Wikipedia minwiki https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utamo MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.22 first-letter Media Istimewa Rundiang Pangguno Rundiang Pangguno Wikipedia Rundiang Wikipedia Berkas Rundiang Berkas MediaWiki Rundiang MediaWiki Templat Rundiang Templat Bantuan Rundiang Bantuan Kategori Rundiang Kategori Portal Diskusi Portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Rundiang Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 1423 3345569 3065324 2026-04-02T22:11:13Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Turi | image = Sesbania grandiflora Blanco2.291.png | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Turi | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Dikotiledon|Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Fabales]] | familia = [[Fabaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Faboideae]] | tribus = [[Robinieae]] | genus = ''[[Sesbania]]'' | species = '''''S. grandiflora''''' | binomial = ''Sesbania grandiflora'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Christiaan Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]], 1807<ref>{{aut|Persoon, C.H.}} 1807. [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=384&Pagina=320 ''Syn. pl.'' '''2'''(2): 316] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211221/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=384&Pagina=320 |date=2016-03-04 }}.</ref> | synonyms = ''Robinia grandiflora'' <small>L. (1753)</small><ref>{{aut|Linnaeus, C.}} 1753. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/164/mode/1up ''Species Plantarum'' '''2''': 722].</ref><br> ''Aeschynomene grandiflora'' <small>L. (1763)</small><br> ''Sesban grandiflorus'' <small>Poir. (1806)</small><ref>{{aut|Lamarck, J.B.}} 1806. [http://botanicus.org/page/724153 ''Encycl. Méth. Bot.'' '''7''': 127].</ref><br> ''Agati grandiflora'' <small>Desv. (1813)</small><ref name=TuriVLSM>{{cite web |date=15 November 2001 |title=Sesbania grandiflora Pers. |publisher=[[Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia|Departemen Kesehatan]] |url=http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku1/1-262.pdf |accessdate=20 April 2013 |archive-date=7 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207002010/http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku1/1-262.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> }} '''Turi''' (''Sesbania grandiflora'' sin. ''Agati grandiflora'') marupoan [[pohon]] ketek anggota [[familia|suku]] [[Fabaceae]]. Tumbuhan jo banyak manfaek ko diduga asalnyo dari [[Asia Selatan]] jo [[Asia Tenggara]], tapi kini alah tasebar ka babagai daerah tropis di dunia. == Rujuakan == {{reflist|30em}} '''Bacaan''' * Dalimartha, Setiawan (2009). ''Atlas Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia''. '''6'''. Depok: Puspa Swara. ISBN 978-979-1480-19-2. * Sastrapradja, Setijati; Lubis, Siti Harti Aminah; Djajasukma, Eddy; Soetarno, Hadi; Lubis, Ischak (1980). ''Proyek Penelitian Potensi Sumber Daya Ekonomi:Kayu Indonesia''. '''14'''. Jakarta: LIPI bakarajo samo jo Balai Pustaka. * Dharma, A.P. (1987) (dalam bahaso Inggirih). ''Indonesian Medicinal Plants [Tanaman-Tanaman Obat Indonesia]''. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. ISBN 979-407-032-7. * Sastrapradja, Setijati; Lubis, Siti Harti Aminah; Djajasukma, Eddy; Soetarno, Hadi; Lubis, Ischak (1981). ''Proyek Penelitian Potensi Sumber Daya Ekonomi:Sayur-Sayuran''. '''6'''. Jakarta: LIPI bakarajo samo jo Balai Pustaka. == Pautan lua == * [http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pangan_kesehatan/tanaman_obat/depkes/1-262.pdf. Turi]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} pado laman [[Warintek]] * {{en}} Duke energy: [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Sesbania_grandiflora.html ''Sesbania grandiflora''] * {{en}} EOL: [http://eol.org/pages/641744/overview ''Sesbania grandiflora''] * {{en}} FAO: [http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/data/pf000171.htm ''Sesbania grandiflora''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217205710/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/data/pf000171.htm |date=2013-02-17 }} (umum) * {{en}} FAO: [http://www.fao.org/ag/AGA/AGAP/FRG/afris/Data/282.HTM ''Sesbania grandiflora''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024185527/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGA/AGAP/FRG/afris/Data/282.HTM |date=2012-10-24 }} (pakan ternak) * {{en}} Feedipedia: [http://www.feedipedia.org/node/254 Agati ''Sesbania grandiflora''] (pakan ternak) * {{en}} NFTA: [http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/granflo2.htm ''Sesbania grandiflora''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130111925/http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/granflo2.htm |date=2012-11-30 }} * {{en}} NTBG: [http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=10452 ''Sesbania grandiflora''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624013657/http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=10452 |date=2013-06-24 }} * {{en}} Philipina Med. Plants: [http://www.stuartxchange.com/Katurai.html Katurai ''Sesbania grandiflora''] (obat) * {{en}} Trop. Forages: [http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Sesbania_grandiflora.htm ''Sesbania grandiflora''] (pakan ternak) * {{en}} USDA: [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SEGR5 ''Sesbania grandiflora''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430075656/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SEGR5 |date=2013-04-30 }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q947251}} [[Kategori:Faboideae]] [[Kategori:Pakan taranak]] [[Kategori:Pohon hieh]] [[Kategori:Batang kayu]] [[Kategori:Pupuak hijau]] [[Kategori:Sayua]] [[Kategori:Tumbuahan ubek]] [[Kategori:Tumbuahan pawarna]] [[Kategori:Flora Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Tumbuahan]] {{tumbuhan-stub}} q14g3ejqwu6lr6bd49irg03pb6rs3b7 0 6338 3345573 3342721 2026-04-02T23:38:36Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox ethnic group| | group = Urang Malayu <br><small> Orang Melayu </small> | image = [[File:HenriqueofMalacca.jpg|72px|Panglima Awang]][[File:Hamzah Haz.jpg|72px|Hamzah Haz]][[File:HangTuahMuziumNegara.JPG|76px|Hang Tuah]]<br>[[File:Hassanal Bolkiah.jpg|81px|Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei]][[File:Datuk lat.jpg|72px|Dato Lat]][[File:Mahathir 2007.jpg|67px|Mahathir Mohamad]]<br>[[File:Saloma.jpg|70px|Saloma]][[File:P Ramlee Dunia Film 15 May 1954 p20.jpg|74px|P. Ramlee]][[File:Pitsuewan.jpg|77px|Surin Putsuwan]]<br>[[File:Muszaphar shukor.jpg|69px|Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor]][[File:Tunku abd rahman.jpg|76px|Tunku Abdul Rahman]][[File:Pengiran Anak Sarah army cadet.png|76px|Pengiran Anak Sarah]] | image_caption = Barih 1: [[Panglima Awang]] • [[Hamzah Haz]] • [[Hang Tuah]]{{br}} Barih 2: [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Hassanal Bolkiah dari Brunei]] • [[Lat]] • [[Mahathir Mohamad]]{{br}} Barih 3: [[Saloma]] • [[P. Ramlee]] • [[Surin Pitsuwan]]{{br}} Barih 4: [[Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor]] • [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] • [[Pengiran Anak Sarah]] | population = 2010:''Dipakirokan'' '''27.8 juta''' <!-- sum of numbers from each region below --> | popplace = |region1 = <span style="font-size:105%;">'''Panduduak Mayoritas'''</span> |region6 = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysia]] |pop6 = 14,749,378 <small>(anggaran 2010)</small> |ref6 = {{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.epu.gov.my/html/themes/epu/images/common/pdf/eco_stat/pdf/1.2.5.pdf |title=EPU - Population by sex, ethnic group and age, Malaysia,2010 |access-date=2013-04-01 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722234036/http://www.epu.gov.my/html/themes/epu/images/common/pdf/eco_stat/pdf/1.2.5.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |region7 = {{flag|Brunei}} |pop7 = 261,902 <small>(anggaran 2010)</small> |ref7 = {{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html |title=CIA - The World Factbook - Brunei<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2013-04-01 |archive-date=2015-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721102115/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |region8 = <span style="font-size:105%;">'''Panduduak Minoritas'''</span> |pop8 = |ref8 = |region9 = {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] |pop9 = 8,789,585 <small>(anggaran 2010)</small> |ref9 = {{lower|<ref name='BPS RI65'>{{cite web | url = http://www.bps.go.id/65tahun/SP2010_agregat_data_perProvinsi.pdf | title = Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010 Data Agregat per Provinsi | accessdate = 2010-08-27 | format = PDF | publisher = [[Badan Pusat Statistika]] | language = Indonesia}}</ref><ref>Figure obtained based on the percentage of Malays in 2000 census and the total Indonesian population in 2010 census</ref>}} |region10 = {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thailand]] |pop10 = 3,354,475 <small>(anggaran 2010)</small> |ref10 = {{lower|<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html CIA - World Factbook - Thailand]</ref><ref>[http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=5600&tmpl=printpage World Directory of Minorities - Malays]</ref>}} |region11 = {{flagicon|Singapura}} [[Singapura]] |pop11 = 653,449 <small>(anggaran 2010)</small> |ref11 = {{lower|<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sn.html CIA - World Factbook - Singapore]</ref><ref name="2000 census singapore residents">[http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/papers/people/c2000-population.pdf Singapore: Population Size and Growth]</ref>}} | rels = [[Islam]] | langs = [[Bahaso Melayu|Melayu]] <small>(utamo)</small>{{br}} [[Bahaso Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Bahaso Yawi|Yawi]], [[Bahaso Arab|Arab]], [[Bahaso Thai|Thai]], [[Bahaso Inggirih|Inggirih]] | related = [[urang Aceh|Aceh]], [[urang Banjar|Banjar]], [[Suku Betawi|Betawi]], [[Urang Melayu Myanmar|Melayu Myanmar]], [[Melayu Cape]], [[urang Cham|Cham]], [[Melayu Cocos]], [[Urang Kurinci|Kurinci]], [[Minangkabau|Minang]], [[Orang Laut]], [[Urang Melayu Sri Lanka|Melayu Srilanka]] }} '''Urang Malayu'''<ref name="Malayan miscellanies">{{en}}{{cite book|first=Malayan miscellanies | last=Malayan miscellanies | title=''[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=fBYIAAAAQAAJ&dq=dayak%20Malayan%20miscellanies&pg=RA1-PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false Malayan miscellanies ]'' | publisher=Malayan miscellanies | year=1820}}</ref><ref name="Anthony Milner">{{en}}{{cite book|first=[[Anthony Milner|Anthony]]|last=Milner|coauthors=|title=''[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=sACaolB0FpkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Malays&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false The Malays]''|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2010|isbn=9781444339031}}ISBN 1444339036</ref> (diijo juo jo ''Melayu'') adolah namo nan marujuak pado suatu kalompok nan ciri utamonyo adolah panutuaan [[bahaso Malayu]]. Bahaso Malayu iolah anggota kaluarga bahaso Austronesia. Urang Malayu bamukim di sabagian gadang [[Malaysia]], pasisia timur [[Sumatera]], sakaliliang pasisia [[Kalimantan]], Thailand selatan, sarato pulau-pulau ketek nan tabantang sapanjang [[Salek Malaka]] jo [[Salek Karimata]]. Di Indonesia, jumlah urang Malayu kiro-kiro 15% dari saluruah populasi, nan sabagian gadang mandiami propinsi [[Sumatera Utara]], [[Riau]], [[Kapulauan Riau]], [[Jambi]], [[Sumatera Selatan]], [[Kapulauan Bangka Belitung]], jo [[Kalimantan Barat]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indonesia's Population, Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape |last=Suryadinata |first=Leo |authorlink= |coauthors=Arifin, Evi Nurvidya; Ananta, Aris|year=2003 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |location= |isbn=981-230-212-3 |page= |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> Kumpulan urang atau etnik Malayu balainan dari konsep [[Alam Malayu]] (Rumpun Bangso Malayu), nan mancakuik kumpulan manusia nan labiah laweh, tamasuak kabanyakan etnik di [[Indonesia]] jo [[Filipina]]. Walaupun baitu, banyak pulo masyarakaik [[Suku Minangkabau|Minangkabau]], [[Suku Mandailing|Mandailing]], jo [[Suku Dayak|Dayak]] nan bapindah ka wilayah pasisia timur Sumatra jo pantai barat Kalimantan, mangaku sabagai urang Malayu. Salain di Nusantara, urang katurunan Malayu tadapek pulo di [[Sarilangka]], [[Kapulauan Cocos (Keeling)]] (''Cocos Malays''), jo [[Afrika Selatan]] (''Cape Malays''). ==Etimologi== [[Ptolemy]] (90 - 168 M) dalam karyanyo Geographia mancatat sabuah tanjuang di ''Aurea Chersonesus'' (Samananjuang Malayu) nan banamo ''Maleu-kolon'', nan diyakini barasa dari [[Bahaso Sanskerta]], '' malayakolam atau malaikurram''<ref>{{cite book |title= Researches on Ptolemy's geography of eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay archipelago |page= 101|author= Gerolamo Emilio Gerini|isbn= 81-70690366|year= 1974 |publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers }}</ref>. Badasarkan G. E. Gerini, ''Maleu-Kolon'' kini ko marujuak pado Tanjuang Kuantan atau Tanjuang Panyabuang di Samananjung Malaysia. === Urang Gunuang === Pado Bab 48 teks agamo [[Hindu]] Vuya Purana nan babahaso Sanskerta, kato ''Malayadvipa'' marujuak kapado sabuah propinsi di pulau nan kayo ameh jo perak. Disinan badiri bukik nan disabuik jo ''Malaya'' nan artinyo sabuah gunuang gadang (''Mahamalaya''). Walaupun baitu banyak sarjana Barat, antaro lain Sir Roland Braddell manyamokan ''Malayadvipa'' jo [[Sumatera]] <ref>{{cite book |title= The great Indian corridor in the east|page= 57|author= Phani Deka|isbn= 81-8324-179-4|year= 2007|publisher=Mittal Publications}}</ref>. Sedangkan para sarjana India picayo bahwa itu marujuak pado babarapo gunuang di Samananjuang Malaysia <ref>{{cite book |title= India's Interaction with Southeast Asia: History of Science,Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 1, Part 3|page=266|author= Govind Chandra Pande|isbn= 978-8187586241|year=2005|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= The economic life of northern India: c. A.D. 700-1200|page=139|author= Lallanji Gopal|isbn= 9788120803022|year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= A Panorama of Indian Buddhism: Selections from the Maha Bodhi journal, 1892-1992|page=612|author= D.C. Ahir|isbn= 8170304628|year=1995|publisher=Sri Satguru Publications}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= The culture and art of India|page= 212|author= Radhakamal Mukerjee|isbn= 9788121501149|year= 1984|publisher= Coronet Books Inc}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Some contributions of India to the ancient civilisation of Indonesia and Malaysia|page= 8|author= Himansu Bhusan Sarkar|year=1970|publisher= Punthi Pustak|location=Calcutta}}</ref>. === Karajaan Malayu === Dari catatan [[I Tsing|Yi Jing]], saurang pendeta Budha dari [[Dinasti Tang]], nan bakunjuang ka Nusantara antaro taun 688 - 695, inyo manyabuikan ado sabuah karajaan nan dikana jo ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' (Melayu), nan bajarak 15 hari palayaran dari [[Sriwijaya]]. Dari Ka-Cha ([[Kedah]]), jaraknyopun 15 hari palayaran.<ref>{{cite book |title= A Record of the Buddhist Religion As Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671-695)|pages=xl - xli|author= I-Tsing|isbn= 978-8120616226|year= 2005|publisher=Asian Educational Services}}</ref> Badasakan catatan Yi Jing, karajaan tasabuik marupoan nagara nan merdeka dan akhianyo ditakluakan dek Sriwijaya. Manuruik [[batu basurek Padang Roco]] (1286) di [[Sumatera Barat]], ditamukan kato-kato ''bhumi malayu'' jo ibu kotanyo di [[Dharmasraya]]. Karajaan iko marupoan kalanjuikan dari [[Karajaan Malayu]] dan [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]] nan alah ado di Sumatra sajak abaik ka-7. Kamudian [[Adityawarman]] mamindahan ibu kota karajaan iko ka wilayah padalaman di [[Pagaruyung]]. Patualang [[Venesia]] nan tanamo, [[Marco Polo]] dalam bukunyo ''Travels of Marco Polo'' manyabuikan tantang ''Malauir'' nan batampek di bagian selatan Samananjuang Melayu. Kato "Melayu" dipopulerkan dek Kasultanan Malaka nan digunokan untuak mambantuakan kultur Malaka jo kultur asiang yakni Jawa jo Thai.<ref>{{cite book |title=Contesting Malayness: Malay identity across boundaries|page=4|author=Timothy P. Barnar |isbn=9971-69-279-1|year= 2004|publisher=Singapore University press|location=Singapore}}</ref> Dalam pajalanannyo, [[Malaka]] indak hanyo tacatek sabagai pusek padagangan nan dominan, namun juo sabagai pusek paradaban Malayu nan bapangaruah laweh.<ref>{{cite book |title= Far East and Australasia 2003 (34th edition)|page=763|author= Europa Publications Staff|isbn=978-1857431339|year= 2002|publisher= Routledge}}</ref> ==Sajarah== Namo "Malayu" barasa dari [[Karajaan Malayu]] nan pernah ado di kawasan [[Batang Hari]]. Dalam pakambangannyo, Karajaan Malayu akhianyo takluk dan manjadi bawahan [[Karajaan Sriwijaya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/early.htm |title=Early Malay kingdoms |publisher=Sabrizain.org |date= |accessdate=2010-06-21}}</ref> Pamakaian istilah Melayu-pun malaweh hinggo ka lua Sumatera, maikuiki teritorial imperium Sriwijaya nan bakambang hinggo ka [[Jawa]], [[Kalimantan]], jo [[Semenanjung Malaya]]. Jadi urang Malayu Samananjuang barasa dari Sumatera.<ref>{{en}} {{cite book|pages=69|url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=HDMiXdQqXzkC&lpg=PA70&dq=Benjermassin&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q=Benjermassin&f=false|title=Southeast Asian identities: culture and the politics of representation in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand|first=Joel S.|last=Kahn|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=1998|isbn=1860642454}}ISBN 9781860642456</ref> Manuruik batu basurek [[Kapiang Tambago Laguna]], padagang Malayu alah badagang ka saluruah wilayah Asia Tenggara, juo ikuik sato mambaok adaik budayo jo [[bahaso Melayu]] pado kawasan tasabuik. Bahaso Malayu akhianyo manjadi ''lingua franca'' manggantikan [[bahaso Sanskerta]].<ref name="Zaki Ragman page 1-6">{{cite book |title=Gateway to Malay culture|pages=1–6 |author=Zaki Ragman |isbn=981-229-326-4|year= 2003|publisher=Asiapac Books Pte Ltd|location=Singapore}}</ref> Maso kajayaan Sriwijaya marupoan maso ameh bagi paradaban Melayu, tamasuak pado maso [[wangsa Sailendra]] di [[Jawa]], kamudian dilanjuikan dek karajaan [[Dharmasraya]] sampai pado abaik ka-14, dan taruih bakambang pado maso [[Kasultanan Malaka]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Alexanderll | first = James | title = [[Malaysia Brunei & Singapore]] | publisher = [[New Holland Publishers]] | year= 2006 | page = 8 | month = September | isbn = 1860113095, 9781860113093 }}</ref><ref name="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">{{cite encyclopedia | title = South and Southeast Asia, 500 - 1500 | encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of World History | volume = 1 | pages = 138 | publisher = [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] | year = 2001 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=History, culture, and region in Southeast Asian perspectives|page=33|author=[[O. W. Wolters]]|isbn=978-0877277255|year=1999|publisher=Cornell University Southeast Asia Program Publications|location=Singapore}}</ref> sabalun karajaan iko ditaklukan dek kakuatan tantara [[Portugis]] pado taun 1511. Masuaknyo agamo Islam ka Nusantara pado abaik ka-12, diserap elok-elok dek masyarakaik Melayu. Islamisasi indak hanyo tajadi di kalangan masyarakaik jelata, namun alah manjadi corak pamerintahan karajaan-karajaan Melayu. Di antaro karajaan-karajaan tasabuik iolah [[Kasultanan Johor]], [[Kasultanan Perak]], [[Kasultanan Pahang]], [[Kasultanan Brunei]], jo [[Kasultanan Siak Sri Inderapura|Kasultanan Siak]]. Kadatangan kolonialis Eropa alah mambuek tadiasporanyo urang-urang Malayu ka saluruah Nusantara, [[Sri Lanka]], jo [[Afrika Selatan]]. Di parantauan, mareka banyak maisi pos-pos karajaan sarupo manjadi syahbandar, ulama, jo hakim. Dalam pakambangan salanjuiknyo, ampiang sado Kapulauan Nusantara mandapek pangaruah langsuang dari Suku Melayu. Bahaso Malayu nan alah bakambang dan dipakai dek banyak masyarakaik Nusantara, akhianyo dipiliah manjadi bahaso nasional [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], dan [[Brunei]]. === Proto Melayu === [[Proto Melayu]] nan disabuik juo ''Melayu asli'' atau ''Melayu tuo'' adolah rumpun banso [[Austronesia]] dari daratan Asia nan bapindah ka [[tanah Melayu]] dan [[kapulauan Melayu]], dalam maso papindahan nan panjang di antaro 2500 S.M dan 1500 S.M<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Malaysia and Singapore|pages=4 & 5|author=Neil Joseph Ryan|isbn=0195803027|year= 1976|publisher=Oxford University Pres|location=London}}</ref>. ''The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History'', manunjuakan tigo teori asa-usua Melayu: * Teori [[Yunnan]], papindahan [[sungai Mekong]] (diterbitkan 1889) : Teori Proto Melayu baasa dari [[Yunnan]] didukuang dek R.H Geldern, J.H.C Kern, J.R Foster, J.R Logen, Slametmuljana dan Asmah Haji Omar. Bukti lain nan mandukuang teori iko antaro lain: :# Pakakeh batu nan ditamui di Kapulauan Melayu, samo jo pakakeh dari Asia Tangah. :# Kamiripan adaik Melayu jo adaik [[Assam]]. :# Bahaso Melayu & [[bahaso Khmer|bahaso Kamboja]] marupoan bahaso sarupo dek karano tanah niniak muyang urang Kamboja baasa dari hulu [[Sungai Mekong]]. * Teori [[New Guinea]] (ditabikkan 1965). * Teori [[Taiwan]] (ditabikkan 1997). Untuak info labiah lanjuik, caliak [[Bahaso-bahaso Austronesia]]. Kajian saintifik takini dek HUGO (Human Genome Organization) manganai genetik banso-banso Asia manyatokan hipotesis papindahan tunggal Asia dari Asia Tenggara mangambaro ka arah utara jo sacaro palahan-lahan manduduaki Asia Timur.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8406506.stm</ref> Hipotesis iko bagaimanapun hanyo badasakan bukti variasi genetik nan labiah banyak di kalangan banso Asia tenggara babandiang jo banso Asia timur, tanpa mangambiak pakiroan sajarah sosio politik kaduo-duo tampek tasabuik.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> Kakurangan variasi genetik di kalangan banso Asia timur kamungkinan gadang adolah dek kaduo tampek tasabuik alah lamo basatu di bawah ciek kuaso politik tunggal contohnyo di China, Korea jo Japang nan manyababkan interaksi manusia nan labiah acok dibandiang di Asia tenggara. Proto Malayu dipacayoi banso palauik nan mahir dalam [[oseanografi]] jo patanian. Mareka bapindah dari pulau ka pulau dalam jarak gadang di antaro [[Selandia Baru]] jo [[Madagaskar]], dan mareka manjadi sabagai panunjuak arah, anak buah, jo tukang buruah kapado padagang India, Arab, Parsi jo Chino untuak hampia 2000 tahun. Batahun-tahun kamudian mareka manatap di babagai tampek jo manyarap babagai budayo jo agamo. === Deutero Melayu === Urang Malayu nan datang mulo-mulo kudiannyo sacaro palahan-lahan tagantikan dek panaruko-panaruko Deutero Malayu ( Malayu Mudo) dalam galombang kaduo papindahan dari darek utamo Asia di sakitar 300 SM<ref>{{Cite book|title=Security and Southeast Asia: domestic, regional, and global issues|page=26|author=Alan Collins|isbn=981-230-230-1|year= 2003|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|location=Singapore}}</ref>. Sacaro antropologi, etnik Malayu nan kini mauni samananjuang tanah Malayu jo kawasan pantai kapulauan Malayu adolah dari golongan Malayu Deutero<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/malays.htm |title=The Malays |publisher=Sabrizain.org |date= |accessdate=2010-06-21}}</ref> nan bakulik labiah carah, babadan labiah gadang, jo baabuik labiah luruih, babedo jo urang Proto Malayu ( Malayu Tuo).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Studies in the science of society|page=278|author=George Peter (editor) Murdock (Author)|isbn=978-0836911572|year= 1969|publisher=Books for Libraries Press}}</ref> Masyarakaik iko juo punyo taraf budayo nan labiah tinggi, teknik patanian, jo pangatahuan tantang basi nan labiah maju.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Malaysia Country Study Guide (World Strategic and Business Information Library)|page=41|author=Ibp Usa (Author) |isbn= 978-1433031595|year= 2009|publisher=International Business Publications|location=USA}}</ref> Mareka indak hiduik sacaro nomaden tapi tingga dalam [[kampuang]]-kampuang nan marupoan unit utamo masyarakaik. Panampekan utamo Deutero Malayu biasonyo talatak di lambah-lambah subur, tabiang sungai atau pasisia pantai, jo kagiatan utamo adolah ekonomi hiduik nan ringkeh baasaskan pananaman padi jo parikanan. Manjalang kurun taakhia sabalun Masihi, panampekan-panampekan di kawasan pantai iko awal mulo talibeknyo dalam padagangan jo dunia lua.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A design guide of public parks in Malaysia|page=39|author=Jamil Abu Bakar|isbn=9789835202742|year=2002|publisher=Penerbit UTM}}</ref> Kamunculan kalompok Deutero Malayu iko sacaro indak langsuang manyababkan kumpulan Proto Malayu jo panduduak asli manyuruakan diri ka padalaman jo hulu sungai. Kumpulan Proto Malayu nan tanamo hari iko di Malaysia adolah dari suku [[Moken]], [[Jakun]], [[Orang Kuala]], [[Temuan]] jo [[Orang Kanaq]]<ref name=coacstat>{{cite web|publisher=Center for Orang Asli Concerns|title=Orang Asli Population Statistics|url=http://www.coac.org.my/codenavia/portals/coacv2/code/main/main_art.php?parentID=11374494101180&artID=11432750280711|accessdate=2008-02-12|archive-date=2012-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209191755/http://www.coac.org.my/codenavia/portals/coacv2/code/main/main_art.php?parentID=11374494101180&artID=11432750280711|dead-url=yes}}</ref>. Sadang di Indonesia, Proto Malayu adolah [[Suku Toraja|Toraja]] ([[Sulawesi Selatan]]), [[Sasak]] ([[Lombok]]), [[Dayak]] ([[Kalimantan Tengah]]), [[Batak]] ([[Sumatera Utara]]), [[Nias]] (pantai barat [[Sumatera Utara]]), [[Suku Rejang|Rejang]], dll. Teori iko indak lai diakui panggunoannya, dek karano para [[arkeolog]] manyimpulkan baso indak ado dasa [[arkeologi]]s nan baarati nan manunjuakan adonyo pabedoan antaro Proto Malayu jo Deutero Melayu.<ref>[http://email.eva.mpg.de/~gil/ismil/6/abstracts/anderbeck.html Karl Anderbeck, "Suku Batin - A Proto-Malay People? Evidence from Historical Linguistics", ''The Sixth International Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistics'', 3 - 5 August 2002, [[Bintan]] Island, [[Riau]], Indonesia]</ref> ===Pangaruah India=== <!--[[Image:Avalokiteçvara, Malayu Srivijaya style.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Sabuah patuang ameh [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokiteçvara]] barasa dari Karajaan Sriwijaya, ditamui di [[Jambi]], [[Indonesia]]. Iko manjadi bukti pangaruah [[India]] nan kuek dalam masyarakaik Melayu pra-Islam katiko itu.]]--> Tiado bukti nan tapek soal wakatu palayaran urang [[India]] nan taawal malalui [[taluak Bengal]], tatapi bukti arkeologi nan ditamui di [[lambah Bujang]] manunjuakan urang Malayu di samananjuang alah badagang jo India sajak abaik patamo masehi.<ref>[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=26259 Lembah Bujang - Ancient Village or Settlement in Malaysia.]</ref> Pakambangan padagangan jo [[India]] alah mambaok kapado panyebaran agamo-agamo gadang India, [[agamo Hindu]] jo [[agamo Buddha]], ka saluruah palosok alam Melayu. Tampek-tampek ibadat mulai dibangun manuruik [[seni arsitektur|arsitektur]] India, dan pamimpin satampek mulai manggala diri surang ''[[Rajo]]'' dan manyerap banyak aspek utamo dari sistem pamarintahan feodal India.<ref name="Zaki Ragman page 1-6"/> Kudiannyo, muncul nagari-nagari maritim Malayu kaciak di kawasan pasisia pantai [[tanah Melayu|samananjuang tanah Melayu]] sarupo [[karajaan Chi Tu|Chi Tu]] (abaik patamo), [[Gangga Negara]] (abaik ka-2), [[Langkasuka]] (abaik ka-2), jo [[Lambah Bujang|Kedah]] (abaik ka-4). Di antaro abaik ka-7 jo ka-13, sabagian gadang dari nagari-nagari maritim nan makmur iko ado di bawah kuaso lungga Karajaan[[Sriwijaya]], sabuah karajaan Malayu basa nan bapusek di [[Palembang]], [[Sumatera]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/early.htm |title=Early Malay kingdoms |publisher=Sabrizain.org |date= |accessdate=2010-06-21}}</ref> [[Berkas:Srivijaya Empire.svg|thumb|left|250px|Karajaan Buddha [[Sriwijaya]], antaro karajaan Melayu rayo awal di [[kapulauan Melayu]].]] Pangaruah Sriwijaya tasebar di sadoalah kawasan pasisia Sumatera jo samananjuang tanah Melayu, [[Jawa]] barat, [[Borneo]] barat, jo babarapo kawasan lain di [[kapulauan Melayu]]. Jo nauangan India jo China, kakayoannyo sabagian gadang didapek malalui padagangan. Pado zaman kagamilangannyo, [[bahaso Melayu Kuno]] digunokan sabagai bahaso rasmi jo manjadi [[lingua franca]] sarantau, manggantikan Sanskrit, bahaso utamo Hindu jo Buddha<ref name="Zaki Ragman page 1-6" />. Zaman Sriwijaya dianggap zaman kagamilangan budayo Melayu. Kamegahan Sriwijaya bagaimanopun mulai marosot salapeh sarangan gadang-gadangan [[Karajaan Chola]] pado abaik ka-11 nan langsuang malumpuahkan kakuatan ekonomi jo katantaroannyo. Siso taakhia karajaan Malayu itu di [[Dharmasraya]] akhianyo dihancurkan dek panyarang-panyarang [[Suku Jawa|Jawa]] dari [[Singhasari]] nan malancakan [[ekspedisi Pamalayu]] (''Pamalayu'' sacaro harfiah bamakno parang tahadok Melayu) pado pangujuang abaik ka-13. Karuntuahan karajaan Sriwijaya alah manyababkan karabaik rajonyo manjadi palarian di wilayah-wilayah nan masih satia, dan ado babarapo pacuboan dek putera-putera Malayu untuak manghiduikkan baliak karajaan tasabuik. Pado taun 1324, jo dukuangan anak buah karajaan nan satia iyolah [[Orang laut]], surang putera Malayu Sriwijaya, [[Sang Nila Utamo]] alah mandirikan karajaan [[Singapura]] di [[Tumasik]]<ref>{{Cite book| last = Singapore. Ministry of Culture, Singapore. Ministry of Communications and Information. Information Divisionl | title = [[Singapore facts and pictures]] | publisher = [[Ministry of Culture]] | year= 1973 | page = 9 | isbn = 0217-7773 }}</ref>. Dinastinyo mamarintah pulau tasabuik sahinggo panghujuang abaik ka-14 apobilo karajaan Malayu itu sakali lai manghadoki sarangan dari tanah Jawa nan dilancakan [[Majapahit]]. Pado 1401, cicit Sang Nila Utamo, [[Parameswara|Paduko Sri Maharajo Parameswara]] manyuruak ka pasisia pantai barat samananjuang tanah Malayu jo mandirikan [[Kasultanan Melaka]]<ref>{{Cite web| last = Buyers | first = Christopher | title = The Ruling House of Malacca - Johor | url=http://www.royalark.net/Malaysia/malacca.htm | accessdate = 2009-06-13 }}</ref>. Kasultanan Melaka manggantikan tampek Sriwijaya sabagai kuaso politik Malayu sarantau dan mawarisi banyak dari tradisi karajaan jo budayo Melayu, tamasuak sabagian gadang wilayah-wilayah nan pernah dikuasoi pandahulunyo<ref name="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt"/><ref name="Malaysia Brunei & Singapore"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=History, culture, and region in Southeast Asian perspectives|page=33|author=O. W. Wolters|isbn=978-0877277255|year=1999|publisher=Cornell University Southeast Asia Program Publications|location=Singapore}}</ref>. <!--[[File:Around-Kota-Bharu-(19).jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Musajik Kampung Laut, Nilam Puri|Musajik Kampung Laut]] di [[Tumpat]], Kelantan. Musajik talama ado di Malaysia.]]--> ===Pangislaman=== [[Image:Malacca Sultanate id.svg|thumb|250px|right|Lawehnyo Kasultanan Melaka pado abaik ka-15.]] Duo pakambangan utamo nan mangubah sijarah Malayu maunjua pado pamuloan abaik ka-12 jo ka-15. Nan patamo adolah datangnyo [[Islam]] dan nan kaduo adolah bangkiknyo [[Kasultanan Melaka]] di pasisia pantai barat dayo samananjuang tanah Melayu.<ref name="World and Its Peoples">{{Cite book|title=World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei|pages=1174, 1219, 1220, 1222|year= 2008|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation|location=New York}}</ref> Agamo Islam tasebar di kawasan pasisia pantai nan kininyo nagari [[Kedah]], [[Perak]], [[Kelantan]], jo [[Terengganu]], dari sakurang-kurangnyo abaik ka-12.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam in Southeast Asia|page=25|author=Hussin Mutalib |isbn=978-981-230-758-3|year= 2008|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|location=Singapore}}</ref> Bukti arkeologi tarawal soal kadatangan Islam di samananjuang adolah sabuah batu basurek batarikh abaik ka-14 nan ditamui di nagari [[Terengganu]], [[Malaysia]]<ref name="World and Its Peoples" />. Pado abaik ka-15, [[Kasultanan Melaka]], nan hegemoninyo manjangkau bagian barat kapulauan Melayu, manjadi pusek utamo panyebaran agamo Islam di timur. Tradisi Melaka kudiannyo diwariskan ka generasi sataruihnyo dan mambantuak nilai-nilai utamo identiti Melayu.<ref name="T. N Harper page 15">{{Cite book|title=The End of Empire and the Making of Malaya|page=15|author=T. N. Harper |isbn=0-521-59040|year= 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=New terrains in Southeast Asian history|page=15|author=Abu Talib Ahmad, Liok Ee Tan |isbn=9971-69-269-4|year= 2003|publisher=Ohio University press|location=Singapore}}</ref> Katiko maso ikolah, agamo Islam manjadi lakek jo masyarakaik dan budayo Malayu dan manjadi aspek tapantiang dalam pambantuakan identitas "Melayu".<ref name="Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard Y. Andaya page 55">{{Cite book|title=A History of Malaysia|page=55|author=Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard Y. Andaya |isbn=0-333-27672-8,0-333-27672-8|year= 1984|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Lonndon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Contesting Malayness: Malay identity across boundaries|page=7|author=Timothy P. Barnar |isbn=9971-69-279-1|year= 2004|publisher=Singapore University press|location=Singapore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Malaysia: Transformasi dan perubahan sosial|page=16|author=Mohd Fauzi Yaacob |isbn=978-967-323-132-4|year= 2009|publisher=Arah Pendidikan Sdn Bhd|location=Malaysia}}</ref>. Pado taun 1511, palabuahan Melaka jatuah ka tangan [[konkuistador]] [[Urang Portugih|Portugih]]. Walaupun baitu, Melaka tatap manjadi suatu rujuakan tata nagara jo titiak rujuakan budayo untuak nagari-nagari pangganti sarupo [[Kasultanan Johor]] (1528–kini), [[Perak|Kasultanan Perak]] (1528–kini) jo [[Pahang|Kasultanan Pahang]] (1470–kini)<ref name="T. N Harper page 15" />. Di sabarang [[Lauik Chino Selatan]], ciek lai karajaan Melayu, [[Kasultanan Brunei]] (1363–kini) alah bangkik manjadi pasaing palabuahan maritim nan utamo ka bakeh Melaka. Brunei mancapai puncak kagamilangannyo pado patangahan abaik ka-16 dimano wilayahnyo alah mambantang jauah ka selatan ka kawasan nan kininyo [[Kuching]] di [[Sarawak]] dan ka utara sahinggo ka kapulauan [[Filipina]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei|page=32|author=Simon Richmond |isbn=36-005-607-983|year= 2007|publisher=Lonely Planet Planet publications}}</ref>. Kasultanan-kasultanan Malayu utamo nan lain adolah [[Kasultanan Kedah]] (1136–kini) jo[[Karajaan Pattani|Kasultanan Patani]] (1516–1771) nan bakuaso di bagian utara samananjuang tanah Melayu. ===Panjajahan=== Antaro taun 1511 jo 1984, banyak karajaan-karajaan Malayu jo kasutanan jatuah di bawah kuaso asiang nan babeda-beda, dimulai dari panjajahan banso Eropa co [[Portugis]], [[Balando]], jo [[Inggirih]], inggo panjajahan dari banso sabanua co [[Siam]] jo [[Japang]]. Pado taun 1511, pasukan [[Portugis]] alah bakuaso di ibu kota [[Kasutanan Malaka]]. Walau bagaimanopun, pihak Portugis nan bajaya, indak dapek mampaleba pangaruah politik meareka malabiahi [[A Famosa|kubu Malaka]]. Sutan bakuaso panuah di ateh tanah di lua Malaka jo mandirikan [[Kasutanan Johor]] pado taun 1528 untuak mamanangi Malaka. [[Malaka Portugis]] mangadoki babarapo sarangan balasan nan digagalkan dek Johor sahinggo 1614, gabuangan tentara Johor jo [[Balando]], manghalau Portugis dari samananjuang salamo-lamonyo. Sabagai satu pajanjian jo Johor pado 1606, Balando kudiannyo mangambiak kuaso Melaka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of British India: To the Overthrow of the English in the Spice Archipelago|page=345|author=William Wilson Hunter (Author), Paul Ernest Roberts (Author)|isbn=978-1145707160|year=2010|publisher=Nabu Press}}</ref> Sapanjang sijarah, [[Nagari-Nagari Malayu]] Samananjuang acok bamusuahan jo [[Siam]]. Kasutanan Malayu Malaka surang bajuang pado duo paparangan jo Siam wakatu nagari-nagari utara Malayu datang sacaro baselo di bawah kakuasoan Siam salamo baabaik-abaik. Pado taun 1771, [[Karajaan Siam]] nan baru di bawah [[Dinasti Chakri]] dimansuhkan [[Karajaan Pattani|Kasutanan Pattani]] dan kudian dilampirkan sabagian gadang [[Kasutanan Kedah]]. Dahulunyo, Siam di bawah [[Karajaan Ayutthaya]] alah dimasuakan ka dalam [[Tambralinga]] dan ditakluaki [[Wilayah Songkhla|Kasutanan Singgora]] pado abaik ka-17. Siam diagiah struktur pamarintahan nan baru dan mambuek wilayah [[Satun]], [[Songkhla]], [[Wilayah Phuket|Phuket]], [[Trang]], [[Narathiwat]], [[Wilayah Yala|Yala]] jo [[Pattani]] daripado bakeh kesultanan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Malaysia|pages=62–68|author=Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard Y. Andaya |isbn=0-333-27672-8,0-333-27672-8|year= 1984|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Government Policies and Ethnic Relations in Asia and the Pacific|page=204|author=Šumit Ganguly|isbn=978-0262522458|year= 1997|publisher=MIT press}}</ref> Pado taun 1786, [[Pulau Pinang]] alah dipajakkan kapado [[Sarikat Hindia Timur Inggirih]] dek [[Kasutanan Kedah]] dalam patukaran bantuan militer untuak manantang Siam. Pado taun 1819, sarikat itu juo mandapek [[Singapura]] dari [[Kasutanan Johor]], dan kudian pado taun 1824, [[Malaka Balando|Malaka]] dari Balando. Sadoalah padagangan jawatan sacaro rasmi dipakenalkan sabagai [[Salek]] pado taun 1826 dan manjadi tanah jajahan mahkota [[Karajaan Inggirih]] pado taun 1867. Campua tangan Inggirih dalam hal nagari-nagari Malayu alah dirasmikan pado taun 1895, salapeh [[Rajo-rajo Malayu]] manarimo [[Residen Inggirih]] dalam pamarintahan, dan [[Nagari-nagari Malayu Basakutu]] alah dibantuak. Pado taun 1909, [[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] jo [[Perlis]] dalam [[Pajanjian Inggirih-Siam 1909|disarahkan]] dek Siam kapado Inggirih. Nagari-nagari iko basamo-samo jo [[Johor]], kudiannyo disabuik sabagai [[Nagari-nagari Malayu Indak Basakutu]]. Samaso [[Parang Dunia II]], sadoalah milik Inggirih nan sacaro kolektif dikatahui sabagai [[British Malaya]] alah diduduaki dek [[Kakaisaran Japang]]. Kajatuahan Karajaan Brunei mamuncak dalam abaik ka-19, hinggo Brunei kahilangan banyak wilayahnyo [[Rajah Putih]] [[Sarawak]]. Brunei adolah sabuah nagari naungan British dari 1888 sahinggo 1984.<ref name=cia>{{cite journal | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html | title=Brunei | version= | publisher=[[CIA World Factbook]] | author= | year=2011 | accessdate=2011-01-13 | archive-date=2015-07-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721102115/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Barikuik [[Pajanjian Inggirih-Balando 1824]] pado taun 1824 nan mambagikan [[Tanah Malayu]] ka dalam panguasoan Inggirih di utara jo panguasoan Balando di selatan, sadoalah kasutanan Malayu di Sumatera jo Borneo Selatan manjadi sabahagian daripado [[Hindia Timur Balanda]]. Walaupun satangah rajo Malayu mangakakan kuaso mareka di bawah kakuasoan Balando,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Through Central Borneo|page=17|author=Carl Lumholtz|isbn=978-1419189968|year=2004|publisher=Kessinger publishing}}</ref> ado juo institusi barajo nan dimansuhkan dek karajaan kolonial Balando, co [[Kasutanan Riau|Riau]] pado taun 1911. Sajak pandirian [[Republik Indonesia]] sabagai kasatuan nagara pado taun 1950, sadonyo monarki tradisional Malayu manyarahan kadaulatannya kapado nagara,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Federalism in Asia|page=146|author=Baogang He (Editor), Brian Galligan (Editor), Takashi Inoguchi (Editor)|isbn=978-1847201409|year=2007|publisher=Edward Elgar Pub}}</ref> sahinggo kaduduakan Rajo-Rajo Malayu dikurangkan ka bakeh kaduduakan pawarisan kabudayoan sajo, sabagaimano kaduduakan pamarintahan ditukar kapado [[Gabenor]] jo [[Bupati]] atau [[Walikota]]. ===Nasionalisme Melayu di Malaysia=== [[Image:TuahNatlHistoryMuseumKL.jpg|thumb|right|Mural gangsa pahlawan Melayu legenda, [[Hang Tuah]] dengan quote terkenal ''Ta' Melayu Hilang Di-Dunia'' (Tak kan Melayu ilang Di Dunia)") nan ditulis di atas. Petikan adolah seruan nan terkenal untuk [[nasionalisme Melayu]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Rhetoric of Bangsa and Minzu|page=14|author=Liok Ee Tan|isbn=978-0867469097|year=1988|publisher=Monash Asia Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Presidential Notes: A biography of President Yusof bin Ishak|page=78|author=Melanie Chew|isbn=978-9814032483|year= 1999|publisher=SNP Publications|location=Singapore}}</ref>]] Instrumen nan terawal dan paliang bapangaruah detik kabangsaan Malayu [[berkala]] nan dipolitikkan kadudukan urang Malayu dalam menghadapi penjajahan dan asiang imigresen bukan Melayu. Walaupun repressions nan dikanaikan dek karajaan kolonial British, tadapek indak kurang dari 147 jurnal dan akhbar nan diterbitkan dalam [[British Malaya|Malaya]] antaro 1876 dan 1941. Antara berkala ketara adolah "Al-Imam" (1906), "Pengasuh" (1920),'' Majlis'' (1935) dan'' [[Utusan Melayu]]'' (1939). Kenaikan [[nasionalisme Melayu]] alah sebahagian gadangnyo digerakkan dek tigo puak nasionalis radikal dibezakan ka kiri Malayu dan kumpulan Islam nan manantang golongan elit konservatif.<ref name="Leo Suryadinata">{{Cite book|title=Nationalism & Globalization: East & West|pages=133–136|author=Leo Suryadinata|isbn= 978-9812300782|year=2000|publisher= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies}}</ref> Ahli-ahli [[sayap kiri]] Malayu alah diwakili dek [[Kesatuan Melayu Muda]], nan ditubuhkan pado taun 1938 dek sekumpulan Malayu inteligensia pandidikan terutamanya dalam [[Sultan Idris Training College]], jo ideal'' [[Greater Indonesia]]''. Pado taun 1945, mareka manyusun samulo diri mareka manjadi sabauh parti politik nan dikenali sabagai Parti Kebangsaan Malayu Malaya (PKMM). Islam asalnyo diwakili dek Kaum Mudo tadiri daripado Timur Tangah bapandidikan ulama jo [[Pan-Islamisme|Pan-Islam]] sentimen. Parti politik Islam nan patamo adolah "Parti Orang Muslimin Malaya" (Hizbul Muslimin) nan ditubuhkan pado Mac 1948, nan kemudiannya digantian dek [[Parti Islam Se-Malaysia]] pado taun 1951. Kumpulan katigo konservatif tadiri daripado golongan elit barat nan birokrat dan ahli-ahli kaluargo diraja nan berkongsi pandidikan Inggeris nan biaso terutamanya di eksklusif [[Maktab Melayu Kuala Kangsar]]. Mareka mambantuak organisasi sukarela nan dikenali sabagai persatuan-persatuan Malayu dalam pelbagai bahagian nagaro dan matlamat utama mareka adolah untuak mamajuan kapantiangan urang Malayu sarato mamintak palinduangan British ka ateh kadudukan Melayu. Pado bulan Mac 1946, 41 persatuan Malayu nan dibantuak [[Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu]] (UMNO), untuak manyatoan [[dominasi Melayu]] ateh Malaya.<ref name="Leo Suryadinata"/> Malayu dan kemelayuan alah manjadi asas utama bagi ideologi Malayu dan nasionalisme Malayu di Malaysia. Ketiga-tiga puak nasionalis Malayu picayo dalam idea "Negara Melayu" (Bangsa Melayu) dan kadudukan bahaso Melayu, namun indak bersetuju alih paranan Islam dan raja-raja Melayu. Konservatif disokong [[Bahasa Melayu]], [[Pengenalan Melayu Islam|Islam]] dan [[Raja-raja Melayu|pemerintahan Melayu]] nan manjadi tonggak utama kemelayuan, namun dalam nagaro sekular nan menghadkan paranan politik Islam. nan bahaluan kiri bersetuju jo [[negara sekular]] namun mahu menamatkan [[feudalisme]], manakala kumpulan Islam menggemari barakhia royalti namun mancari paranan nan labiah gadang [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States|pages=47–48|author=Lowell Barrington|isbn= 978-0472068982|year=2006|publisher=University of Michigan Press}}</ref> [[Image:Federation of Malaya.PNG|thumb|200px|left|[[Persekutuan Tanah Melayu]] pada tahun 1948. Ia telah ditubuhkan 9 tradisional [[negeri Melayu]] dan dua British [[Selat]], [[Pulau Pinang]] dan [[Melaka]]]] Yang maningga dunia itu kesultanan Malayu di Sumatra Timur samaso "[[Indonesia Negara Revolusi revolusi#Sosial|Sosial revolusi]]" taun 1946, sacaro drastik dipangaruahi rakan Malayan mareka dan politik motivasi mareka tahadok ideal nan PKMM, [[Greater Indonesia]] dan wawasan Islam '[[Republik Islam]]. Pado bulan Mac 1946, UMNO muncul jo sokongan panuah sultan-sultan Melayu. Pergerakan baru manjalin hubuangan politik nan rapaik antaro pamarentah dan mato palajaran nan alun pernah dicapai. Inyo menjana pandapaik awam teruja Malayu nan, basamo-samo jo sikap acuh tak acuh mengejutkan politik bukan Melayu, mambaok kapado pengabaian Britain radikal [[Malayan Union]] pelan. Menjelang Julai, UMNO berjaya dalam mandapekan pajanjian jo British untuak memulakan rundingan bagi perlembagaan baru. Rundingan taruih dari Ogos sampai November, antaro pegawai-pegawai British di satu pihak, dan wakil-wakil Sultan 'dan UMNO dan nan lain.<ref name="Riwanto Tirtosudarmo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.crise.ox.ac.uk/pubs/workingpaper14.pdf|title=The Orang Melayu and Orang Jawa in the ‘Lands Below the Winds|author=Riwanto Tirtosudarmo|publisher=Centre for research on inequality, human security and ethnicity|accessdate=2010-06-21|archive-date=2010-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331101900/http://www.crise.ox.ac.uk/pubs/workingpaper14.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Dua taun kudian saparuah bebas [[Persekutuan Tanah Melayu]] dilahirkan, nan mencerminkan satu kamanangan nan jaleh untuak kapantiangan Melayu. Susunan perlembagaan nan baru sebahagian gadangnyo baliak kapado corak asas pamarentahan kolonial pra-perang dan dibina pado ketuanan nagari-nagari individu Melayu. Hak dan keistimewaan Malayu taruih terpelihara. Tradisional [[Raja-raja Melayu]] itu mengekalkan hak istimewa mareka , manakala keturunan mareka nan bapandidikan Inggeris datang untuak manduduki jawatan kuaso di pusat, nan progresif decolonized. Pado bulan Ogos 1957, [[Persekutuan Tanah Melayu]], pergantungan tarakhia Barat utama di Asia Tenggara, kamardekaan dicapai dalam pemindahan kuaso berjalan jo aman.<ref name="Riwanto Tirtosudarmo"/> Persekutuan alah dibantuak samulo sabagai [[Malaysia]] jo tambahan pado taun 1963 [[Singapura]] (dipisahkan pado 1965), [[Sabah]] dan [[Sarawak]]. === Sajarah genetik === Melayu ialah kumpulan etnik berbahasa Austronesia di Asia Tenggara Insular, dan Semenanjung Tanah Melayu. Satu kajian pada tahun 2021 menyimpulkan bahawa populasi "Basal-Asia Timur", kadangkala dirujuk sebagai "orang Asia Timur dan Tenggara" (ESEA), yang merupakan nenek moyang kepada orang Asia Timur dan Tenggara moden, orang Polinesia dan orang Siberia, berasal dari Tanah besar Asia Tenggara pada ~50,000SM, dan berkembang melalui pelbagai gelombang migrasi masing-masing ke arah selatan dan utara. Keturunan Basal-Asia Timur, dan juga keturunan berkaitan Austroasiatik kemudiannya, merebak ke Asia Tenggara Maritim sebelum pengembangan orang Austronesia. Orang Austronesia sendiri dicadangkan telah tiba di Taiwan dan utara Filipina antara 10,000 SM hingga 7,000 SM dari pantai selatan China, dan tersebar dari mereka ke seluruh Asia Tenggara. Penulis menyimpulkan bahawa pengembangan orang Austronesia ke Asia Tenggara Insular dan Polinesia adalah keluar dari Filipina dan bukannya Taiwan, dan bahawa orang-orang berbahasa Austronesia moden, seperti orang Melayu, sebahagian besarnya mempunyai keturunan dari orang-orang Basal-Timur Asia yang terawal, pendatang Austroasiatik dari Tanah Besar. Asia Tenggara, dan pelaut berbahasa Austronesia dari Filipina, tanpa banyak campuran dari kumpulan sebelumnya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larena|first=Maximilian|last2=Sanchez-Quinto|first2=Federico|last3=Sjödin|first3=Per|last4=McKenna|first4=James|last5=Ebeo|first5=Carlo|last6=Reyes|first6=Rebecca|last7=Casel|first7=Ophelia|last8=Huang|first8=Jin-Yuan|last9=Hagada|first9=Kim Pullupul|last10=Guilay|first10=Dennis|last11=Reyes|first11=Jennelyn|date=2021-03-30|title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020671/|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=118|issue=13|pages=e2026132118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118|issn=0027-8424|pmc=8020671|pmid=33753512}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Melinda A.|date=2022-01-06|title=A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia|url=http://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001/html|journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.47248/hpgg2202010001|issn=2770-5005}}</ref> ==Bahaso== [[File:KedukanBukit001.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Batu Bersurat Kedukan Bukit]] nan ditulih dalam [[Vatteluttu|Tulisan Pallava]], ditemui pado tahun 1920 di Kedukan Bukit, [[Sumatera Selatan]]. Batahun [[683]], iko adolah artefak tulisan Melayu nan tatuo nan masih ado.]] {{Main|Bahaso Melayu}} Bahaso Malayu iolah ciek bahaso dari rumpun bahaso [[Austronesia]] nan marupoan rumpun bahaso utamo di dunia.<ref name="The New York Times Almanac 2001">{{Cite book|title=The New York Times Almanac 2001|page=492|author=John Wright |isbn=1-57958-348-2|year= 2007|publisher=New York times company|location=New York}}</ref> Variasi jo dialek-dialek Malayu digunokan sabagai bahaso rasmi di [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], [[Singapura]], jo [[Indonesia]]. Ditutuakan pulo di [[Thailand]], [[Filipina]], [[Kapulauan Cocos (Keeling)]], [[Pulau Christmass]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Suriname]]. Panutua aslinyo bajumlah kiro-kiro 33 juta urang di [[kapulauan Melayu]] dan digunokan pulo sabagai bahaso kaduo dek 220 juta urang.<ref name="The New York Times Almanac 2001" /> [[File:KlMuseumBatuBersurat.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Batu Bersurat Terengganu]], artefak tulisan tatuo jo tulisan [[Jawi]] di atehnyo. Isinyo iolah hukum satampek nan dipangaruahi [[Syariat Islam]], dek itulah iko manjadi salah satu bukti taawal pangaruah [[Islam di Malaysia]].]] [[Bahaso Melayu Kuno]] mulonyo tasebar sacaro laweh di [[kapulauan Melayu]] katiko zaman kakuasoan Sriwijaya. Kamudian tagantikan jo [[bahaso Melayu Klasik]] nan mancagua basamo jo datangnyo Islam dan mancapai puncak kajayaannyo katiko zaman kasultanan Melaka. Pado abaik ka-15, bahaso iko lah tasebar ka kawasan-kawasan nan di lua kakuasoan Melaka umpamo [[Ternate]] dan [[Tidore]] di [[Maluku]] utara. Katiko maso iko, bahaso Malayu juo manjadi bahaso istano jo sastra di karajaan-karajaan di lua kawasan panutua tradisional bahaso Melayu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Indonesian language: its history and role in modern society|page=59|author=James N. Sneddon |isbn=0-86840-598-1|year= 2003|publisher=University of New South Wales Press|location=Australia}}</ref> Pado zaman dahulu, bahaso Malayu marupoan salah satu bahaso ilmu utamo di kalangan para ilmuwan Islam. Para pangarang Eropa abaik ka-18, sarupo [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier|Tavernier]], [[Louis Thomassin|Thomassin]] jo [[Anthony Abraham Werndly|Werndly]] manggambakan bahaso Malayu sabagai "''bahaso ilmu di saluruah Hindia Timur, co [[bahaso Latin]] di [[Eropa]]''"<ref>{{Cite book|title=A full hearing:orality and literacy in the Malay world|author=Amin Sweeney |isbn=0-520-05910-7|year= 1987|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles}}</ref> Iko juo adolah bahaso nan paliang banyak panggunoannyo katiko zaman panjajahan Inggirih jo Balandao di Kapulauan Melayu<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lost Times and Untold Tales from the Malay World|page=55|author=Jan van der Putten & Mary Kilcline Cody |isbn=978-9971-69-454-8|year= 2009|publisher=National University of Singapore press|location=Singapore}}</ref>. Loghat [[Kasultanan Johor]] atau Johor-Riau adolah turan umum di kalangan urang Malayu di [[Singapura]] jo [[Malaysia]], dan inyo asa dari [[bahaso Indonesia]] kini<ref>{{Cite book|title= Comparative studies in Southeast Asian education|page=126|author= Francis Wong Hoy Kee|year=1973|publisher=Heinemann Educational Books (Asia)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations|page=413|author= Michael G. Clyne|isbn=978-3-11-012855-0|year=1992|publisher= De Gruyter Mouton}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Indonesian language: its history and role in modern society|page=15|author=James N. Sneddon |isbn=0-86840-598-1|year= 2003|publisher=University of New South Wales Press|location=Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world|page=678|author= Keith Brown & Sarah Ogilvie|isbn=978-0-08-087774-7|year=2009|publisher=Elsevier Science}}</ref>. Di samananjuang tanah Melayu, loghat [[Kelantan]] dalam bantuak totoknyo adolah nan paliang sulik dipahami. Loghat samananjuang lain tamasuak loghat [[Bahaso Melayu Kedah|Kedah]], loghat Melaka, loghat [[Bahaso Melayu Negeri Sembilan|Negeri Sembilan]], loghat Perak, loghat Pahang, jo loghat Terengganu. Di [[Thailand]], Malayu [[Satun]] batutua co loghat Kedah samantaro nan di wilayah-wilayah [[Patani]] batutua co loghat Kelantan. Di [[Brunei]], ado babagai loghat Malayu nan digunokan; Bahaso Malayu Dirajo, Kedayan, Kampong Ayer, Bahaso Malayu Pasa jo Bahaso Malayu Brunei<ref>{{Cite book|title= Bilingualism: beyond basic principles|page=68|author= Jean-Marc Dewaele, Hugo Baetens Beardsmore, Alex Housen, Li Wei|isbn=978-1853596254|year= 2003|publisher= Multilingual Matters}}</ref>. Sadang di Indonesia, loghat bahaso Malayu buliah digolongkan manjadi duo loghat utamo iyolah loghat Malayu Barat (bamakno loghat Malayu nan ditutuakan urang asli etnik Melayu, di antaronyo loghat Riau, loghat Jambi, loghat Palembang, loghat Bengkulu, loghat Bangka, loghat Belitung, loghat Komering, jo loghat lain di [[Sumatera]] jo [[Kalimantan Barat]]) jo loghat Malayu Timur (bamakno loghat Malayu nan ditutuakan urang bukan etnik Melayu, di antaronyo loghat Kutai, loghat Gorontalo, loghat Ternate, loghat Ambon, loghat Papua, jo loghat lain di [[Indonesia Timur]]). Bahaso Malayu manuruik sajarah ditulih dalam [[tulisan Pallawa|Pallawa]], [[Tulisan Kawi|Kawi]] jo [[Tulisan Rencong|Rencong]]. Salapeh datangnyo Islam, [[tulisan Jawi]] nan baasaskan [[abjad Arab]] bamulo digunokan jo masih ado hinggo kini sabagai tulisan rasmi di [[Malaysia]] jo [[Brunei]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation|title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards|date=26 August 2008|publisher=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref>, dan juo tulisan rasmi untuak [[bahaso Yawi]] di selatan Thailand. Bamulo dari abaik ka-17, akibaik dari panjajahan Inggirih jo Balando, tulisan Jawi sacaro baansua-ansua digantian jo tulisan Latin<ref>[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm Malay (Bahasa Melayu)]. Retrieved 30 August 2008.</ref> nan akhianyo manjadi tulisan modern rasmi untuak bahaso Malayu di Malaysia, Singapura, jo Indonesia ( tulisan rasmi lain di Brunei). ==Budayo== === Arsitektur === [[Image:Malaccapalace.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Replika istano [[Kasultanan Malaka]] nan dibangun manutuik maklumat dan data nan didapek dari [[Sijarah Melayu]]. Teks basijarah iko baisi rujuakan tantang pambangunan jo seni arsitektur istano-istano pado maso pamarintahan [[Sultan Mansur Shah]] dari tahun 1458 hinggo 1477.]] Seni arsitektur kadiaman asli di kapulauan Malayu buliah tabagi dalam duo bantuak utamo. Nan patamo adolah bantuak kadiaman kaum nan tabagi pulo kapado duo iyolah bantuak tradisional urang asli jo bantuak parahu nan dipunyo suku Flores, Nias, Batak, Melanesia, Toraja jo Papua. Bantuak kaduo adolah seni arsitektur masyarakaik maritim pasisia nan labiah maju sarupo Melayu, Bugis, Aceh, Minangkabau, jo lain-lain, nan mandirikan palabuahan, karajaan, malah dinasti-dinasti.<ref name="Warisan seni bina dunia Melayu">{{Cite book|title=The architectural heritage of the Malay world: the traditional houses|pages=9-14, 19, 24|author=Mohamad Tajuddin Haji Mohamad Rasdi|isbn=983-52-0357-1|year=2005|publisher=Penerbit UTM|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Sarupo juo dalam seni arsitektur suku-suku lain di kapulauan Melayu, [[kayu]] marupoan bahan utamo dalam pambangunan rumah tradisional Melayu<ref name="World and Its Peoples" />. Bagaimanopun, panamuan struktur batu lamo utamonyo bangunan rumah ibadat dari zaman karajaan-karajaan Malayu purba di [[tanah Melayu]] dan [[karajaan Sriwijaya]], mambuktikan urang Malayu juo manggunokan batu dalam pambangunan. [[File:Kliasatellitehdr.jpg|thumb|230px|left|[[Bandara Internasional Kuala Lumpur]], bandara iko manggabuangkan babarapo ciri seni arsitektur Melayu tradisional.]] Ado bukti arkeologi bangunan [[candi]] campuran batu jo kayu di lambah bujang, Kedah nan dipangaruahi dek seni arsitektur India batangga kurun patamo sabalun Masihi. Dalam kawasan nan lawehnyo labiah dari 350 kilometer persegi, 87 tapak basijarah alah dilaporkan tadiri dari tungku basi, dewan jo jeti di sapanjang sungai purba Lambah Bujang.<ref>[http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=0712&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Rencana&pg=re_09.htm Lembah Bujang tamadun awal Asia Tenggara. ARKIB : 12/07/2010]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kosmo.com.my/kosmo/content.asp?y=2009&dt=0305&pub=Kosmo&sec=Negara&pg=ne_01.htm |title=Tapak penempatan, lebur besi di Lembah Bujang, Oleh OTHMAN YAHAYA |access-date=2013-05-15 |archive-date=2009-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309030622/http://www.kosmo.com.my/kosmo/content.asp?y=2009&dt=0305&pub=Kosmo&sec=Negara&pg=ne_01.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ado juo [[candi]]-candi nan ditamukan di puncak-puncak gunuang, ciek ciri nan mungkin barasa dari kayakinan urang Malayu purba manganai kasucian tampek-tampek tinggi<ref>{{Cite book|title=Early civilizations of Southeast Asia|page=42|author=Dougald J. W. O'Reilly|isbn=978-0-7591-0278-1|year=2007|publisher=Rowman Altamira Press|location=Plymouth, UK}}</ref>. [[Candi Muara Takus]] jo [[Candi Muaro Jambi]] di [[Sumatra]] marupoan antaro paninggalan arkeologi nan bakaitan jo elemen-elemen arsitektur karajaan Sriwijaya. Sabagian gadang paninggalan arsitektur Sriwijaya dapek juo ditamukan di [[Chaiya]] (kini sabuah wilayah di [[Thailand]]) di [[Samananjuang Malaysia|Samananjuang Melayu]], nan pernah manjadi pusek tapantiang pado zaman Sriwijaya<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hindu-Buddhist architecture in Southeast Asia|page=213|author=Daigorō Chihara|isbn=90-04-10512-3|year=1996|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden, New York}}</ref><ref name="Jermsawatdi">{{Cite book|title=Thai art with Indian influences|page=65|author=Promsak Jermsawatdi|isbn=81-7017-0907|year=1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The arts of Thailand|page=75|author=Steve Van Beek & Luca Invernizzi|isbn=96-2593-2623|year=1999|publisher=Tuttle Publishing}}</ref>. Bantuak unik struktur rumah ibadat di Chaiya tadiri dari ruang sel nan mamajang gambar [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] jo puncak struktur nan ditinggikan dalam bantuak ''[[stupa]]'' jo surambi nan batingkek-tingkek, nan dapek dicaliak pado ''Wat Pra Borom That''.<ref name="Jermsawatdi" /> Gambaran urang asiang nan tarawal tantang seni arsitektur Malayu di tanah Malayu dapek ditamukan dalam babarapo catatan Chino. Ciek catatan dari abaik ka-7 mancaritokan tantang panziarah-panziarah Buddha nan singgah di [[Langkasuka]] ado manarangkan nan kotanyo dikaliliangi tembok jo menara-menara paninjau, dan punyo pintu bakamba nan gadang<ref>{{Cite book|title=A design guide of public parks in Malaysia|page=59|author=Jamil Abu Bakar|isbn=983-52-0274-5|year=2002|publisher=Penerbit UTM|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Ciek lai catatan abaik ka-7 dek utusan khas Chino ka [[Karajaan Chi Tu|Karajaan Bumi Merah]] mancataikan nan ibu kotanyo punyo 3 pintu utamo nan jarak antaronyo adolah 100 langkah dan dihiasi jo lukisan batemakan Buddha jo samangek-samangek wanita.<ref name="Warisan seni bina dunia Melayu" /> [[File:Sarawak.traditional.home.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Rumah adaik Melayu [[Sarawak]] dari [[Borneo Malaysia]].]] Kaadaan fisik bangunan kayu nan mudah rusak jo kurangnyo catatan tantang hasil seni arsitektur sabalun abaik ka-15, manyababkan pangatahuan taparinci tantang seni arsitektur Malayu tabateh pado 500 taun dahulu saja. Katarangan taparinci tantang seni arsitektur Malayu nan tarawal adolah manganai [[Istano]] gadang [[Sultan Mansur Shah]] nan mamarintah [[Kasultanan Melayu Malaka|Malaka]] dari taun 1458 hinggo 1477.<ref name="World and Its Peoples" /><ref name="Warisan seni bina dunia Melayu" />. Manuruik [[Sijarah Melayu]], bangunan iko punyo tujuah struktur ruang di ateh tiang-tiang kayu, jo tujuah bumbung dari gantiang timbago nan balapis-lapis jo menara-menara batabua ameh, dihiasi jo camin kaco Cino<ref name="Warisan seni bina dunia Melayu" /> Sumber Portugis juo ado manarangkan tantang Istano Sultan Mansur Shah sarato bangunan musajik batu di Malaka. [[File:Anjung Seni Idrus Tintin.JPG|thumb|230px|left|Anjung Seni Idrus Tintin di [[Pekanbaru]], [[Riau]]. Sabuah pusek galeri seni utamo di Indonesia bacirikan arsitektur Melayu.]] [[Rumah Melayu|Rumah adaik Melayu]] tradisional dibangunan manggunokan struktur rangka kayu nan sadarano. Inyo biasonyo punyo bumbuang nan miriang, [[surambi]] di bagian muko, langik-langik tinggi, banyak bukaan di dindiang untuak sirkulasi udaro<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/malayvernacular.htm|title=Malay Vernacular Architecture|author=Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Ghafar Ahmad|date=|accessdate=2010-06-24|archive-date=2010-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610190114/http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/malayvernacular.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, dan acok dihiasi jo [[ukiran kayu]] nan indah. Kacantikan jo kualitas ukiran kayu Malayu malambangkan taraf sosial jo pangkek pamiliak-pamiliaknyo.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Spirit of wood: the art of Malay woodcarving : works by master carvers from Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pattani|page=47|author=Farish Ahmad Noor & Eddin Khoo|isbn=0-7946-0103-0|year=2003|publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd.|location=Singapore}}</ref> Hasil seni arsitektur Malayu nan paliang indah biasonyo dapek dicaliak pado istano rajo-rajo jo rumah golongan bangsawan sarato rumah-rumah ibadat tradisional. Banyak elemen reka bantuak arsitektur Malayu kini diadaptasi pado struktur modern untuak mancaminkan identitas Melayu. Struktur bumbuang bagalombang nan disokong dek rangka bajo di bangunan [[KLIA]] adolah diilhamkan dari rumah [[kampuang]] gaya Malayu tradisional. Kayu nan marupoan elemen pantiang dalam pambangunan bangunan Malayu tradisional, juo ditarjamahkan dan digunokan dalam bantuak modern di KLIA jo [[Putrajaya]]. Di Putrajaya, rumah pajabaik [[Pardano Mantari Malaysia|Pardano Mantari]] baririk jo panel kayu untuak mancapai tujuan desain iko. Bagian bawah struktur atok bakubah KLIA nampak saakan-akan ''melitupi jalur nipis kayu'' nan manuruik arsiteknyo, "mancaminkan struktur kayu tradisional Malaysia, manginterpretasi samulo kaedah pambangunan tradisional jo manguekkan identitas lokal". Salain itu, elemen-elemen bukan seni arsitektur warisan Malayu juo digunoan pado bangunan modern. Pintu masuak ka dalam [[Menara Kamba Petronas]] dihiasi jo motif-motif Malayu kontemporer nan diadaptasi dari seni karajinan tangan tradisional, tamasuak ''[[Songket]]'' jo [[ukiran]] kayu nan tainspirasi dari bantuak-bantuak [[hutan hujan]] tropika<ref>{{Cite book|title=Critical reflections on cities in Southeast Asia|page=201|author=Tim Bunnell, Lisa Barbara Welch Drummond & Kong-Chong Ho|isbn=981-210-192-6|year=2002|publisher=Time Media Private Limited|location=Singapore}}</ref>. ===Bela Diri=== {{Main|Silek}} [[File:Singaporean female pesilat - 20080222.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Surang pasilek wanita dari Singapura.]] Seni Silek Malayu alah dipagunokan urang Malayu sajak ratusan taun nan lalu dan kini dapek ditamukan di saluruah kapulauan Malayu utamonyo di wilayah tradisi Malayu iaitu [[samananjuang Tanah Melayu]], [[Kapulauan Riau]], [[Sumatra]], jo pasisia pantai [[Borneo]]. Seni Silek dikatokan bakambang dari hasia pangamaikan jo paniruan garakan hewan sarupo baruak, alang, jo harimau. Iko manggabuangkan garakan manyipak, manumbuak, jo manjatuahkan sarato panggunoan sanjato. Walaupun sanjato utamo urang Malayu adolah [[Karih]], ado juo sanjato-sanjato lain nan digunokan dalam silek umpamonyo [[Ladiang]], [[Badiak]], [[Tekpi]], [[Tumbuak Lado]], [[Karambiak]], [[Parang]], [[Sundang]], [[Sabik]], [[Lembing]], jo batang [[buluah]]. Sajarah asa-usua silek sangaik sukar dipastikan karano kurangnyo catatan nan masih ado, salain dari sajarah lisan jo legenda nan diturunkan dek mahaguru-mahaguru silek. Dipacayo pado abaik ka-6 masehi, seni parang Malayu tarawal alah mulai dijalankan di samananjuang Tanah Malayu jo Sumatera. Bantuak-bantuak tarawal Silek dikatokan alah bakambang dan digunokan dalam angkatan basanjato karajaan-karajaan Malayu purba di samananjuang sarupo [[Langkasuka]] dan [[Kedah]] sarato karajaan Sriwijaya.<ref name="Malaysia Brunei & Singapore">{{cite book |title=Malaysia Brunei & Singapore|pages=225, 51, 52|author=James Alexander|isbn=1-86011-309-5|year=2006 |publisher=New Holland Publishers}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">Thesis: ''Seni Silat Melayu'' by Abd Rahman Ismail (USM 2005 matter 188)</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Seni Silat Melayu: Sejarah, Perkembangan dan Budaya|page=188|author=Abd. Rahman Ismail |isbn=9789836299345|year=2008 |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Black Belt|pages=73|publisher=Michael James|isbn=0277-3066|year=October Edition, 1994|publisher=Rainbow Publications}}</ref> Pangaruah karajaan Malayu [[Sriwijaya]] dan [[Kasultanan Melaka]] alah manyumbang panyebaran seni mampatahankan diri iko ka saluruah palosok [[Kapulauan Melayu]]. Malalui muaro-muaro jo sungai-sungai nan manjadi pusek utamo padagangan, Silek tasebar jauah ka masyarakaik padalaman. Pahlawan legenda Malayu dari Melaka, [[Laksamana]] [[Hang Tuah]] marupoan surang pesilat nan paliang takenal dalam sejarah<ref>{{Cite book|title=Martial arts of the world: An Encyclopedia. R - Z, Volume 2|page=802|author=Thomas A. Green|isbn=1-57607-150-2|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO Inc|location=Santa Barbara, California}}</ref> bahkan dianggap satangah pihak sabagai bapak silek Melayu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Malay art of self-defense: Silat Seni Gayung|page=195|author=Sheikh Shamsuddin|isbn=1-55643-562-2|year=2005|publisher=North Atlantic Books|location=Berkeley, California}}</ref> Sajak zaman klasik Melaka, Silek mangalami diversifikasi nan gadang sahinggo maunjuan babagai aliran jo variasi nan kamudiannyo mambantuak apo nan kini diakui sacara tradisional sabagai sumber [[Pancak Silek]], istilah generik untuak sadoalah seni mampatahankan diri Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Weapons and fighting arts of Indonesia|page=23|author=Donn F. Draeger|isbn=0804817162|year=1992|publisher=Tuttle Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Shadows of the Prophet: Martial Arts and Sufi Mysticism|page=28|author=D. S. Farrer|isbn=978-1-4020-9355-5)|year=2009|publisher=Springer}}</ref> Di Malaysia sajo, ado labiah dari 150 [[perguruan Silek]] dari aliran nan babedo-bedo, aliran utamo paguruan silek nan tanamo adolah [[Silek Gayong]], [[Silek Cekak]], [[Silek Sendeng]], [[Silek Kuntau]], [[Silek Harimau]], [[Silek Lian]] dan [[Silek Terlak]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Seni Silat Melayu: Sejarah, Perkembangan dan Budaya|page=2|author=Abd. Rahman Ismail |isbn=9789836299345|year=2008 |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Salain dari seni Silek, [[Tomoi]] juo diamalkan dek urang Malayu utamonyo di nagari-nagari utara samananjuang Tanah Melayu. Samo sarupo [[Pradal serey]] dan [[Muay Thai]], Tomoi marupoan salah satu varian [[kickboxing]] versi [[Indo-China]] nan dipacayo alah disebarkan di tanah gadang Asia Tenggara sajak zaman karajaan [[Funan]]. ===Pakaian Tradisional=== [[File:Gadispalembang.jpg|275px|thumb|right|Wanita [[Palembang]] sadang bapakaian tari tradisional Gending Sriwijaya, [[Sumatera Selatan]], Indonesia.]] {{Main|Baju Melayu|Baju Kuruang}} Dalam budayo Melayu, [[pakaian]] jo [[tekstil]] amaik tinggi kaduduakannyo dan malambangkan kaelokkan, kuaso, jo pangkek. Babarapo katarangan dalam [[Hikayat]]-Hikayat Malayu ado panakanan sabarapo pantiangnyo kaduduakan tekstil.<ref name="Maznah Mohammad">{{Cite book|title=The Malay handloom weavers: a study of the rise and decline of traditional manufacture|pages=2 & 19|author=Maznah Mohammad |isbn=981-3016-99-X|year= 1996|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|location=Singapore}}</ref> Sijarah industri tenunan Malayu dapek ditalusuri sajak abaik ka-13 apobilo lalu linteh padagangan di Timur bakambang pasek di bawah paranan karajaan [[dinasti Song]]. Katarangan tantang tekstil buekan lokal jo kamajuan industri panyulaman di samananjuang Tanah Malayu dinyatokan dalam babarapo catatan Chino jo India.<ref name="Maznah Mohammad"/> Antaro jinih tekstil Malayu nan tanamo dan masih ado inggo hari iko adolah [[Songket]] jo [[Batiak]]. Pakaian tradisional Malayu taawal cukuik sadarano, wanitanyo mamakai [[saruang]] nan manutuik bagian bawah tubuah inggo ka dado samantaro lalakinyo mamakai baju senteang, ado nan balangan ado juo nan indak, jo sarawa senteang inggo ka lutuik. Bagaimanopun, apobilo padagangan jo dunia lua samakin maju, caro bapakaian urang Malayu mandapek pangaruah lua dan baubah manjadi labiah takini. Abaik ka-15 adolah puncak kajayoan zaman Kasultanan Malayu Malaka jo Islam sabagai agamo rasminyo. Sarupo nan dicaritokan dalam [[Sijarah Melayu]], katiko itulah pakaian tradisional [[Baju Melayu]] tabantuak. Pangaruah Islam nan kuek alah mangubah caro bapakaian urang Malayu kudiannyo jo ciri-ciri nan basasuaian jo agamo Islam. Pakaian umum Malayu klasik untuak lalaki tadiri dari ''baju'', ''sarawa'' kaki kaciak, [[saruang]] nan dipakai di pinggang, jo ''tanjak'' atau ''[[tangkuluak]]'' nan dipakai di kapalo. adolah pakaro biaso bagi surang pahlawan Malayu manyisipkan [[karih]] di lipatan muko saruang. Pakaian Malayu versi wanita nan taawal adolah labiah lungga jo panjang. Bagaimanopun inyo kudiannyo dipabarui dan dipopulerkan [[Sultan Abu Bakar Daeng Ibrahim|Sultan Abu Bakar]] dari [[Kasultanan Johor]] pado kurun abaik ka-19, manjadi bantuak [[baju kuruang]] nan dipakai inggo kini. Ado babagai bantuak jo variasi pakaian tradisional Malayu nan ado manuruik daerah-daerah nan babedo, namun jinih nan paliang masyhur inggo kini adolah [[baju kuruang]] (untuak padusi) jo [[baju Melayu]] (untuak lalaki), nan kaduo-duonyo diakui sabagai pakaian kabansoan untuak [[Malaysia]] jo [[Brunei]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/malaysianmonarchy/?q=en/dress |title=Royal and Palace Cutoms:Dresses For Ceremonies And Functions|publisher=Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia|accessdate=2010-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kkbs.gov.bn/html/pakaian_tradisi.htm|title=Pakaian Tradisi|publisher=Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan of Brunei|accessdate=2010-07-20|archive-date=2010-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404150912/http://www.kkbs.gov.bn/html/pakaian_tradisi.