={{sfnRef|Krom, N.J.|1912}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|year=2012|url=https://mozaikminang.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/20322904-t-pdf-adityawarman-full-text.pdf|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|location=Depok|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, Program Studi Arkeologi, Universitas Indonesia|url-status=live|ref={{sfnRef|Kusumadewi|2012}}}} * {{cite magazine|last=Suhadi|first=Machi|date=1990|title=Silsilah Adityawarman|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/1312/1/kalpataru%209.pdf|edition="Saraswati Esai-esai Arkeologi"|journal=Kalpataru, Majalah Arkeologi|number= 9|publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|ref={{sfnRef|Suhadi|1990}}}} * {{cite book|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|date=2007|title=Prasasti-Prasasti Sumatra|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Prasasti_prasasti_Sumatra.html?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Nasional, Badang Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|ref={{sfnRef|Utomo|2007}}}} * {{cite journal|last1=Utomo|first1=Bambang Budi|last2=Sudarman|date=2018|title= Budaya India di Minangkabau: Studi Analisis Terhadap Artefak di Tanah Datar dan Wilayah Sekitarnya|url=https://rjfahuinib.org/index.php/khazanah/article/download/76/59/127|journal=Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam|volume=VIII|number=16|publisher=UIN Imam Bonjol Padang|issn=2339-207X (print), ISSN: 2614-3798 (online)|doi= https://doi.org/10.15548/khazanah.v0i0.76|ref={{sfnRef|Utomo|Sudarman|2018}}}} * {{cite book|last=Witasari|first=Vernika Hapri|date=2011|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/old26/20289790-T29226-Lambang%20raja-full%20text.pdf|title=Lambang Raja pada Kerajaan Kuna di Kawasan Indonesia Abad XI- XV Masehi: Suatu Rekonstruksi Makna|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|ref={{sfnRef|Witasari|2011}}|access-date=2026-03-31|archive-date=2024-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705053743/https://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital%2Fold26%2F20289790-T29226-Lambang%20raja-full%20text.pdf|dead-url=yes}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang II]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] 02b74vco6oytvz31frx3e3jtk127174 0 318009 3345245 3345182 2026-04-01T05:12:10Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact | name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang IV | image = WBB Pagaruyung IV penuh.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang IV | type = Batu basurek | material = Batu [[andesit]] | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | language = [[bahasa Sanskerta|Sanskerta]] | created = Abaik ka-14 Masehi | discovered = Gudam, Pagaruyung, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Sumatera Barat | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | culture = Malayu Dharmāśraya / Minangkabau | map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang IV | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang IV | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang IV | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang IV }} }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang IV''', atau disabuik juo '''batu basurek Gudam I''' adolah salah satu [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di Kapalo Bukik Gombak, [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name="Kusumadewi"/> Batu basurek ko dibuek di ateh batu pasia (andesit), tingginyo 100 cm, leba 66 cm, jo taba 15 cm.<ref name="Kusumadewi">{{cite book | title = Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi | first = Sri Ambarwati | last = Kusumadewi | url = https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal# | publisher = Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, Program Studi Arkeologi, Universitas Indonesia | location = Depok | year = 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bahaso nan tatulih pado batu basurek ko adolah [[Bahaso Sanskerta]] jo uruf pasca [[uruf Pallawa|Pallawa]].<ref name="Kusumadewi"/> Tadapek tigo baleh barih, nan sabagian gadang kini ko alah sulik dibaco,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=Prasasti+Pagaruyung+IV&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmiJeJmr_VAhWMp48KHX_PDzMQuwUIRDAG#v=onepage&q=Prasasti%20Pagaruyung%20IV&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|isbn=9789814459747|volume='''Vol. 16 dari Nalanda-Sriwijaya Series'''|location=Singapore|pages=37}}</ref> tapi barih ka sambilan lai dapek tabaco saketek.<ref name="Kusumadewi"/> Dari nan kato-kato nan tabaco, tatulih namo rajo [[Adityawarman]] (Udayadityawarman), namo tampek Sarawasa ([[Saruaso, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Saruaso]]),<ref name=":0" /> adanyo barhalo rajo bawujuik Maitreyanatha di suatu biaro, sarato puji-pujian kapado rajo ko.<ref name="Kusumadewi" /> Panalitian samantaro lah dilakuan dek Arlo Griffiths.<ref name="Kusumadewi"/> Kini ko batu basurek Pagaruyuang IV tasimpan di [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]], banomor No.Inv. 26/BCB-TB/SMB.<ref name="Kusumadewi"/> == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyung IV talatak basamo-sama jo batu-batu basurek lainnyo, nan sacaro basamo-samo disabuik batu-batu basurek Adityawarman. Kumpulan batu itu dinamoan damikian dek isinyo banyak barisi sanjuangan ka Adityawarman. Awanya objek-objek arkeologis ko ditamuan di Bukik Gombak, tapi alah dipindahan sadonyo ka Desa Gudam. Mungkin pado maso sanjonyo, Adityawarman bamukim di Saruaso manyiapan putra mahkotanyo, [[Ananggawarman]], sabagai panaruihnyo. Pado maso iko, Karajaan Malayu alah tabagi manjadi duo: bagian Minangkabau nan dikuasoi dek Adityawarman jo Dharmasraya (sabagian gadang Provinsi Jambi kini) nan dikuasoi dek Mauliwarmadewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Suleiman|first=Satyawati|date=1977|title=The Archaeology and History of West Sumatra|url=https://dn790006.ca.archive.org/0/items/bdp-no-12-1977-the-archaeology-and-history-of-west-sumatra/BDP_No_12_1977_The%20Archaeology%20and%20History%20of%20West%20Sumatra_text.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Research Center of Archeology of Indonesia|volume=12|pages=11}}</ref>. == Bantuak == Batu basurek Pagaruyung IV marupoan salah satu paninggalan epigrafi nan ditamuan di daerah Pagaruyung, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Sumatera Barat. Tulisan batu basurek iko diukia pado batu andesit bawarno abu-abu kaitaman di ateh pamukoan batu nan agak data, jo mampunyoi ukuran labiah kurang 42 x 36. Tulisan pado batu tu mamakai aksara Jawa kuno jo bahaso Melayu kuno, nan biaso digunokan pado maso pamarintahan Adityawarman di abaik ka-14 Masehi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alnoza|first=Muhamad|date=2024-09-02|url=https://doi.org/10.55981/brin.710.c1075|title=BAB 5 Parit di Sekitar Ibu Kota Kerajaan Sunda: Upaya Interpretasi Fungsi Sebagaimana Terbayang dari Prasasti|publisher=Penerbit BRIN|isbn=978-623-8372-95-9}}</ref> Sacaro fisik, ukiran naskah masih dapek dibaco sacaro jaleh, walaupun babarapo tapian batu alah lusuah dek faktor cuaco. Gaya aksara manunjuakan kasamoan jo batu basurek lain dari maso nan samo, sarupo [[batu basurek Kuburajo I]] jo [[batu basurek Rambatan]]. Badasa bantuak uruf jo struktur bahasonyo, ahli-ahli pamarentahan pusek Adityawarman dipakiroan alah pindah ka padalaman Minangkabau.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sukma|first=Andhika Cahaya Titisan|last2=Budiyono|first2=Budiyono|last3=Al-Baarri|first3=Ahmad Ni’matullah|date=2025-08-23|title=Biological Pretreatment of Rice Straw Using Pleurotus ostreatus: Effects on Degradation Kinetics and Physicochemical Characteristics|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-025-00864-x|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research|volume=19|issue=5|doi=10.1007/s41742-025-00864-x|issn=1735-6865}}</ref> === Naskah batu basurek === Istiawan (2006) malakuan upayo pambacoan awa nan manuruiknyo batu basurek ko sabagian gadang isinyo lah sulik untuak dibaco baliak sainggo panapsirannyo manjadi kabua. Namun, dari bagian inskripsi nan masih dapek dibaco ditamuan kato ''"Adityawarman"'' pado barih katigo baleh, sarato namo tampek ''"Sarawasa"'' pado barih kasambilan. Bantuak kato nan miriap, iolah ''"Surawasawan"'', ditamuan pulo pado [[Prasasti Saruaso I]]. Inyo bapandapaik baso, mako pambacoannyo bana, namo tampek tasabuik kamungkinan marujuak pado lokasi nan mano istano karajaan panah badiri.{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=27, 100}}{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=14}}{{sfn|Kozok|2015|p=37}} Upayo pambacoan nan labiah baru dilakuan dek Arlo Griffiths (alun ditabikan) nan maasiakan aliah aksara nan jauah labiah langkok, nan dikutip dalam panalitian Kusumadewi (2012). Manuruik Griffiths, isi batu basurek nan masih dapek dibaco iolah sabagai barikuik:{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=27-29}} <blockquote> ''... di hari ...., dan di taun Saka..... kakuasoan tujuah tanah ameh..... surang rajo di bumi, Udayadityavarman jo nilai-nilai kabajikannyo.'' ''Maitreyanatha nan aguang, sabandiang jo salah satu nan badiri di Biaro/ tampek tingga kaagamoan namun balinduang dalam kota, dalam kasamparonoan Malayapura, .... rajo aguang di antaro para rajo, Adityawarman, rajo bijak dunia ...., maagiah namo kota.. nan samparono, maso matoari di antaro para rajo mamimpin di Sriladana (candano, tanah/kota). pado bulan panuah Karttika.'' ''Namo juluakan rajo, tagak dangan elok pado sabuah atom (?) dari parmato Tathagata, Rajo Udayadityawarman, [maagiah parentah untuak mandapekannyo] nagari dalam bahaso Sansekerta pado sabuah batu parentah."'' </blockquote> === Ornamen === [[Berkas:WBB Pagaruyung IV dekat atas 1.jpg|jmpl|Ornamen kapalo ''kala'' nan distilir jo lidah tajulu pado bagian ateh batu basurek]] Bagian ateh batu basurek ko mamuek ornamen (iasan) kapalo ''kala'' nan distilir jo lidah tajulua di tangah muluiknyo. Chandra (2016) bapandapaik baso motif tasabuik kamungkinan bakaik jo aliran [[Buddha]] [[Tantrisme]] nan dianuik dek Adityawarman. Ukiaran ko sacaro konteks indak bahubuangan lansuang jo isi batu basurek. Ado babarapo batu basurek Adityawarman lainnyo nan mampunyoi ornamen sarupo itu pulo, namun isi dari satiap batu basurek tasabuik balain-lainan.{{sfn|Chandra|2019|pp=9-10}} Pratiwi ''et al.'' (2021) bapandapaik baso lambang kapalo ''kala'' dipiliah sabagai simbol palinduang batu basurek, sakaliguih pangingek baso urang nan babuek jaek ka banasib buruak sarupo kala tasabuik.{{sfn|Pratiwi|Sunliesnyar|Adi|2024|p=134}} Witasari (2011) bapandapaik baso ornamen tasabuik marupoan identitas kusuih nan dipiliah dek Adityawarman untuak manunjuakkan kabaradoannyo. Lambang ko paguno dek sang rajo sabagai panando sarato pamasatu wilayah kakuasoannyo. Indak digunokannyo lambang tasabuik pado sadoalah batu basurek Adityawarman manandoan baso tando ko mampunyoi arati kusuih, jo indak sakadar bafungsi sabagai iasan sajo.{{sfn|Chandra|2019|pp=9-10}}{{sfn|Witasari|2011|p=161}} == Tafsiran == Batu basurek Pagaruyung IV dipakiroan manganduang panyatoan rasmi dari maso pamarintahan Adityawarman di karajaan Melayu Dhamasraya. Isi batu basurek ko managasan kawibawaan jo kakuasaan rajo ateh wilayah Pagaruyung sarato parannyo dalam managakan ajaran agamo nan dipraktekkan pado maso itu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pratiwi|first=Eka|last2=Sunliesnyar|first2=Hafiful Hadi|last3=Adi|first3=Ari Mukti Wardoyo Adi|date=2024-12-04|title=Legitimasi Kekuasaan Ādityawarman di Kerajaan Malayu Berdasarkan Sumber-Sumber Prasasti|url=https://doi.org/10.55981/jba.2024.6852|journal=Berkala Arkeologi|volume=44|issue=2|pages=121–138|doi=10.55981/jba.2024.6852|issn=2548-7132}}</ref> Para ahli bapandapek baso batu basurek ko manunjuakan ubuangan dakek antaro kakuasoan politik jo agamo Buddha Mahayana. Adityawarman digambakan sabagai rajo nan indak anyo mamarintah urusan duniawi tapi manjago juo kahidupan baagamo. Bahaso jo isi batu basurek mancaminan pandangan baso saurang rajo nan batindak sasuai jo ajaran kabanaran (Dharma) ka mambaok kamakmuran untuak rakyaik.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Permana|first=R. Cecep Eka|date=2011-10-01|title=Hasan Djafar, Kompleks percandian Batujaya; Rekonstruksi sejarah kebudayaan Daerah Pantai Utara Jawa Barat. Bandung: Kiblat Buku Utama, École française d’Extrême-Orient, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, and KITLV Jakarta, 2010, 188 pp|url=https://doi.org/10.17510/wjhi.v13i2.30|journal=Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia|volume=13|issue=2|pages=367|doi=10.17510/wjhi.v13i2.30|issn=2407-6899}}</ref> == Arati pantiang jo upayo pamaliharoan == Batu basurek ko mampunyoi nilai pantiang dalam manunjuakkan kabaradoan geografis jo administratif pamarentahan Adityawarman nan kuek di Minangkabau (Sumatera Barat) jo dunia Malayu pado patangahan abaik ka-14.{{sfn|Pratiwi|Sunliesnyar|Adi|2024|pp=121-125}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung IV|url=https://kuatbaca.com/pengetahuan/prasasti-pagaruyung-iv-16715450943674-508543|website=Pengetahuan|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref> Batu basurek ko manjadi bagian pulo dari warisan budayo nan mampakuek kasadaran sijarah sarato identitas daerah, sarato alaik pandidiakan bagi masarakaik.<ref name=":2" /> Batu basurek ko alah didaftarkan sabagai bagian dari [[Cagar budaya Indonesia|Cagar Budaya Peringkat Nasional]] di Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman, malalui Surat Keputusan (SK) Nomor 77/M/2019, nan ditabikkan pado tanggal 12 Maret 2019 dek Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=Oktober 2022|title=Daftar Cagar Budaya peringkat Nasional Tahun 2013-2022|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/771964829/Daftar-Penetapan-CB-Nasional-2013-2022|language=id|access-date=2025-09-19}}</ref> Upayo palinduangan pisik sarupo pamaniauan tingkek palapuakan batu jo pambarasihan muko batu basurek dari lumuik sarato kotoran alah manjadi bagian dari kagiatan konservasi dasa di komplek tasabuik dek panjago (juru pelihara) batu basurek Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan Wilayah III Sumatera Barat.<ref>{{Cite instagram |user=Instagram| author=bpk3sumbar |postid=DOLFbGHCaB2 |title=Observasi Keterawatan Prasasti di Kabupaten Tanah Datar |date=2025-09-04}}</ref> == Caliak pulo == {{commonscat|Pagaruyung IV Inscription|Batu basurek Pagaruyuang IV}} * [[Batu basurek Pagaruyuang III]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuik === * {{Cite book | last=Chandra| first=Dodi| year = 2019 | url=https://www.scribd.com/document/501304305/Dodi-Chandra-Lencana-Raja-Adityawarman | title=Lambang Raja Adityawarman (1347-1374 M): Sebuah Deskripsi Awal| publisher=Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sumatera Barat| access-date=2025-07-11|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|year=2006 |url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|edition=1|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar (Wilayah Kerja Provinsi Sumatera Barat dan Riau)|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Nastiti |first=Titi Surti |title=Inskripsi Nusantara: Kajian Epigrafi Melayu Kuno |publisher=Pusat Arkeologi Nasional |year=2015 |isbn=978-979-99057-8-9 |location=Jakarta |ref=harv |url=https://www.arkeologi-nasional.go.id/publikasi}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUINDAD#v=onepage&q=false |title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya |last=Kozok |first=Uli |year=2015 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814459747 |language=en |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530217/page/n39/mode/2up|title=Inventaris de Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden|last=Krom|first=Nicolaas Johannes|publisher=Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen|date=1912|journal=Oudheidkundig verslag|location=Weltevreden|publisher=Albrecht & Co.|volume=49|pp=33-50|url-status=live|lang=nl|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|date=2012|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal#|journal=|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|pages=28|access-date=2025-10-25|ref=harv}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite journal|last=Pratiwi|first=Eka|last2=Sunliesnyar|first2=Hafiful Hadi|last3=Adi|first3=Ari Mukti Wardoyo Adi|year=2024|title=Legitimasi Kekuasaan Ādityawarman di Kerajaan Malayu Berdasarkan Sumber-Sumber Prasasti| url=https://doi.org/10.55981/jba.2024.6852|journal=Berkala Arkeologi|volume=44|issue=2|doi=10.55981/jba.2024.6852|issn=2548-7132}} * {{Cite book|last=Setiawan|first=Taufiqurrahman|last2=Susilowati|first2=Nenggih|last3=Hidayati|first3=Dyah|last4=Soedewo|first4=Ery|last5=Oetomo|first5=Repelita Wahyu|last6=Chandra|first6=Dody|last7=Nasoichah|first7=Churmatin|last8=Koestoro|first8=Lucas Partanda|date=2016|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/27646/|title=Sumatera Barat: catatan sejarah dan arkeologi|location=Medan|publisher=Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Utara|isbn=978-979-751-682-6|language=id|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Witasari|first=Vernika Hapri|date=2011|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/old26/20289790-T29226-Lambang%20raja-full%20text.pdf|title=Lambang Raja pada Kerajaan Kuna di Kawasan Indonesia Abad XI- XV Masehi: Suatu Rekonstruksi Makna|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|ref=harv|access-date=2026-03-31|archive-date=2024-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705053743/https://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital%2Fold26%2F20289790-T29226-Lambang%20raja-full%20text.pdf|dead-url=yes}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang IV]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] f340qpy7nbs44bgeljiy7k20a7zd4nx 0 318075 3345184 3345183 2026-03-31T12:02:37Z Naval Scene 55 /* Naskah */ 3345184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact |name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V |image = WBB Pagaruyung V (3).jpg |place = Nagari Pagaruyung, Kec.Tanjung Emas, Kab. [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} |map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang V | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang V | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang V | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang V }} | language = [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno]] | type = [[Batu basurek]] | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | material = Batu [[andesit]] | size = Tinggi: 27&nbsp;cm<br/>Leba: 46&nbsp;cm<br/>Taba: 19,5&nbsp;cm | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | period = Pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Raja Adityawarman]] }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V''' adolah salah satu [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=70}}</ref> Batu basurek ko dipakiroan baasa dari maso kakuasoan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]], iyolah pado abaik ka-14.<ref name=":0" /> Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[Uruf Kawi|uruf]] jo [[Bahaso Jawa|bahaso Jawa kuno]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=Tumanggung+Kudawira&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb6pPc1cTWAhUDvI8KHYB_CvwQuwUILDAA#v=onepage&q=Tumanggung%20Kudawira&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|isbn=9789814459747|location=Singapore|pages=37}}</ref> Asanyo batu basurek ko ditamuan di Ponggongan, [[Lasi, Canduang, Agam|Lasi, Agam]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga rampai pengetahuan adat Minangkabau|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|first=|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=169}}</ref> kudian dibao ka [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyung, Tanah Data]].<ref name=":2" /> == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V lah tacataik dalam laporan pamarentah [[Hindia Belanda]], dalam ''Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' (Inventarisasi Purbakala di Dataran Tinggi Padang) nan disusun dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]]. Laporan tasabuik ditulih badasa data lapangan nan dikumpuakan dek [[asisten residen|Asisten Residen]] [[Louis Constant Westenenk|L.C. Westenek]] di Fort de Kock, nan kini ko adolah [[Kota Bukittinggi]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporan tasabuik, Krom mangalompokan batu basurek di daerah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]] sabagai bagian dari ''Adityawarman-inscripties'' atau batu basurek Adityawarman, iolah batu basurek nan langsuang manyabuikkan namo [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Salain itu, tadapek juo kalompok nan mampagunoan aksara sarupo nan dikalompokan sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift'' (aksara Adityawarman).{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Manuruik Krom, batu basurek tasabuik ditamuan di daerah Bukit Gombak, nan di maso kolonial tamasuak dalam wilayah [[Onderafdeling|''Onderafdeeling'']] [[Benteng Van der Capellen|Fort van der Capellen]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|pp=41-42}} Salanjuiknyo, batu basurek tasabuik dipindahan ka lokasi nan kini manjadi [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|pp=198-199}} Batu basurek iko marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek nan manjalehan tantang pambangunan taman, jo hal tasabuik indak lazim ditamuan dalam batu basurek pado maso pamarentahan Rajo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|p=42-43}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V manjadi satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek nan maagiah gambaran tantang suasano kaidupan pado maso karajaan Adityawarman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2023-01-03|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung V|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/01/03/190000479/prasasti-pagaruyung-v|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> == Naskah == Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih, namun marupoan bagian dari isi nan labiah panjang, nan patah pado bagian ateh jo bawahnyo.<ref name=":1" /> Barikuik iko pambacoan naskah manuruik [[N.J. Krom]]:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|last=|first=|date=05-12-2007|website=MelayuOnline.com|publisher=MelayuOnline.com|access-date=27-09-2017|archive-date=2017-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625222919/http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # ''tani sahata ---- ya smra ---- ita'' # ''sddya matata si Satra ---- (ta)naya -- ra'' # ''satuyasacaskaraga sapata ---- wana ma'' # ''parama taratwa sahannira ma --- nara puspa'' # ''---- (a)sanam adityyawar(mman) ---- nata wa'' Tajamahan naskah ko adolah sbb.:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> # tanah/patanian jo... # (nan) basadio manato (adolah) si Satra... anak... # bungo gunuang nan indah... sumpah... # tarutamo (nan baderet-deret) jonyo... bungo... # ... (tampek duduak) Adityyawarmman... nata... == Caliak pulo == * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang V]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] bj4gkutsammirz9z44ibvbhyjvawdks 3345185 3345184 2026-03-31T12:16:13Z Naval Scene 55 /* Caliak pulo */ 3345185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact |name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V |image = WBB Pagaruyung V (3).jpg |place = Nagari Pagaruyung, Kec.Tanjung Emas, Kab. [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} |map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang V | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang V | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang V | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang V }} | language = [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno]] | type = [[Batu basurek]] | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | material = Batu [[andesit]] | size = Tinggi: 27&nbsp;cm<br/>Leba: 46&nbsp;cm<br/>Taba: 19,5&nbsp;cm | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | period = Pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Raja Adityawarman]] }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V''' adolah salah satu [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=70}}</ref> Batu basurek ko dipakiroan baasa dari maso kakuasoan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]], iyolah pado abaik ka-14.<ref name=":0" /> Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[Uruf Kawi|uruf]] jo [[Bahaso Jawa|bahaso Jawa kuno]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=Tumanggung+Kudawira&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb6pPc1cTWAhUDvI8KHYB_CvwQuwUILDAA#v=onepage&q=Tumanggung%20Kudawira&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|isbn=9789814459747|location=Singapore|pages=37}}</ref> Asanyo batu basurek ko ditamuan di Ponggongan, [[Lasi, Canduang, Agam|Lasi, Agam]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga rampai pengetahuan adat Minangkabau|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|first=|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=169}}</ref> kudian dibao ka [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyung, Tanah Data]].<ref name=":2" /> == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V lah tacataik dalam laporan pamarentah [[Hindia Belanda]], dalam ''Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' (Inventarisasi Purbakala di Dataran Tinggi Padang) nan disusun dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]]. Laporan tasabuik ditulih badasa data lapangan nan dikumpuakan dek [[asisten residen|Asisten Residen]] [[Louis Constant Westenenk|L.C. Westenek]] di Fort de Kock, nan kini ko adolah [[Kota Bukittinggi]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporan tasabuik, Krom mangalompokan batu basurek di daerah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]] sabagai bagian dari ''Adityawarman-inscripties'' atau batu basurek Adityawarman, iolah batu basurek nan langsuang manyabuikkan namo [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Salain itu, tadapek juo kalompok nan mampagunoan aksara sarupo nan dikalompokan sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift'' (aksara Adityawarman).{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Manuruik Krom, batu basurek tasabuik ditamuan di daerah Bukit Gombak, nan di maso kolonial tamasuak dalam wilayah [[Onderafdeling|''Onderafdeeling'']] [[Benteng Van der Capellen|Fort van der Capellen]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|pp=41-42}} Salanjuiknyo, batu basurek tasabuik dipindahan ka lokasi nan kini manjadi [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|pp=198-199}} Batu basurek iko marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek nan manjalehan tantang pambangunan taman, jo hal tasabuik indak lazim ditamuan dalam batu basurek pado maso pamarentahan Rajo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|p=42-43}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V manjadi satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek nan maagiah gambaran tantang suasano kaidupan pado maso karajaan Adityawarman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2023-01-03|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung V|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/01/03/190000479/prasasti-pagaruyung-v|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> == Naskah == Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih, namun marupoan bagian dari isi nan labiah panjang, nan patah pado bagian ateh jo bawahnyo.<ref name=":1" /> Barikuik iko pambacoan naskah manuruik [[N.J. Krom]]:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|last=|first=|date=05-12-2007|website=MelayuOnline.com|publisher=MelayuOnline.com|access-date=27-09-2017|archive-date=2017-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625222919/http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # ''tani sahata ---- ya smra ---- ita'' # ''sddya matata si Satra ---- (ta)naya -- ra'' # ''satuyasacaskaraga sapata ---- wana ma'' # ''parama taratwa sahannira ma --- nara puspa'' # ''---- (a)sanam adityyawar(mman) ---- nata wa'' Tajamahan naskah ko adolah sbb.:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> # tanah/patanian jo... # (nan) basadio manato (adolah) si Satra... anak... # bungo gunuang nan indah... sumpah... # tarutamo (nan baderet-deret) jonyo... bungo... # ... (tampek duduak) Adityyawarmman... nata... == Panapsiran == Budi Istiawan (2006) bapandapaik baso isi batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko alun dapek dipahami sacaro pasti.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Namun, badasa asia aliah aksara jo aliah bahaso nan alah inyo tajamahan, dapek disimpuakan dari potongan kato-kato di dalamnyo tantang pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra''.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}} Pamakaian sebutan 'si' sabalun namo Satra sacaro lansuang manandoan baso tokoh tasabuik barasa dari kalangan masarakaik biaso atau rakyaik jalata. Salain itu, pamiliahan namo Satra sarato pamakaian partikel 'si' mampakuek dugoan adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao, maingek pola panamoan tasabuik biaso ditamuan dalam naskah-naskah Jao Kuno.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko marupoan satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang pambuekan sabuah taman. Taman tasabuik digambakan baias bungo-bungo nan diambiak dari daerah pagunuangan, sarato dilangkoki pulo jo tampek duduak untuak Adityawarman. Mancaliak kanyatoan tasabuik, mako kamungkinan taman nan dibangun marupoan taman nan cukuik gadang jo rancak, sainggo pambangunannyo paralu ditulihan pado sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}}{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V mampakuek bukti pamakaian babagai bahaso dalam batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman—Sanskerta, Melayu Kuno, jo Jao Kuno—nan kadang dipakai bacampua dalam satu batu basurek, kadang dipakai tapisah. Karagaman ko mancaminan lata balakang Adityawarman: pangaruah Jao dari Majapahit, Sanskerta sabagai bahaso kaum bangsawan jo brahmana, sarato Melayu sabagai bahaso lokal di Sumatra. Pamakaian bahaso Jao Kuno di batu basurek ko manunjuakkan baso unsua budayo Jao alah masuak ka lingkup kultural Melayu basamo kabaradoannyo sabagai panguaso, nan manubuangan tradisi Jao jo Sumatra.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=15-16}} == Caliak pulo == * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang V]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] ed1baf89wrn6mxblzv7q0p9fy4vgd2r 3345186 3345185 2026-03-31T12:26:30Z Naval Scene 55 /* Panapsiran */ 3345186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact |name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V |image = WBB Pagaruyung V (3).jpg |place = Nagari Pagaruyung, Kec.Tanjung Emas, Kab. [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} |map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang V | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang V | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang V | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang V }} | language = [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno]] | type = [[Batu basurek]] | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | material = Batu [[andesit]] | size = Tinggi: 27&nbsp;cm<br/>Leba: 46&nbsp;cm<br/>Taba: 19,5&nbsp;cm | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | period = Pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Raja Adityawarman]] }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V''' adolah salah satu [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=70}}</ref> Batu basurek ko dipakiroan baasa dari maso kakuasoan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]], iyolah pado abaik ka-14.<ref name=":0" /> Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[Uruf Kawi|uruf]] jo [[Bahaso Jawa|bahaso Jawa kuno]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=Tumanggung+Kudawira&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb6pPc1cTWAhUDvI8KHYB_CvwQuwUILDAA#v=onepage&q=Tumanggung%20Kudawira&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|isbn=9789814459747|location=Singapore|pages=37}}</ref> Asanyo batu basurek ko ditamuan di Ponggongan, [[Lasi, Canduang, Agam|Lasi, Agam]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga rampai pengetahuan adat Minangkabau|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|first=|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=169}}</ref> kudian dibao ka [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyung, Tanah Data]].<ref name=":2" /> == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V lah tacataik dalam laporan pamarentah [[Hindia Belanda]], dalam ''Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' (Inventarisasi Purbakala di Dataran Tinggi Padang) nan disusun dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]]. Laporan tasabuik ditulih badasa data lapangan nan dikumpuakan dek [[asisten residen|Asisten Residen]] [[Louis Constant Westenenk|L.C. Westenek]] di Fort de Kock, nan kini ko adolah [[Kota Bukittinggi]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporan tasabuik, Krom mangalompokan batu basurek di daerah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]] sabagai bagian dari ''Adityawarman-inscripties'' atau batu basurek Adityawarman, iolah batu basurek nan langsuang manyabuikkan namo [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Salain itu, tadapek juo kalompok nan mampagunoan aksara sarupo nan dikalompokan sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift'' (aksara Adityawarman).{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Manuruik Krom, batu basurek tasabuik ditamuan di daerah Bukit Gombak, nan di maso kolonial tamasuak dalam wilayah [[Onderafdeling|''Onderafdeeling'']] [[Benteng Van der Capellen|Fort van der Capellen]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|pp=41-42}} Salanjuiknyo, batu basurek tasabuik dipindahan ka lokasi nan kini manjadi [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|pp=198-199}} Batu basurek iko marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek nan manjalehan tantang pambangunan taman, jo hal tasabuik indak lazim ditamuan dalam batu basurek pado maso pamarentahan Rajo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|p=42-43}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V manjadi satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek nan maagiah gambaran tantang suasano kaidupan pado maso karajaan Adityawarman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2023-01-03|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung V|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/01/03/190000479/prasasti-pagaruyung-v|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> == Naskah == Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih, namun marupoan bagian dari isi nan labiah panjang, nan patah pado bagian ateh jo bawahnyo.<ref name=":1" /> Barikuik iko pambacoan naskah manuruik [[N.J. Krom]]:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|last=|first=|date=05-12-2007|website=MelayuOnline.com|publisher=MelayuOnline.com|access-date=27-09-2017|archive-date=2017-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625222919/http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # ''tani sahata ---- ya smra ---- ita'' # ''sddya matata si Satra ---- (ta)naya -- ra'' # ''satuyasacaskaraga sapata ---- wana ma'' # ''parama taratwa sahannira ma --- nara puspa'' # ''---- (a)sanam adityyawar(mman) ---- nata wa'' Tajamahan naskah ko adolah sbb.:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> # tanah/patanian jo... # (nan) basadio manato (adolah) si Satra... anak... # bungo gunuang nan indah... sumpah... # tarutamo (nan baderet-deret) jonyo... bungo... # ... (tampek duduak) Adityyawarmman... nata... == Panapsiran == Budi Istiawan (2006) bapandapaik baso isi batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko alun dapek dipahami sacaro pasti.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Namun, badasa asia aliah aksara jo aliah bahaso nan alah inyo tajamahan, dapek disimpuakan dari potongan kato-kato di dalamnyo tantang pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra''.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}} Pamakaian sebutan 'si' sabalun namo Satra sacaro lansuang manandoan baso tokoh tasabuik barasa dari kalangan masarakaik biaso atau rakyaik jalata. Salain itu, pamiliahan namo Satra sarato pamakaian partikel 'si' mampakuek dugoan adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao, maingek pola panamoan tasabuik biaso ditamuan dalam naskah-naskah Jao Kuno.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko marupoan satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang pambuekan sabuah taman. Taman tasabuik digambakan baias bungo-bungo nan diambiak dari daerah pagunuangan, sarato dilangkoki pulo jo tampek duduak untuak Adityawarman. Mancaliak kanyatoan tasabuik, mako kamungkinan taman nan dibangun marupoan taman nan cukuik gadang jo rancak, sainggo pambangunannyo paralu ditulihan pado sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}}{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V mampakuek bukti pamakaian babagai bahaso dalam batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman—Sanskerta, Melayu Kuno, jo Jao Kuno—nan kadang dipakai bacampua dalam satu batu basurek, kadang dipakai tapisah. Karagaman ko mancaminan lata balakang Adityawarman: pangaruah Jao dari Majapahit, Sanskerta sabagai bahaso kaum bangsawan jo brahmana, sarato Melayu sabagai bahaso lokal di Sumatra. Pamakaian bahaso Jao Kuno di batu basurek ko manunjuakkan baso unsua budayo Jao alah masuak ka lingkup kultural Melayu basamo kabaradoannyo sabagai panguaso, nan maubuangan tradisi Jao jo Sumatra.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=15-16}} == Upayo pamaliharoan == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tamasuak salah satu paninggalan arkeologis pantiang dari maso pamarentahan Adityawarman di Karajaan Malayapura. Upayo pamaliharoan pado batu basurek ko dilakuan tarutamo dek Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan (BPK) Wilayah III Sumatera Barat, Riau, jo Kepulauan Riau nan sacaro bakalo malakuan pandokumentasian, pamantauan kondisi pisik, sarato pancatatan tingkek palapuakan batu andesit nan manjadi bahan utamo batu basurek.<ref>{{Cite instagram |user=Instagram| author=bpk3sumbar |postid=DOLFbGHCaB2 |title=Observasi Keterawatan Prasasti di Kabupaten Tanah Datar|trans-title=Observation of Inscription Preservation in Tanah Datar Regency|language=id |date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya badasa kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor SK 77/M/2019 tatangga 12 Maret 2019, sainggo mandapek palinduangan ukum dari nagara.<ref name=":1" /> Salain pamaliharoan pisik, lambago panalitian sarupo Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Barat (nan kini ko lah bagabuang ka dalam [[Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional|BRIN]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfarizi|first=M. Khory|date=5 Januari 2022 {{!}} 10.02 WIB|title=Balai Arkeologi Melebur ke BRIN, Pegawai Honorer Diberhentikan|url=https://www.tempo.co/sains/balai-arkeologi-melebur-ke-brin-pegawai-honorer-diberhentikan-438329|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> jo babarapo paguruan tinggi di daerah tasabuik malakuan pulo kagiatan panalitian epigrafi sarato pandokumentasian ulang naskah batu basurek untuak kapantiangan akademis jo publikasi ilimiah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahmawati|first=Nadia|last2=Retno Susanti|first2=Lr|last3=Hudaidah|date=2024|title=Warisan Kerajaan Pagaruyung: Studi Historis-Antropologis |url=https://josths.id/ojs3/index.php/jshs/article/view/456|journal=Banda Historia : Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Studi Budaya|volume=2|issue=2|doi=https://doi.org/10.62176/bastoria.v2i2.456}}</ref> Sosialisasi manganai nilai sijarah batu basurek Pagaruyuang V taruih dilakuan dek Paguruan Tinggi, BPK, sarato Dinas Kebudayaan Kabupaten jo Provinsi supayo paninggalan ko tatap tajago sabagai sumber pangatauan bagi rang mudo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malinda|first=Des|last2=Aisiah|date=2021|title=Potensi Sumber-Sumber Sejarah Lokal Batusangkar Sebagai Sumber Belajar Di Sma|url=http://kronologi.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/jk/about|journal=Kronologi: Masa Lalu Untuk Masa Kini|volume=3|issue=4|doi=https://doi.org/10.24036/jk.v3i4.93}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah dipagunoan sabagai alaik pandidiakan sijarah, budayo, mitos, jo carito rakyaik dek masarakaik satampek.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|pp=9-59}} == Caliak pulo == * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang V]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] 2uhbz2v9k1bpp434vrv81wbm6c7qxis 3345187 3345186 2026-03-31T12:28:11Z Naval Scene 55 /* Rujuakan */ 3345187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact |name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V |image = WBB Pagaruyung V (3).jpg |place = Nagari Pagaruyung, Kec.Tanjung Emas, Kab. [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} |map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang V | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang V | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang V | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang V }} | language = [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno]] | type = [[Batu basurek]] | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | material = Batu [[andesit]] | size = Tinggi: 27&nbsp;cm<br/>Leba: 46&nbsp;cm<br/>Taba: 19,5&nbsp;cm | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | period = Pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Raja Adityawarman]] }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V''' adolah salah satu [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=70}}</ref> Batu basurek ko dipakiroan baasa dari maso kakuasoan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]], iyolah pado abaik ka-14.<ref name=":0" /> Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[Uruf Kawi|uruf]] jo [[Bahaso Jawa|bahaso Jawa kuno]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=Tumanggung+Kudawira&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb6pPc1cTWAhUDvI8KHYB_CvwQuwUILDAA#v=onepage&q=Tumanggung%20Kudawira&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|isbn=9789814459747|location=Singapore|pages=37}}</ref> Asanyo batu basurek ko ditamuan di Ponggongan, [[Lasi, Canduang, Agam|Lasi, Agam]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga rampai pengetahuan adat Minangkabau|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|first=|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=169}}</ref> kudian dibao ka [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyung, Tanah Data]].<ref name=":2" /> == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V lah tacataik dalam laporan pamarentah [[Hindia Belanda]], dalam ''Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' (Inventarisasi Purbakala di Dataran Tinggi Padang) nan disusun dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]]. Laporan tasabuik ditulih badasa data lapangan nan dikumpuakan dek [[asisten residen|Asisten Residen]] [[Louis Constant Westenenk|L.C. Westenek]] di Fort de Kock, nan kini ko adolah [[Kota Bukittinggi]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporan tasabuik, Krom mangalompokan batu basurek di daerah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]] sabagai bagian dari ''Adityawarman-inscripties'' atau batu basurek Adityawarman, iolah batu basurek nan langsuang manyabuikkan namo [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Salain itu, tadapek juo kalompok nan mampagunoan aksara sarupo nan dikalompokan sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift'' (aksara Adityawarman).{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Manuruik Krom, batu basurek tasabuik ditamuan di daerah Bukit Gombak, nan di maso kolonial tamasuak dalam wilayah [[Onderafdeling|''Onderafdeeling'']] [[Benteng Van der Capellen|Fort van der Capellen]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|pp=41-42}} Salanjuiknyo, batu basurek tasabuik dipindahan ka lokasi nan kini manjadi [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|pp=198-199}} Batu basurek iko marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek nan manjalehan tantang pambangunan taman, jo hal tasabuik indak lazim ditamuan dalam batu basurek pado maso pamarentahan Rajo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|p=42-43}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V manjadi satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek nan maagiah gambaran tantang suasano kaidupan pado maso karajaan Adityawarman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2023-01-03|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung V|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/01/03/190000479/prasasti-pagaruyung-v|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> == Naskah == Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih, namun marupoan bagian dari isi nan labiah panjang, nan patah pado bagian ateh jo bawahnyo.<ref name=":1" /> Barikuik iko pambacoan naskah manuruik [[N.J. Krom]]:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|last=|first=|date=05-12-2007|website=MelayuOnline.com|publisher=MelayuOnline.com|access-date=27-09-2017|archive-date=2017-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625222919/http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # ''tani sahata ---- ya smra ---- ita'' # ''sddya matata si Satra ---- (ta)naya -- ra'' # ''satuyasacaskaraga sapata ---- wana ma'' # ''parama taratwa sahannira ma --- nara puspa'' # ''---- (a)sanam adityyawar(mman) ---- nata wa'' Tajamahan naskah ko adolah sbb.:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> # tanah/patanian jo... # (nan) basadio manato (adolah) si Satra... anak... # bungo gunuang nan indah... sumpah... # tarutamo (nan baderet-deret) jonyo... bungo... # ... (tampek duduak) Adityyawarmman... nata... == Panapsiran == Budi Istiawan (2006) bapandapaik baso isi batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko alun dapek dipahami sacaro pasti.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Namun, badasa asia aliah aksara jo aliah bahaso nan alah inyo tajamahan, dapek disimpuakan dari potongan kato-kato di dalamnyo tantang pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra''.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}} Pamakaian sebutan 'si' sabalun namo Satra sacaro lansuang manandoan baso tokoh tasabuik barasa dari kalangan masarakaik biaso atau rakyaik jalata. Salain itu, pamiliahan namo Satra sarato pamakaian partikel 'si' mampakuek dugoan adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao, maingek pola panamoan tasabuik biaso ditamuan dalam naskah-naskah Jao Kuno.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko marupoan satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang pambuekan sabuah taman. Taman tasabuik digambakan baias bungo-bungo nan diambiak dari daerah pagunuangan, sarato dilangkoki pulo jo tampek duduak untuak Adityawarman. Mancaliak kanyatoan tasabuik, mako kamungkinan taman nan dibangun marupoan taman nan cukuik gadang jo rancak, sainggo pambangunannyo paralu ditulihan pado sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}}{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V mampakuek bukti pamakaian babagai bahaso dalam batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman—Sanskerta, Melayu Kuno, jo Jao Kuno—nan kadang dipakai bacampua dalam satu batu basurek, kadang dipakai tapisah. Karagaman ko mancaminan lata balakang Adityawarman: pangaruah Jao dari Majapahit, Sanskerta sabagai bahaso kaum bangsawan jo brahmana, sarato Melayu sabagai bahaso lokal di Sumatra. Pamakaian bahaso Jao Kuno di batu basurek ko manunjuakkan baso unsua budayo Jao alah masuak ka lingkup kultural Melayu basamo kabaradoannyo sabagai panguaso, nan maubuangan tradisi Jao jo Sumatra.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=15-16}} == Upayo pamaliharoan == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tamasuak salah satu paninggalan arkeologis pantiang dari maso pamarentahan Adityawarman di Karajaan Malayapura. Upayo pamaliharoan pado batu basurek ko dilakuan tarutamo dek Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan (BPK) Wilayah III Sumatera Barat, Riau, jo Kepulauan Riau nan sacaro bakalo malakuan pandokumentasian, pamantauan kondisi pisik, sarato pancatatan tingkek palapuakan batu andesit nan manjadi bahan utamo batu basurek.<ref>{{Cite instagram |user=Instagram| author=bpk3sumbar |postid=DOLFbGHCaB2 |title=Observasi Keterawatan Prasasti di Kabupaten Tanah Datar|trans-title=Observation of Inscription Preservation in Tanah Datar Regency|language=id |date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya badasa kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor SK 77/M/2019 tatangga 12 Maret 2019, sainggo mandapek palinduangan ukum dari nagara.<ref name=":1" /> Salain pamaliharoan pisik, lambago panalitian sarupo Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Barat (nan kini ko lah bagabuang ka dalam [[Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional|BRIN]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfarizi|first=M. Khory|date=5 Januari 2022 {{!}} 10.02 WIB|title=Balai Arkeologi Melebur ke BRIN, Pegawai Honorer Diberhentikan|url=https://www.tempo.co/sains/balai-arkeologi-melebur-ke-brin-pegawai-honorer-diberhentikan-438329|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> jo babarapo paguruan tinggi di daerah tasabuik malakuan pulo kagiatan panalitian epigrafi sarato pandokumentasian ulang naskah batu basurek untuak kapantiangan akademis jo publikasi ilimiah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahmawati|first=Nadia|last2=Retno Susanti|first2=Lr|last3=Hudaidah|date=2024|title=Warisan Kerajaan Pagaruyung: Studi Historis-Antropologis |url=https://josths.id/ojs3/index.php/jshs/article/view/456|journal=Banda Historia : Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Studi Budaya|volume=2|issue=2|doi=https://doi.org/10.62176/bastoria.v2i2.456}}</ref> Sosialisasi manganai nilai sijarah batu basurek Pagaruyuang V taruih dilakuan dek Paguruan Tinggi, BPK, sarato Dinas Kebudayaan Kabupaten jo Provinsi supayo paninggalan ko tatap tajago sabagai sumber pangatauan bagi rang mudo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malinda|first=Des|last2=Aisiah|date=2021|title=Potensi Sumber-Sumber Sejarah Lokal Batusangkar Sebagai Sumber Belajar Di Sma|url=http://kronologi.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/jk/about|journal=Kronologi: Masa Lalu Untuk Masa Kini|volume=3|issue=4|doi=https://doi.org/10.24036/jk.v3i4.93}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah dipagunoan sabagai alaik pandidiakan sijarah, budayo, mitos, jo carito rakyaik dek masarakaik satampek.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|pp=9-59}} == Caliak pulo == * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuik === * {{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Arlo|date=2012|title=Inscriptions of Sumatra II: Short Epigraphs in Old Javanese|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02443389/file/%5B24076899%20-%20Wacana%5D%20Inscriptions%20of%20Sumatra.pdf|journal=Wacana, Journal of Humanities of Indonesia|volume=14|issue=2|pages=197–214|rev=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|date=2006|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar|pages=15-16|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUINDAD#v=onepage&q=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya |last=Kozok |first=Uli |year=2015 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814459747 |language=en |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kurnia|first=Febby Eka|date=2015|url=http://repo.unand.ac.id/4609/1/BP-EB-PRM-02.pdf|title=Folklor Minangkabau: Mitos Batu-batu dan Cerita Rakyat di Luhak Nan Tuo|location=Padang|publisher=Surau Institute for Conservation|pages=42-43|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|date=2012|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal#|journal=|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|pages=28|access-date=2025-10-25|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|date=2000|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga Rampai Pengetahuan Adat Minangkabau|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|pages=169|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Suhadi|first=Machi|date=1990|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/1312/1/kalpataru%209.pdf|title=Saraswati Esai-esai Arkeologi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional|pages=218-232|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|date=2007|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|pages=70|url-status=live|ref=harv}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang V]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] aq1uxoso2xk09ywo90ys2pfice59oy5 3345188 3345187 2026-03-31T12:28:59Z Naval Scene 55 /* Caliak pulo */ 3345188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact |name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V |image = WBB Pagaruyung V (3).jpg |place = Nagari Pagaruyung, Kec.Tanjung Emas, Kab. [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} |map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang V | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang V | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang V | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang V }} | language = [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno]] | type = [[Batu basurek]] | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | material = Batu [[andesit]] | size = Tinggi: 27&nbsp;cm<br/>Leba: 46&nbsp;cm<br/>Taba: 19,5&nbsp;cm | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | period = Pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Raja Adityawarman]] }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V''' adolah salah satu [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=70}}</ref> Batu basurek ko dipakiroan baasa dari maso kakuasoan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]], iyolah pado abaik ka-14.<ref name=":0" /> Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[Uruf Kawi|uruf]] jo [[Bahaso Jawa|bahaso Jawa kuno]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=Tumanggung+Kudawira&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb6pPc1cTWAhUDvI8KHYB_CvwQuwUILDAA#v=onepage&q=Tumanggung%20Kudawira&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|isbn=9789814459747|location=Singapore|pages=37}}</ref> Asanyo batu basurek ko ditamuan di Ponggongan, [[Lasi, Canduang, Agam|Lasi, Agam]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga rampai pengetahuan adat Minangkabau|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|first=|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=169}}</ref> kudian dibao ka [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyung, Tanah Data]].<ref name=":2" /> == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V lah tacataik dalam laporan pamarentah [[Hindia Belanda]], dalam ''Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' (Inventarisasi Purbakala di Dataran Tinggi Padang) nan disusun dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]]. Laporan tasabuik ditulih badasa data lapangan nan dikumpuakan dek [[asisten residen|Asisten Residen]] [[Louis Constant Westenenk|L.C. Westenek]] di Fort de Kock, nan kini ko adolah [[Kota Bukittinggi]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporan tasabuik, Krom mangalompokan batu basurek di daerah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]] sabagai bagian dari ''Adityawarman-inscripties'' atau batu basurek Adityawarman, iolah batu basurek nan langsuang manyabuikkan namo [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Salain itu, tadapek juo kalompok nan mampagunoan aksara sarupo nan dikalompokan sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift'' (aksara Adityawarman).{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Manuruik Krom, batu basurek tasabuik ditamuan di daerah Bukit Gombak, nan di maso kolonial tamasuak dalam wilayah [[Onderafdeling|''Onderafdeeling'']] [[Benteng Van der Capellen|Fort van der Capellen]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|pp=41-42}} Salanjuiknyo, batu basurek tasabuik dipindahan ka lokasi nan kini manjadi [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|pp=198-199}} Batu basurek iko marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek nan manjalehan tantang pambangunan taman, jo hal tasabuik indak lazim ditamuan dalam batu basurek pado maso pamarentahan Rajo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|p=42-43}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V manjadi satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek nan maagiah gambaran tantang suasano kaidupan pado maso karajaan Adityawarman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2023-01-03|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung V|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/01/03/190000479/prasasti-pagaruyung-v|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> == Naskah == Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih, namun marupoan bagian dari isi nan labiah panjang, nan patah pado bagian ateh jo bawahnyo.<ref name=":1" /> Barikuik iko pambacoan naskah manuruik [[N.J. Krom]]:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|last=|first=|date=05-12-2007|website=MelayuOnline.com|publisher=MelayuOnline.com|access-date=27-09-2017|archive-date=2017-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625222919/http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # ''tani sahata ---- ya smra ---- ita'' # ''sddya matata si Satra ---- (ta)naya -- ra'' # ''satuyasacaskaraga sapata ---- wana ma'' # ''parama taratwa sahannira ma --- nara puspa'' # ''---- (a)sanam adityyawar(mman) ---- nata wa'' Tajamahan naskah ko adolah sbb.:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> # tanah/patanian jo... # (nan) basadio manato (adolah) si Satra... anak... # bungo gunuang nan indah... sumpah... # tarutamo (nan baderet-deret) jonyo... bungo... # ... (tampek duduak) Adityyawarmman... nata... == Panapsiran == Budi Istiawan (2006) bapandapaik baso isi batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko alun dapek dipahami sacaro pasti.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Namun, badasa asia aliah aksara jo aliah bahaso nan alah inyo tajamahan, dapek disimpuakan dari potongan kato-kato di dalamnyo tantang pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra''.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}} Pamakaian sebutan 'si' sabalun namo Satra sacaro lansuang manandoan baso tokoh tasabuik barasa dari kalangan masarakaik biaso atau rakyaik jalata. Salain itu, pamiliahan namo Satra sarato pamakaian partikel 'si' mampakuek dugoan adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao, maingek pola panamoan tasabuik biaso ditamuan dalam naskah-naskah Jao Kuno.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko marupoan satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang pambuekan sabuah taman. Taman tasabuik digambakan baias bungo-bungo nan diambiak dari daerah pagunuangan, sarato dilangkoki pulo jo tampek duduak untuak Adityawarman. Mancaliak kanyatoan tasabuik, mako kamungkinan taman nan dibangun marupoan taman nan cukuik gadang jo rancak, sainggo pambangunannyo paralu ditulihan pado sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}}{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V mampakuek bukti pamakaian babagai bahaso dalam batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman—Sanskerta, Melayu Kuno, jo Jao Kuno—nan kadang dipakai bacampua dalam satu batu basurek, kadang dipakai tapisah. Karagaman ko mancaminan lata balakang Adityawarman: pangaruah Jao dari Majapahit, Sanskerta sabagai bahaso kaum bangsawan jo brahmana, sarato Melayu sabagai bahaso lokal di Sumatra. Pamakaian bahaso Jao Kuno di batu basurek ko manunjuakkan baso unsua budayo Jao alah masuak ka lingkup kultural Melayu basamo kabaradoannyo sabagai panguaso, nan maubuangan tradisi Jao jo Sumatra.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=15-16}} == Upayo pamaliharoan == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tamasuak salah satu paninggalan arkeologis pantiang dari maso pamarentahan Adityawarman di Karajaan Malayapura. Upayo pamaliharoan pado batu basurek ko dilakuan tarutamo dek Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan (BPK) Wilayah III Sumatera Barat, Riau, jo Kepulauan Riau nan sacaro bakalo malakuan pandokumentasian, pamantauan kondisi pisik, sarato pancatatan tingkek palapuakan batu andesit nan manjadi bahan utamo batu basurek.<ref>{{Cite instagram |user=Instagram| author=bpk3sumbar |postid=DOLFbGHCaB2 |title=Observasi Keterawatan Prasasti di Kabupaten Tanah Datar|trans-title=Observation of Inscription Preservation in Tanah Datar Regency|language=id |date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya badasa kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor SK 77/M/2019 tatangga 12 Maret 2019, sainggo mandapek palinduangan ukum dari nagara.<ref name=":1" /> Salain pamaliharoan pisik, lambago panalitian sarupo Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Barat (nan kini ko lah bagabuang ka dalam [[Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional|BRIN]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfarizi|first=M. Khory|date=5 Januari 2022 {{!}} 10.02 WIB|title=Balai Arkeologi Melebur ke BRIN, Pegawai Honorer Diberhentikan|url=https://www.tempo.co/sains/balai-arkeologi-melebur-ke-brin-pegawai-honorer-diberhentikan-438329|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> jo babarapo paguruan tinggi di daerah tasabuik malakuan pulo kagiatan panalitian epigrafi sarato pandokumentasian ulang naskah batu basurek untuak kapantiangan akademis jo publikasi ilimiah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahmawati|first=Nadia|last2=Retno Susanti|first2=Lr|last3=Hudaidah|date=2024|title=Warisan Kerajaan Pagaruyung: Studi Historis-Antropologis |url=https://josths.id/ojs3/index.php/jshs/article/view/456|journal=Banda Historia : Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Studi Budaya|volume=2|issue=2|doi=https://doi.org/10.62176/bastoria.v2i2.456}}</ref> Sosialisasi manganai nilai sijarah batu basurek Pagaruyuang V taruih dilakuan dek Paguruan Tinggi, BPK, sarato Dinas Kebudayaan Kabupaten jo Provinsi supayo paninggalan ko tatap tajago sabagai sumber pangatauan bagi rang mudo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malinda|first=Des|last2=Aisiah|date=2021|title=Potensi Sumber-Sumber Sejarah Lokal Batusangkar Sebagai Sumber Belajar Di Sma|url=http://kronologi.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/jk/about|journal=Kronologi: Masa Lalu Untuk Masa Kini|volume=3|issue=4|doi=https://doi.org/10.24036/jk.v3i4.93}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah dipagunoan sabagai alaik pandidiakan sijarah, budayo, mitos, jo carito rakyaik dek masarakaik satampek.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|pp=9-59}} == Caliak pulo == {{commonscat|Pagaruyung V Inscription|Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V}} * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuik === * {{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Arlo|date=2012|title=Inscriptions of Sumatra II: Short Epigraphs in Old Javanese|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02443389/file/%5B24076899%20-%20Wacana%5D%20Inscriptions%20of%20Sumatra.pdf|journal=Wacana, Journal of Humanities of Indonesia|volume=14|issue=2|pages=197–214|rev=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|date=2006|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar|pages=15-16|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUINDAD#v=onepage&q=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya |last=Kozok |first=Uli |year=2015 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814459747 |language=en |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kurnia|first=Febby Eka|date=2015|url=http://repo.unand.ac.id/4609/1/BP-EB-PRM-02.pdf|title=Folklor Minangkabau: Mitos Batu-batu dan Cerita Rakyat di Luhak Nan Tuo|location=Padang|publisher=Surau Institute for Conservation|pages=42-43|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|date=2012|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal#|journal=|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|pages=28|access-date=2025-10-25|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|date=2000|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga Rampai Pengetahuan Adat Minangkabau|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|pages=169|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Suhadi|first=Machi|date=1990|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/1312/1/kalpataru%209.pdf|title=Saraswati Esai-esai Arkeologi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional|pages=218-232|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|date=2007|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|pages=70|url-status=live|ref=harv}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang V]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] bzeog44i2gzzgn5m0dx2wurei4v5li9 3345189 3345188 2026-03-31T12:34:03Z Naval Scene 55 3345189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact |name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V |image = WBB Pagaruyung V (3).jpg |place = Nagari Pagaruyung, Kec.Tanjung Emas, Kab. [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} |map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang V | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang V | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang V | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang V }} | language = [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno]] | type = [[Batu basurek]] | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | material = Batu [[andesit]] | size = Tinggi: 27&nbsp;cm<br/>Leba: 46&nbsp;cm<br/>Taba: 19,5&nbsp;cm | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | period = Pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Raja Adityawarman]] }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V''' adolah salah satu [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name="Utomo">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=70}}</ref> Batu basurek ko dipakiroan baasa dari maso kakuasoan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]], iyolah pado abaik ka-14.<ref name="Utomo" /> Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[Uruf Kawi|uruf]] jo [[Bahaso Jawa|bahaso Jawa kuno]].<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=Tumanggung+Kudawira&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb6pPc1cTWAhUDvI8KHYB_CvwQuwUILDAA#v=onepage&q=Tumanggung%20Kudawira&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|isbn=9789814459747|location=Singapore|pages=37}}</ref> Asanyo batu basurek ko ditamuan di Ponggongan, [[Lasi, Canduang, Agam|Lasi, Agam]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga rampai pengetahuan adat Minangkabau|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|first=|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=169}}</ref> kudian dibao ka [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyung, Tanah Data]].<ref name=":2" /> == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V lah tacataik dalam laporan pamarentah [[Hindia Belanda]], dalam ''Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' (Inventarisasi Purbakala di Dataran Tinggi Padang) nan disusun dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]]. Laporan tasabuik ditulih badasa data lapangan nan dikumpuakan dek [[asisten residen|Asisten Residen]] [[Louis Constant Westenenk|L.C. Westenek]] di Fort de Kock, nan kini ko adolah [[Kota Bukittinggi]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporan tasabuik, Krom mangalompokan batu basurek di daerah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]] sabagai bagian dari ''Adityawarman-inscripties'' atau batu basurek Adityawarman, iolah batu basurek nan langsuang manyabuikkan namo [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Salain itu, tadapek juo kalompok nan mampagunoan aksara sarupo nan dikalompokan sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift'' (aksara Adityawarman).{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Manuruik Krom, batu basurek tasabuik ditamuan di daerah Bukit Gombak, nan di maso kolonial tamasuak dalam wilayah [[Onderafdeling|''Onderafdeeling'']] [[Benteng Van der Capellen|Fort van der Capellen]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|pp=41-42}} Salanjuiknyo, batu basurek tasabuik dipindahan ka lokasi nan kini manjadi [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|pp=198-199}} Batu basurek iko marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek nan manjalehan tantang pambangunan taman, jo hal tasabuik indak lazim ditamuan dalam batu basurek pado maso pamarentahan Rajo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|p=42-43}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V manjadi satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek nan maagiah gambaran tantang suasano kaidupan pado maso karajaan Adityawarman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2023-01-03|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung V|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/01/03/190000479/prasasti-pagaruyung-v|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> == Naskah == Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih, namun marupoan bagian dari isi nan labiah panjang, nan patah pado bagian ateh jo bawahnyo.<ref name=":1" /> Barikuik iko pambacoan naskah manuruik [[N.J. Krom]]:<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|last=|first=|date=05-12-2007|website=MelayuOnline.com|publisher=MelayuOnline.com|access-date=27-09-2017|archive-date=2017-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625222919/http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # ''tani sahata ---- ya smra ---- ita'' # ''sddya matata si Satra ---- (ta)naya -- ra'' # ''satuyasacaskaraga sapata ---- wana ma'' # ''parama taratwa sahannira ma --- nara puspa'' # ''---- (a)sanam adityyawar(mman) ---- nata wa'' Tajamahan naskah ko adolah sbb.:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> # tanah/patanian jo... # (nan) basadio manato (adolah) si Satra... anak... # bungo gunuang nan indah... sumpah... # tarutamo (nan baderet-deret) jonyo... bungo... # ... (tampek duduak) Adityyawarmman... nata... == Panapsiran == Budi Istiawan (2006) bapandapaik baso isi batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko alun dapek dipahami sacaro pasti.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Namun, badasa asia aliah aksara jo aliah bahaso nan alah inyo tajamahan, dapek disimpuakan dari potongan kato-kato di dalamnyo tantang pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra''.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}} Pamakaian sebutan 'si' sabalun namo Satra sacaro lansuang manandoan baso tokoh tasabuik barasa dari kalangan masarakaik biaso atau rakyaik jalata. Salain itu, pamiliahan namo Satra sarato pamakaian partikel 'si' mampakuek dugoan adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao, maingek pola panamoan tasabuik biaso ditamuan dalam naskah-naskah Jao Kuno.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko marupoan satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang pambuekan sabuah taman. Taman tasabuik digambakan baias bungo-bungo nan diambiak dari daerah pagunuangan, sarato dilangkoki pulo jo tampek duduak untuak Adityawarman. Mancaliak kanyatoan tasabuik, mako kamungkinan taman nan dibangun marupoan taman nan cukuik gadang jo rancak, sainggo pambangunannyo paralu ditulihan pado sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}}{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V mampakuek bukti pamakaian babagai bahaso dalam batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman—Sanskerta, Melayu Kuno, jo Jao Kuno—nan kadang dipakai bacampua dalam satu batu basurek, kadang dipakai tapisah. Karagaman ko mancaminan lata balakang Adityawarman: pangaruah Jao dari Majapahit, Sanskerta sabagai bahaso kaum bangsawan jo brahmana, sarato Melayu sabagai bahaso lokal di Sumatra. Pamakaian bahaso Jao Kuno di batu basurek ko manunjuakkan baso unsua budayo Jao alah masuak ka lingkup kultural Melayu basamo kabaradoannyo sabagai panguaso, nan maubuangan tradisi Jao jo Sumatra.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=15-16}} == Upayo pamaliharoan == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tamasuak salah satu paninggalan arkeologis pantiang dari maso pamarentahan Adityawarman di Karajaan Malayapura. Upayo pamaliharoan pado batu basurek ko dilakuan tarutamo dek Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan (BPK) Wilayah III Sumatera Barat, Riau, jo Kepulauan Riau nan sacaro bakalo malakuan pandokumentasian, pamantauan kondisi pisik, sarato pancatatan tingkek palapuakan batu andesit nan manjadi bahan utamo batu basurek.<ref>{{Cite instagram |user=Instagram| author=bpk3sumbar |postid=DOLFbGHCaB2 |title=Observasi Keterawatan Prasasti di Kabupaten Tanah Datar|trans-title=Observation of Inscription Preservation in Tanah Datar Regency|language=id |date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya badasa kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor SK 77/M/2019 tatangga 12 Maret 2019, sainggo mandapek palinduangan ukum dari nagara.<ref name=":1" /> Salain pamaliharoan pisik, lambago panalitian sarupo Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Barat (nan kini ko lah bagabuang ka dalam [[Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional|BRIN]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfarizi|first=M. Khory|date=5 Januari 2022 {{!}} 10.02 WIB|title=Balai Arkeologi Melebur ke BRIN, Pegawai Honorer Diberhentikan|url=https://www.tempo.co/sains/balai-arkeologi-melebur-ke-brin-pegawai-honorer-diberhentikan-438329|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> jo babarapo paguruan tinggi di daerah tasabuik malakuan pulo kagiatan panalitian epigrafi sarato pandokumentasian ulang naskah batu basurek untuak kapantiangan akademis jo publikasi ilimiah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahmawati|first=Nadia|last2=Retno Susanti|first2=Lr|last3=Hudaidah|date=2024|title=Warisan Kerajaan Pagaruyung: Studi Historis-Antropologis |url=https://josths.id/ojs3/index.php/jshs/article/view/456|journal=Banda Historia : Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Studi Budaya|volume=2|issue=2|doi=https://doi.org/10.62176/bastoria.v2i2.456}}</ref> Sosialisasi manganai nilai sijarah batu basurek Pagaruyuang V taruih dilakuan dek Paguruan Tinggi, BPK, sarato Dinas Kebudayaan Kabupaten jo Provinsi supayo paninggalan ko tatap tajago sabagai sumber pangatauan bagi rang mudo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malinda|first=Des|last2=Aisiah|date=2021|title=Potensi Sumber-Sumber Sejarah Lokal Batusangkar Sebagai Sumber Belajar Di Sma|url=http://kronologi.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/jk/about|journal=Kronologi: Masa Lalu Untuk Masa Kini|volume=3|issue=4|doi=https://doi.org/10.24036/jk.v3i4.93}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah dipagunoan sabagai alaik pandidiakan sijarah, budayo, mitos, jo carito rakyaik dek masarakaik satampek.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|pp=9-59}} == Caliak pulo == {{commonscat|Pagaruyung V Inscription|Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V}} * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuik === * {{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Arlo|date=2012|title=Inscriptions of Sumatra II: Short Epigraphs in Old Javanese|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02443389/file/%5B24076899%20-%20Wacana%5D%20Inscriptions%20of%20Sumatra.pdf|journal=Wacana, Journal of Humanities of Indonesia|volume=14|issue=2|pages=197–214|rev=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|date=2006|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar|pages=15-16|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUINDAD#v=onepage&q=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya |last=Kozok |first=Uli |year=2015 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814459747 |language=en |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kurnia|first=Febby Eka|date=2015|url=http://repo.unand.ac.id/4609/1/BP-EB-PRM-02.pdf|title=Folklor Minangkabau: Mitos Batu-batu dan Cerita Rakyat di Luhak Nan Tuo|location=Padang|publisher=Surau Institute for Conservation|pages=42-43|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|date=2012|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal#|journal=|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|pages=28|access-date=2025-10-25|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|date=2000|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga Rampai Pengetahuan Adat Minangkabau|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|pages=169|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Suhadi|first=Machi|date=1990|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/1312/1/kalpataru%209.pdf|title=Saraswati Esai-esai Arkeologi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional|pages=218-232|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|date=2007|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|pages=70|url-status=live|ref=harv}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang V]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] 76401fbof1dwoa94gcb3uxmordqnzhn 3345190 3345189 2026-03-31T12:38:40Z Naval Scene 55 /* Naskah */ 3345190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact |name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V |image = WBB Pagaruyung V (3).jpg |place = Nagari Pagaruyung, Kec.Tanjung Emas, Kab. [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} |map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang V | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang V | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang V | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang V }} | language = [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno]] | type = [[Batu basurek]] | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | material = Batu [[andesit]] | size = Tinggi: 27&nbsp;cm<br/>Leba: 46&nbsp;cm<br/>Taba: 19,5&nbsp;cm | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | period = Pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Raja Adityawarman]] }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V''' adolah salah satu [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name="Utomo">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=70}}</ref> Batu basurek ko dipakiroan baasa dari maso kakuasoan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]], iyolah pado abaik ka-14.<ref name="Utomo" /> Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[Uruf Kawi|uruf]] jo [[Bahaso Jawa|bahaso Jawa kuno]].<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=Tumanggung+Kudawira&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb6pPc1cTWAhUDvI8KHYB_CvwQuwUILDAA#v=onepage&q=Tumanggung%20Kudawira&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|isbn=9789814459747|location=Singapore|pages=37}}</ref> Asanyo batu basurek ko ditamuan di Ponggongan, [[Lasi, Canduang, Agam|Lasi, Agam]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga rampai pengetahuan adat Minangkabau|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|first=|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=169}}</ref> kudian dibao ka [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyung, Tanah Data]].<ref name=":2" /> == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V lah tacataik dalam laporan pamarentah [[Hindia Belanda]], dalam ''Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' (Inventarisasi Purbakala di Dataran Tinggi Padang) nan disusun dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]]. Laporan tasabuik ditulih badasa data lapangan nan dikumpuakan dek [[asisten residen|Asisten Residen]] [[Louis Constant Westenenk|L.C. Westenek]] di Fort de Kock, nan kini ko adolah [[Kota Bukittinggi]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporan tasabuik, Krom mangalompokan batu basurek di daerah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]] sabagai bagian dari ''Adityawarman-inscripties'' atau batu basurek Adityawarman, iolah batu basurek nan langsuang manyabuikkan namo [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Salain itu, tadapek juo kalompok nan mampagunoan aksara sarupo nan dikalompokan sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift'' (aksara Adityawarman).{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Manuruik Krom, batu basurek tasabuik ditamuan di daerah Bukit Gombak, nan di maso kolonial tamasuak dalam wilayah [[Onderafdeling|''Onderafdeeling'']] [[Benteng Van der Capellen|Fort van der Capellen]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|pp=41-42}} Salanjuiknyo, batu basurek tasabuik dipindahan ka lokasi nan kini manjadi [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|pp=198-199}} Batu basurek iko marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek nan manjalehan tantang pambangunan taman, jo hal tasabuik indak lazim ditamuan dalam batu basurek pado maso pamarentahan Rajo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|p=42-43}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V manjadi satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek nan maagiah gambaran tantang suasano kaidupan pado maso karajaan Adityawarman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2023-01-03|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung V|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/01/03/190000479/prasasti-pagaruyung-v|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> == Bantuak == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tabuek dari batu [[andesit]] nan baukuaran tinggi 27 cm, leba 46 cm, jo taba 19,5 cm.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}} Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih tulisan nan mampagunoan aksara Pasca Pallawa jo bahaso [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno|Jawa Kuno]].{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Kaadoan batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko lah rusak bana sainggo anyo 50% dari tulisan nan ado dapek dibaco. Pado barih kalimo batu basurek ko, tatulih namo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Suhadi|1990|p=218-232}} Salain rusak, tadapek pacahan di bagian ateh jo bawah batu basurek ko. Samemangnyo, badasa asia kajian pado tulisan batu basurek, bagian ateh bukanlah marupoan kalimaik atau panulisan awa sabuah batu basurek. Baitu pulo jo bagian bawah nan indak manunjuakkan sabagai akia atau panutuik sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Aratinyo, batu basurek ko marupoan fragmen (pacahan) dari batu basurek nan labiah gadang.{{Sfn|Kozok|2015|p=37}} === Naskah jo tajamahan === Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih, namun marupoan bagian dari isi nan labiah panjang, nan patah pado bagian ateh jo bawahnyo.<ref name=":1" /> Barikuik iko pambacoan naskah manuruik [[N.J. Krom]]:<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|last=|first=|date=05-12-2007|website=MelayuOnline.com|publisher=MelayuOnline.com|access-date=27-09-2017|archive-date=2017-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625222919/http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # ''tani sahata ---- ya smra ---- ita'' # ''sddya matata si Satra ---- (ta)naya -- ra'' # ''satuyasacaskaraga sapata ---- wana ma'' # ''parama taratwa sahannira ma --- nara puspa'' # ''---- (a)sanam adityyawar(mman) ---- nata wa'' Tajamahan naskah ko adolah sbb.:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> # tanah/patanian jo... # (nan) basadio manato (adolah) si Satra... anak... # bungo gunuang nan indah... sumpah... # tarutamo (nan baderet-deret) jonyo... bungo... # ... (tampek duduak) Adityyawarmman... nata... == Panapsiran == Budi Istiawan (2006) bapandapaik baso isi batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko alun dapek dipahami sacaro pasti.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Namun, badasa asia aliah aksara jo aliah bahaso nan alah inyo tajamahan, dapek disimpuakan dari potongan kato-kato di dalamnyo tantang pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra''.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}} Pamakaian sebutan 'si' sabalun namo Satra sacaro lansuang manandoan baso tokoh tasabuik barasa dari kalangan masarakaik biaso atau rakyaik jalata. Salain itu, pamiliahan namo Satra sarato pamakaian partikel 'si' mampakuek dugoan adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao, maingek pola panamoan tasabuik biaso ditamuan dalam naskah-naskah Jao Kuno.