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan masih dipakai dek komunitas Malayu di Singapura, Thailand, jo Indonesia. Babedo jo baju Malayu nan masih dipakai hanyo dalam upacara-upacara tatantu, baju kuruang labiah populer dipakai satiok hari dek banyak wanita Melayu. Urang awam, pakarajo profesional, dan pelajar wanita nan mamakai baju kuruang alah manjadi pamandangan biaso di Malaysia jo Brunei. {{tarjamah|Melayu}} ===Sastra=== {{Main|Sastra Melayu}} Kesusasteraan Malayu kaya jo khazanah sastera lisan dan sastera klasik nan sebilangan gadangnyo mengandungi kisah dari pelbagai lapisan masyarakat, dari [[pekerja rumah tangga]] ka [[menteri]], dari [[hakim]] ka [[Raja]], dan merentasi pelbagai zaman, dari zaman silam sampai ka zaman kontemporari, nan basamo-samo mambantuak identiti kemelayuan nan pelbagai<ref>{{Cite book|title= Identity in Asian literature |page=192|author= Lisbeth Littrup |isbn=0-7007-0367-5|year=1996|publisher=Nordic Institute of Asian Studies |location=Richmond}}</ref>. [[Image:Hkyt merong mahawgsa.jpg|thumb|200px|kanan|[[Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa]] dalam tulisan [[Jawi]]. Ia juga digelar Sejarah Kedah dan merupakan sebuah karya sastera Melayu silam nan membabadkan keturunan [[Merong Mahawangsa]] dan pengasasan negeri [[Sejarah awal Kedah|Kedah]].]] Bahaso Malayu adolah bahaso nan lambuik dan halus. Keaslian dan keindahan sastera Malayu dapaik dilihat dalam elemen [[puisi Melayu|puisinya]], nan menekankan panggunoan rima dan irama. Antara bantuak [[puisi Melayu]] nan takenal adolah - [[Pantun]], [[Syair]] dan [[Gurindam]]. Bentuk terawal sastera Malayu adolah [[sastera lisan]] dan tema utamanya adolah [[Cerita dongeng masyarakat Melayu|cerita dongeng]] tantang [[alam semula jadi]], [[haiwan]] dan [[manusia]]. Cerita dongeng dihafal dan diwarisi dari satu keturunan [[penglipur lara]] ka keturunan nan sataruihnyo . Banyak dari cerita-cerita iko dikarang dek '' penglipur lara'' contohnya; ''[[Hikayat Malim Dewa]]'', ''[[Hikayat Malim Deman]]'', ''[[Hikayat Raja Budiman]]'', ''[[Hikayat Raja Donan]]'', ''[[Hikayat Anggun Cik Tunggal]]'', dan ''[[Hikayat Awang Sulung Merah Muda]]''. Apobilo pangaruah budayo India mulo manyeba ka saluruah kepulauan Malayu kiro-kiro 2000 taun nan lalu, sastera Malayu mulo manggabuangkan elemen-elemen dari India. Pado zaman Hindu-Buddha iko , karya-karya dari [[sastera Sanskrit]] dan [[mitologi Hindu]] diterjemah, dan diadaptasi ka dalam sastera Melayu. Antara karya-karya nan bersusur galur dari zaman iko adolah ''[[Hikayat Seri Rama]]'' (suatu terjemahan bebas ''[[Ramayana]]'') dan ''[[Hikayat Panca Tanderan]]'' (suatu adaptasi ''[[Hitopadesha]]'') <ref name="popular science 1899">{{Citation | last = Ford | first = R. Clyde | title = Malay Literature | journal = Popular Science Monthly | volume = 55 | pages = 379–381 | year = July 1899}}</ref>. Zaman sastera Malayu klasik bamulo salapeh ketibaan Islam dan penciptaan [[tulisan Jawi]] (tulisan nan berasaskan [[abjad Arab]]). Sajak itu, elemen-elemen Islam mulo mambaok pangaruah nan gadang dalam sastera Melayu. [[Batu Bersurat Terengganu]] nan bertarikh 1303, adolah panulisan naratif Malayu terawal nan diketahu wujud. Batu iko dipahek jo catatan [[sejarah]], [[undang-undang]], dan [[kisah cinta]] dalam tulisan Jawi<ref name="World & Its People page 1218">{{Cite book|title=World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei|page=1218|year= 2008|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation|location=New York}}</ref>. Karya nan dianggap tapantiang dalam sastera Malayu pulo adolah [[Sejarah Melayu]] (Sulalatus Salatin) nan sangaik masyhur itu. Inyo pernah digelar karya sastera Malayu nan "paling masyhur, mempunyai ciri tersendiri, dan nan terbaik", dek sarjana takenal dalam pangajian Melayu, [[Richard Olaf Winstedt|Sir Richard O. Winstedt]].<ref>{{Cite book|title= Encyclopedia of historians and historical writing , volume 2|page=756|author= Kelly Boyd |isbn=1-884964-33-8|year= 1999|publisher=Fitzroy Darborn Publishers|location=London}}</ref> Tarikh sebenar bilo Sajarah Malayu ditulih dan sia panulih asalnyo adolah indak diketahui<ref name="World & Its People page 1218" />, namun ateh titah parentah [[Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah III]] dari Johor pado 1612, [[Tun Sri Lanang]] menyelia proses panyuntiangan dan panyusunannyo.<ref>{{Cite book|title= History of Modern Malay Literature |page=260|author= Johan Jaaffar, Safian Hussain, Mohd. Thani Ahmad |isbn=9836227458|year= 1992|publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Ministry of Education, Malaysia |location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref>. Pado abaik ka-19, sastera Malayu alah mangalami revolusi pantiang malalui karya-karya [[Abdullah Abdul Kadir Munshi]], saurang [[munshi]] [[Singapura]] kalahiaran [[Melaka]] nan terkenal<ref name="popular science 1899" />. Pado zamannya, Abdullah dianggap sabagai urang Malayu nan paliang tapalaja pernah menulis<ref name="popular science 1899" />, salah saurang pembaharu tahebaik dalam persuratan Melayu<ref name="The Indonesian language: its history and role in modern society">{{Cite book|title=The Indonesian language: its history and role in modern society|page=71|author=James N. Sneddon |isbn=0-86840-598-1|year= 2003|publisher=University of New South Wales Press|location=Australia}}</ref> dan juo dianggap bapa sastera Malayu moden<ref name="World & Its People page 1218" />. Karya-karya beliau nan tapantiang adolah ''[[Hikayat Abdullah]]'' (sebuah autobiografi), ''[[Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Kelantan]]'' ( catatan tantang perjalanannya untuak karajaan Singapura ka [[Kelantan]]), dan ''[[Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Mekah]]'' (catatan tantang perjalanannya untuak menunaikan [[Haji]] di [[Mekah]]). Karya-karya beliau marupoan inspirasi bagi generasi pangarang nan sataruihnyo dan manandoan tahap awal paraliahan dari zaman sastera Malayu klasik ka zaman sastera Malayu moden.<ref name="The Indonesian language: its history and role in modern society" />. ===Seni Rupo=== Ukiran kayu adolah bagian utamo [[seni rupo]] Malayu klasik. Urang Malayu sacaro tradisinyo manghiasi tugu, bot, sanjato, pusaro, alek musik, jo pakakeh bamotif bungo, seni kaligrafi, geometri, jo benda kosmos. Seni iko dihasiakan jo mambuang sabagian pamukoan kayu jo alek-alek tajam, manuruik alua corak-corak, gubahan, jo susunan khusus. Inyo dicaliak sabagai ciek bantuak pangamboan si tukang kayu kapado Sang Pencipta jo anugerah kapadp masyarakaik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=hhttp://www.fab.utm.my/download/ConferenceSemiar/SelectingTimber.pdf |title=Criteria for Selecting Timber Species in Malay Woodcarving|publisher=University Teknologi Malaysia|date= |accessdate=2011-01-15}}</ref> Seni ukiran kayu bakambang maju dalam budayo Malayu hasia dari banyaknyo sumber kayu di kapulauan Malayu dan juo kapandaian tukang kayu. Kayu nan biaso digunokan adolah spesis kayu kareh tropis nan tahan lamo jo talok manahan sarangan kumbang, anai-anai, jo lain-lainnyo. Salain itu, iklim tropis nan punyo baragam flora jo fauna sarato dayo kosmik, alah maagiah inspirasi motif-motif dalam bantuak abstrak atau stail di ateh papan kayu. Jo kadatangan Islam, bantuak geometri, jo [[seni kaligrafi Islam]] alah dipakenalkan dalam seni ukiran kayu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eprints.utm.my/1421/1/JT37B4.pdf|title=Visual Composition of Malay Woodcarvings in Vernacular House of Peninsular Malaysia|publisher=University Teknologi Malaysia|date=|accessdate=2011-01-15|archive-date=2011-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722234222/http://eprints.utm.my/1421/1/JT37B4.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Rumah-rumah atau musajik Malayu tradisional biasonyo ka dihiasi jo labiah dari 20 komponen ukiran. Ukiran pado dindiang jo panel mambatuakan aliran udaro nan bakesan di dalam jo lua bangunan jo dapek mambiaan sinar matohari manarangi bagian dalam struktur. Pado maso nan samo, bayang-bayang baasaskan motif-motif nan tahasia dari panel ka manambah elok pado bagian lantai. Dek itulah, satiok ukiran kayu indak hanyo untuak nilai estetika samato, tapi juo untuak fungsi-fungsi khusus. <!--[[File:Ayam Percik & Nasi Kerabu.jpg|thumb|170px|left|''Ayam Percik'' dihidang jo ''Nasi Kerabu''.]]--> ==Seni Patunjuakan== Seni pertunjukan urang Malayu adolah kaya jo pelbagai jenis muzik, tarian dan teater nan marupoan gabuangan dari pelbagai pangaruah budaya. Jenis genre adolah pelbagai, dari drama tari Malayu asli misalnyo [[Mak Yong]] sampai ka tarian-tarian dari pangaruah Arab misalnyo [[Zapin]]. Koreografi garakan juo adolah berbeza-beza, dari langkah dan talaan nan mudah misalnyo dalam [[Dikir barat]] sehinggalah ka garakan nan labiah sukar misalnyo dalam [[Tarian Joget|Joget]] [[Gamelan]]. Muzik Malayu tradisional pado asasnya manggunoan genderang. Pelbagai jenis [[gong]] mambarian rantak untuak tarian-tarian. Tadapek juo [[gendang]] dari pelbagai saiz, dari ''rebana ubi'' gadang nan digunoan untuak acara pantiang sampai ka ''kompang'' ketek nan digunoan untuak mangiringi pasambahan dalam upacaro keagamaan dan perkahwinan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=West Malaysia and Singapore|page=48|author=Wendy Moore|isbn=962-593-179-1|year=1998|publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd|location=Singapore}}</ref> <!--[[File:UlekMayangdance.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Seorang penari mempertunjukkan [[Ulek mayang|Ulek Mayang]], suatu tarian berasal dari [[Terengganu]].]]--> Kesenian [[Nobat]] marupoan alaik kebesaran diraja dan manuruik catatan sajarah inyo digunoan sajak zaman [[Kesultanan Kedah]] dan [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka]]. Inyo adolah lambang kebesaran Raja-Raja Malayu sampai hari iko dan hanyo dipasambahkan dalam upacara-upacara keagamaan dan diraja nan penting, contohnyo dalam istiadaik [[pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]. [[Orkestra]] tradisional Nobat tadiri dari alaik muzik [[nehara]], [[gendang]], [[nafiri]], [[serunai]] dan kadang kadang tamasuak [[gong]] bertombol dan sapasang [[simbal]].<ref name="World and Its Peoples" /> Pangaruah India adolah kuek dalam [[wayang kulit]] di mano kisah-kisah dari epik Hindu; [[Ramayana]] & [[Mahabharata]] manjadi repertoir utama. Tadapek ampek jenis teater wayang kulik nan dapaik ditamui di samananjuang Tanah Melayu; ''Wayang Gedek'', ''Wayang Purwa'', ''Wayang Melayu'' dan ''Wayang Siam''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Asian variations in Ramayana|page=296|author=Kodaganallur Ramaswami Srinivasa Iyengar|isbn=81-260-1809-7|year=2003|publisher=Sahitya Academy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Malay Shadow Play: An Introduction|page=3|author=Ghulam Sarwar Yousof|isbn=983-9499-02-5|year=1997|publisher=The Asian Centre}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Malaysian shadow play and music: continuity of an oral tradition|pages=8–11|author=Patricia Ann Matusky|isbn=967-65-3048-4|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>. Antara seni pertunjukan Malayu lain nan takenal ialah; teater ''[[Bangsawan]]'', balada cinta ''[[Dondang sayang]]'' dan tarian ''[[Tarian Mak Inang|Mak Inang]]'' dari [[Kesultanan Melaka]], teater ''[[Jikey]]'' dan ''[[Mek Mulung]]'' dari [[Kedah]], tarian ''[[Tarian Asyik|Asyik]]'' dan drama tari ''[[Menora (tarian)|Menora]]'' dari [[Patani]] dan [[Kelantan]], drama tari ''[[Ulek mayang]]'' dan tarian ''[[Rodat]]'' dari Terengganu, dan teater ''[[Boria]]'' dari [[Pulau Pinang]]. <!--[[File:Aesan Gede Songket Palembang.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Seorang Melayu [[Palembang]] dalam pakaian perkahwinan tradisional dari [[Sumatra Selatan]], Indonesia, dikenali sebagai Aesan Gede.]]--> ===Makanan=== {{utama|Masakan Malayu}} [[Berkas:Nasi lemak basic.jpg|thumb|250px|right|''Nasi lemak'', nasi nan dikukuih jo [[santan]].]] Satiok wilayah tradisional Malayu mampunyoi makanan khasnyo surang-surang. Umpamonyo [[Terengganu]] jo [[Kelantan]] tanamo jo ''[[Nasi dagang]]'', ''[[Nasi kerabu]]'' sarato ''[[Keropok lekor]]'', [[Negeri Sembilan]] jo masakan balamak, [[Pahang]] jo ''[[tempoyak|gulai tempoyak]]'', [[Kedah]] jo ''[[Asam laksa]]'', [[Malaka]] jo ''[[Asam pedas]]'', dan [[Brunei]] jo hidangan ''[[Ambuyat]]''. Ciri utamo masakan tradisional Malayu adolah panggunoan [[rempah]] nan banyak, sarato [[santan]] nan pantiang untuak mangasiakan makanan balamak jo pakek. Paraso sarupo [[belacan]] jo [[budu]] adolah pantiang untuak manambuah kanikmatan makanan. Belacan digunokan pulo sabagai bahan utamo basamo-samo jo [[lado]], [[bawang merah]], jo [[bawang putiah]] untuak mangasiakan ''sambal'', ciek lai paraso utamo dalam hidangan. Masakan Malayu banyak juo manggunokan [[langkueh]] jo [[serai makan]].<ref name="Malaysia Brunei & Singapore"/> Ampiang satiok masakan Malayu dihidangan basamo jo [[nasi]], makanan pokok urang Malayu dan juo kabanyakan etnik lain di Asia. Walaupun ado banyak jinih makanan dalam masakan Melayu, biasonyo sadonyo dihidangan sakaligus, indak bagantian disajian co budayo Barat. Makanan akan dijamah jo tartib manggunokan tangan suok (tangan kida dikhususkan untuak panyucian diri) dan urang Malayu jarang manggunokan pakakeh.<ref name="World and Its Peoples"/>. Dek karano kabanyakan urang Malayu baagamo [[Islam]], aturan masakan Malayu badasakan hukum [[halal]] [[Islam]] sacaro ketat. Pangambilan protein kabanyakannyo diambiak dari dagiang jawi, kabau, kambiang, biri-biri, ayam, itiak, jo ikan. Dagiang [[kandiak]], dagiang indak halal nan lain sarato alkohol dilarang jo indak ado dalam aturan makanan sahari-hari Melayu. [[Nasi lemak]], sajinih nasi nan dimasak dalam [[santan]] pakek dan marupokan hidangan Malayu paliang tanamo nan mudah tasuo di satiok pakan jo kampuang Malayu sarato dianggap [[hidangan kabansoan]] [[Malaysia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malaysia.com/nasi-lemak-food.html |title=Nasi Lemak|publisher=Malaysia.com|date= |accessdate=2010-07-06}}</ref>. Ciek lai contohnyo adolah [[Katupek]] atau ''nasi himpit'', nasi taimpik padek nan dimasak di dalam daun karambia, biasonyo dihidang katiko sambutan [[Hari Rayo Idul Fitri]]. Babagai jinih dagiang jo sayur-sayuran dipakai untuak mangasiakan [[Gulai]], sajinih hidangan kari jo babagai campuran rempah nan mandapek pangaruah India nan jaleh jo ditarimo dek urang Malayu sajak zaman katumba. [[Laksa]], ciek campuran masakan Malayu jo Cino Paranakan adolah ciek hidangan nan tanamo. Masakan Malayu juo mangadaptasi sabagian tradisi masakan sakitarnyo, sarupo [[randang]] dari Minangkabau di Sumatra, jo [[sate]] dari Jawa, bagaimanopun urang Malayu alah mambangunkan cito raso jo masakan khas mareka nan tasandiri. ===Pamainan Tradisional=== [[File:Finished wau and wau frame.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Sabuah bengkel [[Wau bulan|wau]] di [[Kelantan]], [[Malaysia]].]] Pamainan Malayu tradisional biasonyo mamaralukan kapandaian dalam mambuek karajinan tangan, dan asa-usuanyo dapek ditalusuri sajak zaman Kasultanan Malayu Malaka. [[Sipak rago]] jo [[layang-layang]] marupokan babarapo pamainan tradisional nan ado dinyatokan dalam teks [[Sijarah Melayu]], dimainkan dek golongan bangsawan jo kaluargo dirajo Kasultanan Malayu Melaka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Malay Annals: Translated from the Malay Language|page=261|author=Dr. John Leyden|year=1821|publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Southeast Asia in world history|page=48|author= Craig A. Lockard |isbn= 978-0-19-533811-9|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor |page=1357|author= Keat Gin Ooi |isbn= 1-57607-770-5|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara}}</ref> Sipak Rago nan kini disabuik sabagai [[Sipak takraw]] adolah salah satu pamainan Malayu nan tanamo sarato alah dimainkan sajak ratusan taun saisuak. Sacaro tradisi, Sipak rago dimainkan dalam bulatan jo manendang sarato manimbang bola rotan manggunokan bagian tubuah mano pun kacuali lengan jo tangan. Inyo kini diakui sabagai olahraga asali Asia Tenggara <ref>{{Cite book|title=The world and south east Asia|page=411|author= Oswald Leopold Ziegler|isbn= 0909586039|year=1972|publisher= Oswald Ziegler Enterprises }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Malaysia (Enchantment of the World. Second Series)|page=104|author= Sylvia McNair|isbn= 0516210092|year=2002|publisher= Children’s Press }}</ref>. Pamainan nan tanamo lainnyo adolah pamainan [[Gasiang]] nan acok dimainkan salapeh musim manuai padi. Kapandaian dalam patukangan diparalukan untuak mandapek gasiang nan paliang kompetitif, ado di antaronyo nan dapek baputa sahinggo duo jam lamonyo.<ref name="Malaysia Brunei & Singapore"/> Kamudian pamainan Malayu nan paliang tanamo adolah layang-layang atau labiah acok disabuik sabagai [[Wau]] di samananjuang Tanah Melayu. Patandiangan manabangkan Wau mangambiak tampek jo hakim-hakim nan mangarati patukangan (Wau adolah objek rancak nan bawarna-warni nan dibuek jo bingkai buluah), bunyi (sadonyo [[layang-layang Melayu]] direka bantuak bia dapek manghasilkan bunyi khas apobilo ado di udaro) jo katinggian.<ref name="Malaysia Brunei & Singapore"/> Urang Malayu juo punyo ciek varian mainan bapapan [[Mancala]] nan acok disabuik sabagai [[Congkak]]. Pamainan iko dimainkan jo manggali biji congkak nan tabuek dari batu, guli, manik atau kerang, pado papan kayu nan balubang duo baleh atau labiah. Mancala diakui sabagai pamainan tatuo di dunia dan alah dimainkan sajak zaman [[Mesir Kuno]]. ===Namo jo Pangkek=== {{Main|Namo Melayu|Gala basa Melayu}} [[Berkas:Abdul Halim of Kedah.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] Malaysia ka-14, [[Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah|Duli Yang Maha Mulia Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah]]]] Namo urang Malayu mancaminkan struktur masyarakaiknyo nan bahierarki jo pangkek dianggap sangaik pantiang. Iko alah mangalami parubahan nan gadang mangikuik pakambangan zaman, dan mancamikan babagai pangaruah lua ka ateh masyarakaik Malayu salamo kurun wakatu nan lamo. Walaupun satangah namo Malayu modern masih mamakai pangaruah dari namo Malayu asli jo Sanskrit, sabagai umaik [[Islam]], urang Malayu alah lamo manggunokan [[namo Arab]] sabagai tando agamo mareka. Namo Malayu itu badasakan sistem [[patronimi]] dan dapek tadiri hinggo ampek bagian iyolah pangkek, namo nan dibarikan, namo keluarga, jo namo bapak. Satangah namo dibarikan dan namo bapak dapek tadiri dari duo atau tigo namo, nan manghasiakan namo panuah nan sangaik panjang. Contohnyo, salah surang pamain bola sipak kabangsaan Malaysia [[Mohd Aidil Zafuan Abdul Radzak]], di mano 'Mohd Aidil Zafuan' adolah tigo namo nan dibarikan dan 'Abdul Radzak' adolah duo namo bapaknyo. Salain itu, [[bahaso Melayu]] juo punyo sistem [[gala basa Melayu|pangkek jo kahoromatan]] nan sangaik kompleks, nan hinggo kini masih digunokan sacaro laweh di [[Malaysia]] jo [[Brunei]]. Jo malatakkan [[Gala basa Melayu|pangkek Melayu]] pado namo Malayu biaso, ciek namo nan labiah kompleks akan dihasiakan. [[Pardano Mantari Malaysia]] kini punyo namo panuah [[Najib Tun Razak|Dato' Seri Mohd Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak]], di mano 'Dato' Seri' adolah pangkek kahoromatan Melayu, 'Mohd Najib' adolah namo aslinyo, 'bin' maagiah tau namo pangkek jo namo bapaknyo, 'Tun' adolah gala kamuliaan nan labiah tinggi, 'Haji' manandokan bapaknyo pernah manunaikan [[Haji]] di [[Mekah]], jo 'Abdul Razak' adolah namo asli bapaknyo. Bagaimanopun, namo-namo Malayu nan labiah kompleks dimiliki dek karabaik karajaan Malayu utamonyo Rajo-Rajo Malayu nan sadang mamarintah. [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] [[Malaysia]] punyo namo panuah [[Mizan Zainal Abidin|Duli Yang Maha Mulia Al-Wathiqu Billah Tuanku Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah]], manokalo [[Sultan Brunei]] dikana jo namo rasmi bagindo, [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien]]. ==Agamo== [[File:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Musajik Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin]] di Brunei. Karajaan iko manjadikan pemerintahan Melayu Islam sabagai falsafah nagara sajak kamardekaannyo pado 1984.]] Pado mulonyo, urang Malayu adolah [[animisme|umaik animisme]] nan picayo adonyo jiwa dalam sadoalah benda.<ref name="Zaki Ragman page 1-6" />. Pado pamuloan masehi, [[agamo Hindu]] jo [[agamo Buddha Mahayana]] dipakanakan dek para padagang India ka Kapulauan Melayu, di mano alah bakambang pesat sampai kadatangan Islam nan dibaok dek padagang Arab, India, jo Cino. Pado abaik ka-15, mazhab [[Sunah Waljamaah]] ortodoks tasebar laweh di kapulauan Malayu di bawah paranan kasultanan Malaka. Babedo jo agamo Hindu nan mangubah masyarakaik Malayu awal sacaro lahiriah, Islam dapek dikatokan baraka kuek pado diri urang Melayu<ref name="The Malays, their problems and future">{{Cite book|title=The Malays, their problems and future|page=57|author=Syed Husin Ali |isbn=978-983-9541-62-5, 978-983-9541-61-8|year= 2008|publisher=The Other Press Sdn Bhd|location=Malaysia}}</ref> Salapeh zaman iko, sacaro tradisinyo, identiti urang Malayu adolah sangaik bakaitan arek jo Islam<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam in world politics|page=157|author=Anthony Hearle Johns, Nelly Lahoud|isbn=0-415-32411-4|year= 2005|publisher=Routledge|location=New York}}</ref> dan batahan hinggo kini<ref name="The Malays, their problems and future" /> Kaitan iko sangaik arek sampai apobilo sasaurang dari suku lain mamaluak agamo Islam di alam Melayu, baliau dikatokan akan "masuak Melayu"<ref name="Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard Y. Andaya page 55" />. Dari panalitian orientalis Inggirih jo pamimpin kolonial [[Malaya British]], [[Richard Olaf Winstedt]] nan pernah tingga di [[Tanah Melayu]] dari taun 1902 hinggo 1939, kayakinan-kayakinan lamo nan dari zaman sabalun Islam masih baraka dalam budayo Malayu pado zaman tasabuik. Aliran [[sufisme]] atau unsua [[mistik]] dari mazhab [[Syiah]], nan indak ado dalam mazhab Sunah Waljamaah ortodoks juo diamalkan dek urang Melayu, disampiang unsur-unsur lamo dari ajaran animisme jo agamo Hindu-Buddha<ref>{{Cite book|title=Shaman Saiva and Sufi|page=125|author=R. O. Winstedt|isbn=9781434686336|year= 2008 (original copyright 1925)|publisher=BiblioLife|location=London}}</ref>. Kaadaan iko bagaimanopun barubah pado maso [[pambaruan Islam]] (juo digala [[Islamisasi]] samulo<ref>{{Cite book|title=Face to face with political Islam (L'islamisme en face)|page=54|author=François Burgat|isbn=1-86064-212-8|year= 2003|publisher= I.B Tauris & Co. Ltd|location=New York}}</ref>) nan balaku di saluruah dunia pado taun 1970an. Banyak amalan dan tradisi nan batantangan jo ajaran Islam dan ado unsur-unsur kayakinan lamo nan [[syirik]] mulai ditinggakan dek urang Melayu. Antaronyo adolah [[temasya Mandi Safar]] nan sangaik tanamo diamalkan suatu katiko dahulu. Pesta mandi untuak kasucian rohani iko dikatokan punyo unsur-unsur dari amalan [[Durga Puja]] agamo [[Hindu]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Triad societies: western accounts of the history, sociology and linguistics of Chinese secret societies (volume V)|page=184|author=Kingsley Bolton, Christopher Hutton|isbn=0-41524397-1|year= 2000|publisher=Routledge|location=London}}</ref>. Labiah kurang 99.9% urang Malayu modern adolah panganuik [[Islam]] dari mazhab [[Sunah Waljamaah]]<ref name="2000 census religion" /><ref name="prayer profile ethnic religion" /><ref name="prayer profile diaspora religion" /> dan sadoalah parayoan-parayoan tapantiang Malayu adolah hari-hari rayo dalam Islam umpamonyo ''[[Hari Rayo Idulfitri]]'', ''[[Hari Rayo Iduladha]]'', ''[[Awal Muharram]]'' ( Taun Baru Islam) dan ''[[Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]]'' (Hari kalahiran Nabi Muhammad S.A.W). ==Kumpulan sub-etnik== [[File:Indonesia Ethnic Groups Map - ID.svg|thumb|center|750px|Etnik Melayu di antaro kumpulan etnik lain di Indonesia. Etnik Melayu marupoan salah suatu kumpulan etnik nan paliang tasebar laweh di Indonesia, alam Melayu nan ditunjuakan dalam warna hijau dan lain-lain bakaitan jo sub-etnik diagiah warna hijau nan labiah tuo atau labiah mudo. Kumpulan etnik Melayu digambarkan mandiami timur pasisia Sumatera jo pasisia Kalimantan.]] {| class="wikitable" width="100%" |- ! style="text-align: center; background: #aacccc;"|Kumpulan etnik ! style="text-align: center; background: #aacccc;"|Karajaan basijarah ! style="text-align: center; background: #aacccc;"|Daerah utamo |- valign="top" | Malayu Bangka-Belitung | | [[File:Coat of arms of Bangka Belitung Islands.svg|20px|left]] [[Kepulauan Bangka Belitung]] |- valign="top" | Malayu Bangkok<ref>[http://www.asianscholarship.org/asf/ejourn/articles/umaiyah_haji_umar.doc The Assimilation of the Bangkok-Melayu Communities]</ref><ref>[http://eprints.um.edu.my/80/1/Language_and_Writing_System_of_Bangkok_Melayu.pdf Language and writing system of Bangkok Melayu]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | | [[File:Seal Bangkok.png|20px|]] [[Bangkok]] |- valign="top" | Malayu Bengkulu | | [[File:Coat of arms of Bengkulu.svg|20px|left]] [[Bengkulu]] |- valign="top" | Malayu Brunei<ref>{{Cite book|title= Brunei Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah Handbook (World Strategic and Business Information Library)|pages=151–152|author=IBP USA|isbn=978-1433004445|year=2007|publisher=International Business Publications|location=USA}}</ref><ref name="Patricia Colling">{{Cite book|title=Dissertation Abstracts International, A-The Humanities and Social Sciences (Abstracts of Dissertations Available on Microfilm or as Xerographic Reproductions February 1973, Volume 33, #8)|page=6804|author= Patricia Colling |isbn=0419-4209 0012-3854|year=1973|publisher= Xerox University Microfilms}}</ref><ref name="Aris">{{Cite book|title= The dynamics of Malay identity|pages=1–26|author=Mohd. Aris Hj. Othman|isbn=978-9679420098|year=1983|publisher= Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia}}</ref><ref name="M. G. Husain">{{Cite book|title= Muslim identity and Islam: Misinterpreted in the Contemporary World|pages=16, 33, 34|author=M. G. Husain|isbn=8178271656|year=2007|publisher=Manak Publications|location= New Delhi}}</ref> | *[[Karajaan Brunei]] (Abad ka-7 – ka-14) *[[Kasultanan Brunei]] (1363–kini) | {{flag|Brunei}}, {{flag|Labuan}}<br>{{flag|Sarawak}}, {{flag|Sabah}}, |- valign="top" | Malayu Bugis<ref name="Gulrose">{{Cite book|title= Information Malaysia 1990-91 Yearbook|page=74|author=Gulrose Karim| year=1990|publisher=Berita Publishing Sdn. Bhd|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref><ref name="Joseph& Najmabadi">{{Cite book|title= Economics, Education, Mobility And Space (Encyclopedia of women & Islamic cultures)|page=436|author=Suad Joseph, Afsaneh Najmabadi|isbn=978-9004128200|year=2006|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers }}</ref><br>''Katurunan [[Bugis]] nan baasimilasi jo masyarakaik Melayu satampek'' | *[[Kasultanan Linggi]] (1700–1777) *[[Kasultanan Selangor]] (1745–kini) |{{flag|Selangor}}, {{flag|Johor}}, {{flag|Pahang}} <br>[[File:Riau COA.svg|20px|]] [[Riau]], [[File:Coat of arms of Riau Islands.svg|20px|]] [[Kepulauan Riau]], {{flag|Singapore}} |- valign="top" | Malayu Deli | *[[Kasultanan Langkat]] (1568–kini) *[[Kasultanan Asahan]] (1630-1946) *[[Kasultanan Deli]] (1630–kini) *[[Kasultanan Serdang]] (1728–1946) | [[File:Coat of arms of North Sumatra.svg|20px|left]] [[Sumatera Utara]] |- valign="top" | Malayu Jambi | *[[Karajaan Jambi]] (Abad ka-11) *[[Kasultanan Jambi]] (1460-1907) | [[File:Prov.Jambi.svg|20px|left]] [[Jambi]] |- valign="top" | Malayu Jawa<ref name="Gulrose" /><ref name="Joseph& Najmabadi" /><br>''Katurunan [[suku Jawa|Jawa]] nan baasimilasi jo masyarakaik Melayu satampek'' | | {{flag|Johor}}, {{flag|Selangor}} |- valign="top" | Malayu Johor<ref name="Patricia Colling" /><ref name="Aris" /><ref name="M. G. Husain" /> | *[[Kasultanan Johor]] (1528–kini) *[[Kasultanan Muar]] (1707–1877) | {{flag|Johor}} |- valign="top" | [[Melayu Kedah]]<ref name="Patricia Colling" /><ref name="Aris" /><ref name="M. G. Husain" /><ref>{{Cite book|title= Intisari kebudayaan Melayu Kedah: Kumpulan rencana mengenai kebudayaan Negeri Kedah|pages=19–69|author= Majlis Kebudayaan Negeri Kedah| year=1986|publisher= Majlis Kebudayaan Negeri Kedah}}</ref> | *[[Tamadun]] [[Lembah Bujang]] (110 AD) *[[Langkasuka]] (Abad ka-2 - ka-14) *[[Karajaan Kedah]] (Abad ka-7 – ka-12) *[[Kasultanan Kedah]] (1136–kini) *[[Karajaan Perlis]] (1842–kini) | {{flag|Kedah}}, {{flag|Perlis}}, {{flag|Penang}}, {{flag|Perak}}<br> [[File:Seal Phuket.png|20px|]] [[Phuket]], [[File:Seal Ranong.png|20px|]] [[Ranong]], [[File:Seal Satun.png|20px|]] [[Satun]], [[File:Seal Krabi.png|20px|]] [[Krabi]], [[File:Seal Trang.png|20px|]] [[Trang]], [[File:Seal Songkhla.png|20px|]] [[Songkhla]]<br> [[File:Seal Phang Nga.png|20px|]] [[Phang Nga]], [[File:Seal Phattalung.png|20px|]] [[Phattalung]], [[File:Seal Nakhon Si Thammarat.png|20px|]] [[Nakhon Si Thammarat]]<br>[[File:Flag of Tanintharyi Region (1974–2010).svg|25px|left]] [[Bagian Tanintharyi]] |- valign="top" | Malayu Kelantan<ref name="Patricia Colling" /><ref name="Aris" /><ref name="M. G. Husain" /> | *[[Karajaan Chi Tu|Karajaan Tanah Merah]] (Abad patamo - ka-6) *[[Kasultanan Kelantan]] (1267–kini) *[[Kasultanan Jembal]] (1638–1720)<ref>Amy Suzani Mohd Ainuddin. (1999). ''Raja Bersiong Puteri Saadong''. Kota Bharu: JalarMihat. ISBN 983-2098-89-0</ref><ref>Saad Shukri bin Haji Muda. (1971). ''Detik2 Sejarah Kelantan''. Kota Bharu: Pustaka Aman Press.</ref> | {{flag|Kelantan}} |- valign="top" | Malayu Melaka<ref name="Patricia Colling" /><ref name="Aris" /><ref name="M. G. Husain" /> | *[[Kasultanan Melayu Melaka]] (1402–1511) | [[File:Flag of Malacca.svg|20px]] [[Malaka]] |- valign="top" | Malayu Minangkabau<ref name="Gulrose" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://202.185.40.214/idc/groups/portal_aperpatih/documents/ukmpd/adat_03657.pdf |title=Peraturan Adat Istiadat Dalam Istana Besar Sri Menanti Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus |access-date=2013-05-15 |archive-date=2011-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917113145/http://202.185.40.214/idc/groups/portal_aperpatih/documents/ukmpd/adat_03657.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7589:keunggulan-adat-perpatih&catid=395:artikel Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia - ''Keunggulan Adat Perpatih'']{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://agc-blog.agc.gov.my/?p=133 |title=Jabatan Peguam Negara - ''Institusi Diraja Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus'' |access-date=2013-05-15 |archive-date=2011-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027210641/http://agc-blog.agc.gov.my/?p=133 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.jmm.gov.my/ms/node/457 Jabatan Muzium Malaysia - ''Masyarakat Melayu Minangkabau'']</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Share of the Harvest: Kinship, Property and Social History Among the Malays of Rembau|pages=10|author=Michael G Peletz|isbn=978-0520080867|year=1992|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Islam and Human Rights in Practice: Perspectives Across the Ummah|pages=113-114|author=Shahram Akbarzadeh (Editor), Benjamin MacQueen (Editor)|isbn=978-0415449595|year=2008|publisher=Routledge}}</ref>/ Malayu Nagari Sembilan<br>''Katurunan [[Minangkabau]] nan baasimilasi jo masyarakaik Melayu satampek''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Malays: Their Problems and Future|pages=159|author=Syed Husin Ali|isbn=9789839541625|year=2008|publisher=The Other Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Encyclopaedia of the South East Asian Ethnography (Volume 1)|pages=446|author=Narendra S. Bisht & T. S. Bankoti|isbn=81-87746-96-3|year=2004|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Asian Studies (volume 4)|pages=283|author=University of the Philippines. Institute of Asian Studies.; University of the Philippines. Asian Center.; Philippine Center for Advanced Studies|isbn=0004-4679|year=1963|publisher=Quezon City : Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Politics of Decentralization: Colonial Controversy in Malaya, 1920-29|pages=3-4|author=Kim Wah Yeo|isbn=978-0195825244|year=1982|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> | *[[Karajaan Negeri Sembilan]] (1773–kini) | {{flag|Negeri Sembilan}}, {{flag|Selangor}}, [[File:Flag of Malacca.svg|20px]] [[Malaka]] |- valign="top" | Malayu Pahang<ref name="Patricia Colling" /><ref name="Aris" /><ref name="M. G. Husain" /> | *[[Kasultanan Pahang]] (1470–kini) | {{flag|Pahang}} |- valign="top" | Malayu Palembang | *[[Srivijaya]] (Abad ka-7 - ka-11) *[[Kasultanan Palembang]] (1550–1823) |[[File:Coat of arms of South Sumatra.svg|20px|left]] [[Sumatera Selatan]] |- valign="top" | Malayu Pattani<ref name="Patricia Colling" /><ref name="Aris" /><ref name="M. G. Husain" /> | *[[Langkasuka]] (Abad ka-2 - ka-14) *[[Karajaan Pattani]] (1516–1771) *[[Kasultanan Singgora]] (1603–1689)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.koransuroboyo.com/2010/11/singgora-kerajaan-melayu-islam.html |title=archive copy |access-date=2013-05-15 |archive-date=2012-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101015404/http://www.koransuroboyo.com/2010/11/singgora-kerajaan-melayu-islam.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>http://smzakirsayapmatahari.blogspot.com/2009/02/kota-singgora.html</ref> *[[Kasultanan Reman]] (1785–1909) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kebunketereh.com/?p=387 |title=archive copy |access-date=2013-05-15 |archive-date=2011-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819082400/http://kebunketereh.com/?p=387 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | [[File:Seal Pattani.png|20px|]] [[Pattani]], [[File:Seal Yala.png|20px|]] [[Yala]], [[Narathiwat]], [[File:Seal Songkhla.png|20px|]] [[Songkhla]], [[File:Seal Krabi.png|20px|]] [[Krabi]] <br> {{flag|Kedah}},{{flag|Kelantan}}, {{flag|Perak}}, {{flag|Perlis}} |- valign="top" | Malayu Perak<ref name="Patricia Colling" /><ref name="Aris" /><ref name="M. G. Husain" /> | *[[Gangga Negara]] (Abad ka-2 – ka-11) *[[Kasultanan Perak]] (1528–kini) | {{flag|Perak}} |- valign="top" | Malayu Pontianak | *[[Karajaan Tanjungpura]] (880-1590) *[[Kasultanan Matam]] (1590-1948) *[[Kasultanan Pontianak]] (1771–1950) *[[Kasultanan Sambas]] (1675–1944) |[[File:Coat of arms of West Kalimantan.svg|20px|left]] [[Kalimantan Barat]] |- valign="top" | Malayu Riau | *[[Kasultanan Lingga-Riau]] (1824–1911) *[[Kasultanan Siak Sri Indrapura]] (1725–1949) *[[Kasultanan Pelalawan]] (1791–1946) *[[Kasultanan Indragiri]] (1298-1963) |[[File:Riau COA.svg|20px|left]] [[Riau]], [[File:Coat of arms of Riau Islands.svg|20px|]] [[Kepulauan Riau]] |- valign="top" | Malayu Sarawak | *[[Kasultanan Sarawak]] (1598–1641)<ref>[http://bruneiresources.blogspot.com/2010/08/sultan-tengah-first-and-only-sarawak.html Sultan Tengah, the first and only Sarawak Sultan ]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnurusydi.blogspot.com/2009/09/sultan-sarawak.html |title=Sultan Sarawak |access-date=2013-05-15 |archive-date=2012-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323173021/http://ibnurusydi.blogspot.com/2009/09/sultan-sarawak.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | {{flag|Sarawak}} |- valign="top" | Malayu Singapura | |{{flag|Singapore}} |- valign="top" | Malayu Tamiang | *Karajaan Bukit Karang (1023-1330)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/415/kesultanan-benua-tamiang |title=Kesultanan Benua Tamiang |access-date=2013-05-15 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091626/http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/415/kesultanan-benua-tamiang |dead-url=yes }}</ref> *Kasultanan Benua Tamiang (1330–1528) |[[File:Flag of Aceh, Indonesia.svg|25px|left]] [[Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang]] |- valign="top" | Malayu Terengganu<ref name="Patricia Colling" /><ref name="Aris" /><ref name="M. G. Husain" /> | *[[Kasultanan Terengganu]] (1708–kini) | {{flag|Terengganu}} |} ==Konsep Rumpun Banso Melayu== {{Main|Rumpun Banso Melayu}} Istilah ''Melayu'' juo pernah digunokan dalam konsep [[Rumpun Banso Melayu]], nan marangkumi sadoalah kumpulan suku jo etnik nan mandiami [[Kapulauan Melayu]] sarupo [[urang Aceh|Aceh]], [[urang Banjar|Banjar]], [[suku Betawi|Betawi]], [[Minangkabau|Minang]], jo [[urang Jawa|Jawa]]. Istilah iko patamo kali dicanangkan dek saintis Jerman [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] (1752–1840) dalam klasifikasi banso-banso manusia, dan populer digunokan pado zaman kolonial Eropa di kapulauan Melayu. Manuruik Blumenbach, “banso Melayu” adolah subkategori untuak [[banso Ethiopid]] jo [[Banso Mongoloid|Mongoloid]], dan diklasifikasikan di baruah [[bangsa perang]]<ref>.[http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/People/blumen.html University of Pennsylvania]</ref> ==Caliak pulo== * [[Malayu Cocos]] * [[Misbun Sidek]] ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist|3}} ==Pautan Lua== * {{ms}} [http://iyco0.tripod.com/usmanawang.html Puisi Usman Awang mengenai Melayu.] * {{en}} [http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=29765 Melayu] * {{id}} [http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:lYcg2r-ziWYJ:ccm.um.edu.my/umweb/fsss/images/persidangan/Kertas%2520Kerja/Pak%2520Witrianto.doc+Rumpun+Banjar&hl=id&ct=clnk&cd=139&gl=id&client=firefox-a Modal Sosial dan Pembangunan Manusia Melayu oleh Witrianto, S.S., M.Hum., M.Si dari Universitas Andalas]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{id}} [http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2004/05/early/budaya/budaya-0504-bhinneka.htm Bhinneka Tunggal Ika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126030352/http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2004/05/early/budaya/budaya-0504-bhinneka.htm |date=2010-01-26 }} * {{id}} [http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=aW1QL3FMZVZBUkU4Ng%3D%3D= Gerakan Bangsa Melayu Besar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408223826/http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=aw1ql3fmzvzbuku4ng=== |date=2016-04-08 }} {{Suku banso di Indonesia}} {{Daftar etnik di Malaysia}} {{Kalompok etnik di Singapura}} {{Authority control}} {{ANT}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malayu}} [[Kategori:Malayu|*]] [[Kategori:Suku banso di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Suku banso di Malaysia]] ot335pz95px6iuo11gdntu870luodp7 0 10819 3345561 3344575 2026-04-02T20:25:42Z ~2026-20388-09 23619 3345561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox ethnic group| | group = Urang Kurinci<br/> <small>Uhang Kinci/Uhang Kincai</small> | image = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een aantal religieuze specialisten zitten rondom een met textiel bekleed bouwwerk tijdens een oogstfeest te Kumun Sumatra TMnr 10000989.jpg | image_caption = | population = lk. 300.000 | popplace = '''[[Indonesia]]''' (''[[Jambi]]'' ([[Kabupaten Kerinci]], [[Kota Sungaipenuh]], [[Kabupaten Merangin]], [[Kabupaten Bungo]]), ''[[Sumatera Barat]]'', ''[[Riau]]'', ''[[Kepulauan Riau]]'', ''[[Bangkulu]]'', ''[[Sumatera Selatan]]'', ''[[Kepulauan Bangka Belitung]]'', ''[[Lampung]]'', ''[[Banten]]'', ''[[Jakarta]]'', ''[[Jawa Barat]]'') <br/> '''[[Malaysia]]''' (''[[Kuala Lumpur]]'', ''[[Selangor]]'', ''[[Negeri Sembilan]]'') | rels = [[Islam]] | langs = [[bahaso Kurinci|Kurinci]] <small>(utamo)</small>{{br}} [[bahaso Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[bahaso Malayu|Malayu]], [[bahaso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] | related = [[Urang Malayu|Melayu]], [[Urang Minang|Minangkabau]] }} '''Urang Kurinci''' ([[Bahaso Kurinci|baso Kurinci]]: '''Uhang Kinci''', '''Uhang Kincai'''; {{lang-ms|'''Kerinci''' atau '''Kerinchi'''}}; [[Abjaik Jawi|Jawi]]: كرينچي) adolah etnis Austronesia nan barasa dari provinsi Jambi tarutamo di [[Kabupaten Kerinci]], [[Kabupaten Merangin|Merangin]], [[Kabupaten Bungo|Bungo]] jo [[Kota Sungaipenuh|Sungai Penuh]]. Salain dari [[Jambi]], masyarakaik Kurinci dapek juo ditamukan di daerah-daerah tatangga di [[Sumatera Barat]]. Urang Kurinci dipakirokan bamigrasi dari daerah sakuliliang. Pado abaik ka-19, babarapo urang Kurinci marantau ka [[Samananjuang Malaka]] dan kini katurunan mareka dapek ditamukan di babarapo nagara bagian di pasisia barat Samananjuang Malaysia.<ref name=":0">[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913647590/ Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Indonesia]</ref> Adopulo sabagian urang Kurinci nan pai marantau ka [[Malaysia]]. Wilayahnyo 4.200 km² jo jumlah panduduak 300.000 jiwa. Sacaro topografi, Kabupaten Kerinci mampunyoi tanah nan babukik-bukik jo lambah di [[Pagunuangan Bukik Barisan]] jo puncak tatinggi adolah [[Gunuang Kurinci]].<ref name=":0" /> Tradisi lisan dan dokumen tatulih dalam aksara Rencong (''Incung'') mangecekan soal urang-urang nan datang dari utara yakni [[Bangso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] di [[Sumatera Barat]] dan tingga di utara Danau Kurinci. Di wilayah selatan Kurinci, tradisi nan babeda mangatokan baso kalompok ko barasa dari [[Sumatera Selatan]]. == Etimologi == Namo "''Karinci''" barasa dari kato Tamil "''Kurinci''". Tanah Tamil dapek dibagi manjadi ampek wilayah nan dinamoi sasuai jo namo bungo nan unik untuak satiok wilayah. Sabuah bungo nan khas di daerah pagunuangan adolah bungo '''Kurinci''' (bahaso Latin ''Strobilanthus''). Karano itu, Kurinci juo bararti 'daerah pagunuangan'.{{cn}} {{Daftar etnik di Malaysia}} {{Suku banso di Indonesia}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kurinci}} [[Kategori:Suku banso di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Suku banso di Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Etnik di Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Kurinci]] [[Kategori:Jambi]] {{Etnik-stub}} 4lxv7i4ygu3p2321bnx9byrno9q3xge 3345562 3345561 2026-04-02T20:26:35Z ~2026-20388-09 23619 3345562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox ethnic group| | group = Urang Kurinci<br/> <small>Uhang Kinci/Uhang Kincai</small> | image = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een aantal religieuze specialisten zitten rondom een met textiel bekleed bouwwerk tijdens een oogstfeest te Kumun Sumatra TMnr 10000989.jpg | image_caption = | population = lk. 300.000 | popplace = '''[[Indonesia]]''' (''[[Jambi]]'' ([[Kabupaten Kerinci]], [[Kota Sungaipenuh]], [[Kabupaten Merangin]], [[Kabupaten Bungo]]), ''[[Sumatera Barat]]'', ''[[Riau]]'', ''[[Kepulauan Riau]]'', ''[[Bangkulu]]'', ''[[Sumatera Selatan]]'', ''[[Kepulauan Bangka Belitung]]'', ''[[Lampung]]'', ''[[Banten]]'', ''[[Jakarta]]'', ''[[Jawa Barat]]'') <br/> '''[[Malaysia]]''' (''[[Kuala Lumpur]]'', ''[[Selangor]]'', ''[[Negeri Sembilan]]'') | rels = [[Islam]] | langs = [[bahaso Kurinci|Kurinci]] <small>(utamo)</small>{{br}} [[bahaso Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[bahaso Malayu|Malayu]], [[bahaso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] | related = [[Urang Malayu|Melayu]], [[Urang Minang|Minangkabau]] }} '''Urang Kurinci''' ([[Bahaso Kurinci|baso Kurinci]]: '''Uhang Kinci''', '''Uhang Kincai'''; {{lang-ms|'''Kerinci''' atau '''Kerinchi'''}}; [[Abjaik Jawi|Jawi]]: كرينچي) adolah etnis Austronesia nan barasa dari provinsi Jambi tarutamo di [[Kabupaten Kerinci]], [[Kabupaten Merangin|Merangin]], [[Kabupaten Bungo|Bungo]] jo [[Kota Sungaipenuh|Sungai Penuh]]. Salain dari [[Jambi]], masyarakaik Kurinci dapek juo ditamukan di daerah-daerah tatangga di [[Sumatera Barat]]. Urang Kurinci dipakirokan bamigrasi dari daerah sakuliliang. Pado abaik ka-19, babarapo urang Kurinci marantau ka [[Samananjuang Malaka]] dan kini katurunan mareka dapek ditamukan di babarapo nagara bagian di pasisia barat Samananjuang Malaysia.<ref name=":0">[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913647590/ Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Indonesia]</ref> Adopulo sabagian urang Kurinci nan pai marantau ka [[Malaysia]]. Wilayahnyo 4.200 km² jo jumlah panduduak 300.000 jiwa. Sacaro topografi, Kabupaten Kerinci mampunyoi tanah nan babukik-bukik jo lambah di [[Pagunuangan Bukik Barisan]] jo puncak tatinggi adolah [[Gunuang Kurinci]].<ref name=":0" /> Tradisi lisan dan dokumen tatulih dalam aksara Rencong (''Incung'') mangecekan soal urang-urang nan datang dari utara yakni [[Bangso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] di [[Sumatera Barat]] dan tingga di utara Danau Kurinci. Di wilayah selatan Kurinci, tradisi nan babeda mangatokan baso kalompok ko barasa dari [[Sumatera Selatan]]. == Etimologi == Namo "''Karinci''" barasa dari kato Tamil "''Kurinci''". Tanah Tamil dapek dibagi manjadi ampek wilayah nan dinamoi sasuai jo namo bungo nan unik untuak satiok wilayah. Sabuah bungo nan khas di daerah pagunuangan adolah bungo '''Kurinci''' (bahaso Latin ''Strobilanthus''). Karano itu, Kurinci juo bararti 'daerah pagunuangan'.{{cn}} == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{Daftar etnik di Malaysia}} {{Suku banso di Indonesia}} {{Authority control}} {{ANT}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kurinci}} [[Kategori:Suku banso di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Suku banso di Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Etnik di Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Kurinci|Urang]] [[Kategori:Jambi]] {{Etnik-stub}} mvc5dxenso85rm714vz8xo4r7li60xy 3345563 3345562 2026-04-02T20:41:45Z ~2026-20388-09 23619 /* Etimologi */ 3345563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox ethnic group| | group = Urang Kurinci<br/> <small>Uhang Kinci/Uhang Kincai</small> | image = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een aantal religieuze specialisten zitten rondom een met textiel bekleed bouwwerk tijdens een oogstfeest te Kumun Sumatra TMnr 10000989.jpg | image_caption = | population = lk. 300.000 | popplace = '''[[Indonesia]]''' (''[[Jambi]]'' ([[Kabupaten Kerinci]], [[Kota Sungaipenuh]], [[Kabupaten Merangin]], [[Kabupaten Bungo]]), ''[[Sumatera Barat]]'', ''[[Riau]]'', ''[[Kepulauan Riau]]'', ''[[Bangkulu]]'', ''[[Sumatera Selatan]]'', ''[[Kepulauan Bangka Belitung]]'', ''[[Lampung]]'', ''[[Banten]]'', ''[[Jakarta]]'', ''[[Jawa Barat]]'') <br/> '''[[Malaysia]]''' (''[[Kuala Lumpur]]'', ''[[Selangor]]'', ''[[Negeri Sembilan]]'') | rels = [[Islam]] | langs = [[bahaso Kurinci|Kurinci]] <small>(utamo)</small>{{br}} [[bahaso Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[bahaso Malayu|Malayu]], [[bahaso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] | related = [[Urang Malayu|Melayu]], [[Urang Minang|Minangkabau]] }} '''Urang Kurinci''' ([[Bahaso Kurinci|baso Kurinci]]: '''Uhang Kinci''', '''Uhang Kincai'''; {{lang-ms|'''Kerinci''' atau '''Kerinchi'''}}; [[Abjaik Jawi|Jawi]]: كرينچي) adolah etnis Austronesia nan barasa dari provinsi Jambi tarutamo di [[Kabupaten Kerinci]], [[Kabupaten Merangin|Merangin]], [[Kabupaten Bungo|Bungo]] jo [[Kota Sungaipenuh|Sungai Penuh]]. Salain dari [[Jambi]], masyarakaik Kurinci dapek juo ditamukan di daerah-daerah tatangga di [[Sumatera Barat]]. Urang Kurinci dipakirokan bamigrasi dari daerah sakuliliang. Pado abaik ka-19, babarapo urang Kurinci marantau ka [[Samananjuang Malaka]] dan kini katurunan mareka dapek ditamukan di babarapo nagara bagian di pasisia barat Samananjuang Malaysia.<ref name=":0">[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913647590/ Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Indonesia]</ref> Adopulo sabagian urang Kurinci nan pai marantau ka [[Malaysia]]. Wilayahnyo 4.200 km² jo jumlah panduduak 300.000 jiwa. Sacaro topografi, Kabupaten Kerinci mampunyoi tanah nan babukik-bukik jo lambah di [[Pagunuangan Bukik Barisan]] jo puncak tatinggi adolah [[Gunuang Kurinci]].<ref name=":0" /> Tradisi lisan dan dokumen tatulih dalam aksara Rencong (''Incung'') mangecekan soal urang-urang nan datang dari utara yakni [[Bangso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] di [[Sumatera Barat]] dan tingga di utara Danau Kurinci. Di wilayah selatan Kurinci, tradisi nan babeda mangatokan baso kalompok ko barasa dari [[Sumatera Selatan]]. == Etimologi == Namo "''Karinci''" barasa dari kato Tamil "''Kurinci''". Tanah Tamil dapek dibagi manjadi ampek wilayah nan dinamoi sasuai jo namo bungo nan unik untuak satiok wilayah. Sabuah bungo nan khas di daerah pagunuangan adolah bungo '''Kurinci''' (bahaso Latin ''Strobilanthus''). Karano itu, Kurinci juo bararti 'daerah pagunuangan'.{{cn}} Pado zaman saisuak, Sumatera dikenal jo namo Swarnadwipa atau Swarnabhumi (tanah atau pulau ameh). Pado maso itu, Kurinci, Lebong, jo [[Bangso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] adolah daerah panghasil [[ameh]] utamo di Indonesia (walaupun sabagian gadang sumber ameh barado di lua Kabupaten Kerinci di daerah Pangkalan Jambu, Kabupaten Merangin). Di daerah Kurinci, banyak batu Megalitik dari Zaman Perunggu jo pangaruah [[agamo Buddha|Buddha]], tamasuak keramik Cino, alah ditamukan. Hal iko manunjuakkan bahaso rantau ko alah banyak kontak jo dunia lua. Pado mulonyo ''Kurinci'' adolah namo sabuah gunuang jo ''danau'', tapi kudian daerah sakitarnyo disabuik jo namo nan samo. Dek karano itu, daerah iko disabuik jo namo Kurinci (''Kinci'' atau ''Kince'' atau "Kincai" dalam bahaso satampek), jo panduduaknyo disabuik juo urang Kurinci. == Titik Pancarian == Pancaharian utamo urang Kurinci adolah mananam padi jo baladang. Perkebunan nan mereka uruih biasonyo ditanam jo [[kopi]], karet, jo [[kulik manih|kayu manih]]. Salain dari itu, mareka biasonyo mananam tanaman hortikultura sarupo kacang, jaguang, cabe jo kantang. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{Daftar etnik di Malaysia}} {{Suku banso di Indonesia}} {{Authority control}} {{ANT}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kurinci}} [[Kategori:Suku banso di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Suku banso di Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Etnik di Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Kurinci|Urang]] [[Kategori:Jambi]] {{Etnik-stub}} dubasp5jwj0iznzlf6c6y5yf7p857x8 3345565 3345563 2026-04-02T21:01:55Z ~2026-20388-09 23619 /* Etimologi */ 3345565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox ethnic group| | group = Urang Kurinci<br/> <small>Uhang Kinci/Uhang Kincai</small> | image = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een aantal religieuze specialisten zitten rondom een met textiel bekleed bouwwerk tijdens een oogstfeest te Kumun Sumatra TMnr 10000989.jpg | image_caption = | population = lk. 300.000 | popplace = '''[[Indonesia]]''' (''[[Jambi]]'' ([[Kabupaten Kerinci]], [[Kota Sungaipenuh]], [[Kabupaten Merangin]], [[Kabupaten Bungo]]), ''[[Sumatera Barat]]'', ''[[Riau]]'', ''[[Kepulauan Riau]]'', ''[[Bangkulu]]'', ''[[Sumatera Selatan]]'', ''[[Kepulauan Bangka Belitung]]'', ''[[Lampung]]'', ''[[Banten]]'', ''[[Jakarta]]'', ''[[Jawa Barat]]'') <br/> '''[[Malaysia]]''' (''[[Kuala Lumpur]]'', ''[[Selangor]]'', ''[[Negeri Sembilan]]'') | rels = [[Islam]] | langs = [[bahaso Kurinci|Kurinci]] <small>(utamo)</small>{{br}} [[bahaso Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[bahaso Malayu|Malayu]], [[bahaso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] | related = [[Urang Malayu|Melayu]], [[Urang Minang|Minangkabau]] }} '''Urang Kurinci''' ([[Bahaso Kurinci|baso Kurinci]]: '''Uhang Kinci''', '''Uhang Kincai'''; {{lang-ms|'''Kerinci''' atau '''Kerinchi'''}}; [[Abjaik Jawi|Jawi]]: كرينچي) adolah etnis Austronesia nan barasa dari provinsi Jambi tarutamo di [[Kabupaten Kerinci]], [[Kabupaten Merangin|Merangin]], [[Kabupaten Bungo|Bungo]] jo [[Kota Sungaipenuh|Sungai Penuh]]. Salain dari [[Jambi]], masyarakaik Kurinci dapek juo ditamukan di daerah-daerah tatangga di [[Sumatera Barat]]. Urang Kurinci dipakirokan bamigrasi dari daerah sakuliliang. Pado abaik ka-19, babarapo urang Kurinci marantau ka [[Samananjuang Malaka]] dan kini katurunan mareka dapek ditamukan di babarapo nagara bagian di pasisia barat Samananjuang Malaysia.<ref name=":0">[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913647590/ Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Indonesia]</ref> Adopulo sabagian urang Kurinci nan pai marantau ka [[Malaysia]]. Wilayahnyo 4.200 km² jo jumlah panduduak 300.000 jiwa. Sacaro topografi, Kabupaten Kerinci mampunyoi tanah nan babukik-bukik jo lambah di [[Pagunuangan Bukik Barisan]] jo puncak tatinggi adolah [[Gunuang Kurinci]].<ref name=":0" /> Tradisi lisan dan dokumen tatulih dalam aksara Rencong (''Incung'') mangecekan soal urang-urang nan datang dari utara yakni [[Bangso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] di [[Sumatera Barat]] dan tingga di utara Danau Kurinci. Di wilayah selatan Kurinci, tradisi nan babeda mangatokan baso kalompok ko barasa dari [[Sumatera Selatan]]. == Etimologi == Namo "''Karinci''" barasa dari kato Tamil "''Kurinci''". Tanah Tamil dapek dibagi manjadi ampek wilayah nan dinamoi sasuai jo namo bungo nan unik untuak satiok wilayah. Sabuah bungo nan khas di daerah pagunuangan adolah bungo '''Kurinci''' (bahaso Latin ''Strobilanthus''). Karano itu, Kurinci juo bararti 'daerah pagunuangan'.{{cn}} Pado zaman saisuak, Sumatera dikenal jo namo Swarnadwipa atau Swarnabhumi (tanah atau pulau ameh). Pado maso itu, Kurinci, Lebong, jo [[Bangso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] adolah daerah panghasil [[ameh]] utamo di Indonesia (walaupun sabagian gadang sumber ameh barado di lua Kabupaten Kerinci di daerah Pangkalan Jambu, Kabupaten Merangin). Di daerah Kurinci, banyak batu Megalitik dari Zaman Perunggu jo pangaruah [[agamo Buddha|Buddha]], tamasuak keramik Cino, alah ditamukan. Hal iko manunjuakkan bahaso rantau ko alah banyak kontak jo dunia lua. Pado mulonyo ''Kurinci'' adolah namo sabuah gunuang jo ''danau'', tapi kudian daerah sakitarnyo disabuik jo namo nan samo. Dek karano itu, daerah iko disabuik jo namo Kurinci (''Kinci'' atau ''Kince'' atau "Kincai" dalam bahaso satampek), jo panduduaknyo disabuik juo urang Kurinci. == Picayo == Etnis Kurinci marupoan panganuik agamo [[Islam]]. Ajaran Islam dibaok dek tokoh-tokoh nan manyebarkan Islam, nan manuruik sejarawan satampek dikenal jo namo Siak Nan Berenam. Siak Nan Berenam yaitu: # Siak Rajo di Talang Banio Kemantan; # Siak Indarjati di Koto Jelatang, Hiang; # Siak Paribut Sati di Koto Merantih Tinggi, Tarutung; # Siak Lengih di Koto Pandan, Sungai Penuh; # Siak Alim di Koto Beringin, Sungai Liuk; # Siak Jelir di Koto Jelir, Siulak. Walaupun mareka baagamo Islam, etnis Kurinci tatap manganuik kapacayoan pado roh niniak muyang. Makam niniak muyang pandiri dusun, nan dikenal jo namo Jihat Ninek, masih acok dikunjungi untuak malatakkan pasambahan jo mambantai binatang kurban. Biasonyo didatangi kutiko kandak atau nazar dipanuahi. Kegiatan iko disabuik munjung. Salain itu, komunitas Kurinci juo picayo pado adonyo roh nan disabuik roh jo samahan nan mampangaruahi kasehatan jo kasalamatan saurang. Mareka juo picayo pado adonyo makhluk supranatural nan manghuni gunuang, dasar sungai, langik, jo lauik. Makhluk gaib ko disabuik mambang, dewo, jo peri. [[Berkas:Ritual Tulak Bla Dusun Siulak Mukai, Kerinci.jpg|thumb|225px|Ritual Asyeik Tulak Bla di Dusun Siulak Mukai Tahun 2000]] Etnis Kurinci malakuan ritual aseik jo pelaho nan takaik jo hubungan baiak jo roh niniak muyang maupun makhluk supranatural. Ritual aseik jo pelaho dilakukan untuak mahindari panyakik, musibah jo bancano. Dan mandoakan rasaki, kesehatan dan harato malimpah nan disabuik lamat. == Titik Pancarian == Pancaharian utamo urang Kurinci adolah mananam padi jo baladang. Perkebunan nan mereka uruih biasonyo ditanam jo [[kopi]], karet, jo [[kulik manih|kayu manih]]. Salain dari itu, mareka biasonyo mananam tanaman hortikultura sarupo kacang, jaguang, cabe jo kantang. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{Daftar etnik di Malaysia}} {{Suku banso di Indonesia}} {{Authority control}} {{ANT}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kurinci}} [[Kategori:Suku banso di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Suku banso di Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Etnik di Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Kurinci|Urang]] [[Kategori:Jambi]] {{Etnik-stub}} 65f59yqgxnepkg69li6mws74t21ajso 0 231353 3345558 3162910 2026-04-02T18:29:58Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Skandinavia''' marujuak ka duo nagara (Norwegia jo Swedia), nan talatak di Tanjuang Skandinavia, ditambah Denmark. Tanjuang Skandinavia punyo populasi nan randah sarato tatutui jo hutan pinus, ''birch'' jo, cemara. Di bagian barat jo utara ado pagunuangan. Pagunuangan Skandinavia adolah salah satu pagunuangan tatuo di dunia. Gunuang nan tatinggi adolah Galdhøpiggen di Norwegia. Denmark adolah nagara Skandinavia nan paliang ketek, populasinyo labiah padek, dan banyak nan dari lahannyo digunokan untuak patanian. Kopenhagen, ibukota dari Denmark, adolah kota tagadang di Skandinavia. Skandinavia adolah bagian dari Nagara Nordik nan mancakuik juo Islandia jo Finlandia. Kalima nagara ko mangkoordinasi aktivitas politik jo kabudayoan di Dewan Nordik. Denmark, Finlandia, jo Swedia adolah anggota Uni Eropa. Sadangkan Norwegia jo Islandia adolah anggota Asosiasi Perdagangan Bebas Eropa (EFTA) Bahaso-bahaso di Skandinavia amaik bakaitan sarato kabanyakan urang Skandinavia dapek mangarati satu samo lain. Bahaso Skandinavia tamasuak dalam bahaso Jermanik, sarumpun jo bahaso Jerman dan [[Bahaso Inggirih|Inggris]]. Satiok nagara punyo mato uangnyo masiang masiang, walaupun banamo samo, ''krona'' atau ''krone''. Ciek ''krona'' tabagi lai manjadi 100 ''øre'' atau ''öre''. Nilai dari ciek ''krona'' kiro-kiro sakitar 10-15 seneuro. Sapanjang sijarah, nagara-nagara Skandinavia alah malalui parang jo pabatasannyo alah baubah labiah dari sakali, namun kini Skandinavia adolah nagara nan cukuik damai. Panambahan nagara utama Skandinavia: * {{Flagcountry|Denmark}} (Monarki konstitusional jo sistem parlementer) * {{Flagcountry|Norway}} (Monarki konstitusional jo sistem parlementer, kemerdekaan sajak 1905) * {{Flagcountry|Sweden}} (Monarki konstitusional jo sistem parlementer) nagara utamo Nordik sabagai barikuik: * {{Flagcountry|Finland}} (Republik parlementer, mardeka sajak 1917) ** {{Flagcountry|Åland}} (propinsi otonomi di Finlandia sajak 1920) * {{Flagcountry|Faroe Islands}} (sabuah wilayah otonomi dalam nagara Denmark, punyo pamarintahan surang sajak 1948) * {{Flagcountry|Greenland}} (sabuah wilayah otonomi dalam nagara Denmark, mambantuak pamarintahan surang sajak 1979) * {{Flagcountry|Iceland}} (Republik parlementer, mardeka sajak 1918, manjadi bagian dari Denmark hinggo1944) * {{Flagcountry|Svalbard}}, marupokan wilayah nan tamasuak dalam kadaulatan Norwegia, indak dianggap sabagai bagian dari wilayah sijarah budayo Skandinavia, tapi marupokan bagian dari karajoan Norwegia (sejak 1925), tamasuak dalam nagara-nagara Nordik. == Pautan lua == * {{Cite web|url = http://www.goscandinavia.com/|title = Scandinavia: Official Website of the Scandinavian Tourist Boards in North America|publisher = Scandinavian Tourist Boards in North America, Globescope Internet Services, Inc.|year = 2005|accessdate = 5 September 2008|archive-date = 4 June 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130604225711/http://goscandinavia.com/|dead-url = yes}} * [http://www.norden.org/ Nordic Council] – Official site for co-operation in the Nordic region * [http://www.nordregio.se/ Nordregio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503024329/http://www.nordregio.se/ |date=2017-05-03 }} – Site established by the Nordic Council of Ministers * [http://www.scandinaviahouse.org/ Scandinavia House] – The Nordic Center in New York, run by the [http://www.amscan.org/ American-Scandinavian Foundation] * [http://www.scandinavianews.com/ Scandinavia News] – Scandinavia news and analysis of current events * [http://www.tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/scandinavia/ Historical atlas of Scandinavia]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Personal web site of Örjan Martinsson * [http://downloads.raileurope.com/map_europe/scandinavia.html ReRailEurope] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413030921/http://downloads.raileurope.com/map_europe/scandinavia.html |date=2015-04-13 }} – A Railway map of Scandinavia (flash file) * [http://www.vifanord.de/index.php?id=1&L=1&rd=243343734 vifanord] – a digital library that provides scientific information on the Nordic and Baltic countries as well as the Baltic region as a whole <span> </span> [[Kategori:Eropa]] bskd4ilbiueaosnmti1te0c74obh2r1 0 317766 3345568 3174566 2026-04-02T21:57:17Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = | image = | alt = | caption = | film name = 부산행 | director = [[Yeon Sang-ho]] | producer = Lee Dong-ha | writer = Park Joo-suk | screenplay = | story = | starring = {{Plain list| * [[Gong Yoo]] * [[Kim Su-an]] * [[Jung Yu-mi (aktris kelahiran 1983)|Jung Yu-mi]] * [[Ma Dong-seok]] * [[Choi Woo-shik]] * [[Ahn So-hee]] }} | music = Jang Young-gyu | cinematography = Lee Hyung-deok | editing = Yang Jin-mo | studio = RedPeter Film | distributor = [[Next Entertainment World]] | released = {{film date|2016|5|13|[[Festival Film Cannes 2016|Cannes]]|2016|7|20|Korea Salatan|df=yes}} | runtime = 118 minik | country = Korea Salatan | language = Korea | budget = | gross = {{USD| 99 juta}}<ref name="thenumbers">{{cite web|url= http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Busanhaeng-(south-korea)#tab=summary|title= Busanhaeng (2016)|accessdate= August 1, 2016|work= [[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]|archive-date= August 16, 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160816135155/http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Busanhaeng-(south-korea)#tab=summary|dead-url= yes}}</ref> }} '''''Train to Busan''''' ({{ko-hhrm|부산행||Busanhaeng}}) adolah sabuah [[pilem horor]] batema zombie produksi Korea taun 2016 nan disutradarai dek [[Yeon Sang-ho]] jo dibintangi dek [[Gong Yoo]], [[Jung Yu-mi]] jo [[Ma Dong-seok]].<ref name="screendaily.com_WellGoUSAEntert">{{Cite web |title=Well Go USA Entertainment boards 'Train To Busan' |trans-title= |author= |work=screendaily.com |date= |accessdate={{date|2016-09-19}} |url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/distribution/well-go-usa-entertainment-boards-train-to-busan/5104736.article |language=bahasa Inggris |quote= |archivedate= |archiveurl= |dead-url=no}}</ref> Pilem tasabuik ditayangan patamo kali dalam tayangan tangah malam (''Midnight Screening'') di [[Festival Film Cannes 2016]] pado 13 Mei 2016.<ref name="Debruge Keslassy 2016">{{cite web | last=Debruge | first=Peter | last2=Keslassy | first2=Elsa | title=Cannes 2016: Film Festival Unveils Official Selection Lineup | website=Variety | date={{date|April 14, 2016}} | url=http://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/cannes-film-festival-official-selection-lineup-2016-1201753269/ | accessdate={{date|September 19, 2016}} | language=bahasa Inggris}}</ref><ref name="koreatimes.co.kr_'TraintoBusan't">{{Cite web |title='Train to Busan' to screen at Cannes |trans-title= |author= |work=koreatimes |date= |accessdate={{date|2016-09-19}} |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/05/201_203819.html |language=bahasa Inggris |quote= |archivedate= |archiveurl= |dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="koreatimes.co.kr_Zombiesfailtoim">{{Cite web |title=Zombies fail to impress in 'Train to Busan' |trans-title= |author= |work=koreatimes |date= |accessdate={{date|2016-09-19}} |url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/07/141_209780.html |language=bahasa Inggris |quote= |archivedate= |archiveurl= |dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="bbc.com_TraintoBusan:Zo">{{Cite web |title=Train to Busan: Zombie film takes S Korea by storm |trans-title= |author= |work=BBC News |date= |accessdate={{date|2016-09-19}} |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36939395 |language=bahasa Inggris |quote= |archivedate= |archiveurl= |dead-url=no}}</ref> Pado 7 Agustus 2016, pilem ko lam mancetak rekor pilem Korea nan jumalah panontonnyo tatinggi salamo taun 2016, di ma lah labih dari 10 juta urang manontonnyo.<ref name="soompi.com_TrainToBusanI">{{Cite web |title="Train To Busan" Is The First Korean Film Of 2016 To Break This Audience Record |trans-title= |author= |work=Soompi |date= |accessdate={{date|2016-09-19}} |url=http://www.soompi.com/2016/08/07/train-busan-first-korean-film-2016-top-10-million/ |language=bahasa Inggris |quote= |archivedate=2016-08-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810143005/http://www.soompi.com/2016/08/07/train-busan-first-korean-film-2016-top-10-million/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="english.chosun.com_TheChosunIlbo(E">{{Cite web |title=The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition): Daily News from Korea - Korean Movies Prove Box-Office Gold |author= |work=english.chosun.com |date= |accessdate={{date|2016-09-19}} |url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/08/08/2016080801532.html |language=bahasa Inggris |quote= |archivedate= |archiveurl= |dead-url=no}}</ref> == Ringkasan carito == Seok-Woo, nan surang manajer keuangan suatu parusaoan, barangkek ka [[Busan]] basamo anak padusinyo, Su-an, untuak batamu jo ibunyo (mantan bini Seok-Woo). Mareka barangkek jo [[KTX]] (kareta api capek Korea) dari [[Seoul]]. Kutiko kareta ka barangkek, surang gadih mudo jo luko di kakinyo masuak ka dalam kareta tu. Gadih mudo nan lah takana virus zombie lalu manyarang pramugari kareta nan sadang baupayo manolongnyo. Sajak tu, sadonyo panompang kareta nan tasarang barubah manjadi zombie nan sangaik bueh, dan zombie-zombie tu taruih mainfeksi sabagian gadang panompang kareta. Kareta sampek baranti di [[Daejeon]], sabauk diumuman baso tantaro lah basiago manolong mareka. Namun kaadoan stasiun haniang bana, tanyato sadonyo tantaro indak ado lai nan indak manjadi zombie, malah manyarang siso-siso panompang nan masih salamaik, nan balarian pindah ka kareta api lain untuak malanjuikan manuju Busan. Seok-woo sampek tagigik dek salah satu zombie, namun sabalun barubah inyo maaja ka Su-an jo Sung Kyung (surang padusi nan manganduang) baa caro maantian kareta ko, sabalun inyo lompek dari ateh kareta katiko kasadaran kamanusiaanyo ampia ilang. Su-an jo Sung Kyung akianyo sampai juo di Busan dan disalamaikan dek tantaro nan baasia mancagah sarangan virus zombie di kota ko. == Pemeran == * [[Gong Yoo]] sabagai Seok-woo * [[Kim Su-an]] sabagai Soo-an * [[Jung Yu-mi]] sabagai Sung Kyung * [[Ma Dong-seok]] sabagai Sang-hwa * [[Ahn So-hee]] sabagai Jin-hee * [[Choi Woo-shik]] sabagai Young-gook * [[Kim Eui-sung]] sabagai Yong-suk == Penghargaan == === Panjualan === Inggo 15 September 2016, ''Train to Busan'' lah mancapai panjualan bruto US$99 juta di saluruah dunia.<ref name="thenumbers"/> Pilem tu manjadi pilem Korea paliang laris di [[Malaysia]] (US$4,84 juta),<ref>{{cite web|last1=Begum|first1=Mumtaj|title=‘Train to Busan’ speeds away to box-office record|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/09/24/train-to-busan-speeds-away-to-boxoffice-record/|website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2016}}</ref> [[Hong Kong]] (US$8,52 juta),<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chu|first1=Karen|title=South Korean Zombie Hit 'Train to Busan' Becomes Highest-Grossing Asian Film in Hong Kong|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/south-korean-zombie-hit-train-933674|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=|accessdate=1 October 2016}}</ref> jo [[Singapua|Singapura]] ($3,1 juta).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/train-to-busan-is-no-1-at-singapore-box-office-and-top-korean-movie-to-date |title=Train To Busan is No. 1 at Singapore box office and top Korean movie to date |author=Wai Yee, Yip |work=[[The Straits Times]] |date=August 24, 2016 |accessdate=October 19, 2016 |archive-date=August 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805151428/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/train-to-busan-is-no-1-at-singapore-box-office-and-top-korean-movie-to-date |dead-url=yes }}</ref> === Ulasan karitis === ''Train to Busan'' umumnyo mandapek ulasan positif. [[Rotten Tomatoes]] maagiah pilem tu 96% tingkek pasatujuan badasa 49 kumpualan ulasan, jo rato-rato nilai 7,5 dari skala 10. Konsensus di situs ko manyabuik baso : ''"''Train to Busan'' maagiah pangalaman mancakam nan unik - dan murni maibua - dalam genre zombie, jo karakter-karakter nan tawujuik panuah sarato komentar-komentar sosial nan manggarih bawahi babagai aksi-aksi mendebarkan nan lah diatua dengan rapi".''<ref>{{cite web|title=Train to Busan (Bu-san-haeng) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/train_to_busan |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |accessdate=September 6, 2016}}</ref> [[Metacritic]] maagiah nilai 73 dari skala 100 badasar paringkek nan dinormalkan dari 12 ulasan, manandoannyo ''"sacaro umum dianggap baiak"''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Train to Busan Reviews|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/train-to-busan |website=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=5 September 2016}}</ref> Clark Collis of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' manulih baso pilem tu ''"banyak maniru pilem ''[[World War Z (film)|World War Z]]'' dalam panggambaran massa zombie nan sabana bueh manyarang namun manakankan juo pado esensi emosionalnyo, nan dalam pilem ekstravaganza [[Brad Pitt]] tu acok kurang tagali,"'' sambia manambahan ''"asianyo sacaro kasaluruahan, kaleh utamo."''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Collis|first1=Clark|title=Train to Busan: EW review|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2016/08/24/train-busan-ew-review|website=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=Entertainment Weekly, Inc.|accessdate=5 September 2016}}</ref> Pilem ko mandapek juo ''"[[The New York Times]] Critics' Pick"'', di ma ulasan Jeannette Catsoulis mamparatian adonyo [[konflik kaleh]] nan implisit.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jeannette|first1=Catsoulis|title=Review: All Aboard ‘Train to Busan’ for Zombie and Class Warfare|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/22/movies/train-to-busan-review.html?_r=0|website=The New York Times|accessdate=5 September 2016}}</ref> Sabaliaknyo, ulasan negatif manggambarkan pilem tu sabagai "''[[Snowpiercer]]'' dangan zombie." David Ehrlich dari ''[[IndieWire]]'' bakomentar baso ''"para karakter bagisia baliak ka pola asa (dan mulai maambiak kaputusan-kaputusan nan indak masuak di aka), tontonan juo indak mampaliekan sipaik uniknyo."''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ehrlich|first1=David|title=‘Train To Busan’ Review: This Electric Korean Zombie Movie Goes Off The Rails|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2016/07/train-to-busan-review-korea-zombies-yeon-sang-ho-1201706829/|website=IndieWire|publisher=Penske Business Media, LLC|accessdate=6 September 2016}}</ref> Kevin Jagernauth dari ''The Playlist'' manulih: ''"(''Train to Busan'') indak manambah hal nan istimewa untuak genre zombie, atau kasadaran tatantu manganai baa kamanusiaan maadoki krisis. Memang mukaluak tu indak ado utak, mudah sajo mambuek ibaraik dari hal tu, tapi nan ''Train To Busan'' paralu bana, dan sayangnyo kakurangan, adolah ati nurani."''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jagernauth|first1=Kevin|title=Korean Zombie Thriller ‘Train To Busan’ Needs More Brains [Review]|url=http://theplaylist.net/korean-zombie-thriller-train-busan-needs-brains-review-20160722/|website=The Playlist|publisher=Spin Entertainment|accessdate=6 September 2016}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Pilem]] [[Kategori:Korea]] [[Kategori:Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2016]] hamz64palgbyvvlrh7q991kkc7222xl 0 318122 3345556 1654346 2026-04-02T17:50:10Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Noref}} '''SMA Nagari 1 Sumatera Barat''' adolah salah satu sakolah nan talatak di Provinsi Sumatera Barat, labiah tapeknyo di kelurahan Sigando, Kota Padang Panjang. == website sakolah == https://sman1sumbar.sch.id {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404015123/http://www.sman1sumbar.sch.id/ |date=2021-04-04 }} fanj8kfcaaqsyx7s0l5rnki22615ws5 0 319906 3345557 2505431 2026-04-02T17:56:53Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies|item=Q871991|color={{taxobox colour|plantae }}|subdivision={{br}} [[Berkas:Wikispecies-logo.svg|al=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] [[Species:Prunus serrulata|Media: Sakura]]}}[[Berkas:Sakura at Meguro River, Tokyo; April 2012 (05).jpg|jmpl|409x409px|Bungo sakura nan tumbuah di Kota Tokyo]] {{nihongo|'''Sakura'''|桜, 櫻}} (<span lang="ja">桜, 櫻</span>) samo jo bungo seruni, adolah bungo nasional Japang nan kambang wakatu musim semi, iyolah kiro-kiro akhia bulan [[Maret]] sampai akhia bulan [[Juli|Juni]]. Sakura dapek awak sobok dimapun di Japang, dalam bantuak macam barang, tamasuak kimono, alaik-alaik tulih, jo paralatan dapua. Bagi urang Japang, sakura adolah lambang nan pantiang, nan acok dihubuangkan jo padusi, kahidupan, kamatian, sarato lambang untuak manunjuakan hubuangan sasamo manusia, kabaranian, kesediahan, jo kasanangan. Sakura manjadi contoh untuak kahidupan nan indak abadi. == Pemerian == Pohon sakura adolah pohon nan masuak dalam [[famili]]a ''Rosaceae'', [[genus]] ''Prunus'' sajinih jo pohon prem, persik, atau aprikot, tapi sakura sacaro umum digolongkan ka dalam subgenus sakura. Kato "sakura" barasal dari kato "''saku''" ([[Bahaso Japang|bahasa Jepang]] untuak "kambang") ditambah akhia nan manjadikannyo bantuak jamak "''ra''". Dalam bahaso Inggrih, bungo sakura disabuik ''cherry blossoms''. Warna bungo tagantuang jo spesiesnyo, ado nan bawarna putiah jo saketek warna sirah jambu, kuniang mudo, sirah jambu, hijau mudo atau sirah manyalo. Bungo iko digolongkan manjadi 3 jinih badasarkan susunan daun mahkota: * bungo tunggal jo daun mahkota salapih * bungo kamba jo daun mahkota balapih * bungo saparoh kamba Pohon sakura babungo satahun sakali, di pulau Honshu, kuncup bungo sakura jinih ''someiyoshino'' mulai nampak di akhia musim dingin jo bungonyo kambang di akhia bulan [[Maret]] sampai awal bulan [[April]] di wakatu cuaca mulai angek. Di Japang, kambangnyo sakura jinih ''someiyoshino'' dimulai dari Okinawa di bulan [[Pebruari|Februari]], dilanjuikan di pulau Honshu bagian sabalah barat, sampai di [[Tokyo]], Osaka, Kyoto pado sakitar akhia Maret sampai awal April, alah itu pindak saketek-saketek ka utara, dan barakhia di Hokkaido di wakatu liburan Golden Week. Satiok tahunnyo panonton sakura mambuek peta kambangnyo bungo sakura ''someiyoshino'' dari barat ka timur taruih ka utara nan disabuik ''sakurazensen''. Manggunoan peta ''sakurazensen'' dapek dikatahui tampek bungo sakura nan sadang kambang pado wakatu tatantu. == Ciri khas == [[Berkas:Someiyoshino.JPG|ka|jmpl|Bungo sakura jinih someiyoshino (''Prunus × yedoensis'' Matsum. cv. Yedoensis)]] [[Berkas:Sakura_trees.JPG|ka|jmpl|Pohon sakura (jinih someiyoshino), sakitar 2 bulan sasudah bungonyo kambang)]] Ciri khas sakura jinih ''someiyoshino'' adolah bungonyo nan labiah dulu kambang sebalun daun-daunnyo mulai kalua. Puluahan, ratuuihan, bahkan ribuan batang pohon nan ado di tampek nan samo, bungonyo mulai kambang seaentak jo rontok ciek-ciek di wawakatu nan samo.<ref>[https://hongtreogio.com.vn/ hồng treo gió] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815053033/https://hongtreogio.com.vn/ |date=2023-08-15 }}, hồng treo gió [[14 April]] [[2023]]</ref> Bungo sakura jinih ''someiyoshino'' hanyo tahan kurang labiah 7 sampai 10 hari dihituang mulai dari kuncup bungo tabukak sampai bungo mulai rontok. Rontoknyo bungo sakura tagantuang cuaco jo hujan abek sarato angin kancang. Babarapo jinih buruang suko mamakan bagian bungo nan rasonyo manih, sadangkan buruang merpati mamakan kasado bagian bungo. Kasampatan langka piknik rami-rami di bawah pohon sakura untuak manikmati kambangnyo bungo sakura disabuik ''hanami'' (''ohanami''). Wakatu ''hanami'' adolah kutiko sado pohon sakura nan ado di satu tampek bungonyo alah kambang sadonyo. Di Japang ado standar untuak manyampaikan informasi tingkek kambang bungo sakura, mulai dari tabukankyo kuncup bungo (''kaika''), kambangnyo 10% dari kuncup bungo nan ado di pohon (''ichibuzaki'') sampai bungo kambang panuah (''mankai''). Bungo nan rontok capek digantikan jo keluanyo daun-daun mudo. Pohon sakura nan bungonyo mulai rontok jo mulai tumbuah daun-daun mudo aebanyak 10% disabuik ''ichibu hazakura''. Pohon sakura nan sado bugonyo alah rontok jo hanyo punyo daun-daun mudo disabuik ''hazakura'' (sakura daun). Bungo dari pohon jinih ''yamazakura'' kambang labiah lambek daripado jinih ''someiyoshino'' jo bungonyo kambang basamo jo kaluanyo daun-daun mudo. == Bungo sakura nan dimakan == Daun jo bungo sakura nan alah dirandam di dalam aia garam (''shiozuke'') dapek untuak jadi bahan makanan dek karano baunyo nan harum. ''sakura mochi'' adolah kue mochi nan dibungkuih daun sakura. Ado juo es krim jo kue kariang raso bungo sakura. Teh bungo sakura umumnyo diminum di wakatu khusus sarupo baralek. Rantiang jo kuncup bungo sakura dapek juo sabagai bahan pawarna alami. == Jinih == [[Berkas:Ukon.JPG|ka|jmpl|Bungo sakura Ukon (''Prunus lannesiana'' Wilson cv. Grandiflora)]] [[Berkas:Hikanzakura.JPG|ka|jmpl|Kanhizakura (''Prunus campanulata'' Maxim)]] [[Berkas:Yamazakura.JPG|jmpl|Yamazakura]] Banyak jinih pohon sakura adolah hasil pasilangan, misalnyo inih ''someiyoshino'' nan tasebar di seluruah Japang sajak jaman Meiji adolah hasil pasilangan pohon sakura di zaman Edo akhia. Sakura inih ''someiyoshino'' ikolah nan tasebar luweh, sahinggo banyak urang hanyo tahu ''someiyoshino'' (nan merupokan salah satu jinih sakura) sabagai sakura. Jaman dulu sabalun ado inih ''someiyoshino'', urang Japang tahu bungo sakura nan kambang di pagunuangan nan disabuik ''yamazakura'' jo ''yaezaki no sakura'' sabagai sakura. Di wakatu kambangnyo bungo sakura, ribuan batang pohon Yamazakura nan tumbuah di Pagunuangan Yoshino (Prefektur Nara) manjadikan pemandangan nan rancak warna putiah, hijau mudo, jo sirah jambu. * ''Edohigan'' *: ''Edohigan'' adolah sakura nan kambang di Hari Ekuinoks Musim Semi jo bungonyo paliang panjang umua. Jinih lainnyo nan sarupo jo ''edohigan'' adolah ''ishiwarizakura'' jo ''yamadakashinyozakura'' nan tamasuakk pohon sakura nan dilindungi. ''Miharutakizakura'' adolah salah satu jinih ''edohigan'' nan rantiangnyo manjuntai-juntai, sadangkan ''yaebenishidare'' tanamo jo daun bungonyo nan banyak jo warnanyo nan tarang. * ''Hikanzakura'' *: ''Hikanzakura'' atau ''kanhizakura'' adolah sakura nan tasebar mulai dari wilayah [[Republik Rakyaik Cino|Tiongkok]] bagian selatan sampai ka Pulau Formosa. ''Kanhizakura'' banyak disobokan tumbuah lia di Prefektur Okinawa. Bagi urang Okinawa, kato "sakura" bararti ''hikansakura''. Pangumuman kambangnyo bungo sakura di Okinawa biasonyo bararti kambangnyo ''hikanzakura''. Di Okinawa, kuncup bungo ''hikanzakura'' mulai tabukak sakitar bulan Januari atau Februari. Di Pulau Honshu, ''hikanzakura'' banyak ditanam mulai dari wilayah Kanto sampai ka Kyushu jo biasonyo mulai kambang sakitar bulan Februari atau Maret. * ''Shidarezakura'' [[Berkas:Shidare_sakura_flowers.JPG|jmpl|Bunga sakura jinih shidare (Shidarezakura)]] * ''Fuyuzakura'' *: ''Fuyuzakura'' (sakura musim dingin) adolah jinih pohon sakura nan bungonyo kambang sakitar bulan November sampai akhia bulan Desember. Onishimachi di Prefektur Gunma adolah tampek mancaliak ''fuyuzakura'' nan tanamo. == Sakura jo buah ceri == [[Berkas:Sakuranbo.JPG|ka|jmpl|Buah ceri dari pohon sakura nan untuak dinikmati bungonyo]] Pohon sakura punyo buah, namonyo buah ceri (bahaso Japang: ''sakuranbo''). Buah ceri nan masih mudo bawarna hijau jo buah nan alah masak bawarna sirah sampai sirah tuo hinggo ungu. Walaupun bantuaknyo sarupo jo buah ceri dalam bantuak kaleng, buah ceri dari pohon sakura ukurannyo keetek-ketek jo rasonyo indak lamak makonyo indak dimakan. Pohon sakura nan babuah ceri untuak dimakan umumnyo indak untuak dinikmati bungonyo, hanyo ditanam di kabun. Produsen buah ceri nan gadang di Japang barado di Prefektur Yamagata. Buah ceri produk dalam nagari Japang sarupo jinih ''sato nishiki'' haragonyo sangaik maha. Di Japang, buah ceri produksi dalam nagari hanyo dibali untuak dihadiahkan wakatu tatantu. Buah ceri nan banyak dimakan masyarakaik di Japang adolah buah ceri nan diimpor dari nagaro bagian Washington jo California di [[Amerika Sarikat|Amerika Serikat]]. == Tampek-tampek untuak mancaliak bungo Sakura == Di taun 1990, Asosiasi Bunga Sakura Japang (''Japan Cherry Blossom Association'') mangaluakan daftar 100 tampek tapiliah untuak mancaliak rancaknyo bungo Sakura. Daerah Kanto: * Tokyo: Taman Ueno (Taito-ku), Taman Shinjuku-gyoen (Shinjuku-ku), Taman Sumida (Sumida-ku), Taman Koganei (kota Koganei), Taman Inogashira (kota Musashino) Daerah Tokai: * Prefektur Gifu: Taman Usuzumi/Neodani (kota Motosu), Pinggia Sungai Shinsakai (kota Kakamigahara), Kamagatani (kota Ikeda) Daerah Kansai: * Prefektur Osaka: Taman Istana Osaka (Osaka), ''The Mint Bureau'' (Osaka), Taman Expo '70 (kota Suita) * Prefektur Hyogo: Taman Istana Himeji (kota Himeji), Taman Akashi (Kota Akashi), Taman Shukugawa (Nishinomiya) * Prefektur Nara: Taman Nara (kota Nara), Pegunungan Yoshino (kota Yoshino), Taman Kooriyamajoshi (Yamato Kooriyama) == Daftar pustaka == * {{Cite book|title=Sakura taikan|last=Bunka shuppan kyoku henshūbu, editor|publisher=Bunka Shuppan Kyoku|year=1975|location=Tokyo}} == Pranala luar == * (Japang) [http://www.sakuranokai.or.jp/ Asosiasi Bunga Sakura Jepang] * (Japang) [http://www.pref.ishikawa.jp/ringyo/sakura/ Foto jenis-jenis sakura oleh Dinas Pertanian Prefektur Ishikawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324031504/http://www.pref.ishikawa.jp/ringyo/sakura/ |date=2005-03-24 }} [[Kategori:Japang]] [[Kategori:Bungo]] scwr56vwdpd02scjxgyukjbt0ucxrmz 0 320115 3345539 3162857 2026-04-02T13:44:03Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{untuak|anggota tubuah padusi|Lubang pantek}} '''Pantek''' adolah sabuah [[nomina]] ba[[bahaso Minang]] nan bamukasuik subagai sabuah hinaan kasa atau caruik. Kato ko baraka dari kato [[lubang pantek]], nan marujuak pado alaik kamaluan [[padusi]]. Alun jaleh sajak bilo inyo barubah manjadi suatu kato caruik, namun masyarakaik Minang di [[Sumatera Barat]] maupun di rantau sacaro umum manggunoan kato ko dalam pembicaraan sahari-hari,<ref>Wibisono, Nuran (12 Oktober 2016). [https://tirto.id/memakilah-sebelum-memaki-itu-dilarang-bTna "Memakilah Sebelum Memaki Itu Dilarang!"]. ''Tirto''. Diakses 10 Januari 2019.</ref> tautamo pado kondisi berang pado urang lain.<ref>Harjo (30 Januari 2018). [https://batamtoday.com/home/read/104938/Penyebar-Ujaran-Kebencian-Terhadap-Suku-Minang-di-Bintan-Akhirnya-Minta-Maaf "Penyebar Ujaran Kebencian Terhadap Suku Minang di Bintan Akhirnya Minta Maaf."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201003226/http://batamtoday.com/home/read/104938/Penyebar-Ujaran-Kebencian-Terhadap-Suku-Minang-di-Bintan-Akhirnya-Minta-Maaf |date=2018-02-01 }} ''Batam Today''. Diakses 10 Januari 2019.</ref><ref>(22 April 2014). [https://news.detik.com/berita/2561928/mengumpat-saat-klarifikasi-nepotisme-gubernur-riau-didemo-mahasiswa "Mengumpat saat Klarifikasi Nepotisme, Gubernur Riau Didemo Mahasiswa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123521/http://news.detik.com/berita/2561928/mengumpat-saat-klarifikasi-nepotisme-gubernur-riau-didemo-mahasiswa |date=2015-09-25 }}. ''Detik''. Diakses 10 Januari 2019.</ref> Kato ko alah pulo masuak ka dalam dunia sastra, contoh utamonyo pado novel ''[[Negara Kelima (novel E.S. Ito)|Negara Kelima]]'' karangan [[E.S. Ito]].<ref>Ito, E.S. (2008). [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=2mQO8wQ1AawC&pg=PA395&lpg=PA395&dq=pantek+minang&source=bl&ots=0El1KepMpQ&sig=8rMMOb9Dnx0FykTQufzhv2Ya-ik&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi16q39yuPfAhWHs48KHTIUCAU4UBDoATAIegQIBBAB#v=onepage&q=pantek%20minang&f=false ''Negara Kelima: Sebuah Novel'']. Jakarta: Penerbit Serambi.</ref> Saindaknyo dalam satu kajian ilmiah, kato "pantek" dapek disandiangkan aratinyo jo ''fuck'' di dalam [[bahaso Inggirih]], iyolah subagai suatu kieh nan indak bakaik lansuang jo arti aka kato usalinyo.<ref>Putra, Rahman; Novia Juita; dan Ngusman (September 2013). [http://ejournal.unp.ac.id/index.php/ibs/article/view/2295 "Ungkapan Emosi Masyarakat dalam Bahasa Minangkabau di Nagari Tanjung Bingkung, Kecamatan Kubung, Kabupaten Solok."] ''Bahasa dan Sastra'' ([[Universitas Negeri Padang]]) 2: 1. DOI 10.24036/822950. ISSN 2302-3538.</ref> Kato-kato lain nan barasa dari kato "pantek" ko antaro lain "pantek mande ang, pantek amak ang, pantek induak ang".<ref>Ningsih, Sari Deswita; Agustina; dan Ngusman (Maret 2018). [http://ejournal.unp.ac.id/index.php/ibs/article/view/9615 "Nomina Makian dalam Bahasa Minangkabau di Terminal Aua Kuniang, Bukittinggi"]. ''Bahasa dan Sastra'' (Universitas Negeri Padang) 5: 2. DOI 10.24036/896150. ISSN 2302-3538.</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kato bahaso Minangkabau]] 8w867si0t5pg4sugcruu3zvg9vzk8e8 0 323281 3345564 3148859 2026-04-02T20:47:41Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam}} '''Syarak''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|ˈ|r|iː|ə}}, {{lang-ar|{{large|شريعة}}}} {{IPA-ar|ʃaˈriːʕa|}}), '''hukum Islam''' atau '''Syariah''' adolah [[hukum agamo]] [[Islam]].<ref name=oxforddic>{{cite web |title=British & World English: sharia |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sharia |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=4 December 2015 |location=Oxford |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120345/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sharia |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Syarak basumber dari [[al-Qur'an]] jo [[hadis]]. Dalam [[bahaso Arab]], istilah ''sharīʿah'' bamukasuik pado [[hukum ilahi]] nan diturunan dek [[Allah]] dan ditafsirkan dek manusia malalui [[fiqh]].<ref name=ODI/>{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Calder|2009}} == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Commons category|Sharia}} {{Wiktionary}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107 ''Islamic law''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203033813/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107 |date=2017-02-03 }} – in ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', via Oxford Islamic Studies Online * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054116/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226 ''Sharia'' by Knut S. Vikør] – In ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics'', via Bridging Cultures, National Endowment for the Humanities & George Mason University * [http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473 ''Law'' by Norman Calder et al] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473 |date=2008-11-21 }} – In ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World'', via Oxford Islamic Studies * [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2885492 In Search of the Shari'ah by Mohammad Omar Farooq] in "Arab Law Quarterly", a recent research publication shedding light on usage of the term Shari'ah and its conceptualization in earliest sources * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140903142056/https://www.unaa.org.au/brunei-implements-sharia-law.html Brunei implements sharia law] – UNAA (United Nations) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140905022923/http://yulr.org/sharia-law-in-the-international-legal-sphere/ Sharia Law in the International Legal Sphere] – Yale University * [http://bostonreview.net/john-bowen-private-arrangements-sharia-England Private Arrangements: 'Recognizing Sharia' in Britain] – anthropologist John R. Bowen explains the working of Britain's sharia courts in a ''[[Boston Review]]'' article * [http://www.quraanicstudies.com/no-error-in-qur-an-division-of-inheritance-according-to-quran/ Division of Inheritance According to Qur'an] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220104104/http://www.quraanicstudies.com/no-error-in-qur-an-division-of-inheritance-according-to-quran/ |date=2015-02-20 }} * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6895 Explanation of "The Reward of the Omnipotent"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602075007/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/6895/ |date=2019-06-02 }} is a manuscript, in Arabic, from the late 19th or early 20th century about Sharia {{Hukum}} [[Kategori:Hukum Islam]] p84eltx8qsomo4kzbczwkhcnoeyi87m 0 325635 3345560 3184241 2026-04-02T19:08:26Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345560 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suku Simabua''' adolah salah satu [[Daftar suku Minangkabau|suku]] (klan) di Minangkabau nan saketek bona informasinyo bahkan di Minangkabau indak banyak urang nan tau jo iko. Di sisi lain, kadang urang-urang cuman tau "Simabua" ko nan namo nagari di [[Pariangan, Tanah Datar|Kec. Pariangan, Kab. Tanah Data]], sadangkan nan suku Simabua ko indak lo tantu de' nyo. Faktanyo suku-suku nan ado di etnis Minangkabau ko ado banyak, tu sangkiang banyaknyo bahkan indak jarang lo urang-urang Minang nan indak familiar tau jo babagai suku nan ado kini ko. Suku Simabua ko ado di babagai nagari nan ado di wilayah Ranah Minang dalam ruang lingkup [[Sumatera Barat|Prov. Sumatra Baraik]]. Dari suku ko disabuik ado tokoh-tokoh Minang nan juo sabagai pahlawan nasional di Indonesia. Suku Simabua di antaronyo ado di [[Pandam Gadang, Gunuang Omeh, Lima Puluh Kota|Nagari Pandam Gadang, Kec. Gunuang Omeh, Kab. Limopuluah Kota]] nan tasabuik ado di sinan tokoh Minang nan jadi tokoh nasional juo, bahkan iko disabuik juo salah satu Pahlawan Indonesia, baliau banamo [[Tan Malaka]], nan ayah baliau banamo HM. Rasad Caniago, sadangkan induak baliau banamo Rangkayo Sinah Simabur. Namo "Tan Malaka" ko sabananyo namo datuak, sadangkan tokoh tu aslinyo banamo "Ibrahim", jadi disabuiklah langkoknyo banamo "Ibrahim Datuak Tan Malaka". Dalam riwayaik baliau di sapanjang sajarah Indonesia, dari perjuangannyo Tan Malaka untuak Indonesia ko, disabuik juo baliau sabagai Bapak Republik Indonesia.<ref name="Risalah Tan Malaka - SINGKAP"/><ref name="Jejak Rekam Hengky, Penerus Gelar Datuk Tan Malaka"/> Salain tu, ado juo di Nagari Palembayan (kini banamo Nagari Ampek Koto Palembayan), [[Palembayan, Agam|Kec. Palembayan, Kab. Agam]] nan ado juo tokoh Minang nan tokoh nasional juo dari suku ko, disabuik juo salah satu Pahlawan Indonesia, baliau banamo [[Adnan Kapau Gani]], nan ayah baliau banamo Abdul Gani Sutan Mangkuto, sadangkan induak baliau banamo Rabayah.<ref name="A.K Gani: Cadiak Pandai Suku Simabua dari Palembayan">Pemerintah Nagari Ampek Koto Palembayan - Kec. Palembayan - Kab. Agam (15 Agustus 2024). [https://ampekkotopalembayan.agamkab.go.id/artikel/2024/8/15/ak-gani-cadiak-pandai-suku-simabua-dari-palembayan "A.K Gani: Cadiak Pandai Suku Simabua dari Palembayan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113014421/https://ampekkotopalembayan.agamkab.go.id/artikel/2024/8/15/ak-gani-cadiak-pandai-suku-simabua-dari-palembayan |date=2024-11-13 }}. ''Website Resmi Nagari Ampek Koto Palembayan'' (dalam Bahaso Indonesia). Diakses pas tanggal 13 November 2024.</ref> Di sapanjang riwayaik sajarah [[Adnan Kapau Gani]] di Indonesia, baliau pernah manjabaik sabagai Gubernur Sumatra Salatan nan patamo dan Wakia Padana Mentri Indonesia nan patamo. Sudah tu ado juo suku ko di [[Parik Muko Aie, Lamposi Tigo Nagari, Payakumbuh|Kel. Parik Muko Aia, Kec. Lamposi Tigo Nagari, Kota Payokumbuah]].<ref>Masyarakaik suku Simabua di Parik Muko Aia.</ref> Suku Simabua nan barado di [[Parik Muko Aie, Lamposi Tigo Nagari, Payakumbuh|Parik Muko Aia]] ko di antaronyo ado duo gala datuak yaitu Datuak Marajo Nan Kuniang dan Datuak Marajo Nan Putiah.<ref>Urang suku Simabua nan ditanyo-tanyo.</ref> Adopun daerah lain di [[Kota Payakumbuh|Kota Payokumbuah]] nan ado suku tu nan ado gala datuak banamo Datuak Bangso Dirajo Nan Kuniang nan bisa dicaliak ado di wilayah adaik Nagari Koto Nan IV,<ref name="Niniak Mamak Pasukuan Simabua Sipisang dan Dusun Koto Balai Tabuah Baukia, Dukung Almaisyar untuk Jadi Wako Payakumbuh">Atviarni (29 Maret 2024). [https://harianhaluan.id/sumatera-barat/payakumbuh/hh-78225/niniak-mamak-pasukuan-simabua-sipisang-dan-dusun-koto-balai-tabuah-baukia-dukung-almaisyar-untuk-jadi-wako-payakumbuh/ "Niniak Mamak Pasukuan Simabua Sipisang dan Dusun Koto Balai Tabuah Baukia, Dukung Almaisyar untuk Jadi Wako Payakumbuh"]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''HarianHaluan.id'' (dalam Bahaso Indonesia). Diakses pas tanggal 13 November 2024.</ref> [[Payakumbuh Barat, Payakumbuh|Kec. Payokumbuah Baraik]]. Tu di daerah lain nan ado suku ko tu ado juo di [[Balimbing, Rambatan, Tanah Datar|Nagari Balimbiang, Kec. Rambatan, Kab. Tanah Data]] nan di sinan ado bara gala datuak nan di antaronyo tu Datuak Rajo Mangkuto, Datuak Sati, jo Datuak Mantiko Dubalang.<ref name="Literasi 'Mengenal Rumah Adat Nagari Balimbing (6) Rumah Dt.Rajo Mangkuto'">Gustariny, Fitriany Febby Adiana (7 September 2024). [https://www.gurusiana.id/read/fitrianygustariny/article/literasi-mengenal-rumah-adat-nagari-balimbing-6-rumah-dtrajo-mangkuto-5419973 "Literasi 'Mengenal Rumah Adat Nagari Balimbing (6) Rumah Dt.Rajo Mangkuto'"]. ''Gurusiana'' (dalam Bahaso Indonesia). Diakses pas tanggal 13 November 2024.</ref> Nagari Balimbiang ko disabuik juo nan ado jo Rumah Tuo Kampai Nan Panjang-nyo.<ref>F, Irfan dan Hady P. (13 November 2016). [https://www.pasbana.com/2016/10/suku-simabua-nagari-balimbing-batagak_13.html "Suku Simabua Nagari Balimbing Batagak Rumah Gadang"]. ''Pasbana'' (dalam Bahaso Indonesia). Diakses pas tanggal 13 November 2024.</ref> Suku Simabua tu pacahan dari suku Sambilan nan iko ko suku pacahan dari [[suku Tanjuang]].<ref>Sumber dari babagai suku Simabua nan ditanyo-tanyo.</ref> Samo jo suku-suku nan lain, suku Simabua punyo adaik istiadaik nan indak jauah babedo. == Sub-suku == # Simabua Guguak (di [[Balimbing, Rambatan, Tanah Datar|Nagari Balimbiang]],<ref name="Literasi 'Mengenal Rumah Adat Nagari Balimbing (6) Rumah Dt.Rajo Mangkuto'"/> [[Rambatan, Tanah Datar|Kec. Rambatan, Kab. Tanah Data]]). # Simabua Sipisang (di wilayah adaik Nagari Koto Nan IV,<ref name="Niniak Mamak Pasukuan Simabua Sipisang dan Dusun Koto Balai Tabuah Baukia, Dukung Almaisyar untuk Jadi Wako Payakumbuh"/> [[Payakumbuh Barat, Payakumbuh|Kec. Payokumbuah Baraik, Kota Payokumbuah]]). == Pangulu / Datuak == # Datuak Tan Malaka (di [[Pandam Gadang, Gunuang Omeh, Lima Puluh Kota|Nagari Pandam Gadang, Kec. Gunuang Omeh, Kab. Limopuluah Kota]]).<ref name="Risalah Tan Malaka - SINGKAP"/><ref name="Jejak Rekam Hengky, Penerus Gelar Datuk Tan Malaka"/> # Datuak Marajo Nan Kuniang (di [[Parik Muko Aie, Lamposi Tigo Nagari, Payakumbuh|Kel. Parik Muko Aia (wilayah adaik Nagari Lamposi), Kec. Lamposi Tigo Nagari, Kota Payokumbuah]]). # Datuak Marajo Nan Putiah (di [[Parik Muko Aie, Lamposi Tigo Nagari, Payakumbuh|Kel. Parik Muko Aia (wilayah adaik Nagari Lamposi), Kec. Lamposi Tigo Nagari, Kota Payokumbuah]]). # Datuak Rajo Mangkuto (di [[Balimbing, Rambatan, Tanah Datar|Nagari Balimbiang, Kec. Rambatan, Kab. Tanah Data]]). # Datuak Sati (di [[Balimbing, Rambatan, Tanah Datar|Nagari Balimbiang, Kec. Rambatan, Kab. Tanah Data]]). # Datuak Mantiko Dubalang (di [[Balimbing, Rambatan, Tanah Datar|Nagari Balimbiang, Kec. Rambatan, Kab. Tanah Data]]). # Datuak Bangso Dirajo Nan Kuniang (di wilayah adaik Nagari Koto Nan IV, [[Payakumbuh Barat, Payakumbuh|Kec. Payokumbuah Baraik, Kota Payokumbuah]]). == Tokoh == # Amat Datuak Tan Malaka (I).<ref name="Jejak Rekam Hengky, Penerus Gelar Datuk Tan Malaka"/> # Ma'ali Datuak Tan Malaka (II).<ref name="Jejak Rekam Hengky, Penerus Gelar Datuk Tan Malaka"/> # Abu Tahir Datuak Tan Malaka (III).<ref name="Jejak Rekam Hengky, Penerus Gelar Datuk Tan Malaka">Wicaksono, Bayu Adi dan Andri Mardiansyah (14 April 2017). [https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/905322-jejak-rekam-hengky-penerus-gelar-datuk-tan-malaka?page=all "Jejak Rekam Hengky, Penerus Gelar Datuk Tan Malaka"]. ''VIVA.co.id'' (dalam Bahaso Indonesia). Padang. Diakses pas tanggal 6 November 2024.</ref> # Rangkayo Sinah Simabur (induak dari [[Tan Malaka]]). # [[Tan Malaka|Ibrahim Datuak Tan Malaka (IV)]] (nan umumnyo disabuik jo namo "Tan Malaka", Bapak Republik Indonesia).<ref name="Risalah Tan Malaka - SINGKAP">KOMPASTV (8 Oktober 2019). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnPNRBnNFXo "Risalah Tan Malaka - SINGKAP"]. ''YouTube'' (dalam Bahaso Indonesia). Diakses pas tanggal 3 Desember 2019.</ref><ref name="Jejak Rekam Hengky, Penerus Gelar Datuk Tan Malaka"/> # Somat Datuak Tan Malaka (V).<ref name="Jejak Rekam Hengky, Penerus Gelar Datuk Tan Malaka"/> # Abdul Muis Datuak Tan Malaka (VI).<ref name="Jejak Rekam Hengky, Penerus Gelar Datuk Tan Malaka"/> # Hengky Novaron Datuak Tan Malaka (VII).<ref name="Risalah Tan Malaka - SINGKAP"/><ref name="Jejak Rekam Hengky, Penerus Gelar Datuk Tan Malaka"/> # Rabayah (induak dari [[Adnan Kapau Gani]]).<ref name="A.K Gani: Cadiak Pandai Suku Simabua dari Palembayan"/> # [[Adnan Kapau Gani]]<ref name="A.K Gani: Cadiak Pandai Suku Simabua dari Palembayan"/> (Gubernur Sumatra Salatan nan patamo dan Wakia Padana Mentri Indonesia nan patamo). == Caliak pulo == * [[Daftar suku Minangkabau]] == Referensi == {{reflist|2}} <br /> {{Daftar Suku-Suku Minang}} rph5yjysgcobzzhl0i2jim84oc4xxcc 0 336021 3345571 3160559 2026-04-02T23:30:19Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox ethnic group |group=Urang Maanyan<br><small>Ma'anyan</small> |image=[[Berkas:Maanyan Women at Keang Ethnic Festival 151030002.JPG|250px|center|Wanita Dayak Maanyan]] |caption=Tarian Urang Maanyan |poptime=lk. 558.000 |popplace=[[Kalimantan Tangah]] {{br}}[[Kalimantan Salatan]] |langs= [[Bahaso Maanyan]], [[bahaso Ngaju]], [[bahaso Indonesia]] |rels= [[Kristen]], [[Kaharingan]], [[Islam]] |related=[[Urang Banjar|Banjar]], [[Urang Dusun Witu|Dusun Witu]], [[Urang Paku|Paku]], [[Urang Dusun Malang|Dusun Malang]] }} '''Urang Dayak Maanyan''' atau Urang Dayak Timua adolah sub-etnis masyarakaik [[Urang Dayak|Dayak]] asli [[Kalimantan]]. Ma'anyan (pengejaan kolonial ''Maanjan'' atau ''Meanjan'') dianggap juo sabagai bagian dari kalompok dusun jo namo '''Dusun Ma'anyan'''. Manuruik J. Mallinckrodt (1927), suku Dusun marupokan bagian dari suku [[Urang Ot Danum|Ot Danum]] maskipun kamudian teori tasabuik dibantah dek AB Hudson (1967) nan bapandapek bahso urang Ma'anyan marupokan cabang dari kaluargo Barito. urang Ma'anyan nan acok disabuik sabagai Urang Dayak juo disabuik sabagai Dayak Ma'anyan. Urang Dayak Ma'anyan mandiami bagian Timua [[Kalimantan]], khusuihnyo [[Kabupaten Barito Timur|Kabupaten Barito Timua]] jo sabagian [[Kabupaten Barito Selatan|Kabupaten Barito Salatan]], Provinsi [[Kalimantan Tangah]] nan tagabuang dalam Ma'anyan I. Urang Dayak Ma'anyan juo mandiami [[Kalimantan Selatan|Kalimantan Salatan]] bagian utaro, khusuihnyo di [[Tabalong|Kabupaten Tabalong]] nan mangacu ka [[Urang Dayak Warukin|Dayak Warukin]]. Urang Dayak Balangan atau Dusun Balangan nan tadapek di Kabupaten Balangan jo [[Urang Samihim|Urang Dayak Samihim]] nan tadapek di Kabupaten Kotabaru dikalompokkan basamo jo urang Dayak Ma'anyan. Urang Dayak Ma'anyan di Kalimantan Salatan dikalompokkan sabagai Ma'anyan II.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Antropologi Sosial Budaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9UHEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA346&dq=suku+maanyan&hl=id|publisher=Penerbit Lakeisha|date=2020-10-19|isbn=978-623-6573-69-3|language=id|first=Sriyana, S. Sos|last=M.Si|pages=346|access-date=2023-02-12|archive-date=2023-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212045850/https://books.google.com/books?id=W9UHEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA346&dq=suku+maanyan&hl=id|dead-url=yes}} Diakses 11-02-2023</ref> Sacaro administratif, urang Ma'anyan baru muncua pado sensus tahun 2000 jo marupokan 2,8% dari jumlah panduduak Kalimantan Tangah; sabalunnyo urang Ma'anyan dikalompokkan basamo urang Dayak pado sensus tahun 1930.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Mencari Indonesia: Demografi-politik pasca-Soeharto|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=oLVTKSefAtIC&lpg=PA173&dq=suku+sampit&pg=PA174&hl=min|publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia|date=2007|isbn=978-979-799-083-1|language=id|first=Riwanto|last=Tirtosudarmo}}</ref> Populasi panduduak Maanyan kini bajumlah sabanyak 558.000 jiwo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13176/ID|title=Dayak, Maanyak in Indonesia|last=Project|first=Joshua|website=joshuaproject.net|language=en|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref> == Sijarah == Sakitar 4.000 tahun lalu, sakalompok urang Austronesia mulai bamigrasi ka Filipina. Kiro-kiro 500 tahun kamudian, ado kalompok nan mulai bamigrasi ka Salatan manuju kapulauan Indonesia kini, jo ka Timua manuju Pasifik. Urang Austronesia iko bukan panghuni partamo Pulau Borneo. Antaro 60.000 jo 70.000 tahun lalu, parmukoan lauik 120 atau 150 meter labiah randah dari kini. Kapulauan Indonesia kalo itu barupo daratan (paro geolog manyabuik daratan iko "Sunda"), manusio sempat bamigrasi dari banuo Asia manuju ka Salatan. Migrasi tasabuik sempat mancapai banuo [[Australia]] nan saaik itu indak talalu jauah dari daratan Asia. Dari pagunuangan itulah barasa batang aia-batang aia gadang nan barado di saluruah Kalimantan. Dipakirokan, dalam rantang waktu nan lama, mereka harus manyebar manalusuri batang aia-batang aia hinggo ka hilia jo kamudian mandiami pasisia Pulau Kalimantan. Di daerah Salatan Kalimantan Urang Dayak parnah mambangun sabuah Karajoan. Dalam tradisi lisan Dayak di daerah itu acok disabuik Nansarunai Usak Jawa, yakni [[Nansarunai|Karajoan Nansarunai]] dari Dayak Maanyan nan dihancuakan dek [[Majapahit]], nan dipakirokan tajadi antaro tahun 1309-1389. Kajadian tasabuik mangakibaikan Urang Dayak Maanyan tadasak jo tapanca, subagian masuak daerah padalaman ka wilayah urang Dayak Lawangan. Aruih gadang barikuiknyo tajadi pado saaik pangaruah Islam nan barasa dari Karajoan Demak basamo masuaknyo paro padagang Malayu sakitar tahun 1520. Subagian gadang urang Dayak di wilayah Salatan jo Timua Kalimantan nan mamaluak Islam kalua dari Urang Dayak. Mereka indak lai mangakui dirinyo sabagai urang Dayak, tapi manyabuik dirinyo sabagai atau urang Banjar jo Suku Kutai. Urang Dayak pamaluak Islam kabanyakan barado di Kalimantan Salatan jo subagian Kotawaringin. Di Kalimantan Timua, urang Suku [[Tonyoy-Benuaq]] nan mamaluak agamo Islam manyabuik dirinyo sabagai Suku Kutai. Samantaro itu, urang Dayak nan menulak agamo Islam baliak manyusuri batang aia jo masuak ka padalaman. Mereka bamukim di daerah-daerah Kayu Tangi, Amuntai, Margasari, Batang Amandit, Batang Labuan Amas jo Batang Balangan. Subagian lai taruih tadasak masuak rimbo. Salah saurang pamimpin Banjar Hindu nan takenal adolah Lambung Mangkurat, nan Manuruik urang Dayak adolah saurang Dayak Ma’anyan atau Ot Danum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indephedia.com/2019/01/sejarah-dan-kebudayaan-suku-dayak.html|title=Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Suku Dayak|website=INDEPHEDIA.com|access-date=2023-02-12|archive-date=2023-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212062626/https://www.indephedia.com/2019/01/sejarah-dan-kebudayaan-suku-dayak.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Urang Maayan iko bisa dibagi ka dalam tigo kalompok gadang, yaitu [[Banua Limo]], [[Paju Sepuluh]], jo [[Paju Ampek]]. Pabedaan namo kalompok iko batulak dari namo kampuang tatantu tampek pamukiman partamo pado zaman dahulu. Kini wilayah pamukiman mereka barado dalam wilayah Kacamatan Banuo Limo, Kacamatan Patangkep Tutui, Kacamatan Awang Hayaping, jo Kacamatan Dusun Timua. Kaampek kacamatan iko tamasuak Kabupaten Administratif Barito Timua, nan marupokan bagian dari Kabupaten Barito Salatan. Sumber lain manyatokan bahso urang Dayak Maanyan tamasuak ka dalam kalompok [[Urang Ngaju|Dayak Ngaju]], sabagai kalompok nan labiah gadang. Urang Dayak Maanyan surang masih dapek dibagi ateh kalompok-kalompok nan labiah ketek, yaitu Maanyan Patai, Maanyan Pakau Karau, maanyan Paju Ampek, Dusun Witu, Dusun Karawatan, Dusun Malang, Maanyan Jangkung, Maanyan Paju Limo, Dusun Bayan Tawa, Dusun Taboyan, Dusun Karamauan. Kasado sub kalompok Maanyan iko badiam dalam wilayah Provinsi Kalimantan Tangah, tarutamo wilayah Kabupaten Barito Salatan. Sub Kalompok Maanyan lainnyo adolah Dusun Tabalong, Dusun Labuan Amas, Dusun Amandit, Dusun Alai, Dusun Kayu Tangi, Dusun Tapin, Dusun Bukit, Dusun Balanga. Sadonyo barado dalam wilayah Provinsi Kalimantan Salatan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Ensiklopedi Suku Bangsa di Indonesia Jilid L-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbGECgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA487&dq=suku+maanyan&hl=id|publisher=Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan|date=1995-01-01|language=id|first=M. Junus|last=Melalatoa}}</ref> Manuruik urang Maanyan, sabalun manampaiki kawasan tampek tingganyo nan kini, mereka barasa dari hilia (Kalimantan Salatan). Walaupun kini wilayah Barito Timua indak tamasuak dalam wilayah Kalimantan Salatan, tatapi wilayah iko dahulu tamasuak dalam wilayah taakhia [[Kesultanan Banjar]] sabalun digabuang ka dalam [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]] tahun [[1860]], yaitu wilayah Kesultanan Banjar nan alah manyusuik jo indak mampunyoi akses ka lauik, sabab dikaliliangi daerah-daerah Hindia Balando. == Bahaso == [[Berkas:Pengukuhan Adat Dayak Maanyan 2.jpg|jmpl|280x280px|Tari Buruang Juwe jo Seni malipek badan nan manjadi salah ciek budayo Dayak Maanyan]] Urang Maanyan mampunyoi bahaso mereka surang yaitu bahaso Maanyan, tatapi bahaso Maanyan iko mampunyoi babarapo dialek yaitu dialek Paku, Maanyan Samihin, Dusun Witu, Dusun Malang. Masiang-masiang dialek tasabuik dapek dipahami dek dialek-dialek Maanyan lainnyo. Namun urang Maanyan jo kalompok Dayak lainnyo di Kalimantan Tangah umuamnyo manggunokan bahaso Ngaju atau bahaso Indonesia.<ref name=":0" /> == Mato pancarian == Subagian gadang mato pancarian urang Maanyan adolah bacocok tanam di parak jo sistem tabang baka. Sistem tabang baka dilakukan jo gotong royong antaro 12-15 urang. Mereka mangadokan pambagian karajo antaro padusi jo laki-laki. Tanaman utamo nan ado di parak adolah padi. Adopun tanaman lainnyo sarupo ubi kayu, naneh, ubi rambat, taruang, tabu, lado jo tambakau. Mereka baburu binatang juo manggunokan bantuan anjiang. Mereka juo mancari rotan jo damar untuak dijadikan karajinan tangan sarupo lapiak jo karanjang. Urang Maanya juo takenal sabagai pananun. Mereka bisa mananun manggunokan kapeh jo mambuek pakaian dari kulik kayu jo mambuek biduak nan mano beko biduak tasabuik ka dijua.<ref name=":0" /> ==Rujuakkan== {{reflist}} == Pranala lua == * [https://regional.kompas.com/read/2010/04/17/08525087/~Regional~Kalimantan Agar Bahasa Dayak Maanyan Tidak Punah] * [https://www.borneonews.co.id/berita/273516-meluruskan-sejarah-suku-dayak-maanyan-dan-kabupaten-barito-timur-melalui-penulisan-buku Meluruskan Sejarah Suku Dayak Maanyan dan Kabupaten Barito Timua Melalui Penulisan Buku] *[https://tirto.id/jejak-panjang-nan-sarunai-kerajaan-purba-di-kalimantan-cBfD Jejak Panjang Nan Sarunai, Karajoan Purba di Kalimantan] *[https://ejournal.itn.ac.id/index.php/pengilon/article/view/4787/3108 MUSEUM BUDAYA SUKU DAYAK MAANYAN TEMA: ARSITEKTUR KONTEMPORER] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212062940/https://ejournal.itn.ac.id/index.php/pengilon/article/view/4787/3108 |date=2023-02-12 }} {{Suku banso di Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Suku banso di Indonesia]] nrigc200ge5uc9979cqk81cgr4434jv 0 336975 3345600 2465328 2026-04-03T01:16:44Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345600 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Zodiac_woodcut.png|ka|jmpl|300x300px|Gambar zodiak dari [[abad ke-16]]]] '''Zodiak''' (dari bahaso {{lang-el|ζῳδιακός κύκλος|translit=zōidiakòs kýklos}} nan artinyo ''[[lingkaran]] [[hewan]]'') atau '''mintakulburuj''' (dari bahaso {{lang-ar|منطقة البروج}}) adolah sabuah [[sabuk]] khayal di langik dengan lebanyo [[18 (angka)|18]]° nan bapusat pado lingkaran [[ekliptika]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Voigt|first=Hans-Heinrich|title=Outline of astronomy volume I|year=1974|publisher=Noordhoff International Publishing|location=Leyden}}</ref>, tatapi istilah ko dapek pulu marujuak pado rasi-[[rasi bintang]] nan dilewati oleh sabuk tasabuik, yang sakarang bajumlah [[13 (angka)|13]]. Dipicayo awal mulo konsep ko barasal dari [[Mesopotamia|peradaban Lembah Sungai Eufrat]] kamungkinan hanyo dengan [[6 (angka)|6]] rasi: ''Capricornus'', ''Pisces'', ''Taurus'', ''Cancer'', ''Virgo'', dan ''Scorpio'', nan kamudian dipacah manjadi [[12 (angka)|12]] karano panampakan tahunan 12 kali [[Bulan purnama]] pado bagian-bagian barurutan dari sabuk tasabuik<ref>{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Richard H.|title=Star-names and Their Meanings|year=1936|publisher=G. E. Stechert & Co.|location=New York}}</ref>. == Lingkaran Ekliptika == Di [[bola]] langik tadapet garih khayal nan disabuik dengan ''lingkaran ekliptika''. Jikok diamati dari [[bumi]], sadolah benda [[tata surya]] ([[planet]], [[Bulan]], dan [[Matahari]]) baredar di langik mangaliliangi lingkaran ekliptika. Kaistimewaan dari ke-13 zodiak dibandiang rasi bintang lainnyo adolah sadonyo barado di wilayah langik nan mamotong lingkaran ekliptika. Jadi dapek disimpulkan zodiak adolah semua rasi bintang nan barado disapanjang lingkaran [[ekliptika]]. Rasi-rasi bintang tasabuik adalah:<!-- DAFTAR LAMA DISIMPAN SEBAGAI REFERENSI TERTUNDA -->{{clear}}<!-- {| class="wikitable" |- ! No !! Nama Zodiak !! Julukan !! Tanggal awal !! Tanggal akhir !! Lamanya {{br}} (dlm hari) |- | align="center"|[[1 (angka)|1]] | [[Capricorn]] | [[Kambing]] [[Laut]] | [[20 Januari]] | [[15 Februari]] | align="center"|[[26 (angka)|26]] |- | align="center"|[[2 (angka)|2]] | [[Aquarius]] | Pembawa [[Air]] | [[16 Februari]] | [[10 Maret]] | align="center"|[[24 (angka)|24]]/[[25 (angka)|25]] |- | align="center"|[[3 (angka)|3]] | [[Pisces]] | [[Ikan]] | [[11 Maret]] | [[17 April]] | align="center"|38 |- | align="center"|[[4 (angka)|4]] | [[Aries]] | [[Domba]] | [[18 April]] | [[12 Mei]] | align="center"|25 |- | align="center"|[[5 (angka)|5]] | [[Taurus]] | [[Kerbau]] | [[13 Mei]] | [[21 Juni]] | align="center"|[[40 (angka)|40]] |- | align="center"|6 | [[Gemini]] | [[Kembar|Si Kembar]] | [[22 Juni]] | [[20 Juli]] | align="center"|[[29 (angka)|29]] |- | align="center"|[[7 (angka)|7]] | [[Cancer]] | [[Kepiting]] | [[21 Juli]] | [[9 Agustus]] | align="center"|[[20 (angka)|20]] |- | align="center"|[[8 (angka)|8]] | [[Leo]] | [[Singa]] | [[10 Agustus]] | [[15 September]] | align="center"|37 |- | align="center"|[[9 (angka)|9]] | [[Virgo]] | [[Gadis]] [[Perawan]] | [[16 September]] | [[30 Oktober]] | align="center"|45 |- | align="center"|[[10 (angka)|10]] | [[Libra]] | [[Timbangan]] | [[31 Oktober]] | [[22 November]] | align="center"|[[23 (angka)|23]] |- | align="center"|[[11 (angka)|11]] | [[Scorpio]] | [[Kalajengking]] | [[23 November]] | [[29 November]] | align="center"|7 |- | align="center"|12 | [[Ophiuchus]] | Pemegang [[ular]]/penyembuh | [[30 November]] | [[17 Desember]] | align="center"|[[18 (angka)|18]] |- | align="center"|13 | [[Sagitarius]] | [[Pemanah|Si Pemanah]] | [[18 Desember]] | [[19 Januari]] | align="center"|33 |} KETERANGAN: Ophiuchus tidak memiliki lambang.--> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="4" |[[Tanda (astrologi)|Tando]] ! colspan="4" |[[Rasi bintang]]<ref>{{en}}{{cite web|url=http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecC/Section_C.html|title=Astronomical Almanac Online!(subscribers) U.S. Naval Observatory 2008|date=|publisher=Asa.usno.navy.mil|accessdate=2010-06-02|archive-date=2010-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327160240/http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecC/Section_C.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>[[International Astronomical Union|IAU]] concluded in 1977</ref> |- !Namo !Simbol !Zodiak tropikal (2011)<ref>{{en}}{{cite web|url=http://my.horoscope.com/astrology/horoscope-sign-index.html|title=12 Zodiac Sign Profiles|date=|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116142555/http://my.horoscope.com/astrology/horoscope-sign-index.html|archive-date=2011-01-16|dead-url=yes|accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> ![[Zodiak sidereal]]([[Jyotisha]]) ({{CURRENTYEAR}}, [[UTC]])<ref>assuming an [[ayanamsa]] of 23.86° as of 2000 according to N. C. Lahiri. The precise value used may vary, but is mostly set close to 24°.</ref> !Namo ![[IAU constellation]] boundaries ({{CURRENTYEAR}}) !Lamo hari !Bintang <small>paliang tarang</small> |- | style="text-align:left;" |[[Aries (astrologi)|Aries]] |[[Berkas:Aries.svg|20x20px|Aries]] |21 Maret - 19 April |14 April – 14 Mei | style="text-align:left;" |[[Aries]] |{{Zodiac date IAU|0}} |25.5 hari |[[Hamal]] |- | style="text-align:left;" |[[Taurus (astrologi)|Taurus]] |[[Berkas:Taurus.svg|21x21px|Taurus]] |20 April - 20 Mei |14 Mei – 14 Juni | style="text-align:left;" |[[Taurus]] |{{Zodiac date IAU|1}} |38.2 hari |[[Aldebaran]] |- | style="text-align:left;" |[[Gemini (astrologi)|Gemini]] |[[Berkas:Gemini.svg|21x21px|Gemini]] |21 Mei - 20 Juni |14 Juni – 14 Juli | style="text-align:left;" |[[Gemini]] |{{Zodiac date IAU|2}} |29.3 hari |[[Pollux (bintang)|Pollux]] |- | style="text-align:left;" |[[Kanser (astrologi)|Kanser]] |[[Berkas:Cancer.svg|20x20px|Kanser]] |21 Juni - 22 Juli |14 Juli – 14 Agustus | style="text-align:left;" |[[Kanser]] |{{Zodiac date IAU|3}} |21.1 hari |[[Al Tarf]] |- | style="text-align:left;" |[[Leo (astrologi)|Leo]] |[[Berkas:Leo.svg|27x27px|Leo]] |23 Juli - 22 Agustus |14 Agustus – 13 September | style="text-align:left;" |[[Leo]] |{{Zodiac date IAU|4}} |36.9 hari |[[Regulus]] |- | style="text-align:left;" |[[Virgo (astrologi)|Virgo]] |[[Berkas:Virgo.svg|24x24px|Virgo]] |23 Agustus - 22 September |13 September – 14 Oktober | style="text-align:left;" |[[Virgo]] |{{Zodiac date IAU|5}} |44.5 hari |[[Spica]] |- | style="text-align:left;" |[[Libra (astrologi)|Libra]] |[[Berkas:Libra.svg|20x20px|Libra]] |23 September - 22 Oktober |14 Oktober – 13 November | style="text-align:left;" |[[Libra]] |{{Zodiac date IAU|6}} |21.1 hari |[[Zubeneschamali]] |- | style="text-align:left;" |[[Skorpio (astrologi)|Skorpio]] |[[Berkas:Scorpio.svg|22x22px|Skorpio]] |23 Oktober - 22 November |13 November – 14 Desember | style="text-align:left;" |[[Skorpio]] |{{Zodiac date IAU|7}} |8.4 hari |[[Antares]] |- |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" |[[Sagitarius (astrologi)|Sagitarius]] |[[Berkas:Sagittarius.svg|20x20px|Sagitarius]] |23 November - 21 Desember |14 Desember – 13 Januari | style="text-align:left;" |[[Sagitarius]] |{{Zodiac date IAU|9}} |33.6 hari |[[Kaus Australis]] |- | style="text-align:left;" |[[Kaprikornus (astrologi)|Kaprikornus]] |[[Berkas:Capricorn.svg|20x20px|Kaprikornus]] |22 Desember - 19 Januari |13 Januari – 12 Februari | style="text-align:left;" |[[Kaprikornus]] |{{Zodiac date IAU|10}} |27.4 hari |[[Deneb Algedi]] |- | style="text-align:left;" |[[Akuarius (astrologi)|Akuarius]] |[[Berkas:Aquarius.svg|20x20px|Akuarius]] |20 Januari - 18 Februari |12 Februari – 14 Maret | style="text-align:left;" |[[Akuarius]] |{{Zodiac date IAU|11}} |23.9 hari |[[Sadalsuud]] |- | style="text-align:left;" |[[Pises (astrologi)|Pises]] |[[Berkas:Pisces.svg|25x25px|Pises]] |19 Februari - 20 Maret |14 Maret – 14 April | style="text-align:left;" |[[Pises]] |{{Zodiac date IAU|12}} |37.7 hari |[[Eta Piscium]] |- | style="text-align:left;" |[[Ofiukus (astrologi)|Ofiukus]] |[[Berkas:Ophiuchus.svg|20x20px|Ofiukus]] | colspan="2" |''tidak ada di dalam daftar'' | style="text-align:left;" |[[Ofiukus (astrologi)|Ofiukus]] |{{Zodiac date IAU|8}} |18.4 hari |[[Rasalhague]]/ [[Alpha Ophiuchi]] |} == Zodiak dan Astrologi == [[Astrologi]] adolah ilmu nan manghubuangkan antaro gerakan benda-benda tata surya (planet, bulan, dan matahari) dengan nasib manusia. Karano semua planet, matahari, dan bulan beredar di sapanjang lingkaran ekliptika, otomatis mereka semua jugo baredar di antaro zodiak. Ramalan astrologi didasarkan pado kaduduakan benda-benda tata surya di dalam zodiak. Seseorang akan manyandang tando zodiaknyo badasarkan kaduduakan matohari di dalam zodiak pado tanggal kalahirannyo. Misalnyo, orang nan lai awal [[Desember]] akan bazodiak Sagitarius, karano pado tanggal tasabuik Matohari barado di wilayah rasi bintang [[Sagitarius]]. Kaduduakkan [[Matahari]] sandiri dibedaam antaro [[waktu tropikal]] dan [[waktu sideral]] nan manyababkan tadapek 2 macam zodiak, yaitu [[zodiak tropikal]] dan [[zodiak sideral]]. Sabagian gadang astrolog Barat dan astrolog Indonesia manggunokan zodiak tropikal, dan sajak kini saluruah Dunia Manggunokan zodiak tropical. <ref name="Profil">[https://jogja.tribunnews.com/2020/10/26/ramalan-nasib-peruntunganmu-hari-ini-menurut-metode-horoskop-12-zodiak-edisi-senin-26-oktober-2020 Ramalan Nasib & Peruntunganmu Hari ini Menurut Metode Horoskop 12 Zodiak Edisi Senin 26 Oktober 2020].Website Tribunnews</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan Lua == {{Commons-inline}} * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3204 "A Treatise on Zodiacal Signs and Constallations: Unique Jewels on the Benefits of Keeping Time"]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} suatu naskah dari tahun 1831 dengan fokus pada Kalender Arab, Koptik dan Siria. daw0fzza3suvuz6m08ad4y98i9apesi 0 337103 3345567 3158452 2026-04-02T21:37:55Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = The Good Side | cover = | type = single | artist = [[Troye Sivan]] | album = [[Bloom (Troye Sivan album)|Bloom]] | released = {{start date|2018|1|19|df=y}} | length = {{duration|m=4|s=28}} | label = {{hlist|[[EMI Music Australia|EMI Australia]]|[[Capitol Records|Capitol]]}} | writer = {{hlist|[[Troye Sivan|Troye Sivan Mellet]]|[[Leland (musisi)|Brett McLaughlin]]|Bram Inscore|[[Allie X|Alexandra Hughes]]|[[Jam City|Jack Latham]]|[[Ariel Rechtshaid]]}} | producer = {{hlist|Ariel Rechshaid|Bram Inscore|[[Jam City]] ({{abbr|add.|additional producer}})}} | prev_title = [[My My My! (Troye Sivan song)|My My My!]] | prev_year = 2018 | next_title = [[Bloom (Troye Sivan song)|Bloom]] | next_year = 2018 | misc = }} "'''The Good Side'''" adolah lagu nan dinyanyian dek panyanyi jo panulih lagu Australia [[Troye Sivan]]. Lagu iko ditulih basamo-samo dek Sivan, [[Leland (musisi)|Leland]], [[Allie X]], Bram Inscore, [[Jam City]], jo [[Ariel Rechtshaid]], samantaro produksinyo ditangani dek tigo namo paliang ujuang. Lagu iko dirilis melalui [[EMI Music Australia]] pado 19 Januari 2018, sabagai singel kaduo dari album studio kaduo Sivan nan bajudul ''[[Bloom (album Troye Sivan)|Bloom]]'' (2018). ==Latar balakang== Pado 17 Januari 2018, Sivan maumuman singelnyo dan manampilan gambar dari singelnyo di media sosial.<ref>{{cite news|last=McNeilage|first=Ross|title=Troye Sivan Announces New Single 'The Good Side'|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/troye-sivan/news/troye-sivan-announces-new-single-the-good-side|accessdate=19 Januari 2018|work=MTV News|date=17 Januari 2018}}</ref> Katiko mangecek tentang lagu iko ka [[Zane Lowe]] dalam acara [[Beats 1]], Sivan manjalehan bahasonyo lagu iko adolah samacam surek terbuka untuak saurang mantan pacar. Inyo mangacekan bahasonyo lagu iko "saketek kasa" dan manyabuiknyo "salah ciek dari satu-satunyo lagu sadiah di album". Inyo malanjuikan: "Iko pado dasanyo tantang parpisahan nan awak alami babarapo wakatu lalu. Anda tahu, dalam sabuah parpisahan, awak pikia sipaik alami dari itu, adolah urang akan manjadi kasa. Dan kebetulan awak barado di sisi nan elok — awak harus pai tur, awak harus pai, dan mancaliak dunia, awak punyo pangalaman terapeutik manyanyian lagu tantang parpisahan itu dan mancaliak urang manyanyiannyo baliak ka awak, dan awak batamu urang nan baru indak lamo sasudah itu. Iko samacam surek ka paja itu untuak manyampaian parmintaaan maaf jo simpati dan kok awak bisa mangubahnyo untuak kasadonyo, awak akan malakuannyo. Jadi awak baharok lagu iko, babarapo tahun ka muko, akan manjadi pangalaman katarsis bagi kami baduo untuak manjadi sarupo, "caliak, mode iko hal-hal tajadi dan bilo sajo kami siap untuak taruih maju, molah lakukan."<ref>{{cite interview|last=Sivan|first=Troye|interviewer=Zane Lowe|title=World Record: Troye Sivan - "The Good Side"|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/post/sa.201cc280-fc6d-11e7-a7c4-7761cb29a9c0|date=18 Januari 2018|work=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=19 Januari 2018}}</ref> Sivan manulih dalam cuitan di Twitter bahasonyo lagu itu "sangaik barati bagi [inyo]". Inyo batarimo kasiah kapado konco panulih lagu dek "mamahami nuansa jo kompleksitas sangkek itu dan mambantu mambueknyo hiduik".<ref name="Gay Times">{{cite news|last=Megarry|first=Daniel|title=Listen to Troye Sivan's heartbreaking new track The Good Side|url=http://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/97217/listen-troye-sivans-heartbreaking-new-track-good-side/|accessdate=19 Januari 2018|work=Gay Times|date=18 Januari 2018}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Partunjukan langsuang== Pado 20 Januari 2018, Sivan mambaokan lagu iko untuak patamo kalinyo di ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Payne|first=Chris|title=Troye Sivan Performs 'My My My!' & 'The Good Side' on 'SNL'|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8095262/troye-sivan-snl-my-my-my-good-side-video|accessdate=2 February 2018|work=Billboard|date=21 Januari 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Voss|first=Brandon|title=Troye Sivan Sexes Up "My My My!," "The Good Side," On "SNL"|url=http://www.newnownext.com/troye-my-my-my-the-good-side-snl/01/2018/|accessdate=2 February 2018|work=[[Logo TV]]|date=21 Januari 2018}}</ref> == Tangga lagu == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Tangga lagu (2018) ! scope="col"| Posisi ateh |- ! scope="row"| New Zealand Heatseekers ([[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4447|title=NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=29 Januari 2018|accessdate=26 Januari 2018|archive-date=2018-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131024112/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4447|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | 4 |- {{singlechart|Scotland|99|date=20180126|rowheader=true|accessdate=27 Januari 2018}} |} ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Good Side}} [[Category:Singel tahun 2018]] [[Category:Lagu tahun 2018]] [[Category:Lagu Troye Sivan]] [[Category:Lagu nan ditulih dek Ariel Rechtshaid]] [[Category:Lagu nan ditulih dek Leland (musisi)]] [[Category:Rekaman lagu nan diproduksi dek Ariel Rechtshaid]] [[Category:Lagu nan ditulih dek Troye Sivan]] [[Category:Lagu nan ditulih dek Allie X]] nf2ocx7vgl7apldy9fza2h94gja52p9 0 337192 3345559 3180231 2026-04-02T18:58:24Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saudagar Minangkabau''' marujuak pado profesi sakalompok masarakaik nan barasa dari [[Minangkabau]].<ref>[http://travel.kompas.com/read/2013/09/09/0746257/Jejak.Para.Perantau "Jejak Para Perantau"] Kompas.com, 9 September 2013.</ref> == Sijarah == Salamo barabaik-abaik, padangangan hasia tambang jo partanian Minangkabau alah manjadi sumber utamo dalam kamajuan ekonomi [[Samudera Hindia]] nan dinamis. Padagang-padagang gadang Minangkabau alah mangarajoan padagangan sajak abaik ka-7. Urang-urang tu manjadi padagang bapangaruah baoperasi di pantai barat jo pantai timua [[Sumatra]]. Padagangan ameh pado mulonyo manjadi padagangan utamo masarakaik Minangkabau. Lambah [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]] marupoan tampek nan paliang pantiang sabagai panghasia ameh untuak ekonomi Minangkabau.<ref name="Dobbin">{{cite book|last=Dobbin|first=Christine|title=Gejolak Ekonomi, Kebangkitan Islam dan Gerakan Padri: Minangkabau 1784-1847|year=2008|isbn=979-373-126-5}}</ref>{{rp|69}} Upayo mancari ameh kadang-kadang mandorong tajadinyo papindahan panduduak. Kabaradioan urang Minangkabau di barat laut [[Jambi]], disababkan dek upayo pancarian ameh.<ref name="Marsden">{{cite book|title=The History of Sumatra|last=Marsden|first=William|authorlink=William Marsden|coauthors=|year=1966|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|isbn=|url=|accessdate=}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Diundang dek Rajo Regale jo pandahulunyo, banyak urang Minang manyabarang ka [[Selat Malaka]] manuju [[Johor]] untuak mangumpuakan abu ameh jo bongkahannyo. Padagang ameh Minangkabau acoknyo adolah wiraswastawan takamuko, nan mangandalkan sistem politik Tanah Datar untuak maagiahkan palindungan apobilo inyo mambaok kafilahnyo nan tadiri dari saratuih urang labiah bajalan manurun ka lereng babatu [[Bukit Barisan]] manuju palabuahan di pantai barat. Pado akhia abaik ka-18, tambang-tambang ameh mulai abih jo padagangannyo mancapai titik nadir. Sasudah cadangan ameh mangalami panurunan, padagangan komoditas manjadi basis utamo bisnis urang-urang Minang. Padagangan [[marica]], [[akasia]], jo [[Gambia (tanaman)|gombia]] bakambang gadang di abaik ka 15 sampai abaik ka 18.<ref>[http://travel.kompas.com/read/2013/09/07/0903529/Jejak.Perdagangan.Rempah "Jejak Perdagangan Rempah"] Kompas.com, 7 September 2013.</ref> Salanjuiknyo dilanjuikkan jo padangan kopi pado abaik ka 18 sampai 19. Padagang-padagang tu mambaok barang dagangannyo dari padalaman Minangkabau ka Selat Malaka atau [[Samudera Hindia]] untuak dijual ka padagang-padagang asiang. Ka pantai timur, padagangan banyak lewat ka sungai-sungai gadang takah [[Sungai Kampar|Kampar]], [[Sungai Siak|Siak]], Indragiri, jo Batang Hari. Dari kagiatan padagangan ko, banyak padangan Minang nan pindah jo mandirikan koloni di sapanjang pasisia barat jo timur Sumatra, bahkan sampai ka [[semenanjung Malaysia]]. Di pantai barat padangang tu mandirikan pos-pos dagang di [[Meulaboh]], [[Barus, Tapanuli Tengah|Barus]], [[Sorkam, Tapanuli Tengah|Sorkam]], [[Natal, Mandailing Natal|Natal]], [[Tiku]], [[Pariaman]], [[Padang]], hinggo ka [[Bengkulu]]. Di pasisia timur, koloni dagang tabantang dari [[Kabupaten Batubara|Batubara]], [[Pelalawan]], hinggo [[Kota Jambi|Jambi]]. == Jinih usaho == === Restoran === {{utama|Rumah makan Padang}} Usaho rumah makan marupoan jinih usaho nan banyak dikarajoan dek padagang Minangkabau. Jaringan restoran Minang atau biasonyo labiah dikenal jo sabutan restoran Padang taseba ka saluruah kota nan ado di [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], [[Australia]], bahkan sampai ka [[Eropa]] jo [[Amerika Serikat]].<ref>[https://regional.kompas.com/read/2011/07/06/05533939/Wow.Rumah.Makan.Padang.Ada.di.New.York Wow, Rumah Makan Padang Ada di New York!]</ref> Disamping itu banyak juo usaho restoran nan mampunyoi ciri khas jo merek jua nan dijalani dek padagang dari daerah tatantu. Padagang asa dari Kapau biasonyo manjua nasi ramas nan tanamo jo [[Nasi Kapau]]. Padagang dari [[Pariaman]] jo [[Guguk, Lima Puluh Kota|Dangung-Dangung]] banyak nan manjua [[Sate Padang]]. Sadangkan padagang asa [[Kubang, Guguk, Lima Puluh Kota|Kubang]] manjadi panjua martabak, jo merek dagangnyo adolah [[Martabak Mesir|Martabak Kubang]]. [[Sederhana (restoran)|Restoran Sederhana]] nan dirintih dek [[Bustamam]] manjadi jaringan restoran Padang nan taseba 160 cabang di saluruah Indonesia jo Malaysia.<ref>Hasril Chaniago, Kisah Hidup Haji Bustamam Pendiri Restoran Sederhana, 2019</ref> Salain Sederhana, jaringan restoran Minang lainnyo nan alah barekspansi ka banyak negara adolah Sari Ratu, Garuda, jo Natrabu. Pangusaho Minang lainnyo nan bagerak di bidang makanan adolah kaluarga [[Bustanil Arifin]] nan marupokan pamacik lisensi [[Pizza Hut]] jo Marugame Udon. Kini ko jaringan restoran di bawah bendera Sriboga tu alah punyo labiah dari 350 cabang di saluruah Indonesia.<ref>[https://majalah.tempo.co/read/laporan-utama/151425/dari-tepung-ke-jaringan-restoran? Dari Tepung Ke Jaringan Restoran]</ref> Pangusaho kuliner asa [[Batusangkar (kota)|Batusangkar]], Syamsalis, alah sukses pulo manyambangkan usaho ayam goreng Sabana Fried Chicken nan jumlah cabang kini ko mancapai 1.000 gerai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.majalahfranchise.com/franchise/425/sabana-fried-chicken |title=Franchise Sabana Fried Chicken |access-date=2021-05-19 |archive-date=2020-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220235820/http://majalahfranchise.com/franchise/425/sabana-fried-chicken |dead-url=yes }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: .5em 0 .5em 0em;" |+'''Restoran Padang jo Jumlah Cabang (2020)''' !Namo Restoran !Jumlah !Lokasi |- |[[Sederhana (restoran)|Sederhana]] | align="center" |160 | align="left" |[[Jabotabek]], [[Bandung]], [[Semarang]], [[Denpasar]], [[Surabaya]], [[Makassar]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] |- |Simpang Raya | align="center" |46 | align="left" |[[Kota Bukittinggi|Bukittinggi]], [[Jabotabek]], [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], [[Balikpapan]], [[Kota Cirebon|Cirebon]] |- |Sari Ratu | align="center" |30 | align="left" |[[Jabotabek]], [[Surabaya]], [[Denpasar]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Singapura]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sariratu.sg/outlets/ |title=Situs Resmi Restoran Sari Ratu |access-date=2021-05-19 |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420143030/http://sariratu.sg/outlets/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- |Pagi Sore | align="center" |18 | align="left" |[[Kota Palembang|Palembang]], [[Jabotabek]], [[Kota Jambi|Jambi]], [[Kota Pangkalpinang|Pangkalpinang]] |- |Garuda | align="center" |17 | align="left" |[[Medan]], [[Jabotabek]], [[Bandar Lampung]], [[Singapura]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.restorangaruda.com/branch/ |title=Situs Resmi Restoran Garuda |access-date=2021-05-19 |archive-date=2011-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806081349/http://www.restorangaruda.com/branch/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- |Duta Minang | align="center" |12 | align="left" |[[Kota Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]], [[Kota Semarang|Semarang]], [[Kota Kediri|Kediri]]<ref>[https://dutaminang.com/tentang-kami-2/cabang/ Situs Resmi Duta Minang]</ref> |- |Martabak Kubang Hayuda | align="center" |9 | align="left" |[[Kota Padang|Padang]], [[Jabotabek]], [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], [[Kota Bukittinggi|Bukittinggi]] |- |Natrabu | align="center" |8 | align="left" |[[Jabotabek]], [[Denpasar]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] |- |SB Bintaro | align="center" |8 | align="left" |[[Jabotabek]], [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]] |- |Sarimande Metropolitan | align="center" |8 | align="left" |[[Jabotabek]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sarimande.com/public/ |title=Situs Resmi Restoran Sarimande |access-date=2021-05-19 |archive-date=2021-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519081122/http://sarimande.com/public/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- |Sari Bundo | align="center" |7 | align="left" |[[Jabotabek]], [[Kota Makassar|Makassar]], [[Kota Pekanbaru|Pekanbaru]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.saribundo.biz/branch |title=Situs Resmi Restoran Sari Bundo |access-date=2021-05-19 |archive-date=2021-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619060210/https://www.saribundo.biz/branch |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- |Sate Padang Mak Syukur | align="center" |7 | align="left" |[[Kota Padang Panjang|Padang Panjang]], [[Jabotabek]] |- |Nasi Kapau Kedai Pak Ciman | align="center" |5 | align="left" |[[Kota Palembang|Palembang]], [[Jabotabek]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rmco.id/baca-berita/ekonomi-bisnis/29201/rasa-oke-harga-pas-dalam-3-tahun-ivan-mampu-buka-4-kedai-nasi-kapau-pak-ciman |title=Dalam 3 Tahun, Ivan Mampu Buka 4 Kedai Nasi Kapau Pak Ciman |access-date=2021-05-19 |archive-date=2020-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231082623/https://rmco.id/baca-berita/ekonomi-bisnis/29201/rasa-oke-harga-pas-dalam-3-tahun-ivan-mampu-buka-4-kedai-nasi-kapau-pak-ciman |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- |} == Rujuakan == {{reflist|3}} [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Sumatra Barat]] nmsdxeoek7cxu0e2r6hv95lfx4r7sp8 0 337676 3345582 2509032 2026-04-03T00:10:50Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345582 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Swiss_National_Park_131.JPG|jmpl|Utan pinus di [[Swiss]]]] '''Utan''' adolah area daratan nan ditumbuahi banyak [[pohon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/forest|title=Forest|website=Dictionary.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019171930/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/forest|archive-date=19 October 2014|access-date=2014-11-16|url-status=live}}</ref> Ado ratusan definisi utan nan dipakai di saluruah dunia, bagantuang pado faktor nan malakek cando karapatan pohon, tinggi pohon, panggunoan lahan, parizinan, sarato fungsi ekologi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/ir_06.pdf|title=Compilation of Forestry Terms and Definitions|last1=Schuck|first1=Andreas|last2=Päivinen|first2=Risto|year=2002|publisher=European Forest Institute|location=Joensuu, Finland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605064820/http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/ir_06.pdf|archive-date=5 June 2015|access-date=2014-11-16|last3=Hytönend|first3=Tuomo|last4=Pajari|first4=Brita|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cbd">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/forest/definitions.shtml|title=Definitions: Indicative definitions taken from the Report of the ad hoc technical expert group on forest biological diversity|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219030427/http://www.cbd.int/forest/definitions.shtml|archive-date=19 December 2014|access-date=2014-11-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="unep">{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/vitalforest/Report/VFG-01-Forest-definition-and-extent.pdf|title=Forest definition and extent|date=2010-01-27|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726140947/http://www.unep.org/vitalforest/Report/VFG-01-Forest-definition-and-extent.pdf|archive-date=2010-07-26|access-date=2014-11-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> Organisasi Pangan jo Agrikultur (FAO) manjalehan basonyo utan adolah sabidang tanah nan mampunyoi laweh dari 0,5 hektar sarato ditumbuahi banyak pohon nan tingginyo labiah dari 5 meter jo kanopi nan manutuik labiah dari 10 persen lahannyo. Itu indak tamasuak lahan nan digarap untuak agrikultur atau pamakaian urban lainnyo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Airspade|url=https://arboraeration.com/airspade/|website=arboraeration.com|accessdate=8 January 2015|archivedate=27 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/3/I8661EN/i8661en.pdf|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Terms and definitions|publisher=FAO|year=2018|location=Rome}}</ref> Mamakai definisi tasabuik, ado 4,06 miliar hektar atau kiro-kiro 31 persen area farek di saluruah dunia pado taun 2020.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en|title=The State of the World's Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people|publisher=FAO & UNEP|year=2020|isbn=978-92-5-132707-4|location=Rome|doi=10.4060/ca8985en}}</ref> Samantaro ,manuruik Undang-Undang tetang Kehutanan Nomor 41 Tahun 1999, definisi utan adolah suatu kasatuan [[ekosistem]] babantuak hamparan lahan barisi sumber dayo alam hayati nan didominasi pohon-pohon dalam kalompok alam ingkuangan nan satu jo lainnyo indak dapek tapisahkan. Utan marupokan ekosistem darek nan paliang dominan di [[bumi]] dan taseba di saluruah dunia.<ref name="yude">{{cite journal|last1=Pan|first1=Yude|last2=Birdsey|first2=Richard A.|last3=Phillips|first3=Oliver L.|last4=Jackson|first4=Robert B.|year=2013|title=The Structure, Distribution, and Biomass of the World's Forests|url=http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2013/nrs_2013_pan_001.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.|volume=44|pages=593–62|doi=10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135914|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807012240/http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2013/nrs_2013_pan_001.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> Labiah dari satangah utan dunia talatak di hanyo limo nagara ([[Brazil]], [[Kanada]], [[Republik Rakyaik Cino|Cino]], [[Rusia]], jo [[Amerika Serikat]]). Lahan utan paliang banyak ditamukan di daerah [[tropis]], kiro-kiro 45 persen.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en|title=The State of the World's Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people|publisher=FAO & UNEP|year=2020|isbn=978-92-5-132707-4|location=Rome, Italy|doi=10.4060/ca8985en}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> == Pautan lua == {{Commons|Forest|Utan}}{{Sister project links |commons=no|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Utan|collapsible=yes|d=Q4421|display=Utan|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Utan|voy=no|wikt=Utan}} *{{Commons-inline|Forest|Utan}} [[Kategori:Geografi]] o5fom9x4af2u4auh8ojensldujwkg09 0 385602 3345542 3341493 2026-04-02T15:11:55Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS)<br />ڤيتروليام ناسيونل برحد | logo = PETRONAS Logo (2013).png | logo_size = 230px | caption = | type = [[Syarikat milik negara|Milik negara]] | traded_as = | fate = | predecessor = | successor = | foundation = {{start date and age|1974|8|17|df=yes}} | founder = | defunct = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | location_city = | location_country = [[Malaysia]] | location = Menara 1, [[Menara Berkembar Petronas]], [[Pusat Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur]], 50088 [[Kuala Lumpur]] | area_served = Seluruh dunia | key_people = {{plainlist| * Tengku Muhammad Taufik Tengku Aziz (Presiden & CEO Kumpulan)<ref>{{cite news|title=PETRONAS Bids Farewell To Tan Sri Wan Zulkiflee As Its President & Group CEO; Welcomes The Appointment Of Tengku Muhammad Taufik As The New PETRONAS' President & Group CEO|url=https://www.petronas.com/media/press-release/petronas-bids-farewell-tan-sri-wan-zulkiflee-its-president-group-ceo-welcomes|accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref> * Ahmad Nizam Salleh (Pengerusi)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/bisnes/2018/08/363964/ahmad-nizam-dilantik-pengerusi-petronas|title=Ahmad Nizam dilantik Pengerusi PETRONAS|date=1 Ogos 2018|accessdate=2 Jun 2020|author=Alzahrin Alias|publisher=[[Harian Metro]]}}</ref> }} | industry = [[Industri petroleum|Minyak dan gas]] | products = [[Petroleum]], [[gas asli]], [[petrokimia]] | services = [[Stesen minyak]], [[perkapalan|perkhidmatan perkapalan]] | revenue = {{loss}} AS$46.06 bilion (2016) dari S$55.68 bilion (2015)<ref name="PETRONAS Annual Report FY 2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/03/220740/petronas-records-higher-net-profit-fy16-pay-out-rm13b-dividend-govt-ceo|title=PETRONAS Annual Report FY 2016 |date=14 March 2017}}</ref> | operating_income = | net_income = {{increase}} AS$5.28 bilion (2016) dari AS$4.69 bilion (2015) | assets = {{increase}} AS$135.63 bilion (2016) dari AS$133.07 bilion (2015)<ref name="PETRONAS Annual Report FY 2016"/> | equity = {{increase}} AS$95.22 bilion (2016) dari AS$93.44 bilion (2015) | owner = [[Kerajaan Malaysia]] | num_employees = 51,000 (2016)<ref>[https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/327674 Top 20 Largest Oil & Gas Employers]</ref> | parent = | divisions = | subsid = {{unbulleted list|[[KLCC Property Holdings]]|Petronas Gas|[[Petronas Dagangan]]|Petronas Chemicals|Bintulu Port|[[MISC Berhad|MISC]]|Petronas Canada|[[BASF Petronas Chemicals]]}} | homepage =Hidupjokowi.com | footnotes = | intl = }} '''Petroliam Nasional Berhad'''<ref name="Petronas">[http://www.petronas.com.my/internet/corp/centralrep2.nsf/frameset_corp?OpenFrameset Petronas Malaysia: Corporate News 2005] About PETRONAS</ref> atau lebih dikenali sebagai '''Petronas''' (digayakan sebagai '''PETRONAS''') ialah sebuah syarikat [[Industri minyak dan gas|minyak dan gas]] [[perbadanan multinasional|multinasional]] [[Malaysia]]. Ditubuhkan pada 17 Ogos 1974 dan dimiliki sepenuhnya oleh [[kerajaan Malaysia]], syarikat ini telah mendapat hak keseluruhan terhadap sumber-sumber minyak dan gas di Malaysia dan diamanahkan dengan tanggungjawab untuk membangunkan dan menambah nilai kepada sumber-sumber tersebut. ''[[Fortune Global 500]]'' telah meletakkan Petronas sebagai sebuah syarikat ke-95 terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2008 dan ke-80 terbesar pada tahun 2009. Ia juga meletakkan Petronas sebagai syarikat perbadanan ke-13 paling banyak membuat keuntungan di dunia dan yang paling banyak keuntungan di [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Global 500 2008: Petronas|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/snapshots/6418.html| publisher=Fortune Magazine| date=| accessdate=2008-07-16| author=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Global 500 2008: Top Performers - Most Profitable| url= http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/performers/companies/profits/| date=| accessdate=2008-07-16| publisher=Fortune Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title= Global 500 2009: Full List| url= http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/full_list/| publisher=Fortune Magazine| accessdate=2009-07-21}}</ref> Menurut senarai kedudukan yang diterbitkan oleh Forbes Global 2000, Petronas Gas diumumkan sebagai syarikat awam ke-1881 terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/petronas-gas/#5545a5271104|title= Forbes Global 2000|access-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> Sejak diperbadankan, Petronas berkembang menjadi syarikat minyak dan gas dengan kepentingan perniagaan di 31 negara. Sehingga akhir Mac 2005, Kumpulan ini mengandungi 103 pemilikan sendiri anak-anak syarikat, 19 syarikat kelengkapan milik sebahagiannya dan yang dimiliki separuhnya dan 57 syarikat bersekutu. Bersama-sama ini, menjadikan Petronas, yang terlibat di dalam pelbagai aktiviti-aktiviti berasaskan minyak dan gas. Majalah ''[[Financial Times]]'' telah mengenal pasti Petronas sebagai satu daripada "kembar tujuh" yang baru":<ref name=ft>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/471ae1b8-d001-11db-94cb-000b5df10621.html The new Seven Sisters: oil and gas giants dwarf western rivals], by Carola Hoyos, Financial Times. 11 March 2007</ref> syarikat minyak dan gas milik kerajaan yang paling berpengaruh di luar [[OECD]]. Petronas menyediakan satu spektrum aktiviti [[petroleum]] yang luas, termasuk penerokaan huluan dan penghasilan minyak dan gas kepada hiliran [[minyak|penapisan minyak]]; pemasaran dan pengagihan [[petroleum|produk petroleum]]; perdagangan; pemprosesan gas dan [[Cecair|pencecairan]]; operasi rangkaian penghantaran talian paip gas; pemasaran [[gas|gas cecair semulajadi]]; pengilangan dan pemasaran [[petrokimia]]; [[perkapalan]]; [[automotif|kejuruteraan automotif]]; dan [[pelaburan]] [[hartanah]]. [[Menara Berkembar Petronas]] telah dibuka secara rasminya pada [[Hari Kemerdekaan Malaysia]] ke-42 pada 31 Ogos 1998 yang juga hari ulang tahun syarikat ke-24. Pada 31 Mac 2011, [[Kerajaan Malaysia]] secara rasminya menamatkan jawatan mantan [[Perdana Menteri Malaysia]] [[Mahathir Mohamad]] sebagai penasihat Petronas. Tindakan ini diambil berikutan ketidakfahaman dalam kesaksamaan berpolitik, dimana Mahathir dilihat menyerang secara terbuka pentadbiran dan personaliti Perdana Menteri ketika itu [[Najib Razak]], Mahathir juga dilihat mengadakan baiah bersama pemimpin pembangkang sebagai satu langkah untuk meminta Perdana Menteri melepaskan jawatannya. [[Jabatan Perdana Menteri Malaysia|Jabatan Perdana Menteri]] dalam kenyataannya bersetuju atas penamatan ini kerana "tidak menyokong kerajaan yang sedia ada dan tidak patut mempunyai sebarang jawatan dalam kerajaan".<ref>Ngui, Y. (2016). ''Malaysia Fires Former Leader Mahathir as Adviser to Petronas.'' WSJ. Retrieved March 12 2016, from http://www.wsj.com/articles/malaysia-fires-former-leader-mahathir-as-adviser-to-petronas-1457707460</ref> Sebanyak 0.69 peratus gas yang dilepaskan melalui proses perindustrian global dari tahun 1988 hingga 2015 berasal daripada aktiviti-aktiviti Petronas.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change | title= Top 100 producers and their cumulative greenhouse gas emissions from 1988-2015 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | access-date= 29 October 2020}}</ref> Oleh itu, Petronas merupakan antara penyumbang utama perubahan iklim, suatu fenomena yang membawa banyak risiko terhadap kesihatan, pekerjaan, kestabilan bekalan makanan dan air, keselamatan, serta perkembangan ekonomi.<ref>{{cite journal |title=IPCC, 2018: Summary for Policymakers |issue=Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf |accessdate=29 October 2020 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723103232/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==History== [[File:KL - Menara Carigali, KLCC.JPG|thumb|[[Petronas Tower 3]], Kuala Lumpur]] [[File:KotaKinabalu Sabah Petronas-Tower-01.jpg|thumb|Petronas office building in [[Kota Kinabalu|Kota Kinabalu, Sabah]]]] Before the formation of Malaysia, Royal Dutch Shell (now [[Shell plc]]) first began the oil exploration in [[Miri, Malaysia|Miri]], [[Sarawak]]; after [[Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak|Charles Brooke]] signed the first Oil Mining Lease in 1909. In 1910, the first oil well was drilled in Miri. This oil well is later known as the Grand Old Lady.<ref name=AAPG>{{cite web|last1=Sorkhabi|first1=Rasoul|title=Historical Highlight: Miri Field Seeps Helped, But Success Was a Higher Calling|url=http://archives.aapg.org/explorer/2011/03mar/miri_well0311.cfm|publisher=[[American Association of Petroleum Geologists]] (AAPG)|access-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324151035/http://archives.aapg.org/explorer/2011/03mar/miri_well0311.cfm|archive-date=24 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Geoexpro>{{cite book|last1=Sorkhabi|first1=Rasoul|title=History of oil: Sarawak - Miri 1910|date=2010|publisher=GEO ExPro Magazine Vol 7, No 2|page=44|url=http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2010/02/miri-1910|access-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324153023/http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2010/02/miri-1910|archive-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> In 1929, oil was discovered in [[Brunei]]. There were no other drilling activities in [[Borneo]] or [[British Malaya]] until 1950s.<ref name="Fred R 2007">{{cite book|last1=Dr Fred R|first1=von der Mehden|last2=Al|first2=Troner|title=Petronas: a national oil company with an international vision|date=March 2007|publisher=James A Baker III Institute for public policy, Rice university|url=https://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/page/9dd51576/noc_petronas_tronervdm.pdf|access-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516220308/http://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/page/9dd51576/noc_petronas_tronervdm.