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko marupoan satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang pambuekan sabuah taman. Taman tasabuik digambakan baias bungo-bungo nan diambiak dari daerah pagunuangan, sarato dilangkoki pulo jo tampek duduak untuak Adityawarman. Mancaliak kanyatoan tasabuik, mako kamungkinan taman nan dibangun marupoan taman nan cukuik gadang jo rancak, sainggo pambangunannyo paralu ditulihan pado sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}}{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V mampakuek bukti pamakaian babagai bahaso dalam batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman—Sanskerta, Melayu Kuno, jo Jao Kuno—nan kadang dipakai bacampua dalam satu batu basurek, kadang dipakai tapisah. Karagaman ko mancaminan lata balakang Adityawarman: pangaruah Jao dari Majapahit, Sanskerta sabagai bahaso kaum bangsawan jo brahmana, sarato Melayu sabagai bahaso lokal di Sumatra. Pamakaian bahaso Jao Kuno di batu basurek ko manunjuakkan baso unsua budayo Jao alah masuak ka lingkup kultural Melayu basamo kabaradoannyo sabagai panguaso, nan maubuangan tradisi Jao jo Sumatra.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=15-16}} == Upayo pamaliharoan == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tamasuak salah satu paninggalan arkeologis pantiang dari maso pamarentahan Adityawarman di Karajaan Malayapura. Upayo pamaliharoan pado batu basurek ko dilakuan tarutamo dek Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan (BPK) Wilayah III Sumatera Barat, Riau, jo Kepulauan Riau nan sacaro bakalo malakuan pandokumentasian, pamantauan kondisi pisik, sarato pancatatan tingkek palapuakan batu andesit nan manjadi bahan utamo batu basurek.<ref>{{Cite instagram |user=Instagram| author=bpk3sumbar |postid=DOLFbGHCaB2 |title=Observasi Keterawatan Prasasti di Kabupaten Tanah Datar|trans-title=Observation of Inscription Preservation in Tanah Datar Regency|language=id |date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya badasa kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor SK 77/M/2019 tatangga 12 Maret 2019, sainggo mandapek palinduangan ukum dari nagara.<ref name=":1" /> Salain pamaliharoan pisik, lambago panalitian sarupo Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Barat (nan kini ko lah bagabuang ka dalam [[Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional|BRIN]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfarizi|first=M. Khory|date=5 Januari 2022 {{!}} 10.02 WIB|title=Balai Arkeologi Melebur ke BRIN, Pegawai Honorer Diberhentikan|url=https://www.tempo.co/sains/balai-arkeologi-melebur-ke-brin-pegawai-honorer-diberhentikan-438329|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> jo babarapo paguruan tinggi di daerah tasabuik malakuan pulo kagiatan panalitian epigrafi sarato pandokumentasian ulang naskah batu basurek untuak kapantiangan akademis jo publikasi ilimiah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahmawati|first=Nadia|last2=Retno Susanti|first2=Lr|last3=Hudaidah|date=2024|title=Warisan Kerajaan Pagaruyung: Studi Historis-Antropologis |url=https://josths.id/ojs3/index.php/jshs/article/view/456|journal=Banda Historia : Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Studi Budaya|volume=2|issue=2|doi=https://doi.org/10.62176/bastoria.v2i2.456}}</ref> Sosialisasi manganai nilai sijarah batu basurek Pagaruyuang V taruih dilakuan dek Paguruan Tinggi, BPK, sarato Dinas Kebudayaan Kabupaten jo Provinsi supayo paninggalan ko tatap tajago sabagai sumber pangatauan bagi rang mudo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malinda|first=Des|last2=Aisiah|date=2021|title=Potensi Sumber-Sumber Sejarah Lokal Batusangkar Sebagai Sumber Belajar Di Sma|url=http://kronologi.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/jk/about|journal=Kronologi: Masa Lalu Untuk Masa Kini|volume=3|issue=4|doi=https://doi.org/10.24036/jk.v3i4.93}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah dipagunoan sabagai alaik pandidiakan sijarah, budayo, mitos, jo carito rakyaik dek masarakaik satampek.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|pp=9-59}} == Caliak pulo == {{commonscat|Pagaruyung V Inscription|Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V}} * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuik === * {{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Arlo|date=2012|title=Inscriptions of Sumatra II: Short Epigraphs in Old Javanese|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02443389/file/%5B24076899%20-%20Wacana%5D%20Inscriptions%20of%20Sumatra.pdf|journal=Wacana, Journal of Humanities of Indonesia|volume=14|issue=2|pages=197–214|rev=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|date=2006|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar|pages=15-16|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUINDAD#v=onepage&q=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya |last=Kozok |first=Uli |year=2015 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814459747 |language=en |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kurnia|first=Febby Eka|date=2015|url=http://repo.unand.ac.id/4609/1/BP-EB-PRM-02.pdf|title=Folklor Minangkabau: Mitos Batu-batu dan Cerita Rakyat di Luhak Nan Tuo|location=Padang|publisher=Surau Institute for Conservation|pages=42-43|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|date=2012|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal#|journal=|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|pages=28|access-date=2025-10-25|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|date=2000|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga Rampai Pengetahuan Adat Minangkabau|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|pages=169|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Suhadi|first=Machi|date=1990|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/1312/1/kalpataru%209.pdf|title=Saraswati Esai-esai Arkeologi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional|pages=218-232|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|date=2007|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|pages=70|url-status=live|ref=harv}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang V]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] 9gqwb6e6q26q3mpc8vd7bqazz0qx1os 3345191 3345190 2026-03-31T12:46:55Z Naval Scene 55 3345191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact |name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V |image = WBB Pagaruyung V (3).jpg |place = Nagari Pagaruyung, Kec.Tanjung Emas, Kab. [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} |map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang V | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang V | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang V | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang V }} | language = [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno]] | type = [[Batu basurek]] | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | material = Batu [[andesit]] | size = Tinggi: 27&nbsp;cm<br/>Leba: 46&nbsp;cm<br/>Taba: 19,5&nbsp;cm | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | period = Pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Raja Adityawarman]] }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V''' adolah salah satu [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name="Utomo">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=70}}</ref> Batu basurek ko dipakiroan baasa dari maso kakuasoan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]], iyolah pado abaik ka-14.<ref name="Utomo" /> Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[Uruf Kawi|uruf]] jo [[Bahaso Jawa|bahaso Jawa Kuno]].<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=Tumanggung+Kudawira&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb6pPc1cTWAhUDvI8KHYB_CvwQuwUILDAA#v=onepage&q=Tumanggung%20Kudawira&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|isbn=9789814459747|location=Singapore|pages=37}}</ref> Asanyo batu basurek ko ditamuan di Ponggongan, Nagari [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyuang]], [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Tanjung Emas]], [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Data]], [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga rampai pengetahuan adat Minangkabau|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|first=|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=169}}</ref> kudian dibao ka [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].<ref name=":2" /> == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V lah tacataik dalam laporan pamarentah [[Hindia Belanda]], dalam ''Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' (Inventarisasi Purbakala di Dataran Tinggi Padang) nan disusun dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]]. Laporan tasabuik ditulih badasa data lapangan nan dikumpuakan dek [[asisten residen|Asisten Residen]] [[Louis Constant Westenenk|L.C. Westenek]] di Fort de Kock, nan kini ko adolah [[Kota Bukittinggi]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporan tasabuik, Krom mangalompokan batu basurek di daerah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]] sabagai bagian dari ''Adityawarman-inscripties'' atau batu basurek Adityawarman, iolah batu basurek nan langsuang manyabuikkan namo [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Salain itu, tadapek juo kalompok nan mampagunoan aksara sarupo nan dikalompokan sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift'' (aksara Adityawarman).{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Manuruik Krom, batu basurek tasabuik ditamuan di daerah Bukit Gombak, nan di maso kolonial tamasuak dalam wilayah [[Onderafdeling|''Onderafdeeling'']] [[Benteng Van der Capellen|Fort van der Capellen]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|pp=41-42}} Salanjuiknyo, batu basurek tasabuik dipindahan ka lokasi nan kini manjadi [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|pp=198-199}} Batu basurek iko marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek nan manjalehan tantang pambangunan taman, jo hal tasabuik indak lazim ditamuan dalam batu basurek pado maso pamarentahan Rajo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|p=42-43}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V manjadi satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek nan maagiah gambaran tantang suasano kaidupan pado maso karajaan Adityawarman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2023-01-03|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung V|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/01/03/190000479/prasasti-pagaruyung-v|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> == Bantuak == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tabuek dari batu [[andesit]] nan baukuaran tinggi 27 cm, leba 46 cm, jo taba 19,5 cm.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}} Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih tulisan nan mampagunoan aksara Pasca Pallawa jo bahaso [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno|Jawa Kuno]].{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Kaadoan batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko lah rusak bana sainggo anyo 50% dari tulisan nan ado dapek dibaco. Pado barih kalimo batu basurek ko, tatulih namo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Suhadi|1990|p=218-232}} Salain rusak, tadapek pacahan di bagian ateh jo bawah batu basurek ko. Samemangnyo, badasa asia kajian pado tulisan batu basurek, bagian ateh bukanlah marupoan kalimaik atau panulisan awa sabuah batu basurek. Baitu pulo jo bagian bawah nan indak manunjuakkan sabagai akia atau panutuik sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Aratinyo, batu basurek ko marupoan fragmen (pacahan) dari batu basurek nan labiah gadang.{{Sfn|Kozok|2015|p=37}} === Naskah jo tajamahan === Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih, namun marupoan bagian dari isi nan labiah panjang, nan patah pado bagian ateh jo bawahnyo.<ref name=":1" /> Barikuik iko pambacoan naskah manuruik [[N.J. Krom]]:<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|last=|first=|date=05-12-2007|website=MelayuOnline.com|publisher=MelayuOnline.com|access-date=27-09-2017|archive-date=2017-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625222919/http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # ''tani sahata ---- ya smra ---- ita'' # ''sddya matata si Satra ---- (ta)naya -- ra'' # ''satuyasacaskaraga sapata ---- wana ma'' # ''parama taratwa sahannira ma --- nara puspa'' # ''---- (a)sanam adityyawar(mman) ---- nata wa'' Tajamahan naskah ko adolah sbb.:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> # tanah/patanian jo... # (nan) basadio manato (adolah) si Satra... anak... # bungo gunuang nan indah... sumpah... # tarutamo (nan baderet-deret) jonyo... bungo... # ... (tampek duduak) Adityyawarmman... nata... == Panapsiran == Budi Istiawan (2006) bapandapaik baso isi batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko alun dapek dipahami sacaro pasti.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Namun, badasa asia aliah aksara jo aliah bahaso nan alah inyo tajamahan, dapek disimpuakan dari potongan kato-kato di dalamnyo tantang pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra''.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}} Pamakaian sebutan 'si' sabalun namo Satra sacaro lansuang manandoan baso tokoh tasabuik barasa dari kalangan masarakaik biaso atau rakyaik jalata. Salain itu, pamiliahan namo Satra sarato pamakaian partikel 'si' mampakuek dugoan adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao, maingek pola panamoan tasabuik biaso ditamuan dalam naskah-naskah Jao Kuno.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko marupoan satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang pambuekan sabuah taman. Taman tasabuik digambakan baias bungo-bungo nan diambiak dari daerah pagunuangan, sarato dilangkoki pulo jo tampek duduak untuak Adityawarman. Mancaliak kanyatoan tasabuik, mako kamungkinan taman nan dibangun marupoan taman nan cukuik gadang jo rancak, sainggo pambangunannyo paralu ditulihan pado sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}}{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V mampakuek bukti pamakaian babagai bahaso dalam batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman—Sanskerta, Melayu Kuno, jo Jao Kuno—nan kadang dipakai bacampua dalam satu batu basurek, kadang dipakai tapisah. Karagaman ko mancaminan lata balakang Adityawarman: pangaruah Jao dari Majapahit, Sanskerta sabagai bahaso kaum bangsawan jo brahmana, sarato Melayu sabagai bahaso lokal di Sumatra. Pamakaian bahaso Jao Kuno di batu basurek ko manunjuakkan baso unsua budayo Jao alah masuak ka lingkup kultural Melayu basamo kabaradoannyo sabagai panguaso, nan maubuangan tradisi Jao jo Sumatra.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=15-16}} == Upayo pamaliharoan == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tamasuak salah satu paninggalan arkeologis pantiang dari maso pamarentahan Adityawarman di Karajaan Malayapura. Upayo pamaliharoan pado batu basurek ko dilakuan tarutamo dek Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan (BPK) Wilayah III Sumatera Barat, Riau, jo Kepulauan Riau nan sacaro bakalo malakuan pandokumentasian, pamantauan kondisi pisik, sarato pancatatan tingkek palapuakan batu andesit nan manjadi bahan utamo batu basurek.<ref>{{Cite instagram |user=Instagram| author=bpk3sumbar |postid=DOLFbGHCaB2 |title=Observasi Keterawatan Prasasti di Kabupaten Tanah Datar|trans-title=Observation of Inscription Preservation in Tanah Datar Regency|language=id |date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya badasa kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor SK 77/M/2019 tatangga 12 Maret 2019, sainggo mandapek palinduangan ukum dari nagara.<ref name=":1" /> Salain pamaliharoan pisik, lambago panalitian sarupo Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Barat (nan kini ko lah bagabuang ka dalam [[Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional|BRIN]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfarizi|first=M. Khory|date=5 Januari 2022 {{!}} 10.02 WIB|title=Balai Arkeologi Melebur ke BRIN, Pegawai Honorer Diberhentikan|url=https://www.tempo.co/sains/balai-arkeologi-melebur-ke-brin-pegawai-honorer-diberhentikan-438329|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> jo babarapo paguruan tinggi di daerah tasabuik malakuan pulo kagiatan panalitian epigrafi sarato pandokumentasian ulang naskah batu basurek untuak kapantiangan akademis jo publikasi ilimiah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahmawati|first=Nadia|last2=Retno Susanti|first2=Lr|last3=Hudaidah|date=2024|title=Warisan Kerajaan Pagaruyung: Studi Historis-Antropologis |url=https://josths.id/ojs3/index.php/jshs/article/view/456|journal=Banda Historia : Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Studi Budaya|volume=2|issue=2|doi=https://doi.org/10.62176/bastoria.v2i2.456}}</ref> Sosialisasi manganai nilai sijarah batu basurek Pagaruyuang V taruih dilakuan dek Paguruan Tinggi, BPK, sarato Dinas Kebudayaan Kabupaten jo Provinsi supayo paninggalan ko tatap tajago sabagai sumber pangatauan bagi rang mudo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malinda|first=Des|last2=Aisiah|date=2021|title=Potensi Sumber-Sumber Sejarah Lokal Batusangkar Sebagai Sumber Belajar Di Sma|url=http://kronologi.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/jk/about|journal=Kronologi: Masa Lalu Untuk Masa Kini|volume=3|issue=4|doi=https://doi.org/10.24036/jk.v3i4.93}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah dipagunoan sabagai alaik pandidiakan sijarah, budayo, mitos, jo carito rakyaik dek masarakaik satampek.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|pp=9-59}} == Caliak pulo == {{commonscat|Pagaruyung V Inscription|Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V}} * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuik === * {{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Arlo|date=2012|title=Inscriptions of Sumatra II: Short Epigraphs in Old Javanese|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02443389/file/%5B24076899%20-%20Wacana%5D%20Inscriptions%20of%20Sumatra.pdf|journal=Wacana, Journal of Humanities of Indonesia|volume=14|issue=2|pages=197–214|rev=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|date=2006|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar|pages=15-16|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUINDAD#v=onepage&q=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya |last=Kozok |first=Uli |year=2015 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814459747 |language=en |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kurnia|first=Febby Eka|date=2015|url=http://repo.unand.ac.id/4609/1/BP-EB-PRM-02.pdf|title=Folklor Minangkabau: Mitos Batu-batu dan Cerita Rakyat di Luhak Nan Tuo|location=Padang|publisher=Surau Institute for Conservation|pages=42-43|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|date=2012|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal#|journal=|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|pages=28|access-date=2025-10-25|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|date=2000|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga Rampai Pengetahuan Adat Minangkabau|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|pages=169|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Suhadi|first=Machi|date=1990|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/1312/1/kalpataru%209.pdf|title=Saraswati Esai-esai Arkeologi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional|pages=218-232|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|date=2007|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|pages=70|url-status=live|ref=harv}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang V]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] 8j0tde5qup9gyc6p6pnkdi5ncacl5tu 3345192 3345191 2026-03-31T12:47:49Z Naval Scene 55 3345192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact |name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V |image = WBB Pagaruyung V (3).jpg |place = Nagari Pagaruyung, Kec.Tanjung Emas, Kab. [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} |map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang V | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang V | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang V | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang V }} | language = [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno]] | type = [[Batu basurek]] | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | material = Batu [[andesit]] | size = Tinggi: 27&nbsp;cm<br/>Leba: 46&nbsp;cm<br/>Taba: 19,5&nbsp;cm | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | period = Pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Raja Adityawarman]] }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V''' adolah salah satu [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name="Utomo">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=70}}</ref> Batu basurek ko dipakiroan baasa dari maso kakuasoan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]], iyolah pado abaik ka-14.<ref name="Utomo" /> Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[Uruf Kawi|uruf]] jo [[Bahaso Jawa|bahaso Jawa Kuno]].<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=Tumanggung+Kudawira&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb6pPc1cTWAhUDvI8KHYB_CvwQuwUILDAA#v=onepage&q=Tumanggung%20Kudawira&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|isbn=9789814459747|location=Singapore|pages=37}}</ref> Asanyo batu basurek ko ditamuan di Ponggongan, Nagari [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyuang]], [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Tanjung Emas]], [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Data]], [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga rampai pengetahuan adat Minangkabau|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|first=|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=169}}</ref> kudian dibao ka [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].<ref name=":2" />{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB003140|access-date=2025/10/26}}</ref> == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V lah tacataik dalam laporan pamarentah [[Hindia Belanda]], dalam ''Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' (Inventarisasi Purbakala di Dataran Tinggi Padang) nan disusun dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]]. Laporan tasabuik ditulih badasa data lapangan nan dikumpuakan dek [[asisten residen|Asisten Residen]] [[Louis Constant Westenenk|L.C. Westenek]] di Fort de Kock, nan kini ko adolah [[Kota Bukittinggi]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporan tasabuik, Krom mangalompokan batu basurek di daerah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]] sabagai bagian dari ''Adityawarman-inscripties'' atau batu basurek Adityawarman, iolah batu basurek nan langsuang manyabuikkan namo [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Salain itu, tadapek juo kalompok nan mampagunoan aksara sarupo nan dikalompokan sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift'' (aksara Adityawarman).{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Manuruik Krom, batu basurek tasabuik ditamuan di daerah Bukit Gombak, nan di maso kolonial tamasuak dalam wilayah [[Onderafdeling|''Onderafdeeling'']] [[Benteng Van der Capellen|Fort van der Capellen]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|pp=41-42}} Salanjuiknyo, batu basurek tasabuik dipindahan ka lokasi nan kini manjadi [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|pp=198-199}} Batu basurek iko marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek nan manjalehan tantang pambangunan taman, jo hal tasabuik indak lazim ditamuan dalam batu basurek pado maso pamarentahan Rajo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|p=42-43}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V manjadi satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek nan maagiah gambaran tantang suasano kaidupan pado maso karajaan Adityawarman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2023-01-03|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung V|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/01/03/190000479/prasasti-pagaruyung-v|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> == Bantuak == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tabuek dari batu [[andesit]] nan baukuaran tinggi 27 cm, leba 46 cm, jo taba 19,5 cm.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}} Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih tulisan nan mampagunoan aksara Pasca Pallawa jo bahaso [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno|Jawa Kuno]].{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Kaadoan batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko lah rusak bana sainggo anyo 50% dari tulisan nan ado dapek dibaco. Pado barih kalimo batu basurek ko, tatulih namo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Suhadi|1990|p=218-232}} Salain rusak, tadapek pacahan di bagian ateh jo bawah batu basurek ko. Samemangnyo, badasa asia kajian pado tulisan batu basurek, bagian ateh bukanlah marupoan kalimaik atau panulisan awa sabuah batu basurek. Baitu pulo jo bagian bawah nan indak manunjuakkan sabagai akia atau panutuik sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Aratinyo, batu basurek ko marupoan fragmen (pacahan) dari batu basurek nan labiah gadang.{{Sfn|Kozok|2015|p=37}} === Naskah jo tajamahan === Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih, namun marupoan bagian dari isi nan labiah panjang, nan patah pado bagian ateh jo bawahnyo.<ref name=":1" /> Barikuik iko pambacoan naskah manuruik [[N.J. Krom]]:<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|last=|first=|date=05-12-2007|website=MelayuOnline.com|publisher=MelayuOnline.com|access-date=27-09-2017|archive-date=2017-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625222919/http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # ''tani sahata ---- ya smra ---- ita'' # ''sddya matata si Satra ---- (ta)naya -- ra'' # ''satuyasacaskaraga sapata ---- wana ma'' # ''parama taratwa sahannira ma --- nara puspa'' # ''---- (a)sanam adityyawar(mman) ---- nata wa'' Tajamahan naskah ko adolah sbb.:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> # tanah/patanian jo... # (nan) basadio manato (adolah) si Satra... anak... # bungo gunuang nan indah... sumpah... # tarutamo (nan baderet-deret) jonyo... bungo... # ... (tampek duduak) Adityyawarmman... nata... == Panapsiran == Budi Istiawan (2006) bapandapaik baso isi batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko alun dapek dipahami sacaro pasti.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Namun, badasa asia aliah aksara jo aliah bahaso nan alah inyo tajamahan, dapek disimpuakan dari potongan kato-kato di dalamnyo tantang pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra''.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}} Pamakaian sebutan 'si' sabalun namo Satra sacaro lansuang manandoan baso tokoh tasabuik barasa dari kalangan masarakaik biaso atau rakyaik jalata. Salain itu, pamiliahan namo Satra sarato pamakaian partikel 'si' mampakuek dugoan adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao, maingek pola panamoan tasabuik biaso ditamuan dalam naskah-naskah Jao Kuno.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko marupoan satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang pambuekan sabuah taman. Taman tasabuik digambakan baias bungo-bungo nan diambiak dari daerah pagunuangan, sarato dilangkoki pulo jo tampek duduak untuak Adityawarman. Mancaliak kanyatoan tasabuik, mako kamungkinan taman nan dibangun marupoan taman nan cukuik gadang jo rancak, sainggo pambangunannyo paralu ditulihan pado sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}}{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V mampakuek bukti pamakaian babagai bahaso dalam batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman—Sanskerta, Melayu Kuno, jo Jao Kuno—nan kadang dipakai bacampua dalam satu batu basurek, kadang dipakai tapisah. Karagaman ko mancaminan lata balakang Adityawarman: pangaruah Jao dari Majapahit, Sanskerta sabagai bahaso kaum bangsawan jo brahmana, sarato Melayu sabagai bahaso lokal di Sumatra. Pamakaian bahaso Jao Kuno di batu basurek ko manunjuakkan baso unsua budayo Jao alah masuak ka lingkup kultural Melayu basamo kabaradoannyo sabagai panguaso, nan maubuangan tradisi Jao jo Sumatra.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=15-16}} == Upayo pamaliharoan == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tamasuak salah satu paninggalan arkeologis pantiang dari maso pamarentahan Adityawarman di Karajaan Malayapura. Upayo pamaliharoan pado batu basurek ko dilakuan tarutamo dek Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan (BPK) Wilayah III Sumatera Barat, Riau, jo Kepulauan Riau nan sacaro bakalo malakuan pandokumentasian, pamantauan kondisi pisik, sarato pancatatan tingkek palapuakan batu andesit nan manjadi bahan utamo batu basurek.<ref>{{Cite instagram |user=Instagram| author=bpk3sumbar |postid=DOLFbGHCaB2 |title=Observasi Keterawatan Prasasti di Kabupaten Tanah Datar|trans-title=Observation of Inscription Preservation in Tanah Datar Regency|language=id |date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya badasa kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor SK 77/M/2019 tatangga 12 Maret 2019, sainggo mandapek palinduangan ukum dari nagara.<ref name=":1" /> Salain pamaliharoan pisik, lambago panalitian sarupo Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Barat (nan kini ko lah bagabuang ka dalam [[Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional|BRIN]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfarizi|first=M. Khory|date=5 Januari 2022 {{!}} 10.02 WIB|title=Balai Arkeologi Melebur ke BRIN, Pegawai Honorer Diberhentikan|url=https://www.tempo.co/sains/balai-arkeologi-melebur-ke-brin-pegawai-honorer-diberhentikan-438329|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> jo babarapo paguruan tinggi di daerah tasabuik malakuan pulo kagiatan panalitian epigrafi sarato pandokumentasian ulang naskah batu basurek untuak kapantiangan akademis jo publikasi ilimiah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahmawati|first=Nadia|last2=Retno Susanti|first2=Lr|last3=Hudaidah|date=2024|title=Warisan Kerajaan Pagaruyung: Studi Historis-Antropologis |url=https://josths.id/ojs3/index.php/jshs/article/view/456|journal=Banda Historia : Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Studi Budaya|volume=2|issue=2|doi=https://doi.org/10.62176/bastoria.v2i2.456}}</ref> Sosialisasi manganai nilai sijarah batu basurek Pagaruyuang V taruih dilakuan dek Paguruan Tinggi, BPK, sarato Dinas Kebudayaan Kabupaten jo Provinsi supayo paninggalan ko tatap tajago sabagai sumber pangatauan bagi rang mudo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malinda|first=Des|last2=Aisiah|date=2021|title=Potensi Sumber-Sumber Sejarah Lokal Batusangkar Sebagai Sumber Belajar Di Sma|url=http://kronologi.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/jk/about|journal=Kronologi: Masa Lalu Untuk Masa Kini|volume=3|issue=4|doi=https://doi.org/10.24036/jk.v3i4.93}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah dipagunoan sabagai alaik pandidiakan sijarah, budayo, mitos, jo carito rakyaik dek masarakaik satampek.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|pp=9-59}} == Caliak pulo == {{commonscat|Pagaruyung V Inscription|Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V}} * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuik === * {{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Arlo|date=2012|title=Inscriptions of Sumatra II: Short Epigraphs in Old Javanese|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02443389/file/%5B24076899%20-%20Wacana%5D%20Inscriptions%20of%20Sumatra.pdf|journal=Wacana, Journal of Humanities of Indonesia|volume=14|issue=2|pages=197–214|rev=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|date=2006|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar|pages=15-16|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUINDAD#v=onepage&q=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya |last=Kozok |first=Uli |year=2015 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814459747 |language=en |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kurnia|first=Febby Eka|date=2015|url=http://repo.unand.ac.id/4609/1/BP-EB-PRM-02.pdf|title=Folklor Minangkabau: Mitos Batu-batu dan Cerita Rakyat di Luhak Nan Tuo|location=Padang|publisher=Surau Institute for Conservation|pages=42-43|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|date=2012|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal#|journal=|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|pages=28|access-date=2025-10-25|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|date=2000|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga Rampai Pengetahuan Adat Minangkabau|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|pages=169|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Suhadi|first=Machi|date=1990|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/1312/1/kalpataru%209.pdf|title=Saraswati Esai-esai Arkeologi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional|pages=218-232|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|date=2007|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|pages=70|url-status=live|ref=harv}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang V]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] d36jsujgatdrha4qhi9hqnhf87tvhdu 3345193 3345192 2026-03-31T12:49:26Z Naval Scene 55 3345193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact |name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V |image = WBB Pagaruyung V (3).jpg |place = Nagari Pagaruyung, Kec.Tanjung Emas, Kab. [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} |map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang V | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang V | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang V | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang V }} | language = [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno]] | type = [[Batu basurek]] | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | material = Batu [[andesit]] | size = Tinggi: 27&nbsp;cm<br/>Leba: 46&nbsp;cm<br/>Taba: 19,5&nbsp;cm | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | period = Pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Raja Adityawarman]] }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V''' adolah salah satu [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name="Utomo">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=70}}</ref> Batu basurek ko dipakiroan baasa dari maso kakuasoan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]], iyolah pado abaik ka-14.<ref name="Utomo" /> Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[Uruf Kawi|uruf]] jo [[Bahaso Jawa|bahaso Jawa Kuno]].<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=Tumanggung+Kudawira&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb6pPc1cTWAhUDvI8KHYB_CvwQuwUILDAA#v=onepage&q=Tumanggung%20Kudawira&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|isbn=9789814459747|location=Singapore|pages=37}}</ref> Asanyo batu basurek ko ditamuan di Ponggongan, Nagari [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyuang]], [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Tanjung Emas]], [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Data]], [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga rampai pengetahuan adat Minangkabau|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|first=|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=169}}</ref> kudian dibao ka [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].<ref name=":2" />{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB003140|access-date=2025/10/26}}</ref> Isi batu basurek manjalehan pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra'', nan dilangkoki jo tampek duduak untuak Rajo Adityawarman. Hal ko mambuek batu basurek Pagaruyuang V unik, dek marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek paninggalan Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang taman jo suasano kaidupan istano. Batu basurek ko manunjuakkan pulo adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao malalui pamakaian bahaso sarato panamoan tokoh nan disabuikkan di dalamnyo.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=53-59}}{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=16}} == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V lah tacataik dalam laporan pamarentah [[Hindia Belanda]], dalam ''Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' (Inventarisasi Purbakala di Dataran Tinggi Padang) nan disusun dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]]. Laporan tasabuik ditulih badasa data lapangan nan dikumpuakan dek [[asisten residen|Asisten Residen]] [[Louis Constant Westenenk|L.C. Westenek]] di Fort de Kock, nan kini ko adolah [[Kota Bukittinggi]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporan tasabuik, Krom mangalompokan batu basurek di daerah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]] sabagai bagian dari ''Adityawarman-inscripties'' atau batu basurek Adityawarman, iolah batu basurek nan langsuang manyabuikkan namo [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Salain itu, tadapek juo kalompok nan mampagunoan aksara sarupo nan dikalompokan sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift'' (aksara Adityawarman).{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Manuruik Krom, batu basurek tasabuik ditamuan di daerah Bukit Gombak, nan di maso kolonial tamasuak dalam wilayah [[Onderafdeling|''Onderafdeeling'']] [[Benteng Van der Capellen|Fort van der Capellen]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|pp=41-42}} Salanjuiknyo, batu basurek tasabuik dipindahan ka lokasi nan kini manjadi [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|pp=198-199}} Batu basurek iko marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek nan manjalehan tantang pambangunan taman, jo hal tasabuik indak lazim ditamuan dalam batu basurek pado maso pamarentahan Rajo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|p=42-43}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V manjadi satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek nan maagiah gambaran tantang suasano kaidupan pado maso karajaan Adityawarman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2023-01-03|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung V|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/01/03/190000479/prasasti-pagaruyung-v|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> == Bantuak == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tabuek dari batu [[andesit]] nan baukuaran tinggi 27 cm, leba 46 cm, jo taba 19,5 cm.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}} Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih tulisan nan mampagunoan aksara Pasca Pallawa jo bahaso [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno|Jawa Kuno]].{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Kaadoan batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko lah rusak bana sainggo anyo 50% dari tulisan nan ado dapek dibaco. Pado barih kalimo batu basurek ko, tatulih namo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Suhadi|1990|p=218-232}} Salain rusak, tadapek pacahan di bagian ateh jo bawah batu basurek ko. Samemangnyo, badasa asia kajian pado tulisan batu basurek, bagian ateh bukanlah marupoan kalimaik atau panulisan awa sabuah batu basurek. Baitu pulo jo bagian bawah nan indak manunjuakkan sabagai akia atau panutuik sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Aratinyo, batu basurek ko marupoan fragmen (pacahan) dari batu basurek nan labiah gadang.{{Sfn|Kozok|2015|p=37}} === Naskah jo tajamahan === Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih, namun marupoan bagian dari isi nan labiah panjang, nan patah pado bagian ateh jo bawahnyo.<ref name=":1" /> Barikuik iko pambacoan naskah manuruik [[N.J. Krom]]:<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|last=|first=|date=05-12-2007|website=MelayuOnline.com|publisher=MelayuOnline.com|access-date=27-09-2017|archive-date=2017-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625222919/http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # ''tani sahata ---- ya smra ---- ita'' # ''sddya matata si Satra ---- (ta)naya -- ra'' # ''satuyasacaskaraga sapata ---- wana ma'' # ''parama taratwa sahannira ma --- nara puspa'' # ''---- (a)sanam adityyawar(mman) ---- nata wa'' Tajamahan naskah ko adolah sbb.:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> # tanah/patanian jo... # (nan) basadio manato (adolah) si Satra... anak... # bungo gunuang nan indah... sumpah... # tarutamo (nan baderet-deret) jonyo... bungo... # ... (tampek duduak) Adityyawarmman... nata... == Panapsiran == Budi Istiawan (2006) bapandapaik baso isi batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko alun dapek dipahami sacaro pasti.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Namun, badasa asia aliah aksara jo aliah bahaso nan alah inyo tajamahan, dapek disimpuakan dari potongan kato-kato di dalamnyo tantang pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra''.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}} Pamakaian sebutan 'si' sabalun namo Satra sacaro lansuang manandoan baso tokoh tasabuik barasa dari kalangan masarakaik biaso atau rakyaik jalata. Salain itu, pamiliahan namo Satra sarato pamakaian partikel 'si' mampakuek dugoan adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao, maingek pola panamoan tasabuik biaso ditamuan dalam naskah-naskah Jao Kuno.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko marupoan satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang pambuekan sabuah taman. Taman tasabuik digambakan baias bungo-bungo nan diambiak dari daerah pagunuangan, sarato dilangkoki pulo jo tampek duduak untuak Adityawarman. Mancaliak kanyatoan tasabuik, mako kamungkinan taman nan dibangun marupoan taman nan cukuik gadang jo rancak, sainggo pambangunannyo paralu ditulihan pado sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}}{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V mampakuek bukti pamakaian babagai bahaso dalam batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman—Sanskerta, Melayu Kuno, jo Jao Kuno—nan kadang dipakai bacampua dalam satu batu basurek, kadang dipakai tapisah. Karagaman ko mancaminan lata balakang Adityawarman: pangaruah Jao dari Majapahit, Sanskerta sabagai bahaso kaum bangsawan jo brahmana, sarato Melayu sabagai bahaso lokal di Sumatra. Pamakaian bahaso Jao Kuno di batu basurek ko manunjuakkan baso unsua budayo Jao alah masuak ka lingkup kultural Melayu basamo kabaradoannyo sabagai panguaso, nan maubuangan tradisi Jao jo Sumatra.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=15-16}} == Upayo pamaliharoan == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tamasuak salah satu paninggalan arkeologis pantiang dari maso pamarentahan Adityawarman di Karajaan Malayapura. Upayo pamaliharoan pado batu basurek ko dilakuan tarutamo dek Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan (BPK) Wilayah III Sumatera Barat, Riau, jo Kepulauan Riau nan sacaro bakalo malakuan pandokumentasian, pamantauan kondisi pisik, sarato pancatatan tingkek palapuakan batu andesit nan manjadi bahan utamo batu basurek.<ref>{{Cite instagram |user=Instagram| author=bpk3sumbar |postid=DOLFbGHCaB2 |title=Observasi Keterawatan Prasasti di Kabupaten Tanah Datar|trans-title=Observation of Inscription Preservation in Tanah Datar Regency|language=id |date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya badasa kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor SK 77/M/2019 tatangga 12 Maret 2019, sainggo mandapek palinduangan ukum dari nagara.<ref name=":1" /> Salain pamaliharoan pisik, lambago panalitian sarupo Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Barat (nan kini ko lah bagabuang ka dalam [[Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional|BRIN]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfarizi|first=M. Khory|date=5 Januari 2022 {{!}} 10.02 WIB|title=Balai Arkeologi Melebur ke BRIN, Pegawai Honorer Diberhentikan|url=https://www.tempo.co/sains/balai-arkeologi-melebur-ke-brin-pegawai-honorer-diberhentikan-438329|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> jo babarapo paguruan tinggi di daerah tasabuik malakuan pulo kagiatan panalitian epigrafi sarato pandokumentasian ulang naskah batu basurek untuak kapantiangan akademis jo publikasi ilimiah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahmawati|first=Nadia|last2=Retno Susanti|first2=Lr|last3=Hudaidah|date=2024|title=Warisan Kerajaan Pagaruyung: Studi Historis-Antropologis |url=https://josths.id/ojs3/index.php/jshs/article/view/456|journal=Banda Historia : Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Studi Budaya|volume=2|issue=2|doi=https://doi.org/10.62176/bastoria.v2i2.456}}</ref> Sosialisasi manganai nilai sijarah batu basurek Pagaruyuang V taruih dilakuan dek Paguruan Tinggi, BPK, sarato Dinas Kebudayaan Kabupaten jo Provinsi supayo paninggalan ko tatap tajago sabagai sumber pangatauan bagi rang mudo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malinda|first=Des|last2=Aisiah|date=2021|title=Potensi Sumber-Sumber Sejarah Lokal Batusangkar Sebagai Sumber Belajar Di Sma|url=http://kronologi.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/jk/about|journal=Kronologi: Masa Lalu Untuk Masa Kini|volume=3|issue=4|doi=https://doi.org/10.24036/jk.v3i4.93}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah dipagunoan sabagai alaik pandidiakan sijarah, budayo, mitos, jo carito rakyaik dek masarakaik satampek.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|pp=9-59}} == Caliak pulo == {{commonscat|Pagaruyung V Inscription|Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V}} * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuik === * {{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Arlo|date=2012|title=Inscriptions of Sumatra II: Short Epigraphs in Old Javanese|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02443389/file/%5B24076899%20-%20Wacana%5D%20Inscriptions%20of%20Sumatra.pdf|journal=Wacana, Journal of Humanities of Indonesia|volume=14|issue=2|pages=197–214|rev=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|date=2006|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar|pages=15-16|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUINDAD#v=onepage&q=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya |last=Kozok |first=Uli |year=2015 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814459747 |language=en |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kurnia|first=Febby Eka|date=2015|url=http://repo.unand.ac.id/4609/1/BP-EB-PRM-02.pdf|title=Folklor Minangkabau: Mitos Batu-batu dan Cerita Rakyat di Luhak Nan Tuo|location=Padang|publisher=Surau Institute for Conservation|pages=42-43|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|date=2012|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal#|journal=|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|pages=28|access-date=2025-10-25|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|date=2000|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga Rampai Pengetahuan Adat Minangkabau|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|pages=169|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Suhadi|first=Machi|date=1990|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/1312/1/kalpataru%209.pdf|title=Saraswati Esai-esai Arkeologi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional|pages=218-232|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|date=2007|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|pages=70|url-status=live|ref=harv}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang V]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] ph391ntq84v4tsioitjrtcbihnwr6dg 3345194 3345193 2026-03-31T12:51:18Z Naval Scene 55 3345194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact |name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V |image = WBB Pagaruyung V (3).jpg |place = Nagari Pagaruyung, Kec.Tanjung Emas, Kab. [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} |map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang V | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang V | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang V | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang V }} | language = [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno]] | type = [[Batu basurek]] | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | material = Batu [[andesit]] | size = Tinggi: 27&nbsp;cm<br/>Leba: 46&nbsp;cm<br/>Taba: 19,5&nbsp;cm | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | period = Pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Raja Adityawarman]] }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V''' adolah salah satu [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name="Utomo">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=70}}</ref> Batu basurek ko dipakiroan baasa dari maso kakuasoan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]], iyolah pado abaik ka-14.<ref name="Utomo" /> Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[Uruf Kawi|uruf]] jo [[Bahaso Jawa|bahaso Jawa Kuno]].<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=Tumanggung+Kudawira&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb6pPc1cTWAhUDvI8KHYB_CvwQuwUILDAA#v=onepage&q=Tumanggung%20Kudawira&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|isbn=9789814459747|location=Singapore|pages=37}}</ref> Asanyo batu basurek ko ditamuan di Ponggongan, Nagari [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyuang]], [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Tanjung Emas]], [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Data]], [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga rampai pengetahuan adat Minangkabau|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|first=|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=169}}</ref> kudian dibao ka [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].<ref name=":2" />{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB003140|access-date=2025/10/26}}</ref> Isi batu basurek manjalehan pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra'', nan dilangkoki jo tampek duduak untuak Rajo Adityawarman. Hal ko mambuek batu basurek Pagaruyuang V unik, dek marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek paninggalan Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang taman jo suasano kaidupan istano. Batu basurek ko manunjuakkan pulo adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao malalui pamakaian bahaso sarato panamoan tokoh nan disabuikkan di dalamnyo.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=53-59}}{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya Nasional sajak taun 2019, jo nomor inventaris 26/BCB-TB/SMB.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB003140|access-date=2025/10/26}}</ref> == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V lah tacataik dalam laporan pamarentah [[Hindia Belanda]], dalam ''Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' (Inventarisasi Purbakala di Dataran Tinggi Padang) nan disusun dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]]. Laporan tasabuik ditulih badasa data lapangan nan dikumpuakan dek [[asisten residen|Asisten Residen]] [[Louis Constant Westenenk|L.C. Westenek]] di Fort de Kock, nan kini ko adolah [[Kota Bukittinggi]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporan tasabuik, Krom mangalompokan batu basurek di daerah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]] sabagai bagian dari ''Adityawarman-inscripties'' atau batu basurek Adityawarman, iolah batu basurek nan langsuang manyabuikkan namo [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Salain itu, tadapek juo kalompok nan mampagunoan aksara sarupo nan dikalompokan sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift'' (aksara Adityawarman).{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Manuruik Krom, batu basurek tasabuik ditamuan di daerah Bukit Gombak, nan di maso kolonial tamasuak dalam wilayah [[Onderafdeling|''Onderafdeeling'']] [[Benteng Van der Capellen|Fort van der Capellen]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|pp=41-42}} Salanjuiknyo, batu basurek tasabuik dipindahan ka lokasi nan kini manjadi [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|pp=198-199}} Batu basurek iko marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek nan manjalehan tantang pambangunan taman, jo hal tasabuik indak lazim ditamuan dalam batu basurek pado maso pamarentahan Rajo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|p=42-43}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V manjadi satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek nan maagiah gambaran tantang suasano kaidupan pado maso karajaan Adityawarman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2023-01-03|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung V|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/01/03/190000479/prasasti-pagaruyung-v|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> == Bantuak == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tabuek dari batu [[andesit]] nan baukuaran tinggi 27 cm, leba 46 cm, jo taba 19,5 cm.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}} Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih tulisan nan mampagunoan aksara Pasca Pallawa jo bahaso [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno|Jawa Kuno]].{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Kaadoan batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko lah rusak bana sainggo anyo 50% dari tulisan nan ado dapek dibaco. Pado barih kalimo batu basurek ko, tatulih namo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Suhadi|1990|p=218-232}} Salain rusak, tadapek pacahan di bagian ateh jo bawah batu basurek ko. Samemangnyo, badasa asia kajian pado tulisan batu basurek, bagian ateh bukanlah marupoan kalimaik atau panulisan awa sabuah batu basurek. Baitu pulo jo bagian bawah nan indak manunjuakkan sabagai akia atau panutuik sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Aratinyo, batu basurek ko marupoan fragmen (pacahan) dari batu basurek nan labiah gadang.{{Sfn|Kozok|2015|p=37}} === Naskah jo tajamahan === Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih, namun marupoan bagian dari isi nan labiah panjang, nan patah pado bagian ateh jo bawahnyo.<ref name=":1" /> Barikuik iko pambacoan naskah manuruik [[N.J. Krom]]:<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|last=|first=|date=05-12-2007|website=MelayuOnline.com|publisher=MelayuOnline.com|access-date=27-09-2017|archive-date=2017-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625222919/http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # ''tani sahata ---- ya smra ---- ita'' # ''sddya matata si Satra ---- (ta)naya -- ra'' # ''satuyasacaskaraga sapata ---- wana ma'' # ''parama taratwa sahannira ma --- nara puspa'' # ''---- (a)sanam adityyawar(mman) ---- nata wa'' Tajamahan naskah ko adolah sbb.:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> # tanah/patanian jo... # (nan) basadio manato (adolah) si Satra... anak... # bungo gunuang nan indah... sumpah... # tarutamo (nan baderet-deret) jonyo... bungo... # ... (tampek duduak) Adityyawarmman... nata... == Panapsiran == Budi Istiawan (2006) bapandapaik baso isi batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko alun dapek dipahami sacaro pasti.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Namun, badasa asia aliah aksara jo aliah bahaso nan alah inyo tajamahan, dapek disimpuakan dari potongan kato-kato di dalamnyo tantang pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra''.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}} Pamakaian sebutan 'si' sabalun namo Satra sacaro lansuang manandoan baso tokoh tasabuik barasa dari kalangan masarakaik biaso atau rakyaik jalata. Salain itu, pamiliahan namo Satra sarato pamakaian partikel 'si' mampakuek dugoan adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao, maingek pola panamoan tasabuik biaso ditamuan dalam naskah-naskah Jao Kuno.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko marupoan satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang pambuekan sabuah taman. Taman tasabuik digambakan baias bungo-bungo nan diambiak dari daerah pagunuangan, sarato dilangkoki pulo jo tampek duduak untuak Adityawarman. Mancaliak kanyatoan tasabuik, mako kamungkinan taman nan dibangun marupoan taman nan cukuik gadang jo rancak, sainggo pambangunannyo paralu ditulihan pado sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}}{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V mampakuek bukti pamakaian babagai bahaso dalam batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman—Sanskerta, Melayu Kuno, jo Jao Kuno—nan kadang dipakai bacampua dalam satu batu basurek, kadang dipakai tapisah. Karagaman ko mancaminan lata balakang Adityawarman: pangaruah Jao dari Majapahit, Sanskerta sabagai bahaso kaum bangsawan jo brahmana, sarato Melayu sabagai bahaso lokal di Sumatra. Pamakaian bahaso Jao Kuno di batu basurek ko manunjuakkan baso unsua budayo Jao alah masuak ka lingkup kultural Melayu basamo kabaradoannyo sabagai panguaso, nan maubuangan tradisi Jao jo Sumatra.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=15-16}} == Upayo pamaliharoan == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tamasuak salah satu paninggalan arkeologis pantiang dari maso pamarentahan Adityawarman di Karajaan Malayapura. Upayo pamaliharoan pado batu basurek ko dilakuan tarutamo dek Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan (BPK) Wilayah III Sumatera Barat, Riau, jo Kepulauan Riau nan sacaro bakalo malakuan pandokumentasian, pamantauan kondisi pisik, sarato pancatatan tingkek palapuakan batu andesit nan manjadi bahan utamo batu basurek.<ref>{{Cite instagram |user=Instagram| author=bpk3sumbar |postid=DOLFbGHCaB2 |title=Observasi Keterawatan Prasasti di Kabupaten Tanah Datar|trans-title=Observation of Inscription Preservation in Tanah Datar Regency|language=id |date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya badasa kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor SK 77/M/2019 tatangga 12 Maret 2019, sainggo mandapek palinduangan ukum dari nagara.<ref name=":1" /> Salain pamaliharoan pisik, lambago panalitian sarupo Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Barat (nan kini ko lah bagabuang ka dalam [[Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional|BRIN]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfarizi|first=M. Khory|date=5 Januari 2022 {{!}} 10.02 WIB|title=Balai Arkeologi Melebur ke BRIN, Pegawai Honorer Diberhentikan|url=https://www.tempo.co/sains/balai-arkeologi-melebur-ke-brin-pegawai-honorer-diberhentikan-438329|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> jo babarapo paguruan tinggi di daerah tasabuik malakuan pulo kagiatan panalitian epigrafi sarato pandokumentasian ulang naskah batu basurek untuak kapantiangan akademis jo publikasi ilimiah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahmawati|first=Nadia|last2=Retno Susanti|first2=Lr|last3=Hudaidah|date=2024|title=Warisan Kerajaan Pagaruyung: Studi Historis-Antropologis |url=https://josths.id/ojs3/index.php/jshs/article/view/456|journal=Banda Historia : Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Studi Budaya|volume=2|issue=2|doi=https://doi.org/10.62176/bastoria.v2i2.456}}</ref> Sosialisasi manganai nilai sijarah batu basurek Pagaruyuang V taruih dilakuan dek Paguruan Tinggi, BPK, sarato Dinas Kebudayaan Kabupaten jo Provinsi supayo paninggalan ko tatap tajago sabagai sumber pangatauan bagi rang mudo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malinda|first=Des|last2=Aisiah|date=2021|title=Potensi Sumber-Sumber Sejarah Lokal Batusangkar Sebagai Sumber Belajar Di Sma|url=http://kronologi.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/jk/about|journal=Kronologi: Masa Lalu Untuk Masa Kini|volume=3|issue=4|doi=https://doi.org/10.24036/jk.v3i4.93}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah dipagunoan sabagai alaik pandidiakan sijarah, budayo, mitos, jo carito rakyaik dek masarakaik satampek.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|pp=9-59}} == Caliak pulo == {{commonscat|Pagaruyung V Inscription|Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V}} * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuik === * {{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Arlo|date=2012|title=Inscriptions of Sumatra II: Short Epigraphs in Old Javanese|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02443389/file/%5B24076899%20-%20Wacana%5D%20Inscriptions%20of%20Sumatra.pdf|journal=Wacana, Journal of Humanities of Indonesia|volume=14|issue=2|pages=197–214|rev=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|date=2006|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar|pages=15-16|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUINDAD#v=onepage&q=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya |last=Kozok |first=Uli |year=2015 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814459747 |language=en |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kurnia|first=Febby Eka|date=2015|url=http://repo.unand.ac.id/4609/1/BP-EB-PRM-02.pdf|title=Folklor Minangkabau: Mitos Batu-batu dan Cerita Rakyat di Luhak Nan Tuo|location=Padang|publisher=Surau Institute for Conservation|pages=42-43|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|date=2012|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal#|journal=|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|pages=28|access-date=2025-10-25|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|date=2000|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga Rampai Pengetahuan Adat Minangkabau|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|pages=169|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Suhadi|first=Machi|date=1990|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/1312/1/kalpataru%209.pdf|title=Saraswati Esai-esai Arkeologi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional|pages=218-232|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|date=2007|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|pages=70|url-status=live|ref=harv}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang V]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] fkah9rhjj1t2sbjsipu8b3i6wbtxe2j 3345195 3345194 2026-03-31T12:51:53Z Naval Scene 55 3345195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact |name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V |image = WBB Pagaruyung V (3).jpg |place = Nagari Pagaruyung, Kec.Tanjung Emas, Kab. [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} |map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang V | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang V | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang V | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang V }} | language = [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno]] | type = [[Batu basurek]] | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | material = Batu [[andesit]] | size = Tinggi: 27&nbsp;cm<br/>Leba: 46&nbsp;cm<br/>Taba: 19,5&nbsp;cm | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | period = Pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Raja Adityawarman]] }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V''' adolah salah satu [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name="Utomo">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=70}}</ref> Batu basurek ko dipakiroan baasa dari maso kakuasoan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]], iyolah pado abaik ka-14.<ref name="Utomo" /> Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[Uruf Kawi|uruf]] jo [[Bahaso Jawa|bahaso Jawa Kuno]].<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=Tumanggung+Kudawira&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb6pPc1cTWAhUDvI8KHYB_CvwQuwUILDAA#v=onepage&q=Tumanggung%20Kudawira&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|isbn=9789814459747|location=Singapore|pages=37}}</ref> Asanyo batu basurek ko ditamuan di Ponggongan, Nagari [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyuang]], [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Tanjung Emas]], [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Data]], [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga rampai pengetahuan adat Minangkabau|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|first=|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=169}}</ref> kudian dibao ka [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].<ref name=":2" />{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB003140|access-date=2025/10/26}}</ref> Isi batu basurek manjalehan pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra'', nan dilangkoki jo tampek duduak untuak Rajo Adityawarman. Hal ko mambuek batu basurek Pagaruyuang V unik, dek marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek paninggalan Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang taman jo suasano kaidupan istano. Batu basurek ko manunjuakkan pulo adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao malalui pamakaian bahaso sarato panamoan tokoh nan disabuikkan di dalamnyo.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=53-59}}{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya Nasional sajak taun 2019, jo nomor inventaris 26/BCB-TB/SMB.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB003140|access-date=2025/10/26}}</ref>{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}} == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V lah tacataik dalam laporan pamarentah [[Hindia Belanda]], dalam ''Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' (Inventarisasi Purbakala di Dataran Tinggi Padang) nan disusun dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]]. Laporan tasabuik ditulih badasa data lapangan nan dikumpuakan dek [[asisten residen|Asisten Residen]] [[Louis Constant Westenenk|L.C. Westenek]] di Fort de Kock, nan kini ko adolah [[Kota Bukittinggi]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporan tasabuik, Krom mangalompokan batu basurek di daerah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]] sabagai bagian dari ''Adityawarman-inscripties'' atau batu basurek Adityawarman, iolah batu basurek nan langsuang manyabuikkan namo [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Salain itu, tadapek juo kalompok nan mampagunoan aksara sarupo nan dikalompokan sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift'' (aksara Adityawarman).{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Manuruik Krom, batu basurek tasabuik ditamuan di daerah Bukit Gombak, nan di maso kolonial tamasuak dalam wilayah [[Onderafdeling|''Onderafdeeling'']] [[Benteng Van der Capellen|Fort van der Capellen]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|pp=41-42}} Salanjuiknyo, batu basurek tasabuik dipindahan ka lokasi nan kini manjadi [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|pp=198-199}} Batu basurek iko marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek nan manjalehan tantang pambangunan taman, jo hal tasabuik indak lazim ditamuan dalam batu basurek pado maso pamarentahan Rajo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|p=42-43}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V manjadi satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek nan maagiah gambaran tantang suasano kaidupan pado maso karajaan Adityawarman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2023-01-03|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung V|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/01/03/190000479/prasasti-pagaruyung-v|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> == Bantuak == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tabuek dari batu [[andesit]] nan baukuaran tinggi 27 cm, leba 46 cm, jo taba 19,5 cm.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}} Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih tulisan nan mampagunoan aksara Pasca Pallawa jo bahaso [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno|Jawa Kuno]].{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Kaadoan batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko lah rusak bana sainggo anyo 50% dari tulisan nan ado dapek dibaco. Pado barih kalimo batu basurek ko, tatulih namo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Suhadi|1990|p=218-232}} Salain rusak, tadapek pacahan di bagian ateh jo bawah batu basurek ko. Samemangnyo, badasa asia kajian pado tulisan batu basurek, bagian ateh bukanlah marupoan kalimaik atau panulisan awa sabuah batu basurek. Baitu pulo jo bagian bawah nan indak manunjuakkan sabagai akia atau panutuik sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Aratinyo, batu basurek ko marupoan fragmen (pacahan) dari batu basurek nan labiah gadang.{{Sfn|Kozok|2015|p=37}} === Naskah jo tajamahan === Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih, namun marupoan bagian dari isi nan labiah panjang, nan patah pado bagian ateh jo bawahnyo.<ref name=":1" /> Barikuik iko pambacoan naskah manuruik [[N.J. Krom]]:<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|last=|first=|date=05-12-2007|website=MelayuOnline.com|publisher=MelayuOnline.com|access-date=27-09-2017|archive-date=2017-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625222919/http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # ''tani sahata ---- ya smra ---- ita'' # ''sddya matata si Satra ---- (ta)naya -- ra'' # ''satuyasacaskaraga sapata ---- wana ma'' # ''parama taratwa sahannira ma --- nara puspa'' # ''---- (a)sanam adityyawar(mman) ---- nata wa'' Tajamahan naskah ko adolah sbb.:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> # tanah/patanian jo... # (nan) basadio manato (adolah) si Satra... anak... # bungo gunuang nan indah... sumpah... # tarutamo (nan baderet-deret) jonyo... bungo... # ... (tampek duduak) Adityyawarmman... nata... == Panapsiran == Budi Istiawan (2006) bapandapaik baso isi batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko alun dapek dipahami sacaro pasti.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Namun, badasa asia aliah aksara jo aliah bahaso nan alah inyo tajamahan, dapek disimpuakan dari potongan kato-kato di dalamnyo tantang pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra''.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}} Pamakaian sebutan 'si' sabalun namo Satra sacaro lansuang manandoan baso tokoh tasabuik barasa dari kalangan masarakaik biaso atau rakyaik jalata. Salain itu, pamiliahan namo Satra sarato pamakaian partikel 'si' mampakuek dugoan adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao, maingek pola panamoan tasabuik biaso ditamuan dalam naskah-naskah Jao Kuno.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko marupoan satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang pambuekan sabuah taman. Taman tasabuik digambakan baias bungo-bungo nan diambiak dari daerah pagunuangan, sarato dilangkoki pulo jo tampek duduak untuak Adityawarman. Mancaliak kanyatoan tasabuik, mako kamungkinan taman nan dibangun marupoan taman nan cukuik gadang jo rancak, sainggo pambangunannyo paralu ditulihan pado sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}}{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V mampakuek bukti pamakaian babagai bahaso dalam batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman—Sanskerta, Melayu Kuno, jo Jao Kuno—nan kadang dipakai bacampua dalam satu batu basurek, kadang dipakai tapisah. Karagaman ko mancaminan lata balakang Adityawarman: pangaruah Jao dari Majapahit, Sanskerta sabagai bahaso kaum bangsawan jo brahmana, sarato Melayu sabagai bahaso lokal di Sumatra. Pamakaian bahaso Jao Kuno di batu basurek ko manunjuakkan baso unsua budayo Jao alah masuak ka lingkup kultural Melayu basamo kabaradoannyo sabagai panguaso, nan maubuangan tradisi Jao jo Sumatra.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=15-16}} == Upayo pamaliharoan == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tamasuak salah satu paninggalan arkeologis pantiang dari maso pamarentahan Adityawarman di Karajaan Malayapura. Upayo pamaliharoan pado batu basurek ko dilakuan tarutamo dek Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan (BPK) Wilayah III Sumatera Barat, Riau, jo Kepulauan Riau nan sacaro bakalo malakuan pandokumentasian, pamantauan kondisi pisik, sarato pancatatan tingkek palapuakan batu andesit nan manjadi bahan utamo batu basurek.<ref>{{Cite instagram |user=Instagram| author=bpk3sumbar |postid=DOLFbGHCaB2 |title=Observasi Keterawatan Prasasti di Kabupaten Tanah Datar|trans-title=Observation of Inscription Preservation in Tanah Datar Regency|language=id |date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya badasa kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor SK 77/M/2019 tatangga 12 Maret 2019, sainggo mandapek palinduangan ukum dari nagara.<ref name=":1" /> Salain pamaliharoan pisik, lambago panalitian sarupo Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Barat (nan kini ko lah bagabuang ka dalam [[Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional|BRIN]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfarizi|first=M. Khory|date=5 Januari 2022 {{!}} 10.02 WIB|title=Balai Arkeologi Melebur ke BRIN, Pegawai Honorer Diberhentikan|url=https://www.tempo.co/sains/balai-arkeologi-melebur-ke-brin-pegawai-honorer-diberhentikan-438329|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> jo babarapo paguruan tinggi di daerah tasabuik malakuan pulo kagiatan panalitian epigrafi sarato pandokumentasian ulang naskah batu basurek untuak kapantiangan akademis jo publikasi ilimiah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahmawati|first=Nadia|last2=Retno Susanti|first2=Lr|last3=Hudaidah|date=2024|title=Warisan Kerajaan Pagaruyung: Studi Historis-Antropologis |url=https://josths.id/ojs3/index.php/jshs/article/view/456|journal=Banda Historia : Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Studi Budaya|volume=2|issue=2|doi=https://doi.org/10.62176/bastoria.v2i2.456}}</ref> Sosialisasi manganai nilai sijarah batu basurek Pagaruyuang V taruih dilakuan dek Paguruan Tinggi, BPK, sarato Dinas Kebudayaan Kabupaten jo Provinsi supayo paninggalan ko tatap tajago sabagai sumber pangatauan bagi rang mudo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malinda|first=Des|last2=Aisiah|date=2021|title=Potensi Sumber-Sumber Sejarah Lokal Batusangkar Sebagai Sumber Belajar Di Sma|url=http://kronologi.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/jk/about|journal=Kronologi: Masa Lalu Untuk Masa Kini|volume=3|issue=4|doi=https://doi.org/10.24036/jk.v3i4.93}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah dipagunoan sabagai alaik pandidiakan sijarah, budayo, mitos, jo carito rakyaik dek masarakaik satampek.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|pp=9-59}} == Caliak pulo == {{commonscat|Pagaruyung V Inscription|Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V}} * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuik === * {{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Arlo|date=2012|title=Inscriptions of Sumatra II: Short Epigraphs in Old Javanese|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02443389/file/%5B24076899%20-%20Wacana%5D%20Inscriptions%20of%20Sumatra.pdf|journal=Wacana, Journal of Humanities of Indonesia|volume=14|issue=2|pages=197–214|rev=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|date=2006|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar|pages=15-16|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUINDAD#v=onepage&q=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya |last=Kozok |first=Uli |year=2015 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814459747 |language=en |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kurnia|first=Febby Eka|date=2015|url=http://repo.unand.ac.id/4609/1/BP-EB-PRM-02.pdf|title=Folklor Minangkabau: Mitos Batu-batu dan Cerita Rakyat di Luhak Nan Tuo|location=Padang|publisher=Surau Institute for Conservation|pages=42-43|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|date=2012|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal#|journal=|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|pages=28|access-date=2025-10-25|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|date=2000|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga Rampai Pengetahuan Adat Minangkabau|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|pages=169|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Suhadi|first=Machi|date=1990|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/1312/1/kalpataru%209.pdf|title=Saraswati Esai-esai Arkeologi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional|pages=218-232|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|date=2007|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|pages=70|url-status=live|ref=harv}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang V]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] r470pkcxngdi0zrr2nrso7rxnobkd2p 3345196 3345195 2026-03-31T12:52:59Z Naval Scene 55 3345196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact |name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V |image = WBB Pagaruyung V (3).jpg |place = Nagari Pagaruyung, Kec.Tanjung Emas, Kab. [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} |map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang V | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang V | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang V | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang V }} | language = [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno]] | type = [[Batu basurek]] | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | material = Batu [[andesit]] | size = Tinggi: 27&nbsp;cm<br/>Leba: 46&nbsp;cm<br/>Taba: 19,5&nbsp;cm | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | period = Pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Raja Adityawarman]] }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V''' adolah salah satu [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name="Utomo">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=70}}</ref> Batu basurek ko dipakiroan baasa dari maso kakuasoan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]], iyolah pado abaik ka-14.<ref name="Utomo" /> Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[Uruf Kawi|uruf]] jo [[Bahaso Jawa|bahaso Jawa Kuno]].<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=Tumanggung+Kudawira&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb6pPc1cTWAhUDvI8KHYB_CvwQuwUILDAA#v=onepage&q=Tumanggung%20Kudawira&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|isbn=9789814459747|location=Singapore|pages=37}}</ref> Asanyo batu basurek ko ditamuan di Ponggongan, Nagari [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyuang]], [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Tanjung Emas]], [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Data]], [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga rampai pengetahuan adat Minangkabau|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|first=|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=169}}</ref> kudian dibao ka [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].<ref name=":2" />{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB003140|access-date=2025/10/26}}</ref> Isi batu basurek manjalehan pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra'', nan dilangkoki jo tampek duduak untuak Rajo Adityawarman. Hal ko mambuek batu basurek Pagaruyuang V unik, dek marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek paninggalan Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang taman jo suasano kaidupan istano. Batu basurek ko manunjuakkan pulo adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao malalui pamakaian bahaso sarato panamoan tokoh nan disabuikkan di dalamnyo.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=53-59}}{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya Nasional sajak taun 2019, jo nomor inventaris 26/BCB-TB/SMB.<ref name="Kementerian">{{Cite web|last=Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB003140|access-date=2025/10/26}}</ref>{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}} == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V lah tacataik dalam laporan pamarentah [[Hindia Belanda]], dalam ''Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' (Inventarisasi Purbakala di Dataran Tinggi Padang) nan disusun dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]]. Laporan tasabuik ditulih badasa data lapangan nan dikumpuakan dek [[asisten residen|Asisten Residen]] [[Louis Constant Westenenk|L.C. Westenek]] di Fort de Kock, nan kini ko adolah [[Kota Bukittinggi]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporan tasabuik, Krom mangalompokan batu basurek di daerah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]] sabagai bagian dari ''Adityawarman-inscripties'' atau batu basurek Adityawarman, iolah batu basurek nan langsuang manyabuikkan namo [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Salain itu, tadapek juo kalompok nan mampagunoan aksara sarupo nan dikalompokan sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift'' (aksara Adityawarman).{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Manuruik Krom, batu basurek tasabuik ditamuan di daerah Bukit Gombak, nan di maso kolonial tamasuak dalam wilayah [[Onderafdeling|''Onderafdeeling'']] [[Benteng Van der Capellen|Fort van der Capellen]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|pp=41-42}} Salanjuiknyo, batu basurek tasabuik dipindahan ka lokasi nan kini manjadi [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|pp=198-199}} Batu basurek iko marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek nan manjalehan tantang pambangunan taman, jo hal tasabuik indak lazim ditamuan dalam batu basurek pado maso pamarentahan Rajo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|p=42-43}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V manjadi satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek nan maagiah gambaran tantang suasano kaidupan pado maso karajaan Adityawarman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2023-01-03|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung V|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/01/03/190000479/prasasti-pagaruyung-v|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> == Bantuak == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tabuek dari batu [[andesit]] nan baukuaran tinggi 27 cm, leba 46 cm, jo taba 19,5 cm.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}} Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih tulisan nan mampagunoan aksara Pasca Pallawa jo bahaso [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno|Jawa Kuno]].{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Kaadoan batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko lah rusak bana sainggo anyo 50% dari tulisan nan ado dapek dibaco. Pado barih kalimo batu basurek ko, tatulih namo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Suhadi|1990|p=218-232}} Salain rusak, tadapek pacahan di bagian ateh jo bawah batu basurek ko. Samemangnyo, badasa asia kajian pado tulisan batu basurek, bagian ateh bukanlah marupoan kalimaik atau panulisan awa sabuah batu basurek. Baitu pulo jo bagian bawah nan indak manunjuakkan sabagai akia atau panutuik sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Aratinyo, batu basurek ko marupoan fragmen (pacahan) dari batu basurek nan labiah gadang.{{Sfn|Kozok|2015|p=37}} === Naskah jo tajamahan === Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih, namun marupoan bagian dari isi nan labiah panjang, nan patah pado bagian ateh jo bawahnyo.<ref name=":1" /> Barikuik iko pambacoan naskah manuruik [[N.J. Krom]]:<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|last=|first=|date=05-12-2007|website=MelayuOnline.com|publisher=MelayuOnline.com|access-date=27-09-2017|archive-date=2017-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625222919/http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # ''tani sahata ---- ya smra ---- ita'' # ''sddya matata si Satra ---- (ta)naya -- ra'' # ''satuyasacaskaraga sapata ---- wana ma'' # ''parama taratwa sahannira ma --- nara puspa'' # ''---- (a)sanam adityyawar(mman) ---- nata wa'' Tajamahan naskah ko adolah sbb.:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> # tanah/patanian jo... # (nan) basadio manato (adolah) si Satra... anak... # bungo gunuang nan indah... sumpah... # tarutamo (nan baderet-deret) jonyo... bungo... # ... (tampek duduak) Adityyawarmman... nata... == Panapsiran == Budi Istiawan (2006) bapandapaik baso isi batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko alun dapek dipahami sacaro pasti.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Namun, badasa asia aliah aksara jo aliah bahaso nan alah inyo tajamahan, dapek disimpuakan dari potongan kato-kato di dalamnyo tantang pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra''.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}} Pamakaian sebutan 'si' sabalun namo Satra sacaro lansuang manandoan baso tokoh tasabuik barasa dari kalangan masarakaik biaso atau rakyaik jalata. Salain itu, pamiliahan namo Satra sarato pamakaian partikel 'si' mampakuek dugoan adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao, maingek pola panamoan tasabuik biaso ditamuan dalam naskah-naskah Jao Kuno.