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1966, the enactment of Petroleum Mining Act gave Exxon and Shell rights to explore oil territories and produce oil royalties and tax payments to the government.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Malaysian Oil and Gas Infustry: Challenging times, but fundamentals intact|date=May 2016|publisher=Price Waterhouse Coopers|url=https://www.pwc.com/my/en/assets/publications/2016-msian-oil-n-gas-industry.pdf|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705021436/https://www.pwc.com/my/en/assets/publications/2016-msian-oil-n-gas-industry.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2017|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> In the late 1960s, Esso and [[ConocoPhillips|Continental Oil]] were given concessions to explore oil off the shores of the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.<ref name="BPMB 2011">{{cite book|title=Report on Malaysia oil and gas exploration and production|date=2011|publisher=Bank Pembangunan (Malaysian Development Bank)|page=60|access-date=17 May 2018|url=http://www.bpmb.com.my:80/documents/21475/33700/20.pdf/3723eecd-5976-4fd2-9b10-c1375fbdd4cc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411100217/http://www.bpmb.com.my/documents/21475/33700/20.pdf/3723eecd-5976-4fd2-9b10-c1375fbdd4cc|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2017}}</ref> By 1974, Malaysia's output of crude oil stood at about {{convert|90,000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} to {{convert|99,000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}.<ref name="BPMB 2011"/> ===1970s: Establishment with the Malaysian Government=== Several factors converged in the early 1970s to prompt the Malaysian government into setting up a state-owned oil and gas company. In 1972, the oil price per barrel was US$1.50, which later rose to US$2.28 per barrel. War in the middle east and oil embargo by Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ([[OPEC]]) had caused the price per barrel to rise until US$12.00, thus giving more incentives for Malaysia to set up her own oil company. Several countries such as [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Egypt]], and [[Indonesia]] have adopted the [[production sharing agreement]] instead of a concession system for oil revenue distribution. The Malaysian government also believed that foreign oil companies did not properly inform the government regarding the oil exploration activities in their own concessions (such as the new discovery of oil fields), thus resulted in a loss of revenue to the government. The formulation of [[Malaysian New Economic Policy]] in the early 1970s encourages Malaysians to take control of various modern industries and to open more economic opportunities for [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]] (Malaysian natives).<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> The former chief minister of Sarawak, [[Abdul Rahman Ya'kub]] was the first one who proposed the idea of Malaysia setting up an oil company in 1965,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lau|first1=Leslie|title=Ex-Sarawak CM says Kelantan has no right to oil royalty|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/55898-ex-sarawak-cm-says-kelantan-has-no-right-to-oil-royalty|access-date=27 April 2015|publisher=The Malaysian Insider|date=14 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314022944/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/55898-ex-sarawak-cm-says-kelantan-has-no-right-to-oil-royalty|archive-date=14 March 2010}}</ref> when he was the federal lands and mines deputy minister.<ref name="Mokhtar 1981">{{cite book |last1=Mokhtar |first1=Suhaimi |title=Putera Kenyalang: Satu Dekad Penuh Cabaran (Son of the land of the hornbills, a challenging decade) |date=1981 |publisher=Penerbitan Pena Sdn Bhd |location=Selangor |isbn= |pages=84}}</ref> It was due to the pressure of the Sarawak people who sought to clarify the exact boundaries of Sarawak territorial waters. In fact, since the formation of Malaysia in 1963, the issue of territorial waters of Sabah and Sarawak has not been fully addressed, thus leaving its interpretation wide open. The Sarawak government has declared that the territorial waters extend well beyond the three-mile limit defined by the Malaysian federal government. However, Abdul Rahman Ya'kub was reminded of [[Tun Abdul Razak]]'s act of installing him as the chief minister of Sarawak. Therefore, Rahman decided to keep the conflict as low profile as possible. Rahman's nephew, [[Abdul Taib Mahmud]] assumed the role of federal deputy land and mines minister after Rahman became education minister and later, chief minister of Sarawak. Taib believed in the sharing of oil royalties between the state and the federal government. During the time, the oil mining activities in Sarawak were still under the exclusive control of Shell. Taib Mahmud initially suggested allowing independent contractors to market government oil. Taib found a Lebanese trader to purchase the Malaysian oil, however, the contractor defaulted on payments, resulting in US$4 million loss. A government hydrocarbon committee was later set up. Taib Mahmud visited Indonesia and had a discussion with [[Pertamina]] (Indonesian state-owned oil and gas company). Taib suggested that Malaysia scrap the concession system and replace it with a [[production sharing agreement]]. However, there were no laws that allowed Malaysia to take back the concessions without compensating foreign oil companies.<ref name="Ranjit 1986"/> Despite this, Taib decided to set up a statutory body named "HIKMA" (Hidrokarbon Malaysia),<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> which would have total rights of oil found in the territorial waters of Sabah and Sarawak. However, Rahman Ya'kub protested his nephew's decision and threatened to take the federal government to court if Sarawak were to be left out of this oil deal. [[Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah]] (chairman of [[Perbadanan Nasional Berhad]] (Pernas)) visited Rahman at the latter's private residence in [[Kuching]]. Tengku Razaleigh suggested the formation of a company instead of a statutory body where the former would distribute profits equally between the federal and the state governments. Rahman agreed with the suggestion. Tengku Razaleigh drafted the Petroleum Development Act together with his associates in secret, as instructed by Tun Razak, and to be completed before the [[Malaysian general election, 1974|1974 Malaysian general election]]. Rahman Ya'kub then telephoned Tengku Razaleigh to ask about the terms offered by the Malaysian federal government. Tengku Razaleigh then told Rahman regarding abolishment of the concession system. Meanwhile, 5% oil royalty will be given to the respective oil-producing states. Rahman agreed with the deal.<ref name="Ranjit 1986">{{cite book|last1=Ranjit|first1=Gill|title=Razaleigh: An Unending Quest|date=1986|publisher=Pelanduk publication|location=Petaling Jaya, Selangor|isbn=967-978-101-1|pages=118–129|chapter=19 and 20|quote=When Taib became Minister of Land and Mines, he showed considerable interest in the development of this resource, and in his view, there should be a sharing of royalties between the State (i.e. Sarawak) and the federal government.(page 121) ... Tengku Razaleigh visited Datuk Rahman, ... I suggested the formation of a company, not a statutory corporation, which would distribute profits equally between the Federal government and Sarawak in the form of cash payments. He accepted the proposal and I rushed back to Tun Razak with the news. (page 122) ... The proceeds would accrue to Petronas, but 5 percent of the oil revenue thereafter would go to the state, and a similar amount to the Federal government. Rahman agreed (page 123).}}</ref> In 1974, the Petroleum Development Act was tabled and approved in parliament. Petronas was incorporated on 17 August 1974, and Tengku Razaleigh became its inaugural chairman. Initially, Exxon and Shell refused to surrender their concessions and refused to negotiate with Petronas. Petronas then served a notice to all foreign oil companies that after 1 April 1975, all the foreign oil companies would be operating illegally in Malaysian waters if they do not start negotiations with Petronas. After a few rounds of negotiations, foreign oil companies finally surrendered their concessions to Petronas. While all other oil-producing states in Malaysia signed the petroleum agreement, [[Tun Mustapha]], the chief minister of [[Sabah]], stubbornly refused to sign the oil agreement, complaining of the meagre 5% oil royalty. Mustapha requested for 10 to 20% oil royalty; otherwise, he would threaten to pull Sabah out of Malaysia. Tengku Razaleigh refused to bulge in. The Malaysian federal government then made another deal with Datuk [[Harris Salleh]] (who was out of favour with Tun Mustapha) to establish [[Sabah People's United Front|Berjaya]] party and oust Tun Mustapha. However, Harris was reluctant to become the Chief Minister of Sabah, and [[Fuad Stephens]] was asked to assume to the post of chief minister if Berjaya were to come to power. Berjaya successfully ousted Tun Mustapha in the 1976 Sabah state election.<ref name="Ranjit 1986"/> One week after the [[1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash|1976 air crash]] which killed the chief minister [[Fuad Stephens]] and other five state ministers, Harris signed the oil agreement.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bid to nullify the oil royalty deal|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=82657|access-date=30 May 2015|work=Daily Express|date=26 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028232222/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=82657|archive-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> With Sabah entering the oil agreement, Petronas finally has total control of all oil and gas reserves in Malaysia. Petronas first embarked on the oil exploration and production activities with the formation of Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd in 1978. In 1980, Petronas expanded its downstream businesses by setting up ASEAN [[Bintulu]] Fertiliser plant in [[Sarawak]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About us - milestones |url=https://www.petronas.com/about-us/milestones |publisher=Petronas |access-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830130233/https://www.petronas.com/about-us/milestones |archive-date=30 August 2018}}</ref> In 1984, Petronas moved to [[Dayabumi Complex|Dayabumi]] after occupying various buildings in Kuala Lumpur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glut of office space in KL |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19840511-1.2.26.2?qt=dayabumi&q=dayabumi%20 |work=The Straits Times |date=11 May 1984}}</ref> ===Late 1980s: Battling oil depletion=== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}} Oil exploration was by no means at an end and could yet produce more reserves. The Seligi field, which came onstream at the end of 1988 and was developed by Esso Production Malaysia, was one of the richest oilfields so far found in Malaysia waters, and further concessions to the majors would encourage exploration of the deeper waters around Malaysia, where unknown reserves could be discovered. Meanwhile, computerised seismography made it both feasible and commercially justifiable to re-explore fields which had been abandoned, or were assumed to be unproductive, over the past century. In 1990, Petronas invited foreign companies to re-explore parts of the sea off Sabah and Sarawak on the basis of new surveys using up-to-date techniques. Another way to postpone depletion was to develop sources of oil, and of its substitute, natural gas, outside Malaysia. Late in 1989, the governments of [[Vietnam]] and [[Myanmar]] (Burma) invited Petronas Carigali to take part in joint ventures to explore for oil in their coastal waters. In 1990, a new unit, Petronas Carigali Overseas Sdn Bhd, was created to take up a 15% interest in a field in Myanmar's waters being explored by Idemitsu Myanmar Oil Exploration Co. Ltd., a subsidiary of the Japanese firm [[Idemitsu Kosan|Idemitsu Oil Development Co. Ltd.]], in a production sharing arrangement with [[Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise]]. Thus began Petronas' first oil exploration outside Malaysia. In May 1990, the governments of [[Malaysia]] and [[Thailand]] settled a long-running dispute over their respective rights to an area of 7,300 square kilometres in the [[Gulf of Thailand]] by setting up a joint administrative authority for the area and encouraging a joint oil exploration project by Petronas, the [[PTT Public Company Limited|Petroleum Authority of Thailand]], and the US company [[Triton Energy Limited|Triton Oil]]. In a separate deal, in October 1990, the Petroleum Authority of Thailand arranged with Petronas to study the feasibility of transferring natural gas from this jointly administered area, through Malaysia to Thailand, by way of an extension of the pipelines laid for the third stage of the Peninsular Gas Utilisation Project. That project was on course to becoming a major element in the postponement of oil depletion. Contracts for line pipes for the second stage of the project were signed in 1989 with two consortia of Malaysian, Japanese, and Brazilian companies. This stage, completed in 1991, included the laying of 730 kilometres of pipeline through to the tip of the Peninsula, from where gas could be sold to Singapore and [[Thailand]]; the conversion of two power stations—[[Port Dickson]] and [[Pasir Gudang]]—from oil to gas; and the expansion of Petronas' output of [[methyl tert-butyl ether]] (MTBE), [[propylene]], and [[polypropylene]], which were already being produced in joint ventures with [[Idemitsu]] Petrochemical Co. of Japan and [[Neste Oy]] of Finland. The third and final stage of the project was to lay pipelines along the northwest and northeast coastlines of the Peninsula and was completed in 1997. Another new venture in 1990 was in ship-owning, since Petronas' existing arrangements with [[MISC Berhad|MISC]] and with Nigeria's state oil company would be inadequate to transport the additional exports of LNG due to start in 1994, under the contract with Saibu Gas. Petronas did not lose sight of the government's commitment to Malaysian self-reliance, and the company's second refinery at [[Malacca]], completed in 1994, with a capacity of {{convert|100000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}, promoted the same policy. The fact that it was built in a joint venture with [[Samsung]] of Korea, the [[Chinese Petroleum Corporation]] of [[Taiwan]], and [[Caltex]] of the United States did not negate the policy, for the subsidiary company Petronas Penapisan (Melaka) had a decisive 45% of equity while sharing the enormous costs of and gaining advanced technology for the project. More to the point, a side effect of the refinery's completion was that Petronas was able to refine all of the crude oil it produced, instead of being partially dependent on refining facilities in Singapore. Petronas, with its policies of promoting self-reliance, helping to develop associated industries, and varying the sources and uses of oil and gas, played an important role in the Malaysian economy as a whole. Under governments which—by current, if not historical, Western standards—were strongly interventionist, the contribution of oil taxes to the federal government's revenue hovered at around 12% to 16% until 1980, when it showed a marked increase to 23%, followed by another leap to 32% in 1981. From then until 1988 the proportion fluctuated between 29% and 36%. Petronas was not just another big oil company: it controlled a crucial sector of the economy and remained, for better or worse, an indispensable instrument of the state. ===Since 1990s: Global expansion=== [[File:E8664-Pattaya-Sukhumvit-Road.jpg|thumb|A Petronas station seen in [[Pattaya]], Thailand]] During the mid- to late 1990s, international exploration, development, and production remained key components in Petronas' strategy along with diversification. A key discovery was made in the Ruby field in Vietnam in 1994. That year, the firm also saw its first overseas production from the [[Dai Hung field]] in Vietnam and established its first retail station outside of Malaysia in [[Cambodia]].{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} In 1995, a subsidiary was created to import, store, and distribute [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG). In addition, the company's [[polyethylene]] plant in [[Kerteh]] began operations. Petronas marked a significant milestone during this time period—two of its subsidiaries, Petronas Dagangan Bhd and Petronas Gas Bhd, went public on the [[Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange]]. Between 1993 and 1996, it purchased the former sub-Saharan branch of Mobil Oil, rebranded as [[Engen Petroleum]]. In 1996, Petronas entered the aromatics market by way of a joint venture that created Aromatics Malaysia Sdn Bhd. It also formed a contract with [[China National Offshore Oil Corporation]] and [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] Overseas Petroleum Ltd. to begin the exploration of block 02/31 of the Liaodong Bay area in China. While the Asian economy as a whole suffered from an economic crisis during 1997 and 1998, Malaysia was quick to bounce back due to successful government reforms. From its new headquarters in the [[Petronas Twin Towers]], the state-owned concern continued its development in the oil and gas industry. During 1997, Petronas heightened its diversification efforts. The firm set plans in motion to build three petrochemical plants in [[Kuantan]] as well as an [[Acetic acid|acetic]] facility in [[Kerteh]]. Its first LPG joint venture in China was launched that year, and the company acquired a 29.3% interest in Malaysia International Shipping Corporation Berhad (MISC). In 1998, Petronas' tanker-related subsidiary merged with MISC, increasing Petronas' stake in MISC to 62%. That year, Petronas introduced the [[Proton E01 engine|Petronas E01]], the country's first commercial prototype engine. The company also signed a total of five new production sharing contracts (PSCs) in 1998 and 1999, and began oil production in the [[Sirri Island|Sirri]] field in Iran. Petronas entered the new century determined to expand its international efforts. The company forged deals for two new exploration plots in Pakistan and began construction on the Chad-Cameroon Integrated Oil Development and Pipeline Project. By 2002, Petronas had signed seven new PSCs and secured stakes in eight exploration blocks in eight countries, including [[Gabon]], [[Cameroon]], [[Niger]], Egypt, [[Yemen]], [[Indonesia]], and Vietnam. The firm also made considerable progress in its petrochemicals strategy, opening new gas-based petrochemical facilities in Kerteh and Gebeng. By 2003, Malaysia was set to usurp [[Algeria]] as the world's second-largest producer of LNG with the completion of the Malaysia LNG Tiga Plant. Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] commented on the achievement in a May 2003 [[Bernama]] News Agency article, claiming that "the Petronas LNG complex now serves as another shining example of a vision realized of a national aspiration, transformed into reality by the same belief among Malaysians that 'we can do it.'" Indeed, Petronas had transformed itself into a global oil company over the previous decade, becoming a national symbol for success. The company realised, however, that it would have to continue its aggressive growth strategy to ensure its survival in the years to come. The Petronas overseas expansion drive continues with the acquisition of Woodside Energy Ltd [[Mauritania]] assets for $418 million in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title= Petronas signs $418-million deal for Mauritania assets| url= http://www.offshore-mag.com/display_article/307375/120/ARTCL/none/PRODN/PETRONAS-signs-$418-million-deal-for-Mauritania-assets/?dcmp=ENL.OSWAR_ARCH| archive-url= https://archive.today/20140815022027/http://www.offshore-mag.com/display_article/307375/120/ARTCL/none/PRODN/PETRONAS-signs-$418-million-deal-for-Mauritania-assets/?dcmp=ENL.OSWAR_ARCH| url-status= dead| archive-date= 15 August 2014| access-date=15 July 2008| date=27 August 2007| publisher=Offshore Magazine}}</ref> The venture proved successful as they discovered oil in May 2008<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas and partners strike oil and gas in Mauritania |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/5/8/business/21182804&sec=business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208133205/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/5/8/business/21182804&sec=business |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2008 |work=The Star |date=8 May 2008 |access-date=15 July 2008 }}</ref> In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Datuk Mustapa Mohamed{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}, stated that Petronas contributed RM 25 Billion to the country's treasury accounting for 25% of revenue collected via dividends and other revenues. Petronas continued to focus on international exploration projects as 40% of revenue in 2008 was derived from international projects such as [[Iran]], [[Sudan]], [[Chad]] and [[Mauritania]]. The company's international reserves stood at 6.24 billion barrels oil equivalent in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title= Petronas to focus on overseas ops| url= http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/16/business/21836412&sec=business| author=Joseph Chin| access-date=16 July 2008| date=16 July 2008| work= The Star}}</ref> On 9 April 2019, Petronas was praised for its role in the Sudanese oil and gas industry by Minister of Oil and Gas engineer Yagoub Adam Bashir Gamaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.energymixreport.com/sudans-oil-minister-briefed-on-petronas-activities-in-sudan/|title=Sudan's Oil Minister briefed on Petronas activities in Sudan|date=9 April 2019|website=Energy News {{!}} Oil and Gas News|language=en-US|access-date=12 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412010509/https://www.energymixreport.com/sudans-oil-minister-briefed-on-petronas-activities-in-sudan/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> On 29 October 2012, Petronas sources said it would renew a bid for gas producer, Progress Energy Resources after Canada blocked its bid earlier that month. The $6-billion bid was approved by Ottawa on 7 December 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-progress-petronas-idUSBRE89S03320121029|title=Petronas agrees to renew bid for Canada's Progress: sources |date=29 October 2012 |work= Reuters }}</ref> On 17 January 2013, Petronas issued a statement that an onshore oil and gas discovery has been made in the state after drilling a test well about 20 kilometres away from the city of Miri in northern [[Sarawak]]. The well was found to have a net hydrocarbon thickness of 349 meters. It had flow rates of 440 barrels of crude oil per day and 11.5 million standard cubic feet of gas per day. The find is the first onshore oil discovery in [[Malaysia]] in 24 years. <ref name=discovery2013>{{Cite news | title = Rich oil deposits discovered in Sarawak | publisher = Investvine.com | date = 19 January 2013 | url = http://investvine.com/rich-oil-deposits-discovered-in-sarawak/ | access-date = 19 January 2013 | archive-date = 6 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170106174239/http://investvine.com/rich-oil-deposits-discovered-in-sarawak/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref> On 2 May 2015, Petronas completed its acquisition of oil and gas assets in Azerbaijan from Norway's Statoil (now Equinor) for US$2.25 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Petronas closes $2.25 billion purchase of Statoil's Azerbaijan assets|date=5 May 2015|url=http://petroglobalnews.com/2015/05/petronas-closes-2-25-billion-purchase-of-statoils-azerbaijan-assets/|publisher=Petro Global News|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510013900/http://petroglobalnews.com/2015/05/petronas-closes-2-25-billion-purchase-of-statoils-azerbaijan-assets/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Plagued by the [[2010s oil glut]], Petronas reported on 26 February 2015 that it cut its 2015 capital expenditures budget after reporting a $2 billion fourth quarter loss, the company's first loss since it began reporting quarterly results five years ago.<ref>{{cite news|title=Petronas suffers first-ever loss — $2 billion in Q4|url=http://petroglobalnews.com/2015/03/petronas-suffers-first-ever-loss-2-billion-in-q4/|access-date=2 March 2015|publisher=Petro Global News}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 1 April 2017, Petronas' PFLNG Satu, is the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) facility, has achieved a new milestone with the successful loading of its first cargo at the Kanowit gas field, offshore Bintulu, Sarawak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.petronas.com.my/media-relations/media-releases/Pages/article/PETRONAS%E2%80%99-FIRST-FLOATING-LNG-FACILITY,-PFLNG-SATU.aspx|title=PETRONAS' FIRST FLOATING LNG FACILITY, PFLNG SATU ACHIEVES FIRST CARGO &#124; PETRONAS|website=www.petronas.com.my|language=en-us|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref> On 25 July 2017, Petronas cancelled a $36-billion [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) project, the Pacific Northwest LNG, which was considered ambitious and a priority in the [[Canadian province]] of [[British Columbia]]. Both the company and the province blamed poor global LNG market conditions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/commodities/energy/a-tragedy-for-canada-petronas-cancels-36b-lng-project-as-b-c-jacks-up-demands/wcm/de2567c8-499d-489f-9dec-3826a01c932c|title='A tragedy for Canada': Petronas cancels $36B LNG project as B.C. jacks up demands|date=26 July 2017|work=Financial Post|access-date=30 July 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> == Controversies == ===War crimes allegations in Sudan=== In June 2010, the European Coalition on Oil in Sudan (ECOS)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ecosonline.org/ |publisher=European Coalition on Oil in Sudan |title=ECOS Database |access-date=2025-04-11 |archive-date=2025-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418104312/https://www.ecosonline.org/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> published the report "Unpaid Debt",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/unpaid-debt-report |publisher=European Coalition on Oil in Sudan |access-date=28 June 2019 |title=Unpaid Debt, The legacy of Lundin, Petronas, and OMV in Block 5A, Sudan, 1997–2003}}</ref> that called upon the governments of Sweden, Austria, and Malaysia to look into allegations that PETRONAS, Fida Aziz, [[Lundin Petroleum]], and [[OMV]] may have been complicit in the commission of [[war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]] while operating in [[Block 5A, South Sudan]] (then [[Sudan]]), during the period 1997–2003. The reported crimes include indiscriminate attacks and intentional targeting of civilians, burning of shelters, pillage, destruction of objects necessary for survival, unlawful killing of civilians, rape of women, abduction of children, torture, and forced displacement. When the consortium that PETRONAS took part in operated in Block 5A, approximately 12,000 people died, and 160,000 were violently displaced from their land and homes, many forever. Satellite pictures taken between 1994 and 2003 show that the activities of PETRONAS in Sudan coincided with a spectacular drop in agricultural land use in its concession area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecosonline.org/reports/2009/Satellite_mapping_Block5a_small.pdf |publisher=Prins Engineering |date=30 August 2009 |title=Satellite mapping Block 5A |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> In June 2010, the Swedish public prosecutor for international crimes opened a criminal investigation into links between Sweden and the reported crimes. In 2016, Lundin Petroleum's Chairman Ian Lundin and CEO Alex Schneiter were informed that they were the suspects of the investigation. Sweden's Government gave the green light for the Public Prosecutor in October 2018 to indict the two top executives<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/reparations/39348-lundin-faces-prosecution-for-sudan-oil-war-abuses.html |title=Lundin faces prosecution for Sudan oil war abuses |publisher=Justice Info |date=23 October 2018 |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> On 1 November 2018, and the Swedish Prosecution Authority notified Lundin Petroleum AB that the company might be liable to a corporate fine and forfeiture of economic benefits of SEK 3,285 million (app. €315 million) for involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lundin-petroleum.com/download/lundin-petroleum-receives-information-regarding-a-potential-corporate-fine-and-forfeiture-of-economic-benefits-in-relation-to-past-operations-in-sudan/?wpdmdl=14539/ |publisher=Lundin Petroleum website |title=Regulatory disclosure |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119011030/https://www.lundin-petroleum.com/download/lundin-petroleum-receives-information-regarding-a-potential-corporate-fine-and-forfeiture-of-economic-benefits-in-relation-to-past-operations-in-sudan/?wpdmdl=14539/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Consequently, the company itself will also be charged, albeit indirectly, and will be legally represented in court. On 15 November 2018, the suspects were served with the draft charges and the case files.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/lundin-petroleum-receives-indictment.html |title=Lundin Petroleum Receives Final Notice before Indictment |access-date=29 June 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They will be indicted for aiding and abetting [[Transnational crime|international crimes]] and may face life imprisonment if found guilty.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/stream/48c2d29d-b0ea-4de1-81ae-7db98cef0bcf |title=Swedish oil bosses set to be charged on South Sudan |publisher=Financial Times |date=18 October 2018}}</ref> The trial is likely to begin early in 2022 and may take two years. The Swedish war crimes investigation raises the issue of access to remedy and reparation for victims of human rights violations linked with business activities. In May 2016, representatives of communities in Block 5A claimed their right to remedy and reparation and called upon PETRONAS and its shareholders to pay off their debt to them.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/remedy-claim/ |publisher=Unpaid Debt |title=Victim's Remedy Claim |access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref> A conviction in Sweden may provide some level of remedy and reparation for the few victims of human rights violations who will testify in court, but not for the other 200,000 victims who will not be represented in court. The Swedish court cannot impose obligations upon PETRONAS. On 23 May 2019, the T.M.C. Asser Institute for International Law in The Hague organised the conference 'Towards criminal liability of corporations for human rights violations: The Lundin case in Sweden'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEwrVwXN-nA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/PEwrVwXN-nA |archive-date=22 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Towards criminal liability of corporations for human rights violations: The Lundin case in Sweden|website=[[YouTube]]|date=23 May 2019 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> The international standard for business and human rights, the UNGP, underlines the duty of business enterprises to contribute to effective remedy of the adverse impact that it has caused or contributed to.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/GuidingprinciplesBusinesshr_eN.pdf|title=UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights}}</ref> The company has never publicly showed an interest in the adverse effects of its activities on the communities in its concession area. According to the Dutch peace organisation PAX, PETRONAS, Lundin Petroleum, OMV, as well as their shareholders are disregarding the human rights standards that they claim to respect, because they, ''A''. never conducted appropriate due diligence for their Sudanese operations; ''B''. made no effort to know their human rights impacts; and ''C''. do not show how they address alleged adverse human rights impacts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/consortium/ |publisher=PAX |title=How Lundin, OMV, and Petronas do not respect human rights}}</ref> PETRONAS Carigali Overseas Sdn Bhd, a wholly owned subsidiary of PETRONAS Group of Companies, held a 28.5% share in the consortium that acquired the right to explore and develop oil deposits in Block 5A. In 2003, Lundin Petroleum and OMV sold their interest following a public outcry about the role of the consortium in Sudan's [[oil war]]. PETRONAS picked up Lundin's 40.375% working interest for a cash payment of US$142.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lundin-petroleum.com/timeline/lundin-2003-2/|title=Lundin 2003}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As the operator of the consortium, Lundin Petroleum was responsible for day-to-day management. Still, it stood under the supervision of the Operating Committee, that exercised "overall direction and control of all matters pertaining to the Joint Operations and the Joint Property". PETRONAS was permanently represented in the Operating Committee and has never publicly distanced itself from any of its decisions.<ref>Joint Operating Agreement between IPC Sudan Limited and Petronas Carigali Overseasn Sdn Bhd and OMV (SUDAN) Exploration GmbH and Sudapet Ltd. SUDAN BLOCK 5A, 7 April 1999.</ref> PETRONAS has never publicly responded to the allegations of negative impacts in Sudan or discussed the issue with local communities. The company is not known to have taken adequate measures to prevent involvement in human rights violations during the oil war or to undo the adverse impacts of its consortium's operations. PETRONAS was a loyal participant in the consortium that operated in Block 5A and had a substantial say in the way it operated. Therefore, the suspicions against the consortium's top managers also concern PETRONAS. The company is wholly owned by the Malaysian State. According to the UN Guiding Principles, abuse of human rights by a business enterprise that is wholly or partially controlled by a State, may entail a violation of that State's own international law obligations.<ref>UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, p. 7.</ref> In early October 2021, the [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan|Sudanese transitional government]] made moves to confiscate PETRONAS' assets, alleging that they had been acquired through illegal means under the rule of ousted [[President of Sudan|Sudanese President]] [[Omar al-Bashir]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aslan |first1=Dilara |title=Sudanese government seeks confiscation of Malaysia's Petronas' assets |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Daily Sabah]] |date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064956/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |archive-date=8 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 October, the Sudanese transitional government issued an arrest warrant for PETRONAS's country manager.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aslan |first1=Dilara |title=Sudan issues arrest warrant for Petronas country manager: Sources |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudan-issues-arrest-warrant-for-petronas-country-manager-sources |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Daily Sabah]] |date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064956/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |archive-date=8 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, the Malaysian Government summoned the Sudanese charge d'affaires and urged the Sudanese government to honour the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Treaty and to respect the sanctity of the Malaysian Embassy, which was housed in the same complex as the PETRONAS Sudan Complex in [[Khartoum]]. PETRONAS has also sought to cancel the manager's arrest warrant and submitted a request for arbitration at the [[World Bank]]'s [[International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes]] (ICSID).<ref>{{cite web |title=Issue of Petronas Sudan Complex in Khartoum |url=https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/issue-of-petronas-sudan-complex-in-khartoum |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013141919/https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/issue-of-petronas-sudan-complex-in-khartoum |archive-date=13 October 2021 |date=13 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia urges Sudan to honour bilateral treaty, observe sanctity of a diplomatic premise over Petronas Sudan Complex |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/13/malaysia-urges-sudan-to-honour-bilateral-treaty-observe-sanctity-of-a-diplo/2013155 |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Malay Mail]] |date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013153724/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/13/malaysia-urges-sudan-to-honour-bilateral-treaty-observe-sanctity-of-a-diplo/2013155 |archive-date=13 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Siew Mung |title=Petronas pursuing legal action to cancel arrest warrant issued against ex-officers |url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-pursuing-legal-action-cancel-arrest-warrant-issued-against-exofficers |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[The Edge (Malaysia)|The Edge]] |date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014061101/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-pursuing-legal-action-cancel-arrest-warrant-issued-against-exofficers |archive-date=14 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Middle East Monitor]] contributor Nasim Ahmed opined that the Sudanese government's actions against Malaysian, Turkish, Qatari and Chinese companies were part of a foreign policy shift to court Western investors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Nasim |title=Sudan is turning on former allies under the pretext of fighting corruption |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210928-sudan-is-turning-on-former-allies-under-the-pretext-of-fighting-corruption/ |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Middle East Monitor]] |date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009230119/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210928-sudan-is-turning-on-former-allies-under-the-pretext-of-fighting-corruption/ |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> Former federal counsel and [[University of Technology Malaysia]] visiting professor Salleh Buang opined that the Sudanese government's actions violated international law on the undue expropriation of commercial assets without adequate compensation, citing the 1927 [[Chorzów Factory case]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buang |first1=Salleh |title=Making sense of Sudan's move against Petronas |url=https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2021/10/735297/making-sense-sudans-move-against-petronas |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013094755/https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2021/10/735297/making-sense-sudans-move-against-petronas |archive-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> ===2022 seizure of Luxembourg assets=== {{Main|North Borneo dispute#Seizure of Malaysian foreign assets}} In February 2022, a French arbitration court known as the ''[[Tribunal de grande instance de Paris]]'' ordered the Malaysian Government to pay at least US$14.9 billion (RM 62.59 billion) to the descendants of the [[Sultanate of Sulu]], who have laid claim to the Malaysian state of [[Sabah]]. To enforce the award, the claimants filed a ''saisie-arret'' (seize order) on 11 July 2022 for Luxembourg authorities to seize two Luxembourg-based subsidiaries of PETRONAS: PETRONAS Azerbaijan (Shah Deniz) and PETRONAS South Caucasus units. The descendants' territorial claim to Sabah dated back to an 1878 agreement between Baron [[Gustav Overbeck]] and [[Alfred Dent]] of the [[British North Borneo Company]] and the-then Sultan of Sulu Jamal Al Alam of Sulu. While the British and Malaysian Governments claimed that the Sultan had permanently ceded North Borneo, the descendants of the Sultan and the Philippines Government have contended that the Sultan had merely leased the territory. Until 2013, the Malaysian Government had paid eight claimants to the Sultanate of Sulu an annual rent of RM5,300. Following the [[2013 Lahad Datu standoff]], the Malaysian Government had terminated the annual stipends; prompting these descendants to pursue legal action.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zulkaflee |first=Ikhwan |title=International Court Ruled That Malaysia Must Pay RM62 Billion To Sulu Sultan's Descendents [sic] |url=https://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2022/03/01/international-court-ruled-that-malaysia-must-pay-rm62-billion-to-sulu-sultans-descendents/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=TRP |date=March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Indian Express explainer">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rishika |title=Explained: Why a late Sultan's heirs want Malaysia to pay $15bn over a colonial-era land dispute |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/explained/malaysia-petronas-dispute-sulu-kingdom-sultan-8038849/|access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720080520/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/malaysia-petronas-dispute-sulu-kingdom-sultan-8038849/ |archive-date=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera 13 July 2022">{{cite news |title=Malaysia's Petronas to fight seizure of Luxembourg assets |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/7/13/malaysias-petronas-to-fight-seizure-of-luxembourg-assets |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720125745/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/7/13/malaysias-petronas-to-fight-seizure-of-luxembourg-assets |archive-date=20 July 2022}}</ref> On 13 July, the Malaysian Government obtained a stay on the French court's ruling, with [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] stating that the ruling undermined Malaysian sovereignty. In addition, PETRONAS described the seize order as "baseless" and stated it would contest the enforcement actions. It also stated that the two affected subsidiaries had already divested their assets in Azerbaijan and repatriated all their proceeds.<ref name="Al Jazeera 13 July 2022" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tay |first1=Chester |last2=Khalid |first2=Sulhi |title=Petronas says seized Luxembourg units have already divested Azerbaijan assets |url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-says-seized-luxembourg-units-have-already-divested-azerbaijan-assets |access-date=21 July 2022 |publisher=[[The Edge (Malaysia)|The Edge Markets]] |date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714152904/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-says-seized-luxembourg-units-have-already-divested-azerbaijan-assets |archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas says taking steps to protect global assets after seizure of Luxembourg units |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-says-taking-steps-protect-global-assets-after-seizure-luxembourg-units-2022-07-18/ |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=18 July 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726031438/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-says-taking-steps-protect-global-assets-after-seizure-luxembourg-units-2022-07-18/|archive-date=26 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 July, Malaysian opposition politicians unsuccessfully demanded a debate on the seizure order against PETRONAS' assets in the [[Malaysian Parliament]] but were blocked by the Speaker of the House on procedural grounds. [[Minister in the Prime Minister's Department|Law Minister]] [[Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar]] stated that the stay would prevent the final award from being enforced in any county until a final decision by the French court regarding the Malaysian government's application that the February court ruling be cancelled. By contrast, lawyers representing the Sultanate of Sulu claimants contended that the stay on the award was only valid in France and remained enforceable in other international jurisdictions, citing a United Nations treaty on international arbitration.<ref name="Indian Express explainer" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Paris court grants Malaysia's application to suspend claims by purported heirs of Sultan Jamilul Kiram II |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/07/813311/paris-court-grants-malaysias-application-suspend-claims-purported-heirs |work=[[New Straits Times]] |agency=[[Bernama]] |date=14 July 2022}}</ref> In September 2022, the heirs asked the Hague Court of Appeal to recognise and enforce the award in the Netherlands, and allow them to seize Malaysian assets to this end.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Latiff, Rozanna |author2=Ananthalakshmi, A. |date=29 September 2022 |title=Late Sultan's heirs press $15 bln claim, target Malaysian assets in Netherlands |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/late-sultans-heirs-ask-dutch-court-enforce-15-bln-award-against-malaysia-2022-09-29/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> They attempted to do the same in France and Luxembourg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dutch Court Rules in Malaysia's Favor in Sulu Heirs Case |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/06/dutch-court-rules-in-malaysias-favor-in-sulu-heirs-case/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2023, a Luxembourg court reportedly set aside the heirs' request to enforce the $15 billion arbitration award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Malaysia says Luxembourg court sets aside request to enforce $15 bln arbitration award |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysia-says-luxembourg-court-sets-aside-request-enforce-15-bln-arbitration-2023-01-26/}}</ref> However, shortly after, a Luxembourg district court issued new orders to seize holdings and assets belonging to Petronas in mid-February.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=Paris court upholds Malaysia's stay on Sulu heirs award |url=https://www.luxtimes.lu/businessandfinance/paris-court-upholds-malaysia-s-stay-on-sulu-heirs-award/1356200.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=luxembourg-times-online |language=en}}</ref> Petronas has two holding companies in Luxembourg called Petronas Azerbaijan and Petronas South Caucasus which are related to the state-owned oil company's activities around the Caspian sea.<ref name=":0" /> Petronas confirmed the new seizure order for the two units and their parent company, but reiterated the heirs' actions were baseless and that the company will continue to defend its legal position.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Latiff |first=Rozana |date=17 February 2023 |title=Petronas units in Luxembourg seized again in $15 bln arbitration dispute |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-units-luxembourg-seized-again-15-bln-arbitration-dispute-2023-02-16/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> On 14 March, the Paris Court of Appeal ruled that Sulu claimants' challenge to a stay order filed by Malaysia last year was "inadmissible".<ref name=":0" /> The court handed another "decisive victory" to Malaysia on 4 June, when it found that the arbitral tribunal that had heard the petition filed by the Sulu heirs did not have jurisdiction over the case.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Malaysia hails 'victory' in row with Sulu sultan's Filipino heirs |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/7/malaysia-wins-decisive-victory-in-row-with-sulu-sultans-heirs |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> According to the Malaysian Law Minister, this judgement implied that the Paris Court of Appeal will also annual the $14.9 billion award handed down earlier.<ref name=":1" /> On the other hand, the claimants said they would now consider their options before the French Supreme Court.<ref name=":1" /> On 27 June, Malaysia won another legal victory, with the Hague Court of Appeal dismissing a bid to enforce the $15 billion award.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |author1=Stephanie van den Berg |author2=Rozanna Latiff |date=27 June 2023 |title=Dutch court rules sultan's heirs cannot seize Malaysian assets |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/dutch-court-rules-sultan-heirs-cannot-seize-malaysian-assets-2023-06-27/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> According to Reuters, the Dutch judges sided with Malaysia, saying the original pact lacked a clause binding parties to arbitration and the French stay meant the claim was not enforceable in the Netherlands.<ref name=":2" /> While lawyer [[Paul Cohen (lawyer)|Paul Cohen]], acting for the Sulu heirs, said they were disappointed with the court decision, Malaysia's Prime Minister, Anwar Ibrahim, welcomed the decision, stating, "Malaysia trusts that today's decision ... will put an end to the frivolous attempts of the claimants to enforce the purported final award in other jurisdiction".<ref name=":2" /> On 8 January 2023, it was announced that [[Gonzalo Stampa]], the Spanish arbitrator who had awarded the arbitral sum against Malaysia, had been convicted of contempt of court for "knowingly disobeying rulings and orders from the Madrid High Court of Justice", and sentenced to six months in prison.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arbitrator's Guilty Verdict Puts UK Funder's Investment at Risk |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/arbitrators-guilty-verdict-puts-uk-funders-investment-at-risk |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=news.bloomberglaw.com |language=en}}</ref> According to Law360, the Spanish courts' decision to move ahead with criminal proceedings against Stampa is a significant "victory for the Malaysian government".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arbitrator Who Issued $14.9B Award Against Malaysia Indicted - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1765396/arbitrator-who-issued-14-9b-award-against-malaysia-indicted |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref> On 5 January 2024, Stampa was convicted for contempt of court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Bianca |date=19 January 2024 |title=Arbitrator in $14.9bn case jailed following intervention by Malaysia |url=https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/arbitrator-in-149bn-case-jailed-following-intervention-by-malaysia/5118364.article |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=Law Gazette |language=en}}</ref> He was sentenced to six months in prison and banned from acting as an arbitrator for one year for "knowingly disobeying rulings and orders from the Madrid High Court of Justice".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arbitrator's Guilty Verdict Puts UK Funder's Investment at Risk |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/arbitrators-guilty-verdict-puts-uk-funders-investment-at-risk |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=Bloomberg Law |language=en}}</ref> On 17 May 2024 the Madrid Court of Appeal upheld the contempt of court conviction and sentence against Stampa, upholding his six-month prison sentence, and a one-year ban from practising as an arbitrator.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=BERNAMA |title=Sulu Case: Madrid Court of Appeal upholds Stampa's conviction, sentence |url=https://thesun.my/local-news/sulu-case-madrid-court-of-appeal-upholds-stampa-s-conviction-sentence-BB12466373 |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=The Sun |language=en-MY}}</ref> On 30 May 2024, Petronas moved a Manhattan court to seek directions for litigation funding firm Therium and its parent company to turn over subpoenaed financial documents and communications. Petronas' Azerbaijani arm said it would sue the companies and their lawyers in Spain over losses from the seizure of assets in Luxembourg.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Petronas units in Luxembourg seized again in $15 bln arbitration dispute" |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-units-luxembourg-seized-again-15-bln-arbitration-dispute-2023-02-16/ }}</ref> On 7 November 2024, the French Court of Cassation—the highest court in the French judicial system—annulled a $15 billion arbitration ruling against Malaysia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2024 |title=Un Jugement historique inaugure une nouvelle ère de progrès pour les tribunaux européens |url=https://www.latribune.fr/supplement/la-tribune-now/un-jugement-historique-inaugure-une-nouvelle-ere-de-progres-pour-les-tribunaux-europeens-1011299.html |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=La Tribune |language=fr}}</ref> This decision marked a significant legal victory for Malaysia and reinforced its sovereignty in a dispute with the self-proclaimed Sulu heirs.<ref name=":3" /> The ruling highlighted irregularities in the arbitration process led by [[Gonzalo Stampa]] and raised concerns about practices such as forum shopping and unregulated litigation funding in European courts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Supreme Court Rejects Enforcement of Jurisdictional Award |url=https://natlawreview.com/article/french-supreme-court-track-annul-us15-billion-award-against-malaysia#google_vignette |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=natlawreview.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia Wins $15B Arbitration Case Against Sulu Heirs - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/2257972/malaysia-wins-15b-arbitration-case-against-sulu-heirs |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref> The French court's decision was deemed a significant "win" for Malaysia that effectively marked the end of the Sulu case by several publications, including Law.com and Law360.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia Wins $15B Arbitration Case Against Sulu Heirs - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/2257972/malaysia-wins-15b-arbitration-case-against-sulu-heirs |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=French High Court Rejects Sultanate 'Heirs' $15 Billion Claim Against Malaysia |url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2024/11/11/french-high-court-rejects-sultanate-heirs-15-billion-claim-against-malaysia/?slreturn=20241219121833 |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=Law.com International |language=en}}</ref>  Keith Ellison, former vice-chairman of the Democratic National Committee and Minnesota attorney general, pointed out that the case highlighted the enormous scope for "corruption," irresponsible profiteering, and foreign influence operations to subvert arbitration proceedings".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bensoussan |first=David |date=1 October 2024 |title=L'impasse politique de la France sera le plus grand cadeau pour Poutine à ce jour |url=https://42mag.fr/2024/10/limpasse-politique-de-la-france-sera-le-plus-grand-cadeau-pour-poutine-a-ce-jour/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=42mag.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ==Corporate affairs== PETRONAS is a legal entity incorporated under the Malaysian Companies Act and reports to the company's Board of Directors. The Malaysian federal government is the sole shareholder of the company. Key positions in the company are all appointees from the federal government. The federal government also controls the amount of dividend payout to finance the yearly budget of the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas' money is government's money |url=https://www.tnb.com.my/assets/newsclip/04042022c1.pdf |access-date=9 June 2022 |publisher=The Edge, Malaysia |date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609144039/https://www.tnb.com.my/assets/newsclip/04042022c1.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> In December 2019, prime minister Mahathir Mohamad mooted an idea of selling a percentage of PETRONAS stake to Sabah and Sarawak because the [[Pakatan Harapan]] government was unable to fulfill its promise of giving 20% oil royalty to both the states.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia's PM Mahathir considering selling stakes in Petronas to Sabah and Sarawak |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-pm-mahathir-says-considering-selling-stakes-in-petronas-to-sabah-and-sarawak |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=The Straits Times |date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305160158/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-pm-mahathir-says-considering-selling-stakes-in-petronas-to-sabah-and-sarawak |archive-date=5 March 2021}}</ref> The price of the purchase was reported to be RM 8 billion for one per cent of the company. Such proposal met cold response from Sarawak. This is because once the shares are bought, Sarawak can only become a minority shareholder. Sarawak therefore would not have much voice in the PETRONAS board meetings. Due to its high share price, the money, once invested, may have difficulty to break even in the future.<ref>{{cite news |title=Minos: not worth it for Sarawak to buy shares in Petronas |url=https://dayakdaily.com/minos-not-worth-it-for-sarawak-to-buy-shares-in-petronas/ |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=Dayak Daily |date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220610124358/https://dayakdaily.com/minos-not-worth-it-for-sarawak-to-buy-shares-in-petronas/ |archive-date=10 June 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> A lawmaker from Sarawak stated that PETRONAS acts as a trustee for the oil and gas fields in both the states; therefore, it makes no sense of buying a property that should have been already owned by the state governments.<ref>{{cite news |title=How about giving Petronas to Sarawak and Sabah? |url=https://sarawakvoice.com/2019/12/12/how-about-giving-petronas-to-sarawak-and-sabah/ |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=Sarawak Voice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610123727/https://sarawakvoice.com/2019/12/12/how-about-giving-petronas-to-sarawak-and-sabah/ |archive-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> The brand valuation of PETRONAS as of January 2021 was US$12 billion (RM 48 billion according to conversion rate of US$1.00 to RM 4.00).<ref>{{cite web |title=Brand value of Petronas from 2015 to 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1189070/brand-value-of-petronas-globally/#:~:text=Petronas'%20brand%20value%20worldwide%202015%2D2022&text=The%20public%20Malaysian%20oil%20and,oil%20and%20gas%20companies%20globally. |publisher=[[Statista]] |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506190020/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1189070/brand-value-of-petronas-globally/ |archive-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> Total stockholder equity as of February 2021 was US$82 billion (RM 328 billion).<ref>{{cite web |title=Global 500 - Petronas |url=https://fortune.com/company/petronas/global500/ |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225143608/https://fortune.com/company/petronas/global500/ |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> ===Production sharing contracts=== Production-sharing contract (PSC) was signed between PETRONAS and other foreign oil companies in 1976. A ratio of 70:30 was agreed upon where for total amount of oil produced, other oil companies will take 20% of oil for cost recovery (cost oil), and the remaining 10% will be taken as oil royalty and shared equally between federal and respective state governments. The remaining 70% of oil (profit oil) will be divided again according to 70:30 formula where PETRONAS will take 70% and 30% goes to respective oil companies. Both PETRONAS and other oil companies will be subjected to 45% income tax by the federal government. Besides, 70% of any increase in oil price from the base price of US$12.72 will go to PETRONAS and the base price will increase by 5% each year so other oil companies will be able to cover for any cost inflation. In return, PETRONAS will not take over the equity of other oil companies. Each oil company will contribute 0.5% for a petroleum research fund.<ref name="Muhammad 1978">{{cite book |last1=Muhammad |first1=Anuar Adnan |title=The Petroleum Industry in Malaysia |date=June 1978 |publisher=University of London |page=80 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28739/1/10672907.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530050937/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28739/1/10672907.pdf |access-date=27 October 2021|archive-date=30 May 2020 }}</ref><ref name="CCOP">{{cite web |title=Overview of Malaysian PSC |url=http://www.ccop.or.th/ppm/document/CAWS4/MalaysianPSC.pdf |publisher=Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP) |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512074005/http://www.ccop.or.th/ppm/document/CAWS4/MalaysianPSC.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2022}}</ref> Another PSC (the deep-water model) was developed in 1985 to attract other oil companies to enter the Malaysian oil mining scene, while taking into account the rising cost of oil exploration (cost oil of 28%). Sharing of oil revenue become more flexible, depending upon the depth of the oil is found. The deeper the oil seeps (from 200 meters to more than 1&nbsp;km), the higher the cost oil (50 to 75%). However, foreign oil companies will get higher share of profit oil (from 30 to 85%) in deep-water oil mining.<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> In 1997, revenue over cost (R/C) model was adopted for PSC. PETRONAS will get higher share of profit oil as R/C ratio increases.<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> In the meantime, 10% oil royalty stays the same throughout the years. Overall, PETRONAS earns 13.3% on R/C model and 12.5% on deep-water model. Meanwhile, the federal government earns 37% in R/C model and 25% in deep-water model.<ref name="CCOP"/> ===Finances=== PETRONAS has been publishing its financial reports online since 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports |url=https://www.petronas.com/media/reports |publisher=Petronas |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209084740/https://www.petronas.com/media/reports |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Noorshahrizam |first1=Shahrin Aizat |title=Are Petronas finances a secret? Hardly, minister says reports available publicly, so no need to debate in Parliament |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/11/22/are-petronas-finances-a-secret-hardly-minister-says-reports-available-publi/2022713 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122140542/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/11/22/are-petronas-finances-a-secret-hardly-minister-says-reports-available-publi/2022713 |archive-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> However, certain quarters demanded detailed profit and loss accounts and reports on PSCs with other companies for transparency instead of just providing a summary of profits before tax.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Teo |first1=Richard |title=Why Petronas accounts are secret |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55721 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=22 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125171550/https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55721 |archive-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tunstile |title=Petronas accounts a secret due to us |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55834 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=24 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126135417/https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55834 |archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghazali |first1=Rahmah |title=Reveal accounts, not financial records, Petronas told |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/84642 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=18 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610021504/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/84642 |archive-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> Responding to allegations of public funds mismanagement, PETRONAS responded that its profits are managed by the Malaysian federal government, not by the company itself.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Petronas Staff |title=Don't ask Petronas how profits used, ask... |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/84737 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=19 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011150549/http://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/84737 |archive-date=11 October 2008}}</ref> In 2007, PETRONAS revenue come from petroleum exports from Malaysia (50%), domestic operations (20%) and international operations (30%).<ref>{{cite web |last1=von Der Mehden |first1=Fred R |last2=Troner |first2=AL |title=Petronas - a national oil company with international vision |url=https://www.resourcedata.org/dataset/rgi-petronas-a-national-oil-company-with-an-international-vision |publisher=James Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220603122436/https://www.resourcedata.org/dataset/rgi-petronas-a-national-oil-company-with-an-international-vision |archive-date=3 June 2022 |date=March 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> The weightage of the revenue streams were similar in 2020, where international operations accounted for 33% of total revenue received by PETRONAS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial Review and Other Information - Revenue by Geographical Trade |url=https://www.petronas.com/integrated-report/files/PETRONAS-IR20-Financial-Review-and-Other-Information.pdf |publisher=Petronas |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603121209/https://www.petronas.com/integrated-report/files/PETRONAS-IR20-Financial-Review-and-Other-Information.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> PETRONAS continuously provides the Malaysian government dividends from its profits. Since its inception in 1974, PETRONAS have paid the government RM 403.3 billion, with RM 67.6 billion in 2008. The payment represents 44% of the 2008 federal government revenue.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chin |first1=Joseph |title=Petronas posts record profit, declares RM6b dividend to govt (updated) |url=http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/15/business/20080715121235&sec=business |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=The Star (Malaysia) |date=15 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821001815/http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/15/business/20080715121235&sec=business |archive-date=21 August 2008}}</ref> PETRONAS paid RM 54 billion in dividends to the federal government in 2019. In 2022, PETRONAS contributed RM 50 billion to the federal government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas to double dividend payment to government this year, to RM50bil from RM25bil promised earlier |url=https://www.nst.com.my/business/2022/08/827012/petronas-double-dividend-payment-government-year-rm50bil-rm25bil-promised |access-date=8 March 2023 |publisher=New Straits Times |date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831170444/https://www.nst.com.my/business/2022/08/827012/petronas-double-dividend-payment-government-year-rm50bil-rm25bil-promised |archive-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>[[File:Petronas 2013 logo.svg|thumb|150px|Petronas logo, 2013–present]] === Corporate identity === Petronas's logo was created in 1974<ref name="version"/><ref name="brands"/> by Dato Johan Ariff of Johan Design Associates.<ref name="brands">{{cite web |title=Petronas |url=https://www.brandsoftheworld.com/logo/petronas |website=Brands of the World |access-date=6 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204060608/https://www.brandsoftheworld.com/logo/petronas |archive-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> On 22 July 2013, Petronas unveiled a refreshed version of its corporate logo in that year's Asia Oil and Gas Conference, symbolising the growth and progression of its brand. It is the third iteration of the logo.<ref name="version">{{cite news |title=Petronas unveils refreshed version of logo |url=http://www.btimes.com.my/articles/20130611011418/Article/#selection-645.100-645.127 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130723083200/http://www.btimes.com.my/articles/20130611011418/Article/#selection-645.100-645.127 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 July 2013 |work=Business Times (Malaysia) |date=23 July 2013}}</ref> ==Subsidiaries== PETRONAS has more than 100 subsidiaries and around 40 Joint Venture companies in which PETRONAS has at least 50% stake in the company. Although PETRONAS is considering to listing more of its subsidiaries,<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas to mull possibility of listing units |url=http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/20090810132042/Article/index_html |publisher=Business Times |date=10 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812011820/http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/20090810132042/Article/index_html |archive-date=12 August 2009 }}</ref> so far the company has listed at least 3 of its subsidiaries in the [[Bursa Malaysia]]. ===PETRONAS Dagangan Berhad=== [[File:YosriNov2004StesenMinyakPetronas.jpg|thumb|350px|right |A PETRONAS petrol station at km 54, Karak-Kuala Lumpur Highway]] Involved in the distribution and sale of finished petroleum products and operations of service stations for the domestic market. The company has over 800 petrol stations around Malaysia as of July 2007,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/Business|title=Malaysia Business & Finance News, Stock Updates &#124; The Star|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref> and further increased to 870 stations in January 2008.<ref>[http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/Tuesday/Latest/20080129161234/Article/index_html Petronas teams up with Maybank, CIMB] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201112935/http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/Tuesday/Latest/20080129161234/Article/index_html |date=1 February 2008 }}</ref> The company has also teamed up with local food and beverage companies, banks and transportation companies to provide better services at their petrol stations. Companies include [[McDonald's]], [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]], [[Dunkin' Donuts]], [[Konsortium Transnasional Berhad]], [[Maybank]], and [[CIMB|CIMB Bank]]. ===PETRONAS Gas Berhad=== Involved in the provision of gas processing and transmission services to PETRONAS and its customers as a throughput company. Owns and operates the [[Peninsular Gas Pipeline]] which is 2,550 kilometres in length and runs from [[Kerteh]] in Terengganu to [[Johor Bahru]] in the South and [[Kangar]] in the North of Peninsular Malaysia. ===MISC Berhad=== {{main|MISC Berhad}} Involved in ship-owning, ship-operating and other logistics and maritime transportation services and activities. ===KLCC Properties Berhad=== {{main|KLCC Properties}} Involves in the development and the management of the Kuala Lumpur City Centre project which includes the [[Petronas Twin Towers|PETRONAS Twin Towers]], [[Menara Exxon Mobil]] and [[KLCC Park]]. Other properties under its care include [[Dayabumi Complex]] which is located near [[Dataran Merdeka]]. ===PETRONAS Chemicals=== The PETRONAS Chemicals is the latest company to be publicly listed. The IPO was done on 26 November 2010 with investor raise around US$4.40 billion, effectively becoming one of the largest IPO exercises in South East Asia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Petronas Chemicals shares open up 13pc on debut |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/business/article/petronas-chemicals-shares-open-up-13pc-on-debut/ |date=26 December 2010 |publisher=The Malaysian Insider |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105201136/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/business/article/petronas-chemicals-shares-open-up-13pc-on-debut/ |archive-date=5 January 2011 }}</ref> The business is the largest petrochemical producer and seller in South East Asia. Products include [[olefins]], [[polymers]], fertilizers, [[methanol]] and other basic chemicals and derivative products.