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko marupoan satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang pambuekan sabuah taman. Taman tasabuik digambakan baias bungo-bungo nan diambiak dari daerah pagunuangan, sarato dilangkoki pulo jo tampek duduak untuak Adityawarman. Mancaliak kanyatoan tasabuik, mako kamungkinan taman nan dibangun marupoan taman nan cukuik gadang jo rancak, sainggo pambangunannyo paralu ditulihan pado sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}}{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V mampakuek bukti pamakaian babagai bahaso dalam batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman—Sanskerta, Melayu Kuno, jo Jao Kuno—nan kadang dipakai bacampua dalam satu batu basurek, kadang dipakai tapisah. Karagaman ko mancaminan lata balakang Adityawarman: pangaruah Jao dari Majapahit, Sanskerta sabagai bahaso kaum bangsawan jo brahmana, sarato Melayu sabagai bahaso lokal di Sumatra. Pamakaian bahaso Jao Kuno di batu basurek ko manunjuakkan baso unsua budayo Jao alah masuak ka lingkup kultural Melayu basamo kabaradoannyo sabagai panguaso, nan maubuangan tradisi Jao jo Sumatra.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=15-16}} == Upayo pamaliharoan == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tamasuak salah satu paninggalan arkeologis pantiang dari maso pamarentahan Adityawarman di Karajaan Malayapura. Upayo pamaliharoan pado batu basurek ko dilakuan tarutamo dek Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan (BPK) Wilayah III Sumatera Barat, Riau, jo Kepulauan Riau nan sacaro bakalo malakuan pandokumentasian, pamantauan kondisi pisik, sarato pancatatan tingkek palapuakan batu andesit nan manjadi bahan utamo batu basurek.<ref>{{Cite instagram |user=Instagram| author=bpk3sumbar |postid=DOLFbGHCaB2 |title=Observasi Keterawatan Prasasti di Kabupaten Tanah Datar|trans-title=Observation of Inscription Preservation in Tanah Datar Regency|language=id |date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya badasa kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor SK 77/M/2019 tatangga 12 Maret 2019, sainggo mandapek palinduangan ukum dari nagara.<ref name=":1" /> Salain pamaliharoan pisik, lambago panalitian sarupo Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Barat (nan kini ko lah bagabuang ka dalam [[Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional|BRIN]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfarizi|first=M. Khory|date=5 Januari 2022 {{!}} 10.02 WIB|title=Balai Arkeologi Melebur ke BRIN, Pegawai Honorer Diberhentikan|url=https://www.tempo.co/sains/balai-arkeologi-melebur-ke-brin-pegawai-honorer-diberhentikan-438329|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> jo babarapo paguruan tinggi di daerah tasabuik malakuan pulo kagiatan panalitian epigrafi sarato pandokumentasian ulang naskah batu basurek untuak kapantiangan akademis jo publikasi ilimiah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahmawati|first=Nadia|last2=Retno Susanti|first2=Lr|last3=Hudaidah|date=2024|title=Warisan Kerajaan Pagaruyung: Studi Historis-Antropologis |url=https://josths.id/ojs3/index.php/jshs/article/view/456|journal=Banda Historia : Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Studi Budaya|volume=2|issue=2|doi=https://doi.org/10.62176/bastoria.v2i2.456}}</ref> Sosialisasi manganai nilai sijarah batu basurek Pagaruyuang V taruih dilakuan dek Paguruan Tinggi, BPK, sarato Dinas Kebudayaan Kabupaten jo Provinsi supayo paninggalan ko tatap tajago sabagai sumber pangatauan bagi rang mudo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malinda|first=Des|last2=Aisiah|date=2021|title=Potensi Sumber-Sumber Sejarah Lokal Batusangkar Sebagai Sumber Belajar Di Sma|url=http://kronologi.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/jk/about|journal=Kronologi: Masa Lalu Untuk Masa Kini|volume=3|issue=4|doi=https://doi.org/10.24036/jk.v3i4.93}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah dipagunoan sabagai alaik pandidiakan sijarah, budayo, mitos, jo carito rakyaik dek masarakaik satampek.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|pp=9-59}} == Caliak pulo == {{commonscat|Pagaruyung V Inscription|Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V}} * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuik === * {{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Arlo|date=2012|title=Inscriptions of Sumatra II: Short Epigraphs in Old Javanese|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02443389/file/%5B24076899%20-%20Wacana%5D%20Inscriptions%20of%20Sumatra.pdf|journal=Wacana, Journal of Humanities of Indonesia|volume=14|issue=2|pages=197–214|rev=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|date=2006|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar|pages=15-16|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUINDAD#v=onepage&q=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya |last=Kozok |first=Uli |year=2015 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814459747 |language=en |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kurnia|first=Febby Eka|date=2015|url=http://repo.unand.ac.id/4609/1/BP-EB-PRM-02.pdf|title=Folklor Minangkabau: Mitos Batu-batu dan Cerita Rakyat di Luhak Nan Tuo|location=Padang|publisher=Surau Institute for Conservation|pages=42-43|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|date=2012|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal#|journal=|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|pages=28|access-date=2025-10-25|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|date=2000|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga Rampai Pengetahuan Adat Minangkabau|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|pages=169|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Suhadi|first=Machi|date=1990|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/1312/1/kalpataru%209.pdf|title=Saraswati Esai-esai Arkeologi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional|pages=218-232|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|date=2007|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|pages=70|url-status=live|ref=harv}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang V]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] 8p1ppeb5w7zo8tpdph2e9jxjnrs4r0l 3345197 3345196 2026-03-31T12:53:30Z Naval Scene 55 3345197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact |name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V |image = WBB Pagaruyung V (3).jpg |place = Nagari Pagaruyung, Kec.Tanjung Emas, Kab. [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} |map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang V | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang V | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang V | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang V }} | language = [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno]] | type = [[Batu basurek]] | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | material = Batu [[andesit]] | size = Tinggi: 27&nbsp;cm<br/>Leba: 46&nbsp;cm<br/>Taba: 19,5&nbsp;cm | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | period = Pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Raja Adityawarman]] }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V''' adolah salah satu [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name="Utomo">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=70}}</ref> Batu basurek ko dipakiroan baasa dari maso kakuasoan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]], iyolah pado abaik ka-14.<ref name="Utomo" /> Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[Uruf Kawi|uruf]] jo [[Bahaso Jawa|bahaso Jawa Kuno]].<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=Tumanggung+Kudawira&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb6pPc1cTWAhUDvI8KHYB_CvwQuwUILDAA#v=onepage&q=Tumanggung%20Kudawira&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|isbn=9789814459747|location=Singapore|pages=37}}</ref> Asanyo batu basurek ko ditamuan di Ponggongan, Nagari [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyuang]], [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Tanjung Emas]], [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Data]], [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga rampai pengetahuan adat Minangkabau|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|first=|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=169}}</ref> kudian dibao ka [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].<ref name=":2" />{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB003140|access-date=2025/10/26}}</ref> Isi batu basurek manjalehan pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra'', nan dilangkoki jo tampek duduak untuak Rajo Adityawarman. Hal ko mambuek batu basurek Pagaruyuang V unik, dek marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek paninggalan Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang taman jo suasano kaidupan istano. Batu basurek ko manunjuakkan pulo adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao malalui pamakaian bahaso sarato panamoan tokoh nan disabuikkan di dalamnyo.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=53-59}}{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya Nasional sajak taun 2019, jo nomor inventaris 26/BCB-TB/SMB.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}<ref name="Kementerian">{{Cite web|last=Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB003140|access-date=2025/10/26}}</ref> == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V lah tacataik dalam laporan pamarentah [[Hindia Belanda]], dalam ''Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' (Inventarisasi Purbakala di Dataran Tinggi Padang) nan disusun dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]]. Laporan tasabuik ditulih badasa data lapangan nan dikumpuakan dek [[asisten residen|Asisten Residen]] [[Louis Constant Westenenk|L.C. Westenek]] di Fort de Kock, nan kini ko adolah [[Kota Bukittinggi]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporan tasabuik, Krom mangalompokan batu basurek di daerah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]] sabagai bagian dari ''Adityawarman-inscripties'' atau batu basurek Adityawarman, iolah batu basurek nan langsuang manyabuikkan namo [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Salain itu, tadapek juo kalompok nan mampagunoan aksara sarupo nan dikalompokan sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift'' (aksara Adityawarman).{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Manuruik Krom, batu basurek tasabuik ditamuan di daerah Bukit Gombak, nan di maso kolonial tamasuak dalam wilayah [[Onderafdeling|''Onderafdeeling'']] [[Benteng Van der Capellen|Fort van der Capellen]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|pp=41-42}} Salanjuiknyo, batu basurek tasabuik dipindahan ka lokasi nan kini manjadi [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|pp=198-199}} Batu basurek iko marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek nan manjalehan tantang pambangunan taman, jo hal tasabuik indak lazim ditamuan dalam batu basurek pado maso pamarentahan Rajo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|p=42-43}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V manjadi satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek nan maagiah gambaran tantang suasano kaidupan pado maso karajaan Adityawarman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2023-01-03|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung V|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/01/03/190000479/prasasti-pagaruyung-v|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> == Bantuak == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tabuek dari batu [[andesit]] nan baukuaran tinggi 27 cm, leba 46 cm, jo taba 19,5 cm.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}} Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih tulisan nan mampagunoan aksara Pasca Pallawa jo bahaso [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno|Jawa Kuno]].{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Kaadoan batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko lah rusak bana sainggo anyo 50% dari tulisan nan ado dapek dibaco. Pado barih kalimo batu basurek ko, tatulih namo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Suhadi|1990|p=218-232}} Salain rusak, tadapek pacahan di bagian ateh jo bawah batu basurek ko. Samemangnyo, badasa asia kajian pado tulisan batu basurek, bagian ateh bukanlah marupoan kalimaik atau panulisan awa sabuah batu basurek. Baitu pulo jo bagian bawah nan indak manunjuakkan sabagai akia atau panutuik sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Aratinyo, batu basurek ko marupoan fragmen (pacahan) dari batu basurek nan labiah gadang.{{Sfn|Kozok|2015|p=37}} === Naskah jo tajamahan === Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih, namun marupoan bagian dari isi nan labiah panjang, nan patah pado bagian ateh jo bawahnyo.<ref name=":1" /> Barikuik iko pambacoan naskah manuruik [[N.J. Krom]]:<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|last=|first=|date=05-12-2007|website=MelayuOnline.com|publisher=MelayuOnline.com|access-date=27-09-2017|archive-date=2017-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625222919/http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # ''tani sahata ---- ya smra ---- ita'' # ''sddya matata si Satra ---- (ta)naya -- ra'' # ''satuyasacaskaraga sapata ---- wana ma'' # ''parama taratwa sahannira ma --- nara puspa'' # ''---- (a)sanam adityyawar(mman) ---- nata wa'' Tajamahan naskah ko adolah sbb.:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> # tanah/patanian jo... # (nan) basadio manato (adolah) si Satra... anak... # bungo gunuang nan indah... sumpah... # tarutamo (nan baderet-deret) jonyo... bungo... # ... (tampek duduak) Adityyawarmman... nata... == Panapsiran == Budi Istiawan (2006) bapandapaik baso isi batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko alun dapek dipahami sacaro pasti.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Namun, badasa asia aliah aksara jo aliah bahaso nan alah inyo tajamahan, dapek disimpuakan dari potongan kato-kato di dalamnyo tantang pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra''.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}} Pamakaian sebutan 'si' sabalun namo Satra sacaro lansuang manandoan baso tokoh tasabuik barasa dari kalangan masarakaik biaso atau rakyaik jalata. Salain itu, pamiliahan namo Satra sarato pamakaian partikel 'si' mampakuek dugoan adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao, maingek pola panamoan tasabuik biaso ditamuan dalam naskah-naskah Jao Kuno.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko marupoan satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang pambuekan sabuah taman. Taman tasabuik digambakan baias bungo-bungo nan diambiak dari daerah pagunuangan, sarato dilangkoki pulo jo tampek duduak untuak Adityawarman. Mancaliak kanyatoan tasabuik, mako kamungkinan taman nan dibangun marupoan taman nan cukuik gadang jo rancak, sainggo pambangunannyo paralu ditulihan pado sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}}{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V mampakuek bukti pamakaian babagai bahaso dalam batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman—Sanskerta, Melayu Kuno, jo Jao Kuno—nan kadang dipakai bacampua dalam satu batu basurek, kadang dipakai tapisah. Karagaman ko mancaminan lata balakang Adityawarman: pangaruah Jao dari Majapahit, Sanskerta sabagai bahaso kaum bangsawan jo brahmana, sarato Melayu sabagai bahaso lokal di Sumatra. Pamakaian bahaso Jao Kuno di batu basurek ko manunjuakkan baso unsua budayo Jao alah masuak ka lingkup kultural Melayu basamo kabaradoannyo sabagai panguaso, nan maubuangan tradisi Jao jo Sumatra.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=15-16}} == Upayo pamaliharoan == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tamasuak salah satu paninggalan arkeologis pantiang dari maso pamarentahan Adityawarman di Karajaan Malayapura. Upayo pamaliharoan pado batu basurek ko dilakuan tarutamo dek Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan (BPK) Wilayah III Sumatera Barat, Riau, jo Kepulauan Riau nan sacaro bakalo malakuan pandokumentasian, pamantauan kondisi pisik, sarato pancatatan tingkek palapuakan batu andesit nan manjadi bahan utamo batu basurek.<ref>{{Cite instagram |user=Instagram| author=bpk3sumbar |postid=DOLFbGHCaB2 |title=Observasi Keterawatan Prasasti di Kabupaten Tanah Datar|trans-title=Observation of Inscription Preservation in Tanah Datar Regency|language=id |date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya badasa kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor SK 77/M/2019 tatangga 12 Maret 2019, sainggo mandapek palinduangan ukum dari nagara.<ref name=":1" /> Salain pamaliharoan pisik, lambago panalitian sarupo Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Barat (nan kini ko lah bagabuang ka dalam [[Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional|BRIN]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfarizi|first=M. Khory|date=5 Januari 2022 {{!}} 10.02 WIB|title=Balai Arkeologi Melebur ke BRIN, Pegawai Honorer Diberhentikan|url=https://www.tempo.co/sains/balai-arkeologi-melebur-ke-brin-pegawai-honorer-diberhentikan-438329|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> jo babarapo paguruan tinggi di daerah tasabuik malakuan pulo kagiatan panalitian epigrafi sarato pandokumentasian ulang naskah batu basurek untuak kapantiangan akademis jo publikasi ilimiah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahmawati|first=Nadia|last2=Retno Susanti|first2=Lr|last3=Hudaidah|date=2024|title=Warisan Kerajaan Pagaruyung: Studi Historis-Antropologis |url=https://josths.id/ojs3/index.php/jshs/article/view/456|journal=Banda Historia : Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Studi Budaya|volume=2|issue=2|doi=https://doi.org/10.62176/bastoria.v2i2.456}}</ref> Sosialisasi manganai nilai sijarah batu basurek Pagaruyuang V taruih dilakuan dek Paguruan Tinggi, BPK, sarato Dinas Kebudayaan Kabupaten jo Provinsi supayo paninggalan ko tatap tajago sabagai sumber pangatauan bagi rang mudo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malinda|first=Des|last2=Aisiah|date=2021|title=Potensi Sumber-Sumber Sejarah Lokal Batusangkar Sebagai Sumber Belajar Di Sma|url=http://kronologi.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/jk/about|journal=Kronologi: Masa Lalu Untuk Masa Kini|volume=3|issue=4|doi=https://doi.org/10.24036/jk.v3i4.93}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah dipagunoan sabagai alaik pandidiakan sijarah, budayo, mitos, jo carito rakyaik dek masarakaik satampek.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|pp=9-59}} == Caliak pulo == {{commonscat|Pagaruyung V Inscription|Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V}} * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuik === * {{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Arlo|date=2012|title=Inscriptions of Sumatra II: Short Epigraphs in Old Javanese|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02443389/file/%5B24076899%20-%20Wacana%5D%20Inscriptions%20of%20Sumatra.pdf|journal=Wacana, Journal of Humanities of Indonesia|volume=14|issue=2|pages=197–214|rev=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|date=2006|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar|pages=15-16|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUINDAD#v=onepage&q=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya |last=Kozok |first=Uli |year=2015 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814459747 |language=en |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kurnia|first=Febby Eka|date=2015|url=http://repo.unand.ac.id/4609/1/BP-EB-PRM-02.pdf|title=Folklor Minangkabau: Mitos Batu-batu dan Cerita Rakyat di Luhak Nan Tuo|location=Padang|publisher=Surau Institute for Conservation|pages=42-43|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|date=2012|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal#|journal=|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|pages=28|access-date=2025-10-25|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|date=2000|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga Rampai Pengetahuan Adat Minangkabau|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|pages=169|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Suhadi|first=Machi|date=1990|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/1312/1/kalpataru%209.pdf|title=Saraswati Esai-esai Arkeologi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional|pages=218-232|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|date=2007|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|pages=70|url-status=live|ref=harv}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang V]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] s8cqfx1cp1raj39csuyliq8y6exopi1 3345246 3345197 2026-04-01T05:12:18Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact |name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V |image = WBB Pagaruyung V (3).jpg |place = Nagari Pagaruyung, Kec.Tanjung Emas, Kab. [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} |map = {{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang V | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang V | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang V | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang V }} | language = [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno]] | type = [[Batu basurek]] | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca Pallawa]] | material = Batu [[andesit]] | size = Tinggi: 27&nbsp;cm<br/>Leba: 46&nbsp;cm<br/>Taba: 19,5&nbsp;cm | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | period = Pado maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman|Raja Adityawarman]] }} '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V''' adolah salah satu [[batu basurek]] nan ditamuan di [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name="Utomo">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=70}}</ref> Batu basurek ko dipakiroan baasa dari maso kakuasoan [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]], iyolah pado abaik ka-14.<ref name="Utomo" /> Batu basurek ko ditulih dalam [[Uruf Kawi|uruf]] jo [[Bahaso Jawa|bahaso Jawa Kuno]].<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=Tumanggung+Kudawira&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb6pPc1cTWAhUDvI8KHYB_CvwQuwUILDAA#v=onepage&q=Tumanggung%20Kudawira&f=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya|last=Kozok|first=Uli|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2015|isbn=9789814459747|location=Singapore|pages=37}}</ref> Asanyo batu basurek ko ditamuan di Ponggongan, Nagari [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyuang]], [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Tanjung Emas]], [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Data]], [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga rampai pengetahuan adat Minangkabau|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|first=|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=169}}</ref> kudian dibao ka [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].<ref name=":2" />{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB003140|access-date=2025/10/26}}</ref> Isi batu basurek manjalehan pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra'', nan dilangkoki jo tampek duduak untuak Rajo Adityawarman. Hal ko mambuek batu basurek Pagaruyuang V unik, dek marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek paninggalan Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang taman jo suasano kaidupan istano. Batu basurek ko manunjuakkan pulo adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao malalui pamakaian bahaso sarato panamoan tokoh nan disabuikkan di dalamnyo.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=53-59}}{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya Nasional sajak taun 2019, jo nomor inventaris 26/BCB-TB/SMB.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}<ref name="Kementerian">{{Cite web|last=Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB003140|access-date=2025/10/26}}</ref> == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V lah tacataik dalam laporan pamarentah [[Hindia Belanda]], dalam ''Inventaris der Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden'' (Inventarisasi Purbakala di Dataran Tinggi Padang) nan disusun dek [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J. Krom]]. Laporan tasabuik ditulih badasa data lapangan nan dikumpuakan dek [[asisten residen|Asisten Residen]] [[Louis Constant Westenenk|L.C. Westenek]] di Fort de Kock, nan kini ko adolah [[Kota Bukittinggi]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Dalam laporan tasabuik, Krom mangalompokan batu basurek di daerah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]] sabagai bagian dari ''Adityawarman-inscripties'' atau batu basurek Adityawarman, iolah batu basurek nan langsuang manyabuikkan namo [[Adityawarman|Rajo Adityawarman]]. Salain itu, tadapek juo kalompok nan mampagunoan aksara sarupo nan dikalompokan sabagai ''Adityawarman-schrift'' (aksara Adityawarman).{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|p=33}} Manuruik Krom, batu basurek tasabuik ditamuan di daerah Bukit Gombak, nan di maso kolonial tamasuak dalam wilayah [[Onderafdeling|''Onderafdeeling'']] [[Benteng Van der Capellen|Fort van der Capellen]].{{sfn|Krom, N.J.|1912|pp=41-42}} Salanjuiknyo, batu basurek tasabuik dipindahan ka lokasi nan kini manjadi [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan, Budi|2006|p=3}}{{sfn|Griffiths|2012|pp=198-199}} Batu basurek iko marupoan satu-satunyo batu basurek nan manjalehan tantang pambangunan taman, jo hal tasabuik indak lazim ditamuan dalam batu basurek pado maso pamarentahan Rajo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|p=42-43}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V manjadi satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek nan maagiah gambaran tantang suasano kaidupan pado maso karajaan Adityawarman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2023-01-03|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung V|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/01/03/190000479/prasasti-pagaruyung-v|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2025-10-19}}</ref> == Bantuak == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tabuek dari batu [[andesit]] nan baukuaran tinggi 27 cm, leba 46 cm, jo taba 19,5 cm.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}} Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih tulisan nan mampagunoan aksara Pasca Pallawa jo bahaso [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno|Jawa Kuno]].{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=28}}{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Kaadoan batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko lah rusak bana sainggo anyo 50% dari tulisan nan ado dapek dibaco. Pado barih kalimo batu basurek ko, tatulih namo Adityawarman.{{Sfn|Suhadi|1990|p=218-232}} Salain rusak, tadapek pacahan di bagian ateh jo bawah batu basurek ko. Samemangnyo, badasa asia kajian pado tulisan batu basurek, bagian ateh bukanlah marupoan kalimaik atau panulisan awa sabuah batu basurek. Baitu pulo jo bagian bawah nan indak manunjuakkan sabagai akia atau panutuik sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Budi|2006|p=15-16}} Aratinyo, batu basurek ko marupoan fragmen (pacahan) dari batu basurek nan labiah gadang.{{Sfn|Kozok|2015|p=37}} === Naskah jo tajamahan === Batu basurek ko tadiri dari limo barih, namun marupoan bagian dari isi nan labiah panjang, nan patah pado bagian ateh jo bawahnyo.<ref name=":1" /> Barikuik iko pambacoan naskah manuruik [[N.J. Krom]]:<ref name="Utomo" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|title=Prasasti Pagarruyung V|last=|first=|date=05-12-2007|website=MelayuOnline.com|publisher=MelayuOnline.com|access-date=27-09-2017|archive-date=2017-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625222919/http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/275/prasasti-pagarruyung-v|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # ''tani sahata ---- ya smra ---- ita'' # ''sddya matata si Satra ---- (ta)naya -- ra'' # ''satuyasacaskaraga sapata ---- wana ma'' # ''parama taratwa sahannira ma --- nara puspa'' # ''---- (a)sanam adityyawar(mman) ---- nata wa'' Tajamahan naskah ko adolah sbb.:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> # tanah/patanian jo... # (nan) basadio manato (adolah) si Satra... anak... # bungo gunuang nan indah... sumpah... # tarutamo (nan baderet-deret) jonyo... bungo... # ... (tampek duduak) Adityyawarmman... nata... == Panapsiran == Budi Istiawan (2006) bapandapaik baso isi batu basurek Pagaruyuang V ko alun dapek dipahami sacaro pasti.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Namun, badasa asia aliah aksara jo aliah bahaso nan alah inyo tajamahan, dapek disimpuakan dari potongan kato-kato di dalamnyo tantang pambuekan sabuah taman dek surang nan banamo ''si Satra''.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}} Pamakaian sebutan 'si' sabalun namo Satra sacaro lansuang manandoan baso tokoh tasabuik barasa dari kalangan masarakaik biaso atau rakyaik jalata. Salain itu, pamiliahan namo Satra sarato pamakaian partikel 'si' mampakuek dugoan adonyo pangaruah budayo Jao, maingek pola panamoan tasabuik biaso ditamuan dalam naskah-naskah Jao Kuno.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek ko marupoan satu-satunyo pulo batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman nan mancataik tantang pambuekan sabuah taman. Taman tasabuik digambakan baias bungo-bungo nan diambiak dari daerah pagunuangan, sarato dilangkoki pulo jo tampek duduak untuak Adityawarman. Mancaliak kanyatoan tasabuik, mako kamungkinan taman nan dibangun marupoan taman nan cukuik gadang jo rancak, sainggo pambangunannyo paralu ditulihan pado sabuah batu basurek.{{Sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=28-29}}{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=16}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V mampakuek bukti pamakaian babagai bahaso dalam batu basurek paninggalan Rajo Adityawarman—Sanskerta, Melayu Kuno, jo Jao Kuno—nan kadang dipakai bacampua dalam satu batu basurek, kadang dipakai tapisah. Karagaman ko mancaminan lata balakang Adityawarman: pangaruah Jao dari Majapahit, Sanskerta sabagai bahaso kaum bangsawan jo brahmana, sarato Melayu sabagai bahaso lokal di Sumatra. Pamakaian bahaso Jao Kuno di batu basurek ko manunjuakkan baso unsua budayo Jao alah masuak ka lingkup kultural Melayu basamo kabaradoannyo sabagai panguaso, nan maubuangan tradisi Jao jo Sumatra.{{Sfn|Istiawan|2006|pp=15-16}} == Upayo pamaliharoan == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V tamasuak salah satu paninggalan arkeologis pantiang dari maso pamarentahan Adityawarman di Karajaan Malayapura. Upayo pamaliharoan pado batu basurek ko dilakuan tarutamo dek Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan (BPK) Wilayah III Sumatera Barat, Riau, jo Kepulauan Riau nan sacaro bakalo malakuan pandokumentasian, pamantauan kondisi pisik, sarato pancatatan tingkek palapuakan batu andesit nan manjadi bahan utamo batu basurek.<ref>{{Cite instagram |user=Instagram| author=bpk3sumbar |postid=DOLFbGHCaB2 |title=Observasi Keterawatan Prasasti di Kabupaten Tanah Datar|trans-title=Observation of Inscription Preservation in Tanah Datar Regency|language=id |date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah tacataik sabagai bando Cagar Budaya badasa kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor SK 77/M/2019 tatangga 12 Maret 2019, sainggo mandapek palinduangan ukum dari nagara.<ref name=":1" /> Salain pamaliharoan pisik, lambago panalitian sarupo Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Barat (nan kini ko lah bagabuang ka dalam [[Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional|BRIN]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfarizi|first=M. Khory|date=5 Januari 2022 {{!}} 10.02 WIB|title=Balai Arkeologi Melebur ke BRIN, Pegawai Honorer Diberhentikan|url=https://www.tempo.co/sains/balai-arkeologi-melebur-ke-brin-pegawai-honorer-diberhentikan-438329|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> jo babarapo paguruan tinggi di daerah tasabuik malakuan pulo kagiatan panalitian epigrafi sarato pandokumentasian ulang naskah batu basurek untuak kapantiangan akademis jo publikasi ilimiah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahmawati|first=Nadia|last2=Retno Susanti|first2=Lr|last3=Hudaidah|date=2024|title=Warisan Kerajaan Pagaruyung: Studi Historis-Antropologis |url=https://josths.id/ojs3/index.php/jshs/article/view/456|journal=Banda Historia : Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Studi Budaya|volume=2|issue=2|doi=https://doi.org/10.62176/bastoria.v2i2.456}}</ref> Sosialisasi manganai nilai sijarah batu basurek Pagaruyuang V taruih dilakuan dek Paguruan Tinggi, BPK, sarato Dinas Kebudayaan Kabupaten jo Provinsi supayo paninggalan ko tatap tajago sabagai sumber pangatauan bagi rang mudo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malinda|first=Des|last2=Aisiah|date=2021|title=Potensi Sumber-Sumber Sejarah Lokal Batusangkar Sebagai Sumber Belajar Di Sma|url=http://kronologi.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/jk/about|journal=Kronologi: Masa Lalu Untuk Masa Kini|volume=3|issue=4|doi=https://doi.org/10.24036/jk.v3i4.93}}</ref> Batu basurek ko alah dipagunoan sabagai alaik pandidiakan sijarah, budayo, mitos, jo carito rakyaik dek masarakaik satampek.{{Sfn|Kurnia|2015|pp=9-59}} == Caliak pulo == {{commonscat|Pagaruyung V Inscription|Batu basurek Pagaruyuang V}} * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuik === * {{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Arlo|date=2012|title=Inscriptions of Sumatra II: Short Epigraphs in Old Javanese|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02443389/file/%5B24076899%20-%20Wacana%5D%20Inscriptions%20of%20Sumatra.pdf|journal=Wacana, Journal of Humanities of Indonesia|volume=14|issue=2|pages=197–214|rev=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|date=2006|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar|pages=15-16|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUINDAD#v=onepage&q=false|title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya |last=Kozok |first=Uli |year=2015 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814459747 |language=en |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kurnia|first=Febby Eka|date=2015|url=http://repo.unand.ac.id/4609/1/BP-EB-PRM-02.pdf|title=Folklor Minangkabau: Mitos Batu-batu dan Cerita Rakyat di Luhak Nan Tuo|location=Padang|publisher=Surau Institute for Conservation|pages=42-43|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|date=2012|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal#|journal=|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|pages=28|access-date=2025-10-25|ref=harv}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Lembaga Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau Sumatera Barat|date=2000|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YNNuAAAAMAAJ&q=ponggongan+prasasti&dq=ponggongan+prasasti&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSnbWj5cTWAhUET48KHftFCVoQ6AEIKTAB|title=Bunga Rampai Pengetahuan Adat Minangkabau|publisher=Yayasan Sako Batuah|pages=169|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Suhadi|first=Machi|date=1990|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/1312/1/kalpataru%209.pdf|title=Saraswati Esai-esai Arkeologi|publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional|pages=218-232|url-status=live|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Utomo|first=Bambang Budi|date=2007|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JthRAQAAMAAJ&q=tani+sahata&dq=tani+sahata&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi809bd2sTWAhVCRY8KHdFIBU0Q6AEINTAC|title=Prasasti-prasasti Sumatra|publisher=Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional, Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata|pages=70|url-status=live|ref=harv}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang V]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] 8a1ie2jbqbenz7muvpcjdfbclvg7i1g 3 318721 3345214 3344755 2026-04-01T01:40:37Z Badak Jawa 16025 /* Saya butuh bantuan (2) */ bagian baru 3345214 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abf5d5; background-color:#f1fcf5; padding: .5em .5em .2em .5em " ! style="border-bottom:1px solid #abf5d5; background-color:#d0f5e5; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-weight:bold; font-size: 120%" | '''[[Wikipedia:Salamaik datang|Salamaik datang]] Sanak {{PAGENAME}} di [[Wikipedia bahaso Minang]]!'''[[Kategori:Wikipediawan nan bagabuang bulan Mai 2018]] |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid #f1fcf5; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em; text-align: left; font-size:95%;" | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:.5em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #AFA3BF; background-color:#faf5ff;" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #AFA3BF; background-color:#ddcef2; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[Berkas:Crystal Clear app kedit.svg|right|48px|link=|Mamulai]] '''Mamuloi'''</div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #AFA3BF; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * Pangguno baru dapek mancaliak laman <u>'''[[Wikipedia:Panganta|Panganta Wikipedia]]'''</u> talabiah daulu. * Dunsanak dapek mampakanalan diri pado Wikipediawan lainnyo di [[Wikipedia:Laman pakanalan|Laman pakanalan]] * Untuak mancubo manyuntiang, gunoan '''[[Wikipedia:Bak kasiak|bak kasiak]]'''.{{#ifexist:Pangguno:{{PAGENAME}}|| * Tulihan juo sangenek propil Sanak di: [{{fullurl:Pangguno:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&preload=Templat:Sd/Propil}}&editintro=Templat:Sd/Editintro3 Pangguno:{{PAGENAME}}], laman propil jo ruang paribadi Sanak, bia awak dapek labiah mangenal Sanak.}} * Baco juo''' [[Wikipedia:Aturan nan disadaranokan|aturan nan disadaranokan]]''' sabalun malanjuikan. Iko adolah hal-hal nan mandasa nan paralu dikatahui jo sado panyuntiang Wikipedia. </div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #AFA3BF; background-color:#ddcef2; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[File:Crystal Project Contexthelp.png|right|54px|link=|Bantuan]] '''Bantuan'''</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Bantuan:Isi]] - tampek mancari informasi tantang caro bakontribusi di Wikipedia, sabalun batanyo pado pangguno lain. * [[Wikipedia:Tanyo jawek|FAQ]] - patanyoan nan acok diajuan tantang Wikipedia. </div> | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em; background-color:#f1fcf5;"| | style="width:50%%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[File:Crystal Project Ktip.png|right|48px|link=|Tips]] '''''Tips'''''</div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Bantuan:Tando tangan|Salalu tando tangani]] patanyoan Sanak pado diskusi di [[Wikipedia:Kadai Kopi|Kadai Kopi]] ataupun pado [[Wikipedia:Laman rundiang|laman maota.]] Caronyo, ketikan 4 tando "tilda" <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> pado akia pasan Sanak. Iko akan otomatis diubah manjadi namo pangguno Sanak sarato jo tanggal. * Jan lupo baco [[Wikipedia:Kabijakan|prinsip jo padoman dasar]] Wikipedia. * Nio mambuek atau manyuntiang laman? Caliak dulu [[Wikipedia:Padoman gaya|padoman gaya]] Wikipedia. Lalu caliek pulo [[Wikipedia:Mamulai laman baru|caro mamulai laman baru]] sarato [[Wikipedia:Manyuntiang sabuah laman|caro manyuntiang laman]]. </div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[Berkas:Crystal Clear action reload.png|right|44px|link=|Mambuek kasalahan?]] '''Mambuek kasalahan?'''</div> <div style="solid #abd5f5; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Wikipedia:Jan tababani dek aturan|'''''Jan takuik!''''']] Sanak indak paralu takuik salah gai do, saaik manyuntiang ataupun mambuek laman baru, manambuahan ataupun maapuih kalimaik.<p>[[Wikipedia:Panguruih|Panguruih]] sarato [[Wikipedia:Wikipediawan|pangguno]] lainnyo nan mamantau [[Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru|parubahan tabaru]] akan capek manamuan kasalahan Sanak dan mangumbaliannyo ka bantuak samulo.</p> </div> |} : <i>'''Welcome!''' If you are not a Minangkabau speaker, you may want to visit the [[Wikipedia:Kadutaan|Minangkabau Wikipedia embassy]] or [[Wikipedia:Babel/min-0|a slight info to find users speaking your language]]. Enjoy!</i> : '''Salamaik manjalajah''', kami manunggu suntiangan Sanak di [[Wikipedia bahaso Minang]]! :[[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 28 Mai 2018 14.00 (WIB) |} ==Bulan Asia Wikipedia== Halo Sanak Adhmi! Apo kaba? Ba'a kok artikel [[Kuil Putuo Zongcheng]] jo [[Guo Pınargözü]] sanak ikuikan dalam [[Wikipedia:Bulan Asia Wikipedia]]? Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 30 Nopember 2018 13.04 (WIB) == WAM 2019 Postcard == Dear Participants and Organizers, Congratulations! It's WAM's honor to have you all participated in [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|Wikipedia Asian Month 2019]], the fifth edition of WAM. Your achievements were fabulous, and all the articles you created make the world can know more about Asia in different languages! Here we, the WAM International team, would like to say thank you for your contribution also cheer for you that you are eligible for the postcard of Wikipedia Asian Month 2019. Please kindly fill [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdX75AmuQcIpt2BmiTSNKt5kLfMMJUePLzGcbg5ouUKQFNF5A/viewform the form], let the postcard can send to you asap! Cheers! Thank you and best regards, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] --[[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 3 Januari 2020 15.16 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2019_Postcard&oldid=19671656 --> == WAM 2019 Postcard == [[File:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo.svg|right|200px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|link=:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019]] Dear Participants and Organizers, Kindly remind you that we only collect the information for [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|WAM]] postcard 31/01/2019 UTC 23:59. If you haven't filled [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdX75AmuQcIpt2BmiTSNKt5kLfMMJUePLzGcbg5ouUKQFNF5A/viewform the google form], please fill it asap. If you already completed the form, please stay tun, wait for the postcard and tracking emails. Cheers! Thank you and best regards, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] 2020.01 [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 21 Januari 2020 03.58 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:-revi@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2019_Postcard&oldid=19732202 --> == WAM 2019 Postcard: All postcards are postponed due to the postal system shut down == [[File:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo.svg|right|200px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|link=:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019]] Dear all participants and organizers, Since the outbreak of COVID-19, all the postcards are postponed due to the shut down of the postal system all over the world. Hope all the postcards can arrive as soon as the postal system return and please take good care. Best regards, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] 2020.03 <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Aldnonymous@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2019_Postcard&oldid=19882731 --> == My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic == Could you please help me translate the page [[My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic]]? I wrote it in English, it needs the translation. I only knew a few words to translate. The same problem exists at [[Charlotte's Web]]. [[Istimewa:SuntiangPangguno/2600:1700:53F0:AD70:9861:982F:7B38:C8D4|2600:1700:53F0:AD70:9861:982F:7B38:C8D4]] 14 Juni 2020 23.39 (WIB) == Digital Postcards and Certifications == [[File:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg|link=M:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2019|right|217x217px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2019]] Dear Participants and Organizers, Because of the COVID19 pandemic, there are a lot of countries’ international postal systems not reopened yet. We would like to send all the participants digital postcards and digital certifications for organizers to your email account in the upcoming weeks. For the paper ones, we will track the latest status of the international postal systems of all the countries and hope the postcards and certifications can be delivered to your mailboxes as soon as possible. Take good care and wish you all the best. <small>This message was sent by [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] via [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 21 Juni 2020 01.58 (WIB)</small> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Martin Urbanec@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2019_Postcard&oldid=20024482 --> == We sent you an e-mail == Hello {{PAGENAME}}, Really sorry for the inconvenience. This is a gentle note to request that you check your email. We sent you a message titled "The Community Insights survey is coming!". If you have questions, email surveys@wikimedia.org. You can [[:m:Special:Diff/20479077|see my explanation here]]. [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 26 September 2020 01.45 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Samuel (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Samuel_(WMF)/Community_Insights_survey/other-languages&oldid=20479295 --> == Wikipedia Asian Month 2020 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[File:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg|link=m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2020|right|217x217px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2020]] Hi WAM organizers and participants! Hope you are all doing well! Now is the time to sign up for [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020|Wikipedia Asian Month 2020]], which will take place in this November. '''For organizers:''' Here are the [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020/Organiser Guidelines|basic guidance and regulations]] for organizers. Please remember to: # use '''[https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/ Fountain tool]''' (you can find the [[:m:Fountain tool|usage guidance]] easily on meta page), or else you and your participants’ will not be able to receive the prize from WAM team. # Add your language projects and organizer list to the [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020#Communities and Organizers|meta page]] before '''October 29th, 2020'''. # Inform your community members WAM 2020 is coming soon!!! # If you want WAM team to share your event information on [https://www.facebook.com/wikiasianmonth/ Facebook] / [https://twitter.com/wikiasianmonth twitter], or you want to share your WAM experience/ achievements on our blog, feel free to send an email to info@asianmonth.wiki or PM us via facebook. If you want to hold a thematic event that is related to WAM, a.k.a. [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020#Subcontests|WAM sub-contest]]. The process is the same as the language one. '''For participants:''' Here are the [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020#How to Participate in Contest|event regulations]] and [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month/QA|Q&A information]]. Just join us! Let’s edit articles and win the prizes! '''Here are some updates from WAM team:''' # Due to the [[:m:COVID-19|COVID-19]] pandemic, this year we hope all the Edit-a-thons are online not physical ones. # The international postal systems are not stable enough at the moment, WAM team have decided to send all the qualified participants/ organizers extra digital postcards/ certifications. (You will still get the paper ones!) # Our team has created a [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020/WAM2020 postcards and certification deliver progress (for tracking)|meta page]] so that everyone tracking the progress and the delivery status. If you have any suggestions or thoughts, feel free to reach out the WAM team via emailing '''info@asianmonth.wiki''' or discuss on the meta talk page. If it’s urgent, please contact the leader directly ('''jamie@asianmonth.wiki'''). Hope you all have fun in Wikipedia Asian Month 2020 Sincerely yours, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] 2020.10</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:KOKUYO@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2020&oldid=20508138 --> == Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2020 == Halo Da Adhmi, ba'a kaba? Bulan Asia Wikipedia adolah acara manulih basamo (edit-a-thon) daring (online) nan batujuan untuak manyumbangan pangatauan dalam bahaso Minang jo mangambangan raso basamo-samo dalam bamacam komunitas Wikipedia di Asia. Acara ko diadoan salamo bulan November 2020 jo maisi Wikipedia jo konten tantang Asia (salain Indonesia). Molah sato, Sanak! '''[[Wikipedia:Bulan Asia Wikipedia/2020]]'''. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 1 Nopember 2020 22.37 (WIB) == Wikipedia Asian Month 2020 Postcard == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg|link=m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2020|right|120px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2020]] Dear Participants, Jury members and Organizers, Congratulations! It's Wikipedia Asian Month's honor to have you all participated in Wikipedia Asian Month 2020, the sixth Wikipedia Asian Month. Your achievements were fabulous, and all the articles you created make the world can know more about Asia in different languages! Here we, the Wikipedia Asian Month International team, would like to say thank you for your contribution also cheer for you that you are eligible for the postcard of Wikipedia Asian Month 2020. Please kindly fill '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSftK0OwA_f1ZVtCULlyi4bKU9w2Z7QfW4Y_1v9ltdTIFKFcXQ/viewform the form]''', let the postcard can send to you asap! * This form will be closed at February 15. * For tracking the progress of postcard delivery, please check '''[[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020/Organizers and jury members|this page]]'''. Cheers! Thank you and best regards, [[:m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2020/Team#International_Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]], 2021.01</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:KOKUYO@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2020_Postcards&oldid=20923776 --> == Wikipedia Asian Month 2020 Postcard == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg|link=m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2020|right|120px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2020]] Dear Participants and Organizers, Kindly remind you that we only collect the information for Wikipedia Asian Month postcard 15/02/2021 UTC 23:59. If you haven't filled the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSftK0OwA_f1ZVtCULlyi4bKU9w2Z7QfW4Y_1v9ltdTIFKFcXQ/viewform Google form], please fill it asap. If you already completed the form, please stay tun, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020/Postcards and Certification|wait for the postcard and tracking emails]]. Cheers! Thank you and best regards, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020/Team#International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]], 2021.01 </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:KOKUYO@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2020_Postcards&oldid=20923776 --> == Gabuang artikel Pandemik ka Pandemi? == Salam Bang Adhmi, isi dari artikel [[Pandemik]] ambo gabuangkan ka artikel [[Pandemi]] nan labiah daulu dibuek, indak ba'a kan? [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 2 April 2022 12.47 (WIB) :Silahkan pak, rancak juo mah. [[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Adhmi|maota]]) 16 April 2022 22.26 (WIB) == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Pesan pengingat untuk pemilihan anggota U4C yang pertama</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Anggota komunitas Wikimedia yang baik, Anda menerima pesan ini karena sebelumnya Anda telah ikut serta dalam proses UCoC. Pesan ini dikirimkan untuk mengingatkan Anda bahwa masa pemilihan Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal akan berakhir pada tanggal 9 Mei 2024. Silakan baca informasi pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|halaman pemilihan di Meta Wiki]] untuk mempelajari tentang pemilihan ini serta syarat kelayakan pemilih. Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal (U4C) merupakan sebuah komite global yang berdedikasi untuk memastikan penerapan UCoC yang adil dan konsisten. Para anggota komunitas Wikimedia diundang untuk mengajukan pencalonan dan menjadi bagian dari U4C. Untuk informasi lengkap dan tanggung jawab dari U4C, silakan [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|tinjau Piagam U4C]]. Mohon bagikan pesan ini kepada anggota komunitas Anda, sehingga mereka juga dapat ikut serta dalam pemilihan kali ini. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 3 Mai 2024 05.53 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_3&oldid=26721208 --> == Plans to enable MinT for Wiki Readers in Minangkabau Wikipedia == Hello [[User:Adhmi|Adhm]], I am [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|Uzoma]], the Movement Communication Specialist supporting the Language team. The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] has been working on [[mw:MinT#MinT_for_wiki_readers|MinT for Wiki Readers]], and we plan to enable two entry points in Minangkabau Wikipedia. [[Wikipedia:Kadai Kopi#Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Minangkabau Wikipedia|This announcement]] contains the details. Since you are a prolific contributor in this Wikipedia, we thought this feature might interest you. Please feel free to read the announcement, [[Istimewa:AutomaticTranslation|test the feature]], and [[mw:Talk:MinT#Feedback_from_Wikipedians_about_MinT_for_Wiki_Readers|provide your feedback]]. Thanks, and we look forward to your feedback. [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|maota]]) 19 Juni 2024 03.24 (WIB) == Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in Minangkabau Wikipedia == {{Int:Hello}} Minangkabau Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Minangkabau Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[Berkas:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[Berkas:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 26th May 2025. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|maota]]) 13 Mai 2025 03.21 (WIB) == Help needed with translating User Interface message strings == {{Int:hello}} Wikimedians I hope this message finds you well! We have some User Interface message strings that need your help to be translated into Minangkabau. Right now, they're at 0 percent, and it would be fantastic to get them fully localized. @[[Pangguno:Mechaenjoyed|Mechaenjoyed]], @[[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] and @[[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]], thank you for all your contributions in this Wikipedia. Maybe you are interested in volunteering to translate the message strings, and anyone else interested in jumping in and lending a hand. Below is the link for the message strings on translatewiki: * [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-contenttranslation-automatic-translation&language=si&filter=%21translated&action=translate https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-contenttranslation-automatic-translation&language=min&filter=%21translated&action=translate] If you haven’t used [https://translatewiki.net/ translatewiki.net] before, no worries! Here’s what you need: * A good grasp of both English and Minangkabau. * A TranslateWiki account (your wiki account won’t work here, but you can easily create one with your existing Wiki details, so you don’t have to remember anything new). * A willingness to follow some simple instructions! Once you’ve got your account set up, you’ll need to translate a few random messages for the site to authenticate your knowledge of the language. After that, you can dive right into the translations using the links above. Thanks so much for helping! If you have any questions or need help, let me know. [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|maota]]) 10 Juni 2025 07.12 (WIB) :thank you for the information, I will try it. [[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Adhmi|maota]]) 11 Juni 2025 10.34 (WIB) ::Thank you so much @[[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] for the translations. [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|maota]]) 22 Juli 2025 20.40 (WIB) == Thank you! == [[File:Translation Barnstar Velvet.svg|left|150px|Thank you, Adhmi, for translating the user interfaces of tools like Growth feature and others into Minangkabau.]] [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|maota]]) 4 September 2025 05.59 (WIB) :[[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Adhmi|maota]]) 4 September 2025 07.53 (WIB) thanks for the appreciation == Tolong blokir [[Pangguno:MFajarmin1|MFajarmin1]] == Halo Adhmi saya meminta bantuan anda untuk memblokir [[Pangguno:MFajarmin1|MFajarmin1]] karena ia merupakan salah satu pelaku penyalahgunaan jangka panjang wiki lintas bahasa yang hingga kini masih aktif melakukan vandalisme dan baru-baru ini saya melihat ia menambahkan templat status ANT pada artikel [[Urang Sunda]] dan halaman pembicaraan artikelnya tanpa ada diskusi usulan artikel pilihan [[Pangguno:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Badak Jawa|maota]]) 25 Pebruari 2026 14.54 (WIB) == Saya butuh bantuan == Halo @[[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] saya meminta bantuan anda untuk menerjemahkan [[id:Templat:BintangWiki Wiki Cinta Ramadan 2026|templat ini]] ke bahasa Minangkabau dan menghubungkannya ke butir Wikidata [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138303997 ini]. Salam [[Pangguno:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Badak Jawa|maota]]) 25 Maret 2026 17.04 (WIB) :baik, segera dilaksanakan [[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Adhmi|maota]]) 25 Maret 2026 21.47 (WIB) ::Tarimo kasih [[Pangguno:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Badak Jawa|maota]]) 25 Maret 2026 21.53 (WIB) == Saya butuh bantuan (2) == Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh semoga Allah menyertaimu ya Adhmi. Saya meminta bantuan saudara Adhmi untuk kedua kalinya membuat hasil yang berisi nama peserta dan jumlah keseluruhan nilai Wiki Cinta Ramadan 2026 yang telah di selenggarakan di Wikipedia bahasa Minangkabau yang dapat anda sambungkan di butir Wikidata [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138841294 ini] dan menambah tabel para pemenangnya di [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_2026/Results sini]. Sekian pesan dari saya mohon maaf mengganggu waktu saudara. Wassalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh [[Pangguno:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Badak Jawa|maota]]) 1 April 2026 08.40 (WIB) j00xjh8qhojkmk38fezstfor1f9g75c 3345382 3345214 2026-04-01T10:14:51Z Adhmi 7359 /* Saya butuh bantuan (2) */ Baleh 3345382 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abf5d5; background-color:#f1fcf5; padding: .5em .5em .2em .5em " ! style="border-bottom:1px solid #abf5d5; background-color:#d0f5e5; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-weight:bold; font-size: 120%" | '''[[Wikipedia:Salamaik datang|Salamaik datang]] Sanak {{PAGENAME}} di [[Wikipedia bahaso Minang]]!'''[[Kategori:Wikipediawan nan bagabuang bulan Mai 2018]] |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid #f1fcf5; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em; text-align: left; font-size:95%;" | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:.5em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #AFA3BF; background-color:#faf5ff;" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #AFA3BF; background-color:#ddcef2; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[Berkas:Crystal Clear app kedit.svg|right|48px|link=|Mamulai]] '''Mamuloi'''</div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #AFA3BF; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * Pangguno baru dapek mancaliak laman <u>'''[[Wikipedia:Panganta|Panganta Wikipedia]]'''</u> talabiah daulu. * Dunsanak dapek mampakanalan diri pado Wikipediawan lainnyo di [[Wikipedia:Laman pakanalan|Laman pakanalan]] * Untuak mancubo manyuntiang, gunoan '''[[Wikipedia:Bak kasiak|bak kasiak]]'''.{{#ifexist:Pangguno:{{PAGENAME}}|| * Tulihan juo sangenek propil Sanak di: [{{fullurl:Pangguno:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&preload=Templat:Sd/Propil}}&editintro=Templat:Sd/Editintro3 Pangguno:{{PAGENAME}}], laman propil jo ruang paribadi Sanak, bia awak dapek labiah mangenal Sanak.}} * Baco juo''' [[Wikipedia:Aturan nan disadaranokan|aturan nan disadaranokan]]''' sabalun malanjuikan. Iko adolah hal-hal nan mandasa nan paralu dikatahui jo sado panyuntiang Wikipedia. </div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #AFA3BF; background-color:#ddcef2; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[File:Crystal Project Contexthelp.png|right|54px|link=|Bantuan]] '''Bantuan'''</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Bantuan:Isi]] - tampek mancari informasi tantang caro bakontribusi di Wikipedia, sabalun batanyo pado pangguno lain. * [[Wikipedia:Tanyo jawek|FAQ]] - patanyoan nan acok diajuan tantang Wikipedia. </div> | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em; background-color:#f1fcf5;"| | style="width:50%%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[File:Crystal Project Ktip.png|right|48px|link=|Tips]] '''''Tips'''''</div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Bantuan:Tando tangan|Salalu tando tangani]] patanyoan Sanak pado diskusi di [[Wikipedia:Kadai Kopi|Kadai Kopi]] ataupun pado [[Wikipedia:Laman rundiang|laman maota.]] Caronyo, ketikan 4 tando "tilda" <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> pado akia pasan Sanak. Iko akan otomatis diubah manjadi namo pangguno Sanak sarato jo tanggal. * Jan lupo baco [[Wikipedia:Kabijakan|prinsip jo padoman dasar]] Wikipedia. * Nio mambuek atau manyuntiang laman? Caliak dulu [[Wikipedia:Padoman gaya|padoman gaya]] Wikipedia. Lalu caliek pulo [[Wikipedia:Mamulai laman baru|caro mamulai laman baru]] sarato [[Wikipedia:Manyuntiang sabuah laman|caro manyuntiang laman]]. </div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[Berkas:Crystal Clear action reload.png|right|44px|link=|Mambuek kasalahan?]] '''Mambuek kasalahan?'''</div> <div style="solid #abd5f5; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Wikipedia:Jan tababani dek aturan|'''''Jan takuik!''''']] Sanak indak paralu takuik salah gai do, saaik manyuntiang ataupun mambuek laman baru, manambuahan ataupun maapuih kalimaik.<p>[[Wikipedia:Panguruih|Panguruih]] sarato [[Wikipedia:Wikipediawan|pangguno]] lainnyo nan mamantau [[Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru|parubahan tabaru]] akan capek manamuan kasalahan Sanak dan mangumbaliannyo ka bantuak samulo.</p> </div> |} : <i>'''Welcome!''' If you are not a Minangkabau speaker, you may want to visit the [[Wikipedia:Kadutaan|Minangkabau Wikipedia embassy]] or [[Wikipedia:Babel/min-0|a slight info to find users speaking your language]]. Enjoy!</i> : '''Salamaik manjalajah''', kami manunggu suntiangan Sanak di [[Wikipedia bahaso Minang]]! :[[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 28 Mai 2018 14.00 (WIB) |} ==Bulan Asia Wikipedia== Halo Sanak Adhmi! Apo kaba? Ba'a kok artikel [[Kuil Putuo Zongcheng]] jo [[Guo Pınargözü]] sanak ikuikan dalam [[Wikipedia:Bulan Asia Wikipedia]]? Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 30 Nopember 2018 13.04 (WIB) == WAM 2019 Postcard == Dear Participants and Organizers, Congratulations! It's WAM's honor to have you all participated in [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|Wikipedia Asian Month 2019]], the fifth edition of WAM. Your achievements were fabulous, and all the articles you created make the world can know more about Asia in different languages! Here we, the WAM International team, would like to say thank you for your contribution also cheer for you that you are eligible for the postcard of Wikipedia Asian Month 2019. Please kindly fill [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdX75AmuQcIpt2BmiTSNKt5kLfMMJUePLzGcbg5ouUKQFNF5A/viewform the form], let the postcard can send to you asap! Cheers! Thank you and best regards, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] --[[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 3 Januari 2020 15.16 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2019_Postcard&oldid=19671656 --> == WAM 2019 Postcard == [[File:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo.svg|right|200px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|link=:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019]] Dear Participants and Organizers, Kindly remind you that we only collect the information for [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|WAM]] postcard 31/01/2019 UTC 23:59. If you haven't filled [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdX75AmuQcIpt2BmiTSNKt5kLfMMJUePLzGcbg5ouUKQFNF5A/viewform the google form], please fill it asap. If you already completed the form, please stay tun, wait for the postcard and tracking emails. Cheers! Thank you and best regards, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] 2020.01 [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 21 Januari 2020 03.58 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:-revi@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2019_Postcard&oldid=19732202 --> == WAM 2019 Postcard: All postcards are postponed due to the postal system shut down == [[File:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo.svg|right|200px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|link=:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019]] Dear all participants and organizers, Since the outbreak of COVID-19, all the postcards are postponed due to the shut down of the postal system all over the world. Hope all the postcards can arrive as soon as the postal system return and please take good care. Best regards, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] 2020.03 <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Aldnonymous@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2019_Postcard&oldid=19882731 --> == My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic == Could you please help me translate the page [[My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic]]? I wrote it in English, it needs the translation. I only knew a few words to translate. The same problem exists at [[Charlotte's Web]]. [[Istimewa:SuntiangPangguno/2600:1700:53F0:AD70:9861:982F:7B38:C8D4|2600:1700:53F0:AD70:9861:982F:7B38:C8D4]] 14 Juni 2020 23.39 (WIB) == Digital Postcards and Certifications == [[File:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg|link=M:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2019|right|217x217px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2019]] Dear Participants and Organizers, Because of the COVID19 pandemic, there are a lot of countries’ international postal systems not reopened yet. We would like to send all the participants digital postcards and digital certifications for organizers to your email account in the upcoming weeks. For the paper ones, we will track the latest status of the international postal systems of all the countries and hope the postcards and certifications can be delivered to your mailboxes as soon as possible. Take good care and wish you all the best. <small>This message was sent by [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] via [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 21 Juni 2020 01.58 (WIB)</small> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Martin Urbanec@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2019_Postcard&oldid=20024482 --> == We sent you an e-mail == Hello {{PAGENAME}}, Really sorry for the inconvenience. This is a gentle note to request that you check your email. We sent you a message titled "The Community Insights survey is coming!". If you have questions, email surveys@wikimedia.org. You can [[:m:Special:Diff/20479077|see my explanation here]]. [[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 26 September 2020 01.45 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Samuel (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Samuel_(WMF)/Community_Insights_survey/other-languages&oldid=20479295 --> == Wikipedia Asian Month 2020 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[File:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg|link=m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2020|right|217x217px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2020]] Hi WAM organizers and participants! Hope you are all doing well! Now is the time to sign up for [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020|Wikipedia Asian Month 2020]], which will take place in this November. '''For organizers:''' Here are the [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020/Organiser Guidelines|basic guidance and regulations]] for organizers. Please remember to: # use '''[https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/ Fountain tool]''' (you can find the [[:m:Fountain tool|usage guidance]] easily on meta page), or else you and your participants’ will not be able to receive the prize from WAM team. # Add your language projects and organizer list to the [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020#Communities and Organizers|meta page]] before '''October 29th, 2020'''. # Inform your community members WAM 2020 is coming soon!!! # If you want WAM team to share your event information on [https://www.facebook.com/wikiasianmonth/ Facebook] / [https://twitter.com/wikiasianmonth twitter], or you want to share your WAM experience/ achievements on our blog, feel free to send an email to info@asianmonth.wiki or PM us via facebook. If you want to hold a thematic event that is related to WAM, a.k.a. [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020#Subcontests|WAM sub-contest]]. The process is the same as the language one. '''For participants:''' Here are the [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020#How to Participate in Contest|event regulations]] and [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month/QA|Q&A information]]. Just join us! Let’s edit articles and win the prizes! '''Here are some updates from WAM team:''' # Due to the [[:m:COVID-19|COVID-19]] pandemic, this year we hope all the Edit-a-thons are online not physical ones. # The international postal systems are not stable enough at the moment, WAM team have decided to send all the qualified participants/ organizers extra digital postcards/ certifications. (You will still get the paper ones!) # Our team has created a [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020/WAM2020 postcards and certification deliver progress (for tracking)|meta page]] so that everyone tracking the progress and the delivery status. If you have any suggestions or thoughts, feel free to reach out the WAM team via emailing '''info@asianmonth.wiki''' or discuss on the meta talk page. If it’s urgent, please contact the leader directly ('''jamie@asianmonth.wiki'''). Hope you all have fun in Wikipedia Asian Month 2020 Sincerely yours, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] 2020.10</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:KOKUYO@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2020&oldid=20508138 --> == Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2020 == Halo Da Adhmi, ba'a kaba? Bulan Asia Wikipedia adolah acara manulih basamo (edit-a-thon) daring (online) nan batujuan untuak manyumbangan pangatauan dalam bahaso Minang jo mangambangan raso basamo-samo dalam bamacam komunitas Wikipedia di Asia. Acara ko diadoan salamo bulan November 2020 jo maisi Wikipedia jo konten tantang Asia (salain Indonesia). Molah sato, Sanak! '''[[Wikipedia:Bulan Asia Wikipedia/2020]]'''. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 1 Nopember 2020 22.37 (WIB) == Wikipedia Asian Month 2020 Postcard == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg|link=m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2020|right|120px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2020]] Dear Participants, Jury members and Organizers, Congratulations! It's Wikipedia Asian Month's honor to have you all participated in Wikipedia Asian Month 2020, the sixth Wikipedia Asian Month. Your achievements were fabulous, and all the articles you created make the world can know more about Asia in different languages! Here we, the Wikipedia Asian Month International team, would like to say thank you for your contribution also cheer for you that you are eligible for the postcard of Wikipedia Asian Month 2020. Please kindly fill '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSftK0OwA_f1ZVtCULlyi4bKU9w2Z7QfW4Y_1v9ltdTIFKFcXQ/viewform the form]''', let the postcard can send to you asap! * This form will be closed at February 15. * For tracking the progress of postcard delivery, please check '''[[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020/Organizers and jury members|this page]]'''. Cheers! Thank you and best regards, [[:m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2020/Team#International_Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]], 2021.01</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:KOKUYO@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2020_Postcards&oldid=20923776 --> == Wikipedia Asian Month 2020 Postcard == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg|link=m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2020|right|120px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2020]] Dear Participants and Organizers, Kindly remind you that we only collect the information for Wikipedia Asian Month postcard 15/02/2021 UTC 23:59. If you haven't filled the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSftK0OwA_f1ZVtCULlyi4bKU9w2Z7QfW4Y_1v9ltdTIFKFcXQ/viewform Google form], please fill it asap. If you already completed the form, please stay tun, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020/Postcards and Certification|wait for the postcard and tracking emails]]. Cheers! Thank you and best regards, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2020/Team#International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]], 2021.01 </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:KOKUYO@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WAM_2020_Postcards&oldid=20923776 --> == Gabuang artikel Pandemik ka Pandemi? == Salam Bang Adhmi, isi dari artikel [[Pandemik]] ambo gabuangkan ka artikel [[Pandemi]] nan labiah daulu dibuek, indak ba'a kan? [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 2 April 2022 12.47 (WIB) :Silahkan pak, rancak juo mah. [[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Adhmi|maota]]) 16 April 2022 22.26 (WIB) == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Pesan pengingat untuk pemilihan anggota U4C yang pertama</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Anggota komunitas Wikimedia yang baik, Anda menerima pesan ini karena sebelumnya Anda telah ikut serta dalam proses UCoC. Pesan ini dikirimkan untuk mengingatkan Anda bahwa masa pemilihan Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal akan berakhir pada tanggal 9 Mei 2024. Silakan baca informasi pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|halaman pemilihan di Meta Wiki]] untuk mempelajari tentang pemilihan ini serta syarat kelayakan pemilih. Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal (U4C) merupakan sebuah komite global yang berdedikasi untuk memastikan penerapan UCoC yang adil dan konsisten. Para anggota komunitas Wikimedia diundang untuk mengajukan pencalonan dan menjadi bagian dari U4C. Untuk informasi lengkap dan tanggung jawab dari U4C, silakan [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|tinjau Piagam U4C]]. Mohon bagikan pesan ini kepada anggota komunitas Anda, sehingga mereka juga dapat ikut serta dalam pemilihan kali ini. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 3 Mai 2024 05.53 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_3&oldid=26721208 --> == Plans to enable MinT for Wiki Readers in Minangkabau Wikipedia == Hello [[User:Adhmi|Adhm]], I am [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|Uzoma]], the Movement Communication Specialist supporting the Language team. The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] has been working on [[mw:MinT#MinT_for_wiki_readers|MinT for Wiki Readers]], and we plan to enable two entry points in Minangkabau Wikipedia. [[Wikipedia:Kadai Kopi#Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Minangkabau Wikipedia|This announcement]] contains the details. Since you are a prolific contributor in this Wikipedia, we thought this feature might interest you. Please feel free to read the announcement, [[Istimewa:AutomaticTranslation|test the feature]], and [[mw:Talk:MinT#Feedback_from_Wikipedians_about_MinT_for_Wiki_Readers|provide your feedback]]. Thanks, and we look forward to your feedback. [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|maota]]) 19 Juni 2024 03.24 (WIB) == Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in Minangkabau Wikipedia == {{Int:Hello}} Minangkabau Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Minangkabau Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[Berkas:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[Berkas:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 26th May 2025. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|maota]]) 13 Mai 2025 03.21 (WIB) == Help needed with translating User Interface message strings == {{Int:hello}} Wikimedians I hope this message finds you well! We have some User Interface message strings that need your help to be translated into Minangkabau. Right now, they're at 0 percent, and it would be fantastic to get them fully localized. @[[Pangguno:Mechaenjoyed|Mechaenjoyed]], @[[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] and @[[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]], thank you for all your contributions in this Wikipedia. Maybe you are interested in volunteering to translate the message strings, and anyone else interested in jumping in and lending a hand. Below is the link for the message strings on translatewiki: * [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-contenttranslation-automatic-translation&language=si&filter=%21translated&action=translate https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-contenttranslation-automatic-translation&language=min&filter=%21translated&action=translate] If you haven’t used [https://translatewiki.net/ translatewiki.net] before, no worries! Here’s what you need: * A good grasp of both English and Minangkabau. * A TranslateWiki account (your wiki account won’t work here, but you can easily create one with your existing Wiki details, so you don’t have to remember anything new). * A willingness to follow some simple instructions! Once you’ve got your account set up, you’ll need to translate a few random messages for the site to authenticate your knowledge of the language. After that, you can dive right into the translations using the links above. Thanks so much for helping! If you have any questions or need help, let me know. [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|maota]]) 10 Juni 2025 07.12 (WIB) :thank you for the information, I will try it. [[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Adhmi|maota]]) 11 Juni 2025 10.34 (WIB) ::Thank you so much @[[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] for the translations. [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|maota]]) 22 Juli 2025 20.40 (WIB) == Thank you! == [[File:Translation Barnstar Velvet.svg|left|150px|Thank you, Adhmi, for translating the user interfaces of tools like Growth feature and others into Minangkabau.]] [[Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:UOzurumba (WMF)|maota]]) 4 September 2025 05.59 (WIB) :[[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Adhmi|maota]]) 4 September 2025 07.53 (WIB) thanks for the appreciation == Tolong blokir [[Pangguno:MFajarmin1|MFajarmin1]] == Halo Adhmi saya meminta bantuan anda untuk memblokir [[Pangguno:MFajarmin1|MFajarmin1]] karena ia merupakan salah satu pelaku penyalahgunaan jangka panjang wiki lintas bahasa yang hingga kini masih aktif melakukan vandalisme dan baru-baru ini saya melihat ia menambahkan templat status ANT pada artikel [[Urang Sunda]] dan halaman pembicaraan artikelnya tanpa ada diskusi usulan artikel pilihan [[Pangguno:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Badak Jawa|maota]]) 25 Pebruari 2026 14.54 (WIB) == Saya butuh bantuan == Halo @[[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] saya meminta bantuan anda untuk menerjemahkan [[id:Templat:BintangWiki Wiki Cinta Ramadan 2026|templat ini]] ke bahasa Minangkabau dan menghubungkannya ke butir Wikidata [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138303997 ini]. Salam [[Pangguno:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Badak Jawa|maota]]) 25 Maret 2026 17.04 (WIB) :baik, segera dilaksanakan [[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Adhmi|maota]]) 25 Maret 2026 21.47 (WIB) ::Tarimo kasih [[Pangguno:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Badak Jawa|maota]]) 25 Maret 2026 21.53 (WIB) == Saya butuh bantuan (2) == Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh semoga Allah menyertaimu ya Adhmi. Saya meminta bantuan saudara Adhmi untuk kedua kalinya membuat hasil yang berisi nama peserta dan jumlah keseluruhan nilai Wiki Cinta Ramadan 2026 yang telah di selenggarakan di Wikipedia bahasa Minangkabau yang dapat anda sambungkan di butir Wikidata [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138841294 ini] dan menambah tabel para pemenangnya di [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_2026/Results sini]. Sekian pesan dari saya mohon maaf mengganggu waktu saudara. Wassalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh [[Pangguno:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Badak Jawa|maota]]) 1 April 2026 08.40 (WIB) :Waalaikumsalam wr wb, Permintaan telah dilaksanakan, terima kasih. Wassalam. [[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Adhmi|maota]]) 1 April 2026 17.14 (WIB) j514dvp0whs6b17xrxnzaq62az0at0s 0 319220 3345248 3345011 2026-04-01T05:12:28Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artifact | name = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang VIII | native_name = Batu basurek Ponggongan II | type = Batu basurek | material = [[Lapili|Batu lapili]] | long = 52 cm | height = 30 cm | width = 49 cm | writing = [[Aksara Pallawa|Aksara Pasca-Pallawa Sumatera]] | period = Karajaan Malayapura | place = Ponggongan, Tanah Datar, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia | location = [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] | coordinates = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | language = [[Bahaso Sanskerta]] | culture = Budaya Pagaruyuang | registration = No SK : 77/M/2019 Tanggal SK : 2019-03-12 | map ={{Location map many | Indonesia Sumatra | float = center | relief = yes | label = Pagaruyuang VIII | lat_deg = -0.4597310 | lon_deg = 100.6077240 | width = 275 }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} <!-- Map center --> | float = centre | zoom = 13 | width = 275 <!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --> | height = 150 | label = Paguruyuang VIII | label-pos = top | caption = Lokasi Paguruyuang VIII | mark-coord = {{coord|-0.4597310|100.6077240}} | mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg | mark-size1 = 12 | mark-title = Pagaruyuang VIII }} | image = WBB Pagaruyung VIII terang.jpg | image_caption = Batu basurek Pagaruyuang VIII }} [[Berkas:Stenen met inscripties te Pagarroejoeng bij Fort van der Capellen, KITLV 111788.tiff|jmpl|Batu-batu basurek nan bakumpuaan di Pagaruyuang (poto baambiak k. 1912). Batu basurek Pagaruyuang VIII/Ponggongan II ado di ujuang sabalah suok.]] '''Batu basurek Pagaruyuang VIII''', nan dinamoan juo '''batu basurek Ponggongan II''',{{sfn|Tjoa-Bonatz|2019|p=57}} adolah ciek [[batu basurek]] nan barasa dari maso Rajo [[Adityawarman]], batarikh 1291 Saka atau 1369 M.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=23}}{{sfn|Kozok|2015|p=38}}{{sfn|Nur|2014|p=51}} Batu basurek ko bantuaknyo [[Lasuang|lasuang batu]] basagi ampek, tabuek dari batu lapili bawarno coklat kaputiahan, panjangnyo 52 cm, leba 49 cm, jo taba (tinggi) 30 cm.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=23}} Di tangah-tangahnyo ado lubang nan untuak tampek manumbuak bareh.{{sfn|Kozok|2015|p=38}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Prasasti-Pagaruyung|title=Prasasti Pagaruyung » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|access-date=2025-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.selasar.com/kerajaan/pagaruyung/|title=Kerajaan Pagaruyung: Silsilah, Peta, Peninggalan & Keruntuhan|last=Ikhsani|first=Siva Nur|date=2020-10-15|website=Selasar|language=id|access-date=2025-09-07}}</ref> Tulisan naskah batu basurek tadapek pado pamukoan ateh dari lasuang, ditulih dalam [[bahaso Sanskerta]] nan bacampua saketek jo [[Bahaso Jawa|bahaso Jawa Kuno]],{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=23}} mamakai [[Aksara Pallawa|aksara Pasca-Pallawa Sumatera]],{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=102}} nan taseba di tigo sisi pamukoan batu.<ref name=":3" /> Batu basurek ko mamuek pujian kapado surang rajo nan murah ati, taratua, sarato disabuik sabagai kalairan baliak (inkarnasi) mukaluak satangah dewa (''gana'').{{sfn|Kozok|2015|p=38}} Kalimaik panando taun (''candra sengkala'') ''ratu ganato hadadi'' nan tasurek di batu basurek ko ditapsirkan dek Budi Istiawan (2006) sabagai panando taun 1368 M.{{sfn|Kozok|2015|p=38}} Pambacoan sabalunnyo dek [[Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis|de Casparis]] (1989) agak balain; inyo manapsirkan ''candra sengkala'' tasabuik sabagai 1238 Saka atau 1316 M. Manuruiknyo, nan mangaluaan batu basurek ko adolah [[Akarendrawarman]], sabagai pandaulu jo mamak kapado Adityawarman.{{sfn|Kozok|2015|p=38}} Salain nilai sijarahnyo, batu basurek Pagaruyuang VIII ko, basamo batu-batu basurek lainnyo di [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]], alah paguno sabagai sarana pandidiakan masarakaik, tarutamo untuak mampakanakan sijarah satampek kapado rang mudo.{{sfn|Kurnia|Monanda|2015|p=35}} Batu basurek ko alah tadafta sabagai Cagar Budaya Peringkat Nasional malalui Surat Keputusan (SK) Nomor 77/M/2019, nan ditabikan pado tanggal 12 Maret 2019 dek Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/dpk/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/12/CBN2022-1.pdf|title=Daftar Cagar Budaya peringkat Nasional Tahun 2013-2022|date=Oktober 2022|language=id|access-date=2025-09-19}}</ref> == Lata balakang == Batu basurek Pagaruyuang VIII marupoan sabuah batu basurek dari jaman pamarentahan Rajo [[Adityawarman]] nan barasa dari sakita abaik ka-13 sampai abaik ka-14 Masehi.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=23}} Batu basurek ko dilaporkan dek epigrafis jo arkeolog [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom|N.J Krom]] dalam ''Oudheidkundig Verslag'' ([[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]]: Laporan Kepurbakalaan) tabikan ''[[Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen|Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kusten en Wetenschappen]]'' (Indonesia: Ikatan Ilmu dan Kesenian Batavia) pado taun 1912. Batu basurek ko tacataik sabagai salah satu dari limo batu basurek nan ditamuan di wilayah Ponggongan, jorong Balai Janggo, Nagari [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyuang]], Kecamatan [[Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Tanjung Emas]], Kabupaten [[Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]].{{sfn|Tjoa-Bonatz|2019|p=57}}{{sfn|Krom|1912|p=44}} Krom mancataik, batu basurek ko babantuak pasagi jo balubang di bagian tangahnyo. Disebuikan baso ado naskah sabarih pado satiok sisi, jo barih partamo balanjuik ka barih kaduo di sisi partamo. Manuruik pangamatannyo, batu basurek tasabuik dibuek pado taun 1?17, angko ratuihnyo indak dapek dibaconyo sacaro jaleh. Inyo manulih pulo baso batu basurek ko maso tu alah bapindahan dari lokasi panamuannyo ka Pagaruyuang, nan kudian dinamoan pulo sabagai Batu basurek Pagaruyuang VIII.{{sfn|Tjoa-Bonatz|2019|p=57}}{{sfn|Krom|1912|p=44}} Para sijarawan umumnyo maubuangkan batu basurek ko jo maso pamarentahan [[Adityawarman]], surang rajo nan dikana banyak maninggaan batu basurek nan ditulih mamakai [[bahaso Sanskerta]], [[bahaso Malayu Kuno]], [[bahaso Jawa Kuno]], bahkan [[bahaso Tamil]]. Isi naskah batu basurek Pagaruyuang VIII ko barupo pujian taradok surang rajo nan disamoan jo dewa, indak tajadi padabatan di antaro para panaliti. Namun, ado pabedaan pandapek manganai pananggalan jo sia sabananyo tokoh nan tasabuik dalam batu basurek ko. Sabagian panaliti manapsirannyo barasa dari maso Adityawarman,{{sfn|Kozok|2015|p=38}} samantaro ado pulo nan maubuangkannyo jo maso [[Akarendrawarman]].{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=24}} == Lokasi == Kini ko, batu basurek Pagaruyuang VIII lah dikumpuaan basamo tujuah batu basurek lainnyo di [[Kompleks Prasasti Adityawarman]] nan talatak di jalan rayo [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyuang]]-[[Batusangkar (kota)|Batusangka]] di jorong Gudam, Nagari Pagaruyuang, Kecamatan Tanjung Emas, Kabupaten Tanah Datar.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=1}} Pamaliaroan batu basurek ko dilakuan dek Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sumatera Barat, sarato artefak ko lah tadafta sabagai benda cagar budayo jo nomor inventaris 26/BCB-TB/SMB.{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=102}}<ref name=":5" /> == Panggambaran == Batu basurek ko bapahaik pado artefak [[lasuang]] atau lumpang batu nan babantuak pasagi ampek indak samo sisi (asimetris), jo ado sabuah lubang lasuang di tangahnyo.{{sfn|Krom|1912|p=44}}{{sfn|Miksic|1987|p=18}} Artefak iko dibuek dari bahan batu lapili bawarno coklat kaputihan, baukuran panjang 52 cm jo leba 49 cm jo taba 30 cm.{{sfn|Tjoa-Bonatz|2019|p=57}}{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=23}} Batu basurek Pagaruyuang VIII iko ditulih dalam bahaso Sanskerta jo saketek campuran bahaso Jawa Kuno,{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=3}} manggunoan aksara Pasca-Pallawa Sumatera.{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|p=102}} Batu basurek ko baisi sabarih naskah, nan dituriahan baputa bakuliliang badan lasuang pado katigo sisinyo. Barih partamo marupoan sabuah kalimaik panjang sarato barih kaduo marupoan sabuah kalimaik pendek. Ukiran naskah batu basurek ko bamulo dari sisi nan barisi duo barih tulisan, lalu balanjuik ka sisi kaduo jo katigo, sarato baakia baliak pado sisi partamo sabagai barih kaduo. Manuruik de Casparis, pado sisi kaampek nan indak dituriahan naskah itu kamungkinan sisi nan dilakokan pado suatu bangunan atau karang.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=23}} === Nan tasurek === Naskah batu basurek ko manuruik Istiawan (2006) adolah sbb.:{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=23}} # ''Om. tithiwarsatitha ratu ganato hadadi jestamasa dwidasa drta dana satata lagu nrpo kanaka jana amara wasita wasa'' # ''sukhasthita //o//'' Sabalunnyo, J.G. de Casparis (1989) panah malakuan alih aksara nan agak balain pulo, sbb.:{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=24}} : ''Sasikarawacaraturagankite'' : ''a----ddhana------ya/'' : ''sriy=akarendra-nrpo kanakawaneh'' : ''amarawasitawasa sukham sthita//'' === Aratinyo === Tajamahan naskah batu basurek ko manuruik Istiawan (2006) adolah sbb.:{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=23}} # Bahagia. Pado taun Saka 1291 bulan Jyesta tangga 12 (adolah) surang rajo nan salalu ringan dalam manyumbang ameh dan manjadi contoh bagaikan dewa nan (babaun) arum # taratua jo salalu sanang Kusumadewi (2012) maliek baso pambacoan sabalunnyo pado batu basurek Pagaruyuang VIII ko ado kasalahan panulisan tando baco pado kalimaik nan tatulih. Kasalahan itu umumnyo barupo indak dipakainyo babarapo tando baco, sarupo titiak di bawah pado ṇ, ṭ, ṣ, ṁ, ḍ, ḥ, sarato galombang (''tilde'') pado ñ. Manuruiknyo, kasalahan tando baco ko dapek barasa dari sang ''citralekha'' (panulih batu basurek) atau dari panaliti sabalunnyo nan talupuik kutiko manulihnyo. Indak sasuainyo pamakaian tando baco tu dapek marusak katapekan pambacoan aksara nan basangkutan, sarato ''saṁdhi'' (parubahan bunyi antaro kato) nan maikutinyo.{{sfn|Kusumadewi|2012|pp=54-55}}{{Efn|Saṁdhi adolah parubahan bunyi (fonetik) dalam sabuah kalimaik, nan ma satiok kato nan diikuik jo kato sabalun atau sasudahnyo mangalami parubahan bunyi maupun tulisan.}} == Pandapek == === Mambaco candra sengkala === Taun ditulihnyo batu basurek iko banyatoan jo candra sengkala, yaitu jo kalimat dalam bahaso Sanskerta nan tiok-tiok kato punyo nilai angko. Manuruik nan tabaco dek Istiawan, candra sengkala nan tasurek di batu iko babunyi “''ratu ganato hadadi''”. Kato “''ratu''“ aratinyo rajo, banilai 1; “''gana”'' aratinyo mukaluak satangah dewa, banilai 2; “''hadadi”'' aratinyo manjadi, barnilai 12. Sahinggo candra sengkala iko punyo nilai tahun 1291 Saka, nan samo jo 1369 M. Tahun iko ado dalam rantang maso Adityawarman mamarentah, yaitu antaro 1347–1375 M. Surek di ateh batu iko mamuji rajo sebagai urang nan murah hati sampai-sampai basamoan jo dewa.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=23}}{{sfn|Kozok|2015|p=38}} Manuruik nan tabaco dek Casparis, candra sengkala nan tasurek di batu iko babunyi "''turangga awacara kara sasi". Kato'' “''sasi''” aratinyo bulan, banilai 1; “''kara''” aratinyo tangan, barnilai 2; “''awacara''” aratinyo suasana, barnilai 3, dan “''turangga''” atau kuda (bernilai 8). Sahinggo candra sengkala iko punyo nilai tahun 1238 Saka, nan samo jo 1316 M.{{sfn|Nur|2014|p=51}} Dek iko, batu basurek ko manuruiknyo marupoan bukti pamarentahan Rajo Akarendrawarman, sarato jo analisis nan badasa pado sistim badunsanak di Minangkabau, kamungkinan rajo tasabuik adolah dunsanak laki-laki pihaik mandeh (mamak) dari Adityawarman.{{sfn|Istiawan|2006|p=24}} Salain itu, Adwayawarman—nan disabuik dalam batu basurek Kuburajo I sabagai ayah dari Adityawarman—indak tacatat panah jadi rajo di Sumatera Barat.{{sfn|Nur|2014|p=51}} === Guno lasuang batu === Batu basurek ko tamasuak unik dek bapahaik pado artefak babantuak lasuang atau lumpang batu. Miksic (1987) mancataik baso lasuang batu marupoan pakakeh tradisional nan lah lamo digunoan untuak manumbuak bareh atau bahan makanan lainnyo, nan umumnyo ditamukan di pakampuangan lamo maupun baru di Sumatera Barat. Manuruik carito urang satampek, babarapo lasuang batu nan kini indak lai digunoan, sabalunnyo baparan dalam upacara [[Adaik Minangkabau|adaik]] atau kagiatan baradaik lainnyo.{{sfn|Miksic|1987|pp=6,18}} Di Balubus, lasuang batu digunoan dalam upacara maso panen, di mano saikek padi nan partamo dipotong kudian ditumbuak jo diiriangi [[mantra]] sarato sasaji. Di Manganti, Guguak, di tapian [[Batang Sinamar]], lasuang batu digunoan untuak manampung darah hewan pasambahan nan dagiangnyo dimakan sasudah acara gotong royong mambarasiahan batang aia. Darah hewan pasambahan tu, sarupo domba, ditampuang jo mungkin dibiakan daulu sampai kariang untuak mahoromati arwah niniak muyang. Di Bukik Afar, lasuang digunoan untuak manandoi bateh anta suku.{{sfn|Miksic|1987|p=18}} Miksic mancataik pulo baso pado maso lalu, sadoalah panduduak asali punyo lasuang batu, sadangkan urang datang nan tibo kudian indak dipabuliahan punyo. Di tampek lain, rumah [[pangulu]] ditandoi jo adonyo saindak-indaknyo ampek lasuang batu.{{sfn|Miksic|1987|p=18}} Bukti-bukti manunjuakan baso lasuang batu masih taruih digunoan sampai dakek jo maso moderen. Tampek lasuang bapindah maikuik pamiliaknyo ataupun maikuik pindahnyo pamukiman. Babeda jo artefak prasijarah lainnyo sarupo batu tagak (menhir) nan ditamuan di pinggia pamukiman, lasuang batu ditamukan di tangah-tangah area pamukiman.{{sfn|Miksic|1987|p=18}} === Mitos === Sabalun dilakuan pambacoan ilimiah dek para sijarawan, urang satampek lah lamo punyo mitos tantang batu basurek Pagaruyuang VIII maupun batu-batu basurek kuno lainnyo nan banyak taseba di babagai lokasi di Kabupaten Tanah Datar. Carito-carito rakyaik tasabuik manjadi sarana pandidiakan budayo jo adaik dek urang satampek. Sampai kini ko, mitos-mitos tasabuik tatap dipaliaro dalam lingkuik pandidiakan untuak mampakanakan warisan budayo kapado rang mudo. Kumpulan carito rakyaik Minangkabau tantang mitos babatuan kuno sarato carito rakyaik lainnyo dari kabupaten iko panah ditarbiakan dek Badan Perpustakaan dan Kearsipan Provinsi Sumatera Barat.{{sfn|Kurnia|Monanda|2015|pp=iii-iv, 35}} == Caliak pulo == {{commonscat|Pagaruyung VIII Inscription|Batu basurek Pagaruyuang VIII}} * [[Adityawarman]] * [[Daftar batu basurek di Sumatera Barat]] == Catatan == {{Notelist}} == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} === Bacoan lanjuik === *{{Cite journal|last=Istiawan|first=Budi|year=2006 |url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28195/2/SELINTAS%20PRASASTI%20DARI%20MELAYU%20KUNO.pdf|title=Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno|edition=1|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar (Wilayah Kerja Provinsi Sumatera Barat dan Riau)|pages=39-40|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=35lqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38&dq=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-wIW5yvzNAhUVSo8KHTcyBLQQuwUINDAD#v=onepage&q=false |title=A 14th Century Malay Code of Laws: The Nitisarasamuccaya |last=Kozok |first=Uli |year=2015 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814459747 |language=en |page=38 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530217/page/n39/mode/2up|title=Inventaris de Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden|last=Krom|first=Nicolaas Johannes|publisher=Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen|date=1912|journal=Oudheidkundig verslag|location=Weltevreden|publisher=Albrecht & Co.|volume=49|pp=33-50|url-status=live|lang=nl|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Kurnia|first=Febby Eka|last2=Monanda|first2=Roberto|date=2015|url=http://repo.unand.ac.id/4609/1/BP-EB-PRM-02.pdf|title=Folklor Minangkabau: Mitos Batu-Batu dan Cerita Rakyat di Luhak Nan Tuo|location=Padang|publisher=Suri (Surau Institute for Conservation)|isbn=978-602-70688-3-4|pages=35|url-status=live}} *{{Cite journal|last=Kusumadewi|first=Sri Ambarwati|year=2012|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20322904&lokasi=lokal#|title=Adityawarman (1347-1374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|access-date=2025-08-17|ref=harv}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite journal|last=Miksic|first= John N.|date=1987|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41493081?read-now=1&seq=1|title=From Seri Vijaya to Melaka "Batu Tagak" in Historical and Cultural Context|journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=60|number=2 (253)|pp=1-42|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Nur|first=Muhammad|date=2014|title=Raja Pagaruyung di Minangkabau dalam Perspektif Sejarah|url=https://adoc.pub/raja-pagaruyung-di-minangkabau-dalam-perspektif-sejarah.html|journal=Analisis Sejarah|volume=5|issue=1|publisher=Labor Sejarah, Universitas Andalas|pages=47-67|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Tjoa-Bonatz|first=Mai Lin|date=2019|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/A_View_from_the_Highlands/QIDRDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=ponggongan&pg=PA57&printsec=frontcover|title=A View from the Highlands: Archaeology and Settlement History of West Sumatra, Indonesia|publisher=ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute|isbn=978-981-4843-02-7|language=en|url-status=live|ref=harv}} [[Kategori:Batu basurek|Pagaruyuang VIII]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] ap4k6qp0bo9gsdkfnuisyibzxt757wi 0 387936 3345316 3344921 2026-04-01T08:27:02Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 32 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345316 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[JKT48]]''' adolah [[Idola Jepang|grup idola]] asal [[Indonesia]]. Dibuek pado tahun 2011, JKT48 marupoan grup saudari [[AKB48]] patamo nan barado di lua [[Jepang]].<ref name="orcon20110511">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/entertainment/2001678/full/|title=インドネシア・ジャカルタで「JKT48」始動! AKB48海外初の姉妹グループ誕生へ|date=11 Mei 2011|accessdate=13 September 2011|publisher=Oricon, Inc.}}</ref> Grup iko mangadopsi konsep AKB48 yaitu "idola nan dapek Sanak jumpai satiok hari".<ref name="ann20110511">{{Cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2011-09-11/akb48-idol-group-to-spawn-jkt48-spinoff-in-indonesia|title=AKB48 Idol Group to Spawn JKT48 Spinoff in Indonesia|date=11 Mei 2011|accessdate=12 September 2011|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> JKT48 maadoan partunjukan di Theater JKT48, lantai 4 mal [[fX Sudirman]], Jakarta. == Anggota kini ko == === Anggota tetap === <!-- Tolong jangan dimasukkan "terduga" aktivitas bisnis para anggota jika belum diakui secara terbuka ataupun ada pernyataan resmi baik dari official ataupun anggota yang bersangkutan. --> {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=11 | Daftar anggota tetap (Untuak mambuka tabel di bawah iko, silakan takan tombol "kambangan") |- | align=center | <gallery> File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Alya).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alya Amanda|Alya Amanda Fatihah]] Berkas:20191221 JKT48 at JKT48 Joy Kick Tears HSF - Angelina Christy (Christy) (4) (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Angelina Christy]] File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Anindya).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Anindya Ramadhani|Anindya Ramadhani Purnomo]] File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Cathy).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cathleen Nixie|Cathleen Hana Nixie]] File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Elin).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Celline Thefani|Celline Thefannie]] File:Chelsea JKT48, Ella JKT48, dan Gita JKT48 di Futuristik 2024 Tangerang (Chelsea).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Chelsea Davina|Chelsea Davina Norman]] File:Oniel JKT48 at Nivea Men X JKT48 Event - 53105396298.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cornelia Vanisa|Cornelia Syafa Vanisa]] File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Cynthia).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cynthia Yaputera]] File:Danella JKT48 tampil di Mendadak Festival (MenFest) Padang 2024 - HIBIKUN.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dena Natalia|Dena Natalia Ang]] File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Daisy).jpg|[[Desy Natalia (penyanyi, kelahiran 2005)|Desy Natalia Ang]] Berkas:Olla JKT48 Doing Jikoshoukai Session (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Febriola Sinambela]] File:Feni F 08Dec19 IMG 1745.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Feni Fitriyanti]] File:Gita JKT48 dan Fiony JKT48 (Fiony).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fiony Alveria Tantri]] File:Freya Jayawardana.jpg|Freyanashifa Jayawardana]] Berkas:Ella JKT48 (2023-12-16).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Gabriela Abigail|Gabriela Abigail Mewengkang]] File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Gendis).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Gendis Mayrannisa|Gendis Mayrannisa Setiawan]] File:Gita JKT48 dan Fiony JKT48 (Gita).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Gita Sekar Andarini]] Berkas:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Gracie).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Grace Octaviani|Grace Octaviani Tanujaya]] Berkas:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Greesel).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Greesella Adhalia|Greesella Sophina Adhalia]] Berkas:Helisma Putri at OVJ Trans 7.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Helisma Putri|Helisma Mauludzunia Putri Kurnia]] File:JKT48 Joy Kick! Tears Handshake Festival Jakarta 01Dec19 IMG 3670.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Indah Cahya Nabilla]] File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama IDN Media dan JKT48 (Jessi).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jessica Chandra|Jessica Rich Chandra]] File:Kathrina Irene Indarto Putri (Kathrin) JKT48.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Kathrina Irene|Kathrina Irene Indarto Putri]] Kemenparekraf Gandeng JKT48 Sukseskan "Melodi Kemerdekaan 2024" 01 (Lulu).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lulu Salsabila|Lulu Azkiya Salsabila]] Zee JKT48 and Marsha JKT48 Having Fun! (Marsha).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Marsha Lenathea|Marsha Lenathea Lapian]] File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Michie).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Michelle Alexandra|Michelle Alexandra Suandi]] Berkas:Mutiara Azzahra at Joy Kick Tears Surabaya HSF.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mutiara Azzahra|Mutiara Azzahra Umandana]] </gallery> <small>'''Catatan:''' * {{colorbox|cfb53b}} Kapten grup. * {{colorbox|fe9eda}} Akan dipindahan ka Tim ''Love''. * {{colorbox|7fffff}} Akan dipindahan ka Tim ''Dream''. * {{colorbox|ffdf7f}} Akan dipindahan ka Tim ''Passion''. * {{colorbox|fe9494}} Anggota alah maumuman kalulusannyo dari grup.<!-- (Apabila ada anggota telah lulus dari JKT48, silahkan hapus bidang warna ini dan alihkan ke halaman "Daftar mantan anggota JKT48/(tahun kelulusan)". Dan apabila tuntas semua, bagian pada catatan ini akan disembunyikan.)--><!-- * {{colorbox|d3d3d3}} Anggota akan ''hiatus'' dari grup. (Apabila ada anggota sedang hiatus dari JKT48, silahkan hapus bidang warna ini dan diganti menjadi bidang warna selanjutnya di bawah pada catatan ini. Dan apabila tuntas semua, bagian pada catatan ini akan disembunyikan.)--> * {{colorbox|a9a9a9}} Anggota sadang ''hiatus'' dari grup.<!-- (Bidang ini bertujuan apabila ada anggota sedang ''hiatus'' dari JKT48. Apabila ada anggota yang akan segera kembali beraktivitas di JKT48 setelah masa ''hiatus'' nya, silahkan hapus bidang warna ini. Dan apabila tuntas semua, bagian pada catatan ini akan disembunyikan.)--> * {{colorbox|b5b5b5}} Anggota sadang dihukum nonaktif akibat malangga paraturan grup (basarato jo tando <s>coret</s>)<!-- (Apabila ada anggota telah bebas dari hukuman dan akan kembali beraktivitas di JKT48, silahkan hapus bidang warna ini. Dan apabila tuntas semua, bagian pada catatan ini akan disembunyikan.)--> </small> {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size: 100%; text-align:center;" ! Nama lengkap<!--{{efn|name="nama"|Nama yang tertera di situs web resmi JKT48}}--> !! Nama panggilan !! Kelahiran (usia) !! Generasi !! Salam perkenalan !! Mulai dan durasi bergabung (di JKT48) !! Formasi sebelumnya (tanggal pembubaran atau terakhir bergabung) !! Mulai dan durasi bergabung (sebagai anggota tetap JKT48) !! Sub-unit !! Nama ''fanbase'' !! Akun [[media sosial]]<ref name="mediasosial">Akun-akun media sosial yang dimiliki oleh para anggota JKT48 adalah [[Threads (aplikasi)|Threads]] (@), [[IDN App]] (IDN), [[Instagram]] (IG), [[Showroom (layanan pengaliran)|SHOWROOM]] (SR), [[TikTok]] (TT), [[X (media sosial)|X]] (X), dan [[YouTube]] (YT, hanya sebagian kecil anggota yang memiliki kanal YouTube resmi).</ref>!! Ref. |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Abigail Rachel|Abigail Rachel Lie]] |Aralie |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2008|8|6|df=yes}} ({{age|2008|8|6}} tahun) |12 |''Seperti bunga yang mekar, aku akan membuat kamu, kamu, dan kamu terbayang-bayang. Aku Ara-Aralie. Halo semuanya, nama aku Aralie ya!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Arariel |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.aralie @: @jkt48.aralie]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_aralie IDN: Aralie JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.aralie IG: @jkt48.aralie]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Aralie SR: Aralie / アラリー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.aralie TT: @jkt48.aralie]<br>[https://x.com/Aralie_JKT48 X: @Aralie_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/277?lang=id Abigail Rachel]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Adeline Wijaya]] |Delynn, ''Deyin'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2007|9|1|df=yes}} ({{age|2007|9|1}} tahun) |12 |''Nyemangatin dan ngangenin, siapa yang kamu pikirin? Delynn! Pyong! Pyong! Aku Delynn!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Delynessence |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.delynn @: @jkt48.delynn]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_delynn IDN: Delynn JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.delynn IG: @jkt48.delynn]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Delynn SR: Delynn / デリンヌ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.delynn TT: @jkt48.delynn]<br>[https://x.com/Delynn_JKT48 X: @Delynn_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/278?lang=id Adeline Wijaya]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| *Bersahabat dengan [[Hillary Abigail|Lily]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Alya Amanda|Alya Amanda Fatihah]] |Alya |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], 26 Agustus 2006 ({{age|2006|8|26}} tahun) |11 |''Jika hatimu sedang menangis, aku akan datang sebagai pelangi! Hai aku Alya!'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Alamanda |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.alya_ @: @jkt48.alya_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_alya IDN: Alya JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.alya_ IG: @jkt48.alya_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Alya SR: Alya / アリア (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@alyajkt48 TT: @alyajkt48]<br>[https://x.com/AA_AlyaJKT48 X: @AA_AlyaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/260?lang=id Alya Amanda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528204254/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/260?lang=id |date=2023-05-28 }} – JKT48.com</ref> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff, #fe9494)" | [[Amanda Sukma|Amanda Puspita Sukma Mulyadewi]] | Amanda, ''Manda'', ''Mandut'' | {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Malang|Malang]], [[Jawa Timur]], [[Indonesia]], 17 Desember 2004 ({{age|2004|12|17}} tahun) | 10 | ''Aku akan membuat hatimu berdebar kencang, seperti lagu dengan 1000bpm. Halo semuanya aku Amanda.'' | {{dts|2021|12|18}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|12|18}}) | data-sort-value="7.5.2023"|Siswi Pelatihan (7 Mei 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|5|7}})) | {{dts|2023|5|8}} ({{age in years and days|2023|5|8}}) | ''Belum pernah'' | Mandaffection | [https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.amanda.s @: @jkt48.amanda.s]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_amanda IDN: Amanda JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.amanda.s IG: @jkt48.amanda.s]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Amanda SR: Amanda / アマンダ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.amanda.s TT: @jkt48.amanda.s]<br>[https://x.com/PS_AmandaJKT48 X: @PS_AmandaJKT48] | <ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/249?lang=id Amanda Sukma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528055045/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/249?lang=id |date=2023-05-28 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Kakak kelas di [[Sekolah menengah atas|SMA]] dengan [[Desy Natalia (penyanyi, kelahiran 2005)|Daisy]] dan [[Dena Natalia|Danella]] yang merupakan 2 anggota JKT48 generasi kesebelas. Mereka pernah menjadi anggota grup ''cover'' tarian di SMA nya. *Berkuliah di [[Universitas Multimedia Nusantara]] dalam 2 periode. Dulu, pernah berkuliah di Prodi Teknik Fisika, tetapi berakhir putus kuliah. Kini, berkuliah di Prodi Arsitektur pada angkatan 2025. *Pernah dihukum nonaktif selama 12 minggu (2 Mei – 25 Juli 2024) karena terjerat skandal.<ref name=":1784">{{cite web |url=https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1784?lang=id|title=Pengumuman Mengenai Aktivitas Amanda Sukma dan Indira Seruni|date=2 Mei 2024|website=JKT48.com|accessdate=2 Mei 2024 |publisher=JKT48 Operation Team}}</ref>--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Angelina Christy]] |Christy, ''Angel'', ''Kitoy'', ''Toya'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2005|12|5|df=yes}} ({{age|2005|12|5}} tahun) |7 |''Peduli dan berbaik hati, siapakah dia? Chris.. (ty!) Halo semuanya aku Christy.'' |{{dts|2018|9|29}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|09|29}}) |data-sort-value="13.3.2021"|Tim KIII (13 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|13}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Christyzer |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.christy @: @jkt48.christy]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_christy IDN: Christy JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.christy IG: @jkt48.christy]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Christy SR: Christy/クリスティー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@christyjkt48 TT: @christyjkt48]<br>[https://x.com/A_ChristyJKT48 X: @A_ChristyJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/204?lang=id Angelina Christy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611015347/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/204?lang=id |date=2023-06-11 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Teman [[Sekolah menengah pertama|SMP]] dengan [[Jessica Chandra|Jessi]] yang sesama anggota JKT48 generasi ketujuh. *Memulai karir sebagai seorang model cilik. *Salah satu ''ace'' dari generasi ketujuh. *Bersahabat dengan [[Marsha Lenathea|Marsha]]. *Berkuliah di Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi [[Institut Komunikasi dan Bisnis LSPR]] pada angkatan 2023.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Anindya Ramadhani|Anindya Ramadhani Purnomo]] |Anindya, ''Anin'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Depok|Depok]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], 18 Oktober 2005 ({{age|2005|10|18}} tahun) |11 |''Si mungil hadir, semanis mangga! Hai aku Anindya!'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Aninimous |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.anindya_ @: @jkt48.anindya_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_anindya IDN: Anindya JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.anindya_ IG: @jkt48.anindya_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Anindya SR: Anindya / アニンディア (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@anindyajkt48 TT: @anindyajkt48]<br>[https://x.com/AR_AnindyaJKT48 X: @AR_AnindyaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/262?lang=id Anindya Ramadhani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601230223/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/262?lang=id |date=2023-06-01 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Berkuliah di Jurusan Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis [[Universitas Al Azhar Indonesia]] pada angkatan 2024.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Aurellia]] |Lia, ''Oreli'', ''Coach Lia'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], 29 Oktober 2002 ({{age|2002|10|29}} tahun) |10 |''Si social butterfly yang energik dan periang! Halo semuanya nama aku Lia!'' |{{dts|2021|12|18}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|12|18}}) |data-sort-value="7.5.2023"|Siswi Pelatihan (7 Mei 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|5|7}})) |{{dts|2023|5|8}} ({{age in years and days|2023|5|8}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Liamelior |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.aurellia_ @: @jkt48.aurellia_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_lia IDN: Lia JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.aurellia_ IG: @jkt48.aurellia_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Lia SR: Lia / リア (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.aurellia_ TT: @jkt48.aurellia_]<br>[https://x.com/AU_LiaJKT48 X: @AU_LiaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/250?lang=id Aurellia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601155535/https://www.jkt48.com/member/detail/id/250?lang=id |date=2023-06-01 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Berkuliah dan lulus dari Program Studi Akuntansi STIE Trisakti (2020–2025). *Dijuluki sebagai "''Coach Lia''", karena dia tahu tentang sepak bola, seperti seorang pengamat sepak bola Indonesia [[Justinus Lhaksana]] alias Coach Justin.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Aurhel Alana|Aurhel Alana Tirta]] |Lana, ''Ce Lana'', ''Onnie'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2006|9|14|df=yes}} ({{age|2006|9|14}} tahun) |12 |''Dengan kekuatan bulan, aku akan menyihirmu dengan pesonaku! Halo semuanya, nama aku Lana!'' ||{{dts|2023|11|18}} ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="30.4.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (30 April 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|4|30}}))||{{dts|2025|5|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2025|5|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Lanautica |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.lana.a @: @jkt48.lana.a]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_lana IDN: Lana JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.lana.a IG: @jkt48.lana.a]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Lana SR: Lana / ラナ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.lana TT: @jkt48.lana]<br>[https://x.com/AR_LanaJKT48 X: @AR_LanaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/280?lang=id Aurhel Alana]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Anggota generasi ke-12 tertua yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Pernah gagal dalam proses audisi [[Indonesia's Got Talent (musim 3)|Indonesia's Got Talent 2022]] bersama grup ''cover'' tarian 11 Evolve.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Catherina Vallencia|Catherina Vallencia Kurniawan]] |Erine |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2007|8|21|df=yes}} ({{age|2007|8|21}} tahun) |12 |''Hanya dengan seribu kejutan, checkmate! Siap memenangkan hatimu! Halo semuanya namaku Erine!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Cavallery |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.erine @: @jkt48.erine]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_erine IDN: Erine JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.erine IG: @jkt48.erine]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Erine SR: Erine / エリン (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.erine_ TT: @jkt48.erine_]<br>[https://x.com/CErine_JKT48 X: @CErine_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/281?lang=id Catherina Vallencia]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| *Pernah menjadi anggota grup ''cover'' tarian di SMA nya.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Cathleen Nixie|Cathleen Hana Nixie]] |Cathy |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]], [[Jawa Timur]], [[Indonesia]], 28 Mei 2009 ({{age|2009|5|28}} tahun) |11 |''Tring! Si peri cantik jelita, itulah aku! Hai semuanya, namaku Cathy!'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Cathleenexus |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.cathy @: @jkt48.cathy]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_cathy IDN: Cathy JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.cathy IG: @jkt48.cathy]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Cathy SR: Cathy / キャシー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@cathyjkt48 TT: @cathyjkt48]<br>[https://x.com/N_CathyJKT48 X: @N_CathyJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/263?lang=id Cathleen Nixie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604033118/https://www.jkt48.com/member/detail/id/263?lang=id |date=2023-06-04 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Memulai karir sebagai seorang aktris cilik.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Celline Thefani|Celline Thefannie]] |Elin |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Tangerang|Tangerang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], 9 April 2007 ({{age|2007|4|9}} tahun) |11 |''Semanis permen kapas dan seindah bunga lavender. Hola, perkenalkan namaku Elin.'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Cellineyours |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.elin_ @: @jkt48.elin_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_elin IDN: Elin JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.elin_ IG: @jkt48.elin_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Elin SR: Elin / エリン (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@elinjkt48 TT: @elinjkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Elin_JKT48 X: @Elin_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/264?lang=id Celline Thefani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328143639/https://www.jkt48.com/member/detail/id/264?lang=id |date=2023-03-28 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Adik dari Cindy Thefannie (kini Cindy Thyssen) yang merupakan seorang pencipta konten di YouTube dan Instagram. *Memiliki campuran darah dengan Belanda dan Thailand.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Chelsea Davina|Chelsea Davina Norman]] |Chelsea |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney]], [[Australia]], 23 Desember 2009 ({{age|2009|12|23}} tahun)<ref name="chelseajkt48">{{cite web |author=Ari Kurniawan |title=Hidupkan Lagi Musik Anak-anak, Chelsea Davina Rilis Single Doa Untuk Ayah Bunda |url=https://www.tabloidbintang.com/film-tv-musik/kabar/read/159223/hidupkan-lagi-musik-anak-anak-chelsea-davina-rilis-single-doa-untuk-ayah-bunda |website=TabloidBintang.com |access-date=12 November 2022 |date=13 Mei 2021}}</ref> |11 |''As bright as a shooting star in the starry night sky. Hai semua, aku Chelsea!'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Chelsealand |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.chelsea.d @: @jkt48.chelsea.d]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_chelsea IDN: Chelsea JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.chelsea.d IG: @jkt48.chelsea.d]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Chelsea SR: Chelsea / チェルシー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@_chelseajkt48 TT: @_chelseajkt48]<br>[https://x.com/DC_ChelseaJKT48 X: @DC_ChelseaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/265?lang=id Chelsea Davina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528135038/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/265?lang=id |date=2023-05-28 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Anggota pertama yang lahir di luar Asia ([[Australia]]) dan memiliki kewarganegaraan non-Asia. * Memiliki darah Australia dari ayahnya dan Indonesia dari ibunya.<ref name="chelseajkt48" / > * Memulai karir sebagai seorang model, aktris, penari, dan penyanyi cilik. * Pendukung klub sepak bola Inggris [[Chelsea F.C.|yang bernama sama dengan namanya]]. * Meraih 3 medali emas dalam "Arena Fun Swimming Festival Series III" di Jakarta pada 27 September 2025.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Cornelia Vanisa|Cornelia Syafa Vanisa]] |Oniel, ''Onyil'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Tangerang|Tangerang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|df=yes|2002|7|26}} ({{age|2002|7|26}} tahun) |8 |''Seperti teka-teki, kalian akan selalu penasaran denganku. Aku Oniel!'' |{{dts|2019|4|27}} ({{Age in years and days|2019|04|27}}) |data-sort-value="12.3.2021"|Tim T (12 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|12}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Onielity |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.oniel @: @jkt48.oniel]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_oniel IDN: Oniel JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.oniel IG: @jkt48.oniel]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Oniel SR: Oniel / オニエル (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@onieljkt48 TT: @onieljkt48]<br>[https://x.com/C_OnielJKT48 X: @C_OnielJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/221?lang=id Cornelia Vanisa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330220151/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/221?lang=id |date=2023-03-30 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Pernah tinggal di [[Kota Surabaya]], [[Jawa Timur]]. *Pernah menjadi penggemar JKT48 sebelum bergabung di grup, dan mengidolakan [[Nabilah Ayu]] (anggota JKT48 generasi pertama). *Berkuliah dan lulus dari Program Studi Sastra Inggris [[Universitas Pamulang]] (2019–2025). --> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Cynthia Yaputera]] |Cynthia, ''Ciput'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], 22 November 2003 ({{age|2003|11|22}} tahun) |11 |''Semangatku terus-menerus meluap, pop-pop! Halo aku Cynthia yang selalu semangat!'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Cynthiaction (Cynthia in Action) |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.cynthia @: @jkt48.cynthia]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_cynthia IDN: Cynthia JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.cynthia IG: @jkt48.cynthia]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Cynthia SR: Cynthia / シンティア (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@cynthiajkt48 TT: @cynthiajkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Y_CynthiaJKT48 X: @Y_CynthiaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/266?lang=id Cynthia Yaputera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528055224/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/266?lang=id |date=2023-05-28 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Anggota generasi kesebelas tertua yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Berkuliah dan lulus dari Program Studi Desain Interior [[Universitas Bina Nusantara]] (2021–2025). ** Juara 1 "Ajang Kreasi Desain Interior dalam Industri Film" dari Arté Room 2024.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Dena Natalia|Dena Natalia Ang]] |Danella, ''Dena'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], 16 Desember 2005 ({{age|2005|12|16}} tahun) |11 |''Tok tok! Siapa? Si penari yang akan menarikmu ke duniaku. Hai, aku Danella.'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Denalize |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.danella @: @jkt48.danella]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_danella IDN: Danella JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.danella IG: @jkt48.danella]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Danella SR: Danella / ダネラ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@danellajkt48 TT: @danellajkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Danella_JKT48 X: @Danella_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/267?lang=id Dena Natalia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603182602/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/267?lang=id |date=2023-06-03 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Berasal dari [[Kabupaten Purwakarta|Purwakarta]], [[Jawa Barat]]. * Saudari kembar dari [[Desy Natalia (penyanyi, kelahiran 2005)|Daisy]] yang sesama anggota JKT48 generasi kesebelas. * Adik kelas di [[Sekolah menengah atas|SMA]] dengan [[Amanda Sukma|Amanda]] yang merupakan anggota JKT48 generasi kesepuluh. Mereka pernah menjadi anggota grup ''cover'' tarian di SMA nya. *Berkuliah di Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi [[Institut Komunikasi dan Bisnis LSPR]] pada angkatan 2024 bersama saudari kembarnya.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Desy Natalia (penyanyi, kelahiran 2005)|Desy Natalia Ang]] |Daisy, ''Desy'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], 16 Desember 2005 ({{age|2005|12|16}} tahun) |11 |''Seperti bunga daisy, aku akan memancarkan kesegaran dan kebahagiaan! Hai hai, aku Daisy.'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Daisyne |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.daisy @: @jkt48.daisy]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_daisy IDN: Daisy JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.daisy IG: @jkt48.daisy]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Daisy SR: Daisy / デイシー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@daisyjkt48 TT: @daisyjkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Daisy_JKT48 X: @Daisy_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/268?lang=id Desy Natalia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208014235/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/268?lang=id |date=2023-02-08 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Berasal dari [[Kabupaten Purwakarta|Purwakarta]], [[Jawa Barat]]. * Saudari kembar dari [[Dena Natalia|Danella]] yang sesama anggota JKT48 generasi kesebelas. * Adik kelas di [[Sekolah menengah atas|SMA]] dengan [[Amanda Sukma|Amanda]] yang merupakan anggota JKT48 generasi kesepuluh. Mereka pernah menjadi anggota grup ''cover'' tarian di SMA nya. *Berkuliah di Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi [[Institut Komunikasi dan Bisnis LSPR]] pada angkatan 2024 bersama saudari kembarnya.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Febriola Sinambela]] |Olla, ''Olali'', ''Febri'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2005|2|26|df=yes}} ({{age|2005|2|26}} tahun) |7 |''Dengan keajaibanku aku akan membuat kalian semua selalu tertawa! Halo semuanya aku Olla, si mechanic girl!'' |{{dts|2018|9|29}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|09|29}}) |data-sort-value="12.3.2021"|Tim T (12 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|12}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Oracle (Olla the Miracle) |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.olla @: @jkt48.olla]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_olla IDN: Olla JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.olla IG: @jkt48.olla]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Olla SR: Olla / オラ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@ollajkt48 TT: @ollajkt48]<br>[https://x.com/F_OllaJKT48 X: @F_OllaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/213?lang=id Febriola Sinambela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605003411/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/213?lang=id |date=2023-06-05 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Bersahabat dengan [[Jessica Chandra|Jessi]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #a9a9a9, #ffdf7f)" |[[Feni Fitriyanti]] |Feni, ''Mpen'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kabupaten Cianjur|Cianjur]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|1999|1|16|df=yes}} ({{age|1999|1|16}} tahun) |3 |''Matahari yang indah, yang akan memberikan kehangatan di setiap harinya. Halo aku Feni.'' |{{dts|2014|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2014|03|15}}) |data-sort-value="14.3.2021"|Tim J (14 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|14}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |[[4 Gulali]] (2016–2017)<br>QUADLIPS (sejak 2023) |Fenidelity |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48feni @: @jkt48feni]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_feni IDN: Feni JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48feni IG: @jkt48feni]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Feni SR: Feni / フェニ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@fenijkt48 TT: @fenijkt48]<br>[https://x.com/F_FeniJKT48 X: @F_FeniJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/76?lang=id Feni Fitriyanti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607082521/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/76?lang=id |date=2023-06-07 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- | colspan=12| *Satu-satunya anggota yang berasal dari [[Kabupaten Cianjur|Cianjur]], [[Jawa Barat]]. *Anggota JKT48 dan generasi ketiga yang terakhir dan saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Anggota ''senbatsu'' asli singel "[[LOVE TRIP (singel JKT48)|Love Trip]]" dan "[[Everyday, Kachuusha / UZA (singel JKT48)|UZA]]" yang terakhir meninggalkan grup. *Anggota ''under girls'' asli lagu "[[Beginner (singel JKT48)|Punggung Milikmu]]" dan anggota ''senbatsu'' asli singel "[[High Tension (singel JKT48)|High Tension]]" yang tersisa di grup. *Kini sedang merangkap kegiatan dengan QUADLIPS (unit internasional [[AKB48 Group]] di [[Thailand]]) sebagai pemimpin sejak tahun 2023 sekaligus produser sejak tahun 2025. *''Center'' asli singel hasil [[Pemilihan Member Single ke-26 JKT48|pemilihan tahun 2024]] ("[[Ku Sangat Suka|#KuSangatSuka]]"). *Sedang ''hiatus'' sejak tanggal 1 Agustus 2025, demi fokus pada QUADLIPS.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Fiony Alveria Tantri]] |Fiony, ''Pio'', ''Ce Pio'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|df=yes|2002|2|4}} ({{age|2002|2|4}} tahun) |8 |''Seperti simfoni yang menenangkan hati, halo aku Fiony!'' |{{dts|2019|4|27}} ({{Age in years and days|2019|04|27}}) |data-sort-value="12.3.2021"|Tim T (12 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|12}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Symfiony |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.fiony @: @jkt48.fiony]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_fiony IDN: Fiony JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.fiony IG: @jkt48.fiony]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Fiony SR: Fiony / フィオニー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@fionyjkt48 TT: @fionyjkt48]<br>[https://x.com/A_FionyJKT48 X: @A_FionyJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/223?lang=id Fiony Alveria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528201622/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/223?lang=id |date=2023-05-28 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- | colspan=12| *Anggota generasi kedelapan tertua yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Memiliki darah Jepang dari garis keturunan ibunya. *''Ace'' asli dari generasi kedelapan. *Teman [[Sekolah menengah atas|SMA]] dari [[Pamela Krysanthe]] dan sama-sama menjadi anggota JKT48 di generasi kedelapan. *Berkuliah di program studi Desain Komunikasi Visual [[Universitas Pelita Harapan]] pada angkatan 2021. *Bersahabat dengan [[Freya Jayawardana|Freya]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #cfb53b, #7fffff)" |[[Freya Jayawardana|Freyanashifa Jayawardana]] |Freya, ''Fre'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Tangerang|Tangerang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2006|2|13|df=yes}} ({{age|2006|2|13}} tahun) |7 |''Gadis koleris yang suka berimajinasi, terangi harimu dengan senyuman karamelku. Halo aku Freya!'' |{{dts|2018|9|29}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|09|29}}) |data-sort-value="12.3.2021"|Tim T (12 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|12}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Freyanation |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.freya @: @jkt48.freya]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_freya IDN: Freya JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.freya IG: @jkt48.freya]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Freya SR: Freya / フレヤ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@freyajkt48 TT: @freyajkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Freya_JKT48 X: @Freya_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/214?lang=id Freya Jayawardana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528005005/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/214?lang=id |date=2023-05-28 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- | colspan=12| *Anggota generasi ketujuh termuda yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Memiliki garis keturunan dari Sultan [[Hamengkubuwana II]] dan [[Hamengkubuwana VIII]] dari pihak ayahnya. *Salah satu ''ace'' dari generasi ketujuh. *Menjabat sebagai Kapten JKT48 sejak 28 Desember 2025. ** Menjadi Kapten JKT48 pertama yang lahir pada abad ke-21 dan dekade 2000-an. *Bersahabat dengan [[Fiony Alveria Tantri|Fiony]]. *Berkuliah di Jurusan Performing Arts Communication Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi [[Institut Komunikasi dan Bisnis LSPR]] pada angkatan 2024.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Fritzy Rosmerian]] |Fritzy, ''Piji'', ''Zyzy'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2008|7|28|df=yes}} ({{age|2008|7|28}} tahun) |12 |''Abrakadabra! Si pesulap yang siap membuat hatimu terpikat. Halo semuanya, it's me Fritzy.'' ||{{dts|2023|11|18}} ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="30.4.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (30 April 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|4|30}}))||{{dts|2025|5|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2025|5|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Fritzy Force |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.fritzy.r @: @jkt48.fritzy.r]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_fritzy IDN: Fritzy JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.fritzy.r IG: @jkt48.fritzy.r]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Fritzy SR: Fritzy / フリッツィー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.fritzy TT: @jkt48.fritzy]<br>[https://x.com/RFritzy_JKT48 X: @RFritzy_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/282?lang=id Fritzy Rosmerian] – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Memulai karir sebagai seorang pesulap dan penari. * Peringkat kelima [[Indonesia's Got Talent (musim 3)|Indonesia's Got Talent 2022]]. * Bersahabat dengan [[Fiony Alveria Tantri]] yang merupakan anggota JKT48 dari generasi kedelapan. *Salah satu ''ace'' dari generasi ke-12. *Pernah gagal dalam proses audisi pelatihan di [[SM Entertainment]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Gabriela Abigail|Gabriela Abigail Mewengkang]] |Ella, ''Gaby'', ''Ellay'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], 7 Agustus 2006 ({{age|2006|8|7}} tahun) |10 |''Ohayo! Konnichiwa! Oyasumi! Aku ingin ada di setiap harimu. Halo semuanya aku Ella.'' |{{dts|2021|12|18}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|12|18}}) |data-sort-value="7.5.2023"|Siswi Pelatihan (7 Mei 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|5|7}})) |{{dts|2023|5|8}} ({{age in years and days|2023|5|8}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Ellatheria |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.ella.a @: @jkt48.ella.a]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_ella IDN: Ella JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.ella.a IG: @jkt48.ella.a]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Ella SR: Ella / エラ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.ella.a TT: @jkt48.ella.a]<br>[https://x.com/AM_EllaJKT48 X: @AM_EllaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/252?lang=id Gabriela Abigail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605203404/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/252?lang=id |date=2023-06-05 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Adik dari Angeline Natasya Mewengkang, mantan anggota grup idola Indonesia UP Girls yang pernah gagal dalam proses audisi [[The Voice Kids Indonesia (musim ketiga)|The Voice Kids Indonesia 2018]]. *''Ace'' asli dari generasi kesepuluh. *Berkuliah di Pendidikan Seni Musik Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni [[Universitas Negeri Jakarta]] pada angkatan 2024. *Pernah dihukum nonaktif selama lebih dari 8 minggu (5 September - 31 Oktober 2025) karena terjerat skandal.<ref name=":1949">{{cite web |url=https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1949?lang=id|title=Pengumuman Mengenai Aktivitas Gabriela Abigail|date=5 September 2025|website=JKT48.com|accessdate=5 September 2025 |publisher=JKT48 Operation Team}}</ref>--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff, #b5b5b5)" |<s>[[Gendis Mayrannisa|Gendis Mayrannisa Setiawan]]</s> |<s>Gendis</s> |<s>{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], 23 Juni 2010 ({{age|2010|6|23}} tahun)</s> |<s>11</s> |<s>''Bonjour! Periang dan pencair suasana, itulah aku. Halo semuanya, aku Gendis!''</s> |<s>{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})</s>||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|<s>Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))</s>||<s>{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}})</s> |<s>''Belum pernah''</s> |<s>Sahabat Gendis/Bestie Gendis</s> |<s>[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.gendis @: @jkt48.gendis]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_gendis IDN: Gendis JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.gendis IG: @jkt48.gendis]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Gendis SR: Gendis / ゲンディス (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@gendisjkt48 TT: @gendisjkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Gendis_JKT48 X: @Gendis_JKT48]</s> |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/269?lang=id Gendis Mayrannisa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609110425/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/269?lang=id |date=2023-06-09 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Anggota generasi kesebelas termuda yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Memulai karir sebagai seorang model, aktris, dan penyanyi cilik. *Sedang dihukum nonaktif selama 3 bulan (17 Februari - 17 Mei 2026) karena terjerat skandal.<ref name=":1995">{{cite web |url=https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1995?lang=id|title=Pengumuman Mengenai Aktivitas Gendis Mayrannisa di JKT48|date=17 Februari 2026|website=JKT48.com|accessdate=17 Februari 2026 |publisher=JKT48 Operation Team}}</ref>--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Gita Sekar Andarini]] |Gita |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2001|6|30|df=yes}} ({{age|2001|6|30}} tahun) |6 |''Diam bukan berarti tak memperhatikanmu. Aku Gita.'' |{{dts|2018|4|8}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|04|08}}) |data-sort-value="13.3.2021"|Tim KIII (13 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|13}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |[[Valkyrie48]] (sejak 2022) |Gitroops |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48gita @: @jkt48gita]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_gita IDN: Gita JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48gita IG: @jkt48gita]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Gita SR: Gita / ギタ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@gitajkt48 TT: @gitajkt48]<br>[https://x.com/A_GitaJKT48 X: @A_GitaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/190?lang=id Gita Sekar Andarini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601230730/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/190?lang=id |date=2023-06-01 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- | colspan=12| *Anggota generasi keenam yang terakhir bertahan di grup. *Bersahabat dengan [[Cornelia Vanisa|Oniel]]. *Berkuliah dan lulus dari Program Studi Sastra Inggris Fakultas Bahasa dan Sastra [[Universitas Nasional]] (2019–2023).--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Grace Octaviani|Grace Octaviani Tanujaya]] |Gracie |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Tangerang|Tangerang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], 18 Oktober 2007 ({{age|2007|10|18}} tahun) |11 |''Manis seperti gulali, imut seperti kelinci. Cie cie cie Gracie!'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}}) |data-sort-value="31.1.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Januari 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|1|31}})) | {{dts|2024|2|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|2|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Gracieluv |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.gracie @: @jkt48.gracie]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_gracie IDN: Gracie JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.gracie IG: @jkt48.gracie]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Gracie SR: Gracie / グラシー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@graciejkt48 TT: @graciejkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Gracie_JKT48 X: @Gracie_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/270?lang=id Grace Octaviani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610233311/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/270?lang=id |date=2023-06-10 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Sebelum bergabung di grup ini, dia pernah bergabung di proyek konten tarian Little Pinkee yang aktif antara pertengahan 2021 hingga pertengahan 2022, bersama [[Aurel Mayori]] yang merupakan mantan anggota JKT48 generasi ketujuh dan [[Michelle Levia]] yang merupakan anggota JKT48 generasi keduabelas. *Salah satu ''ace'' dari generasi ke-11.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Greesella Adhalia|Greesella Sophina Adhalia]] |Greesel, ''Icel'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bogor|Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], 10 Januari 2006 ({{age|2006|1|10}} tahun) |11 |''Pandangan mataku akan menyinari hatimu bagaikan kunang-kunang di malam hari. Halo, aku Greesel!'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}}) |data-sort-value="31.1.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Januari 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|1|31}})) | {{dts|2024|2|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|2|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Degrees |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.greesel @: @jkt48.greesel]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_greesel IDN: Greesel JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.greesel IG: @jkt48.greesel]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Greesel SR: Greesel / グリーセル (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@greeseljkt48 TT: @greeseljkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Greesel_JKT48 X: @Greesel_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/271?lang=id Greesella Adhalia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607085951/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/271?lang=id |date=2023-06-07 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Memulai karir sebagai seorang model, aktris, bintang iklan, penyanyi, dan musisi. * Pendukung klub sepak bola Spanyol [[FC Barcelona]]. * Bersahabat dengan [[Michelle Alexandra|Michie]]. *Salah satu ''ace'' dari generasi ke-11.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Helisma Putri|Helisma Mauludzunia Putri Kurnia]] |Eli, ''Helisma'', ''Ceu Eli'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2000|6|15|df=yes}} ({{age|2000|6|15}} tahun) |7 |''Bagai lembayung senja, dengan energi kegembiraanku, Aku akan menghangatkan suasana. Halo halo aku Ceu Eli.'' |{{dts|2018|9|29}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|09|29}}) |data-sort-value="13.3.2021"|Tim KIII (13 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|13}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Helismiley |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.eli @: @jkt48.eli]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_eli IDN: Eli JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.eli IG: @jkt48.eli]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Eli SR: Eli / エリ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@elijkt48 TT: @elijkt48]<br>[https://x.com/H_EliJKT48 X: @H_EliJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/210?lang=id Helisma Putri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601224539/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/210?lang=id |date=2023-06-01 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- | colspan=12| *Berasal dari [[Kabupaten Bandung Barat|Bandung Barat]], [[Jawa Barat]]. *Anggota generasi ketujuh tertua yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Berkuliah di Program Studi Bahasa Korea [[Universitas Nasional]] pada angkatan 2023.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Hillary Abigail|Hillary Abigail Mantiri]] |Lily |{{flagicon|USA}} Dover, Strafford County, [[New Hampshire]], [[Amerika Serikat]], {{birth date|2007|10|19|df=yes}} ({{age|2007|10|19}} tahun) |12 |''Papipapipum! Aku akan mengejutkanmu dengan kehebatanku! Halo nama aku Lily.'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Hillaryours |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.lily_ @: @jkt48.lily_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_lily IDN: Lily JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.lily_ IG: @jkt48.lily_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Lily SR: Lily / リリー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.lily TT: @jkt48.lily]<br>[https://x.com/Lily_JKT48 X: @Lily_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/283?lang=id Hillary Abigail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714023511/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/283?lang=id |date=2025-07-14 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Anggota pertama yang lahir di [[belahan Bumi barat]], tepatnya di [[Amerika Serikat]]. * Bersahabat dengan [[Adeline Wijaya|Delynn]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Indah Cahya Nabilla]] |Indah |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Jambi]], [[Jambi]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2001|3|20|df=yes}} ({{age|2001|3|20}} tahun) |9 |''Tak banyak bicara, bercerita melalui tulisan. Hai aku Indah.'' |{{dts|2019|12|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2019|12|1}}) |data-sort-value="11.3.2021"|Akademi Kelas A (11 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|11}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Interindah |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48indah_ @: @jkt48indah_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_indah IDN: Indah JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48indah_ IG: @jkt48indah_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Indah SR: Indah / インダー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@indahjkt48 TT: @indahjkt48]<br>[https://x.com/C_IndahJKT48 X: @C_IndahJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/241?lang=id Indah Cahya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325225959/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/241?lang=id |date=2023-03-25 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- | colspan=12| *Satu-satunya anggota yang berasal dari [[Jambi]]. *Anggota generasi kesembilan tertua yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Berkuliah dan lulus dari Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni [[Universitas Negeri Jakarta]] (2021–2025). --> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Jazzlyn Trisha|Jazzlyn Agatha Trisha Indra Putri]] |Trisha, ''Tica'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2011|2|16|df=yes}} ({{age|2011|2|16}} tahun) |12 |''Pelukis yang hadir di mimpi-mimpi indahmu. One, two, Tri... sha!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |TACT (Trisha's Art & Creation Tribe) |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.trisha @: @jkt48.trisha]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_trisha IDN: Trisha JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.trisha IG: @jkt48.trisha]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Trisha SR: Trisha / トリシャ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.trisha TT: @jkt48.trisha]<br>[https://x.com/JTrisha_JKT48 X: @JTrisha_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/284?lang=id Jazzlyn Trisha]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| *Anggota generasi ke-12 termuda yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Adik dari aktris Zafiraa Pasha.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Jessica Chandra|Jessica Rich Chandra]] (郑微婷) |Jessi, ''Jeci'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2005|9|23|df=yes}} ({{age|2005|9|23}} tahun) |7 |''Suka menari dan akan selalu berusaha untuk menjadi sumber energimu. Perkenalkan aku Jessi.'' |{{dts|2018|9|29}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|09|29}}) |data-sort-value="12.3.2021"|Tim T (12 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|12}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Jessination |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.jessi @: @jkt48.jessi]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_jessi IDN: Jessi JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.jessi IG: @jkt48.jessi]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Jessi SR: Jessi / ジェシ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jessijkt48 TT: @jessijkt48]<br>[https://x.com/C_JessiJKT48 X: @C_JessiJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/215?lang=id Jessica Chandra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601222704/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/215?lang=id |date=2023-06-01 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Teman [[Sekolah menengah pertama|SMP]] dengan [[Angelina Christy|Christy]] yang sesama anggota JKT48 generasi ketujuh. *Memulai karir sebagai seorang model cilik. *Bersahabat dengan [[Febriola Sinambela|Olla]]. *Pernah bersahabat dengan [[Jesslyn Callista|Jesslyn]] (mantan anggota JKT48 generasi ketujuh). *Berkuliah di Prodi Ilmu Komunikasi [[Universitas Multimedia Nusantara]] pada angkatan 2025.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Jesslyn Elly|Jesslyn Septiani Elly]] |Lyn, ''Ci Lyn'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], 13 September 2001 ({{age|2001|9|13}} tahun) |10 |''Seperti ombak laut yang tenang, tiba-tiba aku akan menyapumu dengan banyak cinta. Halo semuanya, aku Lyn!'' |{{dts|2021|12|18}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|12|18}}) |data-sort-value="7.5.2023"|Siswi Pelatihan (7 Mei 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|5|7}})) |{{dts|2023|5|8}} ({{age in years and days|2023|5|8}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Lynear |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.lyn.s @: @jkt48.lyn.s]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_lyn IDN: Lyn JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.lyn.s IG: @jkt48.lyn.s]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Lyn SR: Lyn / リーン (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.lyn.s TT: @jkt48.lyn.s]<br>[https://x.com/SE_LynJKT48 X: @SE_LynJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/254?lang=id Jesslyn Elly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528033603/https://www.jkt48.com/member/detail/id/254?lang=id |date=2023-05-28 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- | colspan=12| *Anggota generasi kesepuluh tertua yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Berasal dari keluarga musisi dan perancang busana. *Telah menyelesaikan pendidikannya dari Fakultas Psikologi [[Universitas Pelita Harapan]] pada tahun 2024.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Kathrina Irene|Kathrina Irene Indarto Putri]] |Kathrina, ''Kathrin'', ''Atin'', ''Bokem'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2006|7|26|df=yes}} ({{age|2006|7|26}} tahun) |9 |''Never miss a chance to be a star. Halo semua aku Kathrina.'' |{{dts|2019|12|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2019|12|1}}) |data-sort-value="11.3.2021"|Akademi Kelas A (11 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|11}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |[[Valkyrie48]] (sejak 2022) |KATH, Inc. |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.kathrina @: @jkt48.kathrina]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_kathrina IDN: Kathrina JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.kathrina IG: @jkt48.kathrina]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Kathrina SR: Kathrina / カトリナ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@kathrinjkt48 TT: @kathrinjkt48]<br>[https://x.com/I_KathrinaJKT48 X: @I_KathrinaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/242?lang=id Kathrina Irene] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606163017/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/242?lang=id |date=2023-06-06 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Anggota generasi kesembilan termuda yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Adik dari [[Stephanie Pricilla|Stefi]] yang merupakan mantan anggota JKT48 generasi ketiga. *Pernah gagal dalam proses audisi untuk generasi ketujuh dan kedelapan. *Pernah bersahabat dengan [[Jesslyn Callista|Jesslyn]] (mantan anggota JKT48 generasi ketujuh). *Berkuliah di Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi [[Institut Komunikasi dan Bisnis LSPR]] pada angkatan 2024.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Lulu Salsabila|Lulu Azkiya Salsabila]] |Lulu, ''Bubub'', ''Salsa'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Serang|Serang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|df=yes|2002|10|23}} ({{age|2002|10|23}} tahun) |8 |''Terang seperti bulan, bersinar seperti bintang. Halo aku Lulu!'' |{{dts|2019|4|27}} ({{Age in years and days|2019|04|27}}) |data-sort-value="12.3.2021"|Tim T (12 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|12}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Lunarian |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.lulu @: @jkt48.lulu]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_lulu IDN: Lulu JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.lulu IG: @jkt48.lulu]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Lulu SR: Lulu / ルル (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@lulu_jkt48 TT: @lulu_jkt48]<br>[https://x.com/A_LuluJKT48 X: @A_LuluJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/228?lang=id Lulu Salsabila] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325235556/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/228?lang=id |date=2023-03-25 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Anggota generasi kedelapan termuda yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Satu-satunya anggota yang berasal dari [[Kota Serang]], [[Banten]]. *Pernah gagal dalam proses audisi untuk generasi kelima, keenam, dan ketujuh. *Berkuliah dan lulus dari Program Studi Ilmu Komunikasi [[Universitas Paramadina]] (2020–2024). *Menjadi anggota luar Jepang pertama yang berhasil mencapai posisi 8 besar Final Kompetisi Menyanyi Grup AKB48 pada 2024. * Adik dari Xia, kibordis grup band idola Indonesia Bubble Bliss.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Marsha Lenathea|Marsha Lenathea Lapian]] |Marsha, ''Matcha'', ''Maeng'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2006|1|9|df=yes}} ({{age|2006|1|9}} tahun) |9 |''Seperti pizza yang selalu dinanti-nantikan semua orang, selalu nantikan aku ya! Halo aku Marsha!'' |{{dts|2019|12|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2019|12|1}}) |data-sort-value="11.3.2021"|Akademi Kelas A (11 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|11}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |[[Valkyrie48]] (sejak 2021) |MarshaOshi |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.marsha @: @jkt48.marsha]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_marsha IDN: Marsha JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.marsha IG: @jkt48.marsha]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Marsha SR: Marsha / マーシャ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@marsha.jkt48 TT: @marsha.jkt48]<br>[https://x.com/L_MarshaJKT48 X: @L_MarshaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/243?lang=id Marsha Lenathea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605010823/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/243?lang=id |date=2023-06-05 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Seorang [[Japanofilia|wibu]]. *''Ace'' dari generasi kesembilan, sebagai pengganti [[Caithlyn Gwyneth Santoso|Caithlyn]] yang telah lulus dari JKT48 pada 11 Maret 2021. *Bersahabat dengan [[Zee Asadel|Zee]] (mantan anggota JKT48 generasi ketujuh) dan [[Angelina Christy|Christy]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Michelle Alexandra|Michelle Alexandra Suandi]] |Michie |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], 22 April 2009 ({{age|2009|4|22}} tahun) |11 |''Always your number one, till infinity and beyond. Hello everyone, it's Michie!'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Michiban |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.michie_ @: @jkt48.michie_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_michie IDN: Michie JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.michie_ IG: @jkt48.michie_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Michie SR: Michie / ミチー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@michiejkt48 TT: @michiejkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Michie_JKT48 X: @Michie_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/273?lang=id Michelle Alexandra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607083155/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/273?lang=id |date=2023-06-07 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Pernah sempat tinggal di [[Kota Palembang|Palembang]], [[Sumatera Selatan]]. * Pendukung klub sepak bola Spanyol [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]. * Bersahabat dengan [[Greesella Adhalia|Greesel]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Michelle Levia|Michelle Levia Arifin]] |Levi |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Tangerang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2009|1|24|df=yes}} ({{age|2009|1|24}} tahun) |12 |''Are you ready? Jalani hari ini dengan menari bersamaku. Yuhu! Aku Levi!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Le Viosa |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.levi @: @jkt48.levi]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_levi IDN: Levi JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.levi IG: @jkt48.levi]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Levi SR: Levi / レヴィ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.levi TT: @jkt48.levi]<br>[https://x.com/Levi_JKT48 X: @Levi_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/286?lang=id Michelle Levia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913202144/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/286?lang=id |date=2025-09-13 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Sebelum bergabung di grup ini, dia pernah bergabung di proyek konten tarian Little Pinkee yang aktif antara pertengahan 2021 hingga pertengahan 2022, bersama [[Aurel Mayori]] yang merupakan mantan anggota JKT48 dari generasi ketujuh dan [[Grace Octaviani]] yang merupakan anggota JKT48 dari generasi kesebelas.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Mutiara Azzahra|Mutiara Azzahra Umandana]] |Muthe, ''Mumuchang'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2004|7|12|df=yes}} ({{age|2004|7|12}} tahun) |7 |''Dengan kelincahanku, aku akan menari setiap hari! Panggil aku Mu-Mu-Mu-Mu-the!'' |{{dts|2018|9|29}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|09|29}}) |data-sort-value="13.3.2021"|Tim KIII (13 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|13}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Muffin |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.muthe_ @: @jkt48.muthe_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_muthe IDN: Muthe JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.muthe_ IG: @jkt48.muthe_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Muthe SR: Muthe / ムテ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@muthejkt48 TT: @muthejkt48]<br>[https://x.com/A_MutheJKT48 X: @A_MutheJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/199?lang=id Mutiara Azzahra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607082659/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/199?lang=id |date=2023-06-07 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Kakaknya gagal dalam proses audisi untuk generasi keempat dan ketujuh. *Dikenal karena memiliki kemiripan dengan [[Momo Hirai|Momo]] yang merupakan salah satu anggota grup vokal K-Pop [[Twice]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nayla Suji|Araki Nayla Suji Aurelia]] (アラキ・ナイラ・スジ・アウレリア) |Nayla, ''Naira-chan'' |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Prefektur Kumamoto|Kumamoto]], [[Jepang]], {{birth date|2007|6|18|df=yes}} ({{age|2007|6|18}} tahun) |12 |''Moshi! moshi! Welcome Nayla-lalaland! Halo semuanya, bakkyun! Nama aku Nayla!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Nayrakuen |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.nayla.s @: @jkt48.nayla.s]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_nayla IDN: Nayla JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.nayla.s IG: @jkt48.nayla.s]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Nayla SR: Nayla / ナイラ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.nayla TT: @jkt48.nayla]<br>[https://x.com/SNayla_JKT48 X: @SNayla_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/287?lang=id Nayla Suji] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807194957/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/287?lang=id |date=2025-08-07 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Berasal dari [[Jepang]]. * Memiliki darah Jepang dari ayahnya dan Indonesia dari ibunya.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Nina Tutachia|Nina Tutachia Chapman]] |Nachia |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2009|10|16|df=yes}} ({{age|2009|10|16}} tahun) |12 |''Si panda unyu yang selalu ceria. Halo aku Nachia, bikin kamu bahagia!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Yokinachia |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.nachia.t @: @jkt48.nachia.t]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_nachia IDN: Nachia JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.nachia.t IG: @jkt48.nachia.t]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Nachia SR: Nachia / ナチア (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.nachia TT: @jkt48.nachia]<br>[https://x.com/Nachia_JKT48 X: @Nachia_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/288?lang=id Nina Tutachia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906221545/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/288?lang=id |date=2025-09-06 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Memulai karir sebagai seorang aktris, model, dan bintang iklan cilik. * Memiliki darah Inggris dari ayahnya dan Indonesia dari ibunya.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Oline Manuel|Oline Manuel Chay]] |Oline |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2007|11|3|df=yes}} ({{age|2007|11|3}} tahun) |12 |''Semangatku full terus, gas gas gas Oline!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Olinara |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.oline @: @jkt48.oline]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_oline IDN: Oline JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.oline IG: @jkt48.oline]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_OlineM SR: Oline / オリヌ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.oline TT: @jkt48.oline]<br>[https://x.com/M_OlineJKT48 X: @M_OlineJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/289?lang=id Oline Manuel]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Memulai karir sebagai seorang ''cosplayer''.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Raisha Syifa|Raisha Syifa Wardhana]] |Raisha, ''Rai'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Tangerang|Tangerang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], 11 November 2007 ({{age|2007|11|11}} tahun) |10 |''Kalau sakura itu kembang, aku itu kembanggaanmu! You can call me Raisha.'' |{{dts|2021|12|18}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|12|18}}) |data-sort-value="7.5.2023"|Siswi Pelatihan (7 Mei 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|5|7}})) |{{dts|2023|5|8}} ({{age in years and days|2023|5|8}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Raishanrise |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.raisha.s @: @jkt48.raisha.s]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_raisha IDN: Raisha JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.raisha.s IG: @jkt48.raisha.s]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Raisha SR: Raisha / ライシャ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.raisha.s TT: @jkt48.raisha.s]<br>[https://x.com/SW_RaishaJKT48 X: @SW_RaishaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/255?lang=id Raisha Syifa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601231249/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/255?lang=id |date=2023-06-01 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Anggota generasi kesepuluh termuda yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Adik dari [[Callista Alifia|Callie]] (mantan anggota JKT48 generasi kesepuluh). *Dikenal karena memiliki kemiripan dengan [[Saktia Oktapyani|Saktia]] yang merupakan mantan anggota JKT48 generasi kedua. * Pendukung klub sepak bola Inggris [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Ribka Budiman]] |Ribka |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2009|1|13|df=yes}} ({{age|2009|1|13}} tahun) |12 |''Mirror mirror on the wall, who's the sweetest in here? It's me Ribka!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Ribcalls |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.ribka @: @jkt48.ribka]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_ribka IDN: Ribka JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.ribka IG: @jkt48.ribka]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Ribka SR: Ribka / リブカ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.ribka TT: @jkt48.ribka]<br>[https://x.com/Ribka_JKT48 X: @Ribka_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/291?lang=id Ribka Budiman]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Shabilqis Naila|Shabilqis Naila Bustomi]] |Nala |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2008|9|1|df=yes}} ({{age|2008|9|1}} tahun) |12 |''Roar! Si singa pemberani yang siap menyemangati harimu. Hai, hai! Aku Nala.'