<ref>{{cite news| title= Petronas Chemicals| url= http://www.petronaschemicals.com/index.html| date= 12 January 2011| access-date= 12 January 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130304111016/http://www.petronaschemicals.com/index.html| archive-date= 4 March 2013| url-status= dead}}</ref> In 2022, the company acquired Swedish speciality plastics company Perstorp from [[PAI Partners]] for €2.3 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paipartners.com/mediaitem/pai-partners-agrees-sale-of-perstorp-to-petronas-chemicals-group/|title=PAI Partners agrees sale of Perstorp to Petronas Chemicals Group|date=17 May 2022|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canplastics.com/materials/petronas-completes-acquisition-of-swedish-specialty-chemicals-group-perstorp/1003459563/|title=Petronas completes acquisition of Swedish specialty chemicals group Perstorp|work=Canadian Plastics|date=12 October 2022|access-date=15 August 2023}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===Malaysian Marine and Heavy Engineering=== {{main|Malaysian Marine and Heavy Engineering}} MMHE was listing on 29 October 2010 with MYR 1 billion raised on its IPO exercise. The business builds offshore structures for oil and gas applications, help repair large vessels and converts vessels into [[Floating production storage and offloading]] and FSOs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysian Marine & Heavy Engineering Core Business |url=http://www.mmhe.com.my/Businesses/Pages/default.aspx |date=12 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130233536/http://www.mmhe.com.my/Businesses/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=30 November 2010 }}</ref> === New Biorefinery Joint Venture with Eniive SpA === In 2024, Petronas, Italy's [[Eni|Enilive SpA]], and Japan's Euglena Co. announced a final investment decision to establish a biorefinery in Malaysia. A joint venture will oversee the construction, slated to begin in the fourth quarter of this year at Petronas's integrated refinery and petrochemical complex in Pengerang, Johor. The facility is designed to process approximately 650,000 tons of raw materials annually, producing sustainable aviation fuel, hydrogenated vegetable oil, and bio-naphtha. The biorefinery is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2028.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2024 |title=Petronas, Enilive and Euglena to develop biorefinery in Malaysia's Pengerang |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/petronas-enilive-euglena-develop-biorefinery-malaysias-pengerang-2024-07-26/}}</ref> ===Other principal subsidiaries=== Some of the key subsidiaries are:- * PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd – Main [[Hydrocarbon exploration]] arm * E&P O&M Services Sdn Bhd (EPOMS) – Main Oil & Gas Maintenance Services – Cendor Phase 2 FPSO project, Bertam, Sepat, Layang, Gumusut-Kakap * PETRONAS Carigali Overseas Sdn Bhd – [[Hydrocarbon exploration]] arm aimed at finding new blocks in international areas * PETRONAS Research Sdn Bhd – Conducting research and development * MITCO Sdn Bhd – International Trading of non-oil assets * [[Petronas Fertiliser Kedah|PETRONAS Fertiliser Kedah]] – Creating [[urea]] fertiliser * [[Petronas Methanol (Labuan)|PETRONAS Methanol (Labuan) Sdn. Bhd. (PMLSB)]] – Methanol plant Others include PETRONAS Assets Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Maritime Services Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Selenia (OEM Oil for [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]], AREXONS); PETRONAS Trading Corp. Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Argentina S.A.; PETRONAS Australia Pty Ltd.; PETRONAS Thailand Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS Energy Philippines Inc.; PETRONAS Cambodia Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS Technical Services Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Group Technical Solutions Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS South Africa Pty Ltd.; PETRONAS India Holdings Company Pte Ltd.; PETRONAS China Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS International Corp. Ltd.; PETRONAS Marketing Thailand Co. Ltd.; Myanmar PETRONAS Trading Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS Canada; PETRONAS Marketing (Netherlands) B.V. and Indianoil PETRONAS ==Commercial automotive and motorcycle partnerships== PETRONAS is an official recommended flagship fuel and lubricants for [[Mercedes-Benz]] (including [[Mercedes-AMG]] models), [[PROTON Holdings|Proton]], [[Perodua]], and [[Tata Motors]] for automobiles. They are also recommended fuel and lubricants for [[Modenas]] and [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha motorcycles]]. ==Motorsport== ===Car racing=== [[File:Starting grid of 2010 Malaysian GP.jpg|thumb|PETRONAS sponsored the Formula One [[Malaysian Grand Prix]] as the title sponsor since its inaugural race in [[1999 Malaysian Grand Prix|1999]] until the [[2017 Malaysian Grand Prix|last race in 2017]]|left]] [[File:Sauber C23 5.JPG|thumb|The [[Sauber C23]] as used in the [[2004 Formula One season]], exhibited at the Galeria Perdana on Langkawi Island, Malaysia.]] PETRONAS was one of the main [[sponsor (commercial)|sponsors]] of the [[BMW in Formula One|BMW Sauber]] [[Formula One]] team alongside [[Intel]], and supplied [[lubricant]]s and [[fuel]] to the team. It also owned 40% of [[Sauber Petronas Engineering|Sauber PETRONAS Engineering]], the company that builds chassis which formerly used [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] designed engines used by the Sauber team, until being bought out by German motor company [[BMW]]. PETRONAS was also the main sponsor for the [[Malaysian Grand Prix]], and co-sponsored the [[Chinese Grand Prix]], and the inaugural [[Korean Grand Prix]]. PETRONAS was the exclusive premium partner of the [[Sauber Petronas|Sauber PETRONAS]] (1995–2005) and [[BMW in Formula One|BMW Sauber]] (2006–2009) F1 teams. BMW had acquired the controlling stake of the former Sauber PETRONAS Engineering, but left the sport after the 2009 season. On 21 December 2009, PETRONAS was confirmed as moving from BMW Sauber to the newly formed [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes AMG PETRONAS Formula One]] team.<ref name="Petronas Mercedes">{{cite web | url=http://www.brawngp.com/readstory.asp?bgp=j%C1%AA%C0rZ%7Df | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224101048/http://www.brawngp.com/readstory.asp?bgp=j%C1%AA%C0rZ%7Df | archive-date=24 December 2009 | title=Official site of the Brawn GP Formula One Team - News }}</ref> In terms of further Formula One involvement, every year PETRONAS took the BMW Sauber team to various parts of Malaysia for F1 demos, so the public who are unable to go to the track itself get to experience a little bit of what F1 offers. Other promotional events are held in the run up to the race and the drivers play an integral part in this so much so that [[Nick Heidfeld]] conceded that there were more fans for BMW Sauber in Malaysia than in most other countries. [[File:The frontview of No.1 PETRONAS TEAM TOM'S FN09.JPG|thumb]] [[File:Andre Lotterer 2010 Super GT Fuji 400km qualify Super Lap.jpg|thumb|PETRONAS supported [[TOM'S]], a [[Toyota]] automobile racing squad in [[Super GT]] between [[2008 Super GT Series|2008]] and [[2015 Super GT Series|2015]]]] PETRONAS also sponsors many other sporting events and teams, mostly motorsports. Some of these sponsorships include the PERT (PETRONAS EON Rally Team), and also the PETRONAS Adventure Team, a 4X4 adventure team. More recently PETRONAS was also a major sponsor for [[TOM'S|PETRONAS TOYOTA TEAM TOM'S]] which was participating in [[Super GT]] series, which they won the team title in [[2008 Super GT Series|2008]] and driver title in [[2009 Super GT Series|2009]]. The series also raced in Malaysia every season at [[Sepang International Circuit]] between [[2005 Super GT Series|2005]] and [[2013 Super GT Series|2013]]. PETRONAS signed a three-year sponsorship agreement with [[Yamaha Motor Racing|Yamaha]] [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] team. The PETRONAS branding can be seen starting [[2009 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Qatar race]] on the 10 to 12 April 2009. PETRONAS also sponsors all [[Mercedes-AMG]] [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|DTM]] cars from the 2011 season until Mercedes' DTM exit in [[2018 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|2018]] (replacing [[Mobil 1]]) for only providing the lubricants. [[File:Lewis Hamilton 2017 Malaysia FP2.jpg|thumb|PETRONAS supports the [[Mercedes AMG Petronas|Mercedes-AMG PETRONAS]] Formula One racing team since 2010. (pictured here in [[2017 Formula One World Championship|2017]])]] Since 2010, PETRONAS has been the main sponsor of the [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes AMG PETRONAS F1]] team. [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] have won eight straight Constructors' Championship titles and 7 Drivers' Championship titles from the beginning of the 1.6 litre (97.6 cu in) turbocharged V6 engine era in {{F1|2014}} until {{f1|2021}}. Since 2014, PETRONAS has also been supplying fuel and lubricants for [[Mercedes-AMG]] customer teams, including [[Force India]] (from 2014) (now known as [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]], along with Ravenol from 2018 season for lubricants only), [[Lotus F1|Lotus]] for {{F1|2015}}, [[Manor Racing|Manor]] for {{F1|2016}}, [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams]] from {{F1|2017}} to [[2022 Formula One World Championship|2022]] and [[McLaren]] from {{F1|2021}}. In addition PETRONAS also supplies fuels and lubricants for [[Honda F1|Honda]]-powered [[Red Bull GmbH|Red Bull]]-owned Italian team [[Scuderia Toro Rosso]], known as [[Scuderia AlphaTauri]] since the 2018 season, until 2023. PETRONAS' title and technical partnership with Mercedes is extended from the 2026 season onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racing the Future: Mercedes-AMGF1 and PETRONAS Power Towards Two Decades of Partnership and Embrace F1's Sustainable Future |url=https://www.petronas.com/media/press-release/racing-future-mercedes-amgf1-and-petronas-power-towards-two-decades-partnership |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=PETRONAS Global |language=en}}</ref> ===Motorcycle racing=== [[File:Fabio Quartararo 2019 Misano (cropped).jpeg|thumb|Petronas supporting the [[Sepang Racing Team]] in MotoGP]] In [[1996 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1996]], PETRONAS sponsored a Grand Prix motorcycle racing team called PETRONAS Sprinta TVK in the 250cc class with [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] as the manufacturer. The team got a wildcard opportunity at the [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix]] with [[Shahrol Yuzy]] as its rider. In the following season in [[1997 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1997]], the team received another wildcard and raced in the 125cc class. This time [[Honda]] was chosen as the manufacturer. Then two seasons later, PETRONAS Sprinta TVK returned to the 250cc class. From [[2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2000]] to [[2002 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2002]], the team competed for a full season in the 250cc class on [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] bikes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gridoto.com/read/221030120/kolaborasi-yamaha-dan-petronas-dulu-pernah-ada-ini-pembalapnya|title=Kolaborasi Yamaha dan Petronas Dulu Pernah Ada, Ini Pembalapnya - GridOto.com|website=www.gridoto.com}}</ref> PETRONAS also sponsors the [[Malaysian Cub Prix]] races, and the now-defunct Foggy PETRONAS Superbike team (in which PETRONAS debuts their superbike, the [[Petronas FP1|FP1]]). Then, PETRONAS became a team sponsor in the [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Moto2]] championship in the [[2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2011 season]] called the PETRONAS Malaysia Team with [[Hafizh Syahrin]] as the rider and using the [[Moriwaki]] motorcycle. Then in the [[2012 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2012 season]], PETRONAS became the sponsor of the Malaysian Raceline Team when he received a wildcard at the [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysian Sepang Grand Prix]] with [[Hafizh Syahrin]], who at that time switched to using an [[FTR Moto|FTR]] motorcycle. It was in this season that Syahrin managed to get on the podium for the first time. The team then got another wildcard in the following season, until in the [[2014 Moto2 season|2014]]-[[2017 Moto2 season|2017 season]], the team participated in full competition in the season with [[Kalex]] as the manufacturer. Since [[2017 MotoGP season|2017]], PETRONAS has been the main sponsor of the [[Sepang Racing Team]], which at that time competed in the Moto2 and Moto3 classes and was named PETRONAS Sprinta Racing. In the Moto3 class the team uses [[Honda]] bikes, while in Moto2 it uses [[Kalex]]. At [[2019 MotoGP season|2019]], PETRONAS is the main sponsor of the new [[Sepang Racing Team|PETRONAS Yamaha SRT]], which became the satellite team for [[Yamaha Motor Racing|Yamaha]] in MotoGP following [[Tech3]]'s switch to [[KTM]] bikes after 20 years with Yamaha bikes. Their riders are [[Valentino Rossi]] and 2017 Moto2 World Champion [[Franco Morbidelli]]. In addition, PETRONAS also played a role for supplying fuels, motorcycle oil and other products for [[Sepang Racing Team|PETRONAS Yamaha SRT]] [[MotoGP]] team. But unfortunately, at the end of the 2021 season, PETRONAS did not continue its cooperation to become the main sponsor of the [[Sepang Racing Team|SRT]] team. In [[2022 Moto2 World Championship|2022]], PETRONAS returned as a team sponsor in Moto2 with their wildcard riders [[Kasma Daniel]] in the PETRONAS MIE Racing team and Azroy Anuar with the PETRONAS RW Racing team. Both riders compete in the [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysian]] series. From [[2023 Superbike World Championship|2023]], PETRONAS became the [[title sponsor]] of a [[World Superbike]] and [[Supersport World Championship|World Supersport]] racing team, [[Moriwaki Engineering|MIE Honda Racing]] and changed its name to PETRONAS MIE Honda Racing Team. Their riders are [[Hafizh Syahrin]] & [[Eric Granado]] for WSBK category, and [[Adam Norrodin]] & [[Tarran Mackenzie]] for WSSP category at this season. As part of its corporate social responsibility programme, PETRONAS also brings underprivileged children to watch the races. ==Automotive manufacturers== Petronas once developed its own race bike. Initially, this racing bike will be fielded in the WorldSBK racing event. The desire began in [[2002 Superbike World Championship|2002]], when Petronas was already a partner of the [[Sauber]] racing team in [[Formula 1]]. The base used was the Petronas GP1, which was originally prepared to go down in [[MotoGP]]. But, it was changed to pass WorldSBK homologation. For its development, Petronas worked with Suter Racing Technology. The [[Petronas FP1]] is ready for mass production, to meet WorldSBK regulations. Petronas is working with MSX International in the UK to make 75 units of the road version of the FP1. The remaining 75 units are made by [[Modenas]], a Malaysian motorcycle brand. In terms of specifications, this bike is quite powerful. It uses an in-line 3-cylinder engine, DOHC, 4 valves per cylinder, with a capacity of 899.5 cc, and liquid-cooled. The engine produces 127.4 tk of power at 10,000 rpm and 92 Nm of torque at 9,700 rpm. Petronas had formed the Foggy Petronas Racing team to compete in WorldSBK. The team is led by [[Carl Fogarty]], a former legendary WorldSBK rider. For the riders, [[Troy Corser]], [[Chris Walker (motorcyclist)|Chris Walker]], and [[Garry McCoy]] were selected. However, during the 5 years the team competed in WorldSBK, Petronas FP1 was less competitive. One of the reasons was the change in regulations in 2003. Previously, 3-cylinder engines were limited to 900 cc. But, it was revised to 1,000 cc. Thus, the Petronas FP1 engine was quite defeated in terms of power. It was also not uncommon for the bike to experience technical problems. Even so, the bike made it to the podium three times. One of them was achieved by Walker when he finished third in the [[2004 Superbike World Championship|2004 Valencia WorlsSBK]]. Corser has also achieved pole position twice. The project was eventually discontinued in 2006 by Fogarty and Petronas. Until now, the road version of the Petronas FP1 has also been a question mark. Because, the motorcycle is difficult to detect its whereabouts now.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2021/05/03/180200715/petronas-pernah-kembangkan-motor-balap-sendiri-untuk-worldsbk | title=Petronas Pernah Kembangkan Motor Balap Sendiri untuk WorldSBK | date=3 May 2021 }}</ref> ===WorldSBK constructors=== ====By season results==== ([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) <div style="height: px; overflow: auto;"> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" |- !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Year !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Bike !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Team !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Tyres !valign="middle" rowspan=2| No. !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Riders !colspan=2| 1 !colspan=2| 2 !colspan=2| 3 !colspan=2| 4 !colspan=2| 5 !colspan=2| 6 !colspan=2| 7 !colspan=2| 8 !colspan=2| 9 !colspan=2| 10 !colspan=2| 11 !colspan=2| 12 !colspan=2| 13 !colspan=2| 14 ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| Points ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| {{Tooltip|RC|Riders' championship position}} ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| Points ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| {{Tooltip|MC|Manufacturers' championship position}} |- ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 |- !rowspan="2"| [[2003 Superbike World Championship season|2003]] !rowspan="2"| [[Petronas FP1]] !rowspan="2"| Foggy Petronas Racing !rowspan="2"| {{Pirelli}} |4 |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Troy Corser]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|5}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|8}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|12}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|13}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|12}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|14}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|16}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|10}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|8}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|6}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|9}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|8}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} | | | | ! 12th ! 107 !rowspan="2" style="background:#;"| 118 !rowspan="2" style="background:#;"| 4th |- |8 |align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[James Haydon]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|12}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|15}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|16}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|9}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|DNS}} |style="background:#;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|17}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|DNS}} |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|DNS}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} | | | | ! 26th ! 12 |- !rowspan="2"| [[2004 Superbike World Championship season|2004]] !rowspan="2"| [[Petronas FP1]] !rowspan="2"| Foggy Petronas Racing !rowspan="2"| {{Pirelli}} |4 |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Troy Corser]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|11}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|13}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Cir…" https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas#:~:text=%7B%7BShort%20description%7CMalaysian,7Breflist%257D%257D ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Pertamina|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=Cookbook:Pertamina|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Pertamina|d=Q1641044|display=Pertamina|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pertamina|voy=no|wikt=Pertamina}} {{commons|Petrol station|Pertamina}} ==HENDRI MELONTE== {{Sister project links |1=Pertamina|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=Cookbook:Pertamina|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Pertamina|d=Q1641044|display=Pertamina|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pertamina|voy=no|wikt=Pertamina}} {{commons|Petrol station|Pertamina}} m9x2tqi37nfr1zhws9nkmf5anbjo0bo 0 388246 3345570 3343263 2026-04-02T22:47:55Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no footnotes|date=Juli 2021}}{{Ethnic group||group=Urang Badui|native_name={{small| ''Urang Kanékés''}}|poptime=|region=[[Kabupaten Lebak]]|langs=[[Bahaso Badui|Bahasa Sunda Badui]]|rels=99% [[Sunda Wiwitan]]{{•}} 1% [[Islam]]|related=[[Suku Banten|Sunda Banten]]{{•}}[[Suku Sunda|Sunda Priangan]]|population=|region1=[[Banten]]|pop1={{circa}} 26.000 jiwa}}'''Urang Badui''' atau '''Sunda Badui''' (Bahaso Badui: '''''Urang Kanékés''''', '''''Urang Cibéo''''') atau kadang acok disabuik '''Badui''' (takadang ditulih sacar indak baku sabagai '''Baduy''')<ref name="Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring">{{Cite web|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/Badui|title=Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring|website=kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id|access-date=2023-01-19|archive-date=2022-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217195338/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/badui|dead-url=yes}}</ref> marupokan sakalompok masyarakaik adaik sunda di daerah pedalaman Kabupaten Lebak, Provinsi [[Banten]]. Populasi urangnyo sakitar 26.000 urang, inyo marupokan salah satu kalompok masyarakaik nan manutuik diri dari dunia lua. Salain itu inyo punyo juo kayakinan tabu untuak didokumentasian, khususnyo panduduak wilayah Badui Dalam. Urang Badui tamasuak sub-Urang dari Urang [[Urang Sunda|Sunda]], inyo dianggap sabagai masyarakaik Sunda nan alun tapangaruah modernisasi atau kalompok nan hampia sadolahnyo taasiang dari dunia lua. Masyarakaik Badui indak maidahan istilah "wisata" atau "pariwisata" untuak manganderaan kampuang-kampuangnyo. Sajak 2007, untuak mandeskripsi wilayahnyo samo untuak manjago kasakaralan wilayah ko, masyarakaik Badui mamadahi istilah "Saba Budaya Badui", nan bermakna "Silaturahmi Kabudayaan Badui".<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-07-20|title=Saba Budaya Baduy Gantikan Wisata Baduy, Apakah Itu?|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2020/07/20/150600227/saba-budaya-baduy-gantikan-wisata-baduy-apakah-itu-|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=2021-08-07|editor-last=Cahya|editor-first=Kahfi Dirga}}</ref> == Etimologi == Sabutan "Badui" marupokan sebutan nan diagiah dek panduduak lua ka kalompok masyarakaik ko, baasa dari sebutan para peneliti [[Balando]] nan agaknyo manyamoan inyo jo kalompok Arab Badawi nan marupokan masyarakaik nan bapindah-pindah (nomaden). Kamungkinan lain adaloh dek adonyo Sungai Badui dan Gunuang Badui nan ado di bagian utara dari wilayah itu. Inyo surang labiah suko manyambat diri sabagai urang Kanekes atau "urang Kanekes" sasuai jo namo wilayahnyo, atau disabuik nan mangarajoan ka namo kampuangnyo bantuak Urang Cibeo (Garna, 1993). Badasakan [[Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia|Kamus Besar Bahaso Indonesia]], penulisan nan tapek adolah "Badui", indak "Baduy".<ref name="Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring" /> == Wilayah == [[Berkas:Rumah_Tradisional_Warga_Baduy_Luar_2.jpg|jmpl|Bangunan rumah adaik warga Badui Lua]] Urang Badui barmukim di wilayah di Desa Kanekes, Kecamatan Leuwidamar, Kabupaten Lebak. Pamukimannyo tapusat di daerah aliran sungai di sungai Ciujung nan tamasuak dalam wilayah Cagar Budaya Pagunuangan Kendeng.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=BPS Provinsi Banten|date=2019|url=https://dmsppid.bantenprov.go.id/upload/dms/52/buku-pbda-2019-final.pdf|title=Pariwisata Banten dalam Angka Tahun 2019|publisher=Dinas Pariwisata Provinsi Banten|pages=51|url-status=live|access-date=2023-01-19|archive-date=2022-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530202244/https://dmsppid.bantenprov.go.id/upload/dms/52/buku-pbda-2019-final.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kanekes sacaro geografis talatak di koordinat 6deg27'27" - 6deg30'0" LS dan 108deg3'9" - 106deg4'55" BT (Permana, 2001). Inyo bamukim tapek di kaki pagunuangan Kendeng nan bajarak sakitar 40 km dari Kota Rangkasbitung. Wilayah nan marupokan bagian dari Pagunuangan Kendeng jo katinggian 300 - 600 m di ateh permukaan lauik (DPL) tu punyo topografi babatuik dan bagalombang jo kamiriangan tanah rato-rato mancapai 45%, nan marupokan tanah vulkunik (di bagian utara), tanah anandapan (di bagian tangah), dan tanah campua (di bagian selatan). suhu rato-rato 20 degC. Tigo kampuang utamo Kanekes Dalam adolah Cikeusik, Cikertawana, dan Cibeo.<ref name=":0" /> == Bahaso == Bahaso nan dipakai dek urang tu adolah bahaso sunda dialek badui. Untuak komunikasi jo panduduak lua awak lancar manggunoan Bahaso Indonesia, walaupun awak ndak mandapekan ilmu itu dari sikolah. Urang kanekes dalam indak tau budaya tulisan, sahinggo adaik-istiadaik, picayoan/agamo, dan carito nenek moyang hanyo tasimpan di dalam tuturan lisan se.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/mengenal-bahasa-sunda-baduy-yang-punya-kamus-tersendiri-miliki-pitutur-khusus.html|title=Mengenal Bahasa Sunda Baduy, Punya Pitutur Khusus dan Kamus Sendiri|date=2021-09-30|website=merdeka.com|language=en|access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref> Urang kanekes indak kenal jo sikolah, karano pendidikan formal balawanan jo adaik-istiadaiknyo. Inyo indak manulak usulan pemerintah untuak mambangun fasilitas sikolah di desa-desa inyo. Bahkan sampai kini ko, walaupun sajak era [[Soeharto]] pamarintah alah mancubo mamaso inyo untuak barubah caro iduiknyo dan mambangun fasilitas sikolah modern di wilayahnyo, urang Kanekes masih manulak usaho pamarintah ko. Tapi masyarakaik Kanekes punyo caro surang untuak baraja serta mangambangan wawasan inyo sampai samo jo masyarakaik di lua Urang Badui.<ref name=":1" /> == Kelompok masyarakaik == [[Berkas:Kanekes_people,_28-11-2010.jpg|jmpl|Urang Kanekes pado tahun [[2010]]]] Masyarakaik Kanekes sacaro umum tabagi manjadi tigo kalompok yaitu tangtu, panamping, dan dangka (Permana, 2001). Kelompok tangtu adolah kalompok nan takenal sabagai Kanekes Dalam (Badui Dalam), nan paliang strik ma ikuik adaik, yaitu warga nan tingga di tigo kampuang Cibeo, Cikertawana, dan Cikeusik. Ciri khas Urang Kanekes Dalam adolah pakaiannyo bawarna putiah alami dan biru tuo (warna tarum) serta mamakai ikatan ulu putih. Inyo dilarang sacaro adaik untuak batamu jo urang asiang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dispar.bantenprov.go.id/Destinasi/topic/125#:~:text=Perbedaan%20Suku%20Baduy%20Dalam%20dan%20Luar&text=Dilihat%20dari%20penampilan,%20masyarakat%20Baduy,kadang%20ditambahkan%20ikat%20kepala%20hitam.|title=Wisata Budaya Suku Baduy {{!}} Dinas Pariwisata Provinsi Banten|website=dispar.bantenprov.go.id|access-date=2023-01-19|archive-date=2022-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006070642/https://dispar.bantenprov.go.id/Destinasi/topic/125#:~:text=Perbedaan%20Suku%20Baduy%20Dalam%20dan%20Luar&text=Dilihat%20dari%20penampilan,%20masyarakat%20Baduy,kadang%20ditambahkan%20ikat%20kepala%20hitam.|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kanekes Dalam adolah bagian dari sadolah urang Kanekes. Indak bantuak kanekes lua, warga kanekes dalam masih mancekek taruih adaik-istiadaik nenek moyangnyo. Sebagian peraturan nan dianut dek Urang Kanekes Dalam antaro lain: * Indak buliah manggunoan kendaraan untuak sarana transportasi * Tidak buliah manggunoan aleh kaki * Pintu rumah haruih manghadap ka utara/selatan (kecuali rumah sang ''Pu'un'' atau ketua adaik) * Larangan manggunoan alaik elektronik (teknologi) * manggunoan kain berwarna hitam/putih sabagai pakaian nan ditenun jo dijahik surang sarato indak buliah manggunoan pakaian modern. Kelompok masyarakaik kaduo nan disabuik panampiang adolah urang nan takenal sabagai Kanekes Lueh (Badui Lueh), nan tingga di babagai kampung nan tasebar mabaliangan wilayah Kanekes Dalam, sarupo Cikadu, Kaduketuk, Kadukolot, Gajeboh, Cisagu, dan lain-lain sarupo itu. Masyarakaik Kanekes lua punyo ciri khas mamakai baju dan ikatan kapalo bawarna biru itam (warna tarum).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1589980/perbedaan-suku-baduy-dalam-dan-baduy-luar-bagaimana-cirinya|title=Perbedaan Suku Baduy Dalam dan Baduy Luar, Bagaimana Cirinya?|last=Andryanto|first=S. Dian|date=2022-05-09|website=Tempo|language=en|access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref> Kanekes lua adolah urang-urang nan alah kalua dari adaik jo wilayah Kanekes Dalam. Ado babarapo hal nan manyababkan dikaluahan warga Kanekes Dalam ka Kanekes Lueh: * Mereka alah malanga adaik masyarakaik Kanekes Dalam. * Berkeinginan untuak kalua dari Kanekes Dalam * Manikah jo anggota Kanekes Lua Ciri-ciri masyarakaik orang Kanekes Lua * Urang tu alah tau jo teknologi, seperti paralatan elektronik. * Proses pambangunan rumah panduduak kanekes lua alah manggunoan paralatan bantuak, mode gergaji, palu, paku, dll, nan sabalunnyo dilarang dek adaik kanekes Dalam * manggunoan baju adaik jo warna itam atau biru tua ( untuak laki-laki), nan manandokan bahwa inyo ndak suci. Kadang manggunoan baju modern mode kaos oblong dan sarawa jeans. * manggunoan peralatan rumah tangga modern, mode kasua, banta, piriang & galeh kaco & plastik. * Urang tu alah tinggal di lua wilayah Kanekes Dalam. * Sabanyak di antaro inyo alah terpengaruh dan berpindah agamo jadi surang muslim dalam jumlah cukuik signifikan. Kalau Kanekes Dalam jo Kanekes Lua tingga di wilayah kanekes, mako kanekes Dangka tingga di lua kanekes, dan kini tingga 2 kampuang nan tasiso, yaitu padawaras (Cibengkung) dan Sirahdayeuh (Cihandam). Kampuang Dangka tu bakarajo sabagai sajenis buffer zone dek pengaruh dari lua.<ref name=":2" /> == Asa usua == [[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Afgevaardigden_van_de_Badui_(oftewel_Kanekes)_bevolking_TMnr_60016564.jpg|ka|jmpl|300x300px|Delegasi Kanekes sakita tahun 1920]] Manuruik kapercayoan nan inyo anut, urang Kanekes mangaku katurunan dari Batara Cikal, salah ciek dari tujuah dewa atau batara nan di utuih ka bumi. Asa usua ko acok juo dihubungi jo [[Nabi Adam]] sabagai nenek moyang patamo. Manuruik kapercayoan urang-urang tu, Adam jo turunannyo, tamasuak warga Kanekes, punyo tugas bertapa atau asketik (mandita) untuak manjaga harmoni dunia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/08/25/211002178/mengenal-suku-baduy-dari-asal-usul-hingga-tradisi|title=Mengenal Suku Baduy, dari Asal Usul hingga Tradisi Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2022-08-25|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref> Pendapat tantang asa usua urang Kanekes babeda jo pandapek para ahli sejarah, nan mandasar pandapeknyo jo caro sintesis dari babarapo bukti sejarah bantuak prasasti, catatan perjalanan pelaut Portugis jo Tiongkok, jo carito rakyat tantang 'Tatar Sunda' nan cukuik minim adoannyo. Masyarakaik Kanekes dikaitkan jo Karajaan Sunda nan sabalunnyo runtuahnyo pado abad ke-16 bapusat di Pakuan Pajajaran (sakitar Bogor kini ko). Sabalun bariri Kesultanan Banten, wilayah ujung barat pulau Jawa ko marupokan bagian penting dari Karajaan Sunda. Banten marupokan palabuhan perdagangan nan cukuik gadang. Sungai Ciujung dapek dilayari babagai jenis perahu, dan rami dipakai untuak pangangkutan hasil bumi dari wilayah pedalaman. Dengan saitu panguaso wilayah tu, nan disabuik sabagai Pangeran Pucuk Umun mamandang bahwa kalestarian sungai paralu dipartahankan. Untuak itu disuruahlah sabuah pasukan tentara karajaan nan sangaik talatih untuak manjago dan mamanajoan kawasan hutan kandang dan babukik di wilayah Gunuang Kendeng tu. Kebadan pasaro jo tugasnyo nan khusus tu bantuaknyo jadi cikal baka masyarakaik Kanekes nan sampai kini masih manduduaki wilayah hulu Sungai Ciujung di Gunung Kendeng tu (Adimihardja, 2000). Pandaian pandapek tu mambaok ka dugaan kalau di masa nan lalu, identitas dan kesasaritaan inyo sangajo disuruang, nan mungkin adolah untuak malinduangan komunitas Kanekes surang dari serangan musuah-musuah Pajajaran.<ref name=":3" /> Van Tricht, surang dokter nan pernah mangarajoan riset kasehatan pado tahun 1928, manulak teori tu. Manuruiknyo, urang Kanekes adolah panduduak asli daerah ko nan punyo daya tolak kuek ka pengaruh lua (Garna, 1993b: 146). Urang kanekes surang pun indak manarimo kalau dikecekan bahwa awak tu barasa dari urang-urang pelarian dari Pajajaran, ibu kota Karajaan Sunda. Manuruik Danasasmita dan Djatisunda (1986:4-5) urang Badui marupokan panduduak setempat nan dijadian mandala' (kawasan suci) sacaro resmi dek raja, karano panduduaknyo babari tugas maambiak kabuyutan (tamo pemujaan leluhur atau nenek moyang), indak agamo Hindu atau Budha. Kabayoutan di daerah ko takenal jo kabayoutan Jati Sunda atau 'Sunda Asli' atau Sunda Wiwitan (wiwitan=asli, asa, pokok, jati). Dek karano itu agamo asli urang tu pun diagiah namo sunda wiwitan. [[Berkas:Baduy_van_de_residentie_Banten,_West-Java,_Jannes_Theodorus_Bik_(attributed_to),_c._1816_-_c._1846.jpg|jmpl|264x264px|Lukisan urang Badui di [[Rijksmuseum]] [[Amsterdam]] sakita tahun 1816 - 1846]] == Kepercayaan == Kaparcayoan masyarakaik Kanekes nan disabuik sabagai ajaran Sunda Wiwitan, ajaran nenek moyang turun temurun nan barasar pado panghormatan ka karuhun atau arwah nenek moyang dan pemujaan ka roh kakuatan alam (animisme). Walaupun kabanyakan aspek ajaran ko adolah asli tradisi turun-temurun, pado pangambangan labiah lanjut ajaran leluak ko juo agak dipangaruah dek babarapo aspek ajaran Hindu, Buddha, dan di lamo dari ajaran Islam.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2022/06/15/120000379/suku-baduy--sejarah-adat-dan-agama|title=Suku Baduy: Sejarah, Adat, dan Agama Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2022-06-15|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref> Bentuk panghormatan ka roh kakuatan alam ko diwujud malalui sikap mangarajoan dan malestarikan alam; yaitu mangarajoan alam sekitar (gunung, bukik, lembah, hutan, kabun, mata aia, sungai, dan sadolah ekosistem di dalamnyo), jo maagiah penghargaan tinggigo-tingginyo ka alam, jo caro mangarajoan dan mangarajoan hutan larangan sabagai bagian dalam usaho mangarajoan kasaimbangan alam semesta. Inti kayakinan ko ditunjuakan jo adonyo pikukuh atau ketentuan adaik mutlak nan dianut dalam kehidupan sahari-hari urang Kanekes (Garna, 1993). Isi paliang paralu dari 'pikukuh' (kapatuhan) Kanekes tu adolah konsep "tanpa parubahan apo pun," atau parubahan sesedikit mungkin: : ''Lojor heunteu beunang dipotong, pèndèk heunteu beunang disambung'' (panjang tidak bisa/tidak boleh dipotong, pendek tidak bisa/tidak boleh disambung). Tabu tu dalam kehidupan sahari-hari diinterpretasian sacaro harafiah. Di bidang patanian, bantuak pikukuh tu adolah jo indak maubah kontur lahan untuak ladang, sahinggo caro baladangnyo sangaik sederhana, indak maolah lahan jo bajak, indak mambuek terasering, hanyo mananam jo tugal, yaitu sapotok bambu nan diruncingan. Di pambangunan rumah juo kontur permukaan tanah dibiayaan apo ado, sahinggo tiang panyangga rumah Kanekes acok kali ndak samo lamo. Katokan dan karajo urang-urang tu pun ikhlas, polos, indak basa-basi, bahkan dalam badagang urang tu indak mangarajoan tawa-manawa.<ref name=":4" /> Objek kayakinan paliang paralu untuak masyarakaik Kanekes adolah Arca Domas, nan lokasinyo di rahasiakan dan dianggap paliang sakral. Urang kanekes mangunjuangi lokasi ko untuak malakuan pemujaan sataun sakali di bulan Kalima, nan pado tahun 2003 batampuah jo bulan Juli. Hanyo Pu'un atau ketua adaik paliang tinggi dan babarapo anggota masyarakaik tapileh se nan ma ikuikan rombongan pemujaan tu. Di komplek Arca Domas tu ado batu lumpang nan mangaluwakan aia hujan. Kalau pado wakatu pemujaan ditamuakan batu lumpang tu ado dalam kaadaan panuah jo aia nan janiah, mako untuak masyarakaik Kanekes itu marupokan patando bahwa hujan pado tahun itu ka banyak turun, dan panen ka berhasil ancak. Salain itu, kalau batu lumpang kariang atau bakair karuah, mako marupokan patando gagal panen. Untuak sabagian kalangan, berkaitan jo kataguhan masyarakaiknyo, kayakinan nan dianut masyarakaik adaik Kanekes ko maambekan kayakinan kaagamoan masyarakaik sunda sacaro umum sabalunnyo masuak Islam.<ref name=":4" /> == Pamarintahan == [[Berkas:Struktur_pemerintahan_baduy.gif|jmpl|Struktua pamarintahan Kanekes]] Masyarakaik Kanekes tau duo sistem pamarintah, yaitu sistem nasional, nan ikuik aturan negara Indonesia, dan sistem adaik nan ikuik adaik istiadaik nan dipercaya masyarakaik. Kaduo sistem itu digabung atau diakulturasikan sahinggo ruponyo sahinggo ndak tajadi benturan. Sacaro nasional, panduduak Kanekes dipimpin dek kapalo desa nan disabuik sabagai jaro pamarintah, nan ado di bawah camat, sadangkan sacaro adaik tunduak ka pimpinan adaik Kanekes nan paliang tinggi, yaitu "Pu'un".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.setneg.go.id/baca/index/berburu_cendera_mata_ke_pemukiman_baduy|title=Berburu Cendera Mata ke Pemukiman Baduy {{!}} Sekretariat Negara|last=Negara|first=Kementerian Sekretariat|website=www.setneg.go.id|language=en|access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref> Pamimpin adaik paliang tinggi dalam masyarakaik Kanekes adolah "Pu'un" nan ado di tigo kampung tangtu. Jabatan ko berlangsung turun-temurun, tapi indak otomatis dari apak ka anak, tapi dapek lo sanak lainnyo. Jangka wakatu jabatan Pu'un indak ditantuan, hanyo badasarkan pado kemampuan surang urang maninggaan jabatan tu.<ref name=":5" /> == Mato pancaharian == Sabana nan alah tajadi salamo ratusan tahun, mako mata pancaharian utamo masyarakaik Kanekes adolah patani padi huma. Salain itu inyo dapek juo panghasilan tambahan dari manjua buah-buahan nan inyo ambiak di hutan mode durian dan asam keranji, jo madu hutan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/suku-baduy-bersinergi-dengan-alam-menjaga-aturan-adat/|title=Suku Baduy, Bersinergi Dengan Alam Menjaga Aturan Adat|website=Indonesia Kaya|access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref> == Interaksi jo masyarakaik lua == Masyarakaik Kanekes nan sampai kini ko strik ma ikuikan adaik-istiadaik indak marupokan masyarakaik taasing, tapencil, atau masyarakaik nan taisolasi dari pangambangan dunia lua. [[Berkas:Rumah Tradisional Warga Baduy Luar 3.jpg|jmpl|Rumah Tradisional Warga Baduy Lua]] Berdiriannyo Kesultanan Banten nan otomatis masuak Kanekes ka dalam wilayah kekuasaannyo pun indak lepas dari kasadaran urang tu. Sebagai tando kepatuhan/pengakuan ka panguaso, masyarakaik Kanekes sacaro rutin malakuan seba ka Kesultanan Banten (Garna, 1993). Sampai kini, upacara seba ko taruih dilakuan sataun sakali, bantuak mangiriman hasil bumi (padi, palawija, buah-buahan) ka Gubernur Banten (sadurungnyo ka Gubernur Jawa Barat), malalui Bupati Lebak di Kota Rangkasbitung. Di bidang patanian, panduduak Kanekes Lueh mainteraksi erat jo masyarakaik lua, misalnyo dalam sewa-maunyo tanah, dan tenaga karajo.<ref name=":6">https://www.cultura.id/mengenal-steven-spielberg-dari-filmografinya</ref> Dagang nan pado wakatu nan lalu dikarajoan sacaro barter, kini ko alah manggunoan mata uang rupiah biaso. Urang kanekes manjua hasil buah-buahan, madu, jo gula kawung/aren malalui para tengkulak. Inyo juo mambali kebutuhan iduik nan indak diproduksi surang di pasa. Pasar untuak urang kanekes talatak di lua wilayah kanekes mode pasa Kroya, Cibengkung, dan Ciboleger.<ref name=":6" /> Pas kini urang lua nan mangunjuangi wilayah Kanekes samakin maningkat sampai jo ratusan urang per kali kunjuangan, biasonyo marupokan remaja dari sikolah, mahasiswa, dan juo para pangunjuang dewasa lainnyo. Inyo manarimo para pangunjuang ko, bahkan untuak manginap ciek malam, jo ketentuan kalau pangunjuang mauruik adaik-istiadaik nan berlaku di sinan. Aturan adaik ko antaro lain indak buliah bafoto di wilayah Kanekes Dalam, indak manggunoan sabun, sampo atau sikat gigi jo pasta gigi di sungai, indak buliah buang sarok sembarangan. Namun, wilayah Kanekes tatap talarang untuak urang asing (non-WNI). Babarapo wartawan asiang nan mancubo masuak sampai kini taruih indak ditarimo masuak. Pas wakatu karajo di ladang indak talampau banyak, urang kanekes sanang juo bajalanan ka kota gadang sakitar wilayahnyo jo syarat harus bajalan kaki. Pado umumnyo inyo pai dalam rombongan ketek nan tadiri dari 3 hinggo 5 urang, bakunjuang ka rumah kenalan nan pernah tibo ka Kanekes sambia manjua madu dan hasil karajinan tangan. Dalam kunjungan itu biasonyo inyo mandapekan tambahan pitih untuak manampungkan paraluan iduik.<ref name=":6" /> == Kapustakaan == * Adimihardja, K. (2000). Orang Baduy di Banten Selatan: Manusia air pemelihara sungai, Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia, Th. XXIV, No. 61, Jan-Apr 2000, hal 47 – 59. * Garna, Y. (1993). masyarakaik Baduy di Banten, dalam masyarakaik Terasing di Indonesia, Editor: Koentjaraningrat & Simorangkir, Seri Etnografi Indonesia No.4. Jakarta: Departemen Sosial dan Dewan Nasional Indonesia untuk Kesejahteraan Sosial dengan Gramedia Pustaka Utama. * Iskandar, J. (1991). An evaluation of the shifting cultivation systems of the Baduy society in West Java using system modelling, Thesis Abstract of AGS Students, [http://216.239.33.104/search?q=cache:imZECmAZwHwJ:mccweb.agri.cmu.ac.th/gra]{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. * Makmur, A. (2001). Pamarentahan Baduy di Desa Kanekes: Perspektif kekerabatan, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071113005030/http://www.geocities.com/puslitmasbud_unpad/ARTIKEL_PAMARENTAHAN_BADUY.htm]. * Nugraheni, E. & Winata, A. (2003). Konservasi lingkungan dan plasma Nutfah manuruik kearifan tradisional masyarakaik kasepuhan Gunung Halimun, Jurnal Studi Indonesia, Volume 13, Nomor 2, September 2003, halaman 126-143. * Permana, C.E. (2001). Kesetaraan gender dalam adaik inti jagat Baduy, Jakarta: Wedatama Widya Sastra. * Permana, C.E. (2003). Arca Domas Baduy: Sebuah referensi arkeologi dalam penafsiran ruang masyarakaik megalitik, Indonesian Arheology on the Net, [http://www.arkeologi.net/index1.php?id=view_news&ct_news=238] * Permana, C.E. (2003). Religi dalam tradisi bercocok tanam sederhana, Indonesian Arheology on the Net, [https://www.fappin.com/ilmu-pelet-dan-pengasihan-dari-suku-baduy-banten-dalam/]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Ascher, Robert, 1971 Analogy in Archaeological Interpretation, dalam James Deetz (ed.) Mans Imprint from the Past. Boston: Little Brown. Hal: 262271. * Danasasmita, Saleh dan Anis Djatisunda,., 1986 Kehidupan masyarakaik Kanekes. Bandung: Sundanologi. * Ekadjati, Edi S., 1995 Kebudayaan Sunda (Suatu Pendekatan Sejarah). Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya. * Garna, Judhistira, 1988 Perubahan Sosial Budaya Baduy dalam Nurhadi Rangkuti (Peny.). Orang Baduy dari Inti Jagat. Bentara Budaya, KOMPAS, Yogyakarta: Etnodata Prosindo. * 1993 masyarakaik Baduy di Banten, dalam Koentjaraningrat (ed.) masyarakaik Terasing di Indonesia. Jakarta: Gramedia . Hal. 120-152) * Hoevell, W.R. van, 1845 Bijdrage tot de kennis der Badoeinen in het zuiden der residentie Bantam. TNI, VII: 335-430. * Iskandar, Johan, 1992 Ekologi Perladangan di Indonesia: Studi Kasus dari Daerah Baduy, Banten Selatan, Jawa Barat. Jakarta: Djambatan. * Jacobs, J. and J.J. Meijer, 1891 De Badoejs. s-Grahenhage: Martinus Nijhoff. * Koorders, D., 1869 Losse Aantekeningeng tijdens het bezoek bij de Badois, BKI, LVI: 335-341. * Kramer, C., 1979 Etnoarchaeology: Implication of Ethnography for Archaeology. New York: Columbia University Press. * Mundardjito., 1981 Etnoarkeologi: Peranannya dalam Pengembangan Arkeologi di Indonesia, dalam Majalah Arkeologi 1-2, IV:17-29 * Permana, R. Cecep Eka, 1996 Tata Ruang masyarakaik Baduy. Tesis Antropologi Program Pascasarjana Universitas Indonesia. * Pleyte, C.M., 1909 Artja Domas, het zielenland der Badoejs. Tijdschrift voor Indishe Taal, land en Volkenkunde. LI:Afl. 6: 494-526. * {{cite book|surname1=Sucipto|given1=Toto (Drs.)|surname2=Limbeng|given2=Julianus, S.Sn., M.Si.|year=2007|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=qgLFCgAAQBAJ&dq=bibliogroup%3A|title=Studi Tentang Religi Masyarakat Baduy di Desa Kanekes Provinsi Banten|place=Jakarta|publisher=Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata; Direktorat Jenderal Nilai Budaya, Seni dan Film; Direktorat Kepercayaan Terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa|isbn=|editor=Dra. Siti Maria|series=Seri pengungkapan nilai-nilai kepercayaan komunitas adat|ref=harv}} * Tricht, B. van, 1929 Levende Antiquiteiten in West-Java. Djawa IX: 43-120. * {{Cite book|last=Rahardjo|first=D.M.|first2=Y.S.|last3=Rahayu|year=2002|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/10756/|title=Urang kanekes di Banten Kidul|location=Jakarta|publisher=Badan pengembangan kebudayaan dan pariwisata|oclc=993742641|ref=harv|url-status=live}} == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{Suku banso di Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Suku banso di Indonesia]] e0v0m51ecjaj19az5w94s8hrsjbdedx 0 389046 3345566 3158495 2026-04-02T21:11:32Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wiktionary|tanah}}[[Berkas:Soil profile.png|jmpl|Profil tanah, tacaliak babarapo horizon tanah.]] [[File:Estructura-suelo.jpg|thumb|right|alt= 基盤岩から土壌への土壌層の図|A, B, C iyolah nan tamasuak bagian dari tanah, lapisan A iyolah tanah lapisan ateh, lapisan B iyolah ''regolith'', lapisan C adalah ''saprolit'' (en), dan kudian lapisan bawah iyolah batu.]] '''Tanah''' adolah campuaran [[mineral]], bahan organik, gas, caiaran dan organisme nan manutuik parmukoan [[Daratan|darek]] suatu [[planet]] tamasuak [[bumi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Russanti|first=Irma|date=2019|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Eksplorasi_Batik_Tanah/MbKLDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Tanah+dalam+bahasa+Yunani:+pedon+adalah+bagian+kerak+bumi+yang+tersusun+dari+mineral+dan+bahan+organik.&pg=PA16&printsec=frontcover|title=Eksplorasi Batik Tanah|publisher=Pantera Publishing|isbn=9786026013736|pages=16|url-status=live}}</ref> Iko umumnyo biaso nan disabuik tanah.<ref>{{Cite book|title={{ja}} 土　地球最後のナゾ　100億人を養う土壌を求めて　（著者：藤井一至）|date=2018/8/17|year=2018|publisher=光文社}}</ref> Tanah sangek vital poranannyo dek sadonyo kahidupan di bumi basobok tanah mandukuang kahidupan [[tumbuahan]] untuak manyadiokan [[Nutrien|unsua hara]] dan [[aia]] tamasuak sabagai panopang [[akar]]. Struktur tanah juo nan barongga-rongga manjadi tampek nan elok dek [[akar]] untuak banapas jo tumbuah. Tanah juo nan manjadi [[habitat]] hiduik babagai [[mikroorganisme]]. Untuak sabagian gadang [[Hewan pamamah biak|hewan]] darek, tanah manjadi lahan untuak hiduik dan bagarak.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Idham|date=2021|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Konstitusionalisme_tanah_hak_milik_di_at/antREAAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=tanah+menjadi+lahan+untuk+hidup+dan+bergerak&pg=PA123&printsec=frontcover|title=Konstitusionalisme tanah hak milik di atas tanah hak pengelolaan|publisher=Penerbit Alumni|pages=123|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Robert J. Kodoatie, Dirmawan, Christine Mayavani|date=2021|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Tata_Ruang_Sungai_Aluvial_dan_Sungai_Non/fzEhEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=tanah+menjadi+lahan+untuk+hidup+dan+bergerak&pg=PA107&printsec=frontcover|title=Tata Ruang Sungai Aluvial dan Sungai Non-Aluvial CAT dan Non-CAT|publisher=Penerbit Andi|isbn=9786230103056|pages=107|url-status=live}}</ref> Ilimu nan mampalajari babagai aspek manganai tanah dikana jo [[ilimu tanah]]. Dari segi [[klimatologi]], tanah mamogang paranan pantiang sabagai panyimpan aia dan manokan [[erosi]], bilo tanah iko surang nan dapek tarerosi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kurniawan|first=Aris|date=2022|title=Pengertian Tanah Beserta Proses Dan Fungsinya|url=https://www.gurupendidikan.co.id/pengertian-tanah/|website=gurupendidikan.co.id|access-date=2022-05-31|archive-date=2023-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406073017/https://www.gurupendidikan.co.id/pengertian-tanah/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Komposisi tanah babedo-bedo pado ciek lokasi jo lokasi nan lain. Aia dan [[udaro]] marupoan bagian dari tanah. ==Pambantuakan tanah (pedogenesis)== {{sadang karajo}} ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{commons category-inline|Soils|Tanah}} *[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2019/jul/11/its-time-we-stopped-treating-soil-like-dirt-video Short video explaining soil basics] *[http://www.edaphic.com.au/soil-water-compendium/ The Soil Water Compendium (soil water content sensors explained)] *[http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/ Global Soil Partnership] *[http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/en/ FAO Soils Portal] *[http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/ World Reference Base for Soil Resources] *[http://www.isric.org/ ISRIC – World Soil Information (ICSU World Data Centre for Soils)] *[http://www.isric.org/explore/library World Soil Library and Maps] *[http://www.wossac.com/ Wossac the world soil survey archive and catalogue] *[http://csss.ca/ Canadian Society of Soil Science] *[https://www.soils.org/ Soil Science Society of America] *[http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htm USDA-NRCS Web Soil Survey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405195859/http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htm |date=2011-04-05 }} *[http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ European Soil Portal] (wiki) *[http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/nsri National Soil Resources Institute UK] *[http://passel.unl.edu/ Plant and Soil Sciences eLibrary] *[https://archive.org/details/yoa1957 Copies of the reference 'Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957' in multiple formats] {{Authority control}} {{Geografi-stub}} 71g1hialpxsymtds3x3dgf9ohdrvdo9 0 472340 3345595 3170131 2026-04-03T01:11:48Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox urang}} Dr. '''Zefnihan''', A.P., M.Si. ({{lahirmati|[[Ampang Gadang, Ampek Angkek, Agam]]|25|10|1974}}) adolah birokrat Indonesia nan manjabat Sekretaris Daerah [[Kabupaten Sijunjung]], [[Sumatera Barat]] sajak 9 Oktober 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/haluan/docs/hln111017|title=Haluan 11 Oktober 2017 by Harian Haluan - Issuu|date=2017-10-10|website=issuu.com|language=en|access-date=2024-01-06|archive-date=2023-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927165318/https://issuu.com/haluan/docs/hln111017|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://posmetropadang.co.id/lima-tahun-menjabat-dr-zefnihan-kembali-dipercaya-jabat-sekda-sijunjung/|title=Lima Tahun Menjabat, Dr. Zefnihan Kembali Dipercaya Jabat Sekda Sijunjung|last=Redaksi|date=2022-10-19|website=Posmetro Padang|language=id|access-date=2024-01-06|archive-date=2023-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927154720/https://posmetropadang.co.id/lima-tahun-menjabat-dr-zefnihan-kembali-dipercaya-jabat-sekda-sijunjung/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Inyo ditunjuak juo sabagai Panjabat [[Daftar Wali Kota Sawahlunto|Wali Kota Sawahlunto]] sajak 21 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://padangkita.com/lantik-zefnihan-jadi-penjabat-wali-kota-sawahlunto-mahyeldi-ingatkan-soal-pemilu/|title=Lantik Zefnihan Jadi Penjabat Wali Kota Sawahlunto, Mahyeldi Ingatkan soal Pemilu|last=Redaksi|date=2023-09-22|website=Padangkita.com|language=id|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref> Inyo pernah juo manjabat Palaksana Harian [[Daftar Bupati Sijunjung|Bupati Sijunjung]] sajak 17 Februari hinggo 26 Februari 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jurnalsumbar.com/2021/02/hari-ini-sekdakab-zefnihan-resmi-jabat-plh-bupati-sijunjung/|title=Hari Ini, Sekdakab Zefnihan Resmi Jabat Plh Bupati Sijunjung|last=Saptarius|first=Pemred|date=2021-02-17|website=Jurnal Sumbar|language=id|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref> Zefnihan dilahian di [[Ampang Gadang, Ampek Angkek, Agam]] pado 25 Oktober 1974. Inyo marupoan anak tarakhir dari tujuah basudaro dari pasangan Ardi Arif, saurang patani jo Khuzaimah, saurang tukang jaik. Inyo mangenyam pandidikan di SD Negeri Ampang Gadang, SMP Negeri 3 Bukittinggi, jo [[SMA Negeri 1 Bukittinggi]]. Inyo maraih gala sarjana dari [[Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri|Sekolah Tinggi Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri]] pado 1997. Inyo ditempatkan sabagai pagawai nagari sipil di Pamarentah [[Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan]] hinggo manduduaki posisi eselon II sabagai Kapalo Dinas Pariwisata, Pemuda, dan Olahraga Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan. Inyo maraih gala Magister Sains Jurusan Sosiologi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik [[Universitas Indonesia]] pado 2002. Tesisnyo bajudul "Hubungan Sistem Pemerintahan dengan Partisipasi Masyarakat: Suatu Tinjauan tentang Sistem Pemerintahan pada Tiga Nagari di Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan Propinsi Sumatera Barat".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/m/detail.jsp?id=73189&lokasi=lokal|title=Hubungan sistem pemerintahan dengan partisipasi masyarakat. Suatu tinjauan tentang sistem pemerintahan pada tiga nagari di kabupaten pesisir selatan Propinsi Sumatera Barat|last=Zefnihan|first=Author|date=2002|website=Universitas Indonesia Library|language=en-US|access-date=2024-01-06|archive-date=2023-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927153213/https://lib.ui.ac.id/m/detail.jsp?id=73189&lokasi=lokal|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Inyo maraih gala Doktor Kajian Lingkungan dan Pembangunan dari Fakultas Ekonomi [[Universitas Negeri Padang]] pado 2021. Disertasinyo bajudul "Pengembangan Pariwisata Berbasis komunitas di Kawasan Mandeh Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan".<ref name="hal">{{Cite web|url=https://harianhaluan.id/webtorial/hh-1107/sekda-sijunjung-zefnihan-rengkuh-gelar-doktor-bidang-ekonomi/|title=Sekda Sijunjung Zefnihan Rengkuh Gelar Doktor Bidang Ekonomi|last=Redaksi|date=2021-12-14|website=HarianHaluan.id|language=id|access-date=2024-01-06|archive-date=2023-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927163230/https://harianhaluan.id/webtorial/hh-1107/sekda-sijunjung-zefnihan-rengkuh-gelar-doktor-bidang-ekonomi/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Zefnihan manikahi Erly Widayani, saurang dokter spesialis anak. Mereka mamiliki duo urang anak banamo Rania Salsabila jo Sonia Syifa Andini nan samo-samo manjadi mahasiswi Universitas Syiah Kuala, Aceh.<ref name=hal/> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} {{indo-bio-stub}} [[Kategori:Birokrat Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Wali Kota Sawahlunto]] [[Kategori:Sekretaris Kabupaten/Kota]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Agam]] [[Kategori:Alumni Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Negeri Padang]] sh9ffeu5888fnj75p16gvbmpear3gi1 0 474645 3345554 3156669 2026-04-02T16:54:39Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345554 wikitext text/x-wiki Pof.Dr.Ir.Hj Puti Reno Raudhatul Jannah Thaib, MP, inyo biaso dikenal dengan namo Puti Reno Raudha Thaib. Lahia di Pagaruyuang, [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah]] [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Data]] pado 31 Agustus 1947. Puti Reno Raudha Thaib adolah seorang akademisi dan Guru Besar Ilmu Benih Di Fakultas Pertanian [[Universitas Andalas|Universitas]] [[Universitas Andalas|Andalas]].<ref name=":0">{{Citebook|title=ENSIKLOPEDIA TOKOH 1001 ORANG MINANG|last=Chaniago|first=Hasril|publisher=UMSB Press|year=2023|isbn=978-8416-03-5|location=Padang|pages=112}}</ref> == Riwayaik Hiduik == Puti Reno Raudha Thaib adolah anak kaduo dari anak basudaro. Ayahmyo banamo Muhammad Thaib Dt. Pangguli Basa, Seorang guru sejarah dan bahasa Inggris. Sedangkan ibunyo, Puti Reno Disma yang di-Pertuan Gadih Gadang, barasa dari suku Melayu Balai Janggo, [[Karajaan Pagaruyuang|Pagaruyuang]]. Raudha Thaib adalah kakak kanduang dari Sutan Muhammad Taufiq Thaib yang samaso hiduik nyo memangku gala Daulat yang Dipertuan Pagaruyuang Darul Qoror, Sarato cucu Matrilineal dari Sutan Alam Bagagarsyah, Rajo Pagaruyuang Yang tarakhir.<ref name=":0" /> Sabagai katurunan Keluarga Kerajaan, maso ketek Raudha acok diimbau Upiak, Samo jo anak anak lain dikampuangnyo. "Saat kecil sampai SD saya menggunakan nama lengkap Puti Reno Raudhatul Jannah, tapi saat SMP hanya Raudhatul Jannah, dan saat di SMA tinggal Raudha Thaib saja. Saya tak mau menonjolkan identitas keluarga dengan menggunakan nama Puti Reno. Saya tak ingin mendapat perlakuan berbeda,” kata Upik di kediamannya<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harianhaluan.id/ekonomi/hh-868/puti-reno-raudha-thaib-bundo-kanduang-dengan-segudang-capaian/|title=Puti Reno Raudha Thaib : Bundo Kanduang dengan Segudang Capaian|last=Redaksi|date=2021-11-23|website=HarianHaluan.id|language=id|access-date=2024-10-13|archive-date=2025-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603232209/https://harianhaluan.id/ekonomi/hh-868/puti-reno-raudha-thaib-bundo-kanduang-dengan-segudang-capaian/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Riwayaik Pendidikan == dididik ko etiket bantuak itu, karajo etiket makan bantuak itu berlaku secara universal. Raudha Thaib manjalani pendidikan dasar di sakolah rakyat(SR) Teladan di Batusangka dan ramaikan tahun 1959. Setelah itu inyo malanjuik kan ka SMP Negeri 1 Bagian B Batusangka (1959), dan manyambuang ka SMA Negeri Batusangka bagian Pasti Alam (Pal) sampai tamaik 1965. Setelah Tamaik SMA, Raudha lanjuik Kuliah di Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Andalas<ref name=":0" /> == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] 2qu717mcx50feav3jbqgsd2o0gjh5jp 0 475442 3345555 3161440 2026-04-02T17:17:24Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Jabatan Akademik |jabatan = Rektor |lembaga = Universitas Indonesia |namaasli = |insignia = Logo-ui-no frame lightbackground.png |ukuraninsignia = 100px |keteranganinsignia = |departemen = |image = Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia, Professor Heri Hermansyah 15 (cropped).jpg |imagesize =200px |alt = |incumbent = [[Heri Hermansyah|Prof. Dr. Ir. Heri Hermansyah, S.T., M.Eng., IPU.]] |incumbentsince = 4 Desember 2024 |gelar = |kediaman = |penunjuk = |tempo = 5 Tahun<br/><small>(Sajak 2002)</small><br/> 4 tahun<br/><small>(1950-2002)</small> |pertama = [[Pandji Soerachman Tjokroadisoerjo|Ir. R. M. Pandji Soerachman Tjokroadisoerjo]] |dibentuk = 2 Februari 1950 |terakhir = |berakhir = |suksesi = |deputi = [[Wakil Rektor Universitas Indonesia]] |gaji = |website = }} Barikuik iko adolah daftar '''Rektor Universitas Indonesia''' atau '''Rektor UI''' nan balaku sabagai pimpinan [[Universitas Indonesia]]. Rektor bertugas antaro lain manjalanan fungsi pangelolaan universitas sacaro kaseluruhan, malaksanoan panyalanggaoaan [[pendidikan]], panelitian, jo [[Pangabdian masyarakaik|pangabdian kapado masyarakaik]], mambina sivitas akademika (dosen jo mahasiswa) sarato membina hubungan dengan [[Alumnus|alumni]], baik di lingkungan universitas dan masyarakaik. Rektor diangkek jp dibarantian dek [[Majelis Wali Amanat Universitas Indonesia|Majelis Wali Amanat]] untuak maso jabatan 5 tahun, sasudah malalui proses pamilihan nan diadakan khusus dalam suatu rapek terbuka Majelis Wali Amanat. Jabatan Rektor Universitas Indonesia barubah dari wakatu ka wakatu, yakni: # '''Ketua Balai Perguruan Tinggi Republik Indonesia''' (1945–1950) # '''De President van de Nood-Universiteit van Nederlandsch Indie''' (1946–1947) # '''De President van de Universiteit van Indonesie''' (1947–1950) # '''Presiden Universiteit Indonesia''' (1950–1955) # '''Presiden Universitas Indonesia''' (1955–1958) # '''Ketua Presidium Universitas Indonesia''' (1958–1962) # '''Rektor Universitas Indonesia''' (1962–sekarang) == Daftar Ketua == Barikuik iko daftar urang nan pernah manjabaik sabagai Ketua Balai Perguruan Tinggi Republik Indonesia (1945–1950), De President van de Nood-Universiteit van Nederlandsch Indie (1946–1947), dan De President van de Universiteit van Indonesie. Namo-namo di bawah iko indak dimasuakan ka dalam daftar resmi rektor Universitas Indonesia. {| class="wikitable" style="float:center; text-align:center" |- style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;" !style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;"|No !style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;"|Foto !style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;"|Nama<br/><small>(Lahir-Wafat)</small> !style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;"|Mulai manjabaik !style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;"|Salasai manjabaik !style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;"|Keterangan !style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;"|Periode |- | colspan="6" align="center" |'''Balai Perguruan Tinggi Republik Indonesia''' |- |1 | |<small>Prof. dr.</small><br/>Sarwono Prawirodihardjo |19 Agustus 1945 |2 Februari 1950 |<ref>{{cite book|last =|first =|author=Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro dan Nugroho Notosutanto|authorlink =|title =Sejarah nasional Indonesia IV: Zaman Jepang dan zaman Republik Indonesia|publisher =Balai Pustaka|year =|location =|pages =286|url =|doi =|isbn =}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|name="paralel"|Pada kurun waktu tersebut Balai Perguruan Tinggi Republik Indonesia (1945-1950 di bawah naungan pemerintah RI masa perjuangan) dan ''Universiteit van Indonesie'' (1946-1950 di bawah pemerintah [[NICA]]) merupakan dua institusi yang terpisah, baru setelah pengakuan kedaulatan RI pada bulan Desember 1949 ''Universiteit van Indonesie'' diserahkan [[NICA]] kepada pemerintah RI, tepatnya tanggal 2 Februari 1950.}} | — |- | colspan="7" align="center" |'''Nood-Universiteit van Nederlandsch Indie''' |- |1 | |<small>Prof. Dr.</small><br/>Pieter Matthijs van Wulfften Palthe<br/><small>(1891-1976)</small> |21 Januari 1946 |April 1946 |<ref>{{nl}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13285573 Prof. Dr. P.M. van Wulfften Palthe.]</ref>{{refn|group=note|name=|Sewaktu Universitas Indonesia bernama '''Nood-Universiteit van Nederlandsch Indie''', universitas ini menggunakan model seperti universitas di Amerika di mana semua fakultas dikoordinasikan oleh Presiden Universitas. Selama perjalanan sejarahnya terdapat tiga orang yang menjabat Presiden}} | rowspan="3" |— |- |2 | |<small>Prof. Dr.</small><br/>Alfred de Waart<br/><small>(1888-1981)</small> |April 1946 |20 Juni 1946 |<ref>{{nl}} [https://www.ntvg.nl/system/files/publications/1958121200001a.pdf Prof. A. de Waart 70 jaar.]</ref><ref>{{nl}} [http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010897896:mpeg21:a0020 ''"Nooduniversiteit"'' artikel dalam Harian ''"Het dagblad: uitgave van de Nederlandsche Dagbladpers te Batavia"'' edisi 18 Juni 1946.]</ref> |- |3 | |<small>Prof. Dr.</small><br/>Cornelis Douwe de Langen<br/><small>(1887-1967)</small> |20 Juni 1946 |12 Maret 1947 |<ref>{{nl}} [http://profs.library.uu.nl/index.php/profrec/getprofdata/1240/34/125/0 Prof. Dr. Cornelis Douwe de Langen.]</ref> |- | colspan="7" align="center" |'''Universiteit van Indonesie''' |- |1 | |<small>Prof. Dr.</small><br/>Cornelis Douwe de Langen<br/><small>(1887-1967)</small> |12 Maret 1947 |6 Agustus 1947 | | rowspan="4" |— |- |2 | |<small>Prof. Dr.</small><br/> Cornelis Bonne<br/><small>(1890-1948)</small> |6 Agustus 1947 |April 1948 | |- |3 | |<small>Prof. Dr.</small><br/> Anton Abraham Cense<br/><small>(1901-1977)</small> |April 1948 |Juni 1949 |{{refn|group=note|name=cense|Lahir tahun 1901 - meninggal tahun 1977.<ref>{{nl}} [http://www.kitlv.nl/pdf_documents/72_CENSE.pdf Collectie Anton Abraham Cense, 1901-1977.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807025715/http://www.kitlv.nl/pdf_documents/72_CENSE.pdf |date=2014-08-07 }}</ref>}} |- |4 | |<small>Prof. dr.</small><br/> Wietse Radsma<br/><small>(1893-1977)</small> |Juni 1949 |2 Februari 1950 |{{refn|group=note|name=radsma|Lahir tanggal 16 September 1893 - meninggal tanggal 20 September 1977.<ref>{{nl}} [http://www.ntvg.nl/publicatie/memoriam-profdr-w-radsma/pdf In memoriam prof. dr. W. Radsma.]{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ntvg.nl/system/files/publications/1978101680001a.pdf|title=In Memoriam W. Radsma and Prof. dr. H. Muller |author=Net T. Geenek|date=1978}}</ref> |- |} == Daftar Rektor == Barikuik iko adalah daftar mereka nan pernah manjabat sabagai Rektor [[Universitas Indonesia|UI]].<br> '''Rumpun Ilmu Kesehatan:''' * {{legend|#07ab54|Kedokteran (8 definitif, 1 penjabat)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} '''Rumpun Sains dan Teknologi:''' * {{legend|#3a3c9b|Teknik (3 definitif)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} * {{Legend striped|black|#2a14cd|Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (1 definitif)|Oakland}} '''Rumpun Sosial dan Humaniora:''' * {{legend|white|Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya (1 definitif, 1 penjabat)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} * {{legend|#ee272f|Hukum (1 definitif)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} * {{legend|#e98217|Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik (1 definitif)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} * {{legend|gray|Ekonomi dan Bisnis (1 definitif)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} * {{legend|#0697dd|Psikologi (1 penjabat)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {| class="wikitable" style="float:center; text-align:center" |+ |- style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;" ! style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;" |No ! style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;" |Foto ! style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;" |Namo<br /><small>(Lahir-Wafat)</small> ! style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;" |Mulai manjabaik ! style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;" |Salasai manjabaik ! colspan="2" style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;" |Fakultas/Bidang Keilmuan ! style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;" |Jabatan sabalunnyo ! style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;" |Angkatan ! style="color:#0000000;background-color:#FFDD00;" |Periode |Referensi |- ! colspan="11" |Presiden Universiteit Indonesia (1950-1955) |- |1 |[[File:Surachman tjokroadisurjo.jpg|100px]] |[[Pandji Soerachman Tjokroadisoerjo|<small>Ir.</small><br />Raden Mas Pandji <br />Soerachman Tjokroadisoerjo]]<br /><small>(1894-1954)</small> |11 Januari 1950 |Maret 1951 | bgcolor="#3a3c9b" | |[[Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia|Teknik]] |Direktur NV Handel Maatschapij Intrafort |1920 | rowspan="2" |1 |{{refn|group=note|Sebagai Presiden Universiteit Indonesia pertama}} |- |2 |[[File:Supomo (Photographs by Daan Noske).jpg|100px]] |[[Soepomo|<small>Prof. Dr.</small><br />Mr. Raden Soepomo]]<br /><small>(1903-1958)</small> |5 April 1951 |15 April 1954 | bgcolor="#ee272f" | |[[Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia|Hukum]] |Menteri Kehakiman Republik Indonesia |1927 |{{refn|group=note|Sebagai Presiden Universiteit Indonesia kedua}}<br />{{refn|group=note|name=wzjo|Waktu jeda antara Ir. Soerachman hingga diangkatnya Prof. Soepomo, bertindak selaku Pjs. Presiden UI adalah Prof. dr. [[Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes]] yang juga menjabat Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran. Prof. Johannes juga yang memasangkan "kalung jabatan rektor" pada Prof. Soepomo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010474995|title=Prof. Supomo heeft het presidium van de universiteit van Indonesië aanvaard. Boven: prof. Supomo spreekt zijn gisteren reeds vermelde rede uit. Onder: prof. Johannes, wnd president, draagt zijn waardigheid over aan prof- Supomo- (Ipphos)|author=|date=7 April 1951|publisher=|accessdate=6 September 2020|via=KB C 244}}</ref> Demikian juga ketika Prof. Soepomo bertugas ke luar negeri selama beberapa bulan, Prof. dr. [[Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes]] diangkat sebagai Pjs. Presiden UI.}} |- |3 |[[File:Bahder Djohan, Pekan Buku Indonesia 1954, p240.jpg|100px]] |[[Bahder Djohan|<small>Prof. Dr.</small><br />Bahder Djohan]]<br /><small>(1902-1981)</small> |23 Desember 1954 |21 Juli 1955 | bgcolor="#07ab54" | |[[Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia|Kedokteran]] |Direktur Rumah Sakit Umum Jakarta |1927 |2 |{{refn|group=note|Sebagai Presiden Universitas Indonesia ketiga}} |- ! colspan="11" |Presiden Universitas Indonesia (1955-1958) |- |3 |[[File:Bahder Djohan, Pekan Buku Indonesia 1954, p240.jpg|100px]] |[[Bahder Djohan|<small>Prof. Dr.</small><br />Bahder Djohan]]<br /><small>(1902-1981)</small> |21 Juli 1955 |25 Februari 1958 |bgcolor="#07ab54" | |[[Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia|Kedokteran]] |Direktur Rumah Sakit Umum Jakarta |1927 |2 |{{refn|group=note|Sebagai Presiden Universitas Indonesia ketiga}} |- ! colspan="11" |Ketua Presidium Universitas Indonesia (1958-1962) |- |4 |[[Berkas:Anggota Kabinet Dwikora - (bag. 7) - Soedjono Djoened Pusponegoro.jpg|pus|157x157px]] |[[Soedjono Djoened Poesponegoro|<small>Prof. Dr.</small><br />Raden Soedjono Djoened Poesponegoro]]<br /><small>(1908-1986)</small> |Maret 1958 |Maret 1962 | bgcolor="#07ab54" | |[[Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia|Kedokteran]] |Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia |1938 |3 |{{refn|group=note|Berganti nama menjadi Ketua Presidium UI<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seameo.org/vl/library/dlwelcome/photogallery/director/soedjono/soedjono.htm |title=Director of SEAMEO Secretariat: Soedjono Poesponegoro|publisher=SEAMO|date= 20 November 2006|accessdate=24 Oktober 2014}}</ref>}} |- ! colspan="11" |Rektor Universitas Indonesia (1962-sekarang) |- |5 |[[File:21 teukusyarifthayeb.jpg|100px]] |[[Syarief Thayeb|<small> Letjen TNI (Purn.) dr.</small><br /> Teuku Mohammad<br /> Sjarif Thajeb]]<br /><small>(1920-1989)</small> |1962 |1964 | bgcolor="#07ab54" | |[[Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia|Kedokteran]] |Direktur Rumah Sakit Umum Jakarta | | rowspan="2" |4 |{{refn|group=note|Presiden UI berganti nama menjadi Rektor UI}}<br />{{refn|group=note|Diangkat sebagai Menteri Perguruan Tinggi dan Ilmu Pengetahuan pada 1964}} |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |6 | rowspan="2" |[[File:28 sumantribrodjonegoro.jpg|100px]] | rowspan="2" |<small>Prof. Dr. Ir.</small><br />[[Sumantri Brodjonegoro|Raden Mas Soemantri Brodjonegoro]]<br /><small>(1926-1973)</small> |1964 |Oktober 1968 | rowspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to right, black 50%, #2a14cd 50%)" | | rowspan="2" |Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam | rowspan="2" |Pembantu Rektor Bidang Akademis Institut Teknologi Bandung | rowspan="2" |1956 | |- |Oktober 1968 |April 1973 | rowspan="2" |5 |{{refn|group=note|Pada tahun 1973 merangkap jabatan sebagai [[Daftar Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Indonesia|Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia]]}}<br />{{refn|group=note|Wafat tahun 1973, pada saat menjabat}} |- |— |[[File:Slamet Iman Santoso.jpg|100px]] |[[Slamet Iman Santoso|<small>Prof. Dr. (HC)</small><br />Slamet Iman Santoso]] <br /><small>(1907-2004)</small> |April 1973 |5 Desember 1973 | bgcolor="#0697dd" | |[[Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Indonesia|Psikologi]] |Pembantu Rektor Bidang Akademis Universitas Indonesia |1934 |{{refn|group=note|'''Pejabat Rektor UI'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.ui.ac.id/en/academic/page/fpsi |title=Faculty of Psychology |publisher=Humas UI |date=15 Agustus 2006 |accessdate=24 Oktober 2014 |archive-date=2014-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024173843/http://old.ui.ac.id/en/academic/page/fpsi |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |7 | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" |[[Mahar Mardjono|<small>Prof. Dr.