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Nalania |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.nala @: @jkt48.nala]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_nala IDN: Nala JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.nala IG: @jkt48.nala]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Nala SR: Nala / ナラ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.nala TT: @jkt48.nala]<br>[https://x.com/Nala_JKT48 X: @Nala_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/292?lang=id Shabilqis Naila] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813235329/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/292?lang=id |date=2025-08-13 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Memulai karir sebagai seorang atlet pencak silat.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Victoria Kimberly|Victoria Kimberly Lukitama]] |Kimmy |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2010|3|8|df=yes}} ({{age|2010|3|8}} tahun) |12 |''Baby hamster yang lincah, aku akan berlari-lari di pikiranmu. Halo-ha, katakan Kimmy!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |GROVY (Glimmer Star Of Victory) |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.kimmy @: @jkt48.kimmy]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_kimmy IDN: Kimmy JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.kimmy IG: @jkt48.kimmy]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Kimmy SR: Kimmy / キミー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.kimmy TT: @jkt48.kimmy]<br>[https://x.com/Kimmy_JKT48 X: @Kimmy_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/293?lang=id Victoria Kimberly]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Pernah mengikuti audisi untuk generasi keduabelas karena diajak oleh temannya, namun dia sendiri yang lolos dan bergabung di grup.--> |} |} === Siswi pelatihan === {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=8 | Daftar siswi pelatihan (Untuak mambuka tabel di bawah iko, silakan takan tombol "kambangan") |- | align=center | <gallery> </gallery> {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size: 100%; text-align:center;" ! Nama lengkap !! Nama panggilan !! Kelahiran (usia) !! Generasi !! Perkenalan !! Mulai dan durasi bergabung (di JKT48) !! Sub-unit !! Nama ''fanbase'' !! Akun [[media sosial]]<ref name="mediasosial"/> !! Ref. |- |[[Afera Thalia|Afera Thalia Putri Eysteinn]] |Fera |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bogor|Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], (13 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |- |[[Astrella Virgiananda|Astrella Virgiananda Nugraha]] |Virgi |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2010|8|6|df=yes}} ({{age|2010|8|6}} tahun) |13 |''Suka berekspresi melalui kreasi. Tara! Aku Virgi!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Astralux |[https://www.threads.net/@virgi.jkt48 @: @virgi.jkt48]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_virgi IDN: Virgi JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/virgi.jkt48 IG: @virgi.jkt48]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Virgi SR: Virgi / ヴィルジ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.virgi TT: @jkt48.virgi]<br>[https://x.com/A_VirgiJKT48 X: @A_VirgiJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/297?lang=id Astrella Virgiananda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813073758/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/297?lang=id |date=2025-08-13 }} – JKT48.com</ref> |- |[[Aulia Riza|Aulia Riza Firdausy Effendi]] |Auwia |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]], [[Jawa Timur]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2007|7|14|df=yes}} ({{age|2007|7|14}} tahun) |13 |''Serigala tangguh di bawah sinar purnama. Panggil aku Auuu-wia!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Aulavana |[https://www.threads.net/@auwia.jkt48 @: @auwia.jkt48]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_auwia IDN: Auwia JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/auwia.jkt48 IG: @auwia.jkt48]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Auwia SR: Auwia / アウウィア (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.auwia TT: @jkt48.auwia]<br>[https://x.com/Auwia_JKT48 X: @Auwia_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/298?lang=id Aulia Riza]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Berasal dari [[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]], [[Jawa Timur]]. *Memulai karier sebagai penari, model, dan aktris. *Pernah menjadi Koordinator Sixteen Dance Squad (SDS), tim tarian di SMA Negeri 16 Surabaya. *Pemenang Miss Beauty Jawa Timur 2023 dan predikat Foto Terbaik Top Model Indonesia Jawa Timur 2021.--> |- |[[Bong Aprilli|Bong Aprilli Paskah]] |Rilly |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2010|4|1|df=yes}} ({{age|2010|4|1}} tahun) |13 |''Bagaikan harmoni indah yang berirama di benakmu. Hai Aku Rilly!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |AprilliVels |[https://www.threads.net/@rilly.jkt48_ @: @rilly.jkt48_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_rilly IDN: Rilly JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/rilly.jkt48_ IG: @rilly.jkt48_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Rilly SR: Rilly / リリー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.rilly TT: @jkt48.rilly]<br>[https://x.com/Rilly_JKT48 X: @Rilly_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/299?lang=id Bong Aprilli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905223419/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/299?lang=id |date=2025-09-05 }} – JKT48.com</ref> |- |[[Carissa Dini|Carissa Dini Asmaranti]] |Carissa |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], (14 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |- |[[Christabella Bonita|Christabella Bonita Claura Chandra]] |Bella |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Tangerang|Tangerang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], (14 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |- |[[Fahira Putri|Fahira Putri Kirana]] |Fahira |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], (13 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |- |[[Fatimah Azzahra]] |Rara |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Depok|Depok]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], (15 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |- |[[Hagia Sopia (penyanyi, kelahiran 2008)|Hagia Sopia]] |Giaa |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]],{{birth date|2008|7|1|df=yes}} ({{age|2008|7|1}} tahun) |13 |''Dengan semangat dan kerja kerasku. Aku akan membuat kalian bahagia. Halo panggil aku Giaa!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |BerbahaGIA |[https://www.threads.net/@giaa.jkt48 @: @giaa.jkt48]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_giaa IDN: Giaa JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/giaa.jkt48 IG: @giaa.jkt48]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Giaa SR: Giaa / ギアァ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@giaa.jkt48 TT: @giaa.jkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Giaa_JKT48 X: @Giaa_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/300?lang=id Hagia Sopia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811023613/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/300?lang=id |date=2025-08-11 }} – JKT48.com</ref> |- |[[Heidi Suyangga]] |Heidi |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], (17 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | <!--|- |colspan=10| *Anggota generasi ke-14 tertua di grup.--> |- |[[Humaira Ramadhani|Humaira Ramadhani Salfiandi]] |Maira, ''Mai'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Tangerang|Tangerang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2011|8|13|df=yes}} ({{age|2011|8|13}} tahun) |13 |''Penceria yang akan membuatmu tertawa dengan tingkahku. Halo semuanya Aku Maira!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Humainiora |[https://www.threads.net/@maira.jkt48 @: @maira.jkt48]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_maira IDN: Maira JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/maira.jkt48 IG: @maira.jkt48]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Maira SR: Maira / マイラ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.maira TT: @jkt48.maira]<br>[https://x.com/Maira_JKT48 X: @Maira_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/301?lang=id Humaira Ramadhani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905213752/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/301?lang=id |date=2025-09-05 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| *Anggota generasi ke-13 termuda di grup.--> |- |[[Jacqueline Immanuela|Jacqueline Immanuela Jonathan]] |Ekin |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2009|7|9|df=yes}} ({{age|2009|7|9}} tahun) |13 |''Sesejuk dan sedingin mint. Perkenalan aku Ekin!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |EkinAir |[https://www.threads.net/@ekin.jkt48 @: @ekin.jkt48]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_ekin IDN: Ekin JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/ekin.jkt48 IG: @ekin.jkt48]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Ekin SR: Ekin / エキン (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.ekin TT: @jkt48.ekin]<br>[https://x.com/Ekin_JKT48 X: @Ekin_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/302?lang=id Jacqueline Immanuela]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Memulai karir sebagai seorang penari, penyanyi, dan aktris.--> |- |[[Jemima Evodie|Jemima Evodie Mayra Lijaya]] |Jemima |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Mataram|Mataram]], [[Pulau Lombok|Lombok]], [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2009|11|9|df=yes}} ({{age|2009|11|9}} tahun) |13 |''Ci...luk...ba! Merpati yang akan membawa kejutan di setiap penampilanku. Halo aku Jemima!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |JeVolante |[https://www.threads.net/@jemima.jkt48 @: @jemima.jkt48]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_jemima IDN: Jemima JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jemima.jkt48 IG: @jemima.jkt48]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Jemima SR: Jemima / ジェミマ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.jemima TT: @jkt48.jemima]<br>[https://x.com/JE_JemimaJKT48 X: @JE_JemimaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/303?lang=id Jemima Evodie]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Anggota pertama yang berasal dari [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]].--> |- |[[Maegan Jovanka|Maegan Jovanka Anita Putri]] |Maegan |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Depok|Depok]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], (14 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |- |[[Maxine Faye Lee]] |Maxine |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], (14 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |- |[[Mikaela Kusjanto]] |Mikaela, ''Mika'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2007|12|15|df=yes}} ({{age|2007|12|15}} tahun) |13 |''Camera... Roll... Action! Sutradara yang akan mewarnai kisah hidupmu dengan penuh warna. Hai Aku Mikaela!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Cinemika |[https://www.threads.net/@mikaela.jkt48 @: @mikaela.jkt48]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_mikaela IDN: Mikaela JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/mikaela.jkt48 IG: @mikaela.jkt48]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Mikaela SR: Mikaela / ミカエラ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.mikaela TT: @jkt48.mikaela]<br>[https://x.com/M_MikaelaJKT48 X: @M_MikaelaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/304?lang=id Mikaela Kusjanto]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> |- |[[Nur Intan (penyanyi)|Nur Intan]] |Intan, ''Nuy'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bogor|Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2006|2|24|df=yes}} ({{age|2006|2|24}} tahun) |13 |''Intan permata yang berkilau, temukan cahayaku di hatimu!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Intanium |[https://www.threads.net/@intan.jkt48 @: @intan.jkt48]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_intan IDN: Intan JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/intan.jkt48 IG: @intan.jkt48]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Intan SR: Intan / インタン (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.intan TT: @jkt48.intan]<br>[https://x.com/N_IntanJKT48 X: @N_IntanJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/305?lang=id Nur Intan]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| *Anggota generasi ke-13 tertua di grup. *''Ace'' asli dari generasi ke-13. *Pernah gagal dalam proses audisi untuk generasi ke-11 dan ke-12 di JKT48, serta generasi pertama di [[KLP48]]. *Memulai karir sebagai seorang atlet pencak silat dan penari, sebelum bergabung dengan grup. **Mewakili Perguruan Silat Sabda Sunda, berhasil meraih Juara 1 Pusaka Sunda Cup se-Jabodetabek pada 10 Juli 2022. **Pernah mengikuti ajang kompetisi tari "DBL Dance Competition 2023 - West Java Series West Region" dan "DBL Favorite Dancer 2023 West Java Series West Region" mewakili SMA Negeri 3 Bogor. *Berkuliah di Program Studi D-3 Periklanan Kreatif, Program Pendidikan Vokasi [[Universitas Indonesia]] (UI) di [[Kota Depok|Depok]], [[Jawa Barat]]. **Sebelum bergabung dengan grup juga, ia sering melakukan ''cover'' tarian dari JKT48 bersama beberapa temannya di kampus.--> |- |[[Putry Jazyta]] |Jazzy |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bogor|Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], (14 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |- |[[Ralyne Van Irwan]] |Ralyne |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Medan|Medan]], [[Sumatera Utara]], [[Indonesia]], (14 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | <!--|- |colspan=10| *Satu-satunya anggota generasi ke-14 yang bukan berasal dari [[Jabodetabekjur|Jabodetabek]].--> |- |[[Sona Kalyana|Sona Kalyana Purbo Prasetyani]] |Sona |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], (14 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |} |} === Penjadwalan mutasi === {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=5 | Penjadwalan Mutasi di JKT48 (Untuak mambuka tabel daftar anggota JKT48 yang ka dimutasi, silakan takan tombol "kambangan") |- |rowspan=5 style="width: 500px; background: #eaecf0; font-weight: bold"| Catatan: * Khusus anggota Akademi Kelas B, tanggal pengumumannya adalah tanggal pengumuman ujian kenaikan yang bersangkutan sedangkan tanggal penetapannya adalah tanggal ujian yang bersangkutan. Jika yang bersangkutan belum naik ke Akademi Kelas A, maka data di tabel ini akan dihapus sampai ada ujian kenaikan yang berikutnya. * Jika ada pertukaran pelajar sementara dari luar JKT48, maka tanggal penetapannya adalah tanggal awal dan/sampai tanggal akhir anggota tersebut berada di dalam JKT48. * Seorang anggota dimungkinkan untuk memegang, mengganti, atau melepas keanggotaan ganda (baik mutasi sebagian atau penuh). * Jika terjadi pengumuman mendadak dan penetapannya terjadi pada saat itu juga, nama dan data anggota yang bersangkutan tidak ditulis di dalam tabel. * Jika tanggal mutasi yang bersangkutan sudah memasuki tanggal penetapannya, nama dan data di dalam tabel akan dihapus. |align=center| {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size: 100%; text-align:center;" !Nama ! Mutasi / Keluar menuju ! Tanggal Pengumuman ! Tanggal Penetapan |- |[[Dhea Angelia]]||Kelulusan||26 November 2022||''Belum diumumkan'' |} |} == Riwayat kepemimpinan == === Kepemimpinan JKT48 === {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=8 | Kepemimpinan JKT48 (Untuak mambukak tabel daftar anggota nan mamimpin JKT48, silakan takan tombol "kambangan") |- ! colspan=4 | Kapten ! colspan=4 | Wakil Kapten |- ! Nama!! Tim Asal!! Masa Kepemimpinan!! Durasi Kepemimpinan!! Nama!! Tim Asal!! Masa Kepemimpinan!! Durasi Kepemimpinan |- | colspan=2|''Belum diadakan'' | ''2 November 2011 – 21 Desember 2013'' | ''{{Age in years and days|2011|11|2|2013|12|21}}'' |colspan=2 rowspan=3| ''Belum diadakan'' | rowspan=3| ''2 November 2011 – 22 Desember 2019'' | rowspan=3| ''{{Age in years and days|2011|11|02|2019|12|22}}'' |- | [[Melody Nurramdhani Laksani]] | Tim J (dan Tim T sejak 1 Desember 2016) | 21 Desember 2013 – 31 Maret 2018 | {{Age in years and days|2013|12|21|2018|03|31}} |- | [[Shania Junianatha]] | Tim J | 1 April 2018 – 27 April 2019 | {{Age in years and days|2018|04|01|2019|04|27}} |- | [[Beby Chaesara Anadila]] | Tim KIII | 27 April 2019 – 21 Februari 2021 | {{Age in years and days|2019|04|27|2021|2|21}} | [[Gabriela Margareth Warouw]] | Tim J | 22 Desember 2019 – 21 Februari 2021 | {{Age in years and days|2019|12|22|2021|2|21}} |- | [[Gabriela Margareth Warouw]] | Tim J | 22 Februari – 14 Maret 2021 | {{Age in years and days|2021|2|22|2021|3|14}} |colspan=4 rowspan=2|''Tidak ada'' |- | colspan=2|''Lowong'' | ''15 Maret – 18 Desember 2021'' | ''{{Age in years and days|2021|3|15|2021|12|18}}'' |- | '''[[Shani Indira Natio]]''' | — | '''18 Desember 2021 – sekarang''' | '''{{Age in years and days|2021|12|18}}''' | '''[[Jinan Safa Safira]]''' | — | '''18 Desember 2021 – sekarang''' | '''{{Age in years and days|2021|12|18}}''' |} === Kepemimpinan Tim J === {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=6 | Kepemimpinan Tim J (Untuk menampilkan tabel daftar anggota yang memimpin Tim J di bawah ini, silakan tekan tombol "kembangkan") |- ! colspan=3 | Kapten ! colspan=3 | Wakil Kapten |- ! Nama ! Masa Kepemimpinan ! Durasi Kepemimpinan ! Nama ! Masa Kepemimpinan ! Durasi Kepemimpinan |- | [[Devi Kinal Putri]] | style="text-align:center;"|23 Desember 2012 – 31 Juli 2015 | {{age in years and days|2012|12|23|2015|07|31}} | rowspan=7| Tidak diadakan | rowspan=7| 23 Desember 2012 – 14 Maret 2021 | rowspan=7| {{age in years and days|2012|12|23|2021|3|14}} |- | [[Shania Junianatha]] | style="text-align:center;"|1 Agustus 2015 – 31 Maret 2018 | {{age in years and days|2015|08|01|2018|03|31}} |- | [[Priscillia Sari Dewi]] | 1 April – 7 Juni 2018<ref name="Mengenai Priscillia Sari Dewi">{{cite web|url=https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/919?lang=id|title=Mengenai Priscillia Sari Dewi|date=7 Juni 2018|publisher=JKT48 Operation Team|language=ID|access-date=2022-12-12|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528071227/https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/919?lang=id|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | {{age in years and days|2018|04|01|2018|06|07}} |- | ''Lowong'' | ''7 Juni – 1 Juli 2018'' | ''{{age in years and days|2018|06|07|2018|07|01}}'' |- | [[Gabriela Margareth Warouw]] | style="text-align:center;"|1 Juli 2018 – 6 Juni 2020 | {{age in years and days|2018|07|01|2020|6|6}} |- | [[Frieska Anastasia Laksani]] | style="text-align:center;"|6 Juni 2020 – 20 Februari 2021<ref name=umumYT>{{cite web |url=https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1294?lang=id |title=Rangkuman Pengumuman Live Streaming 26 Mei – 6 Juni 2020 |publisher=JKT48 Operation Team |date=7 Juni 2020 |access-date=7 Juni 2020 |language=id |archive-date=2023-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528195500/https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1294?lang=id |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | {{age in years and days|2020|6|6|2021|2|20}} |- | ''Lowong'' | style="text-align:center;"|21 Februari 2021 – 14 Maret 2021 | {{age in years and days|2021|2|21|2021|3|14}} |} === Kepemimpinan Tim KIII === {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=6 | Kepemimpinan Tim KIII (Untuk menampilkan tabel daftar anggota yang memimpin Tim KIII di bawah ini, silakan tekan tombol "kembangkan") |- ! colspan=3 | Kapten ! colspan=3 | Wakil Kapten |- ! Nama ! Masa Kepemimpinan ! Durasi Kepemimpinan ! Nama ! Masa Kepemimpinan ! Durasi Kepemimpinan |- | rowspan=3 | ''Lowong'' | ''25 Juni – 3 Juli 2013'' | ''{{age in years and days|2013|06|25|2013|07|03}}'' | rowspan=9| ''Tidak diadakan'' | rowspan=9| ''25 Juni 2013 – 13 Maret 2021'' | rowspan=9| ''{{age in years and days|2013|06|25|2021|3|13}}'' |- | ''12 Oktober 2017 – 31 Januari 2018'' | ''{{age in years and days|2017|10|12|2018|01|31}}'' |- | ''23 Februari – 6 Juni 2020'' | ''{{age in years and days|2020|2|23|2020|6|6}}'' |- | [[Shinta Naomi]] | 3 Juli 2013 – 31 Juli 2015 | {{age in years and days|2013|07|03 |2015|07|31}} |- | [[Devi Kinal Putri]] | 1 Agustus 2015 – 30 November 2016 | {{age in years and days|2015|08|1 |2016|11|30}} |- | rowspan=2 | [[Ratu Vienny Fitrilya]] | 1 Desember 2016 – 12 Oktober 2017<ref name="Mengenai Ratu Vienny Fitrilya">{{cite web|url=https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/859?lang=id|title=Mengenai Ratu Vienny Fitrilya|date=13 Oktober 2017|publisher=JKT48 Operation Team|language=ID|access-date=2022-12-12|archive-date=2023-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604232125/https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/859?lang=id|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | {{age in years and days|2016|12|1 |2017|10|12}} |- | 22 Desember 2019 – 23 Februari 2020 | {{age in years and days|2019|12|22|2020|2|23}} |- | [[Viviyona Apriani]] | 1 Februari 2018 – 21 Desember 2019 | {{age in years and days|2018|02|1|2019|12|21}} |- | [[Shania Gracia]] | 6 Juni 2020 – 13 Maret 2021<ref name=umumYT /> | {{age in years and days|2020|6|6|2021|3|13}} |} === Kepemimpinan Tim T === {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=6 | Kepemimpinan Tim T (Untuk menampilkan tabel daftar anggota yang memimpin Tim T di bawah ini, silakan tekan tombol "kembangkan") |- ! colspan=3 | Kapten ! colspan=3 | Wakil Kapten |- ! Nama ! Masa Kepemimpinan ! Durasi Kepemimpinan ! Nama ! Masa Kepemimpinan ! Durasi Kepemimpinan |- | ''Lowong'' | ''24 Januari – 31 Juli 2015'' | ''{{age in years and days|2015|01|24 |2018|07|14}}'' | rowspan=3| ''Belum diadakan'' | rowspan=3| ''24 Januari 2015 – 14 Juli 2018'' | rowspan=3| ''{{age in years and days|2015|1|24|2018|7|15}}'' |- | [[Haruka Nakagawa]] | 1 Agustus 2015 – 30 November 2016 | {{age in years and days|2015|8|1|2016|11|30}} |- | [[Melody Nurramdhani Laksani]] | 1 Desember 2016 – 31 Maret 2018 | {{age in years and days|2016|12|1|2018|3|31}} |- | [[Ayana Shahab]] | 1 April 2018 – 8 Desember 2019 | {{age in years and days|2018|4|1|2019|12|8}} | [[Sonia Natalia]] | 15 Juli 2018 – 7 Desember 2019 | {{age in years and days|2018|7|15|2019|12|7}} |- | ''Lowong'' | ''8–31 Desember 2019'' | ''{{age in years and days|2019|12|8|2019|12|31}}'' | ''Lowong'' | ''7–31 Desember 2019'' | ''{{age in years and days|2019|12|7|2019|12|31}}'' |- | ''Jabatan dihapus, tim dibekukan'' | ''1 Januari – 21 Agustus 2020'' | ''{{age in years and days|2020|1|1|2020|8|21}}'' | ''Jabatan dihapus, tim dibekukan'' | ''1 Januari – 21 Agustus 2020'' | ''{{age in years and days|2020|1|1|2020|8|21}}'' |- | [[Tan Zhi Hui Celine]] | 22 Agustus 2020 – 12 Maret 2021<ref name=umumYT /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1312?lang=id|title=Pengumuman Mengenai Shonichi Setlist “Fly, Team T!” oleh JKT48 Team T|publisher=JKT48 Operation Team|date=8 August 2020|access-date=8 August 2020|language=id|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607082840/https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1312?lang=id|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="penutup">{{cite web|url=https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1391?lang=id|title=Pengumuman Mengenai Struktur dan Kegiatan JKT48|date=2 Februari 2021|publisher=JKT48 Operation Team|language=ID|accessdate=2 Februari 2021|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528133120/https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1391?lang=id|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | {{age in years and days|2020|8|22|2021|3|12}} | ''Lowong'' | ''22 Agustus 2020 – 12 Maret 2021'' | ''{{age in years and days|2020|8|22|2021|3|12}}'' |}<!-- === Anggota tersisa Tim J === {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=10 | Tim J (Untuk menampilkan tabel daftar anggota di bawah ini, silakan tekan tombol "kembangkan") |- | align=center | <gallery> </gallery> {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size: 100%; text-align:center;" ! Nama !! Panggilan !! Kelahiran (Usia) !! Generasi !! Perkenalan !! Mulai dan Lama Bergabung (di JKT48) !! Mulai dan Lama Bergabung (di Tim J) !! Nama ''Fansclub'' !! Akun [[Media Sosial]]<ref name="mediasosial" /> !! Ref |- |} === Anggota tersisa Tim KIII === {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=10 | Tim KIII (Untuk menampilkan tabel daftar anggota di bawah ini, silakan tekan tombol "kembangkan") |- | align=center | <gallery> </gallery> {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size: 100%; text-align:center;" ! Nama !! Panggilan !! Kelahiran (Usia) !! Generasi !! Perkenalan !! Mulai dan Lama Bergabung (di JKT48) !! Mulai dan Lama Bergabung (di Tim KIII) !! Nama ''Fansclub'' !! Akun [[Media Sosial]]<ref name="mediasosial" /> !! Ref |- |} === Anggota tersisa Tim T === Mohon untuk urusan formasi, saya akan buatkan tabel khusus nanti; Mengenai kapan tim ini dibentuk, sebenarnya sudah mengalami dua kali bentukan dan akan bertambah satu lagi bentukan yang berakibat konflik di tim lain {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=10 | Tim T (Untuk menampilkan tabel daftar anggota di bawah ini, silakan tekan tombol "kembangkan") |- | align=center | <gallery> </gallery> {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size: 100%; text-align:center;" ! Nama !! Panggilan !! Kelahiran (Usia) !! Generasi !! Perkenalan !! Mulai dan Lama Bergabung (di JKT48) !! Mulai dan Lama Bergabung (di Tim T) !! Nama ''Fansclub'' !! Akun [[Media Sosial]]<ref name="mediasosial" /> !! Ref |- |} === Anggota lulusan Akademi === Tips: - Untuk member yang dipromosikan ke kelas A, mohon untuk memprioritaskannya di atas, pastikan disusun berdasar kelas dan abjad - Tidak perlu membuat tabel baru untuk kelasa B atau A, hanya perlu mengubah kelas dan tanggal bergabung ke kelas tersebut {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=9 | Akademi (Untuk menampilkan tabel daftar anggota di bawah ini, silakan tekan tombol "kembangkan") |- | align=center | <gallery> </gallery> {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size: 100%; text-align:center;" ! Nama !! Panggilan !! Kelahiran (Usia) !! Generasi !! Perkenalan !! Mulai dan Lama Bergabung (di JKT48) dan Masuk ke Akademi !! Nama ''Fansclub'' !! Akun [[Media Sosial]]<ref name="mediasosial" /> !! Ref |- |}--> == Mantan anggota == {{Main|Daftar mantan anggota JKT48}} {{for|anggota yang meninggalkan grup pada tahun ini|Daftar mantan anggota JKT48/tahun 2022}} == Garis waktu di JKT48 == <!--Timeline khusus karier di JKT48. Stefi selama pertukaran pelajar di AKB48 namanya tidak dihapus dari daftar anggota JKT48.--> ;Keterangan <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3; text-align:left; padding:0.2em;"> {{legend|red|Tim J|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|yellow|Tim KIII|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|pink|Tim T|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|blue|Siswi Pelatihan/Anggota Akademi Kelas A|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|black|Calon Siswi Pelatihan/Anggota Akademi Kelas B|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|orange|Kennin (Rangkap Tim) di dalam JKT48|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|magenta|Kennin (Rangkap Tim) di luar JKT48|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|purple|Pelajar Pertukaran Sementara ke AKB48|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|green|Kaigai (''Overseas Transfer'') dan Pelajar Pertukaran Sementara dari AKB48 yang belum masuk tim|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|grey|Tidak ada tim/Anggota tetap|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} </div> <!-- Kaigai =/= Pertukaran Pelajar (Exchange Student), Kaigai = Overseas Transfer, Mohon untuk dipertahankan istilah ini --> === Ringkasan === <div style="width: 100%; height: 100%; overflow: auto"> {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:left; white-space: nowrap;" |- ! colspan=11 | Ringkasan (Untuk menampilkan tabel daftar generasi di bawah ini, silakan tekan tombol "kembangkan") |- | {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size: 100%; text-align:center;" ! colspan=5|Umum ! colspan=4|Promosi ! colspan=3|Demosi |- <!-- Mohon perbaiki tabel ini --> ! rowspan=2| Metode Masuk ! rowspan=2| Generasi ! rowspan=2| Warna kaus (saat menjadi siswi pelatihan) ! colspan=2| Tanggal ! rowspan=2 | * Membentuk tim (promosi anggota untuk pertama kali beriringan dengan pembentukan/reformasi penuh tim, diisi oleh yang mendominasi); * Umur formasi tim; * Rasio anggota pembentuk; * Anggota terlama dalam satu formasi dari anggota pembentuk (tidak pernah pindah); dan * Penghuni terakhir dari anggota pembentuk (juga pernah pindah) ! rowspan=2| Rasio * Jumlah anggota sekarang; * Yang berhasil menduduki jabatan tertinggi di grup atau di tim (dihitung sekali) * Yang berhasil dipromosikan (dihitung sekali); dan * Yang pertama kali diumumkan ! colspan=2| Tanggal promosi dan jumlah anggota ! rowspan=2| * Rasio ** Jumlah yang berhasil direpromosikan; dengan ** Yang didemosikan * Tanggal repromosi terakhir dan jumlah anggota |- ! Pengumuman dan umur generasi ! Akhir aktivitas anggota terakhir ! Pertama ! Terakhir |- | Audisi | rowspan=2|Pertama | Putih | {{birth date|2011|11|02|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2011|11|02}}) | Belum | rowspan=2| * Tim J ('''{{Age in years and days|2012|12|23}}''') ** '''22 anggota generasi pertama (semuanya dipromosikan)''' ** 2 anggota ''kaigai'' generasi pertama (semuanya dipromosikan) *** Gabriela Margareth Warouw *** Gabriela Margareth Warouw dan Frieska Anastasya Laksani (sampai sekarang) | 3 : 9 : 22 : 28 | colspan=2| {{birth date|2012|12|23|df=yes}} (22 anggota) | colspan=2| Belum ada kasus |- | Perombakan (Lintas Negara) | Tiada | {{birth date|2012|11|01|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2012|11|01|2016|12|30}}) | {{birth date|2016|12|30|df=yes}} | 0 : 1 : 2 : 2 | colspan=2| {{birth date|2012|12|23|df=yes}} (2 anggota) | colspan=2|Tiada kasus |- | Audisi | rowspan=2|Kedua | Merah | {{birth date|2012|11|03|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2012|11|03}}) | Belum | * Tim KIII ('''{{Age in years and days|2013|06|25}}''') ** '''18 anggota generasi kedua (semuanya dipromosikan)''' *** Alicia Chanzia *** Ratu Vienny Fitrilya (untuk sekarang ini) | 2 : 4 : 26 : 32 | {{birth date|2013|06|25|df=yes}} (18 anggota) | {{birth date|2014|05|18|df=yes}} (5 anggota) | * 1 : 3 * {{birth date|2018|02|23|df=yes}} (1 anggota) |- | Perombakan (Lintas Negara) | Tiada | {{birth date|2014|02|24|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2014|02|24|2018|03|18}}) | {{birth date|2018|03|18|df=yes}} | Tidak | 0 : 0 : 1 : 1 | colspan=2| {{birth date|2014|06|12|df=yes}} (1 anggota) | colspan=2| Tiada kasus |- | rowspan=4|Audisi | Ketiga | ''Pink'' | {{birth date|2014|03|15|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2014|03|15}}) | rowspan=4|Belum | * Tim T (formasi pertama, '''{{Age in years and days|2015|01|24|2016|11|30}}''' berbanding '''{{Age in years and days|2015|01|24}}''') ** '''16 anggota generasi ketiga (semuanya dipromosikan)''' *** 12 anggota (terlama dan penghuni terakhir) | 7 : 1 : 20 : 31 | {{birth date|2015|01|24|df=yes}} (16 anggota) | {{birth date|2015|08|01|df=yes}} (4 anggota) | * 2 : 3 * {{birth date|2019|09|10|df=yes}} (1 anggota) |- | Keempat | Ungu muda / lavender (bunga) muda | {{birth date|2015|05|16|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2015|05|16}}) | rowspan=2| * Tim T (formasi kedua, '''{{Age in years and days|2016|12|01|2019|12|31}}''' berbanding '''{{Age in years and days|2015|01|24}}''') ** '''10 anggota generasi keempat (semuanya dipromosikan)''' ** '''8 anggota generasi kelima (semuanya dipromosikan)''' ** 1 anggota generasi pertama (digandakan) *** 5 anggota generasi keempat dan 1 anggota generasi kelima (terlama dan penghuni terakhir) | 6 : 1 : 10 : 12 (10 siswi pelatihan biasa + 2 kandidat) | colspan=2| {{birth date|2016|12|01|df=yes}} (10 anggota) | colspan=2| Belum ada kasus |- | Kelima | Abu-abu kebiruan / lavender (''web'') / ''periwinkle'' | {{birth date|2016|05|28|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2016|05|28}}) | 5 : 0 : 13 : 17 (14 siswi pelatihan biasa + 3 kandidat) | {{birth date|2016|12|01|df=yes}} (8 anggota) | {{birth date|2018|12|22|df=yes}} (1 anggota) | * 1 : 1 * {{birth date|2019|04|08|df=yes}} (1 anggota) |- | Keenam | Hijau muda | {{birth date|2018|04|08|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|04|08}}) | rowspan=2|Tidak | 7 : 0 : 7 : 14 (13 Akademi Kelas A (1 belum dipromosikan) + 1 Akademi Kelas B) | {{birth date|2018|10|28|df=yes}} (2 anggota) | {{birth date|2019|07|21|df=yes}} (2 anggota) | colspan=2|Belum ada kasus |- | Perombakan (Lintas Negara) | Pertukaran Pelajar Sementara 2018 | Tiada | {{birth date|2018|09|15|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|09|15|2018|10|18}}) | {{birth date|2018|10|18|df=yes}} | 0 : 0 : 1 : 1 | colspan=2|{{birth date|2018|09|16|df=yes}} (1 anggota) | colspan=2|Tiada kasus |- | rowspan=3|Audisi | Ketujuh | Hijau | {{birth date|2018|09|29|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|09|29}}) | rowspan=3|Belum | rowspan=2| * Tim T (formasi ketiga, belum resmi diaktifkan kembali<!--'''{{Age in years and days|2020|01|01|2019|12|31}}''' berbanding '''{{Age in years and days|2015|01|24}}'''-->) ** '''7 anggota generasi ketujuh ('''1 ditransfer''', lainnya dipromosikan)''' ** '''8 anggota generasi kedelapan (semuanya dipromosikan)''' ** 1 anggota generasi ketiga (digandakan) ** 1 anggota generasi keempat (ditransfer) *** Pembubaran formasi belum terjadi dan/atau masih ada banyak anggota | 14 : 0 : 17 : 20 (18 Akademi Kelas A (3 belum dipromosikan) + 2 Akademi Kelas B) | {{birth date|2019|07|21|df=yes}} (4 anggota) | {{birth date|2020|08|22|df=yes}} (6 anggota) | colspan=2 rowspan=3| Belum ada kasus |- | Kedelapan | rowspan=2| Biru muda kapri | {{birth date|2019|04|27|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2019|04|27}}) | 14 : 0 : 10 : 18 (Akademi Kelas A, 4 belum dipromosikan) | colspan=2 | {{birth date|2020|08|22|df=yes}} (10 anggota) |- | Kesembilan | {{birth date|2019|12|01|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2019|12|01}}) | Belum/tidak ada tim yang dibubarkan sekarang dan/atau belum ada yang dipromosikan | 10 : 0 : 0 : 13 (12 Akademi Kelas A (10 belum dipromosikan) + 1 Akademi Kelas B) | colspan=2 | Belum ada yang dipromosikan |} |} </div> === Generasi Pertama (2011) === <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="{{int:show}}" data-collapsetext="{{int:hide}}"> Tekan "tampilkan" untuk menampilkan garis waktu mutasi anggota selama anggota tersebut masih berada di JKT48. <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <timeline> Colors = id:gray value:gray(0.5) ImageSize = width:800 height:1000 PlotArea = left:180 bottom:50 top:50 right:50 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2011 till:2022 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy #Colors = ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2011 gridcolor:black PlotData = color:red width:4 textcolor:red align:left anchor:from bar:Icha from:02/11/2011 till:10/05/2012 color:gray bar:Mova from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Mova from:23/12/2012 till:21/01/2013 color:red bar:Ayana/Achan from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Ayana/Achan from:23/12/2012 till:30/11/2016 color:red bar:Ayana/Achan from:01/12/2016 till:31/03/2018 color:yellow bar:Ayana/Achan from:01/04/2018 till:30/06/2018 color:orange bar:Ayana/Achan from:30/06/2018 till:08/12/2019 color:pink bar:Beby from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Beby from:23/12/2012 till:30/11/2016 color:red bar:Beby from:01/12/2016 till:21/02/2021 color:yellow bar:Cindy/Cigul from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Cindy/Cigul from:23/12/2012 till:16/02/2014 color:red bar:Cleo from:02/11/2011 till:10/12/2012 color:gray bar:Delima from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Delima from:23/12/2012 till:18/03/2016 color:red bar:Kinal from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Kinal from:23/12/2012 till:31/07/2015 color:red bar:Kinal from:01/08/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:yellow bar:Kinal from:01/12/2016 till:30/06/2018 color:red bar:Diasta/Nyash from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Diasta/Nyash from:23/12/2012 till:22/12/2013 color:red bar:Fahira from:02/11/2011 till:10/05/2012 color:gray bar:Frieska from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Frieska from:23/12/2012 till:30/11/2016 color:red bar:Frieska from:01/12/2016 till:30/06/2018 color:yellow bar:Frieska from:01/07/2018 till:20/02/2021 color:red bar:Gaby from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Gaby from:23/12/2012 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Gaby from:15/03/2021 till:14/08/2022 color:gray bar:Ghaida from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Ghaida from:23/12/2012 till:20/11/2016 color:red bar:Intania from:02/11/2011 till:12/02/2012 color:gray bar:Jeje from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Jeje from:23/12/2012 till:12/03/2017 color:red bar:Veranda/Ve from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Veranda/Ve from:23/12/2012 till:25/05/2017 color:red bar:Melody from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Melody from:23/12/2012 till:31/03/2018 color:red bar:Melody from:01/12/2016 till:31/03/2018 color:orange bar:Nabilah from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Nabilah from:23/12/2012 till:31/10/2017 color:red bar:Ochi from:02/11/2011 till:25/11/2012 color:gray bar:Rena from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Rena from:23/12/2012 till:17/06/2013 color:red bar:Rena from:18/06/2013 till:24/02/2014 color:magenta bar:Dhike from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Dhike from:23/12/2012 till:13/09/2016 color:red bar:Rica from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Rica from:23/12/2012 till:07/12/2014 color:red bar:Sendy from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Sendy from:23/12/2012 till:30/11/2016 color:red bar:Shania/Shanju from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Shania/Shanju from:23/12/2012 till:28/04/2019 color:red bar:Gayatri from:02/11/2011 till:12/02/2012 color:gray bar:Sonia from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Sonia from:23/12/2012 till:30/11/2016 color:red bar:Sonia from:01/12/2016 till:30/06/2018 color:yellow bar:Sonia from:01/07/2018 till:07/12/2019 color:pink bar:Sonya/Panda from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Sonya/Panda from:23/12/2012 till:22/12/2013 color:red bar:Stella from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Stella from:23/12/2012 till:28/12/2013 color:red </timeline> Dua puluh dua anggota yang berhasil bertahan sampai akhir Desember 2012 semuanya dipromosikan sebagai anggota Tim J sehingga generasi ini menjadi pelopor Tim J bersama dengan Akicha dan Haruka yang masuk pada tahun 2012. Rena Nozawa menjadi anggota ganda Tim J dengan Tim K AKB48 pada tahun 2013, lalu ditransfer penuh ke Tim B AKB48 pada tahun 2014. Rena lulus sebagai anggota Tim K pada tahun 2019. Melody (2016–2018) dan Ayana (2018) pernah menjadi anggota ganda Tim J dan Tim T. Sembilan anggota terakhir dari anggota generasi pertama (yang berhasil bertahan sampai Maret 2018) telah dan/atau pernah menduduki jabatan tertinggi dari grup ataupun tim, baik yang sekarang masih ada (3 anggota), masa jabatannya habis dan lulus tidak lama kemudian (5 anggota), ataupun lulus setelah masa jabatannya habis (1 anggota). <!-- Mohon perbaiki ini. --> </div></div> === Generasi Kedua dan Kaigai Generasi Pertama (2012) === <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="{{int:show}}" data-collapsetext="{{int:hide}}"> Tekan "tampilkan" untuk menampilkan garis waktu mutasi anggota selama anggota tersebut masih berada di JKT48. <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <timeline> ImageSize = width:800 height:1000 PlotArea = left:180 bottom:50 top:50 right:50 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2012 till:2021 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy #Colors = ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2012 gridcolor:black PlotData = color:red width:4 textcolor:red align:left anchor:from bar:Akicha from:01/11/2012 till:23/12/2012 color:green bar:Akicha from:23/12/2012 till:27/04/2013 color:red bar:Akicha from:28/04/2013 till:24/04/2014 color:magenta bar:Haruka from:01/11/2012 till:23/12/2012 color:green bar:Haruka from:23/12/2012 till:31/07/2015 color:red bar:Haruka from:01/08/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Haruka from:01/12/2016 till:30/12/2016 color:red bar:Acha from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Acha from:25/06/2013 till:04/08/2019 color:yellow bar:Althea from:03/11/2012 till:10/01/2013 color:blue bar:Nisa/Nichan from:03/11/2012 till:09/09/2013 color:blue bar:Yupi from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Yupi from:25/06/2013 till:30/06/2018 color:yellow bar:Yupi from:01/07/2018 till:27/07/2019 color:red bar:Della from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Della from:25/06/2013 till:30/11/2016 color:yellow bar:Della from:01/12/2016 till:31/03/2019 color:red bar:Dellia from:03/11/2012 till:30/11/2013 color:blue bar:Dena from:03/11/2012 till:18/05/2014 color:blue bar:Dena from:18/05/2014 till:01/12/2017 color:red bar:Dena from:01/12/2017 till:05/04/2018 color:blue bar:Uty from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Uty from:25/06/2013 till:30/11/2016 color:yellow bar:Uty from:01/12/2016 till:30/09/2018 color:red bar:Shafa from:03/11/2012 till:18/05/2014 color:blue bar:Shafa from:18/05/2014 till:25/03/2018 color:yellow bar:Kariin from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Kariin from:25/06/2013 till:09/09/2013 color:yellow bar:Hanna from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Hanna from:25/06/2013 till:27/09/2016 color:yellow bar:Rachel from:03/11/2012 till:23/02/2014 color:blue bar:Rachel from:23/02/2014 till:30/11/2016 color:red bar:Rachel from:01/12/2016 till:05/01/2020 color:yellow bar:Lidya from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Lidya from:25/06/2013 till:27/10/2018 color:yellow bar:Dhifa from:03/11/2012 till:30/11/2013 color:blue bar:Nadila from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Nadila from:25/06/2013 till:20/07/2019 color:yellow bar:Nadila from:21/07/2019 till:07/02/2021 color:red bar:Natalia/Nat from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Natalia/Nat from:25/06/2013 till:20/07/2019 color:yellow bar:Noella from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Noella from:25/06/2013 till:27/02/2015 color:yellow bar:Novinta/Nobi from:03/11/2012 till:18/05/2014 color:blue bar:Novinta/Nobi from:18/05/2014 till:16/08/2015 color:yellow bar:Halimah/Imoy from:03/11/2012 till:10/01/2013 color:blue bar:Octi from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Octi from:25/06/2013 till:23/01/2014 color:yellow bar:Olivia from:03/11/2012 till:12/04/2013 color:blue bar:Sisil from:03/11/2012 till:18/05/2014 color:blue bar:Sisil from:18/05/2014 till:30/11/2016 color:yellow bar:Sisil from:01/12/2016 till:07/06/2018 color:red bar:Sisil from:07/06/2018 till:31/07/2018 color:blue bar:Vienny/Viny from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Vienny/Viny from:25/06/2013 till:11/10/2017 color:yellow bar:Vienny/Viny from:12/10/2017 till:23/02/2018 color:blue bar:Vienny/Viny from:23/02/2018 till:23/02/2020 color:yellow bar:Ikha from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Ikha from:25/06/2013 till:30/11/2016 color:yellow bar:Ikha from:01/12/2016 till:29/12/2018 color:red bar:Rona/Ayen from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Rona/Ayen from:25/06/2013 till:20/07/2019 color:yellow bar:Rona/Ayen from:21/07/2019 till:15/02/2021 color:red bar:Saktia/Via from:03/11/2012 till:18/05/2014 color:blue bar:Saktia/Via from:18/05/2014 till:30/11/2016 color:yellow bar:Saktia/Via from:01/12/2016 till:31/03/2019 color:red bar:Naomi from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Naomi from:25/06/2013 till:31/07/2015 color:yellow bar:Naomi from:01/08/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:red bar:Naomi from:01/12/2016 till:29/12/2018 color:yellow bar:Sinka from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Sinka from:25/06/2013 till:30/11/2016 color:yellow bar:Sinka from:01/12/2016 till:05/10/2019 color:red bar:Tata from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Tata from:25/06/2013 till:26/08/2015 color:yellow bar:Vanka/Thacil from:03/11/2012 till:23/02/2014 color:blue bar:Vanka/Thacil from:23/02/2014 till:30/06/2018 color:red bar:Vanka/Thacil from:01/07/2018 till:06/12/2019 color:pink bar:Yona from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Yona from:25/06/2013 till:30/11/2016 color:yellow bar:Yona from:01/12/2016 till:31/01/2018 color:red bar:Yona from:01/02/2018 till:21/12/2019 color:yellow </timeline> Delapan belas anggota generasi kedua yang bertahan sampai Juni 2013 dipromosikan sebagai anggota Tim KIII sehingga generasi ini menjadi pelopor Tim KIII, lalu menyusul lima anggota generasi kedua sisanya dipromosikan pada 2014, tiga anggota lainnya dipromosikan ke Tim J pada tahun 2014, lalu Chikarina yang masuk ke JKT48 pada tahun 2014 masuk ke Tim KIII. Awalnya, Akicha (Generasi keenam AKB48, 2008) dan Haruka (Generasi ketiga AKB48, 2006) adalah anggota Tim A AKB48 pada tahun 2012 dan mereka berdua menjadi pelopor Tim J. Pada tahun 2013, Akicha merangkap di Tim J dengan Tim B, lalu ditransfer penuh ke Tim B pada tahun 2014. Akicha lulus sebagai anggota Tim K pada tahun 2016. </div></div> === Generasi Ketiga dan Kaigai Generasi Kedua (2014) === <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="{{int:show}}" data-collapsetext="{{int:hide}}"> Tekan "tampilkan" untuk menampilkan garis waktu mutasi anggota selama anggota tersebut masih berada di JKT48. <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <timeline> Colors = id:gray value:gray(0.5) ImageSize = width:800 height:1000 PlotArea = left:180 bottom:50 top:50 right:50 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2014 till:2022 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy #Colors = ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2014 gridcolor:black PlotData = color:red width:4 textcolor:red align:left anchor:from bar:Chikarina from:24/02/2014 till:11/06/2014 color:green bar:Chikarina from:12/06/2014 till:25/03/2018 color:yellow bar:Cia from:15/03/2014 till:01/02/2016 color:blue bar:Manda from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Manda from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Manda from:01/12/2016 till:01/12/2017 color:yellow bar:Manda from:01/12/2017 till:23/05/2018 color:blue bar:Andela from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Andela from:24/01/2015 till:04/09/2015 color:pink bar:Anggie from:15/03/2014 till:23/03/2015 color:blue bar:Anin from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Anin from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Anin from:01/12/2016 till:20/07/2019 color:yellow bar:Anin from:21/07/2019 till:13/03/2021 color:orange bar:Anin from:14/03/2021 till:15/03/2021 color:red bar:Anin from:15/03/2021 till:29/05/2022 color:gray bar:Okta from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Okta from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Okta from:01/12/2016 till:01/12/2017 color:yellow bar:Okta from:01/12/2017 till:30/06/2018 color:blue bar:Okta from:01/07/2018 till:23/04/2019 color:pink bar:Chikita/Chika from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Chikita/Chika from:24/01/2015 till:29/05/2016 color:pink bar:Elaine from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Elaine from:24/01/2015 till:31/07/2015 color:pink bar:Elaine from:01/08/2015 till:03/04/2016 color:red bar:Farina from:15/03/2014 till:01/02/2016 color:blue bar:Feni from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Feni from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Feni from:01/12/2016 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Feni from:15/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Sisca from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Sisca from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Sisca from:01/12/2016 till:20/07/2019 color:yellow bar:Sisca from:21/07/2019 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Sisca from:15/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Indah from:15/03/2014 till:01/02/2016 color:blue bar:Kei from:15/03/2014 till:22/11/2014 color:blue bar:Desy from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Desy from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Desy from:01/12/2016 till:26/12/2020 color:yellow bar:Grace from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Grace from:24/01/2015 till:22/04/2016 color:pink bar:Michelle/Lele from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Michelle/Lele from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Michelle/Lele from:01/12/2016 till:18/01/2020 color:red bar:Milen from:15/03/2014 till:22/11/2014 color:blue bar:Nadse from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Nadse from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Nadse from:01/12/2016 till:16/02/2017 color:red bar:Aurel from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Aurel from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Aurel from:01/12/2016 till:20/07/2019 color:yellow bar:Aurel from:21/07/2019 till:13/12/2020 color:red bar:Nina from:15/03/2014 till:31/07/2015 color:blue bar:Nina from:01/08/2015 till:01/02/2016 color:pink bar:Pipit from:15/03/2014 till:24/03/2014 color:blue bar:Farin from:15/03/2014 till:01/02/2016 color:blue bar:Yukka from:15/03/2014 till:23/03/2015 color:blue bar:Afa from:15/03/2014 till:11/08/2014 color:blue bar:Shani from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Shani from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Shani from:01/12/2016 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Shani from:14/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Gracia from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Gracia from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Gracia from:01/12/2016 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Gracia from:14/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Sofia from:15/03/2014 till:31/07/2015 color:blue bar:Sofia from:01/08/2015 till:27/04/2016 color:red bar:Stefi from:15/03/2014 till:31/07/2015 color:blue bar:Stefi from:01/08/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Stefi from:01/12/2016 till:31/01/2018 color:yellow bar:Stefi from:01/02/2018 till:17/09/2018 color:red bar:Stefi from:17/09/2018 till:17/10/2018 color:purple bar:Stefi from:17/10/2018 till:12/04/2019 color:red bar:Stefi from:12/04/2019 till:10/09/2019 color:blue bar:Stefi from:10/09/2019 till:28/09/2019 color:yellow bar:Angel from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Angel from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Angel from:01/12/2016 till:30/06/2018 color:red bar:Angel from:01/07/2018 till:13/12/2019 color:pink bar:Tya from:15/03/2014 till:01/02/2016 color:blue bar:Cesen from:15/03/2014 till:31/07/2015 color:blue bar:Cesen from:01/08/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Cesen from:01/12/2016 till:02/03/2017 color:red bar:Zebi from:15/03/2014 till:26/12/2014 color:blue </timeline> Enam belas anggota generasi ketiga yang bertahan sampai awal 2015 dipromosikan sebagai anggota Tim T sehingga generasi ini menjadi pelopor Tim T. Menyusul tiga anggota sisa dari generasi ketiga dipromosikan pada pertengahan 2015, Sofia dipromosikan ke Tim J pada pertengahan 2015, dan lima anggota yang tidak pernah dipromosikan memutuskan untuk mengundurkan diri. Jelang akhir 2016, Tim T yang diisi dengan anggota generasi ketiga dan Haruka ini dibubarkan dan diganti dengan Tim T yang diisi oleh generasi keempat, kelima, dan Melody yang merangkap (dua anggota generasi ketiga kemudian kembali ke Tim T). Awalnya, Chikarina (generasi kelima AKB48, 2007) adalah anggota Tim K AKB48, lalu dipindahkan ke Tim KIII pada tahun 2014. Pada tahun 2018, Stefi ditukar dengan Sayaya (Tim 4 AKB48) pada 2018, hanya saja Stefi tidak masuk tim di AKB48, lalu mereka kembali lagi ke tim asalnya. Pada tahun 2019, Anin adalah anggota rangkap Tim KIII dan Tim T, lalu menjadi anggota rangkap Tim J dan Tim KIII sejak awal 2020, lalu diumumkan pada akhir Mei 2020 juga akan memegang rangkap Tim T dan menjadi anggota pertama di JKT48 dan 48Family yang memegang status rangkap tiga tim (secara internal) dalam sebuah grup saudari AKB48, hanya Anin dan Celine (generasi keempat) (anggota Tim T formasi sebelumnya) yang masuk ke formasi ketiga Tim T. </div></div> === Generasi Keempat dan Kelima (2015, 2016) === <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="{{int:show}}" data-collapsetext="{{int:hide}}"> Tekan "tampilkan" untuk menampilkan garis waktu mutasi anggota selama anggota tersebut masih berada di JKT48. <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <timeline> Colors = id:gray value:gray(0.5) ImageSize = width:800 height:1000 PlotArea = left:180 bottom:50 top:50 right:50 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2015 till:2022 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy #Colors = ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2015 gridcolor:black PlotData = color:red width:4 textcolor:red align:left anchor:from bar:Lisa from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Lisa from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Lisa from:01/12/2016 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Lisa from:01/01/2020 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Christi from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Christi from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Christi from:01/12/2016 till:21/10/2017 color:pink bar:Cindy/Cinhap from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Cindy/Cinhap from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Cindy/Cinhap from:01/12/2016 till:31/01/2018 color:pink bar:Cindy/Cinhap from:01/02/2018 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Cindy/Cinhap from:15/03/2021 till:17/07/2022 color:gray bar:Fia/Fidly from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Fia/Fidly from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Fia/Fidly from:01/12/2016 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Fia/Fidly from:01/01/2020 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Jessica/JB from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Jinan from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Jinan from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Jinan from:01/12/2016 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Jinan from:01/01/2020 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Jinan from:14/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Devi from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Devi from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Devi from:01/12/2016 till:27/12/2018 color:pink bar:Mega from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Melati/Meme from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Melati/Meme from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Melati/Meme from:01/12/2016 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Melati/Meme from:01/01/2020 till:24/10/2020 color:red bar:Lintang from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Lintang from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Lintang from:01/12/2016 till:04/03/2017 color:pink bar:Lintang from:04/03/2017 till:07/12/2017 color:red bar:Celine from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Celine from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Celine from:01/12/2016 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Celine from:01/01/2020 till:21/08/2020 color:red bar:Celine from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Celine from:13/03/2021 till:13/08/2022 color:gray bar:Yuriva/Yuri from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Yuriva/Yuri from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Yuriva/Yuri from:01/12/2016 till:04/03/2017 color:pink bar:Yuriva/Yuri from:04/03/2017 till:10/02/2018 color:red bar:Zara from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Zara from:01/12/2016 till:04/12/2019 color:pink bar:Anggi from:28/05/2016 till:27/06/2016 color:black bar:Chintya from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Chintya from:01/12/2016 till:16/02/2017 color:blue bar:Citra from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Citra from:01/12/2016 till:04/03/2017 color:blue bar:Citra from:04/03/2017 till:30/06/2018 color:pink bar:Diani from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Diani from:01/12/2016 till:30/09/2018 color:blue bar:Diani from:01/10/2018 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Ori from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Ori from:01/12/2016 till:13/04/2018 color:pink bar:Eve from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Eve from:01/12/2016 till:07/11/2018 color:pink bar:Eve from:07/11/2018 till:07/04/2019 color:blue bar:Eve from:08/04/2019 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Eve from:15/03/2021 till:13/02/2022 color:gray bar:Aby from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Aby from:01/12/2016 till:22/12/2018 color:blue bar:Aby from:22/12/2018 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Aby from:01/01/2020 till:16/11/2020 color:yellow bar:Kyla from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Kyla from:01/12/2016 till:31/01/2018 color:blue bar:Kyla from:01/02/2018 till:10/11/2019 color:pink bar:Helma from:28/05/2016 till:09/09/2016 color:black bar:Aya from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Aya from:01/12/2016 till:31/01/2018 color:pink bar:Aya from:01/02/2018 till:20/07/2019 color:red bar:Aya from:21/07/2019 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Puti/Pucchi from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Puti/Pucchi from:01/12/2016 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Puti/Pucchi from:01/01/2020 till:18/05/2020 color:yellow bar:Regina/Gina from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Regina/Gina from:01/12/2016 till:01/11/2017 color:pink bar:Sanda from:28/05/2016 till:09/09/2016 color:black bar:Ruth/Ru-chan/Iyut from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Ruth/Ru-Chan/Iyut from:01/12/2016 till:30/06/2018 color:pink bar:Julie from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Julie from:01/12/2016 till:30/06/2018 color:blue bar:Julie from:01/07/2018 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Violet/Vio from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Violet/Vio from:01/12/2016 till:03/07/2018 color:pink </timeline> Untuk menggantikan Tim T generasi ketiga dan Haruka, seluruh (kesepuluh) anggota generasi keempat yang berhasil bertahan sampai September 2016 dan delapan anggota generasi kelima dipromosikan ke Tim T bersamaan dengan Melody (generasi pertama) yang merangkap dari Tim J, lalu menyusul tiga anggota dari generasi kelima. Tiga anggota generasi kelima dipromosikan ke Tim J (dua promosi dan satu repromosi). Beberapa anggota telah ditransfer ke tim lain secara perlahan, namun berbagai anggota dari berbagai generasi turut mengisi ''slot'' keanggotaan Tim T (baik transfer, promosi, dan rangkap tim). Pada akhirnya, diumumkan pada saat konser ulang tahun JKT48 yang kedelapan, Tim T bentukan generasi keempat dan kelima (juga berbagai generasi) ini dibubarkan (sehingga Tim T akan dinonaktifkan sampai Juni 2020) dan akan digantikan dengan Tim T yang baru, yang terbentuk dari generasi ketujuh dan kedelapan (dan ditambah dengan Anin (generasi ketiga)); hanya Anin (generasi ketiga) dan Celine (generasi keempat) (anggota Tim T formasi sebelumnya) yang masuk ke formasi ketiga Tim T. </div></div> === Generasi Keenam dan Ketujuh, dan Pertukaran Pelajar Sementara (2018) === <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="{{int:show}}" data-collapsetext="{{int:hide}}"> Tekan "tampilkan" untuk menampilkan garis waktu mutasi anggota selama anggota tersebut masih berada di JKT48. <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <timeline> Colors = id:gray value:gray(0.5) ImageSize = width:800 height:1000 PlotArea = left:180 bottom:50 top:50 right:50 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2018 till:2022 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy #Colors = ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2018 gridcolor:black PlotData = color:red width:4 textcolor:red align:left anchor:from bar:Ella from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Ella from:10/06/2018 till:12/12/2018 color:blue bar:Tasya from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Tasya from:10/06/2018 till:20/07/2019 color:blue bar:Tasya from:21/07/2019 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Ariel from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Ariel from:10/06/2018 till:30/09/2018 color:blue bar:Ariel from:01/10/2018 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Ariel from:15/03/2021 till:13/02/2022 color:gray bar:Denise from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Denise from:10/06/2018 till:21/08/2018 color:blue bar:Erika from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Erika from:10/06/2018 till:27/10/2018 color:blue bar:Erika from:28/10/2018 till:09/02/2019 color:yellow bar:Sintia from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Sintia from:10/06/2018 till:24/01/2019 color:blue bar:Gita from:08/04/2018 till:12/08/2018 color:black bar:Gita from:12/08/2018 till:20/07/2019 color:blue bar:Gita from:21/07/2019 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Gita from:14/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Ciel from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Ciel from:10/06/2018 till:15/06/2019 color:blue bar:Jee from:08/04/2018 till:21/04/2018 color:black bar:Indy from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Indy from:10/06/2018 till:22/12/2018 color:blue bar:Indy from:22/12/2018 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Riri from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Riri from:10/06/2018 till:01/11/2018 color:blue bar:Nanda from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Nanda from:10/06/2018 till:30/09/2018 color:blue bar:Nanda from:01/10/2018 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Nanda from:01/01/2020 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Amel from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Amel from:10/06/2018 till:07/04/2019 color:blue bar:Amel from:08/04/2019 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Shalza from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Shalza from:10/06/2018 till:22/09/2020 color:blue bar:Sayaya from:15/09/2018 till:16/09/2018 color:green bar:Sayaya from:16/09/2018 till:19/10/2018 color:pink bar:Aiko from:29/09/2018 till:16/12/2018 color:black bar:Aiko from:16/12/2018 till:29/07/2020 color:blue bar:Christy from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Christy from:28/10/2018 till:20/07/2019 color:blue bar:Christy from:21/07/2019 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Christy from:14/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Yori from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Yori from:28/10/2018 till:06/10/2019 color:blue bar:Yori from:07/10/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:red bar:Yori from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Zee/Azizi from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Zee/Azizi from:28/10/2018 till:06/10/2019 color:blue bar:Zee/Azizi from:07/10/2019 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Zee/Azizi from:15/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Lea from:29/09/2018 till:24/01/2019 color:black bar:Dey from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Dey from:28/10/2018 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Dey from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Dey from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Febi from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Febi from:28/10/2018 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Bri from:29/09/2018 till:16/12/2018 color:black bar:Bri from:16/12/2018 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Olla from:29/09/2018 till:16/12/2018 color:black bar:Olla from:16/12/2018 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Olla from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Olla from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Freya from:29/09/2018 till:16/12/2018 color:black bar:Freya from:16/12/2018 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Freya from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Freya from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Brielle from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Brielle from:28/10/2018 till:20/07/2019 color:blue bar:Brielle from:21/07/2019 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Brielle from:01/01/2020 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Eli from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Eli from:28/10/2018 till:05/08/2019 color:blue bar:Eli from:05/08/2019 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Eli from:14/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Jessi from:29/09/2018 till:26/01/2019 color:black bar:Jessi from:26/01/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Jessi from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Jessi from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Jesslyn from:29/09/2018 till:16/12/2018 color:black bar:Jesslyn from:16/12/2018 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Jesslyn from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Jesslyn from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Kanya from:29/09/2018 till:06/10/2018 color:black bar:Muthe from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Muthe from:28/10/2018 till:05/08/2019 color:blue bar:Muthe from:05/08/2019 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Muthe from:14/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Lala from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Lala from:28/10/2018 till:20/07/2019 color:blue bar:Lala from:21/07/2019 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Lala from:01/01/2020 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Rifa from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Rifa from:28/10/2018 till:13/09/2019 color:blue bar:Vivi from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Vivi from:28/10/2018 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Vivi from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Chika from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Chika from:28/10/2018 till:20/07/2019 color:blue bar:Chika from:21/07/2019 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Chika from:14/03/2021 till:end color:gray </timeline> Beberapa anggota di kedua generasi ini menyebar ke semua tim. Awalnya, Sayaya (Draft Generasi Pertama AKB48, 2013) adalah anggota Tim 4 AKB48. Pada tahun 2018, Sayaya (Tim 4) ditukar dengan Stefi, dia masuk ke Tim T, lalu mereka kembali lagi ke tim asalnya. Enam anggota generasi ketujuh yang belum dipromosikan (ditambah dengan Yori, Anin dari generasi ketiga, dan Celine dari generasi keempat) dipromosikan ke Tim T dan membentuk formasi ketiga tim tersebut. </div></div> === Generasi Kedelapan dan Kesembilan (2019) === <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="{{int:show}}" data-collapsetext="{{int:hide}}"> Tekan "tampilkan" untuk menampilkan garis waktu mutasi anggota selama anggota tersebut masih berada di JKT48. <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <timeline> Colors = id:gray value:gray(0.5) ImageSize = width:800 height:1000 PlotArea = left:180 bottom:50 top:50 right:50 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2019 till:2022 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy #Colors = ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2019 gridcolor:black PlotData = color:red width:4 textcolor:red align:left anchor:from bar:Afiqah from:27/04/2019 till:26/05/2019 color:black bar:Afiqah from:26/05/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Afiqah from:22/08/2020 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Mira from:27/04/2019 till:30/06/2019 color:black bar:Mira from:30/06/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Mira from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Mira from:13/03/2021 till:27/11/2021 color:gray bar:Nunu from:27/04/2019 till:03/08/2019 color:black bar:Nunu from:03/08/2019 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Oniel from:27/04/2019 till:26/05/2019 color:black bar:Oniel from:26/05/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Oniel from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Oniel from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Devytha from:27/04/2019 till:30/06/2019 color:black bar:Devytha from:30/06/2019 till:30/03/2020 color:blue bar:Eri-chan from:27/04/2019 till:26/05/2019 color:black bar:Eri-chan from:26/05/2019 till:16/05/2020 color:blue bar:Fiony from:27/04/2019 till:30/06/2019 color:black bar:Fiony from:30/06/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Fiony from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Fiony from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Flora from:27/04/2019 till:03/08/2019 color:black bar:Flora from:03/08/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Flora from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Flora from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Vany from:27/04/2019 till:28/05/2019 color:black bar:Vany from:28/05/2019 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Keisya from:27/04/2019 till:30/06/2019 color:black bar:Keisya from:30/06/2019 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Lulu from:27/04/2019 till:28/05/2019 color:black bar:Lulu from:28/05/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Lulu from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Lulu from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Ratu from:27/04/2019 till:03/08/2019 color:black bar:Ratu from:03/08/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Ratu from:22/08/2020 till:09/11/2020 color:pink bar:Pamela from:27/04/2019 till:28/05/2019 color:black bar:Pamela from:28/05/2019 till:07/02/2020 color:blue bar:Reva from:27/04/2019 till:26/05/2019 color:black bar:Reva from:26/05/2019 till:30/12/2019 color:blue bar:Adel from:27/04/2019 till:30/06/2019 color:black bar:Adel from:30/06/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Adel from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Adel from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Alma from:27/04/2019 till:28/05/2019 color:black bar:Alma from:28/05/2019 till:01/09/2020 color:blue bar:Ume from:27/04/2019 till:03/08/2019 color:black bar:Ume from:03/08/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Ume from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Ara from:27/04/2019 till:26/05/2019 color:black bar:Ara from:26/05/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Ara from:22/08/2020 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Ara from:14/03/2021 till:25/08/2021 color:gray bar:Ashel from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Ashel from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Ashel from:12/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Caithlyn from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Caithlyn from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Chalista from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Chalista from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Abel from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Abel from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Indah from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Indah from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Indah from:12/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Iris from:01/12/2019 till:30/12/2019 color:black bar:Kathrina from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Kathrina from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Kathrina from:12/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Olivia from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Olivia from:25/01/2020 till:17/02/2020 color:blue bar:Marsha from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Marsha from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Marsha from:12/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Nabila from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Nabila from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Zahra from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Zahra from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Shinta from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Shinta from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Tiara from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Tiara from:25/01/2020 till:17/02/2020 color:blue </timeline> </div></div> === Generasi ke-10 dan ke-11 (2020–2021, 2022) === <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="{{int:show}}" data-collapsetext="{{int:hide}}"> Tekan "tampilkan" untuk menampilkan garis waktu mutasi anggota selama anggota tersebut masih berada di JKT48. <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <timeline> Colors = id:gray value:gray(0.5) ImageSize = width:800 height:1000 PlotArea = left:180 bottom:50 top:50 right:50 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2020 till:2022 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy #Colors = ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2020 gridcolor:black PlotData = color:red width:4 textcolor:red align:left anchor:from bar:Abieza from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Giselle from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Giselle from:18/12/2021 till:end color:blue bar:Amanda from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Amanda from:18/12/2021 till:end color:blue bar:Lia from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Lia from:18/12/2021 till:end color:blue bar:Callie from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Callie from:18/12/2021 till:end color:blue bar:Danessa from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Ella from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Ella from:18/12/2021 till:end color:blue bar:Indira from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Indira from:18/12/2021 till:end color:blue bar:Lyn from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Lyn from:18/12/2021 till:end color:blue bar:Naura from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Raisha from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Raisha from:18/12/2021 till:end color:blue bar:Alya from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Anindya from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Aulia from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Cathy from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Elin from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Chelsea from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Cynthia from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Danella from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Daisy from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Gendis from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Gracie from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Greesel from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Jeane from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Michie from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue </timeline> </div></div> == Rujukan == === Catatan kaki === {{Reflist|30em}} === Buku === {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book|last1 = Ogino|first1 = Toshiyuki|last2 = Ohira|first2 = Akira|editor1-last = Uchino|editor1-first = Emi|editor2-last = Kuriyama|editor2-first = Haruka|editor3-last = Iwasaki|editor3-first = Haruka|title = Love JKT48: The 1st Official Guide Book|year = 2012|publisher = Dunia Otomotifindo Mediatama|location = Jakarta|isbn = 978-979-23-5755-4}} {{Refend}} === Berita === {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite news|title = インドネシア・ジャカルタで「JKT48」始動！ AKB48海外初の姉妹グループ誕生へ|url = http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/entertainment/2001678/full/|publisher = [[Oricon]]|date = 11 September 2011|accessdate = 13 September 2011|language = ja|trans_title = "JKT48" Launches in Jakarta, Indonesia! Toward the Birth of Overseas AKB48 Sister Groups|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6EB2h8oP8?url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/entertainment/2001678/full/|archivedate = 2013-02-04|ref = {{Harvid|Oricon 2011}}|dead-url = no}} * {{Cite news|title = ＡＫＢ初の海外姉妹グループ、ＪＫＴ４８の可能性|url = http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXNASFK08010_Y2A200C1000002/|work = [[Nihon Keizai Shimbun]]|date = 14 Februari 2012|accessdate = 5 Februari 2013|language = ja|trans_title = AKB's First Overseas Sister Group, JKT48's Potential|ref = {{Harvid|Nihon Keizai Shimbun 2012}}}} * {{Cite news|title = 28 girls picked for first AKB overseas sister group|url = http://aws.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/11/04/news/28-girls-picked-for-first-akb-overseas-sister-group/|work = [[The Japan Times]]|date = 4 November 2011|accessdate = 6 Februari 2013|ref = {{Harvid|The Japan Times 2011}}|archive-date = 2013-04-13|archive-url = https://archive.is/20130413120728/http://aws.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/11/04/news/28-girls-picked-for-first-akb-overseas-sister-group/|dead-url = yes}} {{Refend}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:JKT48| ]] [[Kategori:Anggota JKT48]] 1ys3izycdh4muk50t2h0pzsuyxxjc6r 0 388291 3345384 3342500 2026-04-01T11:22:25Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345384 wikitext text/x-wiki Barikuik iko adolah '''daftar stasiun televisi di [[Sumatera Selatan|Sumatra Selatan]]'''. == Terestrial == === Analog === ''Stasiun analog (PAL) di saluruah wilayah Sumatra Selatan baroperasi hinggo tahun 2023 sasuai jo pasiapan di satiok daerah sacaro batahap dalam rangka pangantian siaran analog atau biaso disabuik jo ASO atau Analog Switch Off.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jdih.kominfo.go.id/produk_hukum/unduh/id/778/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+11+tahun+2021|title=Peraturan Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika No. 11/2021 tentang Perubahan atas Permenkominfo 6/2021|website=[[Kemenkominfo]]|language=id|access-date=16 Agustus 2021|archive-date=2023-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324204043/https://jdih.kominfo.go.id/produk_hukum/unduh/id/778/t/peraturan+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+11+tahun+2021|dead-url=yes}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Wilayah !Kanal (UHF) !Frekuensi !Namo !Namo Parusahoan !Jaringan !Pamiliak |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin|Musi Banyuasin]] | align="center" | 52 |719,25{{nbsp}}MHz | RTV Sekayu | PT Televisi Mahakarya Anak Negeri | [[Rajawali Televisi|RTV]] | [[Rajawali Corpora]] |- | align="center" | 61 |791,25{{nbsp}}MHz | Muba TV | LPPL Musi Banyuasin TV | Independen | Publik |- |[[Kota Lubuklinggau|Lubuklinggau]] | align="center" | 55 | 743,25{{nbsp}}MHz | Silampari TV | PT Silampari Media Televisi | [[Jawa Pos Multimedia|JPM]] | [[Jawa Pos Group]] |} === Digital === ==== Sumatra Selatan-1 ==== Stasiun digital (DVB-T2) maliputi [[Kota Palembang]], [[Kabupaten Banyuasin]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Ilir]], jo [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir]]. {| class="wikitable" !Kanal (UHF) !Frekuensi (MHz) !Multipleksing !Virtual !Kualitas Gambar !Logo !Namo !Namo Parusahoan !Jaringan !Pamiliak |- | rowspan=9 align="center"| 29 | rowspan=9|538{{nbsp}}MHz | rowspan="9" |TVRI Palembang | 1 | rowspan="4"|[[HDTV|HD]] | [[Berkas:TVRILogo2019.svg|center|50px]] | [[TVRI (saluran televisi)|TVRI Nasional]] | rowspan=4|[[Lembaga Penyiaran Publik|LPP]] Televisi Republik Indonesia Stasiun Sumatera Selatan | rowspan="4" |[[TVRI (saluran televisi)|TVRI]] | rowspan=4| [[Televisi Republik Indonesia|LPP TVRI]] |- |2 | [[File:TVRI Sumatera Selatan 2023.svg|center|50px]] |[[TVRI Sumatera Selatan]] |- |3 |[[File:TVRIWorld.png|center|50px]] |[[TVRI World]] |- |4 |[[File:TVRI Sport 2022.svg|center|50px]] |[[TVRI Sport]] |- |5 |[[SDTV|SD]] |[[Berkas:BTV (Indonesia) logo.svg|center|50px]] [[Berkas:IGM TV Palembang.jpg|center|60px]] |[[Universitas Indo Global Mandiri|IGM TV]] |PT Indo Global Media |[[BTV (Indonesia)|BTV]] |Universitas Indo Global Media ''dan'' [[B Universe]] |- |6 | HD | [[Berkas:Rajawali_Televisi.svg.png|center|50px|Palembang]] | RTV Palembang | PT Inspirasi Anda Palembang |[[Rajawali Televisi|RTV]] | [[Rajawali Corpora]] |- |7 | SD | [[Berkas:Rai 5 - Logo 2017.svg|center|50px]] | [[Rai 5]] | PT SRNA Palembang Televisi & Radio |[[Rai & SRNA]] | [[SRNA]] |- |8 | rowspan="11"|HD | [[Berkas:MDTV logo.svg|center|50px|Palembang]] | [[MDTV Palembang]] | PT Bahana Commercial |[[MDTV]] | [[MD Entertainment]] |- |28 |[[Berkas:Das Erste 2014.svg|center|50px|Palembang]] | Das Erste HD | PT SRNA Palembang Televisi & Radio |[[SWR & SRNA]] | [[SRNA]] |- | Rowspan="10" align="center"| 32 | rowspan="10 |562{{nbsp}}MHz | rowspan="10" |SRNA 1 Palembang dan SRNA Lempuing (Ogan Komering Ilir) |501 |[[Berkas:Rai 1 HD - Logo 2016.svg|center|50px|Palembang]] | Rai 1 Palembang |rowspan="4" | PT SRNA Palembang Televisi & Radio |rowspan="4" | [[Rai & SRNA]] | rowspan="4" | [[SRNA]] |- |502 |[[Berkas:Rai 2 HD - Logo 2016.svg|center|50px|Palembang]] | Rai 2 Palembang |- |503 |[[Berkas:Rai 3 HD - Logo 2016.svg|center|50px|Palembang]] |Rai 3 Umbria |- |124 | [[Berkas:Rai News 24 HD logo (2022).svg|center|50px|Palembang]] | Rai News 24 HD |- | rowspan=2|22 | rowspan=2|[[Berkas:LogoMetroTVsince2010.svg|center|50px|Sumatera Selatan <br /> / <br /> Banyuasin]] | MetroTV Sumatera Selatan | PT Media Televisi Nusantara Lima |rowspan=2|[[MetroTV]] |rowspan=2| [[Media Group]] |- | Metro TV Banyuasin | |- | rowspan=2| 125 |rowspan="2"|[[Berkas:KOMPAS TV (2017).png|center|60px|Palembang <br /> / <br /> Sumsel]] | [[Kompas TV Palembang]]{{efn|Khusus mux Indosiar Palembang}} | PT Pratama Cipta Digital |rowspan="2"|[[Kompas TV]] |rowspan="2"| [[KG Media]] |- | [[Kompas TV Sumsel]]{{efn|Khusus mux Indosiar Lempuing}} | PT Mahkota Ogan Sumatera |- |31 |[[Berkas:INews.svg|center|50px|Palembang]] |[[iNews Palembang]] |PT Televisi Pandji Gemilang Persada |[[iNews]] |[[Media Nusantara Citra|MNC Media]] |- | 54 | SD | [[File:Rai Storia - Logo 2017.svg|center|50px|Palembang]] | Rai Storia | PT SRNA Palembang Televisi & Radio | [[Rai & SRNA]] | SRNA |- | rowspan=10 align="center"| 35 | rowspan="10" |586{{nbsp}}MHz | rowspan="10" |Trans7 Palembang, Trans7 Lempuing dan Trans7 Tulung Selapan (Ogan Komering Ilir) | 21 | rowspan="8"|HD | [[Berkas:Trans 7 2013.svg|center|50px|Palembang]] | [[Trans7]] Palembang |PT Trans7 Medan Palembang |[[Trans7]] | rowspan=4| [[Trans Media]] |- | 20 | [[Berkas:Trans TV 2013.svg|center|50px|Palembang]] | [[Trans TV]] Palembang |PT Trans TV Medan Palembang |[[Trans TV]] |- | 113 | [[Berkas:CNN Indonesia logo.svg|center|50px|Sumatera Selatan]] | [[CNN Indonesia]] Sumatera Selatan |PT Detik Tivi Lima |[[CNN Indonesia]] |- | 114 | [[Berkas:CNBC Indonesia 2024.svg|center|50px|Sumatera Selatan]] | [[CNBC Indonesia]] Sumatera Selatan |PT Trans Berita Bisnis Empat |[[CNBC Indonesia]] |- |29 |[[Berkas:Rai 4 HD - Logo 2016.svg|center|50px|Sumatera Selatan]] |Rai 4 HD | rowspan="3" | PT SRNA Palembang Televisi & Radio |[[Rai & SRNA]] | rowspan=3| [[SRNA]] |- |30 |[[Berkas:SWR Logo 2023.svg|center|50px|Palembang]] |SWR Fernsehen Baden-Württemberg |rowspan="2" | [[SWR & SRNA]] |- |26 | [[Berkas:Tagesschau24-2012.svg|center|50px|Palembang]] | Tagesschau24 HD |- | 27 | [[Berkas:TvOne 2023.svg|center|50px|Palembang]] | tvOne Palembang |PT Lativi Media Karya Palembang dan Palangkaraya | [[tvOne]] | [[Visi Media Asia]] |- | | rowspan="3" |SD | [[Berkas:Phoenix_Logo_2018_ohne_Claim.svg|center|50px]] | [[Phoenix]] | rowspan="2" | PT SRNA Palembang Televisi & Radio | rowspan="2" | [[SWR & SRNA]] | rowspan="2" | [[SRNA]] |- | | [[File:ZDF logo.svg|center|50px]] | ZDF |} '''Catatan:'''<br> {{Notes|notes= {{efn | name = belumsiaranlokal | Sampai sekarang belum menyiarkan siaran lokalnya sendiri}}}} ==== Sumatra Selatan-2 ==== Maliputi [[Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin]]. {| class="wikitable" !Kanal (UHF) !Frekuensi (MHz) !Multipleksing !Virtual !Kualitas Gambar !Logo !Namo !Namo Perusahaan !Jaringan !Pamilik |- | rowspan="7" align="center"| 31 | rowspan="7" |554{{nbsp}}MHz | rowspan="7" |TVRI Sekayu |1 | rowspan="6"|HD | [[Berkas:TVRILogo2019.svg|center|50px]] | [[TVRI (saluran televisi)|TVRI Nasional]] | rowspan=4|[[Lembaga Penyiaran Publik|LPP]] Televisi Republik Indonesia Stasiun Sumatera Selatan | rowspan="4" |[[TVRI (saluran televisi)|TVRI]] | rowspan=4| [[Televisi Republik Indonesia|LPP TVRI]] |- |2 |[[File:TVRI Sumatera Selatan 2023.svg|center|50px]] |[[TVRI Sumatera Selatan]] |- |3 |[[File:TVRIWorld.png|center|50px]] |[[TVRI World]] |- |4 |[[File:TVRI Sport 2022.svg|center|50px]] |[[TVRI Sport]] |- | | [[Berkas:Rajawali Televisi.svg|center|50px|Sekayu]] | RTV Sekayu | PT Televisi Mahakarya Anak Negeri | [[Rajawali Televisi|RTV]] | [[Rajawali Corpora]] |- | | [[File:VTV Indonesia 2023.svg|center|50px|Banyuasin]] | VTV Banyuasin | PT Viva Sport Indonesia 1 | [[VTV (Indonesia)|VTV]] | [[Visi Media Asia]] |- | |SD |[[Berkas:Muba TV.jpg|center|50px]] |Muba TV |LPPL Musi Banyuasin TV |Independen |Publik |} ==== Sumatra Selatan-3 ==== Maliputi [[Kota Lubuklinggau|Kota Lubuk Linggau]], [[Kabupaten Musi Rawas]], [[Kabupaten Musi Rawas Utara]], jo [[Kabupaten Empat Lawang]]. {| class="wikitable" !Kanal (UHF) !Frekuensi (MHz) !Multipleksing !Virtual !Kualitas Gambar !Logo !Namo !Namo Parusahoan !Jaringan !Pamiliak |- | rowspan="6" align="center" |27 | rowspan="6" |522 MHz | rowspan="6" |TVRI Lubuk Linggau |1 | rowspan="5" |HD |[[Berkas:TVRILogo2019.svg|pus|50x50px]] |TVRI Nasional | rowspan="4" |LPP Televisi Republik Indonesia Stasiun Sumatera Selatan | rowspan="4" |TVRI | rowspan="4" |LPP TVRI |- |2 |[[Berkas:TVRI Sumatera Selatan 2023.svg|pus|50x50px]] |TVRI Sumatera Selatan |- |3 |[[Berkas:TVRIWorld.png|pus|50x50px]] |TVRI World |- |4 |[[Berkas:TVRI_Sport_2022.svg|pus|50x50px]] |TVRI Sport |- |31 |[[Berkas:INews.svg|center|50px|Lubuk Linggau]] |[[iNews Lubuk Linggau]] |PT Lingkaran Generasi Muda Creative | [[iNews]] | [[MNC Media]] |- | | SD | [[Berkas:Silampari TV.png|center|50px]] | [[Silampari TV]] | PT Silampari Media Televisi | [[Jawa Pos Multimedia|JPM]] | [[Grup Jawa Pos]] |} ==== Sumatra Selatan-4 ==== Maliputi [[Kota Prabumulih]], [[Kabupaten Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir]] jo [[Kabupaten Muara Enim]]. {| class="wikitable" !Kanal (UHF) !Frekuensi (MHz) !Multipleksing !Virtual !Kualitas Gambar !Logo !Namo !Namo Parusahoan !Jaringan !Pamiliak |- | rowspan="7" align="center" |30 | rowspan="7" |546 MHz | rowspan="7" |TVRI Prabumulih |1 | rowspan="5" |HD |[[Berkas:TVRILogo2019.svg|pus|50x50px]] |TVRI Nasional | rowspan="4" |LPP Televisi Republik Indonesia Stasiun Sumatera Selatan | rowspan="4" |TVRI | rowspan="4" |LPP TVRI |- |2 |[[Berkas:TVRI Sumatera Selatan 2023.svg|pus|50x50px]] |TVRI Sumatera Selatan |- |3 |[[Berkas:TVRIWorld.png|pus|50x50px]] |TVRI World |- |4 |[[Berkas:TVRI_Sport_2022.svg|pus|50x50px]] |TVRI Sport |- |21 |[[Berkas:Trans 7 2013 Iklan.svg|center|50px|Prabumulih]] |Trans7 Prabumulih | |[[Trans7]] |[[Trans Media]] |- | | rowspan="2" |SD |[[Berkas:DAAI TV.svg|center|50px|Prabumulih]] |DAAI TV Prabumulih |PT Megah Bangun Lestari |[[DAAI TV]] |[[Tzu Chi|Yayasan Buddha Tzu Chi Indonesia]] |- | | [[Sinar TV]] | PT Sibolga Medan Bersama | [[CTV Network]] | |} ==== Sumatra Selatan-5 ==== Maliputi [[Kota Pagar Alam]] jo [[Kabupaten Lahat]]. {| class="wikitable" !Kanal (UHF) !Frekuensi (MHz) !Multipleksing !Virtual !Kualitas Gambar !Logo !Namo !Namo Perusahaan !Jaringan !Pamilik |- | rowspan="4" align="center" |29 | rowspan="4" |538 MHz | rowspan="4" |TVRI Pagar Alam |1 | rowspan="4" |HD |[[Berkas:TVRILogo2019.svg|50x50px]] |TVRI Nasional | rowspan="4" |LPP Televisi Republik Indonesia Stasiun Sumatera Selatan | rowspan="4" |TVRI | rowspan="4" |LPP TVRI |- |2 |[[Berkas:TVRI Sumatera Selatan 2023.svg|50x50px]] |TVRI Sumatera Selatan |- |3 |[[Berkas:TVRIWorld.png|50x50px]] |TVRI World |- |4 |[[Berkas:TVRI_Sport_2022.svg|50x50px]] |TVRI Sport |- |} ==== Sumatra Selatan-6 ==== Maliputi [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu]] jo [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Timur]]. {| class="wikitable" !Kanal (UHF) !Frekuensi (MHz) !Multipleksing !Virtual !Kualitas Gambar !Logo !Namo !Namo Parusahoan !Jaringan !Pamiliak |- | rowspan="4" align="center" |27 | rowspan="4" |522 MHz | rowspan="4" |TVRI Baturaja |1 | rowspan="4" |HD |[[Berkas:TVRILogo2019.svg|50x50px]] |TVRI Nasional | rowspan="4" |LPP Televisi Republik Indonesia Stasiun Sumatera Selatan | rowspan="4" |TVRI | rowspan="4" |LPP TVRI |- |2 |[[Berkas:TVRI Sumatera Selatan 2023.svg|50x50px]] |TVRI Sumatera Selatan |- |3 |[[Berkas:TVRIWorld.png|50x50px]] |TVRI World |- |4 |[[Berkas:TVRI_Sport_2022.svg|50x50px]] |TVRI Sport |- |} ==== Sumatra Selatan-7 ==== Maliputi [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan]]. {|class="wikitable" !Kanal (UHF) !Frekuensi (MHz) !Multipleksing !Virtual !Kualitas Gambar !Logo !Namo !Namo Parusahoan !Jaringan !Pamiliak |- | rowspan="4" align="center" |30 | rowspan="4" |546 MHz | rowspan="4" |TVRI Muaradua |1 | rowspan="4" |HD |[[Berkas:TVRILogo2019.svg|pus|50x50px]] |TVRI Nasional | rowspan="4" |LPP Televisi Republik Indonesia Stasiun Sumatera Selatan | rowspan="4" |TVRI | rowspan="4" |LPP TVRI |- |2 |[[Berkas:TVRI Sumatera Selatan 2023.svg|pus|50x50px]] |TVRI Sumatera Selatan |- |3 |[[Berkas:TVRIWorld.png|pus|50x50px]] |TVRI World |- |4 |[[Berkas:TVRI_Sport_2022.svg|pus|50x50px]] |TVRI Sport |} === kabel === [[Palembang]] *[[Sriwijaya Vision]] (PT Sriwijaya Mitra Media) [[Lubuklinggau]] *[[Linggau Vision]] (PT Linggau Mandiri Jaya) == Indak baroperasi == === Analog === ==== [[Kota Palembang|Palembang]] ==== {| class="wikitable" !Namo !Jaringan !Frekuensi !Namo parusahoan !Tahun baranti !Katarangan !Frekuensi kini ko |- | Tribun TV <ref>https://p2k.unkris.ac.id/id3/2-3065-2962/Daftar-Stasiun-Televisi-Regional-Di-Indonesia_26970_p2k-unkris.html</ref> |rowspan=2 | [[Independen]] |54 UHF |rowspan=2 | - |rowspan=5 | - |rowspan=3 | Tidak diketahui |rowspan=2 | - |- | LAGA TV<ref>https://p2k.unkris.ac.id/id3/2-3065-2962/Daftar-Stasiun-Televisi-Regional-Di-Indonesia_26970_p2k-unkris.html</ref> | - UHF |- | Radar Palembang TV<ref>http://seputar-televisi.blogspot.com/2014/09/daftar-tv-lokal-di-sumsel-jambi-lampung.html?m=1</ref> | [[Jawa Pos Multimedia|JPMC]] | - UHF | PT Wahana Televisi Palembang | - |- | BeritaSatu Palembang<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.nomor.net/_kodepos.php?_i=republik-indonesia&id=26970 |title=archive copy |access-date=2023-06-11 |archive-date=2023-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208160240/https://m.nomor.net/_kodepos.php?_i=republik-indonesia&id=26970 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | [[BTV (Indonesia)|BeritaSatu]] | - UHF | - |rowspan=2 | - |rowspan=2 | - |- | Spacetoon Palembang<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.nomor.net/_kodepos.php?_i=republik-indonesia&id=26970 |title=archive copy |access-date=2023-06-11 |archive-date=2023-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208160240/https://m.nomor.net/_kodepos.php?_i=republik-indonesia&id=26970 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | [[Spacetoon (Indonesia)|Spacetoon]] | - | PT Televisi Anak Palembang |- | [[MAP TV Alnur]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fadli |first1=Achmad |title=Terkendala Biaya, Channel MAPTV Milik Masjid Agung Palembang Sudah Lama Tidak Lakukan Siaran |url=https://detiksumsel.com/terkendala-biaya-channel-maptv-milik-masjid-agung-palembang-sudah-lama-tidak-lakukan-siaran/ |website=Detik Sumsel |date=29 Agustus 2022 |access-date=27 Januari 2023}}</ref> | rowspan=2 | Independen ([[komunitas]]) | 47 UHF | Perkumpulan Televisi Komunitas MAP-TV Al-Nur | rowspan=7 | 2022 | rowspan=3 | Off air | rowspan=2 | - |- | [[Candradimuka TV]] | 49 UHF | Perkumpulan Televisi Komunitas STISIPOL Candradimuka |- | [[Musi TV]] | [[STTV]] | 62 UHF | PT Dwi Pratama Televisi | rowspan=2 | 35 UHF |- | [[Sriwijaya TV]] | [[Indonesia Network]] | 48 UHF | PT Sriwijaya Media Televisi | rowspan=2 |[[ASO]] 30 April 2022<ref> ASO Pada 30 April 2022, Tersedia di televisi digital</ref> |- | [[PALTV]] | [[Jawa Pos Multimedia|JPM]] | 42 UHF | PT Sumeks Televisi Palembang | rowspan=3 | 29 UHF |- | [[TVRI Sumatera Selatan]] | [[Televisi Republik Indonesia|TVRI]] | 46 UHF | [[Lembaga Penyiaran Publik|LPP]] TVRI Stasiun Sumatera Selatan | ASO 2 November 2022<ref>ASO terlebih dahulu pada 2 November 2022, tersedia di siaran televisi digital</ref> |- | [[Universitas Indo Global Mandiri|IGM TV]] | Independen | 53 UHF | PT Indo Global Media | Dipindahkan ke siaran televisi digital mulai 2022 <ref>mulai menyiarkan siaran [[BTV (Indonesia)|BTV]] di Palembang pada tanggal 11 Oktober 2022</ref> |- | Trans7 Palembang | [[Trans7]] | 22 UHF | PT Trans7 Medan Palembang | rowspan=14 | 2023 | rowspan=14 | ASO 31 Maret 2023 | 35 UHF |- | RCTI Network Sumatera Selatan | [[RCTI]] | 24 UHF | PT RCTI Lima | 29 UHF |- | antv Palembang/Sumsel | [[antv]] | 26 UHF | PT Cakrawala Andalas Televisi Palembang dan Bangka Belitung | 35 UHF |- | Indosiar Palembang | [[Indosiar]] | 28 UHF | PT Indosiar Palembang Televisi | 32 UHF |- | Trans TV Palembang | [[Trans TV]] | 30 UHF | PT Trans TV Medan Palembang | 35 UHF |- | SCTV Palembang | [[SCTV]] | 32 UHF | PT Surya Citra Ceria | rowspan=2 | 32 UHF |- | MetroTV Sumatera Selatan | [[Metro TV]] | 34 UHF | PT Media Televisi Nusantara Lima |- | GTV Palembang | [[GTV (Indonesia)|GTV]] | 36 UHF | PT GTV Lima | rowspan=3 |35 UHF |- | MNCTV Sumatera Selatan | [[MNCTV]] | 38 UHF | PT TPI Lima |- | tvOne Palembang/Sumsel | [[tvOne]] | 40 UHF | PT Lativi Media Karya Palembang dan Palangkaraya |- | [[iNews Palembang]] | [[iNews]] | 44 UHF | PT Televisi Pandji Gemilang Persada | 32 UHF |- | [[NET. Palembang]] | [[NET.]] | 55 UHF | PT Bahana Commercial | rowspan=2 | 29 UHF |- | RTV Palembang<ref>https://p2k.unkris.ac.id/id3/2-3065-2962/Daftar-Stasiun-Televisi-Regional-Di-Indonesia_26970_p2k-unkris.html</ref> | [[Rajawali Televisi|RTV]] | 58 UHF | PT Inspirasi Anda Palembang |- | [[Kompas TV Palembang]]<ref>https://p2k.unkris.ac.id/id3/2-3065-2962/Daftar-Stasiun-Televisi-Regional-Di-Indonesia_26970_p2k-unkris.html</ref> | [[Kompas TV]] | 60 UHF<ref>http://seputar-televisi.blogspot.com/2014/09/daftar-tv-lokal-di-sumsel-jambi-lampung.html?m=1</ref> | PT Pratama Cipta Digital | 32 UHF |} ==== [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir|kayu agung]] ==== {| class="wikitable" !Namo !Jaringan !Frekuensi !Namo parusahoan !Tahun baranti !Katarangan !Frekuensi kini ko |- | [[Kompas TV Sumsel]] | [[Kompas TV]] | 52 UHF | PT Mahkota Ogan Sumatera | rowspan="2" |2023 | Mulai menyiarkan siaran Gramedia TV di Palembang | 32 UHF |- |MYTV Palembang |[[MYTV (Indonesia)|MYTV]] |56 UHF |PT Suwarna Dwipa Andalas |Tidak pernah on di analog sejak bernama INTV Palembang. | |} ==== [[Kabupaten Banyuasin|Banyuasin]] ==== {| class="wikitable" !Namo !Jaringan !Frekuensi !Namo parusahoan !Tahun baranti !Katarangan !Frekuensi kini ko |- |- | MetroTV Banyuasin | [[MetroTV]] | 36 UHF | | 2023 | Mulai menyiarkan siaran Magna Channel di Palembang | 32 UHF |} ====[[Lubuklinggau]]==== {| class="wikitable" !Nama !Jaringan !Frekuensi !Nama perusahaan !Tahun berhenti !Keterangan !Frekuensi Sekarang |- | [[iNews Lubuk Linggau]] | [[iNews]] | 53 UHF | PT Lingkaran Generasi Muda Creative | 2023 | ''Off air'' | |} ==== [[Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin|Musi Banyuasin]] ==== {| class="wikitable" !Namo !Jaringan !Frekuensi !Namo parusahoan !Tahun baranti !Katarangan !Frekuensi kini ko |- |SportsOne Musi Banyuasin |[[SportsOne|VTV]] |UHF | | |Hanya Uji coba saat mendapat izin | |} ==== [[Kota Prabumulih|Prabumulih]] ==== {| class="wikitable" !Namo !Jaringan !Frekuensi !Namo parusahoan !Tahun baranti !Katarangan !Frekuensi kini ko |- |DAAI TV [[Kota Prabumulih|Prabumulih]] |DAAI TV |59 UHF |PT Megah Bangun Lestari |2022 | rowspan="3" |Off air | rowspan="3" | - |- |[[Sinar TV]] |CTV Network |50 UHF |PT Sibolga Medan Bersama |rowspan="2" |2023 |- |Trans7 Prabumulih |Trans7 |22 UHF |PT Trans7 Medan Palembang | |} === [[Lubuklinggau]] === {| class="wikitable" !Namo !Jaringan !Frekuensi !Namo parusahoan !Tahun baranti !Katarangan !Frekuensi kini ko |- |iNews LubukLinggau |iNews |53 UHF |PT Lingkaran Generasi Muda Creative |2023 |Off air | |} == Digital == === [[Palembang]] === {| class="wikitable" !Logo !Namo !Jaringan !Frekuensi !Namo parusahoan !Tahun baranti !Katarangan |- | |Nusantara TV Palembang |Nusantara TV |29 UHF |PT Nusantara Media Mandiri Palembang |2017 |Uji coba |} == Caliak pulo == * [[Daftar stasiun radio di Sumatra Selatan]] * [[Daftar stasiun televisi di Indonesia]] == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Daftar stasiun televisi di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Stasiun televisi di Sumatra Selatan]] g316vitfjp1ddujeytcekprwb2mlidc 0 476644 3345219 3185734 2026-04-01T03:33:24Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nagari |nama = Aie Angek |peta = |foto = [[Berkas:Aia Angek.jpg|jmpl|300px|]] |keterangan foto = [[Gunuang Marapi]] Dari Nagari Air Angek |provinsi = Sumatra Barat |dati2 = Kabupaten |nama dati2 = Tanah Datar |kecamatan = X Koto |nama pemimpin = - |kode pos = 27151 |luas = 11,19 km² |penduduk = 3.411 jiwa ([[2022]])<ref>https://tanahdatarkab.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/ODEjMg==/penduduk-kec-sepuluh-koto-per-nagari.html</ref> |kepadatan = 305,64 /km² |website = - }} '''Aie Angek''' marupoan salah satu [[nagari]] nan tamasuak ka dalam wilayah kecamatan X Koto, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Provinsi Sumatera Barat, [[Indonesia]]. Nagari iko barado di dakek gunuang marapi jo gunuang singgalang.<ref>https://langgam.id/nagari-aie-angek-sepuluh-koto-kabupaten-tanah-datar/</ref> == Wilayah Administratif == Nagari Aie Angek tadiri dari 4 jorong, yaitunyo: #Jorong Kandang Sampie #Jorong Kapalo Koto #Jorong Kayu Tanduak #Jorong Koto Nan Gadang == Potensi Nagari == Nagari Aie Angekmerupakan salah satu Nagari nan barado di Kecamatan X Koto dengan sabagian gadang kawasannyo barado di kaki [[Gunuang Marapi]] atau barado di dataran tinggi, Nagari Aie Angek mampunyoi potensi tanah untuak sektor pertanian jo perkebunan, iko didasari dengan sabagian besar masyarakaikmyo Nagari Aie Angek marupoan petani kebun sayua jo buah. Indak hanyo daerah kawasan aie angek mampunyoi kualitas tanaman sayuran nan rancak tatapi salah satunyo pulo barado di Koto baru yaitu di [[Cingkariang, Banuhampu, Agam|Cingkaring]], [[Agam]] dengan produksi tanaman [[Kantang]]nya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://repo.bunghatta.ac.id/2095/3/24%20Agusdio%20Jovan%20%281610015111034%29%20BAB%20I.pdf |title=archive copy |access-date=2025-09-19 |archive-date=2024-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091616/http://repo.bunghatta.ac.id/2095/3/24%20Agusdio%20Jovan%20(1610015111034)%20BAB%20I.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Pautan lua == {{Aie Angek, Sepuluh Koto, Tanah Datar}} {{X Koto, Tanah Datar}} {{Authority control}} {{Nagari-stub}} == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} d8bnr7jncognqf16ukfypb72v821oa2 0 477162 3345249 3343472 2026-04-01T05:51:27Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345249 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Stamp of Indonesia - 2006 - Colnect 385035 - Folklore - Mythology Folklore.jpeg|jmpl|477x477px|"Si kancil" marupoan salah satu judul carito pendek nan tanamo di Indonesia.]] '''Carito pendek''' atau disabuik juo dalam Bahaso Indonesia manjadi '''cerpen''' marupoan salah satu jinih [[prosa]] nan biasonyo basipaik khayalan (indak sabananyo). Carito pendek umumnyo cenderung singkek, padek, dan langsuang pado tujuan dibandiangkan jo karya-karya fiksi lain nan labiah panjang, sarupo novelet maupun novel. Jumlah [[kato]] di dalam carito pendek indak labiah dari 10.000 kato atau kurang dari 10 [[Kuarto|halaman kuarto]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sendari|date=2020-12-14|title=Cerpen adalah Cerita Pendek, Kenali Karakteristik dan Unsurnya|url=https://hot.liputan6.com/read/4432993/cerpen-adalah-cerita-pendek-kenali-karakteristik-dan-unsurnya|work=[[Liputan6.com]]|language=id|access-date=2020-12-23|first=Anugerah Ayu|editor-last=Fahrudin|editor-first=Nanang}}</ref> Panulisan carito pendek manggunoan [[gaya bahaso]] nan [[naratif]]. Unsua intrinsik carito pendek bamulo pado tradisi pancaritoan lisan nan manghasiakan kisah-kisah tanamo sarupo ''[[Iliad]]'' jo ''[[Odyssey]]'' karya [[Homer]]. Kisah-kisah tasabuik disampaikan dalam bantuak [[puisi]] nan bairama. Adopun irama tasabuik bafungsi sabagai alaik untuak manolong urang untuak maingek carito. Bagian-bagian singkek dari kisah-kisah iko dipusekan pado naratif-naratif individu nan dapek disampaikan pado suatu kasampatan pendek. Kasaluruahan kisah baru tasampaian apobilo kasaluruahan bagian carito tasabuik alah rampuang. [[Fabel]], nan umumnyo barupo [[cerita rakyat]] jo pasan-pasan moral, konon alah dianggap dek sijarawan Yunani [[Herodotus]] sabagai hasi tamuan saurang budak Yunani nan banamo [[Aesop]] pado [[abaik ka-6 SM]] (meskipun ado kisah-kisah lain nan barasal dari bangso-bangso lain nan dianggap barasal dari Aesop). Fabel-fabel kuno iko kini dikenal sabagai [[Fabel Aesop]]. Akan tatapi, ado pulo nan mambarikan definisi lain takaik istilah fabel. Fabel, dalam khazanah Sastra Indonesia acok kali diartian sabagai carito tentang binatang sabagai pameran (tokoh) utamo. Carito fabel nan populer misalnyo "Kisah si Kancil". Salanjuiknyo, jinih carito bakambang maliputi sage, mite, jo legenda. Sage marupoan carito kapahlawanan, misalnyo kisah Joko Dolog. Mite atau mitos labiah mangarah pado carito nan takaik jo kaparcayoan masyarakaik satampek tentang sasuatu, contohnyo kisah Nyi Roro Kidul. Kamudian, legenda manganduang pangartian sabagai sabuah carito tentang asa-usua tajadinyo suatu tampek, contohnyo kisah Banyuwangi. Bantuak kuno lain dari carito pendek, yakni anekdot, populer pado maso [[Kekaisaran Romawi]]. Anekdot mampunyoi fungsi sarupo [[perumpamaan]], sabuah carito realistis singkek dan mancakup satu pasan atau tujuan. Banyak dari anekdot Romawi nan batahan balakangan iko dikumpuaan dalam [[Gesta Romanorum]] pado [[abaik ka-13]] atau [[abaik ka-14|14]]. Anekdot tetap populer di Eropa hinggo [[abaik ka-18]], katiko surek-surek anekdot baisi fiksi karya Sir Roger de Coverley ditabikan. Di Eropa, tradisi bacarito lisan mulai bakambang manjadi carito-carito tatulih pado awa abaik ka-14, tarutamo sakali dengan tabiknyo karya [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] ''[[Canterbury Tales]]'' jo karya [[Giovanni Boccaccio]] ''[[Decameron]]''. Kaduo buku iko disusun dari carito-carito pendek nan tapisah (marentang dari anekdot lucu ke fiksi sastra nan baiak), ditampekan di dalam carito naratif labiah gadang (sabuah [[carito karangko]]), meskipun parangkek carito karangko indak diadopsi dek kasado panulih. Pado akhia [[abaik ka-16]], sabagian dari carito-carito pendek nan paliang populer di Eropa adolah "Novella" kalam nan tragis karya [[Matteo Bandello]] (khususnyo dalam tajamahan Prancis). Pado maso Renaisan, istilah novella digunoan untuak marujuak pado carito-carito pendek. Pado patangahan [[abaik ka-17]] di [[Prancis]] tajadi pakambangan novel pendek nan dipahalus, nouvelle, dek pangarang-pangarang sarupo [[Madame de Lafayette]]. Pado 1690-an, [[dongeng|dongeng-dongeng]] tradisional mulai ditabikan. Salah satu dari kumpulan nan paliang terkenal adolah karya [[Charles Perrault]]. Tajamahan modern partamo adolah ''[[Seribu Satu Malam]]'' karya [[Antoine Galland]] (dari 1704; tajamahan lain muncua pado 1710–12). Hal iko manimbuan pangaruah hebat tahadok carito-carito pendek Eropa karya [[Voltaire]], [[Diderot]] dan lain-lain pado [[abaik ka-18]]. === Carito-Carito Pendek Modern === Carito-carito pendek modern muncua sabagai [[genre]] surang pado awa [[abaik ka-19]]. Contoh-contoh awa dari kumpulan carito pendek tamasuak ''Dongeng-dongeng'' [[Grimm Bersaudara]] (1824–1826), ''[[Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka]]'' (1831-1832) karya [[Nikolai Gogol]], ''Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque'' (1836), karya [[Edgar Allan Poe]], jo ''Twice Told Tales'' (1842) karya [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]]. Pado akhia abaik ka-19, patumbuahan majalah jo jurnal malahian pamintaan pasa nan kuek akan fiksi pendek jo panjang antaro 3.000 hinggo 15.000 kato. Di antaro carito-carito pendek tanamo nan muncua pado pariode iko adolah "Kamar No. 6" karya [[Anton Chekhov]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Teori Fiksi Robert Stantion|last=Stantion|first=Robert|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2022|isbn=978-979-1277-76-1|location=Yogyakarta|pages=75}}</ref> Pado paruhan patamo [[abaik ka-20]], sajumlah majalah takamuko, sarupo ''The [[Atlantic Monthly]]'', ''[[Scribner's]]'', jo ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'', manabikan carito pendek dalam satiok terbitan. Pamintaan akan carito-carito pendek nan bamutu baitu gadang, dan bayaran untuak carito-carito itu baitu tinggi, sahinggo [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] baulang-ulang manulih carito pendek untuak malunasi babagai utangnyo. Pamintaan akan carito-carito pendek dek majalah mancapai puncaknyo pado patangahan abaik ka-20, katiko pado 1952 majalah ''[[Life (majalah)|Life]]'' manabikan carito pendek Ernest Hemingway nan panjang (atau novella) ''[[Lelaki Tua dan Laut]]''. Tabikan nan mamuek carito iko laku 5.300.000 eksemplar hanyo dalam duo hari. Samanjak itu, jumlah majalah komersial nan manabikan carito-carito pendek alah bakurang, meskipun babarapo majalah tanamo sarupo ''[[The New Yorker]]'' taruih mamueknyo. [[Majalah sastra]] maagia pulo tampek kapado carito-carito pendek. Salain itu, carito-carito pendek balakangan iko alah menamuan napas baru lewat panabikan online. Carito pendek dapek ditamuan dalam majalah online, kumpulan-kumpulan nan diorganisir manuruik pangarang atau tema. == Ciri-Ciri == Carito pendek indak mampunyoi [[alua]] carito nan rumik. Kajadian, alua, jo panampatan carito umumnyo hanyo ciek. Carito pendek hanyo mampunyoi jumlah tokoh nan tabateh sarato wakatu pancaritoan singkek.{{Sfn|Ahyar|2019|p=87}} Carito nan cukuik panjang di dalam carito pendek cenderung mamuek unsua-unsua inti tatantu dengan suasana dramatis, sarato mampunyoi pangantar setting, situasi, jo tokoh utamo. Salain itu, tadapek paristiwa di dalam carito nan manimbulkan patantangan di antaro para tokoh sahinggo tajadi paningkatan aksi jo momen penting. Bagian akhia dari carito pendek marupoan panyalasaian dari pamasalahan-pamasalahan di dalam carito sarato panyampaian pasan moral.{{Sfn|Ahyar|2019|p=87-88}} Carito pendek modern hanyo saketek manganduang alua carito jo pangantar dan patantangan antartokoh. Awa carito pendek modern umumnyo dimulai dari aksi nan mandadak. Alua dari carito pendek modern mampunyoi klimaks atau titik baliak. Carito pendek modern umumnyo diakhiri dengan mandadak. Kabaradoan pasan [[moral]] di akhia carito indak dapek dipastian {{Sfn|Ahyar|2019|p=88}} Tema dalam sabuah cerpen labiah jaleh karano paristiwa-paristiwa dalam carito pendek dipiliah dengan caro karikatural nan manonjol dan tampak sabagai mozaik sabuah pesan pandalaman. Jumlah kato dalam cerpen bakisa antaro 800 kato hinggo 2300 kato jiko manggunoan halaman A4 jumlah halaman carito pendek sakitar 4 sampai dengan 7 halaman jo spasi satu satangah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Rohman|first=Saifur|date=2020-06-01|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=VM38DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=ciri-ciri+cerpen&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir7LGmkcDuAhVJwTgGHVSKBc0Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Pembelajaran Cerpen|location=Jakarta|publisher=Bumi Aksara|isbn=978-602-444-738-0|pages=36|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref> == Struktur == Struktur teks marupoan struktur pambangunan bagian-bagian teks nan saliang bahubuangan dalam mandukuang kakuatan carito. Struktur teks carito pendek adolah sabagai barikuik. • Abstrak, marupoan ringkasan atau inti dari carito pendek nan akan dikambangkan manjadi sabuah rangkaian-rangkaian paristiwa, atau dapek pulo dikatoan sabagai gambaran awa dalam carito. Abstrak basipaik opsional, aratinyo satiok cerpen buliah indak tadapek struktur abstrak tasabuik. • Orientasi, marupoan wakatu, suasana, jo tampek nan bakaitan jo jalan carito dari suatu carito pendek. • Komplikasi, barisi urutan kajadian-kajadian nan dihubuangkan sacaro sabab jo akibaik. Komplikasi biasonyo manjalehan karakter atau watak dari babagai tokoh carito pendek. Pado bagian komplikasi karumitan mulai bamuncualan. • Evaluasi, yaitu struktur konflik jo mangarah pado klimaks, sarato alah mulai mandapekan panyalasaiannyo. • Resolusi, pado bagian iko pangarang mulai mangungkapkan solusi nan dialami dek tokoh utamo. • Koda, pado bagian iko tadapek nilai ataupun palajaran nan dapek diambiak dari carito pendek dek pambaco. == Unsua Panyusun == === Unsur Intrinsik === Unsua intrinsik adolah unsua nan mambangun karya itu surang. Unsua–unsua intrinsik carito pendek adolah sabagai barikuik.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saptoyo|first=Rosy Dewi Arianti|title=Menentukan Unsur Pembangun Teks Cerpen dan Contohnya|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/10/28/154618169/menentukan-unsur-pembangun-teks-cerpen-dan-contohnya|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=2020-12-23|editor-last=Nailufar|editor-first=Nibras Nada}}</ref> * Tema adolah ide pokok sabuah carito nan diyakini jo dijadian sumber pado carito. * Latar(''setting'') adolah tampek, wakatu, atau suasana nan tadapek dalam carito. Sabuah carito harus jaleh di mano balangsuang, bilo tajadi, dan suasana sarato kaadaan katiko carito tajadi. * Alua (''plot'') adolah susunan paristiwa atau kajadian nan mambantuak sabuah carito. Alua dibagi manjadi 3 jinih. # Alua maju adolah rangkaian paristiwa nan urutannyo sasuai jo wakatu kajadian atau carito nan bagarak ka mungko taruih. # Alua mundua adolah rangkaian paristiwa nan susunannyo indak sasuai jo urutan wakatu kajadian atau bagarak mundua (''flashback''). # Alua campuran adolah campuran antaro alua maju jo alur mundua. Alua maliputi babarapo tahap barikuik. # Pangantar: bagian carito barupo lukisan, wakatu, tampek, atau kajadian nan marupoan awa carito. # Panampilan masalah: bagian nan mancaritoan masalah palaku carito. # Puncak katagangan / klimaks: masalah dalam carito alah sangaik gawat, konflik alah mamuncak. # Katagangan manurun / antiklimaks: masalah alah barangsua-angsua dapek diatasi dan kakhawatiran mulai ilang. # Panyalasaian / resolusi: masalah alah dapek diatasi atau disalasaian. * Pawatakan Manggambarkan watak atau karakter sasaurang tokoh nan dapek diliek dari tigo segi. # Dialog tokoh # Panjalehan tokoh # Panggambaran fisik tokoh * Tokoh Tokoh adolah urang-urang barado di dalam carito dan banyak maambiak peran. # Tokoh Protagonis: tokoh utamo pado carito # Tokoh Antagonis: tokoh panantang atau lawan dari tokoh utamo # Tokoh Tritagonis: panangah dari tokoh utamo jo tokoh lawan * Amanat adolah pasan atau nasihat nan nio disampaikan pangarang malalui carito. === Unsua Ekstrinsik === Unsua ekstrinsik adolah unsua-unsua nan barado di lua karya sastra, tatapi scaro indak langsuang mampangaruahi bangunan atau sistem organisme karya sastra. Unsua ekstrinsik maliputi hal-hal di bawah iko. * Nilai-nilai dalam carito (agamo, budaya, politik, ekonomi) * Latar balakang kahidupan pangarang * Situasi sosial, ekonomi jo budaya katiko carito itu diciptaan. == Ukuran == Manatapkan apo nan mamisahkan carito pendek dari format fiksi lain nan labiah panjang adolah problematik. Sabuah definisi klasik dari carito pendek iolah bahwasnayo inyo harus dapek dibaco dalam wakatu sakali duduak. Hal iko tarutamo sakali diajuan dalam [[esai]] Edgar Allan Poe "[[The Philosophy of Composition]]" pado 1846. Definisi-definisi lain manyabuikan bateh panjang cerpen dari jumlah kato-katonyo, yaitu 7.500 kato. Dalam panggunoan kontemporer, istilah carito pendek umumnyo marujuak kapado karya fiksi nan indak labiah dari 20.000 kato dan indak kurang dari 1.000 kato. Carito nan pendeknyo kurang dari 1.000 kato tagolong pado genre [[fiksi kilat]] (''[[flash fiction]]''). Fiksi nan malampaui bateh maksimum parameter carito pendek digolongkan ka dalam ''novelette'', ''novella'', atau novel. == Genre == Carito pendek pado umumnyo adolah suatu bantuak karangan fiksi dan nan paliang banyak ditabikan adolah [[fiksi]] sarupo [[fiksi ilmiah]], [[fiksi horor]], [[fiksi detektif]], dan lain-lain. Carito pendek kini mancakuik pulo dalam bantuak [[nonfiksi]] sarupo [[catatan pajalanan]], [[prosa lirik]], jo varian-varian [[sastra pasca-modern|pasca modern]] sarato non-fiksi sarupo fikto-kritis atau [[jurnalisme baru]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sastra.co.id/|title=Cerpen|publisher=[[Sastra.co.id]]|accessdate=12 Desember 2022|archive-date=2023-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602152713/http://sastra.co.id/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Pabedaan Carito Pendek jo Novel == * Carito pendek marupoan jinih prosa fiksi nan dibaco salasai sakali duduak bakisa antaro satangah jam sampai duo jam, sadangkan untuak mambaco novel mambutuahan wakatu labiah dari duo jam. * Umumnyo, panjang carito pendek kurang dari 10.000 kato. Di lain sisi, panjang novel labiah dari 10.000 kato. * Tema dalam carito pendek hanyo barisi ciek tema karano bakaitan jo keadaan [[Plot (naratif)|plot]] dan palaku nan tabateh. Samantaro itu, novel manawarkan labiah dari satu tema yaitu satu tema utamo jo tema-tema tambahan. * Jiko panokohan dalam cerpen sipaiknyo tabateh, hal iko indak balaku dalam novel. * Carito pendek manggunoan palukisan latar sacaro garih umum sajo, sadangkan panulisan latar dalam novel mambutahkan detail khusus tantang kaadaan lua, misalnyo tantang kondisi tampek jo sosial. * Satiok rangkaian paristiwa dalam novel disusun sadamikian rupo, karano tabagi ateh bab jo masiang-masiang bab mampunyoi carito nan babeda-beda. Carito pendek mampunyoi plot tungga hanyo tadiri ateh ciek urutan paristiwa nan tajadi darimano sajo. Karano mampunyoi plot tungga, konflikjo klimaks nan ditimbuan pun basipaik tungga.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Emzir|first=|last2=Rohman|first2=Syaifur|last3=Wicaksono|first3=Andri|date=|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=cwhTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244&dq=Cerpen+dan+novel&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLnpyqjMDuAhUyjuYKHe0oD3AQ6AEwB3oECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=Cerpen%20dan%20novel&f=false|title=Tentang Sastra: Orkestrasi Teori dan Pembelajarannya|location=Sleman|publisher=Garudhawaca|isbn=978-602-6581-36-5|pages=244|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=TeknoBae com|title=Perbedaan Novel dan Cerpen Lengkap Dengan Penjelasannya|url=https://www.teknobae.com/2022/06/perbedaan-novel-dan-cerpen-lengkap.html|website=TeknoBae.com|language=id|access-date=2022-07-07|archive-date=2022-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001091827/https://www.teknobae.com/2022/06/perbedaan-novel-dan-cerpen-lengkap.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * Gaya bahaso nan digunoan dalam carito pendek labiah efisien dibandingkan jo novel. Pangarang mampunyoi diksi, kalimat hinggo onomatope sacaro labiah efisien. Dalam cerpen, kacermatan mamiliah diksi labiah kental daripado sabuah novel.<ref name=":0" /> == Carito Pendek Tanamo == * "[[An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge]]" oleh [[Ambrose Bierce]] ([http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext95/owlcr11.txt teks online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415010301/http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext95/owlcr11.txt |date=2007-04-15 }}) * "Yours Truly, Jack the Ripper" oleh [[Robert Bloch]] * "[[A Sound of Thunder]]" oleh [[Ray Bradbury]] * "Cathedral" oleh [[Raymond Carver]] * "[[The Most Dangerous Game]]" oleh [[Richard Connell]] * "[[The Story of an Hour]]" oleh [[Kate Chopin]] ([http://www.pbs.org/katechopin/library/storyofanhour.html teks online]) * "[[A Rose for Emily]]" oleh [[William Faulkner]] ([http://xroads.virginia.edu/~drbr/wf_rose.html teks online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326051444/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~drbr/wf_rose.html |date=2013-03-26 }}) * "[[The Overcoat]]" oleh [[Nikolai Gogol]] ([http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/g/gogol/nikolai/g61cl/ teks online]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}—terjemahan dari [[bahasa Rusia]]) * "[[Young Goodman Brown]]" oleh [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] ([http://www.amlit.com/twentyss/chap1.html teks online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331160154/http://www.amlit.com/twentyss/chap1.html |date=2007-03-31 }}) * "[[The Snows of Kilimanjaro]]" oleh [[Ernest Hemingway]] ([http://xroads.virginia.edu/~DRBR/heming.html teks online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402073342/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~drbr/heming.html |date=2016-04-02 }}) * "[[The Gift of the Magi]]" oleh [[O. Henry]] ([http://www.auburn.edu/~vestmon/Gift_of_the_Magi.html teks online]) * "[[The Lottery]]" oleh [[Shirley Jackson]] ([http://jackson.classicauthors.net/lottery/ teks online]) * "[[The Monkey's Paw]]" oleh [[W.W. Jacobs]] * "[[The Dead (cerita pendek)|The Dead]]" oleh [[James Joyce]] ([http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/english/micsun/IrishResources/dead.htm teks online]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * "[[In der Strafkolonie]]" oleh [[Franz Kafka]] ([http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/kafka/inthepenalcolony.htm teks online] terj. Inggris dari bahasa Jerman) * "[[The Call of Cthulhu]]" oleh [[H.P. Lovecraft]] * "[[Bartleby, the Scrivener]]" oleh [[Herman Melville]] ([http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11231/11231.txt teks online]) * "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" oleh [[Flannery O'Connor]] ([http://xroads.virginia.edu/~DRBR/goodman.html teks online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701070545/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~drbr/goodman.html |date=2018-07-01 }}) * "[[The Tell-Tale Heart]]" oleh [[Edgar Allan Poe]] ([http://www.literature.org/authors/poe-edgar-allan/tell-tale-heart.html teks online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406051709/http://www.literature.org/authors/poe-edgar-allan/tell-tale-heart.html |date=2008-04-06 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) * "[[Brokeback Mountain (cerpen)|Brokeback Mountain]]" oleh [[Annie Proulx]] * "[[The Red Room (Wells)|The Red Room]]" oleh [[H.G. Wells]] * "[[The Last Question]]" oleh [[Isaac Asimov]] == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Caliak Pulo == * [[Sastra]] == Daftar Pustaka == * {{cite book|last=Ahyar|first=Juni|date=|year=2019|url=https://repository.unimal.ac.id/5007/2/Isi%20Buku%20Apa%20Itu%20Sastra_v.3.0_Unesco.pdf|title=Apa Itu Sastra: Jenis-Jenis Karya Sastra dan Bagaimanakah Cara Menulis dan Mengapresiasi Sastra|location=Sleman|publisher=Deepublish|isbn=978-623-02-0145-5|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Ahyar|2019}}|url-status=live}} === Bacaan Lanjutan === * {{cite book |editor=Browns, Julie |title=Ethnicity and the American Short Story |publisher=New York: Garland |year=1997 }} * {{cite book |author =Goyet, Florence |title=The Classic Short Story, 1870–1925: Theory of a Genre |publisher=Cambridge: Open Book Publishers|year=2014 |url=http://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/199}} * {{cite book |editor=Gelfant, Blanche |editor2=Lawrence Graver |title=The Columbia Companion to the Twentieth-Century American Short Story |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiacompanio00blan |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000}} * {{cite book |editor=Hart, James |editor2=Phillip Leininger |title=Oxford Companion to American Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompanionthart |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995}} * {{cite book |editor=Ibáñez, José R |editor2=José Francisco Fernández |editor3=Carmen M. Bretones |title=, Contemporary Debates on the Short Story |publisher=Bern: Lang |year=2007 }} * {{cite book |editor=Iftekharrudin, Farhat |editor2=Joseph Boyden |editor3=Joseph Longo |editor4=Mary Rohrberger |title=Postmodern Approaches to the Short Story |publisher=Westport, CN: Praeger |year=2003 }} * {{cite book |editor=Kennedy, Gerald J. |title=Modern American Short Story Sequences: Composite Fictions and Fictive Communities |publisher=Cambridge: Cambridge University Press |year=2011 }} * {{cite book | author =Lohafer, Susan |title=Reading for Storyness: Preclosure Theory, Empirical Poetics, and Culture in the Short Story | url =https://archive.org/details/readingforstoryn0000loha |publisher=Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2003}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Magill |editor-first=Frank |title=Short Story Writers |url=https://archive.org/details/shortstorywriter00magi |publisher=Salem Press |location=Pasadena, California |year=1997}} * {{cite book |editor=Patea, Viorica |title=Short Story Theories: A Twenty-First-Century Perspective |publisher=Amsterdam: Rodopi |year=2012 }} * {{cite book |editor=Scofield, Martin |title=The Cambridge Introduction to the American Short Story |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeintrodu0000scof |publisher=Cambridge: Cambridge University Press |year=2006 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Watson |editor-first=Noelle |title=Reference Guide to Short Fiction |url=https://archive.org/details/referenceguideto00wats |publisher=St. James Press |location=Detroit |year=1994}} * {{cite book |editor=Winther, Per |editor2=Jakob Lothe |editor3=Hans H. Skei |title=The Art of Brevity: Excursions in Short Fiction Theory and Analysis |publisher=Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press |year=2004 }} * {{cite book |author=Eikhenbaum, Boris, "How Gogol's 'Overcoat' is Made" in Elizabeth Trahan (ed.) |title= Gogol's "Overcoat" : An Anthology of Critical Essays, |publisher=Ann Arbor, MI: Ardis |year=1982 }} * {{cite book | author =Hanson, Clare |title=Short Stories and Short Fictions, 1880–1980 |publisher=New York: St. Martin's Press |year=1985 }} * {{cite book | author =LoCicero, Donald |title=Novellentheorie: The Practicality of the Theoretical | url =https://archive.org/details/novellentheoriep0000loci |publisher=(About the German theories of the Short Story) The Hague: Mouton |year=1970 }} * {{cite book |editor=Lohafer, Susan |editor2=Jo Ellyn Clarey |title=Short Story Theory at a Crossroads |publisher=Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press |year=1990 }} * {{cite book | author =Mann, Susan Garland |title=The Short Story Cycle: A Genre Companion and Reference Guide | url =https://archive.org/details/shortstorycycleg0000mann |publisher=New York: Greenwood Press |year=1989 }} * {{cite book | author =O'Connor, Frank |title=The Lonely Voice: A Study of the Short Story | url =https://archive.org/details/lonelyvoicestudy0000ocon |publisher=Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company |year=1963}} * {{cite book | author =O'Faoláin, Seán |title=The short story |publisher=Cork: Mercier, 1948; New York: Devin-Adair |year=1951 }} * {{cite book | author =Rohrberger, Mary |title=Hawthorne and the Modern Short Story: A Study in Genre |publisher=The Hague: Mouton |year=1966 }} == Pautan lua == * {{en}} [http://www.freestoriescenter.com Free Stories Center], situs untuk cerita pendek dan upaya menerbitkannya {{authority control}} [[Kategori:Sastra]] 56nyjoy6cs4ztrwqf9p2yka49au2ei6 10 477489 3345215 3344753 2026-04-01T01:42:08Z Badak Jawa 16025 Tambah kategori 3345215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|1|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan gold ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|2|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan silver ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|3|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan bronze ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|4|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan green ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{#ifeq:{{{rank|}}}|5|[[Berkas:Wiki Cinta Ramadan green ribbon bar-id.png|899px]]<br>}}{{bintangWiki |nama=<span style="color:black;"><big>'''''BintangWiki Wiki Cinto Ramadan 2026'''''</big></span> |border=#c7a900 |color=#fff8dc |namaberkas=Berkas:Wiki Loves Ramadan Barnstar.png |pesan='''"BintangWiki Wiki Cinto Ramadan 2026"''' dipasambahan kapado '''[[Pengguna:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|<font color="black">{{BASEPAGENAME}}</font>]]''' ateh dedikasi jo samangaiknyo dalam mansukseskan kagiatan '''[[Wikipedia:Wiki Cinto Ramadan 2026|Wiki Cinto Ramadan 2026]]'''. Tarimo kasih alah babagi pangatahuan jo samangaik positif salamo bulan suci Ramadan. Jariah sanak sangaik baguno untuak komunitas! |pesanpengguna={{{1|}}} |width={{{width|}}} }} <noinclude> [[Kategori:Wiki Cinto Ramadan 2026]] cv55v2i5b1vopqsscknuzrvj82je9ac 0 477564 3345216 3345145 2026-04-01T02:00:26Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345216 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map of Argentina with province names + disputed territories hatched.png|thumb|Peta provinsi di Argentina]] '''Provinsi di Argentina''' adolah wilayah administratif tingkek patamo di nagara [[Argentina]]. Nagara tu mampunyoi 23 provinsi atau ''provincia'' dalam [[bahaso Spanyol]], jo ciek kota otonom, [[Buenos Aires]], nan bafungsi sabagai ibu kota federal, takah nan ditantuan dek [[Kongres Argentina|Kongres]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} Provinsi mamacik kasadoan kuaso nan urang-urang tu piliah untuak indak disarahan ka [[Pamarintah Argentina|pamarintah federal]]; urang-urang tu harus marupokan nagara pawakian jo indak buliah batantangan jo [[Undang limbago Argentina|Konstitusi]].{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 5, 6}} Salain itu, provinsi sapanuahnyo otonom: dapek manatapan konstitusi internal surang, sacaro bebas maatur pamarintahan lokal,{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} jo mampunyoi sarato mangalola sumber daya alam jo kauangan surang.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124, 125}} Dek karano itu, satiok provinsi mampunyoi saparangkek hukum provinsi jo sistem paradilan surang, mahkamah aguang, gubernur, pasukan polisi, jo kongres surang. Salapan provinsi mampunyoi badan legislatif [[bikameral]], sadangkan limo baleh jo kota Buenos Aires mampunyoi badan legislatif [[unikameral]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salvador.edu.ar/ui2-35-rflye1.htm|title=Legislaturas de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y provinciales – República Argentina|publisher=Universidad del Salvador|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515170427/http://www.salvador.edu.ar/ui2-35-rflye1.htm|archive-date=2013-05-15|url-status=dead|access-date=2009-09-19}}</ref> == Daftar provinsi == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" |+ Provinsi di Argentina<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/uar.html|title=Provinces of Argentina|last=Gwillim Law|date=30 May 2015|work=Statoids|access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> ! Provinsi ! Ibu kota ! Ibu kota kaduo<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ign.gob.ar/NuestrasActividades/Geografia/DatosArgentina/DivisionPolitica|title= División política, superficie y población|trans-title= Political division, area and population|language= Spanish|author= INDEC and IGN|date= |publisher= Instituto Geográfico Nacional|accessdate=21 March 2024}}</ref> ! {{small|Kode wilayah}} ! {{small|Panduduak (2022)}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Censo 2022 |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel4-Tema-2-41-165 |url-status=live |website=INDEC: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos |language=es}}</ref> ! data-sort-type="number" | {{small|Area}}<ref name=":0" /> !Kapadekan per<br>km²<ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Buenos Aires|Kota Otonom Buenos Aires]] | [[Buenos Aires]] | N/A | DF | align="right" | 3.121.707 | align="right" | {{convert|205.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |15.161,3 |- | [[Provinsi Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] | [[La Plata]] | [[La Matanza Partido|La Matanza]] and [[General Pueyrredón Partido|General Pueyrredón]] | BA | align="right" | 17.523.996 | align="right" | {{convert|305907|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |57,3 |- | [[Provinsi Catamarca|Catamarca]] | [[San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca]] | [[Tinogasta]] | CT | align="right" | 429.562 | align="right" | {{convert|101486|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |4,2 |- | [[Provinsi Chaco|Chaco]] | [[Resistencia, Chaco|Resistencia]] | [[Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña]] | CC | align="right" | 1.129.606 | align="right" | {{convert|99763|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |11,3 |- | [[Provinsi Chubut|Chubut]] | [[Rawson, Chubut|Rawson]] | [[Comodoro Rivadavia]] | CH | align="right" | 592.621 | align="right" | {{convert|224302|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |2,6 |- | [[Provinsi Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] | [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] | [[Río Cuarto, Córdoba|Río Cuarto]] | CB | align="right" | 3.840.905 | align="right" | {{convert|164708|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |23,3 |- | [[Provinsi Corrientes|Corrientes]] | [[Corrientes]] | [[Goya, Argentina|Goya]] | CN | align="right" | 1.212.696 | align="right" | {{convert|89123|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |13,6 |- | [[Provinsi Entre Ríos|Entre Ríos]] | [[Paraná, Argentina|Paraná]] | [[Concordia, Entre Ríos|Concordia]] | ER | align="right" | 1.425.578 | align="right" | {{convert|78384|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |18,2 |- | [[Provinsi Formosa|Formosa]] | [[Formosa, Argentina|Formosa]] | [[Formosa, Argentina|Formosa]] | FM | align="right" | 607.419 | align="right" | {{convert|75488|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |8,0 |- | [[Provinsi Jujuy|Jujuy]] | [[San Salvador de Jujuy]] | [[San Pedro de Jujuy]] | JY | align="right" | 811.611 | align="right" | {{convert|53244|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |15,2 |- | [[Provinsi La Pampa|La Pampa]] | [[Santa Rosa, Argentina|Santa Rosa]] | [[General Pico]] | LP | align="right" | 361.859 | align="right" | {{convert|143493|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |2,5 |- | [[Provinsi La Rioja, Argentina|La Rioja]] | [[La Rioja, Argentina|La Rioja]] | [[Chilecito]] | LR | align="right" | 383.865 | align="right" | {{convert|91494|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |4,2 |- | [[Provinsi Mendoza|Mendoza]] | [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]] | [[Guaymallén]] | MZ | align="right" | 2.043.540 | align="right" | {{convert|149069|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |13,7 |- | [[Provinsi Misiones|Misiones]] | [[Posadas, Misiones|Posadas]] | [[Oberá]] | MN | align="right" | 1.278.873 | align="right" | {{convert|29911|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |42,8 |- | [[Provinsi Neuquén|Neuquén]] | [[Neuquén]] | [[Cutral Có]] | NQ | align="right" | 710.814 | align="right" | {{convert|94422|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |7,5 |- | [[Provinsi Río Negro|Río Negro]] | [[Viedma]] | [[San Carlos de Bariloche]] | RN | align="right" | 750.768 | align="right" | {{convert|202169|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |3,7 |- | [[Provinsi Salta|Salta]] | [[Salta]] | [[San Ramón de la Nueva Orán]] | SA | align="right" | 1.441.351 | align="right" | {{convert|155341|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |9,3 |- | [[Provinsi San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]] | [[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]] | [[Caucete]] | SJ | align="right" | 822.853 | align="right" | {{convert|88296|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |9,3 |- | [[Provinsi San Luis|San Luis]] | [[San Luis, Argentina|San Luis]] | [[Villa Mercedes]] | SL | align="right" | 542.069 | align="right" | {{convert|75347|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |7,2 |- | [[Provinsi Santa Cruz, Argentina|Santa Cruz]] | [[Río Gallegos]] | [[Caleta Olivia]] | SC | align="right" | 337.226 | align="right" | {{convert|244458|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |1,4 |- | [[Provinsi Santa Fe|Santa Fe]] | [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]] | [[Rosario]] | SF | align="right" | 3.544.908 | align="right" | {{convert|133249|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |26,6 |- | [[Provinsi Santiago del Estero|Santiago del Estero]] | [[Santiago del Estero]] | [[La Banda]] | SE | align="right" | 1.060.906 | align="right" | {{convert|136934|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |7,7 |- | [[Provinsi Tierra del Fuego, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego]] | [[Ushuaia]] | [[Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego|Río Grande]] | TF | align="right" | 185.651* | align="right" | {{convert|20698|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}}* |8,8* |- | [[Provinsi Tucumán|Tucumán]] | [[San Miguel de Tucumán]] | [[Monteros]] | TM | align="right" | 1.731.820 | align="right" | {{convert|22592|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|disp=x|<br/><small>(|)</small>}} |76,7 |} ''* Badasarkan babagai nilai'' == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == * {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php|title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation|author=National Constituent Convention|place=Santa Fe|date=22 August 1994|ref={{harvid|Constitution of Argentina}} |publisher= Honorable Senado de la Nación Argentina |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604215413/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php|archive-date=4 June 2011}} * {{cite book |last=Rey Balmaceda |first=Raúl |title=Mi país, la Argentina |publisher=Arte Gráfico Editorial Argentino |place=Buenos Aires |year=1995 |language=es |isbn=84-599-3442-X}} * {{cite book |last=Rock |first=David |author-link=David Rock (historian) |title=Argentina, 1516-1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War |publisher=University of California Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0520061781}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] m8bzrpbazt3kyppyj9ayjmf9ncqszzv 0 477566 3345206 3345149 2026-04-01T00:21:33Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345206 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Buenos Aires Province in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Buenos Aires''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]]. Namo provinsi ko diambiak dari kota [[Buenos Aires]], ibu kota nagara, nan dulunyo marupokan bagian dari provinsi jo ibu kota provinsi hinggo difederalisasan pado tahun 1880. Sajak itu, maskipun punyo namo samo, provinsi ko bukan bagian dari kota Buenos Aires. Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[La Plata]]. Jo wilayah salaweh 307.571 km2 nan ditampeki dek panduduak sabanyak 17.569.053 pado tahun 2022, provinsi ko manjadi provinsi tagadang sarato tapadek di [[Argentina]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distribución de la población por jurisdicción. Total del país. Año 2022 |language=es |url=https://www.censo.gob.ar/index.php/mapa_poblacion1/ |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408092401/https://www.censo.gob.ar/index.php/mapa_poblacion1/ }}</ref> Provinsi ko babatehan jo [[provinsi Entre Ríos]] di timur lauik, [[Provinsi Santa Fe|Santa Fe]] di utara, [[Provinsi Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] di barat lauik, [[Provinsi La Pampa|La Pampa]] di barat, [[Provinsi Río Negro|Río Negro]] di selatan dan barat, sarato Kota Otonom Buenos Aires di timur lauik. Wilayah provinsi ko tabagi manjadi 135 partido. Patanian manjadi sumber pandapatan pantiang jo takenal sabagai produsen patanian utamo Argentina, pado tahun 2014 manyumbang $8 miliar pandapatan ekspor nagara.<ref name="ecba">{{cite web |url=http://www.ec.gba.gov.ar/Estadistica/FTP/exportacion%202003-06.pdf |title=Exportaciones De La Provincia De Buenos Aires |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912122239/http://www.ec.gba.gov.ar/Estadistica/FTP/exportacion%202003-06.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2008}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] tlcnj6lv8x08pgorbb0btr55mzicrxx 0 477567 3345198 2026-03-31T23:43:16Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Catamarca in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Catamarca adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina, nan talatak di barat lauik nagara tu. Provinsi ko maliputi area salaweh 102.602 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 429.556 manuruik sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene..." 3345198 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Catamarca in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Catamarca adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina, nan talatak di barat lauik nagara tu. Provinsi ko maliputi area salaweh 102.602 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 429.556 manuruik sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Wilayahnyo babatehan jo Provinsi Salta, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Córdoba, dan La Rioja. Di sabalah barat babatehan jo nagara Chili. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 16 departemen. Parekonomian Catamarca adolah nan taketek di Argentina, maskipun masih tagoloang maju. Parekonomiannyo pado tahun 2006 dipakiroan mancapai US$1,728 miliar, atau US$5.284 per kapita, 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title=El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher=Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language=es |access-date=10 July 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} am2xwyzjbav958ey99vvsn9gjzmqd62 3345199 3345198 2026-03-31T23:44:00Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345199 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Catamarca in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Catamarca adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina, nan talatak di barat lauik nagara tu. Provinsi ko maliputi area salaweh 102.602 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 429.556 manuruik sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Wilayahnyo babatehan jo Provinsi Salta, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Córdoba, dan La Rioja. Di sabalah barat babatehan jo nagara Chili. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 16 departemen. Parekonomian Catamarca adolah nan taketek di Argentina, maskipun masih tagoloang maju. Parekonomiannyo pado tahun 2006 dipakiroan mancapai US$1,728 miliar, atau US$5.284 per kapita, 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title=El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher=Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language=es |access-date=10 July 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] 6bxppl2pf5gfp287npk3s8a2r3cb0ul 3345200 3345199 2026-03-31T23:45:45Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345200 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Catamarca in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Catamarca''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]], nan talatak di barat lauik nagara tu. Provinsi ko maliputi area salaweh 102.602 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 429.556 manuruik sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Wilayahnyo babatehan jo [[Provinsi Salta]], [[Provinsi Tucumán|Tucumán]], [[Provinsi Santiago del Estero|Santiago del Estero]], [[Provinsi Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], dan [[Provinsi La Rioja|La Rioja]]. Di sabalah barat babatehan jo nagara [[Chili]]. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 16 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Parekonomian Catamarca adolah nan taketek di [[Argentina]], maskipun masih tagoloang maju. Parekonomiannyo pado tahun 2006 dipakiroan mancapai US$1,728 miliar, atau US$5.284 per kapita, 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title=El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher=Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language=es |access-date=10 July 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] mgkwo0rc87v3cu9us03uh2yafwg5mtp 3345205 3345200 2026-03-31T23:58:39Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Catamarca in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Catamarca''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]], nan talatak di barat lauik nagara tu. Provinsi ko maliputi area salaweh 102.602 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 429.556 manuruik sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Wilayahnyo babatehan jo [[Provinsi Salta]], [[Provinsi Tucumán|Tucumán]], [[Provinsi Santiago del Estero|Santiago del Estero]], [[Provinsi Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], dan [[Provinsi La Rioja|La Rioja]]. Di sabalah barat babatehan jo nagara [[Chili]]. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 16 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca]]. Parekonomian Catamarca adolah nan taketek di [[Argentina]], maskipun masih tagoloang maju. Parekonomiannyo pado tahun 2006 dipakiroan mancapai US$1,728 miliar, atau US$5.284 per kapita, 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title=El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher=Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language=es |access-date=10 July 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] 1z3r7lwloepbhx458cwzsf2fspl6t15 3345250 3345205 2026-04-01T06:17:05Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345250 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Catamarca in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Catamarca''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]], nan talatak di barat lauik nagara tu. Provinsi ko maliputi area salaweh 102.602 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 429.556 manuruik sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Wilayahnyo babatehan jo [[Provinsi Salta]], [[Provinsi Tucumán|Tucumán]], [[Provinsi Santiago del Estero|Santiago del Estero]], [[Provinsi Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], dan [[Provinsi La Rioja, Argentina|La Rioja]]. Di sabalah barat babatehan jo nagara [[Chili]]. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 16 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca]]. Parekonomian Catamarca adolah nan taketek di [[Argentina]], maskipun masih tagoloang maju. Parekonomiannyo pado tahun 2006 dipakiroan mancapai US$1,728 miliar, atau US$5.284 per kapita, 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title=El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher=Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language=es |access-date=10 July 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] 3dkp60gkpzvfxveltjo93ptxgnzyvxz 0 477568 3345201 2026-03-31T23:54:12Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Cordoba in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Córdoba adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina, nan talatak di bagian tangah nagara tu. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 165.321 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 3.978.984 jiwa manuruik sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argen..." 3345201 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cordoba in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Córdoba adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina, nan talatak di bagian tangah nagara tu. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 165.321 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 3.978.984 jiwa manuruik sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Provinsi ko babatehan jo Provinsi Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Buenos Aires, La Pampa, San Luis, La Rioja, dan Catamarca. Basamo jo Santa Fe dan Entre Ríos, provinsi ko marupokan bagian dari asosiasi ekonomi jo politik nan takenal sabagai Wilayah Pusek. Córdoba manjadi provinsi jo parekonomian tagadang kaduo di Argentina, hanyo di balakang Provinsi Buenos Aires. Pado tahun 2013, PDB Córdoba dipakiroan sabanyak 191,612 miliar Peso (sakitar US$35,0934 miliar) atau 55.075 peso (sakitar US$10.087) per kapita.<ref name=gdp>{{cite web |url = http://estadistica.cba.gov.ar/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=iBDyZ7VKFDk%3d&tabid=154&mid=855&language=es-AR |title = Producto Bruto Geográfico de Provincia de Córdoba–Años 1993–2013 |publisher = Dirección General de Estadísticas de la Provincia de Córdoba |language = es |access-date = 11 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150712222100/http://estadistica.cba.gov.ar/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=iBDyZ7VKFDk%3d&tabid=154&mid=855&language=es-AR |archive-date = 12 July 2015 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=exchangerate>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF The average exchange for 1 US dollar was 5.46 Argentine pesos in 2013 according to the World Bank]</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 26 departemen. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} hckz08903fyu8tr3lfo90noz0drj0au 3345202 3345201 2026-03-31T23:54:59Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345202 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cordoba in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Córdoba adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina, nan talatak di bagian tangah nagara tu. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 165.321 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 3.978.984 jiwa manuruik sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Provinsi ko babatehan jo Provinsi Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Buenos Aires, La Pampa, San Luis, La Rioja, dan Catamarca. Basamo jo Santa Fe dan Entre Ríos, provinsi ko marupokan bagian dari asosiasi ekonomi jo politik nan takenal sabagai Wilayah Pusek. Córdoba manjadi provinsi jo parekonomian tagadang kaduo di Argentina, hanyo di balakang Provinsi Buenos Aires. Pado tahun 2013, PDB Córdoba dipakiroan sabanyak 191,612 miliar Peso (sakitar US$35,0934 miliar) atau 55.075 peso (sakitar US$10.087) per kapita.<ref name=gdp>{{cite web |url = http://estadistica.cba.gov.ar/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=iBDyZ7VKFDk%3d&tabid=154&mid=855&language=es-AR |title = Producto Bruto Geográfico de Provincia de Córdoba–Años 1993–2013 |publisher = Dirección General de Estadísticas de la Provincia de Córdoba |language = es |access-date = 11 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150712222100/http://estadistica.cba.gov.ar/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=iBDyZ7VKFDk%3d&tabid=154&mid=855&language=es-AR |archive-date = 12 July 2015 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=exchangerate>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF The average exchange for 1 US dollar was 5.46 Argentine pesos in 2013 according to the World Bank]</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 26 departemen. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] 6deh3k8w00twtuohlca344dtcbsxbre 3345203 3345202 2026-03-31T23:56:45Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345203 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cordoba in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Córdoba''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]], nan talatak di bagian tangah nagara tu. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 165.321 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 3.978.984 jiwa manuruik sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Provinsi ko babatehan jo [[Provinsi Santiago del Estero]], [[Provinsi Santa Fe|Santa Fe]], [[Provinsi Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Provinsi La Pampa|La Pampa]], [[Provinsi San Luis|San Luis]], [[Provinsi La Rioja|La Rioja]], dan [[Provinsi Catamarca|Catamarca]]. Basamo jo Santa Fe dan Entre Ríos, provinsi ko marupokan bagian dari asosiasi ekonomi jo politik nan takenal sabagai Wilayah Pusek. Córdoba manjadi provinsi jo parekonomian tagadang kaduo di [[Argentina]], hanyo di balakang Provinsi Buenos Aires. Pado tahun 2013, PDB Córdoba dipakiroan sabanyak 191,612 miliar Peso (sakitar US$35,0934 miliar) atau 55.075 peso (sakitar US$10.087) per kapita.<ref name=gdp>{{cite web |url = http://estadistica.cba.gov.ar/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=iBDyZ7VKFDk%3d&tabid=154&mid=855&language=es-AR |title = Producto Bruto Geográfico de Provincia de Córdoba–Años 1993–2013 |publisher = Dirección General de Estadísticas de la Provincia de Córdoba |language = es |access-date = 11 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150712222100/http://estadistica.cba.gov.ar/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=iBDyZ7VKFDk%3d&tabid=154&mid=855&language=es-AR |archive-date = 12 July 2015 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=exchangerate>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF The average exchange for 1 US dollar was 5.46 Argentine pesos in 2013 according to the World Bank]</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 26 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] 9fwr4zbcdjfcmqpyruujkuozlo0hqw6 3345204 3345203 2026-03-31T23:57:36Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345204 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cordoba in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Córdoba''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]], nan talatak di bagian tangah nagara tu. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 165.321 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 3.978.984 jiwa manuruik sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Provinsi ko babatehan jo [[Provinsi Santiago del Estero]], [[Provinsi Santa Fe|Santa Fe]], [[Provinsi Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Provinsi La Pampa|La Pampa]], [[Provinsi San Luis|San Luis]], [[Provinsi La Rioja|La Rioja]], dan [[Provinsi Catamarca|Catamarca]]. Basamo jo Santa Fe dan Entre Ríos, provinsi ko marupokan bagian dari asosiasi ekonomi jo politik nan takenal sabagai Wilayah Pusek. Córdoba manjadi provinsi jo parekonomian tagadang kaduo di [[Argentina]], hanyo di balakang Provinsi Buenos Aires. Pado tahun 2013, PDB Córdoba dipakiroan sabanyak 191,612 miliar Peso (sakitar US$35,0934 miliar) atau 55.075 peso (sakitar US$10.087) per kapita.<ref name=gdp>{{cite web |url = http://estadistica.cba.gov.ar/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=iBDyZ7VKFDk%3d&tabid=154&mid=855&language=es-AR |title = Producto Bruto Geográfico de Provincia de Córdoba–Años 1993–2013 |publisher = Dirección General de Estadísticas de la Provincia de Córdoba |language = es |access-date = 11 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150712222100/http://estadistica.cba.gov.ar/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=iBDyZ7VKFDk%3d&tabid=154&mid=855&language=es-AR |archive-date = 12 July 2015 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=exchangerate>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF The average exchange for 1 US dollar was 5.46 Argentine pesos in 2013 according to the World Bank]</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 26 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[Córdoba, Argentina]]. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] o1vq8felidpg5pxu5jxzmoe1itewteh 3345251 3345204 2026-04-01T06:17:41Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345251 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cordoba in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Córdoba''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]], nan talatak di bagian tangah nagara tu. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 165.321 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 3.978.984 jiwa manuruik sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Provinsi ko babatehan jo [[Provinsi Santiago del Estero]], [[Provinsi Santa Fe|Santa Fe]], [[Provinsi Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Provinsi La Pampa|La Pampa]], [[Provinsi San Luis|San Luis]], [[Provinsi La Rioja, Argentina|La Rioja]], dan [[Provinsi Catamarca|Catamarca]]. Basamo jo Santa Fe dan Entre Ríos, provinsi ko marupokan bagian dari asosiasi ekonomi jo politik nan takenal sabagai Wilayah Pusek. Córdoba manjadi provinsi jo parekonomian tagadang kaduo di [[Argentina]], hanyo di balakang Provinsi Buenos Aires. Pado tahun 2013, PDB Córdoba dipakiroan sabanyak 191,612 miliar Peso (sakitar US$35,0934 miliar) atau 55.075 peso (sakitar US$10.087) per kapita.<ref name=gdp>{{cite web |url = http://estadistica.cba.gov.ar/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=iBDyZ7VKFDk%3d&tabid=154&mid=855&language=es-AR |title = Producto Bruto Geográfico de Provincia de Córdoba–Años 1993–2013 |publisher = Dirección General de Estadísticas de la Provincia de Córdoba |language = es |access-date = 11 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150712222100/http://estadistica.cba.gov.ar/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=iBDyZ7VKFDk%3d&tabid=154&mid=855&language=es-AR |archive-date = 12 July 2015 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=exchangerate>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF The average exchange for 1 US dollar was 5.46 Argentine pesos in 2013 according to the World Bank]</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 26 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[Córdoba, Argentina]]. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] m6v8eu7aswu6thfw6r35fouqi7l1im4 0 477569 3345207 2026-04-01T00:31:13Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Chaco in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Chaco adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina. Ibu kota jo kota tagadangnyo iolah kota Resistencia. Provinsi ko talatak di timur lauik Argentina. Chaco mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 99.633 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.142.963 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022, manjadi provinsi talaweh kaduo baleh jo tapadek kasabaleh di Argentina.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-da..." 3345207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chaco in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Chaco adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina. Ibu kota jo kota tagadangnyo iolah kota Resistencia. Provinsi ko talatak di timur lauik Argentina. Chaco mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 99.633 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.142.963 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022, manjadi provinsi talaweh kaduo baleh jo tapadek kasabaleh di Argentina.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Wilayahnyo tu babatehan jo Salta dan Santiago del Estero di sabalah barat, Formosa di sabalah utara, Corrientes di sabalah timur, dan Santa Fe di sabalah selatan. Salain tu, provinsi ko babatehan pulo jo departemen Ñeembucú di Paraguay.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chaco |volume=5 |page=786}}</ref> Dataran tatinggi di provinsi ko talatak di bagian barat, dakek munisipalitas Taco Pozo, jo katinggian 272 m (892 ft) di ateh parmukaan lauik.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.23cumbres.com.ar/chaco.html |title=23 Cumbres - Chaco |publisher=23 Cumbres |access-date=8 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924101620/http://www.23cumbres.com.ar/chaco.html |archive-date=24 September 2009 }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} 66ihgtnwyxagr412kuj6gmvtnbsrofo 3345208 3345207 2026-04-01T00:32:05Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345208 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chaco in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Chaco adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina. Ibu kota jo kota tagadangnyo iolah kota Resistencia. Provinsi ko talatak di timur lauik Argentina. Chaco mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 99.633 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.142.963 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022, manjadi provinsi talaweh kaduo baleh jo tapadek kasabaleh di Argentina.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Wilayahnyo tu babatehan jo Salta dan Santiago del Estero di sabalah barat, Formosa di sabalah utara, Corrientes di sabalah timur, dan Santa Fe di sabalah selatan. Salain tu, provinsi ko babatehan pulo jo departemen Ñeembucú di Paraguay.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chaco |volume=5 |page=786}}</ref> Dataran tatinggi di provinsi ko talatak di bagian barat, dakek munisipalitas Taco Pozo, jo katinggian 272 m (892 ft) di ateh parmukaan lauik.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.23cumbres.com.ar/chaco.html |title=23 Cumbres - Chaco |publisher=23 Cumbres |access-date=8 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924101620/http://www.23cumbres.com.ar/chaco.html |archive-date=24 September 2009 }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] b8a2cmnbe9e9tm939aea2ccm9xxcvpo 3345209 3345208 2026-04-01T00:34:46Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chaco in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Chaco''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]]. Ibu kota jo kota tagadangnyo iolah kota [[Resistencia]]. Provinsi ko talatak di timur lauik [[Argentina]]. Chaco mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 99.633 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.142.963 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022, manjadi provinsi talaweh kaduo baleh jo tapadek kasabaleh di Argentina.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Wilayahnyo tu babatehan jo [[Provinsi Salta|Salta]] dan [[Provinsi Santiago del Estero|Santiago del Estero]] di sabalah barat, [[Provinsi Formosa|Formosa]] di sabalah utara, [[Provinsi Corrientes|Corrientes]] di sabalah timur, dan [[Provinsi Santa Fe|Santa Fe]] di sabalah selatan. Salain tu, provinsi ko babatehan pulo jo [[departemen Ñeembucú]] di [[Paraguay]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chaco |volume=5 |page=786}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 25 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Dataran tatinggi di provinsi ko talatak di bagian barat, dakek munisipalitas [[Taco Pozo]], jo katinggian 272 m (892 ft) di ateh parmukaan lauik.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.23cumbres.com.ar/chaco.html |title=23 Cumbres - Chaco |publisher=23 Cumbres |access-date=8 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924101620/http://www.23cumbres.com.ar/chaco.html |archive-date=24 September 2009 }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] mr8af6qz9x8fbnpjtda2ee74vihxt1t 0 477570 3345210 2026-04-01T00:45:38Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Chubut in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Chubut adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina. Provinsi ko babatehan jo Provinsi Río Negro jo Santa Cruz di selatan, pagunuangan Andes di barat nan manjadi parbatasan internasional samo Chili, sarato Lautan Atlantik di timur. Namo provinsi ko baasa dari kato Tehuelche chupat, nan bararti 'transparan', gambaran urang-urang tantang batang aia Chubut. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 22..." 3345210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chubut in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Chubut adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina. Provinsi ko babatehan jo Provinsi Río Negro jo Santa Cruz di selatan, pagunuangan Andes di barat nan manjadi parbatasan internasional samo Chili, sarato Lautan Atlantik di timur. Namo provinsi ko baasa dari kato Tehuelche chupat, nan bararti 'transparan', gambaran urang-urang tantang batang aia Chubut. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 224.686 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 592.621 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="Census 2022">Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la Republica Argentine, Census of 16 May 2022.</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 15 departemen. Ekonomi Chubut, nan untuak wakatu nan lamo marupokan salah ciek nan paliang makmur di Argentina, adolah salah ciek kurang tadiversifikasi di nagara tu. Hampia saparampek dari ekonominyo pado tahun 2006, dipakiroan sagadang US$4,652 miliar (atau pandapatan per kapita sagadang US$11.256), dihasian dari patambangan jo minyak bumi.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url= http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language=es |access-date = 10 July 2015}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} ajmurougi1h45rpwd9cpfwx3p44ox3n 3345211 3345210 2026-04-01T00:46:02Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345211 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chubut in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Chubut adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina. Provinsi ko babatehan jo Provinsi Río Negro jo Santa Cruz di selatan, pagunuangan Andes di barat nan manjadi parbatasan internasional samo Chili, sarato Lautan Atlantik di timur. Namo provinsi ko baasa dari kato Tehuelche chupat, nan bararti 'transparan', gambaran urang-urang tantang batang aia Chubut. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 224.686 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 592.621 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="Census 2022">Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la Republica Argentine, Census of 16 May 2022.</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 15 departemen. Ibu kotanyo barado di kota Rawson. Ekonomi Chubut, nan untuak wakatu nan lamo marupokan salah ciek nan paliang makmur di Argentina, adolah salah ciek kurang tadiversifikasi di nagara tu. Hampia saparampek dari ekonominyo pado tahun 2006, dipakiroan sagadang US$4,652 miliar (atau pandapatan per kapita sagadang US$11.256), dihasian dari patambangan jo minyak bumi.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url= http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language=es |access-date = 10 July 2015}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} 1l49nm7lou7hycfptemglfim3dk86fl 3345212 3345211 2026-04-01T00:46:48Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345212 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chubut in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Chubut adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina. Provinsi ko babatehan jo Provinsi Río Negro jo Santa Cruz di selatan, pagunuangan Andes di barat nan manjadi parbatasan internasional samo Chili, sarato Lautan Atlantik di timur. Namo provinsi ko baasa dari kato Tehuelche chupat, nan bararti 'transparan', gambaran urang-urang tantang batang aia Chubut. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 224.686 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 592.621 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="Census 2022">Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la Republica Argentine, Census of 16 May 2022.</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 15 departemen. Ibu kotanyo barado di kota Rawson. Ekonomi Chubut, nan untuak wakatu nan lamo marupokan salah ciek nan paliang makmur di Argentina, adolah salah ciek kurang tadiversifikasi di nagara tu. Hampia saparampek dari ekonominyo pado tahun 2006, dipakiroan sagadang US$4,652 miliar (atau pandapatan per kapita sagadang US$11.256), dihasian dari patambangan jo minyak bumi.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url= http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language=es |access-date = 10 July 2015}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] 6po2ln27hc0cd4keqbqpr8aj84bkgy5 3345213 3345212 2026-04-01T00:49:03Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chubut in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Chubut''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]]. Provinsi ko babatehan jo [[Provinsi Río Negro]] jo [[Provinsi Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]] di selatan, pagunuangan [[Andes]] di barat nan manjadi parbatasan internasional samo [[Chili]], sarato [[Lautan Atlantik]] di timur. Namo provinsi ko baasa dari kato ''Tehuelche chupat'', nan bararti 'transparan', gambaran urang-urang tantang [[batang aia Chubut]]. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 224.686 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 592.621 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="Census 2022">Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la Republica Argentine, Census of 16 May 2022.</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 15 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[Rawson]]. Ekonomi Chubut, nan untuak wakatu nan lamo marupokan salah ciek nan paliang makmur di Argentina, adolah salah ciek kurang tadiversifikasi di nagara tu. Hampia saparampek dari ekonominyo pado tahun 2006, dipakiroan sagadang US$4,652 miliar (atau pandapatan per kapita sagadang US$11.256), dihasian dari patambangan jo minyak bumi.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url= http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language=es |access-date = 10 July 2015}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] 7422otq8nc83ei0biqc5zcnderhffjt 4 477571 3345217 2026-04-01T02:54:29Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Idioma minangkabau.png|left|150px]] '''Bahaso Minangkabau''' atau '''baso Minang''' marupokan bahaso nan tamasuak dalam [[Rumpun Bahaso Austronesia|rumpun bahaso Austronesia]]. Baso Minang acok disabuik sacaro umum dek etnis lain di [[Indonesia]] sabagai ''Bahasa [[Padang]]''. Baso Minang dipakai dek [[urang Minang]] di [[Sumatra Barat]], sarato urang Minang di rantau baiak di Indonesia atau di lua nagari. Baso Minang ko mampunyoi banyak dialek, bahkan diale..." 3345217 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Idioma minangkabau.png|left|150px]] '''Bahaso Minangkabau''' atau '''baso Minang''' marupokan bahaso nan tamasuak dalam [[Rumpun Bahaso Austronesia|rumpun bahaso Austronesia]]. Baso Minang acok disabuik sacaro umum dek etnis lain di [[Indonesia]] sabagai ''Bahasa [[Padang]]''. Baso Minang dipakai dek [[urang Minang]] di [[Sumatra Barat]], sarato urang Minang di rantau baiak di Indonesia atau di lua nagari. Baso Minang ko mampunyoi banyak dialek, bahkan dialek di duo nagari nan badakekanpun dapek sajo babeda. Pabedaan dialek ko dapek dari intonasi (ado dialek nan agak bairama, ado nan data sajo, bahkan ado pulo nan agak kareh) maupun dari pilihan kato. Tapi sacaro umum baso Minang nan dipakai di pakotaan, utamonyo di Padang atau kota-kota parantauan di lua Sumbar, manjadi bahaso panganta untuak urang-urang Minang nan dari babagai daerah baiak dalam mangecek sahari-hari maupun dalam kasusastraan Minangkabau. Hal iko tajadi dek wilayah pakotaan tacampua sagalo macam dialek nan ado di wilayah Minangkabau sainggo bahaso Minangkabau di pakotaan dianggap sabagai bahaso Minangkabau umum. Bahaso Minang kini dalam kategori nan cukuik aman dari kapunahan dek karano masih digunoan sabagai bahaso sahari-hari dek masyarakaik Minangkabau. Walaupun banyak [[urang Minang]]kabau nan [[marantau]] ka babagai daerah, bahaso Minang masih juo dibaok sarato gunoannyo dalam mangecek sahari-hari jo sasamo urang Minang di rantau…'''([[Bahaso Minangkabau|salangkoknyo...]])''' <small>Artikel nan Tapiliah sabalunnyo: [[Biluluak]] &ndash; [[Gampo bumi Sumatera Barat 2009]] &ndash; [[Rohana Muthalib]] &ndash; [[Musajik Rayo Gantiang]] [[Kategori:Artikel nan Tapiliah 2026]] 6qwn85b2dpofb09ub559fqw13hc2ns9 0 477572 3345218 2026-04-01T03:33:02Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Corrientes in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Corrientes adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina, nan talatak di timur lauik nagara tu. Provinsi ko babatehan jo Paraguay, Provinsi Misiones, Brasil, Uruguay, sarato provinsi Entre Rios, Santa Fe, dan Chaco. Jo laweh wilayah 88.199 km², provinsi ko talaweh kaanam baleh di Argentina. Sacaro administratif, Corrientes tabagi manjadi 25 departemen. Pado sensus tahun 2022, panduduaknyo bajumlah..." 3345218 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Corrientes in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Corrientes adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina, nan talatak di timur lauik nagara tu. Provinsi ko babatehan jo Paraguay, Provinsi Misiones, Brasil, Uruguay, sarato provinsi Entre Rios, Santa Fe, dan Chaco. Jo laweh wilayah 88.199 km², provinsi ko talaweh kaanam baleh di Argentina. Sacaro administratif, Corrientes tabagi manjadi 25 departemen. Pado sensus tahun 2022, panduduaknyo bajumlah 1.197.553 jiwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> Ibu kota provinsi barado di Corrientes. Takah sabagian gadang wilayah utara Argentina, provinsi ko alah lamo mampunyoi ekonomi nan relatif tabalakang. Pado tahun 2006, dipakiroan output ekonominyo sagadang US$4,2 miliar atau sakitar US$4.540 per kapita, hampia 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/ |title=I.A.D.E.R<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=20 July 2008 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221041659/http://www.iader.org.ar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pado tahun 2004, bahaso Guaraní dinyatoan sabagai “bahaso rasmi alternatif” nan manggambaran karakter dwibahaso nan mambedoan provinsi tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saij.gob.ar/5598-local-corrientes-establece-guarani-como-idioma-oficial-alternativo-provincia-lpw0005598-2004-09-28/123456789-0abc-defg-895-5000wvorpyel?