</small><br />Mahar Mardjono]] <br /><small>(1923-2002)</small> |5 Desember 1973 |9 Januari 1978 | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#07ab54" | | rowspan="2" |[[Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia|Kedokteran]] | rowspan="2" |Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia | rowspan="2" |1955 |6 |<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 Desember 1973|title=Rektor UI Prof. Mahar Mardjono: Mutu dan Management UI Akan Ditingkatkan|url=https://mpn.kominfo.go.id/arsip/detail/66605/sheet?q=Mahar%20Mardjono|work=Harian Abadi|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130222026/https://mpn.kominfo.go.id/arsip/detail/66605/sheet?q=Mahar%20Mardjono|dead-url=yes}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Masih menjabat sebagai Ketua Tim Dokter Kepresidenan Republik Indonesia hingga 1976}} |- |9 Januari 1978 |15 Januari 1982 |7 | |- |8 |[[File:Nugroho Notosusanto - Fourth Development Cabinet.jpg|100px]] |[[Nugroho Notosusanto|<small>Brigjen TNI (Purn.) Prof. Dr.</small><br />Nugroho Notosusanto]]<br /><small>(1930-1985)</small> |15 Januari 1982 |3 Juni 1985 | bgcolor="white" | | align="center" |[[Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|Sastra]] |Kepala Pusat Sejarah Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia |1960 | rowspan="2" |8 |<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 Januari 1982|title=Mayor Jenderal [sic] Prof. Nugroho...|url=https://mpn.kominfo.go.id/arsip/detail/65123/sheet?q=Mahar%20Mardjono|work=Yudha Minggu|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130155544/https://mpn.kominfo.go.id/arsip/detail/65123/sheet?q=Mahar%20Mardjono|dead-url=yes}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Merangkap jabatan sebagai [[Daftar Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Indonesia|Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI]]}}<br />{{refn|group=note|Wafat saat menjabat}} |- |— | |[[W. A. F. J. Tumbelaka|<small>Prof. Dr. dr.</small><br />W. A. F. J. Tumbelaka]]<br /><small>(1920-2012)</small> |3 Juni 1985 |15 Januari 1986 | bgcolor="#07ab54" | |[[Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia|Kedokteran]] |Pembantu Rektor Bidang Akademis Universitas Indonesia | | <small>'''Pejabat Rektor UI'''</small> |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |9 | rowspan="2" |[[Berkas:Sixth Development Cabinet Poster (Sujudi).jpg|100px]] | rowspan="2" |[[Sujudi|<small>Prof. Dr.</small><br />Sujudi]] <br /><small>(1930-2007)</small> |15 Januari 1986 |15 Januari 1990 | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#07ab54" | | rowspan="2" |[[Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia|Kedokteran]] | rowspan="2" |Ketua Lembaga Penelitian/Sekretaris Senat Universitas Indonesia | rowspan="2" |1959 |9 | |- |15 Januari 1990 |15 Januari 1994 |10 |{{refn|group=note|Pada tahun 1993 merangkap jabatan sebagai [[Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia]]}} |- |10 |[[Berkas:Muhammad Kamil Tadjudin, Yudhagama 1994.jpg|100px]] |<small>Prof. Dr. dr.</small><br />[[Muhammad Kamil Tadjudin]]<br /><small>Sp.And<br />(1937-2017)</small> |15 Januari 1994 |15 Januari 1998 | bgcolor="#07ab54" | |[[Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia|Kedokteran]] | rowspan="4" |Pembantu Rektor Bidang Akademis Universitas Indonesia |1962 |11 | |- |11 | |[[Asman Boedisantoso Ranakusuma|<small>Prof. Dr. dr.</small> <br />Asman Boedisantoso Ranakusuma <br /><small>Sp.PD-KE</small>]]<br /><small>(1946-)</small> |15 Januari 1998 |28 Februari 2002 | bgcolor="#07ab54" | |[[Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia|Kedokteran]] |1970 | rowspan="2" |12 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.ui.ac.id/download/guru_besar/Prof_Dr_dr_Asman_Boedisantoso_R.pdf|title=Profil Guru Besar UI Prof. Dr. dr. Asman Boedisantoso R., SK. Pd, K.E|publisher=Humas UI|date=15 Agustus 2006|accessdate=24 Oktober 2014|archive-date=2014-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024165302/http://old.ui.ac.id/download/guru_besar/Prof_Dr_dr_Asman_Boedisantoso_R.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |— | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" |[[Usman Chatib Warsa|<small>Prof. dr.</small> <br />Usman Chatib Warsa <br /><small>Sp.MK, Ph.D. </small>]]<br /><small>(1947-)</small> |28 Februari 2002 |28 Agustus 2002 | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#07ab54" | | rowspan="2" |[[Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia|Kedokteran]] | rowspan="2" |1972 |<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=28 Agustus 2002|title=Ucapan Selamat|url=http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0208/28/dikbud/bhmn09f.htm|work=Kompas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021019001825/http://www.kompas.com:80/kompas-cetak/0208/28/dikbud/bhmn09f.htm|archive-date=19 Oktober 2002|access-date=22 Januari 2025}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|'''Pejabat Rektor UI'''}} |- |12 |28 Agustus 2002 |14 Agustus 2007||13 |<ref name=":0" />{{refn|group=note|Rektor UI pertama yang masa baktinya 5 tahun<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.ui.ac.id/download/files/memorandum_akhir_jabatan.pdf|title=Momenrandoum Akhir Jabatan|publisher=Humas UI|date=Agustus 2007|accessdate=24 Oktober 2014|archive-date=2014-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024164744/http://old.ui.ac.id/download/files/memorandum_akhir_jabatan.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}} |- |13 |[[Berkas:Gumilar Rusliwa Somantri, November 2020.jpg|100px]] |[[Gumilar Rusliwa Somantri|<small>Prof. Dr. der Soz. </small> <br /> Gumilar Rusliwa Somantri]]<br /><small>(1963-)</small> |14 Agustus 2007 |14 Agustus 2012 | bgcolor="#e98217" | |[[Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia|Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik]] |Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia |1989 |14 | |- | — |[[Berkas:Director General of Higher Education, Djoko Santoso.jpg|100px]] |[[Djoko Santoso (akademisi)|<small>Prof. Dr. Ir.</small> <br /> Djoko Santoso<br /> <small>M.Sc. </small>]]<br /><small>(1953-)</small> |14 Agustus 2012 |17 Mei 2013 | | align="center" |''Panugasan pamarentah'' |Direktur Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi |1976 | rowspan="3" |— |{{refn|group=note|Sebagai '''Pejabat Sementara Rektor UI''' dan merangkap sebagai Direktur Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Dirjen Dikti).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dikti.go.id/id/2012/08/14/dirjen-dikti-djoko-santoso-jabat-rektor-ui-sementara/|title=Dirjen Dikti Djoko Santoso Jabat Rektor UI Sementara|publisher=Direktur Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|date=14 Agustus 2012|accessdate=24 Oktober 2014}}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} |- | — |[[Berkas:Penandatanganan Nota Kesepahaman UniSA - Universitas di Indonesia; Juli 2017 (10) (Muhammad Anis).jpg|100px]] |[[Muhammad Anis|<small>Prof. Dr. Ir.</small> <br /> Muhammad Anis <br /> <small>M.Met.</small>]]<small><br />(1957-)</small> |17 Mei 2013 |2 Oktober 2014 | bgcolor="#3a3c9b" | |[[Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia|Teknik]] | rowspan="3" |Wakil Rektor Bidang Akademis dan Kemahasiswaan Universitas Indonesia |1983 |{{refn|group=note|Sebagai '''Pejabat Rektor UI'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.ui.ac.id/id/news/archive/6491|title=Serah Terima Jabatan Rektor UI|publisher=Humas Universitas Indonesia|date=20 Mei 2013|accessdate=24 Oktober 2014|archive-date=2014-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024114152/http://old.ui.ac.id/id/news/archive/6491|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2013/05/02/079477306/M-Anis-Terpilih-Jadi-Rektor-UI|title=M. Anis Terpilih Jadi Rektor UI|publisher=Tempo.co|date=2 Mei 2013|accessdate=24 Oktober 2014}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} |- | — |[[Berkas:University of Indonesia rector election 2024 165 (Bambang Wibawarta).jpg|100px]] |[[Bambang Wibawarta|<small>Prof. Dr.</small> <br /> Bambang Wibawarta <br /> <small>S.S., M.A.</small>]]<br /><small>(1965-)</small> |2 Oktober 2014 |4 Desember 2014 | bgcolor="white" | |[[Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia|Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya]] |1989 |{{refn|group=note|Bambang Wibawarta dilantik sebagai '''Pejabat (Pj) Rektor Universitas Indonesia'''. Ia menggantikan Pj Rektor sebelumnya, Muhammad Anis, yang mengundurkan diri dari jabatannya karena ia terpilih sebagai calon rektor untuk periode berikutnya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ui.ac.id/berita/prof-dr-bambang-wibawarta-dilantik-sebagai-pj-rektor-ui.html|title=Prof. Dr. Bambang Wibawarta Dilantik sebagai Pj Rektor UI|publisher=Humas Universitas Indonesia|date=2 Oktober 2014|accessdate=24 Oktober 2014}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} |- |14 |[[Berkas:Penandatanganan Nota Kesepahaman UniSA - Universitas di Indonesia; Juli 2017 (10) (Muhammad Anis).jpg|100px]] |[[Muhammad Anis|<small>Prof. Dr. Ir.</small> <br />Muhammad Anis <br /><small>M.Met.</small>]]<br /><small>(1957-)</small> |4 Desember 2014 |4 Desember 2019 | bgcolor="#3a3c9b" | |[[Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia|Teknik]] |1983 |15 |{{refn|group=note|Terpilih dalam Pemilihan Rektor UI 2014-2019 oleh Majelis Wali Amanat UI pada 18 November 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ui.ac.id/berita/muhammad-anis-terpilih-sebagai-rektor-ui-2014-2019.html|title=Muhammad Anis Terpilih menjadi Rektor UI Periode 2014-2019|publisher=Universitas Indonesia|date=18 November 2014|accessdate=18 November 2014|archive-date=2014-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122083452/http://www.ui.ac.id/berita/muhammad-anis-terpilih-sebagai-rektor-ui-2014-2019.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}} |- |15 |[[Berkas:University of Indonesia rector election 2024 189 (Ari Kuncoro).jpg|100px]] |[[Ari Kuncoro|<small>Prof.</small> <br /> Ari Kuncoro<br /><small>S.E., M.A., Ph.D.</small>]]<br /><small>(1962-)</small> |4 Desember 2019 |4 Desember 2024 | bgcolor="gray" | |[[Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia|Ekonomi dan Bisnis]] |Dekan Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia |1986 |16 |{{refn|group=note|Terpilih dalam Pemilihan Rektor UI 2019-2024 oleh Majelis Wali Amanat UI pada 25 September 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ui.ac.id/prof-ari-kuncoro-s-e-m-a-ph-d-terpilih-jadi-rektor-ui-periode-2019-2024/|title=Prof. Ari Kuncoro, S.E., M.A., Ph.D Terpilih Jadi Rektor UI Periode 2019 – 2024|publisher=Universitas Indonesia|date=26 September 2019|accessdate=4 Desember 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204084355/https://www.ui.ac.id/prof-ari-kuncoro-s-e-m-a-ph-d-terpilih-jadi-rektor-ui-periode-2019-2024/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}} |- |16 |''[[Berkas:University of Indonesia rector election 2024 104 (Heri Hermansyah).jpg |100px]]'' |[[Heri Hermansyah|<small>Prof. Dr. Ir.</small> <br /> Heri Hermansyah<br /><small>S.T., M.Eng., IPU</small>]]<br /><small>(1975-)</small> |4 Desember 2024 |''petahana'' | bgcolor="#3a3c9b" | |[[Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia|Teknik]] |Dekan Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia |1998 |17 | |- |} == Catatan == {{reflist|group="note"|3}} == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Rektor Universitas Indonesia| ]] [[Kategori:Rektor Indonesia]] 076lhorhw57hum2h1e4t98j1igng0sc 0 476883 3345585 3342802 2026-04-03T00:38:49Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345585 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Banda Gadang 01.jpg|jmpl]] == Banda Gadang == Banda Gadang adolah kawasan wisata alam nan talatak di Nagari Minangkabau , Kecamatan Sungayang , Kabupaten Tanah Datar , Provinsi Sumatera Barat , Indonesia . Daerah ko tanamo jo kombinasi kaindahan alam, budayo lokal, jo potensi ekowisata nan bakambang.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://nagariminangkabau.org/banda-gadang-di-minangkabau-keindahan-alam-dan-kearifan-lokal/|title=Banda Gadang di Minangkabau: Keindahan Alam dan Kearifan Lokal – Nagari Minangkabau|language=id|access-date=2025-11-12}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Lokasi dan Akses == [[Berkas:Banda Gadang 16.jpg|jmpl]] Banda Gadang talatak di lingkuangan padusunan nan murni, jo mato aia nan janiah, sawah-sawah di sakitarnyo, jo bukik-bukik nan hijau sabagai latar balakangnyo.<ref name=":0" />Akses ka daerah ko relatif mudah: dari pusek kota Batusangkar hanyo mamakan wakatu sakitar 10 km atau sakitar 10 minik bakandaraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raunholic.com/2024/09/banda-gadang-destinasi-wisata-perpaduan-keindahan-alam-dan-lezatnya-kuliner.html|title=Banda Gadang: Destinasi Wisata Perpaduan Keindahan Alam dan Lezatnya Kuliner|language=id|access-date=2025-11-12}}</ref> == Daya Tarik == Pamandangan alam nan mananangan, barupo aliran aia nan janiah jo sawah nan batingkek di Nagari Minangkabau.<ref name=":0" />Unsur budayo jo kabijaksanaan satampek: masyarakaik satampek masih mampraktekkan patanian tradisional, jo babarapo fasilitas wisata manampilkan roda aia tradisional jo pondok-pondok baatok rumpuik nan mampakuek raso otentik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timenews.co.id/hiburan/99513528553/eksplorasi-banda-gadang-pesona-nagari-minangkabau-yang-menyegarkan-di-sumatera-barat|title=Eksplorasi Banda Gadang: Pesona Nagari Minangkabau yang Menyegarkan di Sumatera Barat - Timenews|last=S.Sos|first=Sugiono|website=Eksplorasi Banda Gadang: Pesona Nagari Minangkabau yang Menyegarkan di Sumatera Barat - Timenews|language=id|access-date=2025-11-12}}</ref>Fasilitas wisata sarupo gazebo di ateh aliran aia, tampek relaksasi kaluarga, jo paluang untuak mambarikan kakuatan kapado IKM lokal malalui kuliner, terapi kaki jo ikan di aliran mato aia, jo kagiatan pariwisata nan ramah lingkungan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://posmetropadang.co.id/baca/331855/kunjungi-banda-gadang-mahyeldi-dorong-wisata-ramah-lingkungan/|title=Kunjungi Banda Gadang, Mahyeldi Dorong Wisata Ramah Lingkungan {{!}} Posmetropadang.co.id|date=2024-10-27|language=id|access-date=2025-11-12}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Berkas:Banda Gadang 11.jpg|jmpl]] == Pengembangan dan Pengelolaan == Pamarintah daerah jo panguruih daerah alah mulai mampromosikan pambangunan Banda Gadang sabagai tujuan ekowisata jo pandidikan nan bakalanjutan. Misalnyo, kunjungan dek politisi jo pengembang alah marekomendasikan pangalolaan lingkuangan nan labiah baiak jo fasilitas nan labiah baiak untuak UMKM lokal.<ref name=":1" /> == Manfaat dan Potensi == [[Berkas:Banda Gadang 06.jpg|jmpl]] Daerah ko punyo potensi untuak maningkekan ekonomi lokal malalui pariwisata jo UMKM.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujuakan == [[Kategori:WikiJalajah]] 4ukltyxiree0b6if6lm2326bemx1feb 0 477398 3345553 3344197 2026-04-02T16:35:48Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kotakinfo pulau||nama=Pulau Maratua|koordinat={{coor dms|2|15|12|N|118|38|41|E|}}|negara=[[Indonesia]]|kepulauan=[[Kalimantan]]|provinsi=[[Kalimantan Timur]]|jenisdati2=Kabupaten|dati2=[[Kabupaten Berau|Berau]]|luas=22,93 km²|garispantai=-km|populasi=3.560 Jiwa|image=Side view of Maratua Island.jpg|namo=Pulau Maratua}}'''Pulau Maratua''' adolah salah satu [[Daftar pulau paliang lua Indonesia|pulau paliang lua Indonesia]], nan talatak di [[Kabupaten Berau]], [[Kalimantan Timur|Provinsi Kalimantan Timur]] . Pulau iko dianggap sabagai ''pulau sarugo'' di wilayah iko dan marupoan pulau paliang lua Indonesia. Disakitar lawiknyo bisa ditamui Lumba-Lumba Jo Ubur-Ubur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wwf.id/id/blog/bertemu-lumba-lumba-dan-ubur-ubur-di-maratua|title=BERTEMU LUMBA-LUMBA DAN UBUR-UBUR DI MARATUA|website=www.wwf.id|access-date=2026-03-03}}</ref> Objek wisata ko indak hanyo manawarkan pamandangan panorama pantai tapi juo taman bawah lauik nan manakjubkan, sarato pamandangan lumba-lumba nan acok mangawani sampan nan manuju ka pulau ko. Jaraknyo 1,5 jam dari [[Pulau Derawan]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wisatakita.com/wisata/Kalimantan.Timur/Berau/Pulau.Maratua|title=Pulau Maratua|last=ABSystem.id|website=Wisata Pulau Maratua, Pulau Maratua adalah sebuah pulau kecil indah yang berada di Kabupaten Berau. Keindahan pulau ini tidak hanya di darat saja tetapi juga di|access-date=2026-03-03|archive-date=2026-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121214240/https://wisatakita.com/wisata/Kalimantan.Timur/Berau/Pulau.Maratua|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Geografi == [[Laut Sulawesi|Lauik Sulawesi]] jo babatehan [[Malaysia|jo Malaysia]] . Pulau Maratua adolah bagian dari pulau ketek, panjang, jo malengkung tajam nan talatak di selatan [[Kota Tarakan]] jo koordinat 2° 15′12′′ N, 118° 38′41′′ E (di bateh lua). Di pulau iko tadapek [[Danau Haji Buang]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/2024/02/29/keunikan-biodiversitas-danau-air-laut-haji-buang-yang-belum-dieksplorasi/|title=Keunikan Biodiversitas Danau Air Laut Haji Buang yang Belum Dieksplorasi|last=Fajar|first=Jay|date=2024-02-29|website=Mongabay.co.id|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-03}}</ref> jo [[Danau Tanah Bamban]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id/atraksi/danau_tana_bamban|title=Atraksi Danau Tana' Bamban|website=jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id|access-date=2026-03-03}}</ref> == Akses == Pulau Maratua dapek diakses malalui [[Bandar Udara Internasional Samarinda|Bandara Internasional Samarinda]], Tanjung Redep, Tanjung Batu, jo Kota Tarakan. Dari Bandara Internasional Samarinda, panabangan ka Pulau Maratua dilayani dek Smart Aviation. Dari Tanjung Redep, Pulau Maratua dapek ditampuah jo panabangan Susi Air atau jo kapa bamotor. Samantaro dari Tanjung Batu jo Kota Tarakan, Pulau Maratua dapek ditampuah jo kapa bamotor. == Pariwisata == Pariwisata di Pulau Maratua tarutamo malibaikkan panyalaman di bawah lauik. Karang bapinggiran jo ikan karang dapek ditamukan di parairan Pulau Maratua, nan didominasi dek dasar rumpuik lauik jo spesies ''Halodule Uninervis'' . Pulau Maratua mampunyoi banyak tampek panyalaman, tamasuak ''Panyalaman Dermaga'', ''Lalu Lintas Kura-kura'', ''Karang Tangah'', ''Taman Belut'', ''Taman Gantung'', ''Taman Kol'', jo ''tampek The Channel'' . Salain pariwisata lauik, sajak 2015 Maratua juo maadoan acara tahunan, Maratua Jazz and Dive Fiesta, nan diprakarsai dek WartaJazz basamo-samo jo Yayasan Berau Lestari. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/kalimantan/wisata/d-8017634/pulau-maratua-berau-aktivitas-menarik-dan-cara-ke-sana|title=Pulau Maratua Berau: Aktivitas Menarik dan Cara ke Sana|last=Isnanto|first=Bayu Ardi|website=detikKalimantan|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-03-03}}</ref> == Rujuakan == hfi2ib0oa9kh1hy2zmpg544d2nk21eb 0 477534 3345544 3344936 2026-04-02T16:01:10Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345544 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cuando in Angola (2024).svg|thumb]] '''Cuando''' adolah salah ciek dari 21 [[provinsi di Angola]]. Provinsi ko dibantuak pado tanggal 5 September 2024 dari bagian timur [[Provinsi Cuando Cubango]]. Ibu kotanyo adolah kota Mavinga.<ref>{{cite news |last=Manuel |first=Victor |url=https://angop.ao/noticias/grandes-reportagens/angola-novo-ano-novo-mapa/ |title=Angola: Novo ano novo mapa |language=pt |date=25 December 2024 |publisher=[[ANGOP]] |accessdate=30 December 2024 |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225093908/https://angop.ao/noticias/grandes-reportagens/angola-novo-ano-novo-mapa/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Manuruik hasia sensus tahun 2014, panduduaknyo bajumlah 98.419 jiwa.<ref name=citypop>{{cite web |last=Brinkhoff |first=Thomas |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/angola/communes/admin/ |title=Angola: Communes |website=City Population |date=14 November 2019 |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> Babagai bahaso digunoan di Cuando, jo [[Bahaso Luchazi|Nganguela]] sabagai bahaso nan paliang umum.<ref name=info-angola>{{cite web |url=http://info-angola.ao/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=12&Itemid=1260 |title=Cuando Cubango |language=pt |website=Info-Angola |access-date=30 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031130608/http://info-angola.ao/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=12&Itemid=1260 |archive-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> Saindaknyo sajak tahun 2016, alah ado usulan untuak mambagi Cuando Cubango, nan dulunyo marupokan provinsi tagadang kaduo di [[Angola]] badasarkan laweh wilayah, manjadi duo provinsi nan labiah ketek.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://novojornal.co.ao/politica/interior/kuando-kubango-e-moxico-podem-ser-alvo-de-divisao-politico-administrativa-9193.html |title=Kuando Kubango e Moxico podem ser alvo de divisão politico-administrativa |language=pt |date=1 April 2016 |publisher=Novo Jornal |accessdate=30 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://kesongo.com/divisao-politico-administrativa-cria-mais-cinco-provincias/ |title=Divisão Político-Administrativa cria mais cinco províncias |language=pt |date=29 April 2022 |publisher=Kesongo |accessdate=30 December 2024}}</ref> Pado tanggal 14 Agustus 2024, [[Majelis Nasional Angola]] manyatujui undang-undang untuak mambuek tigo provinsi baru, tamasuak pambagian Cuando Cubango manjadi provinsi Cuando dan [[Provinsi Cubango|Cubango]]. Undang-undang tu mulai balaku jo dipublikasiannyo di lamabaran rasmi Angola pado tanggal 5 September 2024.<ref name=gazette>{{cite news |url=https://mpla.ao/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Lei14.24de5deSetembro.pdf |title=Lei n.° 14/24 de 5 de Setembro |date=5 September 2024 |issue=171 |pages=9800–10505 |newspaper=Diário da República |publisher=[[Government of Angola]] |accessdate=30 December 2024}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Angola]] l3xk90ckyrzk7d82ghhbtvdk5ewnxlr 0 477538 3345545 3344961 2026-04-02T16:01:11Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345545 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cuando Cubango in Angola.svg|thumb]] '''Cuando Cubango''' adolah bakeh [[provinsi di Angola]]. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 199.049 km2 jo jumlah panduduak 534.002 jiwa pado tahun 2014.<ref name =Censo2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf |title=Resultados Definitivos Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação - 2014 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola |df=dmy |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214215245/https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wilayah provinsi ko pado tahun 2024 dibantuak duo provinsi baru yaitu [[Provinsi Cuando]] jo [[Provinsi Cubango]].<ref name=gazette>{{cite news |url=https://mpla.ao/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Lei14.24de5deSetembro.pdf |title=Lei n.° 14/24 de 5 de Setembro |date=5 September 2024 |issue=171 |pages=9800–10505 |newspaper=Diário da República |publisher=[[Government of Angola]] |accessdate=29 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Manuel |first=Victor |url=https://angop.ao/noticias/grandes-reportagens/angola-novo-ano-novo-mapa/ |title=Angola: Novo ano novo mapa |date=25 December 2024 |publisher=[[ANGOP]] |accessdate=29 December 2024 |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225093908/https://angop.ao/noticias/grandes-reportagens/angola-novo-ano-novo-mapa/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[Menongue]]. Wilayah administratif Provinsi Cuando Cubango tabagi manjadi 9 [[Munisipalitas di Angola|munisipalitas]]. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Pambagian administratif Angola]] sn6cos07uhuufmba6u8u1n4eh6sacb1 0 477542 3345546 3345024 2026-04-02T16:04:36Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345546 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Icolo e Bengo in Angola (2024).svg|thumb]] '''Icolo e Bengo''' adolah salah ciek dari 21 [[provinsi di Angola]]. Provinsi ko dibantuak pado tanggal 5 September 2024 dari sabagian wilayah [[Provinsi Luanda]]. Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[Catete]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Manuel |first=Victor |url=https://angop.ao/noticias/grandes-reportagens/angola-novo-ano-novo-mapa/ |title=Angola: Novo ano novo mapa |date=25 December 2024 |publisher=[[ANGOP]] |accessdate=29 December 2024 |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225093908/https://angop.ao/noticias/grandes-reportagens/angola-novo-ano-novo-mapa/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Icolo e Bengo babatehan jo Provinsi Luanda di barat lauik, [[Provinsi Bengo|Bengo]] di utara, [[Provinsi Cuanza Norte|Cuanza Norte]] di timur, dan [[Provinsi Cuanza Sul|Cuanza Sul]] di selatan. Provinsi ko babatehan pulo jo [[Lautan Atlantik]] di sabalah barat.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://angop.ao/en/noticias/politica/provincias-de-luanda-e-icolo-e-bengo-divididas-pela-en-100-e-via-expressa/ |title=Provinces of Luanda and Icolo and Bengo divided by EN 100 and Via Expressa roads |date=16 August 2024 |publisher=[[ANGOP]] |accessdate=29 December 2024}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 7 [[Munisipalitas di Angola|munisipalitas]]. Pado tanggal 14 Agustus 2024, [[Majelis Nasional Angola]] manyatujui undang-undang untuak mambuek tigo provinsi baru, tamasuak mamisahan bagian-bagian Provinsi Luanda nan kurang taurbanisasi dari kota [[Luanda]] untuak mambantuak provinsi baru Icolo e Bengo. Undang-undang tu mulai balaku jo dipublikasiannyo lambaran rasmi [[Angola]] pado tanggal 5 September 2024.<ref name=gazette>{{cite news |url=https://mpla.ao/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Lei14.24de5deSetembro.pdf |title=Lei n.° 14/24 de 5 de Setembro |date=5 September 2024 |issue=171 |pages=9800–10505 |newspaper=Diário da República |publisher=[[Government of Angola]] |accessdate=29 December 2024}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Angola]] i5oov7pot2i9fav7o24qxhwhxksk1p2 0 477548 3345548 3345074 2026-04-02T16:06:38Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345548 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lunda Sul in Angola (2024).svg|thumb]] '''Lunda Sul''' adolah salah ciek dari 21 [[provinsi di Angola]]. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 77.637 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 537.587 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2014.<ref name =Censo2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf |title=Resultados Definitivos Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação - 2014 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola |df=dmy |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214215245/https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ibu kota provinsi barado di kota [[Saurimo]]. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 4 [[Munisipalitas di Angola|munisipalitas]]. Provinsi Lunda Sul talatak di ujuang timur [[Angola]], ibu kotanyo Saurimo talatak 946 kilometer (588 mil) malalui jalan darek di sabalah timur ibu kota nagara, [[Luanda]]. Provinsi ko babatehan jo [[Provinsi Lunda Norte]] di utara, [[Republik Demokratik Kongo]] di timur, [[Provinsi Moxico]] dan [[Provinsi Moxico Leste|Moxico Leste]] di selatan, [[Provinsi Bié]] di barat daya, sarato [[Provinsi Malanje]] di barat.<ref name="GM">{{Google maps | url =https://www.google.com/maps/place/9%C2%B039%2700.0%22S+20%C2%B024%2700.0%22E/@-9.65,20.4,787m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0?hl=en | access-date =22 September 2014}}</ref> Wilayahnyo didominasi dek lahan [[sabana]] kariang; hanyo di lambah [[batang aia Kasai]] tadapek siso-siso [[hutan hujan tropis]]. Salain itu, tadapek pulo [[batang aia Kwango]] nan manjadi salah ciek batang aia utamo.<ref name="Africa2009">{{cite book|title=Compendium of elections in Southern Africa, 1989-2009: 20 years of multiparty democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZNCAQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Electoral Institute of Southern Africa|isbn=978-1-920095-76-5|page=24}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Angola]] 7lrrz75s0x4drqx4eqs7r8y8qxvp9oo 0 477549 3345550 3345083 2026-04-02T16:08:08Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345550 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Moxico in Angola (2024).svg|thumb]] '''Moxico''' adolah salah ciek dari 21 [[provinsi di Angola]]. Daulu, wilayahnyo mampunyoi laweh 223.023 kilometer persegi (86.110 mil persegi), nan satara jo 18% dari laweh daratan [[Angola]].<ref name="info">{{cite web | url = http://www.info-angola.ao/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=22&Itemid=1596 | title = Moxico | year = 2014 | publisher = Info-Angola | location = Luanda, Angola | access-date = 2014-05-12 | language = pt | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131103215814/http://www.info-angola.ao/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=22&Itemid=1596 | archive-date = 2013-11-03 | url-status = dead}}</ref> Kini, bagian paliang timur provinsi ko dijadian provinsi baru [[Provinsi Maxico Laste|Maxico Laste]]. Provinsi Maxico mampunyoi panduduak sabanyak 758.568 jiwa manuruik hasia sensus tahun 2014, jo kapadekan panduduak sakitar 3,4 panduduak per km2 (8,8/mil persegi), manjadiannyo salah ciek daerah jo kapadekan panduduak tarandah di Angola.<ref name =Censo2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf |title=Resultados Definitivos Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação - 2014 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola |df=dmy |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214215245/https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ibu kota provinsi barado di kota [[Luena]], talatak 1.314 kilometer (816 mil) dari ibu kota Angola, [[Luanda]].<ref name="gov">{{cite web | url = http://www.moxico.gov.ao/InformacoesProvinciais.aspx?tipo=Perfil | title = Perfil da Província | year = 2011 | publisher = Portal do Governo Provincial do Moxico | location = Lueno, Angola? | access-date = 2014-05-12 | language = pt}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 9 [[Munisipalitas di Angola|munisipalitas]]. Provinsi Maxico marupokan lokasi banyak paparangan gerilya salamo [[Parang Sudaro Angola]]. Parbatasan nan panjang jo [[Zambia]] di sabalah timur provinsi tu manjadi basis operasi [[UNITA]] jo [[MPLA]]. Akibaiknyo, Provinsi Maxico mangalami banyak sarangan dek militer [[Afrika Selatan]].<ref name="hist">{{cite book | last = Broadhead | first = Susan | title = Historical dictionary of Angola | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Metuchen, N.J | year = 1992 | isbn = 9780810825321 | page = 140}}</ref> Provinsi ko dikenal sabagai tampek tabunuahnyo pamimpin pambarontak UNITA, [[Jonas Savimbi]], pado tahun 2000; manandoi baakhianyo parang sudaro salamo labiah dari saparampek abaik di Angola.<ref name="BBC">[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1839252.stm Savimbi 'died with gun in hand, BBC News]</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Angola]] ildbw1yhpf3m1336oqcllw0stbosi5w 0 477550 3345551 3345087 2026-04-02T16:08:14Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345551 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Moxico Leste in Angola (2024).svg|thumb]] '''Moxico Leste''' adolah salah ciek dari 21 [[provinsi di Angola]]. Provinsi ko dibantuak pado tanggal 5 September 2024 dari bagian timur [[Provinsi Moxico|Provinsi Maxico]]. Ibu kota provinsi barado di kota [[Cazombo]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Manuel |first=Victor |url=https://angop.ao/noticias/grandes-reportagens/angola-novo-ano-novo-mapa/ |title=Angola: Novo ano novo mapa |date=25 December 2024 |publisher=[[ANGOP]] |accessdate=29 December 2024 |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225093908/https://angop.ao/noticias/grandes-reportagens/angola-novo-ano-novo-mapa/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah sakitar 73,141 km2<ref name=monograph>{{cite web |url=https://moxico.gov.ao/fotos/frontend_49/gov_documentos/monografia_moxico_1471262777651fc42e419af.pdf |title=Monografia Moxico |language=pt |publisher=Provincial government of Moxico |date=November 2022 |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> jo panduduak sabanyak 318.582 manuruik pakiroan pado tahun 2022.<ref name=citypop>{{cite web |last=Brinkhoff |first=Thomas |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/angola/admin/ |title=Angola: Administrative Division |website=City Population |date=20 April 2022 |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 9 [[Munisipalitas di Angola|munisipalitas]]. Saindaknyo sajak tahun 2016, alah ado usulan untuak mambagi provinsi Maxico, nan dulunyo marupokan provinsi tagadang di Angola badasarkan laweh wilayah, manjadi duo provinsi nan labiah ketek.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://novojornal.co.ao/politica/interior/kuando-kubango-e-moxico-podem-ser-alvo-de-divisao-politico-administrativa-9193.html |title=Kuando Kubango e Moxico podem ser alvo de divisão politico-administrativa |language=pt |date=1 April 2016 |publisher=Novo Jornal |accessdate=29 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://kesongo.com/divisao-politico-administrativa-cria-mais-cinco-provincias/ |title=Divisão Político-Administrativa cria mais cinco províncias |language=pt |date=29 April 2022 |publisher=Kesongo |accessdate=29 December 2024}}</ref> Pado tanggal 14 Agustus 2024, [[Majelis Nasional Angola]] manyatujui undang-undang untuak mambuek tigo provinsi baru, tamasuak mamisahan munisipalitas [[Alto Zambeze]], [[Cameia]], [[Luacano]], dan [[Luau]] dari Moxico untuak mambuek provinsi Moxico Leste. Undang-undang tu mulai balaku jo dipublikasiannyo di lamabaran rasmi Angola pado tanggal 5 September 2024.<ref name=gazette>{{cite news |url=https://mpla.ao/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Lei14.24de5deSetembro.pdf |title=Lei n.° 14/24 de 5 de Setembro |date=5 September 2024 |issue=171 |pages=9800–10505 |newspaper=Diário da República |publisher=[[Government of Angola]] |accessdate=29 December 2024}}</ref> Awalnyo provinsi tu akan dinamoi Cassai Zambeze, namun kamudian dituka sasudah bakonsultasi samo Nhakatolo Ngambo, panguaso suku [[Urang Luvale|Luvale]] dan [[Urang Lunda|Lunda]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Pires |first=Bernardo |url=https://www.opais.ao/cultura/rainha-nhakatolo-satisfeita-com-alteracao-do-nome-da-provincia-de-cassai-zambeze-para-moxico-leste/ |title=Rainha Nhakatolo satisfeita com alteração do nome da província de Cassai Zambeze para Moxico Leste |language=pt |date=27 November 2024 |publisher=Jornal OPaís |accessdate=29 December 2024}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Angola]] i9597dsmbpopao4sg1eemfkf6a869e1 0 477552 3345552 3345094 2026-04-02T16:10:57Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345552 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Uíge in Angola (2024).svg|thumb]] '''Uíge''' adolah salah ciek dari 21 [[provinsi di Angola]],{{sfn|James|Broadhead|2004|p=135}} nan talatak di bagian barat lauik nagara tu.<ref name=Brit>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612771/Uige|title=Uige|access-date=21 January 2011|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Ibo kota provinsi barado di kota jo namo nan samo, [[Uíge]]. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 58,698 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.483.118 manuruik hasia sensus tahun 2014.<ref name =Censo2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf |title=Resultados Definitivos Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação - 2014 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola |df=dmy |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214215245/https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 16 [[Munisipalitas di Angola|munisipalitas]].<ref name="ebizguides2008">{{cite book|author=ebizguides|title=Angola: All You Need to Know to Do Business and Have Fun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4vvzrSluC8C&pg=PA331|access-date=21 January 2011|date=January 2008|publisher=MTH Multimedia S.L.|isbn=978-84-933978-8-3|pages=331–}}</ref><ref name=Embassy>{{Cite web|url=http://www.angolaembassyindia.org/provinces.htm|title=Provinces|access-date=22 January 2011|publisher=Angola Embassy, India|archive-date=4 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904021317/http://www.angolaembassyindia.org/provinces.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Provinsi Uíge babatehan jo [[Republik Demokratik Kongo]] di utara, batang aia Zadi di barat, batang aia Beu di timur, sarato kota [[Beu]] di selatan. Jalan darek nan mahubuangi provinsi ko jo ibu kota nagara [[Luanda]] malalui [[Provinsi Bengo]].<ref name="ebizguides2008"/><ref name="Benarde2006">{{cite book|first=Melvin A.|last= Benarde|title=Our precarious habitat?: the sky is not falling|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9O82L8QEZXcC&pg=PA104|access-date=21 January 2011|year=2006|publisher=Wiley-Interscience|isbn=978-0-471-74065-0|pages=104–}}</ref> Provinsi ko dialiai dek banyak batang aia nan dapek dilewati dek biduak ketek.<ref name="ebizguides2008"/> Wilayahnyo bacirian medan pastoral jo tanah nan subur. Provinsi Uíge baiklim [[Iklim tropis|tropis]] jo suhu rato-rato tahunan sagadang 24 °C (75 °F).{{sfn|James|Broadhead|2004|p=163}} Tadapek Cagar Hutan Beu di provinsi ko.<ref name="SteadRorison2010">{{cite book|author1=Mike Stead|author2=Sean Rorison|title=Angola|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSSojQ8FOCMC&pg=PA169|access-date=22 January 2011|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-304-7|pages=169–}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == *{{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=Stefan|title=Africa's Legacies of Urbanization: Unfolding Saga of a Continent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wqidll-BE-wC&pg=PA208|date=15 October 2008|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-3348-4}} *{{cite book|first1=W. Martin |last1=James|first2=Susan Herlin |last2=Broadhead|title=Historical dictionary of Angola|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000jame|url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000jame/page/135 135] |year=2004|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-4940-2}} *{{cite book|last=Oyebade|first=Adebayo|title=Culture and Customs of Angola|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3i10eQQLU8QC&pg=PA7|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33147-3}} *{{cite book|last1=Stead|first1=Mike|last2=Rorison|first2=Sean|last3=Scafidi|first3=Oscar|title=Angola|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jqQRmcjxLYC&pg=PA201|year=2013|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-443-3}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Angola]] nstzzeijrd4hpdx1dtvqhgtctq3cauh 0 477560 3345541 3345129 2026-04-02T14:03:06Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345541 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Saint Peter in Antigua and Barbuda (cropped).svg|thumb]] '''Saint Peter''' adolah salah ciek dari 6 [[paroki di Antigua jo Barbuda]]. Saint Peter babatehan jo [[Paroki Saint Paul, Antigua jo Barbuda|paroki Saint Paul]] di selatan, [[Paroki Saint Philip, Antigua jo Barbuda|Saint Philip]] di timur, dan [[Paroki Saint George, Antigua jo Barbuda|Saint George]] dan [[Paroki Saint John, Antigua jo Barbuda|Saint John]] di barat. Saint Peter didominasi dek lahan patanian, [[sabana]], jo ladang nan alun dikambangan, jo bateh-batehnyo nan indak jaleh. Kota tagadang nan sapanuahnyo barado dalam paroki ko iolah [[Parham]], nan sakaligus manjadi ibu kota paroki. Namun, bagian kota [[All Saints, Antigua jo Barbuda|All Saints]] di Saint Peter jauah labiah gadang daripado Parham. Saint Peter dibantuak sacaro parmanen basamo ampek paroki lainnyo pado tahun 1692.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib5FAAAAcAAJ&dq=1681+%22An+act+for+dividing+this+island+into+parishes%22&pg=PA93 |title=The Laws of the Island of Antigua: Consisting of the Acts of the Leeward Islands, Commencing 8th November 1690, Ending 21st April 1798; and the Acts of Antigua, Commencing 10th April 1668, Ending 7th May 1804 |date=1805 |publisher=Samuel Bagster |volume= |location=Strand, London |language=en}}</ref> Panduduaknyo dipakiroan sabanyak 5.706 jiwa pado tahun 2018.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=October 2020 |title=Antigua and Barbuda 2018 Labour Force Survey Report |url=https://statistics.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/2018-Antigua-and-Barbuda-LFS-Report.pdf |website=statistics.gov.ag |publisher=Statistics Division, Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance, Antigua and Barbuda }}</ref> Maskipun wilayah paroki sabagian gadang data jo cocok untuak diunyi, sabagian gadang panduduak tingga di kota-kota padek di bagian timur di parbatasan barat. Sangaik saketek pamukiman nan talatak di lua wilayah tu. Paroki ko marupokan rumah bagi sabagian gadang pulau-pulau ketek di nagara [[Antigua jo Barbuda]], jo paroki ko mampunyoi banyak taluak sarato anak batang aia. Sabagian batang aia barado di parbatasan paroki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Streams in Antigua |url=https://nri.environment.gov.ag/layers/geonode_data:geonode:HDR_ATG_Streams_2020_840 |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=nri.environment.gov.ag |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015193458/https://nri.environment.gov.ag/layers/geonode_data:geonode:HDR_ATG_Streams_2020_840 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Banyak badan aia paroki talatak di bagian tenggara, jo Banduangan Potworks, nan digunoan samo paroki Saint Paul, manjadi badan aia nan tagadang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural and Artificial Ponds, Dams, and Waterbodies |url=https://nri.environment.gov.ag/layers/geonode_data:geonode:HDR_ATG_Waterbodies_2019_84 |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=nri.environment.gov.ag |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015193458/https://nri.environment.gov.ag/layers/geonode_data:geonode:HDR_ATG_Waterbodies_2019_84 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Paroki Saint Peter dikaliliangi dek bangak infrastruktur kareta api basikarah Antigua.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antigua's Rail Infrastructure - 1891 |url=https://nri.environment.gov.ag/layers/geonode_data:geonode:HST_ATG_Railways_1891_840 |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=nri.environment.gov.ag |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015193457/https://nri.environment.gov.ag/layers/geonode_data:geonode:HST_ATG_Railways_1891_840 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Paroki di Antigua jo Barbuda]] 5cz4m2ftxskp7l4ru6zzfw8j1bmep8r 0 477570 3345543 3345213 2026-04-02T15:58:17Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345543 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chubut in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Chubut''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]]. Provinsi ko babatehan jo [[Provinsi Río Negro]] jo [[Provinsi Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]] di selatan, pagunuangan [[Andes]] di barat nan manjadi parbatasan internasional samo [[Chili]], sarato [[Lautan Atlantik]] di timur. Namo provinsi ko baasa dari kato ''Tehuelche chupat'', nan bararti 'transparan', gambaran urang-urang tantang [[batang aia Chubut]]. Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 224.686 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 592.621 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="Census 2022">Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la Republica Argentine, Census of 16 May 2022.</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 15 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[Rawson]]. Ekonomi Chubut, nan untuak wakatu nan lamo marupokan salah ciek nan paliang makmur di Argentina, adolah salah ciek kurang tadiversifikasi di nagara tu. Hampia saparampek dari ekonominyo pado tahun 2006, dipakiroan sagadang US$4,652 miliar (atau pandapatan per kapita sagadang US$11.256), dihasian dari patambangan jo minyak bumi.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url = http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language = es |access-date = 10 July 2015 |archive-date = 11 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |dead-url = yes }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] o0d68kpgf3bqh297ebvubeze7n8irom 0 477576 3345547 3345237 2026-04-02T16:06:17Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345547 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:La Pampa in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''La Pampa''' adolah salah ciek dari 23 [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan talatak di [[Pampas]], bagian tenggara nagara tu. Provinsi-provinsi tetangganyo dari utara saarah jarum jam iolah [[Provinsi San Luis|San Luis]], [[Provinsi Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[Provinsi Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Provinsi Río Negro|Río Negro]], [[Provinsi Neuquén|Neuquén]], dan [[Provinsi Mendoza|Mendoza]]. La Pampa marupokan bapanduduak jarang jo hanyo 366.022 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022 nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 143.440 km2.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sabagai pabandiangan wilayah, provinsi ko labiah gadang dari pado nagara [[Austria]], [[Taiwan]], [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]], atau [[Yunani]], contohnyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.laenderdaten.de/geographie/flaeche.aspx |title=Die Flächendaten aller Länder, sortierbar nach Alphabet und Größe |access-date=2021-03-11 |archive-date=2021-03-11 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210311184550/https://www.laenderdaten.de/geographie/flaeche.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Provinsi ko, nan sajak lamo manjadi provinsi patanian tagadang di [[Argentina]], mahasian output ekonomi sagadang US$3,144 miliar pado tahun 2006, atau US$10.504 per kapita, hampia 20% di ateh rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url = http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language = es |access-date = 10 July 2015 |archive-date = 11 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |dead-url = yes }}</ref> Sacaro administratif, provinsi ko tabagi manjadi 22 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Ibi kotanyo barado di [[Santa Rosa, La Pampa|Santa Rosa]]. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] ld2jp7wn8lruwmpxsvfeaj4hckdidll 0 477581 3345549 3345307 2026-04-02T16:06:46Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345549 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Misiones in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Misiones''' adolah salah ciek [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan talatak di suduik timur lauik nagara tu, di wilayah [[Mesopotamia]]. Provinsi ko dikaliliangi dek [[Paraguay]] di barat lauik, [[Brasil]] di utara, timur, jo selatan, sarato [[Provinsi Corrientes]] di barat daya. Provinsi Misiones mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 29.801 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.280.960 jiwa badasarkan sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di kota [[Posadas]]. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 17 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Wilayah provinsi ko adolah area awal aktipitas misionaris [[Gareja Katolik Roma|Katolik Roma]] dek para [[Yesuit]] nan dimulai pado awal abaik ka-17. Pado tahun 1984, raruntuahan ampek situs misi di Argentina ditatapan sabagai [[Situs Warisan Dunia]] [[Organisasi Pandidikan, Ilmu Pangatahuan, jo Kabudayaan Pasarikatan Banso-Banso|UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2835/ |author=Garriga, Antonio |date=1713 |title=Instruccion practica para ordenar santamente la vidà; que ofrece el P. Antonio Garriga de la Compania de Iesus. Como brebe memorial, y recuerdo à los que hazen los exercicios espirituales de S. Ignacio de Loyola fundador de la misma Compañia |trans-title=Practical Instruction to Order One’s Life According to Saintly Precepts: Offered by Father Antonio Garriga of the Society of Jesus. As a Brief Memorial and Memento of the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius Loyola, Founder of the Society |work=[[World Digital Library]] |language=es |location=Misiones, Argentina |access-date=7 June 2013 }}</ref> Takah kabanyakan wilayah di [[Argentina]] utara, ekonomi provinsi ko cukuik kurang bakambang namun cukuik baragam. Pado tahun 2006, output ekonominyo sagadang US$4,8 miliar atau US$4.940 per kapita, 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/ |title=I.A.D.E.R<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2026-04-01 |archive-date=2013-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221041659/http://www.iader.org.ar/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] 7qvxbrqm5h1hsyswufi8vbmshqsd5yz 0 477583 3345540 3345531 2026-04-02T13:53:19Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3345540 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Abraham_Lincoln_Carrier_Strike_Group_Conducts_Photo_Exercise.jpg|jmpl|[[Kelompok Tempur Induk 3|Kelompok Serangan Pembawa 3]] balayia dalam formasi di [[Laut Arab|Lauik Arab]] salamo [[Penumpukan militer Amerika Serikat di Timur Tengah 2026|panumpuakan militer Amerika Serikat di Timur Tangah 2026]], 6 Februari 2026 .]] Pado 28 Februari 2026, [[Israel]] jo [[Amerika Sarikaik|Amerika Serikat]] malancarkan serangan basamo taradok babagai sasaran di [[Iran]] . Operasi nan diagiah namo kode '''Singo Mangaum''' dek Israel <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm60zpmz001v3b6pkd1t046n|title=Israel names operation against Iran "Roaring Lion"|last=Tal Shalev|date=28 February 2026|website=[[CNN]]|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602288170|title=Israel names operation against Iran 'Lion's Roar'|date=28 February 2026|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> jo '''Operasi Epik Fury''' dek [[Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat|Departemen Partahanan Amerika Serikat]], <ref>{{Cite tweet|number=2027662002219302929|user=DeptOfWar|title=Operation Epic Fury|date=28 February 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602280838|title=Pentagon names Iran mission 'Operation Epic Fury'|website=[[Iran International]]|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> dimulai jo serangan udaro ka kota-kota [[Tehran|Teheran]], [[Isfahan]], [[Qom]], [[Karaj]], jo [[Kermanshah]]. Presiden [[Donald Trump]] mangumumkan dalam sabuah video nan diposting di [[Truth Social]] baso Amerika Sarikat alah malancarkan panyarangan ka Iran basamo-samo jo Israel. Inyo maimbau anggota [[Korps Garda Revolusi Islam|Korps Pengawal Revolusi Islam]] (IRGC) untuak malatakkan sanjatonyo sabagai imbalan [[Kekebalan dari penuntutan (hukum internasional)|kekebalan]], jo mamperingatkan baso panulakan akan bararti "kamatian nan pasti". <ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|last=Magid|first=Jacob|date=28 February 2026|title=Trump indicates goal of Iran strikes is to topple regime; tells Iranian people: 'When we're finished, take over your government'|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/trump-indicates-goal-of-iran-strikes-is-to-topple-regime-tells-iranian-people-when-we-are-finished-take-over-your-government/|access-date=04-01-2026|language=en-US|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> Panyarangan awal ditargetkan pado pejabat kunci, komandan militer, jo babarapo fasilitas, tamasuak komplek parumahan Pamimpin Agung [[Ali Khamenei]], nan ditunjukkan dek pencitraan satelit rusak parah atau hancua. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Fabian|first=Emanuel|date=28 February 2026|title=Satellite image shows destruction of Khamenei's compound|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/satellite-image-shows-destruction-of-khameneis-compound/|access-date=04-01-2026|language=en-US|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> Manuruik Trump, babarapo pejabat Israel, jo sakurang-kurangnyo surang pejabat intelijen A.S., <ref name="usintelligenceofficialcbsnews">{{Cite news|title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei killed in strikes, led theocratic regime for decades|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ayatollah-khamenei-dead-iranian-supreme-leader-us-israel-military-mission/|work=CBS News|date=28 February 2026|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Boxerman|first=Aaron|last2=Pager|first2=Tyler|last3=Fassihi|first3=Farnaz|last4=Bergman|first4=Ronen|last5=Pérez-Peña|first5=Richard|title=Trump Says Khamenei, Iran's Supreme Leader, Is Dead: Live Updates|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump#several-rounds-of-us-iran-nuclear-talks-failed-to-stave-off-strikes|work=The New York Times|date=28 February 2026|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Khamenei [[Pembunuhan Ali Khamenei|tabunuah dalam panyarangan]] pado komplek tasabuik. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/liveblog/202602288143|title=Live - Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei killed in Saturday airstrikes|date=28 February 2026|website=[[Iran International]]|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=28 February 2026|title=The rise and fall of Iran's ruthless and pragmatic Ayatollah Ali Khamenei|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/feb/28/iran-ayatollah-ali-khamenei|access-date=04-01-2026|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-killed-senior-israeli-official-says-2026-02-28/|title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei killed, senior Israeli official says|date=28 February 2026|website=Reuters|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Sabagai pambalasan, Iran maluncuakan puluahan [[Paluru kandali balistik|rudal balistik]] jo [[Kendaraan udara tak berawak di militer Iran|drone]] di saluruah wilayah [[Taluak Persia]] salain manargetkan Israel <ref name=":1" /> jo pangkalan militer AS <ref name=":1" /> di [[Yordania]], [[Kuwait]], <ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media|url=https://apnews.com/video/smoke-seen-over-manama-doha-and-kuwait-city-39297a607e944aa2988a92d34efd6c5a|title=Smoke seen in Bahrain, Qatar and Kuwait as Iran retaliates against strikes|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026|via=AP News}}</ref> [[Bahrain]], <ref name=":0" /> [[Qatar]], <ref name=":0" /> [[Irak]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/896910/slug|title=Kurdistan Announces Safety, Supply and Power Measures as Missiles Intercepted Over Erbil|last=|date=28 February 2026|website=Kurdistan24|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> [[Arab Saudi]] [[Uni Emirat Arab|Unit]]. Salanjuiknyo, kalompok [[Houthi]] nan barado di [[Yaman]] mangumumkan baso mareka akan malanjuikan [[Krisis Laut Merah|panyarangan mareka di Lauik Merah]] . <ref name="How Trump's deportation plan could affect the US economy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c204px4zddro|title=Iran says it has hit US base in Bahrain, as it launches strikes across region|last=Bennett|first=Tom|date=28 February 2026|website=BBC News|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|agency=AP|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian-backed Houthis say they'll resume attacks on Israel and on shipping routes|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/iranian-backed-houthis-say-theyll-resume-attacks-on-israel-and-on-shipping-routes/|access-date=04-01-2026|language=en-US|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> Salain itu, laporan manunjuakan baso eskalasi ko malaweh ka kajadian nan mampangaruahi fasilitas panerbangan sipil, tamasuak bandara internasional di Kuwait jo UEA. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1855878-%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-4-%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A|title=إصابة 4 أشخاص في حادث بمطار دبي الدولي|website=Sky News Arabia}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.factjo.com/news/133437|title=إصابة 4 أشخاص إثر حادث في مطار دبي الدولي|website=FactJo}}</ref> Trump manyatoan baso tujuan dari panyarangan tu adolah untuak marusak [[Militer Iran|kapasitas]] [[Program rudal balistik Iran|rudal jo militer Iran]], managah [[Program nuklir Iran|Iran mandapekkan sanjato nuklir]], jo akhianyo [[Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat dalam pergantian rezim|manggulingakan rezim]] . <ref name="auto1" /> Panyarangan iko dikutuk dek [[Pasarikatan Banso-Banso|PBB]] jo babarapo nagara nan indak talibaik sabagai nan mandestabilisasi wilayah tasabuik, samantaro nan lain mangutuak sarangan pambalasan Iran taradok nagara-nagara lain di wilayah tasabuik. <ref name="auto8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yj9kr31y7o|title=How the world has reacted to US and Israeli strikes on Iran|date=28 February 2026|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Para kritikus sarangan iko juo manyabuiknyo ilegal di bawah hukum dalam nagari jo [[Hukum antarobanso|internasional]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/pressroom/2026-02/illegal-us-israel-attacks-not-justifiable-nonproliferation-grounds|title=Illegal U.S.-Israel Attacks Not Justifiable on Nonproliferation Grounds|date=28 February 2026|website=Arms Control Association|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Israel jo Iran sabalunnyo alah [[Konflik Iran–Israel 2024|manggaleh sarangan tit-untuak-tat]] pado April jo Oktober 2024, jo malakuan [[Perang Dua Belas Hari|parang singkek]] pado 2025 nan juo tamasuak [[Serangan Amerika Serikat ke situs nuklir Iran|sarangan udaro AS]] nan batujuan untuak marusak fasilitas nuklir Iran. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/confrontation-between-united-states-and-iran|title=Iran's Conflict With Israel and the United States|website=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Sajak 6 Februari 2026, Iran jo AS alah dalam parundiangan nuklir indak langsuang nan dimediasi dek [[Oman]], jo putaran kaduo parundiangan nuklir dijadwalkan balangsuang di Jenewa. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/2026/02/14/iran-nuclear-trump-geneva-us|title=U.S. and Iran set to hold second round of nuclear talks in Geneva|last=Ravid|first=Barak|date=14 February 2026|website=[[Axios (situs web)|Axios]]|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> == Latar balakang == [[Penarikan diri Amerika Serikat dari Rencana Aksi Komprehensif Bersama|Panarikan Amerika Sarikat dari Rencana Tindakan Komprehensif Basamo]] pado 2018 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44045957|title=Iran nuclear deal: Trump pulls US out in break with Europe allies|date=9 May 2018|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> manyababkan pambarian baliak [[Sanksi internasional terhadap Iran|sanksi]] taradok Iran jo pageseran ka arah panggunoan kakuatan daripado diplomasi dalam hubungan antaro AS jo sekutunyo jo Iran. Pamarintahan Trump maadopsi strategi "takanan maksimal". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/trump-tightens-the-screws-on-irans-oil/|title=Trump tightens the screws on Iran's oil|website=Brookings|language=en-US|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Pamaksaan baliak sanksi AS mampunyoi dampak nan sangaik buruak pado ekonomi Iran. Nilai tukar [[rial Iran]] anjlok 20%, <ref>Congressional Research Service.</ref> dari 35.000 ka dolar manjadi 42.000 pado 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xe.com/currencycharts/?from=USD&to=IRR|title=US Dollar to Iranian Rial Exchange Rate Chart {{!}} Xe|website=www.xe.com|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Bank-bank internasional nan baurusan jo Iran mambayia dando nan barek. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebulletin.org/2021/02/foreign-commercial-banks-the-essential-partner-in-future-discussions-of-the-iran-nuclear-deal/|title=Foreign commercial banks: The essential partner in future discussions of the Iran nuclear deal|last=Mecklin|first=John|date=19 February 2021|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Sagalo parusahaan gadang Eropa baranti bausaho jo Iran karano takuik jo sanksi AS. <ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last=Sharafedin|first=Bozorgmehr|date=8 May 2019|title=Iran rolls back pledges under nuclear pact abandoned by Washington|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-rouhani-idUSKCN1SE0I5|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Sanksi mandorong jutaan panduduak Iran manjadi miskin jo mangurangi daya balinyo untuak barang-barang pantiang impor sarupo makanan jo ubek-ubek <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/08/iran-sanctions-are-unjust-and-harmful-says-un-expert-warning-against|title=Iran sanctions are unjust and harmful, says UN expert warning against generalised economic war|website=OHCHR|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> sambia mambaka inflasi, pangangguran, jo karusakan infrastruktur. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/world/in-depth-irans-raging-protests-expose-its-economic-pressures-9267661.html|title=In-Depth {{!}} Iran's raging protests expose its economic pressures|website=Moneycontrol|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309231836/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/world/in-depth-irans-raging-protests-expose-its-economic-pressures-9267661.html|archive-date=2025-03-09|access-date=2026-04-01|dead-url=no}}</ref> Katagangan antaro Iran jo Amerika Sarikat sarato Israel alah maningkek sajak [[Serangan 7 Oktober|panyarangan 7 Oktober ka Israel]] jo dimulainyo [[Perang Gaza|Parang Gaza]] pado 2023 di mano Israel alah malamahkan milisi nan didukuang Iran di saluruah Timur Tangah, tamasuak [[Hamas]] di Gaza, [[Hizbullah]] di Lebanon, jo lain-lain. Israel jo Iran [[Konflik Iran–Israel 2024|manggaleh sarangan tit-untuak-tat]] pado April jo Oktober 2024, jo malakuan [[Perang Dua Belas Hari|parang singkek]] pado 2025 nan juo mancaliak [[Serangan Amerika Serikat ke situs nuklir Iran|sarangan udaro Amerika Serikat]] nan batujuan untuak marusak fasilitas nuklir Iran. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/confrontation-between-united-states-and-iran|title=Iran's Conflict With Israel and the United States|website=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Parotes anti pamarentah Iran == Mulai akhia Desember 2025, [[Protes Iran 2025–2026|protes anti-pamarintah masif di saluruah nagara]] malatuih di Iran, nan sabagian gadang didorong dek krisis ekonomi, karuntuahan [[Rial Iran|rial]], jo harago nan malayang. Protes nan dicirikan jo panggilan untuak parubahan rezim, marupoan nan paliang gadang dalam skala sajak [[Revolusi Iran|revolusi 1979]], <ref>{{Cite news|date=13 January 2026|title=Iranian regime rallies supporters in bid to quell unrest|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2026/01/13/iranian-regime-rallies-supporters-in-bid-to-quell-unrest_6749359_4.html|access-date=2026-04-01|work=[[Le Monde]]|language=en}}</ref> manyebar ka labiah dari 100 kota di saluruah nagara. <ref name=":232">{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/reza-pahlavi-iran-revolution-exiled-prince-plan-regime-change/|title=Inside an exiled prince's plan for regime change in Iran|date=13 January 2026|website=[[Politico]]|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Pamarintah Iran mananggapi jo panindasan kekerasan, tamasuak [[Pembantaian Iran 2026|pambantaian para demonstran]], jo kajadian nan paliang mambunuah tajadi pado 8 jo 10 Januari 2026; <ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/01/23/middleeast/iran-internet-blackout-violent-crackdown-intl-cmd|title=The night Iran went dark: Witness accounts and video reveal violence inflicted during Iran's internet blackout|last=Mostafa Salem|last2=Jomana Karadsheh|date=23 January 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01|last3=Sarah Dean|last4=Florence Davey-Attlee|last5=Adam Pourahmadi}}</ref> [[Kantor Berita Aktivis Hak Asasi Manusia|Kantua Berita Aktivis Hak Asasi Manusia]] nan barado di AS mampakiroan jumlah korban maningga adolah 7.000 urang, pamarintah Iran manyatoan baso jumlah korban maningga adolah 3.117 urang, sadangkan Donald Trump jo urang lain malatakkan jumlah korban maningga adolah 32.000 urang. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Iran anti-government student protests spread to more universities|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyxrv8z0vdo|work=BBC|date=23 February 2026|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> [[AP News]] malaporan baso panggunoan kakarasan nan bakalabiahan dek pamarintah alah mambangkikkan putuih aso di kalangan panduduak Iran jo maningkekan harapan di kalangan sabagian dari mareka untuak sarangan Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-protests-memorials-chehelom-71e5db503a287126a2d31cb32a2809eb|title=Iranians grieve defiantly for thousands killed in last month's crackdown|date=19 February 2026|website=[[Associated Press News]]|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Babarapo sarjana bapandapek baso pamarintah Iran kini maadoki nagara nan rapuh nan dapek manyababkan jatuahnyo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2026/01/how-much-longer-can-irans-islamic-republic-survive|title=How much longer can Iran's Islamic Republic survive?|last=Ansari|first=Ali|date=14 January 2026|website=[[New Statesman]]|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Pado 13 Januari 2026, Presiden Amerika Serikat [[Donald Trump]] manyatoan dukuangannyo kapado para demonstran anti-pamarentah Iran, <ref name=":132">{{Cite news|last=Elwelly|first=Elwely|last2=Erickson|first2=Bo|date=14 January 2026|title=Trump urges Iranians to keep protesting, saying 'help is on its way'|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/iranian-mp-warns-greater-unrest-urging-government-address-grievances-2026-01-13/|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> dan kamudian, pado tanggal 23 Januari, Trump mangumumkan baso sabuah "armada" Amerika Serikat manuju ka [[Timur Tangah]], tamasuak kapa induk [[USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)|USS Abraham- Lincoln jo CVN-82]] [[USS Gerald R. Ford|.]] baitu juo babarapo kapa parusak rudal-pandu. <ref name=":022">{{Cite news|last=Wintour|first=Patrick|date=24 January 2026|title=Trump says US 'armada' heading to Middle East as Iran death toll put above 5,000|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jan/23/trump-says-us-armada-heading-middle-east-iran-death-toll|access-date=2026-04-01|work=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Live updates: U.S. and Israel launch attack on Iran as Trump calls for regime change|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/02/28/israel-strikes-iran-live-updates/|access-date=2026-04-01|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Pajabat AS jo Eropa mangatoan baso Washington alah mambuek tigo tuntutan utamo dari Iran: pambatasan permanen sadoalah pangayaan uranium, pambatasan kareh pado program rudal balistik Iran, jo pambatasan sapanuahnyo dukuangan untuak kalompok-kalompok proksi regional sarupo [[Hamas]], [[Hizbullah]], jo [[Houthi|Houthis]] . <ref>{{Cite news|first=David E.|last=Sanger|first2=Tyler|last2=Pager|first3=Farnaz|last3=Fassihi|date=28 January 2026|title=Trump Threatens Iran with 'Massive Armada' and Presses a Set of Demands|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/28/us/politics/trump-iran-armada.html|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Parencanaan untuak sarangkaian sarangan nan diusulkan juo dimulai jo koordinasi jo lembaga intelijen Israel. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/28/world-reacts-to-us-israel-attack-on-iran-tehran-retaliation|title=World reacts to US, Israel attack on Iran, Tehran retaliation|date=28 February 2026|website=Al Jazeera English|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> == Parundiangan nuklir jo panumpuakan kahadiran militer AS == Pado 6 Februari 2026, Iran jo AS maadoan parundiangan nuklir indak langsuang di ibu kota [[Oman]] [[Muskat|Muscat]] . Iran manakankan baso kamajuan tagantuang pado konsultasi nan dibarui di ibukota masiang-masiang. <ref name=":522">{{Cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/2026/02/14/iran-nuclear-trump-geneva-us|title=U.S. and Iran set to hold second round of nuclear talks in Geneva|last=Ravid|first=Barak|date=14 February 2026|website=[[Axios (situs web)|Axios]]|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Putaran kaduo parundiangan nuklir dijadwalkan untuak balangsuang di Jenewa. <ref name=":522" /> Salamo 15–20 Februari, Iran maningkekan ekspor minyaknyo tigo kali lipek jo mangurangi simpanan minyaknyo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Iran-Rushes-to-Ship-Oil-Ahead-of-Possible-US-Strike.html|title=Iran Rushes to Ship Oil Ahead of Possible U.S. Strike|last=Paraskova|first=Tsvetana|date=26 Februari 2026|website=OilPrice.com|language=en}}</ref> Tapek sabalun panyarangan dimulai, pado 27 Februari 2026, Mantari Lua Nagari Oman [[Badr Albusaidi|Badr Al-Busaidi]] mangatokan baso "terobosan" alah dicapai jo baso Iran alah satuju untuak indak pernah manyimpan uranium nan diperkaya jo manarimo verifikasi panuah dek [[Badan Tenaga Atom Internasional|Badan Energi Atom Internasional (IAEA)]] <ref name="busaidi">{{Cite news|title=Peace 'within reach' as Iran agrees no nuclear material stockpile: Oman FM|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/28/peace-within-reach-as-iran-agrees-no-nuclear-material-stockpile-oman-fm|language=en}}</ref> Iran labiah lanjuik alah satuju untuak mangurangi kadar uraniumnyo nan diperkaya kini sacaro indak dapek dibaliakkan sampai "tingkek nan paliang randah". Al-Busaidi mangatoan kadamaian alah "tampak". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-iran-deal-within-our-reach-oman-mediator-says/|title=U.S.-Iran deal is 'within our reach,' Omani mediator says|last=Brennan|first=Margaret|last2=Walsh|first2=Joe|date=27 February 2026|website=[[CBS News]]|language=en-US|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="busaidi" /> Pado awal Februari 2026, AS juo manyebarkan kapa induk kaduo, USS ''Gerald R. Ford'', ka Timur Tangah untuak maningkekan takanan kapado Iran. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Sabbagh|first=Dan|date=13 February 2026|title=Trump sends second aircraft carrier to Middle East in effort to increase pressure on Iran|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/feb/13/trump-sends-second-aircraft-carrier-middle-east-iran|access-date=04-01-2026|work=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Pado 11 Februari 2026, ulang tahun ka-47 revolusi 1979 ditandoi jo rapek-rapek pro-pamarentah jo [[Sentimen anti-Amerika di Iran|retorika anti-Amerika]] nan kareh . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-revolution-anniversary-us-nuclear-talks-protests-4ffab53ef628073ca90b9c8707485577|title=Iran commemorates 1979 revolution as nation is squeezed by anger over crackdown and tensions with US|last=Gambrell|first=Jon|date=11 February 2026|website=[[Associated Press News]]|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Pado 13 Februari 2026, Trump manyatoan baso parubahan rezim di Iran akan manjadi "hal nan paliang rancak nan bisa tajadi." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8egwywkkd1o|title=Trump: Iran regime change 'would be the best thing to ever happen'|date=14 February 2026|website=[[BBC]]|language=en-GB|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Sahari kamudian, pado 14 Februari, pajabat AS mangatoan ka [[Reuters]] baso militer AS sadang basiap-siap untuak kampanye luas nan malibaikkan minggu-minggu operasi balanjuik malawan Iran nan dapek manargetkan infrastruktur jo kaamanan nagara tasabuik. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Ali|first2=Idrees|date=14 February 2026|title=Exclusive: US military preparing for potentially weeks-long Iran operations|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-military-preparing-potentially-weeks-long-iran-operations-2026-02-13/|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Pado 24 Februari 2026, dalam [[Pidato Kenegaraan (Amerika Serikat)|Pidato Negara Uninyo]], Trump manuduah Iran mambangkikkan baliak usaho untuak mambangun sanjato nuklir, mancela ambisi-ambisi nan diduga ko sabagai "jahek" jo mangaku baso Iran juo alah mangambangkan kamampuan rudal nan samakin canggih, AS jo Eropa th. Inyo mamperingatkan baso AS siap batindak jikok paralu. <ref>{{Cite news|date=24 February 2026|title=Donald Trump condemns Iran's 'sinister' nuclear ambitions in State of the Union|url=https://www.ft.com/content/9194e1f5-d191-414a-ab9f-e271a32b8b78|work=[[Financial Times]]|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> [[Gang of Eight (intelijen)|Geng Lapan]], kalompok lapan pamimpin di Kongres AS nan biasonyo diagiah taklimat tantang hal-hal intelijen rahasio, alah diagiah taklimat tantang panyarangan sabalun dimulai. <ref>{{Cite news|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/bulletin/news/gang-of-eight-iran-attack-congress-members-trump-b2929458.html|title='Gang of Eight' was briefed on Iran attack by Trump admin before strikes|last=Harriette Boucher|date=28 February 2026|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Pado akhia Februari, pejabat pamarintahan Trump alah mambuek banyak klaim nan indak badasar baso Iran alah mamulai baliak program nuklirnyo, punyo bahan nan cukuik untuak mambangun bom dalam wakatu babarapo hari, jo sadang mangambangkan rudal jarak jauah nan sabanta lai akan manembak Amerika Serikat. Pernyataan-pernyataan iko dibantah dek pejabat pamarintah Amerika jo Eropa, kalompok-kalompok pamantau sanjato internasional, jo lembaga intelijen Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Mazzetti|first=Mark|last2=Wong|first2=Edward|last3=Barnes|first3=Julian E.|author-link=Mark Mazzetti|author-link2=Edward Wong|date=26 February 2025|title=In Trump's Case for War, a Series of False or Unproven Claims|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/26/us/politics/trump-iran-claims-nuclear-weapons.html?searchResultPosition=1|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> [[Badan Intelijen Pertahanan|Badan Intelijen Partahanan]] sabalunnyo alah manyimpulkan baso paralu wakatu sakurang-kurangnyo sadekade sabalun Iran mandapekkan katarampilan teknis untuak manghasilkan rudal nan mampu mancapai Amerika Serikat; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Sanger|first=David E.|author-link=David E. Sanger|date=28 February 2025|title=For Trump, the Iran Attack Is the Ultimate War of Choice|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/28/us/politics/trump-iran-attack.html|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> [[Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat|Departemen Partahanan Amerika Serikat]] mampakiroan baso program nuklir Iran alah mangalami kamunduran salamo duo taun sasudah [[Serangan Amerika Serikat ke situs nuklir Iran|sarangan sabalunnyo pado situs nuklir Iran]] pado Juni 2025. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2025/07/03/us-strikes-set-back-irans-nuclear-program-up-to-2-years-dod-says/|title=US strikes set back Iran's nuclear program up to 2 years, DOD says|last=Noah Robertson|date=3 July 2025|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Namun, pado 27 Februari dilaporkan baso [[Badan Tenaga Atom Internasional|IAEA]] alah manamuan baso Iran alah manyambunyikan fasilitas uranium nan sangaik dikayai di babak sabalunnyo bacakak. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-stored-highly-enriched-uranium-underground-site-iaea-report-says-2026-02-27/|title=IAEA report says Iran must allow inspections, points at Isfahan|last=Murphy|first=Francois|date=27 February 2026|website=Reuters|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602274548|title=IAEA says Iran stored highly enriched uranium at underground Isfahan site|date=27 February 2026|website=[[Iran International]]|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Pamusuahan == === Serangan awal Israel jo Amerika === [[Berkas:U.S._Forces_Launch_Operation_Epic_Fury.webm|ka|jmpl|250x250px|Serangan diluncuakan dari kapa-kapa AS .]] Serangan udaro ka Iran dimulai kiro-kiro pukua 9:45 pagi [[Waktu Standar Iran|IRST]] (1:15 pagi [[Waktu Standar Timur|EST]] ) pado hari Sabtu, 28 Februari; Hari Sabtu adolah hari partamo dalam saminggu di Iran dan marupoan hari karajo biaso. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/28/middleeast/israel-attack-iran-intl-hnk|title=What we know about the US-Israeli attack on Iran and Tehran's retaliation|last=|first=|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Kombinasi rudal, drone, jo [[Angkatan Udara Israel#Inventaris saat ini|kapa tempur Israel]] digunoan dalam panyarangan-panyarangan tu. <ref name="businessinsider">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/us-weapons-used-to-attack-iran-fend-off-retaliation-2026-2?IR=T|title=Here are the weapons America used to strike Iran — and shield against retaliation|last=Jake Epstein|date=28 February 2026|website=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> [[Sistem Serangan Tempur Tak Berawak Berbiaya Rendah|Drone panyarangan nan biayanyo murah, tunggal]] dari [[Satuan Tugas Scorpion Strike|Satgas Serangan Kalajengking]] digunoan untuak partamo kalinyo dalam pajuangan. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.usni.org/2026/02/28/u-s-israel-launch-operation-epic-fury-against-iran-tehran-retaliates-across-region|title=UPDATED: U.S., Israel Launch Strikes Against Iran, Tehran Retaliates Across Region|date=28 February 2026|publisher=[[USNI]]|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Kapa parang AS maluncuakan [[rudal Tomahawk]], sadangkan [[Angkatan Darat AS|Tantara AS]] manggunoan paluncua [[HIMARS]] . Babarapo [[Senjata serang jarak jauh|sanjato serangan jarak jauah]] nan alun diungkapkan juo digunoan. <ref name="businessinsider" /> Rangkaian latusan iko dilaporkan sasudah Mantari Patahanan [[Israel Katz]] mamastian . sarangan urang Israel. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/israel-launches-preemptive-strike-on-iran-explosions-reported-in-tehran|title=Israel Launches 'Preemptive Strike' On Iran; Explosions Reported In Tehran|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/explosions-rock-tehran-as-israel-launches-preventive-attack-on-iran-defence-minister-says-2875809-2026-02-28|title=Explosions rock Tehran as Israel launches 'preventive attack' on Iran|date=28 February 2026|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/28/world/middleeast/iran-us-attacks-military-targets.html|title=Initial Focus of U.S. Strikes in Iran Is Military Targets|last=Cooper|first=Helene|last2=Schmitt|first2=Eric|date=28 February 2026|website=The New York Times|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> ''[[The Times of Israel|Times of Israel]]'' malaporan baso Katz manyabuik sarangan tasabuik sabagai "serangan pancegahan" nan batujuan untuak "mahilangkan ancaman kapado Nagara Israel". <ref name="LiebermannCNNIsraelStrikeIran">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/28/middleeast/israel-attack-iran-intl-hnk?post-id=cmm5xzk1y00003b6pin7tql07|title=Israel launches strike against Iran, declares state of emergency across country|last=Liebermann|first=Oren|date=28 February 2026|website=[[CNN]]|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Di antaro sasarannyo adolah sabuah kabupaten Teheran nan marupoan tampek tingga biaso pamimpin tatinggi Iran [[Ali Khamenei]], daerah iko juo marupoan tampek istano presiden jo [[Dewan Keamanan Nasional Tertinggi|Dewan Kaamanan Nasional]] . <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Update from Erica Solomon and Farnaz Fassihi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/4b4cefc7-c909-59ae-a5ff-17a3742f68f3?smid=url-share|access-date=2026-04-02|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Tujuah rudal dikonfirmasi alah kanai daerah ko. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm5z7xcn0000356rmo74ffpk|title=Explosions were heard near Iran's Supreme Leader's residence and office|last=Salem|first=Mostafa|last2=Pourahmadi|first2=Adam|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Pajabat Amerika managakan baso panyarangan iko dikoordinasikan jo AS. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm5ydcj6000m3b6peace502g|title=Attack coordinated with the United States, Israeli source tells CNN|last=Shalev|first=Tal|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> [[Angkatan Udara Israel]] (IAF) manyatoan baso inyo alah manembak 500 sasaran militer di Iran barat jo tangah, tamasuak sistem patahanan udaro jo paluncua rudal, manggunoan labiah kurang 200 kapa tabang tempur, dalam panyabaran tempur tagadang dalam sajarahnyo. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Fabian|first=Emanuel|date=28 February 2026|title=IDF says 200 jets involved in Air Force's largest-ever attack sortie|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-200-jets-involved-in-air-forces-largest-ever-attack-sortie/|access-date=2026-04-02|work=The Times of Israel|language=en-US|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> Israel manindaklanjuti jo manyatoan [[Keadaan darurat|kaadaan darurat]], jo mangutip antisipasi sarangan Iran. <ref name="LiebermannCNNIsraelStrikeIran" /> Sirene maratok di saluruah Israel katiko pamarintah mamperingatkan warganyo untuak tatap barado di zona palinduang. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/28/live-israel-launches-attacks-on-iran-multiple-explosions-heard-in-tehran|title=Israel Attacks Iran|last=Mohamed|first=Edna|last2=Marsi|first2=Federica|website=Al Jazeera English|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Duta Besar AS untuak Israel [[Mike Huckabee]] mandorong warga AS di Israel untuak maambiak "tindakan sacaro capek" katiko mandanga sirene, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm5zo2b800003b6r26telgez|title=US Ambassador to Israel encourages US citizens to take "immediate action" at sound of sirens|last=Waldenberg|first=Samantha|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> jo Presiden AS [[Donald Trump]] mamperingatkan baso hiduik AS dapek hilang. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm60pihp00003b6sojlguzxz|title=Trump warns US lives may be lost in mission in Iran|last=Liptak|first=Kevin|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> [[Kementerian Kesehatan (Israel)|Kementerian Kesehatan Israel]] mamindahan rumah sakiknyo ka bawah tanah. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm5zx2ic00003b6rvnargvaq|title=Israeli hospitals shift underground as Health Ministry orders highest readiness level|last=Yosef|first=Eugenia|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Manuruik Iran International, juru bicara militer Israel nan babahaso Persia, Letnan Kolonel Kamal Penhasi, mangaluaan paringatan mandasak kapado warga sipil Iran nan tingga di dakek infrastruktur industri jo militer untuak sacapeknyo maevakuasi, manyatoan "Kahadiran Sanak di daerah-daerah iko mambahayokan diri." <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/liveblog/202602288143|title=Live – Israel and US launch strikes on Iran as Tehran prepares retaliation|date=28 February 2026|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Manuruik surang pejabat AS, puluahan serangan AS sadang diluncuakan dek kapa tabang serangan nan barado di sakitar [[Timur Tangah]] dari ciek atau labiah kapa induk. <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Update from Eric Schmitt|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/5df7d9a6-2d1a-577e-9c63-d40948472442?smid=url-share|access-date=2026-04-02|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ''Reuters'' malaporan baso panyarangan akan dilakukan malalui udaro jo lauik. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/iran-crisis-live-explosions-tehran-israel-announces-strike-2026-02-28/|title=Iran crisis live: Explosions in Tehran as Israel announces strike|date=28 February 2026|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Pajabat militer Israel mangatoan baso babarapo bulan parencanaan alah mandahului panyarangan mareka, nan mamungkinkan mareka untuak manunjuakan sasaran sacaro akurat, mancapai "kajuik taktis", jo maamankan dukuangan AS. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602286942|title=Israel says months of planning led to surprise Iran strikes|date=28 February 2026|website=[[Iran International]]|publisher=Volant Media UK Ltd|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Kantua Barita [[Fars News Agency|Fars]] jo [[CNN]] malaporkan labiah banyak ledakan di kota-kota lain di Iran, tamasuak [[Qom]], [[Kermanshah]], [[Isfahan]], jo [[Karaj]] . <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Update from Erika Solomon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/c913328f-5d1c-5841-af49-5b94acc97324?smid=url-share|access-date=2026-04-02|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm5zbxlf00053b6pfbdgp516|title=Strikes reported in multiple Iranian cities, state media says|last=Lendon|first=Brad|date=28 February 2026|website=[[CNN]]|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Di Tehran, sarangan rudal dilaporkan di Jalan Universitas, parak [[Jalan Jomhuri Eslami|Jomhouri]], jo di parak [[Seyed Khandan]] bagian utara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/28/explosions-in-downtown-tehran-smoke-seen-rising|title=US, Israel launch attack on Iran, explosions across Tehran <--Not duplicate citation-->|website=[[Al Jazeera English]]|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Layanan komunikasi di saluruah Teheran taganggu sasudah panyarangan-panyarangan tu, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/28/live-israel-launches-attacks-on-iran-multiple-explosions-heard-in-tehran|title=Israel Attacks Iran; US Official Says US Took Part in Strikes|last=Edna Mohamed|last2=Federica Marsi|website=Al Jazeera English|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> jo Netblocks malaporkan pamadaman internet nan ampia total. <ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t|title=US and Israel launch attack on Iran, as Trump says 'major combat operations' under way|date=28 February 2026|website=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> <ref name="Mastodon-NetBlocks">{{Cite web|url=https://mastodon.social/@netblocks/116147264437940657|title=NetBlocks (@netblocks@mastodon.social)|date=28 February 2026|website=Mastodon}}</ref> <ref name="ia28feb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/fa/202602281170|title=نت‌بلاکس از خاموشی اینترنت در ایران خبر داد|date=28 February 2026|website=Iran International}}</ref> Manuruik BBC, kantua Pamimpin Tatinggi [[Ali Khamenei]], jo kantua presiden [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] di Teheran kanai sarangan-sarangan tu. <ref name="auto6" /> [[Saluran 12 (Israel)|Saluran 12]], mangutip sumber-sumber Israel nan indak dinamokan, mangatoan Israel manilai baso ado "indikasi nan bakambang" baso Khamenei kamungkinan gadang tabunuah dalam sarangan Israel, atau "paliang indak luko-luko".<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Israeli TV report, citing unnamed Israeli sources: Growing indications that Khamenei killed|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israeli-tv-report-citing-unnamed-israeli-sources-growing-indications-that-khamenei-killed/|access-date=2026-04-02|language=en-US|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> [[Reuters]] mangutip saurang pejabat Israel nan indak dinamokan manyatoan baso mayik Khamenei alah ditamukan, nan managakan kamatiannyo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-killed-senior-israeli-official-says-2026-02-28/|title=Iran&#x27;s Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei killed, senior Israeli official says {{!}} Reuters|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Juru bicara [[Pasukan Mobilisasi Populer|Pasukan Mobilisasi Rakyat]] Irak mangatoan baso duo pajuangnyo alah tabunuah samantaro tigo urang lainnyo luko-luko salamo sarangan di [[Jurf al-Sakhar]], selatan [[Bagdad|Baghdad]] . <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/28/live-israel-launches-attacks-on-iran-multiple-explosions-heard-in-tehran|title=US and Israel Attack Iran; Tehran Fires Back, Explosions Across Region|last=Siddiqui|first=Usaid|last2=Varshalomidze|first2=Tamila|website=[[Al Jazeera English]]|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02|last3=Mohamed|first3=Edna|last4=Marsi|first4=Federica}}</ref> Manuruik Iran International, mangutip [[Kantor Berita Mahasiswa Iran|Kantua Berita Mahasiswa Iran]], ribuan personil IRGC, tamasuak babarapo pejabat tinggi, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602284254|title=Senior Revolutionary Guards commanders killed in US-Israel strikes – Reuters|date=28 February 2026|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> tabunuah atau luko-luko katiko babarapo pangkalan militer disarang. <ref name=":03" /> Dilaporkan juo baso kota palabuahan [[Bushehr]] juo alah disarang; namun, indak jaleh apokah [[Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Bushehr|reaktor nuklir tu]] rusak. <ref name=":03" /> CNN malaporan baso wakatu panyarangan tu sacaro simbolis signifikan dalam agamo Yahudi karano datang manjalang hari rayo Yahudi nan akan datang, [[Purim]], pado 2 Maret <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm60wotj001m3b6pawhvknhc|title=Timing of US-Israel attack on Iran bears symbolic meaning in Judaism|last=Shalev|first=Tal|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> === Pernyataan pamimpin AS jo Israel manganai tujuan panyarangan tu === [[Berkas:President_Donald_J._Trump_on_the_United_States_Military_Major_Combat_Operations_in_Iran.webm|jmpl|Presiden Amerika Serikat [[Donald Trump]] mangumumkan panyarangan tasabuik dalam sabuah parnyataan video.]]Pado pukua 2:30 pagi EST pado 28 Februari, Presiden AS [[Donald Trump]] mangaluaan parnyataan video salamo 8 minik, nan manyatoan baso tujuan serangan AS ka Iran sacaro efektif adolah parubahan rezim. Trump mangatoan baso "aktivitas nan maancam" Iran mambahayoan AS jo sekutunyo. Inyo mangutip [[krisis sandera Iran]], dukuangannyo kapado proxy sarupo Hamas jo Hizbullah, pambunuahannyo pado para demonstran, jo dugaan mangaja sanjato nuklirnyo. Inyo managaskan baso dalam konflik, "Pahlawan-pahlawan Amerika nan gagah mungkin kahilangan dan kami mungkin mandapek korban. Itu tajadi taruih dalam parang." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-full-statement-on-us-iran-attack-major-combat-operations/|title=Trump announces "major combat operations" in Iran. Watch the full video and read his statement.|website=CBS News|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Inyo mandesak [[Korps Garda Revolusi Islam|Korps Pengawal Revolusi Islam]] (IRGC) untuak "malatakkan sanjato jo manikmati indak dihukum langkok, atau sabagai alternatif, maadoki kamatian nan tatantu." Sambia manuju ka rakyaik Iran, inyo bakato, "Katiko kami salasai, ambiak alih pamarintahan kalian. Itu akan manjadi miliak kalian untuak pangambilan. Iko mungkin satu-satunyo kasampatan kalian dalam generasi-generasi." Inyo manambahkan, "Salamo batahun-tahun, waang mamintak bantuan ka Amerika, tapi waang indak pernah manarimonyo."... Jadi kito caliak baa tanggapan sanak. Amerika mandukuang awak jo kakuatan nan balabiah-labiah dan kakuatan nan mahancuakan," simpulnyo,"Kini adolah wakatu untuak manguasoi takdir awak.&nbsp;... Ikolah saatnyo untuak batindak. Jan sampai saat ko balalu." <ref name="auto1" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timescall.com/2026/02/27/explosions-rock-northern-israel-as-the-country-works-to-intercept-incoming-iranian-missiles/|title=Explosions rock northern Israel as the country works to intercept incoming Iranian missiles|date=28 February 2026|website=Longmont Times-Call|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Indak lamo sasudah tu, Benjamin Netanyahu mangaluaan panyatoan video nan mangatoan baso Israel jo Amerika Sarikat alah malancarkan panyarangan ka Iran "untuak mailangkan ancaman eksistensial" nan ditimbulkan dek apo nan disabuiknyo "rezim teror di Iran." Netanyahu manuduah kapamimpinan Iran jo puluahan taun bamusuahan, manyabuik baso "salamo 47 taun, rezim Ayatollah alah maimbau ' [[Kematian bagi Israel|Mati untuak Israel]] ' jo ' [[Kematian bagi Amerika|Mati untuak Amerika]] ' , jo manggambarkannyo sabagai "rezim teror pambunuah" nan "indak buliah dibuliahan untuak manyanjatokan dirinyo jo sanjato nuklir". Inyo mangatoan tindakan basamo AS-Israel akan "manciptakan kondisi untuak rakyaik Iran nan gagah untuak manantuan takdirnyo surang", jo maimbau rakyaik Iran untuak "mambuang diri dari belenggu tirani". <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Netanyahu says Israel, US launched strikes to 'remove the existential threat' posed by Iran|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-says-israel-us-launched-strikes-to-remove-the-existential-threat-posed-by-iran/|access-date=28 February 2026|language=en-US|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> === Tanggapan Iran jo sarangan rudal di teater Taluak Persia === Iran manargetakan babagai pangkalan militer AS di saluruah [[Teater (peperangan)|wilayah]] [[Taluak Persia]] . <ref name="persian-gulf-1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602282948|title=Iran targets US bases across Persian Gulf states, IRGC-aligned outlet says|date=28 February 2026|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> [[Bahrain]] maaktifkan sirene serangan udaro untuak mamperingatkan sarangan Iran pado pangkalan militer AS di dalam nagara tasabuik, jo media babahaso Arab malaporkan ledakan jo asok nan tampak di ibu kota, [[Manama]] . <ref>{{Cite news|last=Lehmann|first=Noam|date=28 February 2026|title=Bahrain: Sirens activated as Iran targets US bases|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/bahrain-sirens-activated-as-iran-targets-us-bases/|access-date=2026-04-02|language=en-US|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm64k1hv00003b6rj8g5hm4u|title=Videos show smoke rising near US Navy facility in Bahrain|last=Yee|first=Isaac|last2=Rebane|first2=Teele|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Bahrain kudian mamastian panyarangan tasabuik jo manyatoan baso markas [[Armada Kelima Amerika Serikat|Armada Kalimo]] AS alah manjadi sasaran. <ref name="WRAL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wral.com/news/ap/c2f11-bahrain-says-a-missile-attack-targeted-the-us-navys-5th-fleet-headquarters-in-the-island-kingdom/|title=Bahrain says a missile attack targeted the US Navy's 5th Fleet headquarters in the island kingdom|website=[[WRAL-TV]]|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Latusan juo dilaporkan di [[Bandara Internasional Kuwait]] jo [[Abu Dhabi]] di [[Uni Emirat Arab]]. Sasudah panyarangan rudal jo drone ka Kuwait, Kamantarian Lua Nagari nagara tasabuik maimbau Mohammad Toutounchi, duta besar Iran untuak Kuwait. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602289377|title=Kuwait summons Iran envoy after missile, drone attacks|date=28 February 2026|website=www.iranintl.com|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Manuruik CNN, IRGC mangklaim baso Iran alah manargetkan ampek pangkalan AS di Timur Tangah: [[Pangkalan Udara Al Udeid]] di Qatar, [[Pangkalan Udara Ali Al Salem]] di Kuwait (nan juo manampuang pasukan Italia), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2026/02/28/-significant-damage-to-runway-at-kuwait-base-hosting-italian-troops-italy-|title='Significant damage' to runway at Kuwait base hosting Italian troops: Italy|website=Al Arabiya|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> [[Pangkalan Udara Al Dhafra]] di UEA adolah markas pos Angkatan Lauik AS di UEA, jo markas gadang Angkatan Laut AS F Bahf a. manunjuakkan asok naiak dari arah pangkalan Bahrain. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm64boa9000m356rh4can18y|title=Iran's IRGC targeted four US bases in the Middle East, Iranian media reports|last=Salem|first=Mostafa|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Arab Saudi managakan baso alah tajadi sarangan Iran ka [[Riyadh]] jo [[Provinsi Timur, Arab Saudi|Provinsi Timurnyo]] . <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Update from Ismaeel Naar|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/c23471fd-1ceb-5a75-93a8-a56a199d6b1f?smid=url-share|access-date=2026-04-02|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Nagara ko mangaku alah mancegat sarangan Iran nan diarahkan ka daerah-daerah tasabuik jo manyatoan baso Karajaan akan "maambiak sadoalah langkah nan diparaluan" untuak mampatahankan dirinyo, "tamasuak pilihan untuak mananggapi agresi". Laporan tambahan manyatoan baso sasudah sukses mancegat sajumlah rudal Iran, UEA manyatoan baso saurang warga sipil Asia tabunuah dek puing-puing dari pancegat nan jatuah ka daerah parumahan. <ref name=":7" /> Qatar mangatoan baso inyo alah mancegat sakurang-kurangnyo duo galombang sarangan rudal, jo manyatoan baso indak ado korban atau karusakan harato nan dilaporkan. <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Abdi Latif Dahir|date=28 February 2026|title=Iran Hits Back Across the Mideast, Targeting U.S. Bases and Allies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/28/world/middleeast/iran-retaliatory-strikes-region.html?smid=url-share|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Sabuah bangunan 9 lantai kanai rudal di utara Israel, manyababkan surang urang luko. <ref name="auto42">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/28/live-israel-launches-attacks-on-iran-multiple-explosions-heard-in-tehran|title=US and Israel Attack Iran; Tehran Fires Back, Explosions Across Region|last=Siddiqui|first=Usaid|last2=Varshalomidze|first2=Tamila|website=[[Al Jazeera English]]|language=en|access-date=28 February 2026|last3=Mohamed|first3=Edna|last4=Marsi|first4=Federica}}</ref> Sarangan juo dilaporkan di [[Haifa]] jo [[Tel Aviv]] . Babagai laporan mangaku rudal dari Iran alah manyarang wilayah [[Yordania]] jo ibu kota [[Amman]] . ordan manyatoan baso pasukan basanjatonyo alah manembak jatuah duo rudal balistik Iran nan manargetakan wilayahnyo jo baso mareka alah manangani 54 laporan puing-puing jatuah nan manyababkan karusakan material tapi indak ado korban jiwa. Di [[Suriah]], puing-puing dari rudal balistik Iran jatuah ka ateh bangunan parumahan di kota [[Suwayda]], mambunuah sakurang-kurangnyo ampek warga sipil. <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Report: At least four killed in Iranian missile strike in As-Suwayda, Syria|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/8snmn9r7o}}</ref> Kawasan pamukiman [[Dubai]] di sakitar [[Burj Khalifa]], [[Dubai Marina]], jo [[Kepulauan Palm|Palm Dubai]] kanai panyakik, nan manyababkan hotel [[Fairmont The Palm]] tabaka, malukoi ampek urang, sarato sabuah bangunan parumahan Doha di outski. Sumber-sumber satampek mangatoan Iran manggunoan [[Pesawat nirawak Shahed|drone Shahed]], nan marupoan salah satu sanjato paliang mamatikan nan digunoan dek rezim jo wakilnyo sarupo [[Hamas]] jo [[Hizbullah]] . UEA mangatoan baso inyo alah mancegat "galombang baru" rudal Iran jo baso "pacahan dari pancegahan" alah jatuah di Abu Dhabi jo Dubai, manyababkan karusakan pado [[Burj Al Arab]] . Panyarangan [[Bandara Internasional Kuwait]] manyababkan babarapo urang luko-luko, jumlah pastinyo indak langsuang dikatahui. Di Bahrain pado malam hari, sabuah menara di sabuah kawasan parumahan dilaporkan kanai drone Iran. Di [[Wilayah Kurdistan Irak]], serangan udaro Iran manargetkan infrastruktur parumahan tantara jo sipil AS, tamasuak [[Bandara Internasional Erbil]] jo [[Konsulat Jenderal Amerika Serikat di Erbil|Konsulat Jenderal AS di Erbil]] . Namun, manuruik laporan media lokal, sabagian gadang rudal jo drone tu dicegat. Pado hari nan samo, Israel manyatoan baso inyo alah malancarkan galombang sarangan lain pado sistem patahanan udaro jo paluncua rudal Iran di Iran tangah. <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Update from Aaron Boxerman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/bdadf1b3-5fc2-586e-8cbc-1099528b3080?smid=url-share|access-date=2026-04-02|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> === Panyatoan kaadaan darurat di Israel === Israel manyatoan [[Keadaan darurat|kaadaan darurat]] di saluruah nagara, manyatoan baso sarangan ka Iran adolah nan tagadang nan pernah ado. Israel Katz mangaluaan sabuah parnyataan nan mangatoan, "Di bawah otoritas ambo di bawah Pasal 9C(b)(1) Undang-undang Pertahanan Sipil, 5711-1951, dan sasudah manantuan baso ado kamungkinan tinggi untuak panyarangan pado panduduak sipil, ambo jo iko manyatoan kaadaan darurat muko di saluruah nagara." <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/896765/slug|title=Israel Begins Attacks on Iran, Explosions Reported in Tehran Amid Preemptive Strike Declaration|date=28 February 2026|website=Kurdistan24|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' manyatoan baso sakolah jo tampek karajo di Israel juo akan ditutuik jo patamuan umum akan dibatalkan. Di tangah [[Pemadaman internet di Iran 2026|pamadaman internet "ampia total" nan dibarui di Iran]], [[NetBlocks]] malaporan baso koneksi internet di Iran alah turun manjadi 4% dari tingkek normal. <ref name="ia28feb2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/fa/202602281170|title=نت‌بلاکس از خاموشی اینترنت در ایران خبر داد|date=28 February 2026|website=Iran International}}</ref> === Panutupan wilayah udaro === Wilayah udaro Iran sabagian gadang kosong dari kapa tabang sipil sasudah panyarangan-panyarangan tu karano nagara-nagara di wilayah tasabuik manutup wilayah udaronyo. <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Iran Shutters Airspace After Israel Strikes, Trackers Show Planes Rerouting|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/iran-israel-war-iran-shutters-airspace-after-israel-strikes-trackers-show-planes-rerouting-11148580|work=[[NDTV World]]}}</ref> Bahrain, Irak, Israel, Kuwait, Qatar, Suriah, jo UEA manutuik wilayah udaro masiang-masiang sasudah panyarangan tasabuik, jo sajumlah [[Pesawat penumpang|kapa tabang panumpang]] nan dialiahkan ka tujuan lain. Maskapai panerbangan internasional sarupo [[Air India]], [[Biman Bangladesh Airlines]], [[British Airways]], [[Cathay Pacific Airways]], [[IndiGo]], [[Lufthansa]], [[Virgin Atlantic]], jo [[Wizz Air]] manangguang palayanannyo ka Timur Tangah untuak wakatu nan babeda-beda di wilayah Kuliit nan barado di [[Kuwait Airways|aif]] . [[Kuwait Airways|Jalur Udara]] jo [[Qatar Airways|Jalur Udara Qatar]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/46mwakjn9t|title=Biman suspends Middle East flights amid conflict|date=28 February 2026|website=[[Prothom Alo]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/airlines-suspend-middle-east-flights-after-us-israel-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/|title=Travel in chaos as airlines cancel flights after US, Israel strikes on Iran|last=Maccioni|first=Frederico|last2=Plucinska|first2=Joanna|date=28 February 2026|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> === Panutupan Selat Hormuz === Sabuah laporan Reuters mangutip saurang pejabat [[Operasi Aspides]] nan mangatoan baso IRGC alah manutup [[Selat Hormuz]] untuak palayaran, badasarkan pancegahan radio [[Frekuensi sangat tinggi|frekuensi sangaik tinggi]] (VHF). Saurang pejabat Uni Eropa malaporan baso kapa-kapa alah manarimo pasan nan manyatoan "indak ado kapa nan dibuliahan malalui Selat Hormuz". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602288034|title='No ship allowed to pass Strait of Hormuz,' Iran warns vessels – Reuters|website=[[Iran International]]|publisher=Volant Media UK Ltd|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> == Rujuakan == d4l71st9ryoa51bv0ly5c3iejt5qrvs 0 477593 3345572 2026-04-02T23:38:00Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Santa Cruz in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Santa Cruz adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina, nan talatak di bagian selatan nagara tu, di Patagonia. Provinsi ko babatehan jo Provinsi Chubut di utara, Chili di barat dan selatan, sarato Lautan Atlantik di timur. Santa Cruz marupokan provinsi tagadang kaduo di Argentina, satalah Provinsi Buenos Aires, dan provinsi jo kapadekan panduduak tarandah di nagara tu. Provinsi ko mancakuik area salaweh 2..." 3345572 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Santa Cruz in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Santa Cruz adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina, nan talatak di bagian selatan nagara tu, di Patagonia. Provinsi ko babatehan jo Provinsi Chubut di utara, Chili di barat dan selatan, sarato Lautan Atlantik di timur. Santa Cruz marupokan provinsi tagadang kaduo di Argentina, satalah Provinsi Buenos Aires, dan provinsi jo kapadekan panduduak tarandah di nagara tu. Provinsi ko mancakuik area salaweh 243.943 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 337.226 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="Census 2022">Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la Republica Argentine, Census of 16 May 2022.</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 7 departemen jo ibu kota provinsi barado di kota Río Gallegos. Sacaro geografi, provinsi ko tabagi manjadi duo wilayah nan babedo, yaitu Pagunuangan Andes di barat sarato dataran tinggi di tangah jo timur.<ref name=relieve>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922021838/http://www.santacruz.gov.ar/index.php?opcion=relieve |archive-date=22 September 2014 |url=http://www.santacruz.gov.ar/index.php?opcion=relieve |title=Fisonomía Provincial: Relieve e Hidrografía |publisher=Gobierno de la Provincia de Santa Cruz |language=es |access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} ivrcvgkzxk62d34px8mo133yiwu8um0 3345574 3345572 2026-04-02T23:38:50Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Santa Cruz in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Santa Cruz adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina, nan talatak di bagian selatan nagara tu, di Patagonia. Provinsi ko babatehan jo Provinsi Chubut di utara, Chili di barat dan selatan, sarato Lautan Atlantik di timur. Santa Cruz marupokan provinsi tagadang kaduo di Argentina, satalah Provinsi Buenos Aires, dan provinsi jo kapadekan panduduak tarandah di nagara tu. Provinsi ko mancakuik area salaweh 243.943 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 337.226 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="Census 2022">Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la Republica Argentine, Census of 16 May 2022.</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 7 departemen jo ibu kota provinsi barado di kota Río Gallegos. Sacaro geografi, provinsi ko tabagi manjadi duo wilayah nan babedo, yaitu Pagunuangan Andes di barat sarato dataran tinggi di tangah jo timur.<ref name=relieve>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922021838/http://www.santacruz.gov.ar/index.php?opcion=relieve |archive-date=22 September 2014 |url=http://www.santacruz.gov.ar/index.php?opcion=relieve |title=Fisonomía Provincial: Relieve e Hidrografía |publisher=Gobierno de la Provincia de Santa Cruz |language=es |access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] na6gqvrp3mqn8ptmr4mx5vjmoo477u9 3345575 3345574 2026-04-02T23:40:34Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345575 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Santa Cruz in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Santa Cruz''' adolah salah ciek [[provinsi di Argentina]], nan talatak di bagian selatan nagara tu, di [[Patagonia]]. Provinsi ko babatehan jo [[Provinsi Chubut]] di utara, [[Chili]] di barat dan selatan, sarato [[Lautan Atlantik]] di timur. Santa Cruz marupokan provinsi tagadang kaduo di [[Argentina]], satalah [[Provinsi Buenos Aires]], dan provinsi jo kapadekan panduduak tarandah di nagara tu. Provinsi ko mancakuik area salaweh 243.943 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 337.226 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="Census 2022">Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la Republica Argentine, Census of 16 May 2022.</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 7 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]] jo ibu kota provinsi barado di kota [[Río Gallegos]]. Sacaro geografi, provinsi ko tabagi manjadi duo wilayah nan babedo, yaitu [[Pagunuangan Andes]] di barat sarato dataran tinggi di tangah jo timur.<ref name=relieve>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922021838/http://www.santacruz.gov.ar/index.php?opcion=relieve |archive-date=22 September 2014 |url=http://www.santacruz.gov.ar/index.php?opcion=relieve |title=Fisonomía Provincial: Relieve e Hidrografía |publisher=Gobierno de la Provincia de Santa Cruz |language=es |access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] gxi53qstxfz8j3y1tg9k0a9zfg4d3jk 0 477594 3345576 2026-04-02T23:48:59Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Santa Fe in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Santa Fe adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di bagian tangah-timur nagara tu. Provinsi-provinsi tetangganyo dari utara saarah jarum jam iolah provinsi Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Buenos Aires, Córdoba, dan Santiago del Estero. Basamo jo Córdoba dan Entre Ríos, provinsi ko marupokan bagian dari ekonomi-politik nan takenal sabagai Wilayah Pusek. Provinsi ko mampunyoi area salaweh 1..." 3345576 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Santa Fe in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Santa Fe adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di bagian tangah-timur nagara tu. Provinsi-provinsi tetangganyo dari utara saarah jarum jam iolah provinsi Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Buenos Aires, Córdoba, dan Santiago del Estero. Basamo jo Córdoba dan Entre Ríos, provinsi ko marupokan bagian dari ekonomi-politik nan takenal sabagai Wilayah Pusek. Provinsi ko mampunyoi area salaweh 133.007 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 3.556.522 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 19 departemen jo ibu kota provinsi barado di kota Santa Fe. Ekonomi provinsi ko manjadi yang tapantiang kaampek di Argentina, sasudah digeser dari posisi katigo dek Provinsi Córdoba sakitar tahun 1970. Pado tahun 2006, ekonominyo mawakian 8% ekonomi nagara jo dipakiroan sagadang US$27 miliar atau US$9.000 per kapita, saketek di ateh rato-rato nasional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iader.org.ar/|title=.::IADER - Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales::.|website=www.iader.org.ar|access-date=18 March 2018|archive-date=21 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221041659/http://www.iader.org.ar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} f8t8i168u6tns1tl6wg32nu8o2g8kwh 3345577 3345576 2026-04-02T23:49:49Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345577 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Santa Fe in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Santa Fe adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di bagian tangah-timur nagara tu. Provinsi-provinsi tetangganyo dari utara saarah jarum jam iolah provinsi Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Buenos Aires, Córdoba, dan Santiago del Estero. Basamo jo Córdoba dan Entre Ríos, provinsi ko marupokan bagian dari ekonomi-politik nan takenal sabagai Wilayah Pusek. Provinsi ko mampunyoi area salaweh 133.007 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 3.556.522 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 19 departemen jo ibu kota provinsi barado di kota Santa Fe. Ekonomi provinsi ko manjadi yang tapantiang kaampek di Argentina, sasudah digeser dari posisi katigo dek Provinsi Córdoba sakitar tahun 1970. Pado tahun 2006, ekonominyo mawakian 8% ekonomi nagara jo dipakiroan sagadang US$27 miliar atau US$9.000 per kapita, saketek di ateh rato-rato nasional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iader.org.ar/|title=.::IADER - Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales::.|website=www.iader.org.ar|access-date=18 March 2018|archive-date=21 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221041659/http://www.iader.org.ar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] 2tzsb6z25hvibpqteg4ehdjrgxg4avm 3345578 3345577 2026-04-02T23:51:43Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345578 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Santa Fe in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Santa Fe''' adolah salah ciek [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan talatak di bagian tangah-timur nagara tu. Provinsi-provinsi tetangganyo dari utara saarah jarum jam iolah [[provinsi Chaco]], [[Provinsi Corrientes|Corrientes]], [[Provinsi Entre Ríos|Entre Ríos]], [[Provinsi Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Provinsi Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], dan [[Provinsi Santiago del Estero|Santiago del Estero]]. Basamo jo Córdoba dan Entre Ríos, provinsi ko marupokan bagian dari ekonomi-politik nan takenal sabagai Wilayah Pusek. Provinsi ko mampunyoi area salaweh 133.007 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 3.556.522 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 19 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]] jo ibu kota provinsi barado di kota [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]]. Ekonomi provinsi ko manjadi yang tapantiang kaampek di [[Argentina]], sasudah digeser dari posisi katigo dek Provinsi Córdoba sakitar tahun 1970. Pado tahun 2006, ekonominyo mawakian 8% ekonomi nagara jo dipakiroan sagadang US$27 miliar atau US$9.000 per kapita, saketek di ateh rato-rato nasional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iader.org.ar/|title=.::IADER - Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales::.|website=www.iader.org.ar|access-date=18 March 2018|archive-date=21 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221041659/http://www.iader.org.ar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] 5yld2z1bo8jhb55doptz46s3mtxvixt 0 477595 3345579 2026-04-02T23:58:45Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Santiago del Estero in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Santiago del Estero adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di bagian utara nagara tu. Provinsi-provinsi tetangganyo dari utara saarah jarum jam iolah provinsi Salta, Chaco, Santa Fe, Córdoba, Catamarca, dan Tucumán. Provinsi ko mampunyoi area salaweh 136.351 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.054.028 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/202..." 3345579 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Santiago del Estero in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Santiago del Estero adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di bagian utara nagara tu. Provinsi-provinsi tetangganyo dari utara saarah jarum jam iolah provinsi Salta, Chaco, Santa Fe, Córdoba, Catamarca, dan Tucumán. Provinsi ko mampunyoi area salaweh 136.351 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.054.028 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 27 departemen jo ibu kota provinsi barado di kota Santiago del Estero. Parekonomian provinsi ko, takah kabanyakan wilayah di Argentina utara, relatif kurang produktif. Ekonominyo dipakiroan sagadang US$2,863 miliar pado tahun 2006, jo perkapita sagadang US$3.559, nan tarandah di nagara tu jo 60% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url = http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language = es |access-date = 10 July 2015 |archive-date = 11 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} 0p8ipd3nhgli0vlocb56d140mgaqdkb 3345580 3345579 2026-04-02T23:59:29Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345580 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Santiago del Estero in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Santiago del Estero adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di bagian utara nagara tu. Provinsi-provinsi tetangganyo dari utara saarah jarum jam iolah provinsi Salta, Chaco, Santa Fe, Córdoba, Catamarca, dan Tucumán. Provinsi ko mampunyoi area salaweh 136.351 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.054.028 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 27 departemen jo ibu kota provinsi barado di kota Santiago del Estero. Parekonomian provinsi ko, takah kabanyakan wilayah di Argentina utara, relatif kurang produktif. Ekonominyo dipakiroan sagadang US$2,863 miliar pado tahun 2006, jo perkapita sagadang US$3.559, nan tarandah di nagara tu jo 60% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url = http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language = es |access-date = 10 July 2015 |archive-date = 11 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] 5a85os7ymojp1ssk79606b1huitozdz 3345581 3345580 2026-04-03T00:01:11Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345581 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Santiago del Estero in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Santiago del Estero''' adolah salah ciek [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan talatak di bagian utara nagara tu. Provinsi-provinsi tetangganyo dari utara saarah jarum jam iolah [[provinsi Salta]], [[Provinsi Chaco|Chaco]], [[Provinsi Santa Fe|Santa Fe]], [[Provinsi Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[Provinsi Catamarca|Catamarca]], dan [[Provinsi Tucumán|Tucumán]]. Provinsi ko mampunyoi area salaweh 136.351 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 1.054.028 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 27 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]] jo ibu kota provinsi barado di kota [[Santiago del Estero]]. Parekonomian provinsi ko, takah kabanyakan wilayah di [[Argentina]] utara, relatif kurang produktif. Ekonominyo dipakiroan sagadang US$2,863 miliar pado tahun 2006, jo perkapita sagadang US$3.559, nan tarandah di nagara tu jo 60% di bawah rato-rato nasional.<ref name=pbg>{{cite web |url = http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |title = El déficit consolidado de las provincias rondará los $11.500 millones este año |publisher = Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo de las Economías Regionales |language = es |access-date = 10 July 2015 |archive-date = 11 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032049/http://www.iader.org.ar/?x=crecimpcial06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] pv610pm516ncqa3fuwlee5j08t0blex 0 477596 3345583 2026-04-03T00:36:31Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Tierra del Fuego, Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Tierra del Fuego adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina nan barado di wilayah paliang selatan di nagara tu. Ibu kotanyo barado di Ushuaia. Provinsi ko bapanduduak jarang, yakni hanyo 190.641 jiwa nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 21.263 km2 pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-ar..." 3345583 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tierra del Fuego, Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Tierra del Fuego adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina nan barado di wilayah paliang selatan di nagara tu. Ibu kotanyo barado di Ushuaia. Provinsi ko bapanduduak jarang, yakni hanyo 190.641 jiwa nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 21.263 km2 pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |website=[[Infobae]] |date=2023-01-31 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 5 departemen jo ibu kota provinsi barado di Ushuaia. Wilayahnyo tu mancakuik Kapulauan Falkland nan diparabuikan samo Baritanio Rayo sarato sabagian Banua Antartika. Katiko urang Eropa patamo kali datang ka wilayah provinsi ko, tadapek 10.000 panduduak asali nan tadiri ateh ampek suku, yaitu Yámana, Alakaluf (kini dikenal jo namo asalinyo Kawésqar), Selkʼnam (Ona) dan Manekʼenk (Haush).<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Tierra del Fuego#Inhabitants |display=Tierra del Fuego § Inhabitants |volume=26 |page=946}}</ref> Namun urang-urang suku tu banyak nan maningga akibaik panyakik nan dibaok pandatang, paparangan sarato genosida<ref name="Chapman1982">{{cite book|author=Anne Chapman|title=Drama and Power in a Hunting Society: The Selkʼnam of Tierra Del Fuego|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fqw8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11|date=11 November 1982|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-23884-7|pages=11–}}</ref> sahinggo pado tahun 1916 panduduak tu hanyo tasiso 900 urang.<ref>[http://www.cs.org/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=236 "Yahgan & Ona – The Road to Extinction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002172856/http://www.cs.org/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=236 |date=2006-10-02 }}, ''Cultural Survival Quarterly''</ref><ref>[http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/interolimpicos/patagonia1921/tehuel2.htm "La Patagonia Trágica"], Argentine Schools curriculum</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} a3z0aw9a7u2ow5vbgf8cxakny076tx6 3345584 3345583 2026-04-03T00:37:18Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345584 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tierra del Fuego, Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Tierra del Fuego adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina nan barado di wilayah paliang selatan di nagara tu. Ibu kotanyo barado di Ushuaia. Provinsi ko bapanduduak jarang, yakni hanyo 190.641 jiwa nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 21.263 km2 pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |website=[[Infobae]] |date=2023-01-31 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 5 departemen jo ibu kota provinsi barado di Ushuaia. Wilayahnyo tu mancakuik Kapulauan Falkland nan diparabuikan samo Baritanio Rayo sarato sabagian Banua Antartika. Katiko urang Eropa patamo kali datang ka wilayah provinsi ko, tadapek 10.000 panduduak asali nan tadiri ateh ampek suku, yaitu Yámana, Alakaluf (kini dikenal jo namo asalinyo Kawésqar), Selkʼnam (Ona) dan Manekʼenk (Haush).<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Tierra del Fuego#Inhabitants |display=Tierra del Fuego § Inhabitants |volume=26 |page=946}}</ref> Namun urang-urang suku tu banyak nan maningga akibaik panyakik nan dibaok pandatang, paparangan sarato genosida<ref name="Chapman1982">{{cite book|author=Anne Chapman|title=Drama and Power in a Hunting Society: The Selkʼnam of Tierra Del Fuego|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fqw8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11|date=11 November 1982|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-23884-7|pages=11–}}</ref> sahinggo pado tahun 1916 panduduak tu hanyo tasiso 900 urang.<ref>[http://www.cs.org/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=236 "Yahgan & Ona – The Road to Extinction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002172856/http://www.cs.org/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=236 |date=2006-10-02 }}, ''Cultural Survival Quarterly''</ref><ref>[http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/interolimpicos/patagonia1921/tehuel2.htm "La Patagonia Trágica"], Argentine Schools curriculum</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] kskhyxlluihykzmb3ex0l4xxvduzr04 3345586 3345584 2026-04-03T00:39:40Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345586 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tierra del Fuego, Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Tierra del Fuego''' adolah salah ciek [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan barado di wilayah paliang selatan di nagara tu. Ibu kotanyo barado di [[Ushuaia]]. Provinsi ko bapanduduak jarang, yakni hanyo 190.641 jiwa nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 21.263 km2 pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |website=[[Infobae]] |date=2023-01-31 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 5 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Wilayahnyo tu mancakuik [[Kapulauan Falkland]] nan diparabuikan samo [[Baritania Rayo]] sarato sabagian [[Antarktika|Banua Antarktika]]. Katiko urang Eropa patamo kali datang ka wilayah provinsi ko, tadapek 10.000 panduduak asali nan tadiri ateh ampek suku, yaitu [[Urang Yámana|Yámana]], [[Urang Alakaluf|Alakaluf]] (kini dikenal jo namo asalinyo Kawésqar), [[Urang Selkʼnam|Selkʼnam]] (Ona) dan [[Urang Manekʼenk|Manekʼenk]] (Haush).<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Tierra del Fuego#Inhabitants |display=Tierra del Fuego § Inhabitants |volume=26 |page=946}}</ref> Namun urang-urang suku tu banyak nan maningga akibaik panyakik nan dibaok pandatang, paparangan sarato genosida<ref name="Chapman1982">{{cite book|author=Anne Chapman|title=Drama and Power in a Hunting Society: The Selkʼnam of Tierra Del Fuego|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fqw8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11|date=11 November 1982|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-23884-7|pages=11–}}</ref> sahinggo pado tahun 1916 panduduak tu hanyo tasiso 900 urang.<ref>[http://www.cs.org/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=236 "Yahgan & Ona – The Road to Extinction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002172856/http://www.cs.org/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=236 |date=2006-10-02 }}, ''Cultural Survival Quarterly''</ref><ref>[http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/interolimpicos/patagonia1921/tehuel2.htm "La Patagonia Trágica"], Argentine Schools curriculum</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] khskkz3r4ei4gz7hvvy31globx8o9k0 3345587 3345586 2026-04-03T00:40:38Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345587 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tierra del Fuego, Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Tierra del Fuego''' adolah salah ciek [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan barado di wilayah paliang selatan di nagara tu. Ibu kotanyo barado di [[Ushuaia]]. Provinsi ko bapanduduak jarang, yakni hanyo 190.641 jiwa nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 21.263 km2 pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |website=[[Infobae]] |date=2023-01-31 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 5 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]]. Wilayahnyo tu mancakuik [[Kapulauan Falkland]] samo [[Georgia Selatan jo Kapulauan Sandwich Selatan]] nan diparabuikan samo [[Baritania Rayo]] sarato sabagian [[Antarktika|Banua Antarktika]]. Katiko urang Eropa patamo kali datang ka wilayah provinsi ko, tadapek 10.000 panduduak asali nan tadiri ateh ampek suku, yaitu [[Urang Yámana|Yámana]], [[Urang Alakaluf|Alakaluf]] (kini dikenal jo namo asalinyo Kawésqar), [[Urang Selkʼnam|Selkʼnam]] (Ona) dan [[Urang Manekʼenk|Manekʼenk]] (Haush).<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Tierra del Fuego#Inhabitants |display=Tierra del Fuego § Inhabitants |volume=26 |page=946}}</ref> Namun urang-urang suku tu banyak nan maningga akibaik panyakik nan dibaok pandatang, paparangan sarato genosida<ref name="Chapman1982">{{cite book|author=Anne Chapman|title=Drama and Power in a Hunting Society: The Selkʼnam of Tierra Del Fuego|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fqw8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11|date=11 November 1982|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-23884-7|pages=11–}}</ref> sahinggo pado tahun 1916 panduduak tu hanyo tasiso 900 urang.<ref>[http://www.cs.org/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=236 "Yahgan & Ona – The Road to Extinction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002172856/http://www.cs.org/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=236 |date=2006-10-02 }}, ''Cultural Survival Quarterly''</ref><ref>[http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/interolimpicos/patagonia1921/tehuel2.htm "La Patagonia Trágica"], Argentine Schools curriculum</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] 3k8mc8uedt7hd4bsytoa5cltod7x12c 0 477597 3345588 2026-04-03T00:48:58Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Tucuman in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Tucumán adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di bagian barat lauik nagara tu. Jo wilayah salaweh 22.524 km2 nan diunyi dek panduduak sabanyak 1.731.820 pado sensus tahun 2022, provinsi ko marupokan provinsi paliang padek panduduak di Argentina, sarato paliang ketek kaduo badasarkan laweh wilayah.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-..." 3345588 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tucuman in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Tucumán adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di bagian barat lauik nagara tu. Jo wilayah salaweh 22.524 km2 nan diunyi dek panduduak sabanyak 1.731.820 pado sensus tahun 2022, provinsi ko marupokan provinsi paliang padek panduduak di Argentina, sarato paliang ketek kaduo badasarkan laweh wilayah.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 17 departemen jo ibu kota provinsi barado di San Miguel de Tucumán. Ekonomi provinsi ko, nan dulunyo manjadi salah ciek nan tabalakang, alah maalami patumbuahan nan pasek, jo ekonominyo manjadi nan katujuah tagadang di nagara tu. Pado tahun 2006, ekonominyo mancapai US$7,2 miliar atau US$5.400 perkapita, walaupun 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional, namun masih rancak dibandiangan jo sabagian gadang provinsi di Argentina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iader.org.ar/|title=INSTITUTO ARGENTINO PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LAS ECONOMIAS REGIONALES (I.A.D.E.R.) |work=www.iader.org.ar |access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} g8h9c5gbf0azlfby4tgr35rrub4f6gm 3345589 3345588 2026-04-03T00:49:47Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345589 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tucuman in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] Tucumán adolah salah ciek provinsi di Argentina nan talatak di bagian barat lauik nagara tu. Jo wilayah salaweh 22.524 km2 nan diunyi dek panduduak sabanyak 1.731.820 pado sensus tahun 2022, provinsi ko marupokan provinsi paliang padek panduduak di Argentina, sarato paliang ketek kaduo badasarkan laweh wilayah.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 17 departemen jo ibu kota provinsi barado di San Miguel de Tucumán. Ekonomi provinsi ko, nan dulunyo manjadi salah ciek nan tabalakang, alah maalami patumbuahan nan pasek, jo ekonominyo manjadi nan katujuah tagadang di nagara tu. Pado tahun 2006, ekonominyo mancapai US$7,2 miliar atau US$5.400 perkapita, walaupun 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional, namun masih rancak dibandiangan jo sabagian gadang provinsi di Argentina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iader.org.ar/|title=INSTITUTO ARGENTINO PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LAS ECONOMIAS REGIONALES (I.A.D.E.R.) |work=www.iader.org.ar |access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] tttft9mw5hs2fezfjckyn2cmv43wew5 3345590 3345589 2026-04-03T00:50:45Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345590 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tucuman in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg|thumb]] '''Tucumán''' adolah salah ciek [[provinsi di Argentina]] nan talatak di bagian barat lauik nagara tu. Jo wilayah salaweh 22.524 km2 nan diunyi dek panduduak sabanyak 1.731.820 pado sensus tahun 2022, provinsi ko marupokan provinsi paliang padek panduduak di [[Argentina]], sarato paliang ketek kaduo badasarkan laweh wilayah.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/01/31/nuevos-datos-provisorios-del-censo-2022-argentina-tiene-46044703-habitantes/ |title=Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes |publisher=Infobae |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 17 [[Departemen di Argentina|departemen]] jo ibu kota provinsi barado di [[San Miguel de Tucumán]]. Ekonomi provinsi ko, nan dulunyo manjadi salah ciek nan tabalakang, alah maalami patumbuahan nan pasek, jo ekonominyo manjadi nan katujuah tagadang di nagara tu. Pado tahun 2006, ekonominyo mancapai US$7,2 miliar atau US$5.400 perkapita, walaupun 40% di bawah rato-rato nasional, namun masih rancak dibandiangan jo sabagian gadang provinsi di Argentina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iader.org.ar/|title=INSTITUTO ARGENTINO PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LAS ECONOMIAS REGIONALES (I.A.D.E.R.) |work=www.iader.org.ar |access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Argentina]] ihqszctj2kvs7qo8hchu6b1orsyxid3 0 477598 3345591 2026-04-03T00:59:50Z Urang Kamang 1673 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{infobox urang}} '''Krismadinata''' ({{lahirmati||11|9|1977}}) adolah akademisi jo panaliti teknik Indonesia nan manjabat sabagai [[Rektor Universitas Negeri Padang|Rektor]] [[Universitas Negeri Padang]] (UNP) sajak 5 Juni 2024 manggantian [[Ganefri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364727515/krismadinata-resmi-jadi-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-terima-kasih-prof-ganefri|title=Krismadinata Resmi Jadi Rektor UNP Periode 2024-2029, Terima Kasih P..." 3345591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Krismadinata''' ({{lahirmati||11|9|1977}}) adolah akademisi jo panaliti teknik Indonesia nan manjabat sabagai [[Rektor Universitas Negeri Padang|Rektor]] [[Universitas Negeri Padang]] (UNP) sajak 5 Juni 2024 manggantian [[Ganefri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364727515/krismadinata-resmi-jadi-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-terima-kasih-prof-ganefri|title=Krismadinata Resmi Jadi Rektor UNP Periode 2024-2029, Terima Kasih Prof Ganefri - Padek Jawapos|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091416/https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364727515/krismadinata-resmi-jadi-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-terima-kasih-prof-ganefri|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2024/05/08/210759278/gantikan-ganefri-krismadinata-terpilih-jadi-rektor-unp-2024-2029|title=Gantikan Ganefri, Krismadinata Terpilih Jadi Rektor UNP 2024-2029|accessdate=21 Jun 2025}}</ref> Sabalunnyo inyo manjabat sabagai Dekan Fakultas Teknik UNP sajak 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unp.ac.id/news/28-07-2023/rektor-unp-lantik-dekan-dan-direktur-sekolah-vokasi-unp|title=Rektor UNP Lantik Dekan Dan Direktur Sekolah Vokasi UNP|first=Universitas Negeri|last=Padang|website=Universitas Negeri Padang &#124; Official Website|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091413/https://unp.ac.id/news/28-07-2023/rektor-unp-lantik-dekan-dan-direktur-sekolah-vokasi-unp|dead-url=no}}</ref> <!---Istri Krismadinata bersepupu dengan Ganefri.---> Krismadinata dilahiaan di [[Kota Padang]], [[Sumatera Barat]] pado 11 September 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sipeg.unp.ac.id/laman/detail/816|title=SiPeg UNP|website=sipeg.unp.ac.id|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605092918/http://sipeg.unp.ac.id/laman/detail/816|dead-url=no}}</ref> Satalah lulus dari [[SMK SMAK Padang|Sekolah Menengah Analisis Kimia (SMAK) Padang]] pado 1996,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C6z5Tvrxu9b/|title=Instagram|website=www.instagram.com|accessdate=18 Jun 2025}}</ref> inyo maraih gala [[Sarjana Teknik]] Elektro dari [[Universitas Andalas]] Paso 2000, [[Magister]] Teknik Elektro dari [[Institut Teknologi Bandung]] (ITB) pado 2004, [[Doktor]] Teknik Elektro dari [[Universitas Malaya]] pado 2012, jo [[Insinyur]] dari ITB pado 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rccc.lp2m.unp.ac.id/peneliti/krismadinata-s-t-m-t-ph-d/|title=Krismadinata, S.T., M.T., Ph.D|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605092918/https://rccc.lp2m.unp.ac.id/peneliti/krismadinata-s-t-m-t-ph-d/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pddikti.kemdiktisaintek.go.id/detail-dosen/xTZ8FJijzxIHMormTODKUMl_Ag1grEUCgKk79Uj_v9e8cqYGoJ_017qdbaZVT4XKCgguxA==|title=PDDikti|website=pddikti.kemdiktisaintek.go.id|accessdate=21 Jun 2025|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091408/https://pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id/data_dosen/QUI4REM4NzAtM0I4MS00QjFELTg4NkUtNUVBOUE4NkVDNzRD/3835649B-95FD-480B-9046-538D5DA48AC1|dead-url=no}}</ref> Disertasi doktoralnyo bajudul ''"Modified H-bridge multilevel inverter for photovoltaic system"''.<ref>https://pendeta.um.edu.my/client/en_US/default/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ILS$002f0$002fSD_ILS:869953/ada?qu=Krismadinat&d=ent%3A%2F%2FSD_ILS%2F0%2FSD_ILS%3A869953%7EILS%7E0&h=8</ref> Inyo manyalasaian program post-doctoral di Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC) pado 2014.<ref name=padek>{{Cite web|url=https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364633741/profil-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-krismadinata-dosen-berprestasi-dan-pernah-masuk-top-500-scientist|title=Profil Rektor UNP Periode 2024-2029 Krismadinata: Dosen Berprestasi dan Pernah Masuk Top 500 Scientist - Padek Jawapos|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091414/https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364633741/profil-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-krismadinata-dosen-berprestasi-dan-pernah-masuk-top-500-scientist|dead-url=no}}</ref> Krismadinata diangkek sabagai dosen [[Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil]] di Universitas Negeri Padang pado Desember 2000. Salain itu, inyo pernah juo manjadi dosen indak tetap di Universitas Andalas jo [[Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat]] antaro 2000 jo 2001, kamudian di [[Universitas Subang]] antaro 2001 jo 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/krismadinata/|title=Krismadinata|accessdate=18 Jun 2025}}</ref> Krismadinata pernah manjabat sabagai Ketua Program Studi S1 Teknik Elektro UNP, Kapalo Pusat Penelitian Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LPPM) UNP, Kapalo Pusat Publikasi dan HKI LPPM UNP, Kapalo Laboratorium Energi Terbarukan UNP, Kapalo Laboratorium Rangkaian Listrik dan Pengukuran UNP, jo Direktur Pusat Penelitian Energi dan Elektronika Daya UNP. Ia talibat aktif juo manjadi aktivis lembaga swadaya masyarakat, aktivis mahasiswa, atlet tenis meja jo pencak silek. Salain itu ia bagabuang juo manjadi pangurus organisasi pemuda jo kemasyarakatan, seperti [[Komite Nasional Pemuda Indonesia]], [[Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia]] Sumatera Barat, [[Gebu Minang]], Keluarga Alumni [[Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam]] Sumatera Barat, jo Masyarakat Ketenagalistrikan Indonesia Sumatera Barat.<ref name=padek/> Pado 2015, inyo maraih panghargaan dosen berprestasi terbaik II UNP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ganto.co/berita/1625/dosen-berprestasi-unp.html|title=Dosen Berprestasi UNP|website=Ganto.co|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091415/https://www.ganto.co/berita/1625/dosen-berprestasi-unp.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Inyo menerima pulo panghargaan [[Satyalancana Karya Satya]] XX Tahun dari [[Presiden Republik Indonesia]] pado 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/520987548/Keputusan-Presiden-33-2021|title=Keputusan Presiden 33-2021 &#124; PDF|website=Scribd|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605092109/https://www.scribd.com/document/520987548/Keputusan-Presiden-33-2021|dead-url=no}}</ref> Krismadinata mamiliki saurang bini banamo Hilma Raimona Zadry,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unp.ac.id/news/17-12-2024/dwp-universitas-negeri-padang-gelar-seminar-kesehatan-untuk-peringati-hut-ke25-dan-hari-ibu|title=DWP Universitas Negeri Padang Gelar Seminar Kesehatan Untuk Peringati HUT Ke-25 Dan Hari Ibu|first=Universitas Negeri|last=Padang|website=Universitas Negeri Padang &#124; Official Website|accessdate=18 Jun 2025}}</ref> nan baprofesi sabagai dosen teknik industri di Fakultas Teknik Universitas Andalas.<ref>https://dosen.unand.ac.id/web/detail?kode=-by--d3y5xc632bn12gd72gsev--az--ir-9oUjk8y7f4590j65</ref> 9u6jzas18zyogwod9b63ejyp9prsz7j 3345592 3345591 2026-04-03T01:01:52Z Urang Kamang 1673 3345592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Krismadinata''' ({{lahirmati|[[Padang]]|11|9|1977}}) adolah akademisi jo panaliti teknik Indonesia nan manjabat sabagai [[Rektor Universitas Negeri Padang|Rektor]] [[Universitas Negeri Padang]] (UNP) sajak 5 Juni 2024 manggantian [[Ganefri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364727515/krismadinata-resmi-jadi-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-terima-kasih-prof-ganefri|title=Krismadinata Resmi Jadi Rektor UNP Periode 2024-2029, Terima Kasih Prof Ganefri - Padek Jawapos|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091416/https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364727515/krismadinata-resmi-jadi-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-terima-kasih-prof-ganefri|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2024/05/08/210759278/gantikan-ganefri-krismadinata-terpilih-jadi-rektor-unp-2024-2029|title=Gantikan Ganefri, Krismadinata Terpilih Jadi Rektor UNP 2024-2029|accessdate=21 Jun 2025}}</ref> Sabalunnyo inyo manjabat sabagai Dekan Fakultas Teknik UNP sajak 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unp.ac.id/news/28-07-2023/rektor-unp-lantik-dekan-dan-direktur-sekolah-vokasi-unp|title=Rektor UNP Lantik Dekan Dan Direktur Sekolah Vokasi UNP|first=Universitas Negeri|last=Padang|website=Universitas Negeri Padang &#124; Official Website|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091413/https://unp.ac.id/news/28-07-2023/rektor-unp-lantik-dekan-dan-direktur-sekolah-vokasi-unp|dead-url=no}}</ref> <!---Istri Krismadinata bersepupu dengan Ganefri.---> Krismadinata dilahiaan di [[Kota Padang]], [[Sumatera Barat]] pado 11 September 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sipeg.unp.ac.id/laman/detail/816|title=SiPeg UNP|website=sipeg.unp.ac.id|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605092918/http://sipeg.unp.ac.id/laman/detail/816|dead-url=no}}</ref> Satalah lulus dari [[SMK SMAK Padang|Sekolah Menengah Analisis Kimia (SMAK) Padang]] pado 1996,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C6z5Tvrxu9b/|title=Instagram|website=www.instagram.com|accessdate=18 Jun 2025}}</ref> inyo maraih gala [[Sarjana Teknik]] Elektro dari [[Universitas Andalas]] Paso 2000, [[Magister]] Teknik Elektro dari [[Institut Teknologi Bandung]] (ITB) pado 2004, [[Doktor]] Teknik Elektro dari [[Universitas Malaya]] pado 2012, jo [[Insinyur]] dari ITB pado 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rccc.lp2m.unp.ac.id/peneliti/krismadinata-s-t-m-t-ph-d/|title=Krismadinata, S.T., M.T., Ph.D|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605092918/https://rccc.lp2m.unp.ac.id/peneliti/krismadinata-s-t-m-t-ph-d/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pddikti.kemdiktisaintek.go.id/detail-dosen/xTZ8FJijzxIHMormTODKUMl_Ag1grEUCgKk79Uj_v9e8cqYGoJ_017qdbaZVT4XKCgguxA==|title=PDDikti|website=pddikti.kemdiktisaintek.go.id|accessdate=21 Jun 2025|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091408/https://pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id/data_dosen/QUI4REM4NzAtM0I4MS00QjFELTg4NkUtNUVBOUE4NkVDNzRD/3835649B-95FD-480B-9046-538D5DA48AC1|dead-url=no}}</ref> Disertasi doktoralnyo bajudul ''"Modified H-bridge multilevel inverter for photovoltaic system"''.<ref>https://pendeta.um.edu.my/client/en_US/default/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ILS$002f0$002fSD_ILS:869953/ada?qu=Krismadinat&d=ent%3A%2F%2FSD_ILS%2F0%2FSD_ILS%3A869953%7EILS%7E0&h=8</ref> Inyo manyalasaian program post-doctoral di Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC) pado 2014.<ref name=padek>{{Cite web|url=https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364633741/profil-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-krismadinata-dosen-berprestasi-dan-pernah-masuk-top-500-scientist|title=Profil Rektor UNP Periode 2024-2029 Krismadinata: Dosen Berprestasi dan Pernah Masuk Top 500 Scientist - Padek Jawapos|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091414/https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364633741/profil-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-krismadinata-dosen-berprestasi-dan-pernah-masuk-top-500-scientist|dead-url=no}}</ref> Krismadinata diangkek sabagai dosen [[Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil]] di Universitas Negeri Padang pado Desember 2000. Salain itu, inyo pernah juo manjadi dosen indak tetap di Universitas Andalas jo [[Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat]] antaro 2000 jo 2001, kamudian di [[Universitas Subang]] antaro 2001 jo 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/krismadinata/|title=Krismadinata|accessdate=18 Jun 2025}}</ref> Krismadinata pernah manjabat sabagai Ketua Program Studi S1 Teknik Elektro UNP, Kapalo Pusat Penelitian Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LPPM) UNP, Kapalo Pusat Publikasi dan HKI LPPM UNP, Kapalo Laboratorium Energi Terbarukan UNP, Kapalo Laboratorium Rangkaian Listrik dan Pengukuran UNP, jo Direktur Pusat Penelitian Energi dan Elektronika Daya UNP. Ia talibat aktif juo manjadi aktivis lembaga swadaya masyarakat, aktivis mahasiswa, atlet tenis meja jo pencak silek. Salain itu ia bagabuang juo manjadi pangurus organisasi pemuda jo kemasyarakatan, seperti [[Komite Nasional Pemuda Indonesia]], [[Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia]] Sumatera Barat, [[Gebu Minang]], Keluarga Alumni [[Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam]] Sumatera Barat, jo Masyarakat Ketenagalistrikan Indonesia Sumatera Barat.