&o=0&f=Total%7CTipo%20de%20Documento/Legislaci%F3n/Ley%7CFecha/2004%5B20%2C1%5D%7CTema/Cultura%20y%20educaci%F3n/ciencia%20y%20tecnolog%EDa/ling%FC%EDstica%7COrganismo%5B5%2C1%5D%7CAutor%7CEstado%20de%20Vigencia/Individual%2C%20Solo%20Modificatoria%20o%20Sin%20Eficacia%7CJurisdicci%F3n%5B5%2C1%5D%7CTribunal%5B5%2C1%5D%7CPublicaci%F3n%7CColecci%F3n%20tem%E1tica%5B5%2C1%5D&t=1|title=Establece el guaraní como idioma oficial alternativo de la provincia|access-date=1 February 2026|website=Sistema Argentino de Información Jurídica|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Corrientes-5598">{{Cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|dl=2326/2004|date=22 October 2004 |url=http://www.senadoctes.gov.ar/leyes-texto/Ley5598.doc }}</ref> Hal iko manjadian provinsi ko sabagai nan patamo di Argentina nan mamakai bahaso salain bahaso Spanyol sabagai bahaso rasmi.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28 de julio de 2010}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} 6qhodzhx5lcbs4u3t6lgfmls3j07bpl 3345220 3345218 2026-04-01T03:33:47Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345220 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Corrientes in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Corrientes adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina, nan talatak di timur lauik nagara tu. Provinsi ko babatehan jo Paraguay, Provinsi Misiones, Brasil, Uruguay, sarato provinsi Entre Rios, Santa Fe, dan Chaco. Jo laweh wilayah 88.199 km², provinsi ko talaweh kaanam baleh di Argentina. Sacaro administratif, Corrientes tabagi manjadi 25 departemen. Pado sensus tahun 2022, panduduaknyo bajumlah 1.197.553 jiwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> Ibu kota provinsi barado di Corrientes. Takah sabagian gadang wilayah utara Argentina, provinsi ko alah lamo mampunyoi ekonomi nan relatif tabalakang. Pado tahun 2006, dipakiroan output ekonominyo sagadang US$4,2 miliar atau sakitar US$4.540 per kapita, hampia 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/ |title=I.A.D.E.R<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=20 July 2008 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221041659/http://www.iader.org.ar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pado tahun 2004, bahaso Guaraní dinyatoan sabagai “bahaso rasmi alternatif” nan manggambaran karakter dwibahaso nan mambedoan provinsi tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saij.gob.ar/5598-local-corrientes-establece-guarani-como-idioma-oficial-alternativo-provincia-lpw0005598-2004-09-28/123456789-0abc-defg-895-5000wvorpyel?&o=0&f=Total%7CTipo%20de%20Documento/Legislaci%F3n/Ley%7CFecha/2004%5B20%2C1%5D%7CTema/Cultura%20y%20educaci%F3n/ciencia%20y%20tecnolog%EDa/ling%FC%EDstica%7COrganismo%5B5%2C1%5D%7CAutor%7CEstado%20de%20Vigencia/Individual%2C%20Solo%20Modificatoria%20o%20Sin%20Eficacia%7CJurisdicci%F3n%5B5%2C1%5D%7CTribunal%5B5%2C1%5D%7CPublicaci%F3n%7CColecci%F3n%20tem%E1tica%5B5%2C1%5D&t=1|title=Establece el guaraní como idioma oficial alternativo de la provincia|access-date=1 February 2026|website=Sistema Argentino de Información Jurídica|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Corrientes-5598">{{Cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|dl=2326/2004|date=22 October 2004 |url=http://www.senadoctes.gov.ar/leyes-texto/Ley5598.doc }}</ref> Hal iko manjadian provinsi ko sabagai nan patamo di Argentina nan mamakai bahaso salain bahaso Spanyol sabagai bahaso rasmi.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28 de julio de 2010}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] chxpxmmqseiw3bsu9hdm60gk68gbpfr 3345221 3345220 2026-04-01T03:35:29Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345221 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Corrientes in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Corrientes''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]], nan talatak di timur lauik nagara tu. Provinsi ko babatehan jo [[Paraguay]], [[Provinsi Misiones]], [[Brasil]], [[Uruguay]], sarato [[provinsi Entre Rios]], [[Provinsi Santa Fe|Santa Fe]], dan [[Provinsi Chaco|Chaco]]. Jo laweh wilayah 88.199 km², provinsi ko talaweh kaanam baleh di [[Argentina]]. Sacaro administratif, Corrientes tabagi manjadi 25 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Pado sensus tahun 2022, panduduaknyo bajumlah 1.197.553 jiwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> Ibu kota provinsi barado di [[Corrientes]]. Takah sabagian gadang wilayah utara Argentina, provinsi ko alah lamo mampunyoi ekonomi nan relatif tabalakang. Pado tahun 2006, dipakiroan output ekonominyo sagadang US$4,2 miliar atau sakitar US$4.540 per kapita, hampia 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/ |title=I.A.D.E.R<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=20 July 2008 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221041659/http://www.iader.org.ar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pado tahun 2004, [[bahaso Guaraní]] dinyatoan sabagai “bahaso rasmi alternatif” nan manggambaran karakter dwibahaso nan mambedoan provinsi tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saij.gob.ar/5598-local-corrientes-establece-guarani-como-idioma-oficial-alternativo-provincia-lpw0005598-2004-09-28/123456789-0abc-defg-895-5000wvorpyel?&o=0&f=Total%7CTipo%20de%20Documento/Legislaci%F3n/Ley%7CFecha/2004%5B20%2C1%5D%7CTema/Cultura%20y%20educaci%F3n/ciencia%20y%20tecnolog%EDa/ling%FC%EDstica%7COrganismo%5B5%2C1%5D%7CAutor%7CEstado%20de%20Vigencia/Individual%2C%20Solo%20Modificatoria%20o%20Sin%20Eficacia%7CJurisdicci%F3n%5B5%2C1%5D%7CTribunal%5B5%2C1%5D%7CPublicaci%F3n%7CColecci%F3n%20tem%E1tica%5B5%2C1%5D&t=1|title=Establece el guaraní como idioma oficial alternativo de la provincia|access-date=1 February 2026|website=Sistema Argentino de Información Jurídica|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Corrientes-5598">{{Cite Argentine law|jur=CN|l=5598|dl=2326/2004|date=22 October 2004 |url=http://www.senadoctes.gov.ar/leyes-texto/Ley5598.doc }}</ref> Hal iko manjadian provinsi ko sabagai nan patamo di Argentina nan mamakai bahaso salain [[bahaso Spanyol]] sabagai bahaso rasmi.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|jur=CC|l=6604|bo=9092|date=28 de julio de 2010}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] k1ju5fuxqa8zpm4e7t2e8zszge61fdr 0 477573 3345222 2026-04-01T03:42:42Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Entre Rios in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Entre Ríos adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina bagian tangah, nan talatak di wilayah Mesopotamia. Provinsi ko babatehan jo Provinsi Buenos Aires di selatan, Provinsi Corrientes di utara, Provinsi Santa Fe di barat, sarato Uruguay di timur. Wilayah provinsi ko mancapai 78.781 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.426.426 manuruik hasia sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/p..." 3345222 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Entre Rios in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Entre Ríos adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina bagian tangah, nan talatak di wilayah Mesopotamia. Provinsi ko babatehan jo Provinsi Buenos Aires di selatan, Provinsi Corrientes di utara, Provinsi Santa Fe di barat, sarato Uruguay di timur. Wilayah provinsi ko mancapai 78.781 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.426.426 manuruik hasia sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203075356/https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di kota Paraná nan bapanduduak 391.000 jiwa,<ref>https://www.entrerios.gov.ar/dgec/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Primero-datos-provisionales-Censo-2022-Entre-Rios-Febrero-2023-1.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> talatak di batang aia Paraná, bahadokan jo kota Santa Fe. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 17 departemen. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} 58njjbult7wpgqrngxccwrs9buhv70b 3345223 3345222 2026-04-01T03:43:23Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345223 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Entre Rios in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Entre Ríos adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina bagian tangah, nan talatak di wilayah Mesopotamia. Provinsi ko babatehan jo Provinsi Buenos Aires di selatan, Provinsi Corrientes di utara, Provinsi Santa Fe di barat, sarato Uruguay di timur. Wilayah provinsi ko mancapai 78.781 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.426.426 manuruik hasia sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203075356/https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di kota Paraná nan bapanduduak 391.000 jiwa,<ref>https://www.entrerios.gov.ar/dgec/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Primero-datos-provisionales-Censo-2022-Entre-Rios-Febrero-2023-1.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> talatak di batang aia Paraná, bahadokan jo kota Santa Fe. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 17 departemen. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] dic4c6gw26vtir4vzkg2bihi34kcwi2 3345224 3345223 2026-04-01T03:44:47Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345224 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Entre Rios in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Entre Ríos''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]] bagian tangah, nan talatak di wilayah [[Mesopotamia]]. Provinsi ko babatehan jo [[Provinsi Buenos Aires]] di selatan, [[Provinsi Corrientes]] di utara, [[Provinsi Santa Fe]] di barat, sarato [[Uruguay]] di timur. Wilayah provinsi ko mancapai 78.781 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.426.426 manuruik hasia sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203075356/https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[Paraná]] nan bapanduduak 391.000 jiwa,<ref>https://www.entrerios.gov.ar/dgec/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Primero-datos-provisionales-Censo-2022-Entre-Rios-Febrero-2023-1.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> talatak di [[batang aia Paraná]], bahadokan jo kota [[Santa Fe]]. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 17 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] h8e9yxu0esjah5fcp2x6zpgkpy2dd1j 3345225 3345224 2026-04-01T03:47:34Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345225 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Entre Rios in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Entre Ríos''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]] bagian tangah, nan talatak di wilayah [[Mesopotamia]]. Provinsi ko babatehan jo [[Provinsi Buenos Aires]] di selatan, [[Provinsi Corrientes]] di utara, [[Provinsi Santa Fe]] di barat, sarato [[Uruguay]] di timur. Wilayah provinsi ko mancapai 78.781 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.426.426 manuruik hasia sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203075356/https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[Paraná]] nan bapanduduak 391.000 jiwa,<ref>https://www.entrerios.gov.ar/dgec/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Primero-datos-provisionales-Censo-2022-Entre-Rios-Febrero-2023-1.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> talatak di [[batang aia Paraná]], bahadokan jo kota [[Santa Fe]]. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 17 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Parekonomian Entre Rios adolah nan tagadang kaanam di Argentina. Pado tahun 2013, outputnyo dipakiroan sabanyak 63,814 miliar Peso (sakitar US$11,688 miliar) atau 48.327 peso (sakitar US$8.851) per kapita.<ref name=gdp>{{cite web |url=http://www.entrerios.gov.ar/dec/publicaciones/PBG/Resumen%20Estimaciones%20PBP%202013.pdf |title=Estimación Producto Bruto Provincial de Entre Ríos |publisher=Dirección General de Estadísticas y Censos de la Provincia de Entre Ríos |language=es |access-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924001245/http://www.entrerios.gov.ar/dec/publicaciones/PBG/Resumen%20Estimaciones%20PBP%202013.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=exchangerate>{{Cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF |title=The average exchange for 1 US dollar was 5.46 Argentine pesos in 2013 according to the World Bank |access-date=2015-07-11 |archive-date=2017-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725150635/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF |url-status=live }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] bpu5juz1mv1sff7vpom7ugux4e3ovqj 3345226 3345225 2026-04-01T03:47:48Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345226 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Entre Rios in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Entre Ríos''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]] bagian tangah, nan talatak di wilayah [[Mesopotamia]]. Provinsi ko babatehan jo [[Provinsi Buenos Aires]] di selatan, [[Provinsi Corrientes]] di utara, [[Provinsi Santa Fe]] di barat, sarato [[Uruguay]] di timur. Wilayah provinsi ko mancapai 78.781 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.426.426 manuruik hasia sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203075356/https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[Paraná]] nan bapanduduak 391.000 jiwa,<ref>https://www.entrerios.gov.ar/dgec/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Primero-datos-provisionales-Censo-2022-Entre-Rios-Febrero-2023-1.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> talatak di [[batang aia Paraná]], bahadokan jo kota [[Santa Fe]]. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 17 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Parekonomian Entre Rios adolah nan tagadang kaanam di [[Argentina]]. Pado tahun 2013, outputnyo dipakiroan sabanyak 63,814 miliar Peso (sakitar US$11,688 miliar) atau 48.327 peso (sakitar US$8.851) per kapita.<ref name=gdp>{{cite web |url=http://www.entrerios.gov.ar/dec/publicaciones/PBG/Resumen%20Estimaciones%20PBP%202013.pdf |title=Estimación Producto Bruto Provincial de Entre Ríos |publisher=Dirección General de Estadísticas y Censos de la Provincia de Entre Ríos |language=es |access-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924001245/http://www.entrerios.gov.ar/dec/publicaciones/PBG/Resumen%20Estimaciones%20PBP%202013.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=exchangerate>{{Cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF |title=The average exchange for 1 US dollar was 5.46 Argentine pesos in 2013 according to the World Bank |access-date=2015-07-11 |archive-date=2017-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725150635/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF |url-status=live }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] csahe9g04wkqgbkzpovc2s3pyhsb62c 0 477574 3345227 2026-04-01T04:00:54Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Formosa in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Formosa adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di timur lauik nagara tu, bagian dari Wilayah Gran Chaco. Ujuang timur lauik Formosa babatehan jo Asunción, Paraguay, sarato provinsi ko babatehan samao provinsi Chaco dan Salta di selatan dan barat. Ibu kota provinsi barado di kota jo namo nan samo, Formosa. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 72.066 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak..." 3345227 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Formosa in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Formosa adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di timur lauik nagara tu, bagian dari Wilayah Gran Chaco. Ujuang timur lauik Formosa babatehan jo Asunción, Paraguay, sarato provinsi ko babatehan samao provinsi Chaco dan Salta di selatan dan barat. Ibu kota provinsi barado di kota jo namo nan samo, Formosa. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 72.066 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 606.941 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 9 departemen. Namo provinsi jo ibu kotanyo baasa dari kato Spanyol kuno fermosa (kini ko hermosa) nan bararti “rancak”. Namo Vuelta Fermosa atau Vuelta la Formosa digunoan dek palauik Spanyol pado abaik ka-16 untuak manggambaran daerah tampek batang aia Paraguay babelok, tapek di muko kota sabananyo.<ref>[http://www.argentinaturistica.com/foriresenia.htm Reseña] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528065603/http://www.argentinaturistica.com/foriresenia.htm |date=2007-05-28}} (Spanish)</ref> Tapancia jo tababani dek geografi sarato iklimnyo nan indak elok, ekonomi Formosa alah lamo manjadi salah ciek nan tabalakang di Argentina, katigo paliang ketek jo kaduo paliang kurang bakambang.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |title=El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |publisher=Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |access-date=10 July 2015 |language=es |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/ |title=I.A.D.E.R |access-date=2008-07-16 |archive-date=2013-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221041659/http://www.iader.org.ar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} pbpmty3l5gtxmwgtkndpco68ywccrwj 3345228 3345227 2026-04-01T04:01:36Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345228 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Formosa in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Formosa adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di timur lauik nagara tu, bagian dari Wilayah Gran Chaco. Ujuang timur lauik Formosa babatehan jo Asunción, Paraguay, sarato provinsi ko babatehan samao provinsi Chaco dan Salta di selatan dan barat. Ibu kota provinsi barado di kota jo namo nan samo, Formosa. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 72.066 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 606.941 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 9 departemen. Namo provinsi jo ibu kotanyo baasa dari kato Spanyol kuno fermosa (kini ko hermosa) nan bararti “rancak”. Namo Vuelta Fermosa atau Vuelta la Formosa digunoan dek palauik Spanyol pado abaik ka-16 untuak manggambaran daerah tampek batang aia Paraguay babelok, tapek di muko kota sabananyo.<ref>[http://www.argentinaturistica.com/foriresenia.htm Reseña] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528065603/http://www.argentinaturistica.com/foriresenia.htm |date=2007-05-28}} (Spanish)</ref> Tapancia jo tababani dek geografi sarato iklimnyo nan indak elok, ekonomi Formosa alah lamo manjadi salah ciek nan tabalakang di Argentina, katigo paliang ketek jo kaduo paliang kurang bakambang.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |title=El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |publisher=Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |access-date=10 July 2015 |language=es |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/ |title=I.A.D.E.R |access-date=2008-07-16 |archive-date=2013-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221041659/http://www.iader.org.ar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] rkxkswx3fw9r8bmuds7p79y974muqlv 3345229 3345228 2026-04-01T04:04:19Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345229 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Formosa in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Formosa''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan talatak di timur lauik nagara tu, bagian dari Wilayah [[Gran Chaco]]. Ujuang timur lauik Formosa babatehan jo [[Asunción]], [[Paraguay]], sarato provinsi ko babatehan samao [[provinsi Chaco]] dan [[Provinsi Salta|Salta]] di selatan dan barat. Ibu kota provinsi barado di kota jo namo nan samo, [[Formosa, Argentina|Formosa]]. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 72.066 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 606.941 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 9 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Namo provinsi jo ibu kotanyo baasa dari [[Bahaso Spanyol|kato Spanyol]] kuno ''fermosa'' (kini ko ''hermosa'') nan bararti “rancak”. Namo ''Vuelta Fermosa'' atau ''Vuelta la Formosa'' digunoan dek palauik [[Spanyol]] pado abaik ka-16 untuak manggambaran daerah tampek [[batang aia Paraguay]] babelok, tapek di muko kota sabananyo.<ref>[http://www.argentinaturistica.com/foriresenia.htm Reseña] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528065603/http://www.argentinaturistica.com/foriresenia.htm |date=2007-05-28}} (Spanish)</ref> Tapancia jo tababani dek geografi sarato iklimnyo nan indak elok, ekonomi Formosa alah lamo manjadi salah ciek nan tabalakang di [[Argentina]], katigo paliang ketek jo kaduo paliang kurang bakambang.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |title=El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |publisher=Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |access-date=10 July 2015 |language=es |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/ |title=I.A.D.E.R |access-date=2008-07-16 |archive-date=2013-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221041659/http://www.iader.org.ar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] 3qskwfhugvbg6nf9kkqxwgyjv3gnndf 0 477575 3345230 2026-04-01T04:16:19Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Jujuy in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Jujuy adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di ujuang barat lauik nagara tu, di parbatasan jo Chili samo Bolivia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jujuy &#124; province, Argentina &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jujuy |access-date=3 February 2022 |website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]}}</ref> Satu-satunyo provinsi tetangga iolah Salta di sabalah timur jo selatan...." 3345230 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jujuy in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Jujuy adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di ujuang barat lauik nagara tu, di parbatasan jo Chili samo Bolivia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jujuy &#124; province, Argentina &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jujuy |access-date=3 February 2022 |website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]}}</ref> Satu-satunyo provinsi tetangga iolah Salta di sabalah timur jo selatan. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 53.219 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 797.955 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Parekonomian Jujuy tagoloang agak tabalakang, namun sangaik tadiversifikasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic map of the Province of Jujuy {{!}} Gifex |url=https://www.gifex.com/detail-en/2019-02-01-15811/Economic_map_of_the_Province_of_Jujuy.html#:~:text=Jujuy%27s%20economy%20is%20moderately%20underdeveloped,%25%20below%20the%20national%20average).&text=Jujuy%20is,%20despite%20its%20rural%20profile,%20not%20particularly%20agrarian. |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=www.gifex.com}}</ref> Parekonomiannyo pado tahun 2006 dipakiroan sagadang US$2,998 miliar, atau US$4,899 per kapita, labiah dari 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url = http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language = es |access-date = 10 July 2015 |archive-date = 11 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di San Salvador de Jujuy. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 16 departemen. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} npj11tqo389rcp36u1tu0lwygrr1ayu 3345231 3345230 2026-04-01T04:17:06Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345231 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jujuy in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Jujuy adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di ujuang barat lauik nagara tu, di parbatasan jo Chili samo Bolivia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jujuy &#124; province, Argentina &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jujuy |access-date=3 February 2022 |website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]}}</ref> Satu-satunyo provinsi tetangga iolah Salta di sabalah timur jo selatan. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 53.219 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 797.955 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Parekonomian Jujuy tagoloang agak tabalakang, namun sangaik tadiversifikasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic map of the Province of Jujuy {{!}} Gifex |url=https://www.gifex.com/detail-en/2019-02-01-15811/Economic_map_of_the_Province_of_Jujuy.html#:~:text=Jujuy%27s%20economy%20is%20moderately%20underdeveloped,%25%20below%20the%20national%20average).&text=Jujuy%20is,%20despite%20its%20rural%20profile,%20not%20particularly%20agrarian. |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=www.gifex.com}}</ref> Parekonomiannyo pado tahun 2006 dipakiroan sagadang US$2,998 miliar, atau US$4,899 per kapita, labiah dari 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url = http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language = es |access-date = 10 July 2015 |archive-date = 11 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di San Salvador de Jujuy. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 16 departemen. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] rie6hdsg1fm7hzk814cj6wehtbl7w1o 3345232 3345231 2026-04-01T04:18:15Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345232 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jujuy in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Jujuy''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan talatak di ujuang barat lauik nagara tu, di parbatasan jo [[Chili]] samo [[Bolivia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jujuy &#124; province, Argentina &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jujuy |access-date=3 February 2022 |website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]}}</ref> Satu-satunyo provinsi tetangga iolah [[Provinsi Salta|Salta]] di sabalah timur jo selatan. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 53.219 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 797.955 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Parekonomian Jujuy tagoloang agak tabalakang, namun sangaik tadiversifikasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic map of the Province of Jujuy {{!}} Gifex |url=https://www.gifex.com/detail-en/2019-02-01-15811/Economic_map_of_the_Province_of_Jujuy.html#:~:text=Jujuy%27s%20economy%20is%20moderately%20underdeveloped,%25%20below%20the%20national%20average).&text=Jujuy%20is,%20despite%20its%20rural%20profile,%20not%20particularly%20agrarian. |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=www.gifex.com}}</ref> Parekonomiannyo pado tahun 2006 dipakiroan sagadang US$2,998 miliar, atau US$4,899 per kapita, labiah dari 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url = http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language = es |access-date = 10 July 2015 |archive-date = 11 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di [[San Salvador de Jujuy]]. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 16 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] sstqy6w7xv874keobohb9erhrp9esf2 3345233 3345232 2026-04-01T04:19:13Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345233 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jujuy in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Jujuy''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan talatak di ujuang barat lauik nagara tu, di parbatasan jo [[Chili]] samo [[Bolivia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jujuy &#124; province, Argentina &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jujuy |access-date=3 February 2022 |website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]}}</ref> Satu-satunyo provinsi tetangga iolah [[Provinsi Salta|Salta]] di sabalah timur jo selatan. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 53.219 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 797.955 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Parekonomian Jujuy tagoloang agak tabalakang, namun sangaik baragam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic map of the Province of Jujuy {{!}} Gifex |url=https://www.gifex.com/detail-en/2019-02-01-15811/Economic_map_of_the_Province_of_Jujuy.html#:~:text=Jujuy%27s%20economy%20is%20moderately%20underdeveloped,%25%20below%20the%20national%20average).&text=Jujuy%20is,%20despite%20its%20rural%20profile,%20not%20particularly%20agrarian. |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=www.gifex.com}}</ref> Parekonomiannyo pado tahun 2006 dipakiroan sagadang US$2,998 miliar, atau US$4,899 per kapita, labiah dari 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url = http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language = es |access-date = 10 July 2015 |archive-date = 11 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di [[San Salvador de Jujuy]]. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 16 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] 5yfflayh7nhjapcls9rvbpj63fq714g 0 477576 3345234 2026-04-01T04:28:03Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:La Pampa in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] La Pampa adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di Pampas, bagian tenggara nagara tu. Provinsi-provinsi tetangganyo dari utara saarah jarum jam iolah San Luis, Córdoba, Buenos Aires, Río Negro, Neuquén, dan Mendoza. La Pampa marupokan bapanduduak jarang jo hanyo 366.022 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022 nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 143.440 km2.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infob..." 3345234 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:La Pampa in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] La Pampa adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di Pampas, bagian tenggara nagara tu. Provinsi-provinsi tetangganyo dari utara saarah jarum jam iolah San Luis, Córdoba, Buenos Aires, Río Negro, Neuquén, dan Mendoza. La Pampa marupokan bapanduduak jarang jo hanyo 366.022 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022 nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 143.440 km2.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sabagai pabandiangan wilayah, provinsi ko labiah gadang dari pado nagara Austria, Taiwan, Irlandia, atau Yunani, contohnyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.laenderdaten.de/geographie/flaeche.aspx |title=Die Flächendaten aller Länder, sortierbar nach Alphabet und Größe |access-date=2021-03-11 |archive-date=2021-03-11 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210311184550/https://www.laenderdaten.de/geographie/flaeche.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Provinsi ko, nan sajak lamo manjadi provinsi patanian tagadang di Argentina, mahasian output ekonomi sagadang US$3,144 miliar pado tahun 2006, atau US$10.504 per kapita, hampia 20% di ateh rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url= http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language=es |access-date = 10 July 2015}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} rqukshna83quhckbbpmrih0drkwy67h 3345235 3345234 2026-04-01T04:28:46Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345235 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:La Pampa in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] La Pampa adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di Pampas, bagian tenggara nagara tu. Provinsi-provinsi tetangganyo dari utara saarah jarum jam iolah San Luis, Córdoba, Buenos Aires, Río Negro, Neuquén, dan Mendoza. La Pampa marupokan bapanduduak jarang jo hanyo 366.022 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022 nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 143.440 km2.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sabagai pabandiangan wilayah, provinsi ko labiah gadang dari pado nagara Austria, Taiwan, Irlandia, atau Yunani, contohnyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.laenderdaten.de/geographie/flaeche.aspx |title=Die Flächendaten aller Länder, sortierbar nach Alphabet und Größe |access-date=2021-03-11 |archive-date=2021-03-11 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210311184550/https://www.laenderdaten.de/geographie/flaeche.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Provinsi ko, nan sajak lamo manjadi provinsi patanian tagadang di Argentina, mahasian output ekonomi sagadang US$3,144 miliar pado tahun 2006, atau US$10.504 per kapita, hampia 20% di ateh rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url= http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language=es |access-date = 10 July 2015}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] nursrrzv28qmkw5pbsk13dt0me57pik 3345236 3345235 2026-04-01T04:30:43Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345236 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:La Pampa in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''La Pampa''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan talatak di [[Pampas]], bagian tenggara nagara tu. Provinsi-provinsi tetangganyo dari utara saarah jarum jam iolah [[Provinsi San Luis|San Luis]], [[Provinsi Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[Provinsi Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Provinsi Río Negro|Río Negro]], [[Provinsi Neuquén|Neuquén]], dan [[Provinsi Mendoza|Mendoza]]. La Pampa marupokan bapanduduak jarang jo hanyo 366.022 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022 nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 143.440 km2.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sabagai pabandiangan wilayah, provinsi ko labiah gadang dari pado nagara [[Austria]], [[Taiwan]], [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]], atau [[Yunani]], contohnyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.laenderdaten.de/geographie/flaeche.aspx |title=Die Flächendaten aller Länder, sortierbar nach Alphabet und Größe |access-date=2021-03-11 |archive-date=2021-03-11 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210311184550/https://www.laenderdaten.de/geographie/flaeche.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Provinsi ko, nan sajak lamo manjadi provinsi patanian tagadang di [[Argentina]], mahasian output ekonomi sagadang US$3,144 miliar pado tahun 2006, atau US$10.504 per kapita, hampia 20% di ateh rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url= http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language=es |access-date = 10 July 2015}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] kkrwck724s5z7gz9e6e7cmyxxehmu4d 3345237 3345236 2026-04-01T04:32:33Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345237 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:La Pampa in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''La Pampa''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan talatak di [[Pampas]], bagian tenggara nagara tu. Provinsi-provinsi tetangganyo dari utara saarah jarum jam iolah [[Provinsi San Luis|San Luis]], [[Provinsi Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[Provinsi Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Provinsi Río Negro|Río Negro]], [[Provinsi Neuquén|Neuquén]], dan [[Provinsi Mendoza|Mendoza]]. La Pampa marupokan bapanduduak jarang jo hanyo 366.022 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022 nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 143.440 km2.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sabagai pabandiangan wilayah, provinsi ko labiah gadang dari pado nagara [[Austria]], [[Taiwan]], [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]], atau [[Yunani]], contohnyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.laenderdaten.de/geographie/flaeche.aspx |title=Die Flächendaten aller Länder, sortierbar nach Alphabet und Größe |access-date=2021-03-11 |archive-date=2021-03-11 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210311184550/https://www.laenderdaten.de/geographie/flaeche.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Provinsi ko, nan sajak lamo manjadi provinsi patanian tagadang di [[Argentina]], mahasian output ekonomi sagadang US$3,144 miliar pado tahun 2006, atau US$10.504 per kapita, hampia 20% di ateh rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url= http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language=es |access-date = 10 July 2015}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, provinsi ko tabagi manjadi 22 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Ibi kotanyo barado di [[Santa Rosa, La Pampa|Santa Rosa]]. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] miu749ci1yeow9xtrl2jaia8fjn2515 0 477577 3345239 2026-04-01T04:51:12Z Fakhruddin Arrazzi 9793 ←Mambuek laman baisi "''Djago! Djago!'' adolah sabuah surek kaba kiri nan tabik di Padang Panjang, Sumatera Barat pado taun 1923. Surek kaba ko didirikan jo dipimpin Natar Zainuddin, yang mano Arif Fadhilah sabagai redakturnyo. ''Djago! Djago!'' tanamo sabagai media propaganda nan digunoan untuak manyebarkan gagasan Marxis di Minangkabau. == Latar balakang == Munculnyo ''Djago! Djago!'' indak lapeh dari usaho kalompok-kalompok kuminih di Sumatera Barat untuak manyebarkan ajaran Marxis..." 3345239 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Djago! Djago!'' adolah sabuah surek kaba kiri nan tabik di Padang Panjang, Sumatera Barat pado taun 1923. Surek kaba ko didirikan jo dipimpin Natar Zainuddin, yang mano Arif Fadhilah sabagai redakturnyo. ''Djago! Djago!'' tanamo sabagai media propaganda nan digunoan untuak manyebarkan gagasan Marxis di Minangkabau. == Latar balakang == Munculnyo ''Djago! Djago!'' indak lapeh dari usaho kalompok-kalompok kuminih di Sumatera Barat untuak manyebarkan ajaran Marxis sasuai konteks sosial jo agamo masyarakaik Minangkabau. Basamo koran ''Pemandangan Islam'', pimpinan Haji Datuk Batuah, ''Djago! Djago!'' manjadi wahana pantiang untuak mambangun wacana nan manggabuangkan kritik sosial jo legitimasi agamo. Kaduo koran ko baparan dalam mahubuangkan ajaran Islam jo gagasan-gagasan palawanan taradok kapitalisme jo kolonialisme Ulando, sahinggo mampalaweh panarimoan gagasan-gagasan komunis di kalangan masyarakaik agamo di Minangkabau. == Publikasi jo Ciri-ciri == Edisi partamo dari ''Djago! Djago!'' ditabikan pado tanggal 8 Oktober 1923, babarapo bulan sabalun pandirian Sarekat Rakyat di Padang Panjang, surek kaba iko tadiri dari anam halaman sarato mampunyoi slogan "Suara Merdeka Kaum Melarat". Dalam edisi perdananyo, Arif Fadhilah manakankan baso koran ko ado untuak mambela urang-urang nan tatindas jo mandorong mareka untuak basatu malawan eksploitasi kapitalis. Natar Zainuddin, malalui tulisannyo, mangkritik sistem kapitalis sabagai panyabab utamo kamiskinan jo katidakadilan sosial, sarato mancubo manyaderhanakan gagasan Karl Marx untuak mudah dipahami dek masyarakaik nan labiah laweh. Ciri khas ''Djago! Djago!'' adolah panggunoan bahaso propagandistik nan kareh jo usahonyo untuak manggabuangkan ajaran Marxis jo nilai-nilai Islam. Natar Zainuddin, misalnyo, manakankan baso praktek-praktek panzaliman batantangan jo ajaran Islam, sahinggo mamposisikan pajuangan malawan kapitalisme sabagai suatu kawajiban moral jo agamo. 546ea35c6gsqa9h5lfpfm13uxhoffxs 3345240 3345239 2026-04-01T04:53:00Z Fakhruddin Arrazzi 9793 3345240 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Djago! Djago!''''' adolah sabuah surek kaba kiri nan tabik di Padang Panjang, Sumatera Barat pado taun 1923. Surek kaba ko didirikan jo dipimpin Natar Zainuddin, yang mano Arif Fadhilah sabagai redakturnyo. ''Djago! Djago!'' tanamo sabagai media propaganda nan digunoan untuak manyebarkan gagasan Marxis di Minangkabau.<ref name=":0">Sufyan, Fikrul Hanif (2017). Menuju Lentera Merah: Gerakan Propaganda Komunis di Serambi Mekah 1923-1949. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. hlm. 56–64. </ref> == Latar balakang == Munculnyo ''Djago! Djago!'' indak lapeh dari usaho kalompok-kalompok kuminih di Sumatera Barat untuak manyebarkan ajaran Marxis sasuai konteks sosial jo agamo masyarakaik Minangkabau. Basamo koran ''Pemandangan Islam'', pimpinan Haji Datuk Batuah, ''Djago! Djago!'' manjadi wahana pantiang untuak mambangun wacana nan manggabuangkan kritik sosial jo legitimasi agamo.<ref name=":0" /> Kaduo koran ko baparan dalam mahubuangkan ajaran Islam jo gagasan-gagasan palawanan taradok kapitalisme jo kolonialisme Ulando, sahinggo mampalaweh panarimoan gagasan-gagasan komunis di kalangan masyarakaik agamo di Minangkabau.<ref name=":0" /> == Publikasi == Edisi partamo dari ''Djago! Djago!'' ditabikan pado tanggal 8 Oktober 1923, babarapo bulan sabalun pandirian Sarekat Rakyat di Padang Panjang, surek kaba iko tadiri dari anam halaman sarato mampunyoi slogan "Suara Merdeka Kaum Melarat".<ref name=":0" /> Dalam edisi perdananyo, Arif Fadhilah manakankan baso koran ko ado untuak mambela urang-urang nan tatindas jo mandorong mareka untuak basatu malawan eksploitasi kapitalis. Natar Zainuddin, malalui tulisannyo, mangkritik sistem kapitalis sabagai panyabab utamo kamiskinan jo katidakadilan sosial, sarato mancubo manyaderhanakan gagasan Karl Marx untuak mudah dipahami dek masyarakaik nan labiah laweh.<ref name=":0" /> Ciri khas ''Djago! Djago!'' adolah panggunoan bahaso propagandistik nan kareh jo usahonyo untuak manggabuangkan ajaran Marxis jo nilai-nilai Islam. Natar Zainuddin, misalnyo, manakankan baso praktek-praktek panzaliman batantangan jo ajaran Islam, sahinggo mamposisikan pajuangan malawan kapitalisme sabagai suatu kawajiban moral jo agamo.<ref name=":0" /> 91xkwnlqpi98mw3qbcfzew19mj5f2ss 3345241 3345240 2026-04-01T04:57:07Z Fakhruddin Arrazzi 9793 3345241 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Djago! Djago!''''' adolah sabuah surek kaba kiri nan tabik di Padang Panjang, Sumatera Barat pado taun 1923. Surek kaba ko didirikan jo dipimpin Natar Zainuddin, yang mano Arif Fadhilah sabagai redakturnyo. ''Djago! Djago!'' tanamo sabagai media propaganda nan digunoan untuak manyebarkan gagasan Marxis di Minangkabau.<ref name=":0">Sufyan, Fikrul Hanif (2017). Menuju Lentera Merah: Gerakan Propaganda Komunis di Serambi Mekah 1923-1949. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. hlm. 56–64. </ref> == Latar balakang == Munculnyo ''Djago! Djago!'' indak lapeh dari usaho kalompok-kalompok kuminih di Sumatera Barat untuak manyebarkan ajaran Marxis sasuai konteks sosial jo agamo masyarakaik Minangkabau. Basamo koran ''Pemandangan Islam'', pimpinan Haji Datuk Batuah, ''Djago! Djago!'' manjadi wahana pantiang untuak mambangun wacana nan manggabuangkan kritik sosial jo legitimasi agamo.<ref name=":0" /> Kaduo koran ko baparan dalam mahubuangkan ajaran Islam jo gagasan-gagasan palawanan taradok kapitalisme jo kolonialisme Ulando, sahinggo mampalaweh panarimoan gagasan-gagasan komunis di kalangan masyarakaik agamo di Minangkabau.<ref name=":0" /> == Publikasi == Edisi partamo dari ''Djago! Djago!'' ditabikan pado tanggal 8 Oktober 1923, babarapo bulan sabalun pandirian Sarekat Rakyat di Padang Panjang, surek kaba iko tadiri dari anam halaman sarato mampunyoi slogan "Suara Merdeka Kaum Melarat".<ref name=":0" /> Dalam edisi perdananyo, Arif Fadhilah manakankan baso koran ko ado untuak mambela urang-urang nan tatindas jo mandorong mareka untuak basatu malawan eksploitasi kapitalis. Natar Zainuddin, malalui tulisannyo, mangkritik sistem kapitalis sabagai panyabab utamo kamiskinan jo katidakadilan sosial, sarato mancubo manyaderhanakan gagasan Karl Marx untuak mudah dipahami dek masyarakaik nan labiah laweh.<ref name=":0" /> Ciri khas ''Djago! Djago!'' adolah panggunoan bahaso propagandistik nan kareh jo usahonyo untuak manggabuangkan ajaran Marxis jo nilai-nilai Islam. Natar Zainuddin, misalnyo, manakankan baso praktek-praktek panzaliman batantangan jo ajaran Islam, sahinggo mamposisikan pajuangan malawan kapitalisme sabagai suatu kawajiban moral jo agamo.<ref name=":0" /> == Isi jo Tema Barito == ''Djago! Djago!'' manabikan babagai artikel nan bafokus pado masalah sosial, ekonomi, jo politik. Tema-tema utamo nan acok diangkek tamasuak kritik kapitalisme jo kolonialisme Ulando, panggilan untuak kasatuan proletar, baban pajak nan manindas (belasting) pado rakyaik, dukuangan untuak garakan revolusioner internasional, jo integrasi ajaran Islam jo ideologi komunis.<ref name=":0" /> Dalam edisi awalnyo, koran ko juo manyoroti baban pajak nan barek nan ditangguang dek rakyaik, tamasuak babagai jinih pajak sarupo pajak parusahaan, pajak panghasilan, pajak tanah, jo pajak lain nan dianggap manyababkan kasulitan.<ref name=":0" /> Salanjuiknyo, ''Djago! Djago!'' juo malaporan pakambangan garakan internasional, sarupo Revolusi Bolshevik di Rusia jo pajuangan Mustafa Kemal Pasha di Turki, nan manjadi inspirasi untuak pajuangan kamardekaan di Hindia Balando.<ref name=":0" /> == Peran == ''Djago! Djago!'' mamainkan peran pantiang dalam mandukuang pambentukan jo kagiatan Sarekat Rakyat di Sumatera Barat. Surek kaba ko bafungsi sabagai media propaganda nan mangguncang pandapek masyarakaik jo mamobilisasi massa.<ref name=":0" /> Salah satu liputannyo adolah deklarasi Sarekat Rakyat pado tanggal 10 November 1923, di Padang Panjang. Dalam laporannyo, ''Djago! Djago!'' manggambarkan kajadian tu sabagai momen nan pantiang dalam pajuangan rakyaik. Namun, laporan tu juo mancakup kritik kareh taradok pamimpin Sarekat Islam Abdul Muis, nan dianggap indak manghormati palanta jo mambatasi partisipasi tokoh-tokoh lainnyo.<ref name=":0" /> Salah satu aspek penting dari ''Djago! Djago!'' adolah usahonyo untuak manyatukan komunisme jo ajaran Islam. Malalui tulisan tokoh-tokoh sarupo Haji Datuk Batuah jo H.M. Nur Ibrahim, komunisme disajikan sabagai sistem nan sasuai jo nilai-nilai kaadilan sosial Islam.<ref name=":0" /> Dalam narasi iko, kapitalisme dipandang sabagai sistem nan batantangan jo ajaran agamo karano mandorong eksploitasi jo katidaksataraan. Sabaliaknyo, komunisme digambarkan sabagai sarana untuak mancapai kaadilan, hak nan samo, jo kamajuan basamo.<ref name=":0" /> Salain manjadi media propaganda, ''Djago! Djago!'' pun talibaik pulo dalam kagiatan sosial. Salah satu inisiatif nan dilaporkan adolah rencana untuak mandirian sakola untuak urang miskin jo buta huruf di Padang Panjang. Program ko malibaikkan guru-guru dari kalangan Thawalib dan didukuang dek organisasi satampek.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujuakan == hjo872fjpahr9blav2z4ti9cm2w3dc9 0 477578 3345252 2026-04-01T06:27:21Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:La Rioja in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] La Rioja adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di bagian barat nagara tu. Provinsi ko babatehan dari utara saarah jarum jam jo provinsi Catamarca, Córdoba, San Luis, dan San Juan. Bantang alam provinsi ko tadiri dari sarangkaian pagunuangan kariang hinggo semi-kariang jo lambah-lambah patanian di antaronyo. Dinosaurus sauropodomorph Trias, Riojasaurus, dinamoi badasarkan namo prov..." 3345252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:La Rioja in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] La Rioja adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di bagian barat nagara tu. Provinsi ko babatehan dari utara saarah jarum jam jo provinsi Catamarca, Córdoba, San Luis, dan San Juan. Bantang alam provinsi ko tadiri dari sarangkaian pagunuangan kariang hinggo semi-kariang jo lambah-lambah patanian di antaronyo. Dinosaurus sauropodomorph Trias, Riojasaurus, dinamoi badasarkan namo provinsi ko. Provinsi La Rioja mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 89.680 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 384.607 jiwa manuruik sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319233234/https://www.indec.gob.ar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 18 departemen, jo ibu kotanyo barado di kota La Rioja. Parekonomiannyo adolah nan taketek kaduo di Argentina jo output ekonomi sagadang US$1,822 miliar pado tahun 2006, 30% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title=El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher=Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language=es |access-date=10 July 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} 3a5ma2sljw35lfrstv1zyvtnvczx5li 3345253 3345252 2026-04-01T06:28:06Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345253 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:La Rioja in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] La Rioja adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di bagian barat nagara tu. Provinsi ko babatehan dari utara saarah jarum jam jo provinsi Catamarca, Córdoba, San Luis, dan San Juan. Bantang alam provinsi ko tadiri dari sarangkaian pagunuangan kariang hinggo semi-kariang jo lambah-lambah patanian di antaronyo. Dinosaurus sauropodomorph Trias, Riojasaurus, dinamoi badasarkan namo provinsi ko. Provinsi La Rioja mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 89.680 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 384.607 jiwa manuruik sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319233234/https://www.indec.gob.ar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 18 departemen, jo ibu kotanyo barado di kota La Rioja. Parekonomiannyo adolah nan taketek kaduo di Argentina jo output ekonomi sagadang US$1,822 miliar pado tahun 2006, 30% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title=El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher=Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language=es |access-date=10 July 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] olays190dvvwkkt0qmiyraq19wp94uh 3345254 3345253 2026-04-01T06:30:06Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345254 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:La Rioja in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''La Rioja''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan talatak di bagian barat nagara tu. Provinsi ko babatehan dari utara saarah jarum jam jo [[provinsi Catamarca]], [[Provinsi Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[Provinsi San Luis|San Luis]], dan [[Provinsi San Juan|San Juan]]. Bantang alam provinsi ko tadiri dari sarangkaian pagunuangan kariang hinggo semi-kariang jo lambah-lambah patanian di antaronyo. Dinosaurus sauropodomorph Trias, ''[[Riojasaurus]]'', dinamoi badasarkan namo provinsi ko. Provinsi La Rioja mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 89.680 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 384.607 jiwa manuruik sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319233234/https://www.indec.gob.ar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 18 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]], jo ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[La Rioja]]. Parekonomiannyo adolah nan taketek kaduo di [[Argentina]] jo output ekonomi sagadang US$1,822 miliar pado tahun 2006, 30% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title=El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher=Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language=es |access-date=10 July 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] 1v6fvnrko70owxy20gg1bl3ksd1bm4u 0 477579 3345255 2026-04-01T06:30:14Z Muhamri 13863 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/002..." 3345255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah|synonyms={{species list |Ailurus refulgens |[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1840 |Ailurus ochraceus |[[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1847 |Ælurus fulgens |[[William Henry Flower|Flower]], 1871 }}|synonyms_ref=<ref name="taxonomy"/>}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]] . k48ri9zea2h61bekxx2l317wcathur7 3345256 3345255 2026-04-01T06:30:56Z Muhamri 13863 3345256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah|synonyms={{species list |Ailurus refulgens |[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1840 |Ailurus ochraceus |[[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1847 |Ælurus fulgens |[[William Henry Flower|Flower]], 1871 }}|synonyms_ref=<ref name="taxonomy"/>}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. == Rujuakan == ls3zrm83ctg9exyrlc8d1otzk6nlw84 3345257 3345256 2026-04-01T06:31:15Z Muhamri 13863 3345257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah|synonyms={{species list |Ailurus refulgens |[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1840 |Ailurus ochraceus |[[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1847 |Ælurus fulgens |[[William Henry Flower|Flower]], 1871 }}|synonyms_ref=<ref name="taxonomy"/>}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). tumbuak). == Rujuakan == o888cbp7grzk35xlsetnkyzpyyn4a22 3345258 3345257 2026-04-01T06:31:49Z Muhamri 13863 3345258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah|synonyms={{species list |Ailurus refulgens |[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1840 |Ailurus ochraceus |[[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1847 |Ælurus fulgens |[[William Henry Flower|Flower]], 1871 }}|synonyms_ref=<ref name="taxonomy"/>}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. == Rujuakan == h1zq7amlfarxot0bbqthdlwapga9z47 3345259 3345258 2026-04-01T06:32:04Z Muhamri 13863 3345259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah|synonyms={{species list |Ailurus refulgens |[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1840 |Ailurus ochraceus |[[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1847 |Ælurus fulgens |[[William Henry Flower|Flower]], 1871 }}|synonyms_ref=<ref name="taxonomy"/>}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. == Rujuakan == dcykvfxovfu42mxv9eazqr7a52zyqli 3345260 3345259 2026-04-01T06:32:20Z Muhamri 13863 3345260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah|synonyms={{species list |Ailurus refulgens |[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1840 |Ailurus ochraceus |[[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1847 |Ælurus fulgens |[[William Henry Flower|Flower]], 1871 }}|synonyms_ref=<ref name="taxonomy"/>}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. == Rujuakan == 0k5atpx6w1q9ud1tp9hkl7hpstrmyry 3345261 3345260 2026-04-01T06:32:58Z Muhamri 13863 3345261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah|synonyms={{species list |Ailurus refulgens |[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1840 |Ailurus ochraceus |[[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1847 |Ælurus fulgens |[[William Henry Flower|Flower]], 1871 }}|synonyms_ref=<ref name="taxonomy"/>}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]] . == Rujuakan == p8pizr7sfjs7jlrh4c9tapu91q10mfg 3345262 3345261 2026-04-01T06:33:15Z Muhamri 13863 3345262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah|synonyms={{species list |Ailurus refulgens |[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1840 |Ailurus ochraceus |[[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1847 |Ælurus fulgens |[[William Henry Flower|Flower]], 1871 }}|synonyms_ref=<ref name="taxonomy"/>}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. == Rujuakan == ibtpwaciyygsuyxu1jsc80ryod76gd9 3345263 3345262 2026-04-01T06:34:07Z Muhamri 13863 3345263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. == Rujuakan == 0tvpuftq1pl7i5gwi417utdrxubdxm9 3345264 3345263 2026-04-01T06:34:31Z Muhamri 13863 3345264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. == Rujuakan == 28oeorozh083hu17gv6cmafpc30t9z1 3345265 3345264 2026-04-01T06:34:49Z Muhamri 13863 3345265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. == Rujuakan == 7qapm7ie2p6br6mgjxrb3iaw61pn3i6 3345266 3345265 2026-04-01T06:35:04Z Muhamri 13863 3345266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. == Rujuakan == anhnsfyojcozidopl170h7kr9r0m7kg 3345267 3345266 2026-04-01T06:35:22Z Muhamri 13863 3345267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. == Rujuakan == h7srzx4x2lw9tk7igmqta4d9u2t8zmh 3345268 3345267 2026-04-01T06:35:57Z Muhamri 13863 3345268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]] . == Rujuakan == obr36b1azryh7yyb7mel0l41hrmr1r2 3345269 3345268 2026-04-01T06:36:10Z Muhamri 13863 3345269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Rujuakan == not0du2xmnxqyjp5apbp0ut4w19j2ny 3345270 3345269 2026-04-01T06:36:37Z Muhamri 13863 3345270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> == Rujuakan == kvn3mlqj286i0t849pad6idns6z1o2c 3345271 3345270 2026-04-01T06:37:16Z Muhamri 13863 3345271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. == Rujuakan == s83pqu3h296iwes8xitpxif7z2poxcd 3345272 3345271 2026-04-01T06:37:39Z Muhamri 13863 3345272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction20222">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> == Rujuakan == af60mbzqyiljhtfs3v01p8hgjv5n0w2 3345273 3345272 2026-04-01T06:38:32Z Muhamri 13863 3345273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> == Rujuakan == t0qvmxnovae6gu6c8z8dbq1yg3uh3uh 3345274 3345273 2026-04-01T06:40:09Z Muhamri 13863 3345274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> == Rujuakan == 6gn0vnkjp6cmupkpr32ifg5vywz4rjj 3345275 3345274 2026-04-01T06:40:30Z Muhamri 13863 3345275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Rujuakan == 4ylyea7prk4otprjusrsyn0x5uvsr2s 3345279 3345275 2026-04-01T06:43:36Z Muhamri 13863 3345279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]] : panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). == Rujuakan == jq6nerdki3w4mpyrio1p4gegjs9hw7b 3345281 3345279 2026-04-01T06:44:07Z Muhamri 13863 3345281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. == Rujuakan == pd4i1wp2puxfzlmfffhtfj3ig1yr6t8 3345282 3345281 2026-04-01T06:45:24Z Muhamri 13863 3345282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. == Rujuakan == i1bx5yqepx5cft04dhgdy0bjauz6r0f 3345283 3345282 2026-04-01T06:45:47Z Muhamri 13863 3345283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> == Rujuakan == ekjaoa2zf41bogsgbhsvloxwf9n529w 3345284 3345283 2026-04-01T06:48:17Z Muhamri 13863 3345284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> == Rujuakan == iil5kikj1l8feihg2x0pts0ddisefk8 3345285 3345284 2026-04-01T06:48:39Z Muhamri 13863 3345285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rujuakan == c4uuzajc68hn524csyps5gcyhda7p9k 3345286 3345285 2026-04-01T06:49:53Z Muhamri 13863 3345286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. == Rujuakan == gnvwferf305ytheud8hslitv2cejp5a 3345287 3345286 2026-04-01T06:50:16Z Muhamri 13863 3345287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. == Rujuakan == mgkarmbedwz66fk3zn8iql6ulh1zfsw 3345288 3345287 2026-04-01T06:50:39Z Muhamri 13863 3345288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}}'''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. == Rujuakan == 384vlrcr7trqody8998u77a0iv366yz 3345289 3345288 2026-04-01T06:51:06Z Muhamri 13863 3345289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy2">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> == Rujuakan == czsnucw9luega8ymz0q7s70v6xbcq4d 3345290 3345289 2026-04-01T06:51:39Z Muhamri 13863 3345290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> == Rujuakan == fadf30lbcldocddlr10mc34kog9fjoy 3345291 3345290 2026-04-01T06:52:17Z Muhamri 13863 3345291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rujuakan == 4olguvcqd3thn2hpz5dukz0dissv0uj 3345292 3345291 2026-04-01T06:53:01Z Muhamri 13863 3345292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . == Rujuakan == ilskqmty28cao4m8oa5dbi0ls9n930v 3345293 3345292 2026-04-01T06:53:27Z Muhamri 13863 3345293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. == Rujuakan == bbgon23o9jxrt3l29he71lo6n443koo 3345294 3345293 2026-04-01T06:53:51Z Muhamri 13863 3345294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. == Rujuakan == s67g78eqo948ayib16n1vvp29qq3b2m 3345295 3345294 2026-04-01T06:54:54Z Muhamri 13863 3345295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rujuakan == lfruqeqwd4yldzgqfvyooe6u4phf107 3345296 3345295 2026-04-01T06:55:18Z Muhamri 13863 3345296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . == Rujuakan == 39txwslod1kc4fip1z0f1jhtf1xdilu 3345297 3345296 2026-04-01T06:55:39Z Muhamri 13863 3345297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. == Rujuakan == qsk169vht077ty0ulcwakj2a6mhnyvs 3345298 3345297 2026-04-01T06:56:11Z Muhamri 13863 3345298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> == Rujuakan == eg1h7aziu7wm7m321035qmyzsvqto9w 3345299 3345298 2026-04-01T06:58:38Z Muhamri 13863 3345299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> == Rujuakan == 3ueabsy4y9dr9uavnjse8bycbod11i1 3345300 3345299 2026-04-01T07:01:19Z Muhamri 13863 3345300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. == Rujuakan == 8csn3xub5qmsu3j0ukz0rt44haw3xpw 3345301 3345300 2026-04-01T07:01:59Z Muhamri 13863 3345301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> == Rujuakan == hury8i8awuz1bunn9qky3n3nsfv9ncc 3345302 3345301 2026-04-01T07:03:17Z Muhamri 13863 3345302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Rujuakan == hjpg2p3gm4fle1eu2v2kay9x2eql3nq 3345304 3345302 2026-04-01T07:03:50Z Muhamri 13863 3345304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. == Rujuakan == tqzqc9lngneaiigkizmgo0bjv1xlah5 3345308 3345304 2026-04-01T07:34:35Z Muhamri 13863 3345308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. == Rujuakan == j4vpkpfhnka8ffodu8gweqgqw7aecy5 3345309 3345308 2026-04-01T07:35:20Z Muhamri 13863 3345309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rujuakan == 3pogr8g3bmw9g4urym7n4sbo5m83gar 3345310 3345309 2026-04-01T07:35:45Z Muhamri 13863 3345310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Rujuakan == 0od7ajql3ipjho2j1nqzsmxulehttq4 3345311 3345310 2026-04-01T07:36:37Z Muhamri 13863 3345311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> == Rujuakan == 07r3l88rjh0h3ksgsjhdvg7h5pg4zco 3345312 3345311 2026-04-01T07:39:13Z Muhamri 13863 3345312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Rujuakan == nix470gz8ppjvzkfitx5nm9j8etx432 3345313 3345312 2026-04-01T07:41:21Z Muhamri 13863 3345313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> == Rujuakan == ew24z8r4px3hhsg3dccebgn5btw35ig 3345314 3345313 2026-04-01T07:41:57Z Muhamri 13863 3345314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Rujuakan == gj802036wkprtf3hh6sjhy98kmnn45g 3345315 3345314 2026-04-01T07:42:37Z Muhamri 13863 3345315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Rujuakan == n7x6iegm4vqub4x1yhqnupid6uhhdt7 3345317 3345315 2026-04-01T08:33:44Z Muhamri 13863 3345317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]] . == Rujuakan == ijdoa1pdbbji2fkki9ls3zyqqam032c 3345318 3345317 2026-04-01T08:34:12Z Muhamri 13863 3345318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. == Rujuakan == 9odc7q8ohl92zp0g3fznuvp88m8ji7k 3345319 3345318 2026-04-01T08:34:34Z Muhamri 13863 3345319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rujuakan == s5t3bdbvlcezk20jwdv7wy13oubyoen 3345320 3345319 2026-04-01T08:36:03Z Muhamri 13863 3345320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> == Rujuakan == b2ykag7skedr59gj4rhquqpctmj3so4 3345321 3345320 2026-04-01T08:36:40Z Muhamri 13863 3345321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Rujuakan == 28hx4is7bikuz2clpoco0yvkkh18mgx 3345322 3345321 2026-04-01T08:37:45Z Muhamri 13863 3345322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. == Rujuakan == 6nrhmwuk61pjh3qg92n9u5thuatzhjj 3345323 3345322 2026-04-01T08:38:16Z Muhamri 13863 3345323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km ; habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> == Rujuakan == 7mf9pza83s582kug01m56i8kzadiplx 3345324 3345323 2026-04-01T08:39:47Z Muhamri 13863 3345324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> == Rujuakan == lyqhpnufmqlgf0l34l3ow6o1cw5o7ts 3345325 3345324 2026-04-01T08:41:52Z Muhamri 13863 3345325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rujuakan == hick1vf3ehdy4b7n0a517euytsfu9gy 3345326 3345325 2026-04-01T08:42:30Z Muhamri 13863 3345326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rujuakan == clxkq3f13zcv9h1do5h4jhyj0n9xj1a 3345327 3345326 2026-04-01T08:43:04Z Muhamri 13863 3345327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rujuakan == ta24lwbi8gnklg0fqmspvjcj4378dv7 3345328 3345327 2026-04-01T08:45:28Z Muhamri 13863 3345328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] . <ref name="Mallick20102">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rujuakan == kyvk34gptj7ep9x6aj7u3x7yrffoupp 3345329 3345328 2026-04-01T08:46:44Z Muhamri 13863 3345329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] . <ref name="Mallick20102">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rujuakan == 8wwsoz8x7xsge56bbj385jp1jzjf9hs 3345330 3345329 2026-04-01T08:47:33Z Muhamri 13863 3345330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] . <ref name="Mallick20102">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> == Rujuakan == h6293mufhd0h2kf9o8tdjqw0anbxorq 3345331 3345330 2026-04-01T08:48:10Z Muhamri 13863 3345331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] . <ref name="Mallick20102">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rujuakan == ijnssfjioklqdihgcxe45tp8rpn2nsg 3345332 3345331 2026-04-01T08:49:19Z Muhamri 13863 3345332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] . <ref name="Mallick20102">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> == Rujuakan == 8jfuj56hb7n9utisg8r2pxfxlf70wg6 3345333 3345332 2026-04-01T08:52:03Z Muhamri 13863 3345333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> == Rujuakan == 8ddg3f8jrtr50vlfz8dypcdnyc8j98c 3345334 3345333 2026-04-01T08:53:17Z Muhamri 13863 3345334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> == Rujuakan == 2gfgo0bl5zbzqkg2lt2d04n7r832jkg 3345335 3345334 2026-04-01T08:54:06Z Muhamri 13863 3345335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> == Rujuakan == f6dj6uo8ahtquv6hwmvfp8s9tk0so87 3345336 3345335 2026-04-01T08:55:33Z Muhamri 13863 3345336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> == Rujuakan == 7h5oswld8fbijeknhfouyy1aeqc6mx8 3345337 3345336 2026-04-01T08:56:12Z Muhamri 13863 3345337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. == Rujuakan == 4db10ulm9zu4qhwmscer69cll0gmte3 3345338 3345337 2026-04-01T08:57:07Z Muhamri 13863 3345338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Rujuakan == 8xnnno6ghqn89otijvpgyzhp48f8i3v 3345339 3345338 2026-04-01T08:57:52Z Muhamri 13863 3345339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> == Rujuakan == 4dkh0q5ei0o5ff16mmkz6z07dgm4pjg 3345340 3345339 2026-04-01T08:58:29Z Muhamri 13863 3345340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. == Rujuakan == cjyg1vtmevilbg7zwdv2z87pflwgu6j 3345341 3345340 2026-04-01T09:00:08Z Muhamri 13863 3345341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. == Rujuakan == t6np4a59bvme6e1ocw4zii8bln3ezuo 3345342 3345341 2026-04-01T09:00:53Z Muhamri 13863 3345342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Rujuakan == eajrwrmcutkga7jautu82vy2t5asjfo 3345343 3345342 2026-04-01T09:01:36Z Muhamri 13863 3345343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . == Rujuakan == 9msn51sl8vvnnmy1tn8hwxvnl8h0r3e 3345344 3345343 2026-04-01T09:02:23Z Muhamri 13863 3345344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rujuakan == i2up1b30d8eefaw4r7bhg0slyc6sw5y 3345345 3345344 2026-04-01T09:03:23Z Muhamri 13863 3345345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Rujuakan == hw4yzpqf74u1z0ioz458d9iybpzpjj1 3345346 3345345 2026-04-01T09:08:21Z Muhamri 13863 3345346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> == Rujuakan == qj9w975by1ynsaehv8zxbhmnd54pnt8 3345347 3345346 2026-04-01T09:09:51Z Muhamri 13863 3345347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> == Rujuakan == 4je0tzohcfi0peefjrt1326g9omjnyw 3345348 3345347 2026-04-01T09:14:50Z Muhamri 13863 3345348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> == Rujuakan == 4dnr7dlwmg0iow7x27t1x9a1d7vklgv 3345349 3345348 2026-04-01T09:15:46Z Muhamri 13863 3345349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> == Rujuakan == e5nj0ophi3mkkj7c0iwdqeyq3xdvh0v 3345350 3345349 2026-04-01T09:16:18Z Muhamri 13863 3345350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. == Rujuakan == <references /> hrih2grapfji7eeo2ej7woxd4uvzxmp 3345351 3345350 2026-04-01T09:17:07Z Muhamri 13863 3345351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=29 January 2022|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> oszegl03b02zo52o6e6wht040rwpcgp 3345352 3345351 2026-04-01T09:18:17Z Muhamri 13863 3345352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> edf3wvh4bin8c2gt5sfv3lo75f91til 3345353 3345352 2026-04-01T09:35:39Z Muhamri 13863 3345353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> == Rujuakan == <references /> o64p851jsky4vwgriugnb957uvp4ku4 3345354 3345353 2026-04-01T09:36:39Z Muhamri 13863 3345354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" /> == Rujuakan == <references /> qdpdturepx6yh6p7iuk36tbcj4pbzf5 3345355 3345354 2026-04-01T09:37:05Z Muhamri 13863 3345355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" /> [[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] == Rujuakan == <references /> 3u8smc8ra860tpsmryb0tgp278n365z 3345356 3345355 2026-04-01T09:37:40Z Muhamri 13863 3345356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" /> Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. [[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] == Rujuakan == <references /> i4okp88vwzq83vk9ejl0659ojy7ob30 3345357 3345356 2026-04-01T09:38:58Z Muhamri 13863 3345357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Rujuakan == <references /> ses6vzvh6d5761ht32f4t38d0u2w2by 3345358 3345357 2026-04-01T09:40:39Z Muhamri 13863 3345358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. == Rujuakan == <references /> 9i018xq1zo20jw9qrnslhjdxs5vv4nb 3345359 3345358 2026-04-01T09:41:54Z Muhamri 13863 3345359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> tsmff3ka0u57rme96iwswhdepv2oh8y 3345360 3345359 2026-04-01T09:42:24Z Muhamri 13863 3345360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> recduey66zk7lb7djj5p1ugb3rmt0hy 3345361 3345360 2026-04-01T09:43:27Z Muhamri 13863 3345361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> j67x761nmz4firirobxzasxf2yl28nv 3345362 3345361 2026-04-01T09:44:09Z Muhamri 13863 3345362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. == Rujuakan == <references /> hun7qb59gm0lf354ddquvm9xvy4l7ys 3345363 3345362 2026-04-01T09:44:37Z Muhamri 13863 3345363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. == Rujuakan == <references /> ariazoiuagmjw0q0mw1g483ca0gruca 3345364 3345363 2026-04-01T09:45:07Z Muhamri 13863 3345364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> j6ky6uqj61av9xqmo1zhyyd89eiktix 3345365 3345364 2026-04-01T09:45:31Z Muhamri 13863 3345365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> Salamo [[Bermain (aktivitas)#Hewan lain|bacakak bamain-main]] jo bacakak agresif, individu malengkungkan pungguang jo ikuanyo sambia manggarikkan kapalonyo lambek-lambek ka ateh jo ka bawah. == Rujuakan == <references /> jer8lmj0d26yoq2hikjyd7o6fxm08ke 3345366 3345365 2026-04-01T09:46:22Z Muhamri 13863 3345366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> Salamo [[Bermain (aktivitas)#Hewan lain|bacakak bamain-main]] jo bacakak agresif, individu malengkungkan pungguang jo ikuanyo sambia manggarikkan kapalonyo lambek-lambek ka ateh jo ka bawah. Inyo kamudian mambaliakkan kapalo sambia mangapik rahang, manggarikkan kapalo ka sampiang, jo maangkek kaki muko untuak manyarang. Inyo tagak jo kaki balakang, maangkek kaki muko ka ateh kapalo, sudah tu mancogok. Duo panda merah mungkin saliang "manatap" dari jauah. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Rujuakan == <references /> tnr4rsht63i8q0umqok4cc46lh7xua7 3345367 3345366 2026-04-01T09:47:19Z Muhamri 13863 3345367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> Salamo [[Bermain (aktivitas)#Hewan lain|bacakak bamain-main]] jo bacakak agresif, individu malengkungkan pungguang jo ikuanyo sambia manggarikkan kapalonyo lambek-lambek ka ateh jo ka bawah. Inyo kamudian mambaliakkan kapalo sambia mangapik rahang, manggarikkan kapalo ka sampiang, jo maangkek kaki muko untuak manyarang. Inyo tagak jo kaki balakang, maangkek kaki muko ka ateh kapalo, sudah tu mancogok. Duo panda merah mungkin saliang "manatap" dari jauah. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Reproduksi jo pangasuahan == [[Berkas:Two_Red_Panda_Cubs_in_the_Tree_01.jpg|jmpl|Duo anak panda merah tabang di batang kayu di Taman Nasional Langtang, Nepal]] == Rujuakan == <references /> kuci4pqkqzusov7wr94y7yrdqb72erg 3345368 3345367 2026-04-01T09:47:47Z Muhamri 13863 3345368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> Salamo [[Bermain (aktivitas)#Hewan lain|bacakak bamain-main]] jo bacakak agresif, individu malengkungkan pungguang jo ikuanyo sambia manggarikkan kapalonyo lambek-lambek ka ateh jo ka bawah. Inyo kamudian mambaliakkan kapalo sambia mangapik rahang, manggarikkan kapalo ka sampiang, jo maangkek kaki muko untuak manyarang. Inyo tagak jo kaki balakang, maangkek kaki muko ka ateh kapalo, sudah tu mancogok. Duo panda merah mungkin saliang "manatap" dari jauah. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Reproduksi jo pangasuahan == [[Berkas:Two_Red_Panda_Cubs_in_the_Tree_01.jpg|jmpl|Duo anak panda merah tabang di batang kayu di Taman Nasional Langtang, Nepal]]Panda merah adolah paternak [[Fotoperiodisme#Hewan|nan panjang hari]], bakambang biak sasudah [[Titik balik matahari musim dingin|titik baliak matoari musim dingin]] sairiang jo cahayo siang nan batambah panjang. == Rujuakan == <references /> q0xs1wo8j2bwpu57uzsw6wqv4j8vmvu 3345369 3345368 2026-04-01T09:48:16Z Muhamri 13863 3345369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> Salamo [[Bermain (aktivitas)#Hewan lain|bacakak bamain-main]] jo bacakak agresif, individu malengkungkan pungguang jo ikuanyo sambia manggarikkan kapalonyo lambek-lambek ka ateh jo ka bawah. Inyo kamudian mambaliakkan kapalo sambia mangapik rahang, manggarikkan kapalo ka sampiang, jo maangkek kaki muko untuak manyarang. Inyo tagak jo kaki balakang, maangkek kaki muko ka ateh kapalo, sudah tu mancogok. Duo panda merah mungkin saliang "manatap" dari jauah. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Reproduksi jo pangasuahan == [[Berkas:Two_Red_Panda_Cubs_in_the_Tree_01.jpg|jmpl|Duo anak panda merah tabang di batang kayu di Taman Nasional Langtang, Nepal]]Panda merah adolah paternak [[Fotoperiodisme#Hewan|nan panjang hari]], bakambang biak sasudah [[Titik balik matahari musim dingin|titik baliak matoari musim dingin]] sairiang jo cahayo siang nan batambah panjang. Dek karano itu kawin tajadi dari bulan Januari sampai Maret, jo kalahiran tajadi dari bulan Mei sampai Agustus. Reproduksi ditunda anam bulan untuak panda nan ditawan di Balahan Bumi Selatan. == Rujuakan == <references /> cwesui8pyrnjdxgkjxn5e4mqql993w4 3345370 3345369 2026-04-01T09:48:51Z Muhamri 13863 3345370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> Salamo [[Bermain (aktivitas)#Hewan lain|bacakak bamain-main]] jo bacakak agresif, individu malengkungkan pungguang jo ikuanyo sambia manggarikkan kapalonyo lambek-lambek ka ateh jo ka bawah. Inyo kamudian mambaliakkan kapalo sambia mangapik rahang, manggarikkan kapalo ka sampiang, jo maangkek kaki muko untuak manyarang. Inyo tagak jo kaki balakang, maangkek kaki muko ka ateh kapalo, sudah tu mancogok. Duo panda merah mungkin saliang "manatap" dari jauah. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Reproduksi jo pangasuahan == [[Berkas:Two_Red_Panda_Cubs_in_the_Tree_01.jpg|jmpl|Duo anak panda merah tabang di batang kayu di Taman Nasional Langtang, Nepal]]Panda merah adolah paternak [[Fotoperiodisme#Hewan|nan panjang hari]], bakambang biak sasudah [[Titik balik matahari musim dingin|titik baliak matoari musim dingin]] sairiang jo cahayo siang nan batambah panjang. Dek karano itu kawin tajadi dari bulan Januari sampai Maret, jo kalahiran tajadi dari bulan Mei sampai Agustus. Reproduksi ditunda anam bulan untuak panda nan ditawan di Balahan Bumi Selatan. [[Estrus]] balangsuang salamo sahari, dan batino dapek masuak estrus babarapo kali samusim, tapi interval antaro satiok siklus indak dikatahui. <ref name="Curry">{{Cite book|last=Curry, E.|year=2021|chapter=Reproductive biology of the Red Panda|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=119–138|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> l41ckgtpc5xseqbaigknl54s97613q6 3345371 3345370 2026-04-01T09:49:20Z Muhamri 13863 3345371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> Salamo [[Bermain (aktivitas)#Hewan lain|bacakak bamain-main]] jo bacakak agresif, individu malengkungkan pungguang jo ikuanyo sambia manggarikkan kapalonyo lambek-lambek ka ateh jo ka bawah. Inyo kamudian mambaliakkan kapalo sambia mangapik rahang, manggarikkan kapalo ka sampiang, jo maangkek kaki muko untuak manyarang. Inyo tagak jo kaki balakang, maangkek kaki muko ka ateh kapalo, sudah tu mancogok. Duo panda merah mungkin saliang "manatap" dari jauah. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Reproduksi jo pangasuahan == [[Berkas:Two_Red_Panda_Cubs_in_the_Tree_01.jpg|jmpl|Duo anak panda merah tabang di batang kayu di Taman Nasional Langtang, Nepal]]Panda merah adolah paternak [[Fotoperiodisme#Hewan|nan panjang hari]], bakambang biak sasudah [[Titik balik matahari musim dingin|titik baliak matoari musim dingin]] sairiang jo cahayo siang nan batambah panjang. Dek karano itu kawin tajadi dari bulan Januari sampai Maret, jo kalahiran tajadi dari bulan Mei sampai Agustus. Reproduksi ditunda anam bulan untuak panda nan ditawan di Balahan Bumi Selatan. [[Estrus]] balangsuang salamo sahari, dan batino dapek masuak estrus babarapo kali samusim, tapi interval antaro satiok siklus indak dikatahui. <ref name="Curry">{{Cite book|last=Curry, E.|year=2021|chapter=Reproductive biology of the Red Panda|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=119–138|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Sairiang jo dimulainyo musim bakambang biak, jantan jo batino labiah banyak bainteraksi, istirahat, bagerak, jo makan dakek satu samo lain. Padusi dalam estrus akan labiah banyak wakatu untuak manandoi wilayah, dan jantan akan mamareso daerah anogenitalnyo. == Rujuakan == <references /> 58qfk354mwkwpolxjjzi5v2npa1zcy3 3345372 3345371 2026-04-01T09:49:47Z Muhamri 13863 3345372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> Salamo [[Bermain (aktivitas)#Hewan lain|bacakak bamain-main]] jo bacakak agresif, individu malengkungkan pungguang jo ikuanyo sambia manggarikkan kapalonyo lambek-lambek ka ateh jo ka bawah. Inyo kamudian mambaliakkan kapalo sambia mangapik rahang, manggarikkan kapalo ka sampiang, jo maangkek kaki muko untuak manyarang. Inyo tagak jo kaki balakang, maangkek kaki muko ka ateh kapalo, sudah tu mancogok. Duo panda merah mungkin saliang "manatap" dari jauah. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Reproduksi jo pangasuahan == [[Berkas:Two_Red_Panda_Cubs_in_the_Tree_01.jpg|jmpl|Duo anak panda merah tabang di batang kayu di Taman Nasional Langtang, Nepal]]Panda merah adolah paternak [[Fotoperiodisme#Hewan|nan panjang hari]], bakambang biak sasudah [[Titik balik matahari musim dingin|titik baliak matoari musim dingin]] sairiang jo cahayo siang nan batambah panjang. Dek karano itu kawin tajadi dari bulan Januari sampai Maret, jo kalahiran tajadi dari bulan Mei sampai Agustus. Reproduksi ditunda anam bulan untuak panda nan ditawan di Balahan Bumi Selatan. [[Estrus]] balangsuang salamo sahari, dan batino dapek masuak estrus babarapo kali samusim, tapi interval antaro satiok siklus indak dikatahui. <ref name="Curry">{{Cite book|last=Curry, E.|year=2021|chapter=Reproductive biology of the Red Panda|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=119–138|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Sairiang jo dimulainyo musim bakambang biak, jantan jo batino labiah banyak bainteraksi, istirahat, bagerak, jo makan dakek satu samo lain. Padusi dalam estrus akan labiah banyak wakatu untuak manandoi wilayah, dan jantan akan mamareso daerah anogenitalnyo. Padusi nan reseptif akan manggarik-garik ikuanyo jo mamposisikan dirinyo dalam pose [[Perilaku lordosis|lordosis]], jo anggota tubuah mukonyo nan diturunkan ka tanah jo tulang balakangnyo nan melengkung. == Rujuakan == <references /> 6l8h4kp8y0ao0tby9a5fvqpkuoluzcc 3345373 3345372 2026-04-01T09:50:15Z Muhamri 13863 3345373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> Salamo [[Bermain (aktivitas)#Hewan lain|bacakak bamain-main]] jo bacakak agresif, individu malengkungkan pungguang jo ikuanyo sambia manggarikkan kapalonyo lambek-lambek ka ateh jo ka bawah. Inyo kamudian mambaliakkan kapalo sambia mangapik rahang, manggarikkan kapalo ka sampiang, jo maangkek kaki muko untuak manyarang. Inyo tagak jo kaki balakang, maangkek kaki muko ka ateh kapalo, sudah tu mancogok. Duo panda merah mungkin saliang "manatap" dari jauah. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Reproduksi jo pangasuahan == [[Berkas:Two_Red_Panda_Cubs_in_the_Tree_01.jpg|jmpl|Duo anak panda merah tabang di batang kayu di Taman Nasional Langtang, Nepal]]Panda merah adolah paternak [[Fotoperiodisme#Hewan|nan panjang hari]], bakambang biak sasudah [[Titik balik matahari musim dingin|titik baliak matoari musim dingin]] sairiang jo cahayo siang nan batambah panjang. Dek karano itu kawin tajadi dari bulan Januari sampai Maret, jo kalahiran tajadi dari bulan Mei sampai Agustus. Reproduksi ditunda anam bulan untuak panda nan ditawan di Balahan Bumi Selatan. [[Estrus]] balangsuang salamo sahari, dan batino dapek masuak estrus babarapo kali samusim, tapi interval antaro satiok siklus indak dikatahui. <ref name="Curry">{{Cite book|last=Curry, E.|year=2021|chapter=Reproductive biology of the Red Panda|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=119–138|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Sairiang jo dimulainyo musim bakambang biak, jantan jo batino labiah banyak bainteraksi, istirahat, bagerak, jo makan dakek satu samo lain. Padusi dalam estrus akan labiah banyak wakatu untuak manandoi wilayah, dan jantan akan mamareso daerah anogenitalnyo. Padusi nan reseptif akan manggarik-garik ikuanyo jo mamposisikan dirinyo dalam pose [[Perilaku lordosis|lordosis]], jo anggota tubuah mukonyo nan diturunkan ka tanah jo tulang balakangnyo nan melengkung. [[Sanggama|Kopulasi]] malibaikkan jantan mamasang batino dari balakang jo di ateh, walaupun kawin tatap muko jo kawin paruik-ka-pungguang sambia barado di sampiangnyo juo tajadi. == Rujuakan == <references /> lrgkfjztohyl3l7uo0s1gzlhdovd7lg 3345374 3345373 2026-04-01T09:50:59Z Muhamri 13863 3345374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> Salamo [[Bermain (aktivitas)#Hewan lain|bacakak bamain-main]] jo bacakak agresif, individu malengkungkan pungguang jo ikuanyo sambia manggarikkan kapalonyo lambek-lambek ka ateh jo ka bawah. Inyo kamudian mambaliakkan kapalo sambia mangapik rahang, manggarikkan kapalo ka sampiang, jo maangkek kaki muko untuak manyarang. Inyo tagak jo kaki balakang, maangkek kaki muko ka ateh kapalo, sudah tu mancogok. Duo panda merah mungkin saliang "manatap" dari jauah. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Reproduksi jo pangasuahan == [[Berkas:Two_Red_Panda_Cubs_in_the_Tree_01.jpg|jmpl|Duo anak panda merah tabang di batang kayu di Taman Nasional Langtang, Nepal]]Panda merah adolah paternak [[Fotoperiodisme#Hewan|nan panjang hari]], bakambang biak sasudah [[Titik balik matahari musim dingin|titik baliak matoari musim dingin]] sairiang jo cahayo siang nan batambah panjang. Dek karano itu kawin tajadi dari bulan Januari sampai Maret, jo kalahiran tajadi dari bulan Mei sampai Agustus. Reproduksi ditunda anam bulan untuak panda nan ditawan di Balahan Bumi Selatan. [[Estrus]] balangsuang salamo sahari, dan batino dapek masuak estrus babarapo kali samusim, tapi interval antaro satiok siklus indak dikatahui. <ref name="Curry">{{Cite book|last=Curry, E.|year=2021|chapter=Reproductive biology of the Red Panda|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=119–138|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Sairiang jo dimulainyo musim bakambang biak, jantan jo batino labiah banyak bainteraksi, istirahat, bagerak, jo makan dakek satu samo lain. Padusi dalam estrus akan labiah banyak wakatu untuak manandoi wilayah, dan jantan akan mamareso daerah anogenitalnyo. Padusi nan reseptif akan manggarik-garik ikuanyo jo mamposisikan dirinyo dalam pose [[Perilaku lordosis|lordosis]], jo anggota tubuah mukonyo nan diturunkan ka tanah jo tulang balakangnyo nan melengkung. [[Sanggama|Kopulasi]] malibaikkan jantan mamasang batino dari balakang jo di ateh, walaupun kawin tatap muko jo kawin paruik-ka-pungguang sambia barado di sampiangnyo juo tajadi. Nan jantan akan mangganggam sisi batino jo kaki mukonyo daripado manggigik langannyo. Intromisi balangsuang salamo 2-25 minik, jo pasangan [[Perawatan sosial|saliang manyalidiki]] antaro putaran. <ref name="Curry" /> == Rujuakan == <references /> 4sbtqar8ypqknunxzeet5ykyo57nk1c 3345375 3345374 2026-04-01T09:52:24Z Muhamri 13863 3345375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> Salamo [[Bermain (aktivitas)#Hewan lain|bacakak bamain-main]] jo bacakak agresif, individu malengkungkan pungguang jo ikuanyo sambia manggarikkan kapalonyo lambek-lambek ka ateh jo ka bawah. Inyo kamudian mambaliakkan kapalo sambia mangapik rahang, manggarikkan kapalo ka sampiang, jo maangkek kaki muko untuak manyarang. Inyo tagak jo kaki balakang, maangkek kaki muko ka ateh kapalo, sudah tu mancogok. Duo panda merah mungkin saliang "manatap" dari jauah. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Reproduksi jo pangasuahan == [[Berkas:Two_Red_Panda_Cubs_in_the_Tree_01.jpg|jmpl|Duo anak panda merah tabang di batang kayu di Taman Nasional Langtang, Nepal]]Panda merah adolah paternak [[Fotoperiodisme#Hewan|nan panjang hari]], bakambang biak sasudah [[Titik balik matahari musim dingin|titik baliak matoari musim dingin]] sairiang jo cahayo siang nan batambah panjang. Dek karano itu kawin tajadi dari bulan Januari sampai Maret, jo kalahiran tajadi dari bulan Mei sampai Agustus. Reproduksi ditunda anam bulan untuak panda nan ditawan di Balahan Bumi Selatan. [[Estrus]] balangsuang salamo sahari, dan batino dapek masuak estrus babarapo kali samusim, tapi interval antaro satiok siklus indak dikatahui. <ref name="Curry">{{Cite book|last=Curry, E.|year=2021|chapter=Reproductive biology of the Red Panda|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=119–138|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Sairiang jo dimulainyo musim bakambang biak, jantan jo batino labiah banyak bainteraksi, istirahat, bagerak, jo makan dakek satu samo lain. Padusi dalam estrus akan labiah banyak wakatu untuak manandoi wilayah, dan jantan akan mamareso daerah anogenitalnyo. Padusi nan reseptif akan manggarik-garik ikuanyo jo mamposisikan dirinyo dalam pose [[Perilaku lordosis|lordosis]], jo anggota tubuah mukonyo nan diturunkan ka tanah jo tulang balakangnyo nan melengkung. [[Sanggama|Kopulasi]] malibaikkan jantan mamasang batino dari balakang jo di ateh, walaupun kawin tatap muko jo kawin paruik-ka-pungguang sambia barado di sampiangnyo juo tajadi. Nan jantan akan mangganggam sisi batino jo kaki mukonyo daripado manggigik langannyo. Intromisi balangsuang salamo 2-25 minik, jo pasangan [[Perawatan sosial|saliang manyalidiki]] antaro putaran. <ref name="Curry" /> [[Gestasi|Maso kahamilan]] balangsuang sakitar 131 hari. <ref name="Roberts1979">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=M. S.|last2=Kessler|first2=D. S.|year=1979|title=Reproduction in Red pandas, ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora: Ailuropodidae)|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=188|issue=2|pages=235–249|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03402.x}}</ref> Sabalun malahiakan, batino mamiliah tampek sarang, sarupo pohon, batang kayu atau tunggua nan barongga, atau celah batu, jo mambangun sarang manggunoan bahan dari daerah sakitarnyo, sarupo rantiang, tungkek, dahan, karipik kulik kayu, daun, rumpuik, jo lumut. <ref name="Gebauer" /> == Rujuakan == <references /> skka4s7kc0f4zzk9y7j4murgdj8jn3e 3345376 3345375 2026-04-01T09:52:58Z Muhamri 13863 3345376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> Salamo [[Bermain (aktivitas)#Hewan lain|bacakak bamain-main]] jo bacakak agresif, individu malengkungkan pungguang jo ikuanyo sambia manggarikkan kapalonyo lambek-lambek ka ateh jo ka bawah. Inyo kamudian mambaliakkan kapalo sambia mangapik rahang, manggarikkan kapalo ka sampiang, jo maangkek kaki muko untuak manyarang. Inyo tagak jo kaki balakang, maangkek kaki muko ka ateh kapalo, sudah tu mancogok. Duo panda merah mungkin saliang "manatap" dari jauah. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Reproduksi jo pangasuahan == [[Berkas:Two_Red_Panda_Cubs_in_the_Tree_01.jpg|jmpl|Duo anak panda merah tabang di batang kayu di Taman Nasional Langtang, Nepal]]Panda merah adolah paternak [[Fotoperiodisme#Hewan|nan panjang hari]], bakambang biak sasudah [[Titik balik matahari musim dingin|titik baliak matoari musim dingin]] sairiang jo cahayo siang nan batambah panjang. Dek karano itu kawin tajadi dari bulan Januari sampai Maret, jo kalahiran tajadi dari bulan Mei sampai Agustus. Reproduksi ditunda anam bulan untuak panda nan ditawan di Balahan Bumi Selatan. [[Estrus]] balangsuang salamo sahari, dan batino dapek masuak estrus babarapo kali samusim, tapi interval antaro satiok siklus indak dikatahui. <ref name="Curry">{{Cite book|last=Curry, E.|year=2021|chapter=Reproductive biology of the Red Panda|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=119–138|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Sairiang jo dimulainyo musim bakambang biak, jantan jo batino labiah banyak bainteraksi, istirahat, bagerak, jo makan dakek satu samo lain. Padusi dalam estrus akan labiah banyak wakatu untuak manandoi wilayah, dan jantan akan mamareso daerah anogenitalnyo. Padusi nan reseptif akan manggarik-garik ikuanyo jo mamposisikan dirinyo dalam pose [[Perilaku lordosis|lordosis]], jo anggota tubuah mukonyo nan diturunkan ka tanah jo tulang balakangnyo nan melengkung. [[Sanggama|Kopulasi]] malibaikkan jantan mamasang batino dari balakang jo di ateh, walaupun kawin tatap muko jo kawin paruik-ka-pungguang sambia barado di sampiangnyo juo tajadi. Nan jantan akan mangganggam sisi batino jo kaki mukonyo daripado manggigik langannyo. Intromisi balangsuang salamo 2-25 minik, jo pasangan [[Perawatan sosial|saliang manyalidiki]] antaro putaran. <ref name="Curry" /> [[Gestasi|Maso kahamilan]] balangsuang sakitar 131 hari. <ref name="Roberts1979">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=M. S.|last2=Kessler|first2=D. S.|year=1979|title=Reproduction in Red pandas, ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora: Ailuropodidae)|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=188|issue=2|pages=235–249|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03402.x}}</ref> Sabalun malahiakan, batino mamiliah tampek sarang, sarupo pohon, batang kayu atau tunggua nan barongga, atau celah batu, jo mambangun sarang manggunoan bahan dari daerah sakitarnyo, sarupo rantiang, tungkek, dahan, karipik kulik kayu, daun, rumpuik, jo lumut. <ref name="Gebauer" /> [[Kelahiran (zoologi)|Litters]] biasonyo tadiri dari ciek inggo ampek anak, nan lahia babulu panuah tapi buto. Inyo sapanuahnyo tagantuang pado induaknyo salamo tigo inggo ampek bulan partamo sampai inyo partamo kali kalua dari kandang. == Rujuakan == <references /> ngzr3epc9k1hebnulb2c6ah0xhju0is 3345377 3345376 2026-04-01T09:53:31Z Muhamri 13863 3345377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> Salamo [[Bermain (aktivitas)#Hewan lain|bacakak bamain-main]] jo bacakak agresif, individu malengkungkan pungguang jo ikuanyo sambia manggarikkan kapalonyo lambek-lambek ka ateh jo ka bawah. Inyo kamudian mambaliakkan kapalo sambia mangapik rahang, manggarikkan kapalo ka sampiang, jo maangkek kaki muko untuak manyarang. Inyo tagak jo kaki balakang, maangkek kaki muko ka ateh kapalo, sudah tu mancogok. Duo panda merah mungkin saliang "manatap" dari jauah. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Reproduksi jo pangasuahan == [[Berkas:Two_Red_Panda_Cubs_in_the_Tree_01.jpg|jmpl|Duo anak panda merah tabang di batang kayu di Taman Nasional Langtang, Nepal]]Panda merah adolah paternak [[Fotoperiodisme#Hewan|nan panjang hari]], bakambang biak sasudah [[Titik balik matahari musim dingin|titik baliak matoari musim dingin]] sairiang jo cahayo siang nan batambah panjang. Dek karano itu kawin tajadi dari bulan Januari sampai Maret, jo kalahiran tajadi dari bulan Mei sampai Agustus. Reproduksi ditunda anam bulan untuak panda nan ditawan di Balahan Bumi Selatan. [[Estrus]] balangsuang salamo sahari, dan batino dapek masuak estrus babarapo kali samusim, tapi interval antaro satiok siklus indak dikatahui. <ref name="Curry">{{Cite book|last=Curry, E.|year=2021|chapter=Reproductive biology of the Red Panda|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=119–138|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Sairiang jo dimulainyo musim bakambang biak, jantan jo batino labiah banyak bainteraksi, istirahat, bagerak, jo makan dakek satu samo lain. Padusi dalam estrus akan labiah banyak wakatu untuak manandoi wilayah, dan jantan akan mamareso daerah anogenitalnyo. Padusi nan reseptif akan manggarik-garik ikuanyo jo mamposisikan dirinyo dalam pose [[Perilaku lordosis|lordosis]], jo anggota tubuah mukonyo nan diturunkan ka tanah jo tulang balakangnyo nan melengkung. [[Sanggama|Kopulasi]] malibaikkan jantan mamasang batino dari balakang jo di ateh, walaupun kawin tatap muko jo kawin paruik-ka-pungguang sambia barado di sampiangnyo juo tajadi. Nan jantan akan mangganggam sisi batino jo kaki mukonyo daripado manggigik langannyo. Intromisi balangsuang salamo 2-25 minik, jo pasangan [[Perawatan sosial|saliang manyalidiki]] antaro putaran. <ref name="Curry" /> [[Gestasi|Maso kahamilan]] balangsuang sakitar 131 hari. <ref name="Roberts1979">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=M. S.|last2=Kessler|first2=D. S.|year=1979|title=Reproduction in Red pandas, ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora: Ailuropodidae)|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=188|issue=2|pages=235–249|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03402.x}}</ref> Sabalun malahiakan, batino mamiliah tampek sarang, sarupo pohon, batang kayu atau tunggua nan barongga, atau celah batu, jo mambangun sarang manggunoan bahan dari daerah sakitarnyo, sarupo rantiang, tungkek, dahan, karipik kulik kayu, daun, rumpuik, jo lumut. <ref name="Gebauer" /> [[Kelahiran (zoologi)|Litters]] biasonyo tadiri dari ciek inggo ampek anak, nan lahia babulu panuah tapi buto. Inyo sapanuahnyo tagantuang pado induaknyo salamo tigo inggo ampek bulan partamo sampai inyo partamo kali kalua dari kandang. Mereka manyusui salamo limo bulan partamo. <ref name="Roberts19792">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=M. S.|last2=Kessler|first2=D. S.|year=1979|title=Reproduction in Red pandas, ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora: Ailuropodidae)|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=188|issue=2|pages=235–249|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03402.x}}</ref> Ikatan antaro induak jo anaknyo balangsuang sampai musim kawin barikuiknyo. Anak-anaknyo tumbuah panuah pado umua sakitar 12 bulan dan pado umua sakitar 18 bulan inyo mancapai [[Kematangan seksual|kamatangan seksual]] . <ref name="roberts+gittleman2">{{Cite journal|date=1984|journal=Mammalian Species|pages=1–8|doi=10.2307/3503840|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|issue=222|jstor=3503840|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|access-date=1 December 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> sabmvj1g0c2l3wunwkq7kdcidyx5qdh 3345378 3345377 2026-04-01T09:56:09Z Muhamri 13863 3345378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> Salamo [[Bermain (aktivitas)#Hewan lain|bacakak bamain-main]] jo bacakak agresif, individu malengkungkan pungguang jo ikuanyo sambia manggarikkan kapalonyo lambek-lambek ka ateh jo ka bawah. Inyo kamudian mambaliakkan kapalo sambia mangapik rahang, manggarikkan kapalo ka sampiang, jo maangkek kaki muko untuak manyarang. Inyo tagak jo kaki balakang, maangkek kaki muko ka ateh kapalo, sudah tu mancogok. Duo panda merah mungkin saliang "manatap" dari jauah. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Reproduksi jo pangasuahan == [[Berkas:Two_Red_Panda_Cubs_in_the_Tree_01.jpg|jmpl|Duo anak panda merah tabang di batang kayu di Taman Nasional Langtang, Nepal]]Panda merah adolah paternak [[Fotoperiodisme#Hewan|nan panjang hari]], bakambang biak sasudah [[Titik balik matahari musim dingin|titik baliak matoari musim dingin]] sairiang jo cahayo siang nan batambah panjang. Dek karano itu kawin tajadi dari bulan Januari sampai Maret, jo kalahiran tajadi dari bulan Mei sampai Agustus. Reproduksi ditunda anam bulan untuak panda nan ditawan di Balahan Bumi Selatan. [[Estrus]] balangsuang salamo sahari, dan batino dapek masuak estrus babarapo kali samusim, tapi interval antaro satiok siklus indak dikatahui. <ref name="Curry">{{Cite book|last=Curry, E.|year=2021|chapter=Reproductive biology of the Red Panda|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=119–138|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Sairiang jo dimulainyo musim bakambang biak, jantan jo batino labiah banyak bainteraksi, istirahat, bagerak, jo makan dakek satu samo lain. Padusi dalam estrus akan labiah banyak wakatu untuak manandoi wilayah, dan jantan akan mamareso daerah anogenitalnyo. Padusi nan reseptif akan manggarik-garik ikuanyo jo mamposisikan dirinyo dalam pose [[Perilaku lordosis|lordosis]], jo anggota tubuah mukonyo nan diturunkan ka tanah jo tulang balakangnyo nan melengkung. [[Sanggama|Kopulasi]] malibaikkan jantan mamasang batino dari balakang jo di ateh, walaupun kawin tatap muko jo kawin paruik-ka-pungguang sambia barado di sampiangnyo juo tajadi. Nan jantan akan mangganggam sisi batino jo kaki mukonyo daripado manggigik langannyo. Intromisi balangsuang salamo 2-25 minik, jo pasangan [[Perawatan sosial|saliang manyalidiki]] antaro putaran. <ref name="Curry" /> [[Gestasi|Maso kahamilan]] balangsuang sakitar 131 hari. <ref name="Roberts1979">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=M. S.|last2=Kessler|first2=D. S.|year=1979|title=Reproduction in Red pandas, ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora: Ailuropodidae)|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=188|issue=2|pages=235–249|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03402.x}}</ref> Sabalun malahiakan, batino mamiliah tampek sarang, sarupo pohon, batang kayu atau tunggua nan barongga, atau celah batu, jo mambangun sarang manggunoan bahan dari daerah sakitarnyo, sarupo rantiang, tungkek, dahan, karipik kulik kayu, daun, rumpuik, jo lumut. <ref name="Gebauer" /> [[Kelahiran (zoologi)|Litters]] biasonyo tadiri dari ciek inggo ampek anak, nan lahia babulu panuah tapi buto. Inyo sapanuahnyo tagantuang pado induaknyo salamo tigo inggo ampek bulan partamo sampai inyo partamo kali kalua dari kandang. Mereka manyusui salamo limo bulan partamo. <ref name="Roberts1979" /> Ikatan antaro induak jo anaknyo balangsuang sampai musim kawin barikuiknyo. Anak-anaknyo tumbuah panuah pado umua sakitar 12 bulan dan pado umua sakitar 18 bulan inyo mancapai [[Kematangan seksual|kamatangan seksual]] . <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Rujuakan == <references /> laaajy01szeley9m4t2td67vwsjtrn8 3345379 3345378 2026-04-01T09:57:28Z Muhamri 13863 3345379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> Salamo [[Bermain (aktivitas)#Hewan lain|bacakak bamain-main]] jo bacakak agresif, individu malengkungkan pungguang jo ikuanyo sambia manggarikkan kapalonyo lambek-lambek ka ateh jo ka bawah. Inyo kamudian mambaliakkan kapalo sambia mangapik rahang, manggarikkan kapalo ka sampiang, jo maangkek kaki muko untuak manyarang. Inyo tagak jo kaki balakang, maangkek kaki muko ka ateh kapalo, sudah tu mancogok. Duo panda merah mungkin saliang "manatap" dari jauah. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Reproduksi jo pangasuahan == [[Berkas:Two_Red_Panda_Cubs_in_the_Tree_01.jpg|jmpl|Duo anak panda merah tabang di batang kayu di Taman Nasional Langtang, Nepal]]Panda merah adolah paternak [[Fotoperiodisme#Hewan|nan panjang hari]], bakambang biak sasudah [[Titik balik matahari musim dingin|titik baliak matoari musim dingin]] sairiang jo cahayo siang nan batambah panjang. Dek karano itu kawin tajadi dari bulan Januari sampai Maret, jo kalahiran tajadi dari bulan Mei sampai Agustus. Reproduksi ditunda anam bulan untuak panda nan ditawan di Balahan Bumi Selatan. [[Estrus]] balangsuang salamo sahari, dan batino dapek masuak estrus babarapo kali samusim, tapi interval antaro satiok siklus indak dikatahui. <ref name="Curry">{{Cite book|last=Curry, E.|year=2021|chapter=Reproductive biology of the Red Panda|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=119–138|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Sairiang jo dimulainyo musim bakambang biak, jantan jo batino labiah banyak bainteraksi, istirahat, bagerak, jo makan dakek satu samo lain. Padusi dalam estrus akan labiah banyak wakatu untuak manandoi wilayah, dan jantan akan mamareso daerah anogenitalnyo. Padusi nan reseptif akan manggarik-garik ikuanyo jo mamposisikan dirinyo dalam pose [[Perilaku lordosis|lordosis]], jo anggota tubuah mukonyo nan diturunkan ka tanah jo tulang balakangnyo nan melengkung. [[Sanggama|Kopulasi]] malibaikkan jantan mamasang batino dari balakang jo di ateh, walaupun kawin tatap muko jo kawin paruik-ka-pungguang sambia barado di sampiangnyo juo tajadi. Nan jantan akan mangganggam sisi batino jo kaki mukonyo daripado manggigik langannyo. Intromisi balangsuang salamo 2-25 minik, jo pasangan [[Perawatan sosial|saliang manyalidiki]] antaro putaran. <ref name="Curry" /> [[Gestasi|Maso kahamilan]] balangsuang sakitar 131 hari. <ref name="Roberts1979">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=M. S.|last2=Kessler|first2=D. S.|year=1979|title=Reproduction in Red pandas, ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora: Ailuropodidae)|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=188|issue=2|pages=235–249|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03402.x}}</ref> Sabalun malahiakan, batino mamiliah tampek sarang, sarupo pohon, batang kayu atau tunggua nan barongga, atau celah batu, jo mambangun sarang manggunoan bahan dari daerah sakitarnyo, sarupo rantiang, tungkek, dahan, karipik kulik kayu, daun, rumpuik, jo lumut. <ref name="Gebauer" /> [[Kelahiran (zoologi)|Litters]] biasonyo tadiri dari ciek inggo ampek anak, nan lahia babulu panuah tapi buto. Inyo sapanuahnyo tagantuang pado induaknyo salamo tigo inggo ampek bulan partamo sampai inyo partamo kali kalua dari kandang. Mereka manyusui salamo limo bulan partamo. <ref name="Roberts1979" /> Ikatan antaro induak jo anaknyo balangsuang sampai musim kawin barikuiknyo. Anak-anaknyo tumbuah panuah pado umua sakitar 12 bulan dan pado umua sakitar 18 bulan inyo mancapai [[Kematangan seksual|kamatangan seksual]] . <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Duo anak panda nan bakerah radio di Nepal timur tapisah dari induaknyo pado umua 7–8 bulan dan maninggaan daerah lahianyo tigo minggu kamudian. Mareka mancapai jangkauan rumah baru dalam wakatu 26–42 hari dan manjadi panduduak tatap sasudah bakaliaran salamo 42–44 hari. <ref name="Bista_al2021b" /> == Rujuakan == <references /> cbp9dna7b3c76rf55ro01fjui64j8zx 3345380 3345379 2026-04-01T09:58:11Z Muhamri 13863 3345380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|fossil_range={{fossil range|Pleistosen|Kini}}|image=Red Panda (24986761703).jpg|status=EN|subdivision_ranks=Subspesies|subdivision=''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/> ''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref>|range_map=RedPanda distribution.png|range_map_caption=Wilayah persebaran panda merah}} '''Panda merah''' ( '''''Ailurus fulgens''''' ), disabuik juo '''panda ketek''', adolah [[Binatang manyusuan|mamalia]] ketek nan barasa dari [[Himalaya timur|timur Himalaya]] jo [[Tiongkok barat daya|Cino barat daya]]. nyo mampunyoi bulu padek, bawarna coklat kamerahan jo paruik jo kaki hitam, talingo babingkai putiah, muncuang nan kabanyakan putiah, jo ikua nan bapita. Panjang kapalo-ka-badannyo 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 di) jo ikua panjang 28–48,5 di, jo bareknyo bakisar antaro 3,2 hingga 15 kg (7,1 sampai 33,1). Inyo manyasuaian diri jo baiak untuak mamanjek dek pasandiannyo nan fleksibel jo cakarnyo nan malengkung jo satangah tarik. Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] sacaro resmi pado taun 1825. Duo subspesies nan diakui, iyolah panda merah Himalaya jo panda merah Cino, mangalami [[divergensi genetik]] sakitar 250.000 taun nan lalu. Posisi panda merah pado [[Pohon filogenetika|pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan, tapi bukti genetik modern malatakkannyo bakaik dakek jo [[Procyonidae|rakun]], [[Mustelidae|mink]], jo [[Mephitidae|Siguang]]. ndak bakaik dakek jo [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan marupoan jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]], walaupun kaduonyo punyo tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang atau " [[Tulang sesamoid#Hewan lain|jari tunjuak palsu]] " nan digunoan untuak mangganggam [[Bambu|buluah]]. [[Garis keturunan (evolusi)|Garih katurunan]] evolusi panda merah ( [[Ailuridae]] ) tabantang sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta taun nan lalu, sarupo nan ditunjukkan dek karabaik fosil punah nan tadapek di Eurasia jo Amerika Utara. Panda merah mandiami [[hutan runjung]], [[Hutan gugur daun iklim sedang dan hutan campur|hutan gugur beriklim sedang, jo hutan campuran]], labiah mamiliah lereng nan curam jo panutuik buluah padek dakek sumber aia. Inyo sunyi dan sabagian gadang [[Arboreal|ado di pohon]] . Makannyo tarutamo [[Rabuang|pucuak]] jo daun buluah, tapi juo buah-buahan jo bungo. Panda merah bakawin pado awal musim semi, jo batino malahiaan sampai ampek anak pado musim paneh. Inyo tarancam dek [[Perburuan liar|pamburuan liar]] jo [[Kerusakan habitat|parusakan]] habitat sarato [[Fragmentasi habitat|pacahan]] dek [[Deforestasi|panebangan hutan]] . Spesies ko alah tacantum sabagai [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] [[Spesies terancam|nan Tarancam Punah]] sajak 2015. Spesies ko dilinduangi di sadoalah [[Negara persebaran|nagara jangkauannyo]]. Program [[Konservasi berbasis masyarakat|konservasi babasis masyarakaik]] alah dimulai di [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], jo [[India Timur Laut|India timur lauik]] ; di Cino, binatang ko alah mandapek manfaat dari proyek-proyek [[konservasi alam]]. . Program [[Penangkaran|pambiakan tawanan]] daerah untuak panda merah alah didirikan di kabun binatang di saluruah dunia. Inyo alah ditampilkan dalam film animasi, video game, buku komik, jo sabagai namo parusahaan jo kalompok musik. == Etimologi == Asa usua namo ''panda'' indak pasti, tapi salah satu teori nan paliang mungkin adolah baso panda ko barasa dari kato [[Bahasa Nepal|Nepal]] "ponya". <ref name="Introduction2022">{{Cite book|last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|chapter=Introduction|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=xix–xxix|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Kato {{Lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''pajā'' atau {{Lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''pañjā'' bararti "bantalan kaki" jo "cakar". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner, R. L.|year=1931|title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner|location=London|chapter=पञ्जा pañjā|page=359|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes}}</ref> Kato Nepal "nigalya ponya" alah ditarjamahan sabagai "kaki buluah" dan dipakiroan sabagai namo Nepal untuak panda sirah. Dahulunyo hanyo disabuik ''panda'', dan marupoan satu-satunyo binatang nan dikenal jo namo iko salamo labiah dari 40 taun; kudian dikana sabagai ''panda merah'' atau ''panda ketek'' untuak mambedakannyo dari [[Panda|panda raksasa]], nan sacaro resmi digambarkan jo diagiah namo pado taun 1869. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> Namo genus ''Ailurus'' diambiak dari kato [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] αἴλουρος ''ailouros'' nan baarati 'kuciang'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Liddell, H. G.|last2=Scott, R.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Revised and augmented|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1940|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek|chapter=αἴλουρος|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek}}</ref> [[Nama spesies|Namo spesies]] ''fulgens'' barasa dari [[Bahasa Latin|kato Latin]] nan bararti 'bakilek, tarang'. <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis, C. T. A.|last2=Short, C.|title=Latin Dictionary|location=Oxford|year=1879|edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten|publisher=Clarendon Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la|chapter=fulgens|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la}}</ref> [[Berkas:Anh48_0368_1.jpg|al=Lukisan cat air seekor panda merah di atas dahan dengan tiga penggambaran terpisah dari cakar di bagian atas|jmpl|Sabuah lukisan cat aia panda merah nan ditugaskan dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] ca 1820 <ref name="Lowther2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lowther, D. A.|year=2021|title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=48|issue=2|pages=368–376|doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728}}</ref>]] Panda merah [[Deskripsi spesies|digambarkan]] jo diagiah namo pado taun 1825 dek [[Frederic Cuvier]], nan maagiah [[Nama ilmiah|namo ilmiahnyo]] Ailurus fulgens. Deskripsi Cuvier didasarkan pado [[spesimen zoologi]], tamasuak kulik, cakar, tulang rahang, jo gigi "dari pagunuangan di utara India", sarato catatan [[Alfred Duvaucel]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, F.|year=1825|chapter=Panda|page=LII 1–3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII|editor-last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.|title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle|volume=5|publisher=A. Belin|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="Introduction2022" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuvier, G.|year=1829|title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation|volume=1|publisher=Chez Déterville|location=Paris|chapter=''Le Panda éclatant''|page=138|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardwicke, T.|year=1827|title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up|journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|volume=XV|pages=161–165}}</ref> digambarkan sabalunnyo dek [[Thomas Hardwicke]] [[Oldfield Thomas|pado]] taun 1821, tapi makalahnyo indak ''ditabikan'' sampai taun [[Frederick William Styan|1827]] . di [[Sichuan]] . == Subspesies dan spesies == Panda merah moderen adolah [[Takson monotipik|satu-satunyo spesies nan diakui]] dalam genus ''Ailurus'' . Sacaro tradisional, inyo alah dibagi manjadi duo [[subspesies]]: panda merah Himalaya ( ''A.f. fulgens'' ) jo panda merah Cino ( ''A.f. styan'' ). Subspesies Himalaya mampunyoi bangunan nan labiah luruih, kaniang nan labiah ringan, jo rambuik [[Oker|baujuang oker]] di bagian bawah pungguang jo pungguang. Subspesies Cino mampunyoi kaniang nan labiah melengkung jo muncuang nan miring, bulu nan labiah kalam jo muko nan kurang putiah, jo kontras nan labiah tajam antaro cincin ikua. <ref name="taxonomy">{{Cite book|last=Groves, C.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=95–117|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Pado taun 2020, analisis genetik sampel panda merah manunjuakan baso populasi panda merah Himalaya jo Cino manyimpang labiah kurang 250.000 taun nan lalu. Para panaliti manyarankan baso kaduo subspesies ko harus diparatian sabagai spesies nan babeda. Panda sirah di Tibet tenggara jo Myanmar utara ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies ''styani'', sadangkan panda merah di Tibet selatan ditamukan marupoan bagian dari subspesies sampik ''fulgens'' . <ref name="Hu">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Thapa|first2=A.|last3=Fan|first3=H.|last4=Ma|first4=T.|last5=Wu|first5=Q.|last6=Ma|first6=S.|last7=Zhang|first7=D.|last8=Wang|first8=B.|last9=Li|first9=M.|last10=Yan|first10=L.|last11=Wei|first11=F.|year=2020|title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas|journal=Science Advances|volume=6|issue=9|bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751|pmc=7043915|pmid=32133395}}</ref> [[Pengurutan DNA|Urutan DNA]] dari 132 sampel feses panda merah nan dikumpuakan di [[India Timur Laut]] jo Cino juo mangungkapkan duo gugusan nan babeda, nan manunjuakan baso [[Sungai Brahmaputra|Sungai Siang]] mambantuak bateh antaro panda merah Himalaya jo Cino. <ref name="Joshi">{{Cite journal|last=Joshi, B. D.|last2=Dalui, S.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Mukherjee, T.|last5=Chandra, K.|last6=Sharma, L. K.|last7=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=121–124|doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y}}</ref> Kamungkinan gadang mareka manyimpang dek kajadian [[glasiasi]] di [[Dataran Tinggi Tibet]] selatan salamo [[Pleistosen]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Singh, S. K.|last3=Joshi, B. D.|last4=Ghosh, A.|last5=Basu, S.|last6=Khatri, H.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Chandra, K.|last9=Thakur, M.|year=2021|title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|page=65|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6|pmc=7794540|pmid=33420314|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Filogeni == Palatakan panda merah pado [[pohon evolusi]] alah diperdebatkan. Pado awal abaik ka-20, babagai ilmuwan malatakkannyo dalam [[Famili|kaluarga]] [[Procyonidae]] basamo-samo jo [[rakun]] jo karabaiknyo. Pado wakatu itu, kabanyakan ahli biologi tanamo juo maanggap panda merah bakaik jo panda raksasa, nan akhianyo diakui sabagai jinih [[Baribeh|baruak]]. Sabuah panalitian pado taun 1982 mamareso kasamoan jo pabedaan tangkurak panda merah jo panda raksasa, baruak, jo procyonida lainnyo, sarato malatakkan spesies ko dalam kaluarganyo surang, [[Ailuridae]]. Panulis panalitian ko maanggap panda merah labiah dakek jo baruak. <ref name="taxonomy" /> Analisis [[DNA mitokondria]] pado taun 1995 mangungkapkan baso panda sirah mampunyoi afinitas nan dakek jo Procyonidae. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last2=O'Brien, S. J.|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=The Journal of Heredity|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615|pmid=8568209}}</ref> Panalitian genetik labiah lanjuik pado taun 2005, 2018, jo 2021 alah malatakkan panda merah dalam [[Klad|clade]] [[Musteloidea]], nan juo tamasuak Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ( [[Cerpelai]] jo karabaiknyo), jo [[Mephitidae]] ( [[Sigung|skunk]] jo karabaiknyo). <ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal|last=Flynn, J. J.|last2=Finarelli, J. A.|last3=Zehr, S.|last4=Hsu, J.|last5=Nedbal, M. A.|year=2005|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=317–337|doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Law, C. J.|last2=Slater, G. J.|last3=Mehta, R. S.|date=2018|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal|last=Hassanin, A.|last2=Veron, G.|last3=Ropiquet, A.|last4=van Vuuren, B. J.|last5=Lécu, A.|last6=Goodman, S. M.|last7=Haider, J.|last8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=2|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770|pmc=7886153|pmid=33591975|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Catatan jo fosil == [[Berkas:Simocyon_batalleri_head.jpg|al=Gambar tengkorak (atas) dan kepala (bawah) hewan yang sudah punah|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi tangkurak jo kapalo ''[[Simocyon]]'', karabaik karnivora gadang awal panda merah moderen.]] Kaluarga Ailuridae tampaknyo bakambang di Eropa salamo [[Oligosen Akhir|Oligosen Akhia]] atau [[Miosen Awal]], sakitar 25 sampai 18 juta tahun nan lalu . Anggota paliang awal, ''[[Amphictis]]'', dikana dari tangkuraknyo nan panjangnyo 10 kaki. dan kamungkinan ukurannyo sarupo jo spesies moderen. [[Dentisi|Giginyo]] tadiri dari [[Premolar|gigi premolar]] nan tajam jo [[Gigi pemotong|gigi pamotong]] (P4 jo m1) sarato [[gigi geraham]] nan diadaptasi untuak digiliang (M1, M2 jo m2), nan manunjuakan makanan [[Karnivor|karnivora]] umum. Palatakannyo dalam Ailuridae didasarkan pado alur di sisi [[Gigi taring|gigi anjiangnyo]] . Ailurid awal atau [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]] lainnyo tamasuak ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' jo ''[[Simocyon]]'', nan fosilnyo tadapek di saluruah Eurasia jo Amerika Utara, dari [[Miosen Tengah|Miosen Tangah]], jo nan tarakhia batahan sampai [[Pliosen Awal]]. Kaduonyo punyo gigi nan sarupo jo ''Amphictis'' dan sahinggo punyo pola makan nan sarupo. <ref name="Salesa">{{Cite book|last=Salesa, M. J.|last2=Peigné, S.|last3=Antón, M.|last4=Morales, J.|year=2021|chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus''|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=15–29|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> ''Simocyon'' sagadang [[puma]] ko kamungkinan adolah pandaki pohon dan punyo "jempol palsu"—tulang pergelangan tangan nan panjang—sarupo jo spesies modern, nan manunjuakan baso lampirannyo marupoan adaptasi untuak [[lokomosi arboreal]] dan bukan untuak mamakan [[Bambu|buluah]] . <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Salesa|first=M. J.|last2=Mauricio|first2=A.|last3=Peigné|first3=S.|last4=Morales|first4=J.|year=2006|title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal=PNAS|volume=103|issue=2|pages=379–382|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmc=1326154|pmid=16387860|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ailurid nan kudian dan labiah [[Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi|baevolusi]] digolongkan dalam subfamili Ailurinae dan dikenal sabagai panda merah "sejati". Binatang-binatang iko labiah ketek jo labiah manyasuaian diri jo makanan [[Omnivor|omnivora]] atau [[Herbivor|herbivora]] . Panda sejati paliang awal nan dikatahui adolah ''[[Magerictis]]'' dari Miosen Tangah Spanyol dan dikatahui hanyo dari ciek gigi, gigi geraham kaduo nan labiah randah. Gigi ko manampilkan ciri-ciri niniak muyang jo nan baru-baru ko, jo [[Mahkota gigi|mahkota]] nan relatif randah jo sederhana tapi juo pamukoan nan manghancuakan nan mamanjang jo [[Bonjol (anatomi)|cusp]] nan bakambang sarupo spesies salanjuiknyo. <ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book|last=Wallace, S. C.|last2=Lyon, L.|year=2021|chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=31–52|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Ailurines salanjuiknyo tamasuak ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' nan iduik di bagian timur Amerika Utara dari Miosen Akhia hinggo Pliosen Awal <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004">{{Cite journal|last=Wallace|first=S. C.|last2=Wang|first2=X.|date=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257}}</ref> jo spesies dari genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' nan patamo kali muncua di Eropa pado Pliosen Awal, manyebar ka saluruah Amerika Utara jo ka Eurasia. <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tedford, R. H.|last2=Gustafson, E. P.|year=1977|title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus''|journal=Nature|volume=265|issue=5595|pages=621–623|bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T|doi=10.1038/265621a0}}</ref> Binatang iko diklasifikasikan sabagai [[Takson saudara|takson adiak]] dari garih katurunan panda merah modern. Babeda jo spesies herbivora moderen, panda kuno ko kamungkinan gadang marupoan omnivora, jo gigi geraham nan sangaik manjorok jo [[Geraham depan|gigi geraham]] nan tajam . <ref name="Wallace" /> <ref name="Wallace2004" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotnikova|first=M. V.|year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=42|issue=1|pages=90–99|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X}}</ref> Catatan fosil paliang awal dari genus ''Ailurus'' moderen indak labiah awal dari [[Pleistosen]] dan tampaknyo tabateh pado Asia. Garih katurunan panda merah modern diadaptasi untuak makanan buluah khusus, mampunyoi gigi premolar sarupo gigi geraham jo cusp nan labiah tinggi. <ref name="Wallace" /> Jempol palsu sacaro sekunder mandapekkan fungsi dalam mambari makan. <ref name="Salesa" /> <ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006" /> == Genomika == Analisis 53 sampel panda merah dari Sichuan jo Yunnan manunjuakan tingkek [[Keanekaragaman genetik|karagaman genetik]] nan tinggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su, B.|last2=Fu, Y.|last3=Wang, Y.|last4=Jin, L.|last5=Chakraborty, R.|year=2001|title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1070–1076|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878|pmid=11371595|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Genom]] langkok panda merah diuruik pado taun 2017. Para panaliti mambandiangkannyo jo genom panda raksasa untuak mampalajari genetika [[evolusi konvergen]], karano kaduo spesies ko mampunyoi jari tunjuak palsu jo diadaptasi untuak makanan bambu khusus walaupun mampunyoi sistem pencernaan karnivora. Kaduo panda ko manunjuakan modifikasi pado gen pambangunan anggota tubuah tatantu ( [[DYNC2H1]] jo [[PCNT]] ), nan mungkin baparan dalam pambangunan jari tunjuaknyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Y.|last2=Wu, Q.|last3=Ma, S.|last4=Ma, T.|last5=Shan, L.|last6=Wang, X.|last7=Nie, Y.|last8=Ning, Z.|last9=Yan, L.|last10=Xiu, Y.|last11=Wei, F.|year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|pmc=5293045|pmid=28096377|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalam transisi dari makanan karnivora ka herbivora, kaduo spesies ko alah maaktifkan baliak gen reseptor raso nan digunoan untuak mandeteksi [[Rasa pahit|raso paik]], walaupun gen spesifiknyo babeda. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shan|first=L.|last2=Wu|first2=Q.|last3=Wange|first3=L.|last4=Zhang|first4=L.|last5=Wei|first5=F.|year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=152–159|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291|pmc=5873442|pmid=29168616}}</ref> == Gambaran == [[Rambut hewan|Bulu]] panda merah kabanyakan bawarna sirah atau coklat oranye jo paruik jo kaki nan bawarna hitam. Moncong, pipi, alis mato, jo tapi talingo bagian dalam kabanyakan bawarna putiah, sadangkan ikuanyo nan samak-samak mampunyoi pola cincin merah jo [[Warna kulit (warna)|bungo]] sarato ujuangnyo bawarna coklat tua. <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Rebecca E.|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|publisher=Academic Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3|editor-last=Glatston|editor-first=Angela R.|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=81–93|chapter=Red Panda Anatomy|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2}}</ref> <ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts, M. S.|last2=Gittleman, J. L.|date=1984|title=''Ailurus fulgens''|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=222|pages=1–8|bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R|doi=10.2307/3503840|jstor=3503840|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Wozencraft">{{Cite book|editor-last=Xie, Y.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|last=Wozencraft, W. C.|chapter=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> Warna iko tampaknyo bafungsi sabagai [[kamuflase]] pado habitat jo [[Lumuik|lumut]] merah jo pohon nan tatutuik jo [[Lumut kerak|lichen]] putiah. [[Rambut pelindung|Rambuik panjago]] labiah panjang jo kasa, sadangkan [[Bulu#Rambut halus|rambuik bawah]] nan padek labiah haluih jo helai nan labiah pendek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Rambuik panjago di balakang mampunyoi panampang nan malingkar jo panjangnyo 47–56 . . Binatang ko punyo [[Misai|kumis]] nan cukuik panjang di sakitar muluik, rahang bawah, jo dagu. Rambuik di tapak kakinyo mambuliahan binatang ko bajalan di ateh salju. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi kapalo nan relatif ketek, walaupun sacaro proporsional labiah gadang daripado rakun nan ukurannyo sarupo, jo muncuang pendek jo talingo sagi tigo, sarato kaki nan ampia samo panjangnyo. <ref name="Fisher" /><ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Panjang kapalo-ka-badan adolah 51–63,5 cm (20,1-25,0 dalam) jo ikua panjang 28–485 11-191 di) . Panda sirah Himalaya alah tacataik bareknyo 3,2–94 kg., sadangkan panda merah Cino bareknyo 4–15 pon. untuak padusi jo 4,2–13,4 kg (9,3-29,5 pon) untuak nan laki-laki. <ref name="Fisher" /> Panda merah mampunyoi limo [[Jari|jari kaki]] nan malengkung pado satiok kaki, masiang-masiang dilangkoki jo cakar nan malengkung, satangah dapek ditariak nan mambantu dalam mandaki. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> [[Panggul]] jo anggota tubuah balakang mampunyoi pasandian nan fleksibel, adaptasi untuak gaya iduik bakaki ampek arboreal. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makungu|first=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M.|last3=Groenewald|first3=H. B.|last4=Barrows|first4=M.|last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N.|year=2015|title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography|journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia|volume=44|issue=6|pages=410–421|doi=10.1111/ahe.12152|pmid=25308447|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anggota mukonyo mampunyoi "jempol palsu," nan marupoan panyambuangan tulang pergelangan tangan, [[Tulang sesamoid|sesamoid]] radial nan tadapek pado banyak [[Carnivora]]. Jempol iko mamungkinkan binatang untuak mangganggam batang buluah, dan baiak jari jo tulang pergelangan tangan sangaik fleksibel. Panda merah mambagi ciri iko jo panda raksasa, nan mampunyoi sesamoid nan labiah gadang jo datar di sampiangnyo. Salain itu, sesamoid panda merah punyo ujuang nan labiah cembung, sadangkan sesamoid panda raksasa malengkung di tangah. Fitur-fitur iko mambarikan panda raksasa ketangkasan nan labiah bakambang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antón|first=M.|last2=Salesa|first2=M. J.|last3=Pastor|first3=J. F.|last4=Peigné|first4=S.|last5=Morales|first5=J.|year=2006|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmc=2049003|pmid=17118063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tangkurak panda merah ko leba, dan rahang bawahnyo kokoh. <ref name="Fisher" /> <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Namun, karano makan daun jo batang nan kurang tangguh, inyo punyo otot mangunyah nan labiah ketek daripado panda raksasa. Sistem pencernaan panda merah hanyo 4,2 kali panjang tubuahnyo, jo paruik sederhana, indak ado pambagian nan babeda antaro [[ileum]] jo [[Usus besar|usus gadang]], jo indak ado [[Sekum|cecum]]. <ref name="Fisher" /> Kaduo jinih kalamin mampunyoi sapasang [[Kelenjar anal|kelenjar dubur]] nan mangaluaan sekresi nan tadiri dari [[asam lemak]] barantai panjang, [[kolesterol]], [[skualena]], jo [[2-Piperidinon]] ; senyawa tarakhia ko paliang babaun dan dianggap dek manusia sabagai mampunyoi baun sarupo amonia atau sarupo lado. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=W. F.|last2=Dragoo|first2=G. A.|last3=Richard|first3=M. J.|last4=Dragoo|first4=J. W.|year=2003|title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1057–1060|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7}}</ref> == Persebaran jo habitat == [[Berkas:Red_Panda_at_Neora_Valley_National_Park_West_Bengal_India_2012.jpg|al=Panda merah di sebuah pohon|jmpl|Panda merah di [[Taman Nasional Lembah Neora|Taman Nasional Lambah Neora]]]] Panda merah mauni [[Nepal]], nagara bagian India [[Sikkim]], [[Benggala Barat]], jo [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]] selatan, [[Myanmar]] utara, jo provinsi Cino [[Sichuan]] jo [[Yunnan]]. Habitat potensial global panda merah dipakiroan mancakuik paliang banyak 47.100 km, habitat ko talatak di zona [[Iklim sedang|iklim beriklim sedang]] [[Pagunuangan Himalaya|Himalaya]] jo kisaran suhu rato-rato tahunan 18–24 °C (64-75 °F) . <ref name="Kandel_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, K.|last2=Huettmann, F.|last3=Suwal, M. K.|last4=Regmi, G. R.|last5=Nijman, V.|last6=Nekaris, K. A. I.|last7=Lama, S. T.|last8=Thapa, A.|last9=Sharma, H. P.|last10=Subedi, T. R.|year=2015|title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=181|pages=150–161|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007}}</ref> Di saluruah wilayah distribusi ko, binatang ko alah tacataik pado katinggian 2.000–4.300 m (6.600-14.100 kaki) . <ref name="Mallick2010">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick, J. K.|year=2010|title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=43|pages=30–36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=18 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Dorji, S.|last2=Rajaratnam, R.|last3=Vernes, K.|year=2012|title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations|journal=Oryx|volume=46|issue=4|pages=536–543|bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D|doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Thapa_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Thapa, K.|last2=Thapa, G. J.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Jnawali, S. R.|last5=Acharya, K. P.|last6=Khanal, K.|last7=Kandel, R. C.|last8=Karki Thapa, M.|last9=Shrestha, S.|last10=Lama, S. T.|last11=Sapkota, N. S.|year=2020|title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=12|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450|pmc=7740865|pmid=33306732|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dong_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Dong, X.|last2=Zhang, J.|last3=Gu, X.|last4=Wang, Y.|last5=Bai, W.|last6=Huang, Q.|year=2021|title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=28|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Lin_al2021">{{Cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|year=2021|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-823754-0|chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar|last=Lin, A. K.|last2=Lwin, N.|last3=Aung, S. S.|last4=Oo, W. N.|last5=Lum, L. Z.|last6=Grindley, M.|pages=475–488|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=04-01-2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475}}</ref> Di Nepal, tajadi di anam kompleks kawasan lindung dalam ekoregion [[Hutan berdaun lebar Himalaya Timur|hutan daun leba Himalaya Timur]].<ref name="Thapa_al2020" /> Catatan paliang barat sampai kini didapek di tigo [[Kehutanan masyarakat di Nepal|hutan komunitas]] di [[Distrik Kalikot|Kacamatan Kalikot]] pado 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrestha, S.|last2=Lama, S.|last3=Sherpa, A. P.|last4=Ghale, D.|last5=Lama, S. T.|year=2021|title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=5|pages=18156–18163|doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Distrik Ilam|Kacamatan]] [[Distrik Panchthar|Panchthar]] jo Ilam mawakili jangkauan paliang timur di nagara ko, di mano habitatnyo nan bahutan dikuliliangi dek kampuang, [[Padang rumput|tanah marambaik]], jo jalan. <ref name="Bista_al2021b">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Metapopulasi]] di kawasan lindung jo [[Koridor hidupan liar|koridor satwa liar]] di lanskap [[Kangchenjunga]] Sikkim jo utara Benggala Barat sabagian tahubuang malalui [[hutan primer]] di lua kawasan lindung. <ref name="Dalui_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dalui, S.|last2=Khatri, H.|last3=Singh, S. K.|last4=Basu, S.|last5=Ghosh, A.|last6=Mukherjee, T.|last7=Sharma, L. K.|last8=Singh, R.|last9=Chandra, K.|last10=Thakur, M.|year=2020|title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=15446|bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3|pmc=7508845|pmid=32963325|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hutan di lanskap iko didominasi dek kayu ek Himalaya ( ''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' jo ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]'' ), [[Betula utilis|kayu bir Himalaya]], [[Abies densa|cemara Himalaya]], [[Acer caesium|maple Himalaya]] jo buluah, ''[[Rhododendron]]'', jo babarapo samak [[Juniperus indica|juniper hitam]] nan tumbuah di [[Tumbuhan dasar hutan|bawah kayu]] .<ref name="Mallick2010" /> <ref name="Panthi_al2012">{{Cite journal|last=Panthi, S.|last2=Aryal, A.|last3=Raubenheimer, D.|last4=Lord, J.|last5=Adhikari, B.|year=2012|title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal|url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=51|issue=5|pages=701–709|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatiwara, S.|last2=Srivastava, T.|year=2014|title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India|url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|url-status=live|journal=Small Carnivore Conservation|volume=50|pages=35–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir, T.|last2=Bhattacharya, T.|last3=Poudyal, K.|last4=Sathyakumar, S.|year=2019|title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=8|pages=14056–14061|doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061|doi-access=free}}</ref> Catatan di Bhutan, [[Lembah Pangchen|Lambah Pangchen]] Arunachal Pradesh, jo kabupaten [[Distrik Kameng Barat|Kameng Barat]] jo [[Distrik Shi Yomi|Shi Yomi]] manunjuakan baso inyo acok manampuah habitat jo buluah ''[[Yushania]]'' jo ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''Rhododendron'' ukuran sadang, jo [[Sorbus|whitepin]] trees jo [[Castanopsis|chiqua]] . <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Chakraborty_al2015">{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty, R.|last2=Nahmo, L. T.|last3=Dutta, P. K.|last4=Srivastava, T.|last5=Mazumdar, K.|last6=Dorji, D.|year=2015|title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Mammalia|volume=79|issue=1|pages=25–32|doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megha, M.|last2=Christi, S.|last3=Kapoor, M.|last4=Gopal, R.|last5=Solanki, R.|year=2021|title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=13|issue=9|pages=19254–19262|doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di Cino, inyo mandiami [[Hutan runjung subalpen Pegunungan Hengduan|hutan runjung subalpine Pagunuangan Hengduan]] jo [[hutan runjung Qionglai-Minshan]] di Pagunuangan [[Pegunungan Hengduan|Hengduan]], [[Pegunungan Qionglai|Qionglai]], [[Pegunungan Xiaoxiang|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]], jo [[Pegunungan Liangshan|Liangshan]] Sichuan. <ref name="Dong_al2021" /> Di provinsi Yunnan nan badakek-an, hal iko alah tacataik hanyo di pagunuangan barat laut. <ref name="Wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=F.|last2=Feng|first2=Z.|last3=Wang|first3=Z.|last4=Hu|first4=J.|date=1999|title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=89|issue=3|pages=285–291|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li, F.|last2=Huang, X. Y.|last3=Zhang, X. C.|last4=Zhao, X. X.|last5=Yang, J. H.|last6=Chan, B. P. L.|year=2019|title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=11|pages=14402–14414|doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda sirah labiah suko jo [[Mikrohabitat|habitat mikro]] nan bajarak 70–240 m. dari sumber aia. <ref name="Wei_al2000">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2000|title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=81|issue=2|pages=448–455|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> <ref name="Dendup2018">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Lham, C.|last3=Wangchuk, J.|last4=Tshering, K.|year=2018|title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan|url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society|volume=3|pages=1–13|issn=2410-3861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Dendup_al2020">{{Cite journal|last=Dendup, P.|last2=Humle, T.|last3=Bista, D.|last4=Penjor, U.|last5=Lham, C.|last6=Gyeltshen, J.|year=2020|title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=10|issue=17|pages=9444–9453|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D|doi=10.1002/ece3.6632|pmc=7487235|pmid=32953073|doi-access=free}}</ref> Balak jo [[Tunggul pohon|tunggua pohon]] nan jatuah marupoan ciri habitat pantiang, karano mamudahkan akses ka daun buluah. <ref name="Zhang_al2006">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, Z.|last2=Wei, F.|last3=Li, M.|last4=Hu, J.|year=2006|title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=70|issue=1|pages=231–235|doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Panda merah alah tacataik manggunoan lereng nan curam jo gradien labiah gadang dari 20° jo tunggua labiah gadang dari 30 diameternyo. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Dendup2018" /> Panda merah nan diamati di [[Taman Nasional Phrumsengla]] tarutamo manggunoan lereng nan maadok ka timur jo selatan jo gradien rato-rato 34° jo panutuik [[Tajuk (biologi)|kanopi]] 66 persen nan ditutuik jo buluah sakitar 23 tingginyo. <ref name="Dorji_al2012" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Dafengding]], hewan ko labiah suko lereng nan curam maadok ka selatan pado musim dingin dan manghuni hutan jo buluah nan tingginyo 1,5–2,5 m. <ref name="Zhou_al2013">{{Cite journal|last=Zhou, X.|last2=Jiao, H.|last3=Dou, Y.|last4=Aryal, A.|last5=Hu, J.|last6=Hu, J.|last7=Meng, X.|year=2013|title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1425–1429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Gaoligongshan]], binatang ko manghuni hutan runjung campuran jo panutuik kanopi padek labiah dari 75 persen, lereng nan curam, jo kapadekan buluah sakurang-kurangnyo 70 tanaman bambu. <ref name="Liu_al2021">{{Cite journal|last=Liu, X.|last2=Teng, L.|last3=Ding, Y.|last4=Liu, Z.|year=2021|title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China|url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=54|issue=4|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Di babarapo bagian Cino, panda merah hiduik basamo jo panda raksasa. Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Yele|Cagar Alam Nasional]] [[Cagar Alam Nasional Fengtongzhai|Fengtongzhai]] jo Yele, mikrohabitat panda merah dicirikan jo lereng nan curam jo buluah nan malimpah, [[Batang tumbuhan|samak]] -samak, batang kayu nan jatuah, jo tunggua pohon, samantaro panda raksasa labiah suko lereng nan labiah lembut jo buluah nan labiah tinggi tapi kurang malimpah, jo fitur habitat nan labiah saketek sacaro kasaluruahan. [[Relung ekologi#Segregasi relung|Pamisahan relung]] sarupo iko mangurangi pasaingan antaro kaduo spesies pamakan buluah. <ref name="Wei" /> <ref name="Zhang_al2006" /> == Parilaku jo ekologi == Panda merah sulik diamati di alam liar, <ref name="Gebauer">{{Cite book|last=Gebauer, A.|year=2021|chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=149–179|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> dan sabagian gadang panalitian tantang parangainyo alah dilakukan dalam tawanan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karki|first=S.|last2=Maraseni|first2=T.|last3=Mackey|first3=B.|last4=Bista|first4=D.|last5=Lama|first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P.|last8=Koju|first8=A. P.|last9=Koju|first9=U.|last10=Shrestha|first10=A.|last11=Cadman|first11=T.|year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020)|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=781|bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659|pmid=33794452}}</ref> Panda merah tampaknyo [[nokturnal]] jo [[krepuskular]], [[Tidur bifasik dan polifasik|lalok baselang-seling]] pado malam hari. Inyo biasonyo istirahat atau lalok di pohon atau tampek tinggi lainnyo, tasebar di paruiknyo di dahan jo kakinyo manjuntai pado cuaco angek, dan mangguluang jo kaki balakangnyo manutuik mukonyo pado cuaco dingin. Inyo diadaptasi untuak mamanjek jo manurun kapalo ka tanah jo kaki balakangnyo nan mangganggam tangah batang kayu. Inyo bagerak kancang di tanah jo caro bajalan kaki atau malompek. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Jarak sosial == Panda dewasa umumnyo [[Hewan soliter|sunyi]] jo [[Teritori (hewan)|teritorial]] . Individu manandoi [[Daerah jelajah|jangkauan rumah]] atau bateh wilayahnyo jo urin, [[Feses|kotoran]], jo sekresi dari kelenjar [[Kelenjar anal|dubur]] jo sakitarnyo. Panandaan aroma biasonyo dilakukan di tanah, jo panandaan jantan labiah acok jo untuak wakatu nan labiah lamo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Di [[Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong]] Cino, jangkauan rumah padusi nan bakarah radio adolah 0,94 km , sadangkan jangkauan rumah jantan adolah 1,11 km. <ref name="Reid1991">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Sabuah panalitian pamantauan satahun pado sapuluah panda merah di Nepal timur manunjuakan baso ampek jantan mampunyoi jangkauan rumah median 1,73 km jo anam padusi nan mancakuik wilayah 0,94 km dalam panutuik hutan paliang indak 19,2 ha (47 hektar) . Padusi marantau 419–841 m (1.375-2.759 kaki) sahari jo laki-laki 660–1.473 m (2.165-4.833 kaki) . Salamo musim kawin dari Januari inggo Maret, panda dewasa manutuik rato-rato 795 m (2.608 ft) jo sub-dewasa rato-rato 861 m (2.825 kaki) . <ref name="Bista_al2021b2">{{Cite journal|last=Bista, D.|last2=Baxter, G. S.|last3=Hudson, N. J.|last4=Lama, S. T.|last5=Weerman, J.|last6=Murray, P. J.|year=2021|title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda|journal=Movement Ecology|volume=9|issue=1|page=62|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B|doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z|pmc=8670026|pmid=34906253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasadonyo mampunyoi jangkauan rumah nan labiah gadang di daerah jo panutuik hutan nan randah jo mangurangi aktivitasnyo di daerah nan digaduah dek manusia, taranak, jo anjiang. <ref name="Bista_al2021b2" /> == Pola jo caro makan == Panda merah sabagian gadang marupoan herbivora dan mamakan kabanyakan buluah, utamonyo dari genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'', jo ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijboer, J.|last2=Dierenfeld, E. S.|year=2021|chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=225–238|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Inyo juo mamakan buah-buahan, bungo, [[Biji ek|jeruk nipis]], talua, buruang, jo mamalia ketek. Daun buluah mungkin adolah barang makanan mareka nan paliang malimpah sapanjang tahun dan satu-satunyo makanan nan mareka punyo akses pado musim dingin. <ref name="ecology">{{Cite book|last=Wei, F.|last2=Thapa, A.|last3=Hu, Y.|last4=Zhang, Z.|year=2021|chapter=Red Panda ecology|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=329–351|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Di Cagar Alam Nasional Wolong, daun spesies buluah ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' ditamukan pado ampia 94 persen kotoran nan dianalisa, jo [[Rabuang|pucuaknyo]] ditamukan pado 59 persen kotoran nan ditamukan pado bulan Juni. <ref name="Reid19912">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=D. G.|last2=Jinchu|first2=H.|last3=Yan|first3=H.|year=1991|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=225|issue=3|pages=347–364|bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x}}</ref> Makan panda merah nan dipantau di tigo tampek di [[Taman Nasional Singalila]] salamo duo taun tadiri dari 40–83 persen buluah ''[[Yushania maling]]'' jo 51–91,2 persen ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'', {{Efn|''Arundinaria maling'' dan ''A. aristata'' yang dirujuk dalam sumber tersebut telah diklasifikasikan ulang ke dalam genus berbeda yang terdapat di Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} nan ditambah jo pucuak buluah, buah-buahan ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'', jo buah-buahan musiman. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=S.|last2=Saha|first2=G. K.|last3=Khan|first3=J. A.|year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=98|issue=1|pages=11–18|bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3}}</ref> Di taman nasional ko, kotoran panda merah juo manganduang siso-siso spesies [[Rosa sericea|mawar sutera]] jo [[Rubus|buah samak]] pado musim paneh, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' pado musim pasca-musim hujan, sarato ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' [[Sorbus|balok putiah]], jo [[Rhododendron arboreum|rhododendron pohon]] pado kaduo musim. Najis ditamukan manganduang 23 spesies tumbuahan tamasuak spesies [[Lithocarpus|ek batu]] ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|magnolia Campbell]], spesies [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', bir Himalaya, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'', jo spesies [[Ilex|holly]] ''[[Ilex fragilis]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roka, B.|last2=Jha, A. K.|last3=Chhetri, D. R.|year=2021|title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species|url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/|url-status=live|journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica|volume=7|pages=425–439|doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=04-01-2026|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di [[Taman Nasional Rara]] Nepal, ''Thamnocalamus'' ditamukan pado sadoalah kotoran nan dicontoh, baiak sabalun maupun sasudah [[Monsun|musim hujan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E.|last3=Belant|first3=J.|year=2014|title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal|journal=Hystrix|volume=25|issue=1|pages=47–50|doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Makanan musim panehnyo di [[Cagar Perburuan Dhorpatan|Cagar Budaya Dhorpatan]] juo tamasuak babarapo lichen jo [[Berberis|barberry]] . <ref name="Panthi_al2012" /> Di [[Taman Nasional Jigme Dorji]] Bhutan, kotoran panda merah nan ditamukan pado musim babuah manganduang biji [[Hedera nepalensis|ivy Himalaya]] . <ref name="Dendup_al2020" />[[Berkas:Endangered_Red_Panda.jpg|al=Panda merah memegang tanaman dan memakannya|jmpl|Makan panda merah .]] Panda merah manjapuik makanan jo salah satu cakar mukonyo dan biasonyo makan duduak atau tagak. Katiko mancari makan untuak buluah, inyo mangganggam batang tanaman dan manariknyo ka bawah ka dalam rahangnyo. Inyo manggigik daun jo sisi [[Gigi pipi|gigi pipinyo]], kamudian mamotong, mangunyah, jo manelan. Barang-barang nan labiah ketek sarupo bungo, buah beri, jo daun-daun ketek dimakan babeda, dipotong jo gigi sayoknyo. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Karano mampunyoi [[saluran pencernaan]] karnivora, panda merah indak dapek mancerna buluah sapanuahnyo, nan malalui ususnyo dalam wakatu duo inggo ampek jam. Dek karano itu, inyo harus mamakan bahan tumbuahan nan paliang bagizi dalam jumlah gadang. Inyo makan labiah dari 1,5 kilo (3 pon oz) daun segar atau 4 kilo (9 pon) pucuak buluah segar sahari, jo protein kasa jo lamak nan paliang dapek dicerna. Pencernaan paliang tinggi pado musim paneh jo musim gugur tapi paliang randah pado musim dingin, dan labiah mudah dicerna pucuak buluah daripado daun. <ref name="wei_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Wei, F.|last2=Feng, Z.|last3=Wang, Z.|last4=Zhou, A.|last5=Hu, J.|date=1999|title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens''|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=248|issue=4|pages=535–541|bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x}}</ref> [[Laju metabolisme|Tingkat metabolisme]] panda merah sabandiang jo mamalia lain nan saumua jonyo, walaupun makanannyo buruak. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fei, Y.|last2=Hou, R.|last3=Spotila, J. R.|last4=Paladino, F. V.|last5=Qi, D.|last6=Zhang, Z.|year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274|pmc=5356995|pmid=28306740|doi-access=free}}</ref> Panda merah mancerna ampia sapartigo [[Bahan kering|bahan kariang]], nan labiah efisien daripado 17 persen panda raksasa. <ref name="wei_1999" /> Mikroba di usus dapek mambantu dalam pangolahan buluah; komunitas [[mikrobiota]] pado panda sirah kurang baragam daripado mamalia lainnyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kong, F.|last2=Zhao, J.|last3=Han, S.|last4=Zeng, B.|last5=Yang, J.|last6=Si, X.|last7=Yang, B.|last8=Yang, M.|last9=Xu, H.|last10=Li, Y.|year=2014|title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885|pmc=3912123|pmid=24498390|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Komunikasi == Sakurang-kurangnyo tujuah vokalisasi nan babeda alah tacataik dari panda merah, nan tadiri dari manggaretek, latah, manggaretek, manggaretek, manggaretek, jo kicauan. Garetek, latah, manggaretek, jo manggigia dihasiakan salamo bacakak jo mangaja sacaro agresif. Panggilan dibuek sabagai tanggapan taradok didakek-i dek individu lain. Bleeping dihubuangkan jo panandoan aroma jo manganduang. Jantan dapek mangaluah katiko kawin, sadangkan batino bakicau. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qi|first=D.|last2=Zhou, H.|last3=Wei, W.|last4=Lei, M.|last5=Yuan, S.|last6=Qi, D.|last7=Zhang, Z.|year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'')|journal=Animal Biology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> Salamo [[Bermain (aktivitas)#Hewan lain|bacakak bamain-main]] jo bacakak agresif, individu malengkungkan pungguang jo ikuanyo sambia manggarikkan kapalonyo lambek-lambek ka ateh jo ka bawah. Inyo kamudian mambaliakkan kapalo sambia mangapik rahang, manggarikkan kapalo ka sampiang, jo maangkek kaki muko untuak manyarang. Inyo tagak jo kaki balakang, maangkek kaki muko ka ateh kapalo, sudah tu mancogok. Duo panda merah mungkin saliang "manatap" dari jauah. <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> == Reproduksi jo pangasuahan == [[Berkas:Two_Red_Panda_Cubs_in_the_Tree_01.jpg|jmpl|Duo anak panda merah tabang di batang kayu di Taman Nasional Langtang, Nepal]]Panda merah adolah paternak [[Fotoperiodisme#Hewan|nan panjang hari]], bakambang biak sasudah [[Titik balik matahari musim dingin|titik baliak matoari musim dingin]] sairiang jo cahayo siang nan batambah panjang. Dek karano itu kawin tajadi dari bulan Januari sampai Maret, jo kalahiran tajadi dari bulan Mei sampai Agustus. Reproduksi ditunda anam bulan untuak panda nan ditawan di Balahan Bumi Selatan. [[Estrus]] balangsuang salamo sahari, dan batino dapek masuak estrus babarapo kali samusim, tapi interval antaro satiok siklus indak dikatahui. <ref name="Curry">{{Cite book|last=Curry, E.|year=2021|chapter=Reproductive biology of the Red Panda|title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda|editor-last=Glatston, A. R.|pages=119–138|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Sairiang jo dimulainyo musim bakambang biak, jantan jo batino labiah banyak bainteraksi, istirahat, bagerak, jo makan dakek satu samo lain. Padusi dalam estrus akan labiah banyak wakatu untuak manandoi wilayah, dan jantan akan mamareso daerah anogenitalnyo. Padusi nan reseptif akan manggarik-garik ikuanyo jo mamposisikan dirinyo dalam pose [[Perilaku lordosis|lordosis]], jo anggota tubuah mukonyo nan diturunkan ka tanah jo tulang balakangnyo nan melengkung. [[Sanggama|Kopulasi]] malibaikkan jantan mamasang batino dari balakang jo di ateh, walaupun kawin tatap muko jo kawin paruik-ka-pungguang sambia barado di sampiangnyo juo tajadi. Nan jantan akan mangganggam sisi batino jo kaki mukonyo daripado manggigik langannyo. Intromisi balangsuang salamo 2-25 minik, jo pasangan [[Perawatan sosial|saliang manyalidiki]] antaro putaran. <ref name="Curry" /> [[Gestasi|Maso kahamilan]] balangsuang sakitar 131 hari. <ref name="Roberts1979">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=M. S.|last2=Kessler|first2=D. S.|year=1979|title=Reproduction in Red pandas, ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora: Ailuropodidae)|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=188|issue=2|pages=235–249|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03402.x}}</ref> Sabalun malahiakan, batino mamiliah tampek sarang, sarupo pohon, batang kayu atau tunggua nan barongga, atau celah batu, jo mambangun sarang manggunoan bahan dari daerah sakitarnyo, sarupo rantiang, tungkek, dahan, karipik kulik kayu, daun, rumpuik, jo lumut. <ref name="Gebauer" /> [[Kelahiran (zoologi)|Litters]] biasonyo tadiri dari ciek inggo ampek anak, nan lahia babulu panuah tapi buto. Inyo sapanuahnyo tagantuang pado induaknyo salamo tigo inggo ampek bulan partamo sampai inyo partamo kali kalua dari kandang. Mereka manyusui salamo limo bulan partamo. <ref name="Roberts1979" /> Ikatan antaro induak jo anaknyo balangsuang sampai musim kawin barikuiknyo. Anak-anaknyo tumbuah panuah pado umua sakitar 12 bulan dan pado umua sakitar 18 bulan inyo mancapai [[Kematangan seksual|kamatangan seksual]] . <ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Duo anak panda nan bakerah radio di Nepal timur tapisah dari induaknyo pado umua 7–8 bulan dan maninggaan daerah lahianyo tigo minggu kamudian. Mareka mancapai jangkauan rumah baru dalam wakatu 26–42 hari dan manjadi panduduak tatap sasudah bakaliaran salamo 42–44 hari. <ref name="Bista_al2021b" /> == Konservasi == Panda merah tacantum pado [[CITES#Apendiks I - sekitar 800 spesies|Lampiran I CITES]] dan dilinduangi di sadoalah nagara jangkauannyo; baburu tu haram. Inyo alah tacataik sabagai spesies [[Spesies terancam|Tarancam Punah]] dalam [[Daftar Merah IUCN|Daftar Sirah IUCN]] sajak taun 2008 karano populasi globalnyo dipakiroan 10.000 individu, jo kecenderungan populasi manurun. Sabagian gadang habitatnyo adolah kawasan nan dilindungi. == Rujuakan == <references /> tqnpdvmtpczwi2z0r62sx7qu0glxvf7 0 477580 3345276 2026-04-01T06:40:57Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Mendoza in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Mendoza adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di bagian tangah barat nagara tu, di wilayah Cuyo. Provinsi ko babatehan jo San Juan di utara, La Pampa dan Neuquén di selatan, San Luis di timur, dan Chili di barat nan ditandoi dek pagunuangan Andes. Ibu kotanyo barado di kota Mendoza. Jo laweh wilayah 148.827 km2, provinsi ko marupokan provinsi tagadang katujuah di Argentina jo 5,35%..." 3345276 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mendoza in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Mendoza adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di bagian tangah barat nagara tu, di wilayah Cuyo. Provinsi ko babatehan jo San Juan di utara, La Pampa dan Neuquén di selatan, San Luis di timur, dan Chili di barat nan ditandoi dek pagunuangan Andes. Ibu kotanyo barado di kota Mendoza. Jo laweh wilayah 148.827 km2, provinsi ko marupokan provinsi tagadang katujuah di Argentina jo 5,35% dari total laweh wilayah nagara; jo titiak tatingginyo iolah 875 m.<ref name="geonames">[{{geonameslink|gnid=3844419|name=mendoza-province}} Mendoza Province] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref> Panduduak provinsi ko pado tahun 2022 mancapai 2.014.533 jiwa, nan manjadian provinsi Mendoza sabagai wilayah tapadek kalimo di nagara tu, atau 4,38% dari total panduduak.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319233234/https://www.indec.gob.ar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 18 departemen.<ref>[http://www.edemocracia.mendoza.gov.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=29&limit=1&limitstart=7 Constitution of the Province of Mendoza] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070729114238/http://www.edemocracia.mendoza.gov.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=29&limit=1&limitstart=7 |date=29 July 2007 }}, Section VII. E-Democracia. {{in lang|es}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} 62scbwx4ogrt4l5ath8eilom6ckc0ec 3345277 3345276 2026-04-01T06:41:41Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345277 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mendoza in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Mendoza adolah salah ciek dari 23 provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di bagian tangah barat nagara tu, di wilayah Cuyo. Provinsi ko babatehan jo San Juan di utara, La Pampa dan Neuquén di selatan, San Luis di timur, dan Chili di barat nan ditandoi dek pagunuangan Andes. Ibu kotanyo barado di kota Mendoza. Jo laweh wilayah 148.827 km2, provinsi ko marupokan provinsi tagadang katujuah di Argentina jo 5,35% dari total laweh wilayah nagara; jo titiak tatingginyo iolah 875 m.<ref name="geonames">[{{geonameslink|gnid=3844419|name=mendoza-province}} Mendoza Province] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref> Panduduak provinsi ko pado tahun 2022 mancapai 2.014.533 jiwa, nan manjadian provinsi Mendoza sabagai wilayah tapadek kalimo di nagara tu, atau 4,38% dari total panduduak.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319233234/https://www.indec.gob.ar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 18 departemen.<ref>[http://www.edemocracia.mendoza.gov.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=29&limit=1&limitstart=7 Constitution of the Province of Mendoza] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070729114238/http://www.edemocracia.mendoza.gov.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=29&limit=1&limitstart=7 |date=29 July 2007 }}, Section VII. E-Democracia. {{in lang|es}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] f5ue1enxr60rj1ecbqg7v1fi3xha1vq 3345278 3345277 2026-04-01T06:43:26Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345278 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mendoza in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Mendoza''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan talatak di bagian tangah barat nagara tu, di wilayah [[Cuyo]]. Provinsi ko babatehan jo [[Provinsi San Juan|San Juan]] di utara, [[Provinsi La Pampa|La Pampa]] dan [[Provinsi Neuquén|Neuquén]] di selatan, [[Provinsi San Luis|San Luis]] di timur, dan [[Chili]] di barat nan ditandoi dek pagunuangan [[Andes]]. Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[Mendoza]]. Jo laweh wilayah 148.827 km2, provinsi ko marupokan provinsi tagadang katujuah di [[Argentina]] jo 5,35% dari total laweh wilayah nagara; jo titiak tatingginyo iolah 875 m.<ref name="geonames">[{{geonameslink|gnid=3844419|name=mendoza-province}} Mendoza Province] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref> Panduduak provinsi ko pado tahun 2022 mancapai 2.014.533 jiwa, nan manjadian provinsi Mendoza sabagai wilayah tapadek kalimo di nagara tu, atau 4,38% dari total panduduak.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319233234/https://www.indec.gob.ar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 18 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]].<ref>[http://www.edemocracia.mendoza.gov.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=29&limit=1&limitstart=7 Constitution of the Province of Mendoza] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070729114238/http://www.edemocracia.mendoza.gov.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=29&limit=1&limitstart=7 |date=29 July 2007 }}, Section VII. E-Democracia. {{in lang|es}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] 0hi258sfu3etlyy9lt8tjox95qpf17j 3345280 3345278 2026-04-01T06:43:51Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345280 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mendoza in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Mendoza''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan talatak di bagian tangah barat nagara tu, di wilayah [[Cuyo]]. Provinsi ko babatehan jo [[Provinsi San Juan|San Juan]] di utara, [[Provinsi La Pampa|La Pampa]] dan [[Provinsi Neuquén|Neuquén]] di selatan, [[Provinsi San Luis|San Luis]] di timur, dan [[Chili]] di barat nan ditandoi dek pagunuangan [[Andes]]. Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]]. Jo laweh wilayah 148.827 km2, provinsi ko marupokan provinsi tagadang katujuah di [[Argentina]] jo 5,35% dari total laweh wilayah nagara; jo titiak tatingginyo iolah 875 m.<ref name="geonames">[{{geonameslink|gnid=3844419|name=mendoza-province}} Mendoza Province] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref> Panduduak provinsi ko pado tahun 2022 mancapai 2.014.533 jiwa, nan manjadian provinsi Mendoza sabagai wilayah tapadek kalimo di nagara tu, atau 4,38% dari total panduduak.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319233234/https://www.indec.gob.ar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 18 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]].<ref>[http://www.edemocracia.mendoza.gov.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=29&limit=1&limitstart=7 Constitution of the Province of Mendoza] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070729114238/http://www.edemocracia.mendoza.gov.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=29&limit=1&limitstart=7 |date=29 July 2007 }}, Section VII. E-Democracia. {{in lang|es}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] bmyqyjvcs1zzazfk3889i07bmau5gb4 0 477581 3345303 2026-04-01T07:03:34Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Misiones in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Misiones adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di suduik timur lauik nagara tu, di wilayah Mesopotamia. Provinsi ko dikaliliangi dek Paraguay di barat lauik, Brasil di utara, timur, jo selatan, sarato Provinsi Corrientes di barat daya. Provinsi Misiones mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 29.801 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.280.960 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.in..." 3345303 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Misiones in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Misiones adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di suduik timur lauik nagara tu, di wilayah Mesopotamia. Provinsi ko dikaliliangi dek Paraguay di barat lauik, Brasil di utara, timur, jo selatan, sarato Provinsi Corrientes di barat daya. Provinsi Misiones mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 29.801 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.280.960 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di kota Posadas. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 17 departemen. Wilayah provinsi ko adolah area awal aktipitas misionaris Katolik Roma dek para Yesuit nan dimulai pado awal abaik ka-17. Pado tahun 1984, raruntuahan ampek situs misi di Argentina ditatapan sabagai Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO.<ref>{{cite web|url={{wdl|2835}} |author=Garriga, Antonio |date=1713 |title=Instruccion practica para ordenar santamente la vidà; que ofrece el P. Antonio Garriga de la Compania de Iesus. Como brebe memorial, y recuerdo à los que hazen los exercicios espirituales de S. Ignacio de Loyola fundador de la misma Compañia |trans-title=Practical Instruction to Order One’s Life According to Saintly Precepts: Offered by Father Antonio Garriga of the Society of Jesus. As a Brief Memorial and Memento of the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius Loyola, Founder of the Society |work=[[World Digital Library]] |language=es |location=Misiones, Argentina |access-date=7 June 2013 }}</ref> Takah kabanyakan wilayah di Argentina utara, ekonomi provinsi ko cukuik kurang bakambang namun cukuik baragam. Pado tahun 2006, output ekonominyo sagadang US$4,8 miliar atau US$4.940 per kapita, 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref>[http://www.iader.org.ar/ I.A.D.E.R<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} 0bgwvivybbbh3kws4usnk9uuf864g6p 3345305 3345303 2026-04-01T07:15:33Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345305 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Misiones in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Misiones adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di suduik timur lauik nagara tu, di wilayah Mesopotamia. Provinsi ko dikaliliangi dek Paraguay di barat lauik, Brasil di utara, timur, jo selatan, sarato Provinsi Corrientes di barat daya. Provinsi Misiones mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 29.801 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.280.960 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di kota Posadas. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 17 departemen. Wilayah provinsi ko adolah area awal aktipitas misionaris Katolik Roma dek para Yesuit nan dimulai pado awal abaik ka-17. Pado tahun 1984, raruntuahan ampek situs misi di Argentina ditatapan sabagai Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO.<ref>{{cite web|url={{wdl|2835}} |author=Garriga, Antonio |date=1713 |title=Instruccion practica para ordenar santamente la vidà; que ofrece el P. Antonio Garriga de la Compania de Iesus. Como brebe memorial, y recuerdo à los que hazen los exercicios espirituales de S. Ignacio de Loyola fundador de la misma Compañia |trans-title=Practical Instruction to Order One’s Life According to Saintly Precepts: Offered by Father Antonio Garriga of the Society of Jesus. As a Brief Memorial and Memento of the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius Loyola, Founder of the Society |work=[[World Digital Library]] |language=es |location=Misiones, Argentina |access-date=7 June 2013 }}</ref> Takah kabanyakan wilayah di Argentina utara, ekonomi provinsi ko cukuik kurang bakambang namun cukuik baragam. Pado tahun 2006, output ekonominyo sagadang US$4,8 miliar atau US$4.940 per kapita, 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref>[http://www.iader.org.ar/ I.A.D.E.R<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] jdzq60yhbls4jwrwbbcpydz24gdvz6f 3345306 3345305 2026-04-01T07:17:29Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345306 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Misiones in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Misiones''' adolah salah ciek [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan talatak di suduik timur lauik nagara tu, di wilayah [[Mesopotamia]]. Provinsi ko dikaliliangi dek [[Paraguay]] di barat lauik, [[Brasil]] di utara, timur, jo selatan, sarato [[Provinsi Corrientes]] di barat daya. Provinsi Misiones mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 29.801 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.280.960 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[Posadas]]. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 17 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Wilayah provinsi ko adolah area awal aktipitas misionaris [[Gareja Katolik Roma|Katolik Roma]] dek para [[Yesuit]] nan dimulai pado awal abaik ka-17. Pado tahun 1984, raruntuahan ampek situs misi di Argentina ditatapan sabagai [[Situs Warisan Dunia]] [[Organisasi Pandidikan, Ilmu Pangatahuan, jo Kabudayaan Pasarikatan Banso-Banso|UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web|url={{wdl|2835}} |author=Garriga, Antonio |date=1713 |title=Instruccion practica para ordenar santamente la vidà; que ofrece el P. Antonio Garriga de la Compania de Iesus. Como brebe memorial, y recuerdo à los que hazen los exercicios espirituales de S. Ignacio de Loyola fundador de la misma Compañia |trans-title=Practical Instruction to Order One’s Life According to Saintly Precepts: Offered by Father Antonio Garriga of the Society of Jesus. As a Brief Memorial and Memento of the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius Loyola, Founder of the Society |work=[[World Digital Library]] |language=es |location=Misiones, Argentina |access-date=7 June 2013 }}</ref> Takah kabanyakan wilayah di [[Argentina]] utara, ekonomi provinsi ko cukuik kurang bakambang namun cukuik baragam. Pado tahun 2006, output ekonominyo sagadang US$4,8 miliar atau US$4.940 per kapita, 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref>[http://www.iader.org.ar/ I.A.D.E.R<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] rz5p68rhk79z6sd7bisifrefuir47yf 3345307 3345306 2026-04-01T07:18:27Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345307 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Misiones in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Misiones''' adolah salah ciek [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan talatak di suduik timur lauik nagara tu, di wilayah [[Mesopotamia]]. Provinsi ko dikaliliangi dek [[Paraguay]] di barat lauik, [[Brasil]] di utara, timur, jo selatan, sarato [[Provinsi Corrientes]] di barat daya. Provinsi Misiones mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 29.801 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.280.960 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[Posadas]]. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 17 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Wilayah provinsi ko adolah area awal aktipitas misionaris [[Gareja Katolik Roma|Katolik Roma]] dek para [[Yesuit]] nan dimulai pado awal abaik ka-17. Pado tahun 1984, raruntuahan ampek situs misi di Argentina ditatapan sabagai [[Situs Warisan Dunia]] [[Organisasi Pandidikan, Ilmu Pangatahuan, jo Kabudayaan Pasarikatan Banso-Banso|UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2835/ |author=Garriga, Antonio |date=1713 |title=Instruccion practica para ordenar santamente la vidà; que ofrece el P. Antonio Garriga de la Compania de Iesus. Como brebe memorial, y recuerdo à los que hazen los exercicios espirituales de S. Ignacio de Loyola fundador de la misma Compañia |trans-title=Practical Instruction to Order One’s Life According to Saintly Precepts: Offered by Father Antonio Garriga of the Society of Jesus. As a Brief Memorial and Memento of the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius Loyola, Founder of the Society |work=[[World Digital Library]] |language=es |location=Misiones, Argentina |access-date=7 June 2013 }}</ref> Takah kabanyakan wilayah di [[Argentina]] utara, ekonomi provinsi ko cukuik kurang bakambang namun cukuik baragam. Pado tahun 2006, output ekonominyo sagadang US$4,8 miliar atau US$4.940 per kapita, 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref>[http://www.iader.org.ar/ I.A.D.E.R<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] ilcrlo0vf7bjwt8vy5bco0639jhjfu2 1728 477582 3345381 2026-04-01T10:06:35Z Adhmi 7359 ←Mambuek laman baisi "Di bawah iko adolah '''daftar paserta nan bapartisipasi dalam Wiki Cinto Ramadan 2026''' nan diambiak dari [https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/wikicintoramadan-2026 pakakeh panilaian] (per 01 April 17.00 WIB) {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right; margin: auto; width: 90%;" |- style="text-align:center;" ! Namo pangguno ! Jumlah artikel ! Poin |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Pangguno:Syurida|Syurida]] | 6 | 30.00 |- | style="text-align:left;..." 3345381 wikitext text/x-wiki Di bawah iko adolah '''daftar paserta nan bapartisipasi dalam Wiki Cinto Ramadan 2026''' nan diambiak dari [https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/wikicintoramadan-2026 pakakeh panilaian] (per 01 April 17.00 WIB) {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right; margin: auto; width: 90%;" |- style="text-align:center;" ! Namo pangguno ! Jumlah artikel ! Poin |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Pangguno:Syurida|Syurida]] | 6 | 30.00 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Pangguno:Zhilal Darma|Zhilal Darma]] | 6 | 30.00 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Pangguno:Muhamad Izzul Fiqih|Muhamad Izzul Fiqih]] | 2 | 10.00 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] | 2 | 10.00 |- |} [[Kategori:Wiki Cinto Ramadan 2026]] gwg0cwxqsjes7xardnfkf216gz83yrd