<ref name=padek/> Pado 2015, inyo maraih panghargaan dosen berprestasi terbaik II UNP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ganto.co/berita/1625/dosen-berprestasi-unp.html|title=Dosen Berprestasi UNP|website=Ganto.co|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091415/https://www.ganto.co/berita/1625/dosen-berprestasi-unp.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Inyo menerima pulo panghargaan [[Satyalancana Karya Satya]] XX Tahun dari [[Presiden Republik Indonesia]] pado 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/520987548/Keputusan-Presiden-33-2021|title=Keputusan Presiden 33-2021 &#124; PDF|website=Scribd|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605092109/https://www.scribd.com/document/520987548/Keputusan-Presiden-33-2021|dead-url=no}}</ref> Krismadinata mamiliki saurang bini banamo Hilma Raimona Zadry,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unp.ac.id/news/17-12-2024/dwp-universitas-negeri-padang-gelar-seminar-kesehatan-untuk-peringati-hut-ke25-dan-hari-ibu|title=DWP Universitas Negeri Padang Gelar Seminar Kesehatan Untuk Peringati HUT Ke-25 Dan Hari Ibu|first=Universitas Negeri|last=Padang|website=Universitas Negeri Padang &#124; Official Website|accessdate=18 Jun 2025}}</ref> nan baprofesi sabagai dosen teknik industri di Fakultas Teknik Universitas Andalas.<ref>https://dosen.unand.ac.id/web/detail?kode=-by--d3y5xc632bn12gd72gsev--az--ir-9oUjk8y7f4590j65</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} ==Pranala luar == * {{Instagram|krismadinatasulaiman}} * {{LinkedIn|krismadinata-ph-d-41046134}} * {{Google scholar id|srCPU0sAAAAJ}} * {{ResearchGate|Krismadinata-Krismadinata}} {{indo-bio-stub}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Rektor Universitas Negeri Padang]] [[Kategori:Dosen Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Akademikus Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Andalas]] [[Kategori:Alumni Institut Teknologi Bandung]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Malaya]] [[Kategori:Penerima Satyalancana Karya Satya]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Padang]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] pw95rafnb51156h66ckvezqxfg3adq1 0 477599 3345593 2026-04-03T01:10:33Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Armenia map numbered.svg|thumb]] Armenia dibagi manjadi sabaleh divisi administratif. Sapiluah diantaronyo adolah provinsi nan dikenal sabagai marzer (մարզեր) atau dalam bantuak tungga marz (մարզ) dalam bahaso Armenia. == Provinsi == Barikuik adolah daftar provinsi jo informasi panduduak, laweh wilayah, jo kapadekan panduduak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf|title=Provinces: area, population and density}}</ref><ref n..." 3345593 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Armenia map numbered.svg|thumb]] Armenia dibagi manjadi sabaleh divisi administratif. Sapiluah diantaronyo adolah provinsi nan dikenal sabagai marzer (մարզեր) atau dalam bantuak tungga marz (մարզ) dalam bahaso Armenia. == Provinsi == Barikuik adolah daftar provinsi jo informasi panduduak, laweh wilayah, jo kapadekan panduduak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf|title=Provinces: area, population and density}}</ref><ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Angko-angko ko baasa dari Komite Statistik Armenia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/nasel_01.01.2016.pdf|title=Estimated population of Armenia as of 01.01.2016}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" ! Provinsi ! Panduduak<br/><small>(sensus 2011)</small> ! Panduduak<br/><small>(sensus 2022)</small> ! % ! Area (km²) ! Kapadekan ! Komunitas<br/>urban ! Komunitas<br/>pakampuangan ! Ibu kota |- ||[[Provinsi Aragatsotn|Aragatsotn]] |132.925 |128.941 |4,4% |2.773 |{{convert|46.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |69 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Ashtarak, Armenia.svg}} [[Ashtarak]] |- ||[[Provinsi Ararat|Ararat]] |260.367 |248.982 |8,5% |2.090 |{{convert|119.1|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |4 |91 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Artashat.png}} [[Artashat, Armenia|Artashat]] |- ||[[Provinsi Armavir|Armavir]] |265.770 |253.493 |8,6% |1.231 |{{convert|205.9|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |94 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Armavir.jpg}} [[Armavir, Armenia|Armavir]] |- ||{{flagicon image|Gegharkunik Province Coat of Arms.jpg}} [[Provinsi Gegharkunik|Gegharkunik]] |235.075 |209.669 |7,1% |5.351 |{{convert|39.2|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |52 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Gavar.png}} [[Gavar]] |- ||{{flagicon image|Kotayk marz gerb.jpg}} [[Provinsi Kotayk|Kotayk]] |254.397 |269.883 |9,2% |2.076 |{{convert|130|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |7 |35 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Hrazdan.png}} [[Hrazdan]] |- ||{{flagicon image|Lori marz coa.gif}} [[Provinsi Lori|Lori]] |235.537 |222.805 |7,6% |3.799 |{{convert|58.6|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |7 |50 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Vanadzor.png}} [[Vanadzor]] |- ||[[Provinsi Shirak|Shirak]] |251.941 |235.484 |8% |2.680 |{{convert|87.9|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |39 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Gyumri.svg}} [[Gyumri]] |- ||[[Provinsi Syunik|Syunik]] |141.771 |114.488 |3,9% |4.506 |{{convert|25.4|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |3 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Kapan.jpg}} [[Kapan]] |- ||[[Provinsi Tavush|Tavush]] |128.609 |114.940 |3,9% |2.704 |{{convert|42.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |19 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Ijevan.png}} [[Ijevan]] |- ||{{flagicon image|Vajots Dzor marz gerb.jpg}} [[Provinsi Vayots Dzor|Vayots Dzor]] |52.324 |47.369 |1,6% |2.310 |{{convert|20.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |5 |{{flagicon image|COA of Yeghegnadzor.jpg}} [[Yeghegnadzor]] |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Yerevan.svg}} [[Yerevan]] |1.060.138 |1.086.677 |37,1% |223 |{{convert|4873|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |1 |n/a |n/a |} == Munisipalitas == Di satiok provinsi, tadapek komunitas munisipalitas, nan kini ko dianggap sabagai divisi administratif tingkek duo. Satiok munisipalitas - nan sacaro rasmi dikenal sabagai komunitas, baik urban maupun pakampuangan - adolah entitas nan maatur dirinyo surang jo tadiri dari ciek atau labiah pamukiman nan diklasifikasian sabagai kota atau kampuang. Hinggo Januari 2018, tadapek 503 komunitas, di mano 46 adolah kota jo 457 barupo kampuang.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regions|url=http://www.gov.am/en/regions/|publisher=The Government of Armenia}}</ref> Sadangkan ibu kota nagara, Yerevan, tabagi manjadi 12 distrik semi-otonom. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} p2oj1452t9qfxg04v26nvcai0b1p7dx 3345594 3345593 2026-04-03T01:11:48Z Rang Djambak 14874 +[[Kategori:Pambagian administratif Armenia]]; +[[Kategori:Wilayah administratif tingkek satu]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345594 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Armenia map numbered.svg|thumb]] Armenia dibagi manjadi sabaleh divisi administratif. Sapiluah diantaronyo adolah provinsi nan dikenal sabagai marzer (մարզեր) atau dalam bantuak tungga marz (մարզ) dalam bahaso Armenia. == Provinsi == Barikuik adolah daftar provinsi jo informasi panduduak, laweh wilayah, jo kapadekan panduduak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf|title=Provinces: area, population and density}}</ref><ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Angko-angko ko baasa dari Komite Statistik Armenia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/nasel_01.01.2016.pdf|title=Estimated population of Armenia as of 01.01.2016}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" ! Provinsi ! Panduduak<br/><small>(sensus 2011)</small> ! Panduduak<br/><small>(sensus 2022)</small> ! % ! Area (km²) ! Kapadekan ! Komunitas<br/>urban ! Komunitas<br/>pakampuangan ! Ibu kota |- ||[[Provinsi Aragatsotn|Aragatsotn]] |132.925 |128.941 |4,4% |2.773 |{{convert|46.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |69 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Ashtarak, Armenia.svg}} [[Ashtarak]] |- ||[[Provinsi Ararat|Ararat]] |260.367 |248.982 |8,5% |2.090 |{{convert|119.1|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |4 |91 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Artashat.png}} [[Artashat, Armenia|Artashat]] |- ||[[Provinsi Armavir|Armavir]] |265.770 |253.493 |8,6% |1.231 |{{convert|205.9|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |94 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Armavir.jpg}} [[Armavir, Armenia|Armavir]] |- ||{{flagicon image|Gegharkunik Province Coat of Arms.jpg}} [[Provinsi Gegharkunik|Gegharkunik]] |235.075 |209.669 |7,1% |5.351 |{{convert|39.2|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |52 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Gavar.png}} [[Gavar]] |- ||{{flagicon image|Kotayk marz gerb.jpg}} [[Provinsi Kotayk|Kotayk]] |254.397 |269.883 |9,2% |2.076 |{{convert|130|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |7 |35 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Hrazdan.png}} [[Hrazdan]] |- ||{{flagicon image|Lori marz coa.gif}} [[Provinsi Lori|Lori]] |235.537 |222.805 |7,6% |3.799 |{{convert|58.6|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |7 |50 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Vanadzor.png}} [[Vanadzor]] |- ||[[Provinsi Shirak|Shirak]] |251.941 |235.484 |8% |2.680 |{{convert|87.9|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |39 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Gyumri.svg}} [[Gyumri]] |- ||[[Provinsi Syunik|Syunik]] |141.771 |114.488 |3,9% |4.506 |{{convert|25.4|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |3 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Kapan.jpg}} [[Kapan]] |- ||[[Provinsi Tavush|Tavush]] |128.609 |114.940 |3,9% |2.704 |{{convert|42.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |19 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Ijevan.png}} [[Ijevan]] |- ||{{flagicon image|Vajots Dzor marz gerb.jpg}} [[Provinsi Vayots Dzor|Vayots Dzor]] |52.324 |47.369 |1,6% |2.310 |{{convert|20.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |5 |{{flagicon image|COA of Yeghegnadzor.jpg}} [[Yeghegnadzor]] |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Yerevan.svg}} [[Yerevan]] |1.060.138 |1.086.677 |37,1% |223 |{{convert|4873|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |1 |n/a |n/a |} == Munisipalitas == Di satiok provinsi, tadapek komunitas munisipalitas, nan kini ko dianggap sabagai divisi administratif tingkek duo. Satiok munisipalitas - nan sacaro rasmi dikenal sabagai komunitas, baik urban maupun pakampuangan - adolah entitas nan maatur dirinyo surang jo tadiri dari ciek atau labiah pamukiman nan diklasifikasian sabagai kota atau kampuang. Hinggo Januari 2018, tadapek 503 komunitas, di mano 46 adolah kota jo 457 barupo kampuang.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regions|url=http://www.gov.am/en/regions/|publisher=The Government of Armenia}}</ref> Sadangkan ibu kota nagara, Yerevan, tabagi manjadi 12 distrik semi-otonom. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Pambagian administratif Armenia]] [[Kategori:Wilayah administratif tingkek satu]] rt8bohi0vxalyh0zkem0315f8ur8cdo 3345596 3345594 2026-04-03T01:12:43Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345596 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Armenia map numbered.svg|thumb]] [[Armenia]] dibagi manjadi sabaleh divisi administratif. Sapuluah diantaronyo adolah provinsi nan dikenal sabagai ''marzer'' (մարզեր) atau dalam bantuak tungga ''marz'' (մարզ) dalam [[bahaso Armenia]]. == Provinsi == Barikuik adolah daftar provinsi jo informasi panduduak, laweh wilayah, jo kapadekan panduduak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf|title=Provinces: area, population and density}}</ref><ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Angko-angko ko baasa dari Komite Statistik Armenia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/nasel_01.01.2016.pdf|title=Estimated population of Armenia as of 01.01.2016}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" ! Provinsi ! Panduduak<br/><small>(sensus 2011)</small> ! Panduduak<br/><small>(sensus 2022)</small> ! % ! Area (km²) ! Kapadekan ! Komunitas<br/>urban ! Komunitas<br/>pakampuangan ! Ibu kota |- ||[[Provinsi Aragatsotn|Aragatsotn]] |132.925 |128.941 |4,4% |2.773 |{{convert|46.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |69 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Ashtarak, Armenia.svg}} [[Ashtarak]] |- ||[[Provinsi Ararat|Ararat]] |260.367 |248.982 |8,5% |2.090 |{{convert|119.1|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |4 |91 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Artashat.png}} [[Artashat, Armenia|Artashat]] |- ||[[Provinsi Armavir|Armavir]] |265.770 |253.493 |8,6% |1.231 |{{convert|205.9|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |94 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Armavir.jpg}} [[Armavir, Armenia|Armavir]] |- ||{{flagicon image|Gegharkunik Province Coat of Arms.jpg}} [[Provinsi Gegharkunik|Gegharkunik]] |235.075 |209.669 |7,1% |5.351 |{{convert|39.2|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |52 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Gavar.png}} [[Gavar]] |- ||{{flagicon image|Kotayk marz gerb.jpg}} [[Provinsi Kotayk|Kotayk]] |254.397 |269.883 |9,2% |2.076 |{{convert|130|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |7 |35 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Hrazdan.png}} [[Hrazdan]] |- ||{{flagicon image|Lori marz coa.gif}} [[Provinsi Lori|Lori]] |235.537 |222.805 |7,6% |3.799 |{{convert|58.6|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |7 |50 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Vanadzor.png}} [[Vanadzor]] |- ||[[Provinsi Shirak|Shirak]] |251.941 |235.484 |8% |2.680 |{{convert|87.9|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |39 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Gyumri.svg}} [[Gyumri]] |- ||[[Provinsi Syunik|Syunik]] |141.771 |114.488 |3,9% |4.506 |{{convert|25.4|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |3 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Kapan.jpg}} [[Kapan]] |- ||[[Provinsi Tavush|Tavush]] |128.609 |114.940 |3,9% |2.704 |{{convert|42.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |19 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Ijevan.png}} [[Ijevan]] |- ||{{flagicon image|Vajots Dzor marz gerb.jpg}} [[Provinsi Vayots Dzor|Vayots Dzor]] |52.324 |47.369 |1,6% |2.310 |{{convert|20.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |5 |{{flagicon image|COA of Yeghegnadzor.jpg}} [[Yeghegnadzor]] |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Yerevan.svg}} [[Yerevan]] |1.060.138 |1.086.677 |37,1% |223 |{{convert|4873|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |1 |n/a |n/a |} == Munisipalitas == Di satiok provinsi, tadapek komunitas munisipalitas, nan kini ko dianggap sabagai divisi administratif tingkek duo. Satiok munisipalitas - nan sacaro rasmi dikenal sabagai komunitas, baik urban maupun pakampuangan - adolah entitas nan maatur dirinyo surang jo tadiri dari ciek atau labiah pamukiman nan diklasifikasian sabagai kota atau kampuang. Hinggo Januari 2018, tadapek 503 komunitas, di mano 46 adolah kota jo 457 barupo kampuang.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regions|url=http://www.gov.am/en/regions/|publisher=The Government of Armenia}}</ref> Sadangkan ibu kota nagara, Yerevan, tabagi manjadi 12 distrik semi-otonom. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Pambagian administratif Armenia]] [[Kategori:Wilayah administratif tingkek satu]] 78scowd3abmls1r49ojsntnkvo2l9uk 3345597 3345596 2026-04-03T01:13:13Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345597 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Armenia map numbered.svg|thumb]] [[Armenia]] dibagi manjadi sabaleh divisi administratif. Sapuluah diantaronyo adolah provinsi nan dikenal sabagai ''marzer'' (մարզեր) atau dalam bantuak tungga ''marz'' (մարզ) dalam [[bahaso Armenia]]. == Provinsi == Barikuik adolah daftar provinsi jo informasi panduduak, laweh wilayah, jo kapadekan panduduak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf|title=Provinces: area, population and density}}</ref><ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Angko-angko ko baasa dari [[Komite Statistik Armenia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/nasel_01.01.2016.pdf|title=Estimated population of Armenia as of 01.01.2016}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" ! Provinsi ! Panduduak<br/><small>(sensus 2011)</small> ! Panduduak<br/><small>(sensus 2022)</small> ! % ! Area (km²) ! Kapadekan ! Komunitas<br/>urban ! Komunitas<br/>pakampuangan ! Ibu kota |- ||[[Provinsi Aragatsotn|Aragatsotn]] |132.925 |128.941 |4,4% |2.773 |{{convert|46.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |69 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Ashtarak, Armenia.svg}} [[Ashtarak]] |- ||[[Provinsi Ararat|Ararat]] |260.367 |248.982 |8,5% |2.090 |{{convert|119.1|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |4 |91 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Artashat.png}} [[Artashat, Armenia|Artashat]] |- ||[[Provinsi Armavir|Armavir]] |265.770 |253.493 |8,6% |1.231 |{{convert|205.9|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |94 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Armavir.jpg}} [[Armavir, Armenia|Armavir]] |- ||{{flagicon image|Gegharkunik Province Coat of Arms.jpg}} [[Provinsi Gegharkunik|Gegharkunik]] |235.075 |209.669 |7,1% |5.351 |{{convert|39.2|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |52 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Gavar.png}} [[Gavar]] |- ||{{flagicon image|Kotayk marz gerb.jpg}} [[Provinsi Kotayk|Kotayk]] |254.397 |269.883 |9,2% |2.076 |{{convert|130|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |7 |35 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Hrazdan.png}} [[Hrazdan]] |- ||{{flagicon image|Lori marz coa.gif}} [[Provinsi Lori|Lori]] |235.537 |222.805 |7,6% |3.799 |{{convert|58.6|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |7 |50 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Vanadzor.png}} [[Vanadzor]] |- ||[[Provinsi Shirak|Shirak]] |251.941 |235.484 |8% |2.680 |{{convert|87.9|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |39 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Gyumri.svg}} [[Gyumri]] |- ||[[Provinsi Syunik|Syunik]] |141.771 |114.488 |3,9% |4.506 |{{convert|25.4|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |3 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Kapan.jpg}} [[Kapan]] |- ||[[Provinsi Tavush|Tavush]] |128.609 |114.940 |3,9% |2.704 |{{convert|42.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |19 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Ijevan.png}} [[Ijevan]] |- ||{{flagicon image|Vajots Dzor marz gerb.jpg}} [[Provinsi Vayots Dzor|Vayots Dzor]] |52.324 |47.369 |1,6% |2.310 |{{convert|20.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |5 |{{flagicon image|COA of Yeghegnadzor.jpg}} [[Yeghegnadzor]] |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Yerevan.svg}} [[Yerevan]] |1.060.138 |1.086.677 |37,1% |223 |{{convert|4873|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |1 |n/a |n/a |} == Munisipalitas == Di satiok provinsi, tadapek komunitas munisipalitas, nan kini ko dianggap sabagai divisi administratif tingkek duo. Satiok munisipalitas - nan sacaro rasmi dikenal sabagai komunitas, baik urban maupun pakampuangan - adolah entitas nan maatur dirinyo surang jo tadiri dari ciek atau labiah pamukiman nan diklasifikasian sabagai kota atau kampuang. Hinggo Januari 2018, tadapek 503 komunitas, di mano 46 adolah kota jo 457 barupo kampuang.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regions|url=http://www.gov.am/en/regions/|publisher=The Government of Armenia}}</ref> Sadangkan ibu kota nagara, Yerevan, tabagi manjadi 12 distrik semi-otonom. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Pambagian administratif Armenia]] [[Kategori:Wilayah administratif tingkek satu]] g7z2w0mzepdh08nx9ruvqwifxqcf98b 3345598 3345597 2026-04-03T01:14:29Z Rang Djambak 14874 /* Provinsi */ 3345598 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Armenia map numbered.svg|thumb]] [[Armenia]] dibagi manjadi sabaleh divisi administratif. Sapuluah diantaronyo adolah provinsi nan dikenal sabagai ''marzer'' (մարզեր) atau dalam bantuak tungga ''marz'' (մարզ) dalam [[bahaso Armenia]]. == Provinsi == Barikuik adolah daftar provinsi jo informasi panduduak, laweh wilayah, jo kapadekan panduduak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf|title=Provinces: area, population and density}}</ref><ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Angko-angko ko baasa dari [[Komite Statistik Armenia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/nasel_01.01.2016.pdf|title=Estimated population of Armenia as of 01.01.2016}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" ! Provinsi ! Panduduak<br/><small>(sensus 2011)</small> ! Panduduak<br/><small>(sensus 2022)</small> ! % ! Area (km²) ! Kapadekan ! Komunitas<br/>urban ! Komunitas<br/>pakampuangan ! Ibu kota |- ||[[Provinsi Aragatsotn|Aragatsotn]] |132.925 |128.941 |4,4% |2.773 |{{convert|46.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |69 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Ashtarak, Armenia.svg}} [[Ashtarak]] |- ||[[Provinsi Ararat|Ararat]] |260.367 |248.982 |8,5% |2.090 |{{convert|119.1|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |4 |91 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Artashat.png}} [[Artashat, Armenia|Artashat]] |- ||[[Provinsi Armavir|Armavir]] |265.770 |253.493 |8,6% |1.231 |{{convert|205.9|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |94 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Armavir.jpg}} [[Armavir, Armenia|Armavir]] |- ||[[Provinsi Gegharkunik|Gegharkunik]] |235.075 |209.669 |7,1% |5.351 |{{convert|39.2|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |52 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Gavar.png}} [[Gavar]] |- ||[[Provinsi Kotayk|Kotayk]] |254.397 |269.883 |9,2% |2.076 |{{convert|130|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |7 |35 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Hrazdan.png}} [[Hrazdan]] |- ||[[Provinsi Lori|Lori]] |235.537 |222.805 |7,6% |3.799 |{{convert|58.6|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |7 |50 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Vanadzor.png}} [[Vanadzor]] |- ||[[Provinsi Shirak|Shirak]] |251.941 |235.484 |8% |2.680 |{{convert|87.9|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |39 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Gyumri.svg}} [[Gyumri]] |- ||[[Provinsi Syunik|Syunik]] |141.771 |114.488 |3,9% |4.506 |{{convert|25.4|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |3 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Kapan.jpg}} [[Kapan]] |- ||[[Provinsi Tavush|Tavush]] |128.609 |114.940 |3,9% |2.704 |{{convert|42.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |19 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Ijevan.png}} [[Ijevan]] |- ||[[Provinsi Vayots Dzor|Vayots Dzor]] |52.324 |47.369 |1,6% |2.310 |{{convert|20.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |5 |{{flagicon image|COA of Yeghegnadzor.jpg}} [[Yeghegnadzor]] |- |[[Yerevan]] |1.060.138 |1.086.677 |37,1% |223 |{{convert|4873|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |1 |n/a |n/a |} == Munisipalitas == Di satiok provinsi, tadapek komunitas munisipalitas, nan kini ko dianggap sabagai divisi administratif tingkek duo. Satiok munisipalitas - nan sacaro rasmi dikenal sabagai komunitas, baik urban maupun pakampuangan - adolah entitas nan maatur dirinyo surang jo tadiri dari ciek atau labiah pamukiman nan diklasifikasian sabagai kota atau kampuang. Hinggo Januari 2018, tadapek 503 komunitas, di mano 46 adolah kota jo 457 barupo kampuang.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regions|url=http://www.gov.am/en/regions/|publisher=The Government of Armenia}}</ref> Sadangkan ibu kota nagara, Yerevan, tabagi manjadi 12 distrik semi-otonom. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Pambagian administratif Armenia]] [[Kategori:Wilayah administratif tingkek satu]] a6qqajcuux4eplu9vj6czvqfg3jiab3 3345605 3345598 2026-04-03T01:27:11Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345605 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Armenia map numbered.svg|thumb]] [[Armenia]] dibagi manjadi sabaleh divisi administratif. Sapuluah diantaronyo adolah provinsi nan dikenal sabagai ''marzer'' (մարզեր) atau dalam bantuak tungga ''marz'' (մարզ) dalam [[bahaso Armenia]]. == Provinsi == Barikuik adolah daftar provinsi jo informasi panduduak, laweh wilayah, jo kapadekan panduduak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf|title=Provinces: area, population and density}}</ref><ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Angko-angko ko baasa dari [[Komite Statistik Armenia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/nasel_01.01.2016.pdf|title=Estimated population of Armenia as of 01.01.2016}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" ! Provinsi ! Panduduak<br/><small>(sensus 2011)</small> ! Panduduak<br/><small>(sensus 2022)</small> ! % ! Area (km²) ! Kapadekan ! Komunitas<br/>urban ! Komunitas<br/>pakampuangan ! Ibu kota |- ||[[Provinsi Aragatsotn|Aragatsotn]] |132.925 |128.941 |4,4% |2.773 |{{convert|46.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |69 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Ashtarak, Armenia.svg}} [[Ashtarak]] |- ||[[Provinsi Ararat|Ararat]] |260.367 |248.982 |8,5% |2.090 |{{convert|119.1|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |4 |91 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Artashat.png}} [[Artashat, Armenia|Artashat]] |- ||[[Provinsi Armavir|Armavir]] |265.770 |253.493 |8,6% |1.231 |{{convert|205.9|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |94 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Armavir.jpg}} [[Armavir, Armenia|Armavir]] |- ||[[Provinsi Gegharkunik|Gegharkunik]] |235.075 |209.669 |7,1% |5.351 |{{convert|39.2|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |52 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Gavar.png}} [[Gavar]] |- ||[[Provinsi Kotayk|Kotayk]] |254.397 |269.883 |9,2% |2.076 |{{convert|130|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |7 |35 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Hrazdan.png}} [[Hrazdan]] |- ||[[Provinsi Lori|Lori]] |235.537 |222.805 |7,6% |3.799 |{{convert|58.6|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |7 |50 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Vanadzor.png}} [[Vanadzor]] |- ||[[Provinsi Shirak|Shirak]] |251.941 |235.484 |8% |2.680 |{{convert|87.9|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |39 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Gyumri.svg}} [[Gyumri]] |- ||[[Provinsi Syunik|Syunik]] |141.771 |114.488 |3,9% |4.506 |{{convert|25.4|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |3 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Kapan.jpg}} [[Kapan]] |- ||[[Provinsi Tavush|Tavush]] |128.609 |114.940 |3,9% |2.704 |{{convert|42.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |19 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Ijevan.png}} [[Ijevan]] |- ||[[Provinsi Vayots Dzor|Vayots Dzor]] |52.324 |47.369 |1,6% |2.310 |{{convert|20.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |5 |{{flagicon image|COA of Yeghegnadzor.jpg}} [[Yeghegnadzor]] |- |[[Yerevan]] |1.060.138 |1.086.677 |37,1% |223 |{{convert|4873|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |1 |n/a |n/a |} == Munisipalitas == Di satiok provinsi, tadapek komunitas munisipalitas, nan kini ko dianggap sabagai divisi administratif tingkek duo. Satiok munisipalitas - nan sacaro rasmi dikenal sabagai komunitas, baik urban maupun pakampuangan - adolah entitas nan maatur dirinyo surang jo tadiri dari ciek atau labiah pamukiman nan diklasifikasian sabagai kota atau kampuang. Hinggo Januari 2018, tadapek 503 komunitas, di mano 46 adolah kota jo 457 barupo kampuang.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regions|url=http://www.gov.am/en/regions/|publisher=The Government of Armenia}}</ref> Sadangkan ibu kota nagara, Yerevan, tabagi manjadi 12 distrik semi-otonom. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Pambagian administratif Armenia]] td624x10qvfd4oazws0a7bogu892oxd 3345610 3345605 2026-04-03T01:43:39Z Rang Djambak 14874 /* Provinsi */ 3345610 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Armenia map numbered.svg|thumb]] [[Armenia]] dibagi manjadi sabaleh divisi administratif. Sapuluah diantaronyo adolah provinsi nan dikenal sabagai ''marzer'' (մարզեր) atau dalam bantuak tungga ''marz'' (մարզ) dalam [[bahaso Armenia]]. == Provinsi == Barikuik adolah daftar provinsi jo informasi panduduak, laweh wilayah, jo kapadekan panduduak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf|title=Provinces: area, population and density}}</ref><ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Angko-angko ko baasa dari [[Komite Statistik Armenia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/nasel_01.01.2016.pdf|title=Estimated population of Armenia as of 01.01.2016}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" ! No. ! Provinsi ! Panduduak<br/><small>(sensus 2011)</small> ! Panduduak<br/><small>(sensus 2022)</small> ! % ! Area (km²) ! Kapadekan ! Komunitas<br/>urban ! Komunitas<br/>pakampuangan ! Ibu kota |- | 1 ||[[Provinsi Aragatsotn|Aragatsotn]] |132.925 |128.941 |4,4% |2.773 |{{convert|46.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |69 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Ashtarak, Armenia.svg}} [[Ashtarak]] |- | 2 ||[[Provinsi Ararat|Ararat]] |260.367 |248.982 |8,5% |2.090 |{{convert|119.1|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |4 |91 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Artashat.png}} [[Artashat, Armenia|Artashat]] |- | 3 ||[[Provinsi Armavir|Armavir]] |265.770 |253.493 |8,6% |1.231 |{{convert|205.9|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |94 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Armavir.jpg}} [[Armavir, Armenia|Armavir]] |- | 4 ||[[Provinsi Gegharkunik|Gegharkunik]] |235.075 |209.669 |7,1% |5.351 |{{convert|39.2|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |52 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Gavar.png}} [[Gavar]] |- | 5 ||[[Provinsi Kotayk|Kotayk]] |254.397 |269.883 |9,2% |2.076 |{{convert|130|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |7 |35 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Hrazdan.png}} [[Hrazdan]] |- | 6 ||[[Provinsi Lori|Lori]] |235.537 |222.805 |7,6% |3.799 |{{convert|58.6|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |7 |50 |{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Vanadzor.png}} [[Vanadzor]] |- | 7 ||[[Provinsi Shirak|Shirak]] |251.941 |235.484 |8% |2.680 |{{convert|87.9|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |39 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Gyumri.svg}} [[Gyumri]] |- | 8 ||[[Provinsi Syunik|Syunik]] |141.771 |114.488 |3,9% |4.506 |{{convert|25.4|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |3 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Kapan.jpg}} [[Kapan]] |- | 9 ||[[Provinsi Tavush|Tavush]] |128.609 |114.940 |3,9% |2.704 |{{convert|42.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |5 |19 |{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Ijevan.png}} [[Ijevan]] |- | 10 ||[[Provinsi Vayots Dzor|Vayots Dzor]] |52.324 |47.369 |1,6% |2.310 |{{convert|20.5|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |3 |5 |{{flagicon image|COA of Yeghegnadzor.jpg}} [[Yeghegnadzor]] |- | 11 |[[Yerevan]] |1.060.138 |1.086.677 |37,1% |223 |{{convert|4873|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |1 |n/a |n/a |} == Munisipalitas == Di satiok provinsi, tadapek komunitas munisipalitas, nan kini ko dianggap sabagai divisi administratif tingkek duo. Satiok munisipalitas - nan sacaro rasmi dikenal sabagai komunitas, baik urban maupun pakampuangan - adolah entitas nan maatur dirinyo surang jo tadiri dari ciek atau labiah pamukiman nan diklasifikasian sabagai kota atau kampuang. Hinggo Januari 2018, tadapek 503 komunitas, di mano 46 adolah kota jo 457 barupo kampuang.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regions|url=http://www.gov.am/en/regions/|publisher=The Government of Armenia}}</ref> Sadangkan ibu kota nagara, Yerevan, tabagi manjadi 12 distrik semi-otonom. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Pambagian administratif Armenia]] msimx3lgzemkwkxn9fd56vjei6qhxgq 0 477600 3345599 2026-04-03T01:15:56Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Pambagian administratif Armenia]] 3345599 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Pambagian administratif Armenia]] 52hmzig3mvud0g8abthwuejbdvxmiwm 0 477601 3345601 2026-04-03T01:23:28Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Aragatsotn in Armenia.svg|thumb]] Aragatsotn adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia nan talatak di bagian barat nagara tu. Ibu kota jo kota tagadang di provinsi ko iolah kota Ashtarak. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 2.773 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 128.941 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Repu..." 3345601 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aragatsotn in Armenia.svg|thumb]] Aragatsotn adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia nan talatak di bagian barat nagara tu. Ibu kota jo kota tagadang di provinsi ko iolah kota Ashtarak. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 2.773 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 128.941 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Wilayahnyo babatehan lansuang jo Provinsi Shirak di utara, Provinsi Lori di timur lauik, Provinsi Kotayk di timur, Provinsi Armavir di selatan, dan kota Yerevan di barat daya. Batang aia Akhurian di sabalah barat mamisahan Aragatsotn dari Provinsi Kars di Turki. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 9 komunitas nan tadiri dari 3 urban jo 6 pakampuangan.<ref>{{cite web|title=RA Aragatsotn Marz|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of Armenia|url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_24.pdf|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lragir.am/index/arm/0/country/view/155056|title=Հայաստանի 328 համայնքների միավորմամբ կձևավորվի 34 համայնք. ԱԺ-ն քննարկում է ծրագիրը &#124; Լրագիր}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://aragatsotn.mtad.am/about-communities/|title=Արագածոտնի մարզպետարան|website=aragatsotn.mtad.am}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=ՀՀ ՄԱՐԶԵՐԻ ԵՎ ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՍՈՑԻԱԼ-ՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳՐԵՐԸ |trans-title=Socio-economic characteristics of the provinces of the Republic of Armenia and the city of Yerevan |chapter=ԱՐԱԳԱԾՈՏՆԻ ՄԱՐԶ |trans-chapter=Aragatsotn Province |url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_21.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209064911/https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_21.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2023 |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=[[Statistical Committee of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} 1p1vcatyy0ukcv1syhju2vzo59fbgpk 3345602 3345601 2026-04-03T01:24:27Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345602 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aragatsotn in Armenia.svg|thumb]] Aragatsotn adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia nan talatak di bagian barat nagara tu. Ibu kota jo kota tagadang di provinsi ko iolah kota Ashtarak. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 2.773 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 128.941 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Wilayahnyo babatehan lansuang jo Provinsi Shirak di utara, Provinsi Lori di timur lauik, Provinsi Kotayk di timur, Provinsi Armavir di selatan, dan kota Yerevan di barat daya. Batang aia Akhurian di sabalah barat mamisahan Aragatsotn dari Provinsi Kars di Turki. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 9 komunitas nan tadiri dari 3 urban jo 6 pakampuangan.<ref>{{cite web|title=RA Aragatsotn Marz|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of Armenia|url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_24.pdf|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lragir.am/index/arm/0/country/view/155056|title=Հայաստանի 328 համայնքների միավորմամբ կձևավորվի 34 համայնք. ԱԺ-ն քննարկում է ծրագիրը &#124; Լրագիր}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://aragatsotn.mtad.am/about-communities/|title=Արագածոտնի մարզպետարան|website=aragatsotn.mtad.am}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=ՀՀ ՄԱՐԶԵՐԻ ԵՎ ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՍՈՑԻԱԼ-ՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳՐԵՐԸ |trans-title=Socio-economic characteristics of the provinces of the Republic of Armenia and the city of Yerevan |chapter=ԱՐԱԳԱԾՈՏՆԻ ՄԱՐԶ |trans-chapter=Aragatsotn Province |url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_21.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209064911/https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_21.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2023 |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=[[Statistical Committee of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] 85o24tskkezm2vd0oy0iv3njl0hzoie 3345606 3345602 2026-04-03T01:29:49Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345606 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aragatsotn in Armenia.svg|thumb]] '''Aragatsotn''' adolah salah ciek [[provinsi di Armenia]] nan talatak di bagian barat nagara tu. Ibu kota jo kota tagadang di provinsi ko iolah kota [[Ashtarak]]. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 2.773 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 128.941 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Wilayahnyo babatehan lansuang jo [[Provinsi Shirak]] di utara, [[Provinsi Lori]] di timur lauik, [[Provinsi Kotayk]] di timur, [[Provinsi Armavir]] di selatan, dan kota [[Yerevan]] di barat daya. [[Batang aia Akhurian]] di sabalah barat mamisahan Aragatsotn dari [[Provinsi Kars]] di [[Turki]]. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 9 [[Munisipalitas di Armenia|komunitas]] nan tadiri dari 3 urban jo 6 pakampuangan.<ref>{{cite web|title=RA Aragatsotn Marz|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of Armenia|url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_24.pdf|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lragir.am/index/arm/0/country/view/155056|title=Հայաստանի 328 համայնքների միավորմամբ կձևավորվի 34 համայնք. ԱԺ-ն քննարկում է ծրագիրը &#124; Լրագիր}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://aragatsotn.mtad.am/about-communities/|title=Արագածոտնի մարզպետարան|website=aragatsotn.mtad.am}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=ՀՀ ՄԱՐԶԵՐԻ ԵՎ ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՍՈՑԻԱԼ-ՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳՐԵՐԸ |trans-title=Socio-economic characteristics of the provinces of the Republic of Armenia and the city of Yerevan |chapter=ԱՐԱԳԱԾՈՏՆԻ ՄԱՐԶ |trans-chapter=Aragatsotn Province |url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_21.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209064911/https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_21.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2023 |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=[[Statistical Committee of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] loyyz7yfrt52nh7lbwopzfng1961xrs 14 477602 3345603 2026-04-03T01:25:05Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[Kategori:Pambagian administratif Armenia]]" 3345603 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Pambagian administratif Armenia]] ieizhq03ntmzzmm9xodhxqop1uw59r3 14 477603 3345604 2026-04-03T01:26:03Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[Kategori:Wilayah administratif tingkek satu]]" 3345604 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Wilayah administratif tingkek satu]] lde4hnee9bgll7oi8et2h1pzexlttbm 0 477604 3345607 2026-04-03T01:38:08Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Ararat in Armenia (de-facto hatched).svg|thumb]] Ararat adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia. Ibu kota jo kota tagadangnyo adolah kota Artashat. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 2.090 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 248.982 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am..." 3345607 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ararat in Armenia (de-facto hatched).svg|thumb]] Ararat adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia. Ibu kota jo kota tagadangnyo adolah kota Artashat. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 2.090 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 248.982 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Provinsi ko dinamoi manuruik Gunuang Ararat dalam Alkitab. Wilayahnyo babatehan lansuang jo Turki di sabalah barat dan Republik Otonom Nakhchivan Azerbaijan di sabalah selatan. Salain itu, provinsi ko babatehan pulo jo Provinsi Armavir di barat lauik, Provinsi Kotayk di utara, Provinsi Gegharkunik di timur, Provinsi Vayots Dzor di tenggara, dan kota Yerevan di utara. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 4 munisipalitas.<ref>{{cite web|title=RA Ararat Marz|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_25.pdf|date=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=ՀՀ ՄԱՐԶԵՐԻ ԵՎ ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՍՈՑԻԱԼ-ՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳՐԵՐԸ |trans-title=Socio-economic characteristics of the provinces of the Republic of Armenia and the city of Yerevan |chapter=ԱՐԱՐԱՏԻ ՄԱՐԶ |trans-chapter=Ararat Province |url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_22.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209065200/https://www.armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_22.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2023 |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=[[Statistical Committee of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} 4rgur7otg67y9dtvkefj4y5ruk6uu9o 3345608 3345607 2026-04-03T01:38:55Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345608 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ararat in Armenia (de-facto hatched).svg|thumb]] Ararat adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia. Ibu kota jo kota tagadangnyo adolah kota Artashat. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 2.090 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 248.982 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Provinsi ko dinamoi manuruik Gunuang Ararat dalam Alkitab. Wilayahnyo babatehan lansuang jo Turki di sabalah barat dan Republik Otonom Nakhchivan Azerbaijan di sabalah selatan. Salain itu, provinsi ko babatehan pulo jo Provinsi Armavir di barat lauik, Provinsi Kotayk di utara, Provinsi Gegharkunik di timur, Provinsi Vayots Dzor di tenggara, dan kota Yerevan di utara. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 4 munisipalitas.<ref>{{cite web|title=RA Ararat Marz|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_25.pdf|date=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=ՀՀ ՄԱՐԶԵՐԻ ԵՎ ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՍՈՑԻԱԼ-ՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳՐԵՐԸ |trans-title=Socio-economic characteristics of the provinces of the Republic of Armenia and the city of Yerevan |chapter=ԱՐԱՐԱՏԻ ՄԱՐԶ |trans-chapter=Ararat Province |url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_22.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209065200/https://www.armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_22.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2023 |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=[[Statistical Committee of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] 05aodns6la77hfsdsfsy2encvg25cqg 3345609 3345608 2026-04-03T01:40:45Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345609 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ararat in Armenia (de-facto hatched).svg|thumb]] '''Ararat''' adolah salah ciek [[provinsi di Armenia]]. Ibu kota jo kota tagadangnyo adolah kota [[Artashat]]. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 2.090 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 248.982 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Provinsi ko dinamoi manuruik [[Gunuang Ararat]] dalam [[Alkitab]]. Wilayahnyo babatehan lansuang jo [[Turki]] di sabalah barat dan [[Republik Otonom Nakhchivan]] punyo [[Azerbaijan]] di sabalah selatan. Salain itu, provinsi ko babatehan pulo jo [[Provinsi Armavir]] di barat lauik, [[Provinsi Kotayk]] di utara, [[Provinsi Gegharkunik]] di timur, [[Provinsi Vayots Dzor]] di tenggara, dan kota Yerevan di utara. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 4 [[Munisipalitas di Armenia|munisipalitas]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RA Ararat Marz|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_25.pdf|date=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=ՀՀ ՄԱՐԶԵՐԻ ԵՎ ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՍՈՑԻԱԼ-ՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳՐԵՐԸ |trans-title=Socio-economic characteristics of the provinces of the Republic of Armenia and the city of Yerevan |chapter=ԱՐԱՐԱՏԻ ՄԱՐԶ |trans-chapter=Ararat Province |url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_22.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209065200/https://www.armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_22.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2023 |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=[[Statistical Committee of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] 4fnn4tg09usr85i4duliizdyk7cb2yb 0 477605 3345611 2026-04-03T06:35:37Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Armavir in Armenia.svg|thumb]] Armavir adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia nan talatak di bagian barat nagara tu. Talatak di dataran Ararat nan didominasi dek Gunuang Ararat dari selatan jo Gunuang Aragats dari utara, ibu kota provinsi ko iolah kota Armavir, sadangkan kota tagadang adolah Vagharshapat. Provinsi Armavir mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 1.231 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 253.493 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https:..." 3345611 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Armavir in Armenia.svg|thumb]] Armavir adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia nan talatak di bagian barat nagara tu. Talatak di dataran Ararat nan didominasi dek Gunuang Ararat dari selatan jo Gunuang Aragats dari utara, ibu kota provinsi ko iolah kota Armavir, sadangkan kota tagadang adolah Vagharshapat. Provinsi Armavir mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 1.231 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 253.493 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Provinsi ko babatehan samo Turki sapanjang 72 km (45 mil) di selatan dan barat. Di dalam nagari, provinsi ko babatehan jo Provinsi Aragatsotn di utara, Provinsi Ararat di timur, dan ibu kota Yerevan di timur lauik. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 7 munisipalitas.<ref>{{cite web|title=RA Armavir Marz|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_26.pdf|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://armavir.mtad.am/about-communities/|title=Արմավիրի մարզպետարան|website=armavir.mtad.am}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=ՀՀ ՄԱՐԶԵՐԻ ԵՎ ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՍՈՑԻԱԼ-ՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳՐԵՐԸ |trans-title=Socio-economic characteristics of the provinces of the Republic of Armenia and the city of Yerevan |chapter=ԱՐՄԱՎԻՐԻ ՄԱՐԶ |trans-chapter=Armavir Province |url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_23.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209065437/https://www.armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_23.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2023 |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=[[Statistical Committee of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} i0oizxrbri1zfy0ueeaykx82ms4g38q 3345612 3345611 2026-04-03T06:36:20Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345612 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Armavir in Armenia.svg|thumb]] Armavir adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia nan talatak di bagian barat nagara tu. Talatak di dataran Ararat nan didominasi dek Gunuang Ararat dari selatan jo Gunuang Aragats dari utara, ibu kota provinsi ko iolah kota Armavir, sadangkan kota tagadang adolah Vagharshapat. Provinsi Armavir mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 1.231 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 253.493 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Provinsi ko babatehan samo Turki sapanjang 72 km (45 mil) di selatan dan barat. Di dalam nagari, provinsi ko babatehan jo Provinsi Aragatsotn di utara, Provinsi Ararat di timur, dan ibu kota Yerevan di timur lauik. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 7 munisipalitas.<ref>{{cite web|title=RA Armavir Marz|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_26.pdf|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://armavir.mtad.am/about-communities/|title=Արմավիրի մարզպետարան|website=armavir.mtad.am}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=ՀՀ ՄԱՐԶԵՐԻ ԵՎ ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՍՈՑԻԱԼ-ՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳՐԵՐԸ |trans-title=Socio-economic characteristics of the provinces of the Republic of Armenia and the city of Yerevan |chapter=ԱՐՄԱՎԻՐԻ ՄԱՐԶ |trans-chapter=Armavir Province |url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_23.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209065437/https://www.armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_23.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2023 |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=[[Statistical Committee of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] s72hppokpc5vd47p79ol6d4z5ifbic8 3345613 3345612 2026-04-03T06:37:50Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345613 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Armavir in Armenia.svg|thumb]] '''Armavir''' adolah salah ciek [[provinsi di Armenia]] nan talatak di bagian barat nagara tu. Talatak di dataran Ararat nan didominasi dek [[Gunuang Ararat]] dari selatan jo [[Gunuang Aragats]] dari utara, ibu kota provinsi ko iolah kota [[Armavir]], sadangkan kota tagadang adolah [[Vagharshapat]]. Provinsi Armavir mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 1.231 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 253.493 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Provinsi ko babatehan samo [[Turki]] sapanjang 72 km (45 mil) di selatan dan barat. Di dalam nagari, provinsi ko babatehan jo [[Provinsi Aragatsotn]] di utara, [[Provinsi Ararat]] di timur, dan ibu kota [[Yerevan]] di timur lauik. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 7 [[Munisipalitas di Armenia|munisipalitas]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RA Armavir Marz|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_26.pdf|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://armavir.mtad.am/about-communities/|title=Արմավիրի մարզպետարան|website=armavir.mtad.am}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=ՀՀ ՄԱՐԶԵՐԻ ԵՎ ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՍՈՑԻԱԼ-ՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳՐԵՐԸ |trans-title=Socio-economic characteristics of the provinces of the Republic of Armenia and the city of Yerevan |chapter=ԱՐՄԱՎԻՐԻ ՄԱՐԶ |trans-chapter=Armavir Province |url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_23.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209065437/https://www.armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_23.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2023 |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=[[Statistical Committee of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] d3rwaov8qyla808baee67v1xwkbp8kx 0 477606 3345614 2026-04-03T06:45:54Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Gegharkunik in Armenia (non-controlled hatched).svg|thumb]] Gegharkunik adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia nan talatak di bagian timur nagara tu. Ibu kota jo kota tagadangnyo adolah kota Gavar. Gegharkunik diunyi dek sakitar 209.669 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022 jo mayoritas adolah etnis Armenia.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service..." 3345614 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gegharkunik in Armenia (non-controlled hatched).svg|thumb]] Gegharkunik adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia nan talatak di bagian timur nagara tu. Ibu kota jo kota tagadangnyo adolah kota Gavar. Gegharkunik diunyi dek sakitar 209.669 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022 jo mayoritas adolah etnis Armenia.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-08}}</ref> Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 4.071 km2, manjadi nan paliang gadang di Armenia. Namun, sakitar 24% atau 1.278 km2 dari wilayah tu barupo Danau Sevan, danau tagadang di wilayah Kaukasus Selatan. Provinsi ko babatehan jo Provinsi Tavush di utara, Provinsi Kotayk dan Ararat di barat, Provinsi Vayots Dzor di selatan, sarato Azerbaijan di timur. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 5 munisipalitas.<ref>{{cite web|title=RA Gegharkunik Marz|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_27.pdf|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gegharkunik.mtad.am/about-communities/|title=Գեղարքունիքի մարզպետարան|website=gegharkunik.mtad.am}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lragir.am/index/arm/0/country/view/155056|title=Հայաստանի 328 համայնքների միավորմամբ կձևավորվի 34 համայնք. ԱԺ-ն քննարկում է ծրագիրը &#124; Լրագիր|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218223556/http://www.lragir.am/index/arm/0/country/view/155056|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=ՀՀ ՄԱՐԶԵՐԻ ԵՎ ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՍՈՑԻԱԼ-ՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳՐԵՐԸ |trans-title=Socio-economic characteristics of the provinces of the Republic of Armenia and the city of Yerevan |chapter=ԳԵՂԱՐՔՈՒՆԻՔԻ ՄԱՐԶ |trans-chapter=Gegharkunik Province |url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_24.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209065605/https://www.armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_24.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2023 |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=[[Statistical Committee of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} dcjxjn7r2em2lntaiikx0dv1mqf0q6a 3345615 3345614 2026-04-03T06:46:47Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345615 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gegharkunik in Armenia (non-controlled hatched).svg|thumb]] Gegharkunik adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia nan talatak di bagian timur nagara tu. Ibu kota jo kota tagadangnyo adolah kota Gavar. Gegharkunik diunyi dek sakitar 209.669 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022 jo mayoritas adolah etnis Armenia.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-08}}</ref> Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 4.071 km2, manjadi nan paliang gadang di Armenia. Namun, sakitar 24% atau 1.278 km2 dari wilayah tu barupo Danau Sevan, danau tagadang di wilayah Kaukasus Selatan. Provinsi ko babatehan jo Provinsi Tavush di utara, Provinsi Kotayk dan Ararat di barat, Provinsi Vayots Dzor di selatan, sarato Azerbaijan di timur. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 5 munisipalitas.<ref>{{cite web|title=RA Gegharkunik Marz|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_27.pdf|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gegharkunik.mtad.am/about-communities/|title=Գեղարքունիքի մարզպետարան|website=gegharkunik.mtad.am}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lragir.am/index/arm/0/country/view/155056|title=Հայաստանի 328 համայնքների միավորմամբ կձևավորվի 34 համայնք. ԱԺ-ն քննարկում է ծրագիրը &#124; Լրագիր|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218223556/http://www.lragir.am/index/arm/0/country/view/155056|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=ՀՀ ՄԱՐԶԵՐԻ ԵՎ ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՍՈՑԻԱԼ-ՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳՐԵՐԸ |trans-title=Socio-economic characteristics of the provinces of the Republic of Armenia and the city of Yerevan |chapter=ԳԵՂԱՐՔՈՒՆԻՔԻ ՄԱՐԶ |trans-chapter=Gegharkunik Province |url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_24.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209065605/https://www.armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_24.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2023 |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=[[Statistical Committee of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] 68quwrb1yg6hufzv4l8jfm51g3rsbjm 3345616 3345615 2026-04-03T06:48:44Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345616 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gegharkunik in Armenia (non-controlled hatched).svg|thumb]] '''Gegharkunik''' adolah salah ciek [[provinsi di Armenia]] nan talatak di bagian timur nagara tu. Ibu kota jo kota tagadangnyo adolah kota [[Gavar]]. Gegharkunik diunyi dek sakitar 209.669 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022 jo mayoritas adolah [[Urang Armenia|etnis Armenia]].<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-08}}</ref> Provinsi ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah mancapai 4.071 km2, manjadi nan paliang gadang di [[Armenia]]. Namun, sakitar 24% atau 1.278 km2 dari wilayah tu barupo [[Danau Sevan]], danau tagadang di wilayah [[Kaukasus Selatan]]. Provinsi ko babatehan jo [[Provinsi Tavush]] di utara, [[Provinsi Kotayk]] dan [[Provinsi Ararat|Ararat]] di barat, [[Provinsi Vayots Dzor]] di selatan, sarato [[Azerbaijan]] di timur. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 5 [[Munisipalitas di Armenia|munisipalitas]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RA Gegharkunik Marz|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_27.pdf|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gegharkunik.mtad.am/about-communities/|title=Գեղարքունիքի մարզպետարան|website=gegharkunik.mtad.am}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lragir.am/index/arm/0/country/view/155056|title=Հայաստանի 328 համայնքների միավորմամբ կձևավորվի 34 համայնք. ԱԺ-ն քննարկում է ծրագիրը &#124; Լրագիր|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218223556/http://www.lragir.am/index/arm/0/country/view/155056|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=ՀՀ ՄԱՐԶԵՐԻ ԵՎ ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՍՈՑԻԱԼ-ՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳՐԵՐԸ |trans-title=Socio-economic characteristics of the provinces of the Republic of Armenia and the city of Yerevan |chapter=ԳԵՂԱՐՔՈՒՆԻՔԻ ՄԱՐԶ |trans-chapter=Gegharkunik Province |url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_24.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209065605/https://www.armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_24.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2023 |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=[[Statistical Committee of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] 9mc4lvoh0m13qn6zrug7fz48qhuuqbu 0 477607 3345617 2026-04-03T06:56:38Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Kotayk in Armenia.svg|thumb]] Kotayk adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia nan talatak di bagian tangah nagara tu. Ibu kotanyo barado di Hrazdan jo kota tagadangnyo adolah kota Abovyan. Namo provinsi ko diambiak dari kanton Kotayk di provinsi Ayrarat basijarah di Armenia Kuno. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 2.076 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 269.883 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=26..." 3345617 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kotayk in Armenia.svg|thumb]] Kotayk adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia nan talatak di bagian tangah nagara tu. Ibu kotanyo barado di Hrazdan jo kota tagadangnyo adolah kota Abovyan. Namo provinsi ko diambiak dari kanton Kotayk di provinsi Ayrarat basijarah di Armenia Kuno. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 2.076 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 269.883 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Kotayk babatehan jo Provinsi Lori di barat lauik, Provinsi Tavush dan Gegharkunik di utara, Provinsi Aragatsotn dan Ararat di barat daya sarato ibu kota Yerevan di barat. Kotayk marupokan satu-satunyo provinsi nan indak babatehan jo nagara lain di Armenia. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 7 munisipalitas.<ref>{{cite web|title=RA Kotayk Marz|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_29.pdf|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://kotayk.mtad.am/about-communities/|title=Կոտայքի մարզպետարան|website=kotayk.mtad.am}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lragir.am/index/arm/0/country/view/155056|title=Հայաստանի 328 համայնքների միավորմամբ կձևավորվի 34 համայնք. ԱԺ-ն քննարկում է ծրագիրը &#124; Լրագիր|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218223556/http://www.lragir.am/index/arm/0/country/view/155056|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=ՀՀ ՄԱՐԶԵՐԻ ԵՎ ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՍՈՑԻԱԼ-ՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳՐԵՐԸ |trans-title=Socio-economic characteristics of the provinces of the Republic of Armenia and the city of Yerevan |chapter=ԿՈՏԱՅՔԻ ՄԱՐԶ |trans-chapter=Kotayk Province |url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_26.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209065814/https://www.armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_26.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2023 |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=[[Statistical Committee of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} 8gz8mgfyh46ykrrg9bo2kqw4w1lmzlm 3345618 3345617 2026-04-03T06:57:25Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345618 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kotayk in Armenia.svg|thumb]] Kotayk adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia nan talatak di bagian tangah nagara tu. Ibu kotanyo barado di Hrazdan jo kota tagadangnyo adolah kota Abovyan. Namo provinsi ko diambiak dari kanton Kotayk di provinsi Ayrarat basijarah di Armenia Kuno. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 2.076 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 269.883 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Kotayk babatehan jo Provinsi Lori di barat lauik, Provinsi Tavush dan Gegharkunik di utara, Provinsi Aragatsotn dan Ararat di barat daya sarato ibu kota Yerevan di barat. Kotayk marupokan satu-satunyo provinsi nan indak babatehan jo nagara lain di Armenia. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 7 munisipalitas.<ref>{{cite web|title=RA Kotayk Marz|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_29.pdf|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://kotayk.mtad.am/about-communities/|title=Կոտայքի մարզպետարան|website=kotayk.mtad.am}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lragir.am/index/arm/0/country/view/155056|title=Հայաստանի 328 համայնքների միավորմամբ կձևավորվի 34 համայնք. ԱԺ-ն քննարկում է ծրագիրը &#124; Լրագիր|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218223556/http://www.lragir.am/index/arm/0/country/view/155056|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=ՀՀ ՄԱՐԶԵՐԻ ԵՎ ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՍՈՑԻԱԼ-ՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳՐԵՐԸ |trans-title=Socio-economic characteristics of the provinces of the Republic of Armenia and the city of Yerevan |chapter=ԿՈՏԱՅՔԻ ՄԱՐԶ |trans-chapter=Kotayk Province |url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_26.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209065814/https://www.armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_26.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2023 |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=[[Statistical Committee of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] bt4511fcml0hl628eidpml9a3n7e4by 3345619 3345618 2026-04-03T06:58:59Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345619 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kotayk in Armenia.svg|thumb]] '''Kotayk''' adolah salah ciek [[provinsi di Armenia]] nan talatak di bagian tangah nagara tu. Ibu kotanyo barado di [[Hrazdan]] jo kota tagadangnyo adolah kota [[Abovyan]]. Namo provinsi ko diambiak dari kanton Kotayk di provinsi Ayrarat basijarah di [[Armenia Kuno]]. Provinsi ko mampunyoi wilayah salaweh 2.076 km2 jo panduduak sabanyak 269.883 jiwa pado sensus tahun 2022.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> Kotayk babatehan jo [[Provinsi Lori]] di barat lauik, [[Provinsi Tavush]] dan [[Provinsi Gegharkunik|Gegharkunik]] di utara, [[Provinsi Aragatsotn]] dan [[Provinsi Ararat|Ararat]] di barat daya sarato ibu kota [[Yerevan]] di barat. Kotayk marupokan satu-satunyo provinsi nan indak babatehan jo nagara lain di [[Armenia]]. Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 7 [[Munisipalitas di Armenia|munisipalitas]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RA Kotayk Marz|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_29.pdf|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://kotayk.mtad.am/about-communities/|title=Կոտայքի մարզպետարան|website=kotayk.mtad.am}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lragir.am/index/arm/0/country/view/155056|title=Հայաստանի 328 համայնքների միավորմամբ կձևավորվի 34 համայնք. ԱԺ-ն քննարկում է ծրագիրը &#124; Լրագիր|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218223556/http://www.lragir.am/index/arm/0/country/view/155056|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=ՀՀ ՄԱՐԶԵՐԻ ԵՎ ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՍՈՑԻԱԼ-ՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳՐԵՐԸ |trans-title=Socio-economic characteristics of the provinces of the Republic of Armenia and the city of Yerevan |chapter=ԿՈՏԱՅՔԻ ՄԱՐԶ |trans-chapter=Kotayk Province |url=https://armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_26.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209065814/https://www.armstat.am/file/article/marzer_2022_26.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2023 |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=[[Statistical Committee of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] cqqkesgd1inyqavkpanumght5wthx3d 0 477608 3345620 2026-04-03T07:07:29Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Lori in Armenia.svg|thumb]] Lori adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia nan talatak di bagian utara nagara tu, babatehan jo Georgia. Vanadzor marupokan ibu kota jo kota tagadang di provinsi ko. Provinsi Lori manjadi tampek Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO biara Haghpat dan Sanahin, sarato biara Akhtala. Pado sensus tahun 2022, provinsi ko mampunyoi panduduak sabanyak 222.805 jiwa nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 3,799 km2.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://ww..." 3345620 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lori in Armenia.svg|thumb]] Lori adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia nan talatak di bagian utara nagara tu, babatehan jo Georgia. Vanadzor marupokan ibu kota jo kota tagadang di provinsi ko. Provinsi Lori manjadi tampek Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO biara Haghpat dan Sanahin, sarato biara Akhtala. Pado sensus tahun 2022, provinsi ko mampunyoi panduduak sabanyak 222.805 jiwa nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 3,799 km2.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2025-09-11}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 7 munisipalitas. Namo Lori baasa dari bahaso Armenia jo patamo kali muncua pado abaik ka-11 katiko Rajo David I Anhoghin mandirian kota benteang Lori.<ref name="Hewsen">{{cite book|last=Hewsen|first=Robert H.|author-link=Robert H. Hewsen|title=Armenia: A Historical Atlas|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=2001|isbn=0-226-33228-4|page=114}}</ref> Kota tu manjadi ibu kota Karajaan Tashir-Dzoraget pado tahun 1065. Namo Lori kamudian manyeba ka kasadoan wilayah jo manggamtian namo asali Tashir.<ref name="Matevossian">{{cite encyclopedia|first1=R.|last1=Matevossian|article=Լոռի [Lori]|editor=Hambardzumyan, Viktor|editor-link=Viktor Hambardzumyan|encyclopedia=[[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia]]|volume=4|year=1978|publisher=Armenian Encyclopedia|location=Yerevan|language=hy|pages=663–64}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} khe0lloi1pp3rbxw4l1uvopz1u6zz0r 3345621 3345620 2026-04-03T07:08:19Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3345621 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lori in Armenia.svg|thumb]] Lori adolah salah ciek provinsi di Armenia nan talatak di bagian utara nagara tu, babatehan jo Georgia. Vanadzor marupokan ibu kota jo kota tagadang di provinsi ko. Provinsi Lori manjadi tampek Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO biara Haghpat dan Sanahin, sarato biara Akhtala. Pado sensus tahun 2022, provinsi ko mampunyoi panduduak sabanyak 222.805 jiwa nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 3,799 km2.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2025-09-11}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 7 munisipalitas. Namo Lori baasa dari bahaso Armenia jo patamo kali muncua pado abaik ka-11 katiko Rajo David I Anhoghin mandirian kota benteang Lori.<ref name="Hewsen">{{cite book|last=Hewsen|first=Robert H.|author-link=Robert H. Hewsen|title=Armenia: A Historical Atlas|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=2001|isbn=0-226-33228-4|page=114}}</ref> Kota tu manjadi ibu kota Karajaan Tashir-Dzoraget pado tahun 1065. Namo Lori kamudian manyeba ka kasadoan wilayah jo manggamtian namo asali Tashir.<ref name="Matevossian">{{cite encyclopedia|first1=R.|last1=Matevossian|article=Լոռի [Lori]|editor=Hambardzumyan, Viktor|editor-link=Viktor Hambardzumyan|encyclopedia=[[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia]]|volume=4|year=1978|publisher=Armenian Encyclopedia|location=Yerevan|language=hy|pages=663–64}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] 374t2ey023iv7vn3kj2so55hi2y97hg 3345622 3345621 2026-04-03T07:10:51Z Rang Djambak 14874 3345622 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lori in Armenia.svg|thumb]] '''Lori''' adolah salah ciek [[provinsi di Armenia]] nan talatak di bagian utara nagara tu, babatehan jo [[Georgia]]. [[Vanadzor]] marupokan ibu kota jo kota tagadang di provinsi ko. Provinsi Lori manjadi tampek [[Situs Warisan Dunia]] [[Organisasi Pandidikan, Ilmu Pangatahuan, jo Kabudayaan Pasarikatan Banso-Banso|UNESCO]] biara [[Haghpat]] dan [[Biara Sanahin|Sanahin]], sarato biara [[Biara Akhtala|Akhtala]]. Pado sensus tahun 2022, provinsi ko mampunyoi panduduak sabanyak 222.805 jiwa nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 3,799 km2.<ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2025-09-11}}</ref> Sacaro administratif, wilayahnyo tabagi manjadi 7 [[Munisipalitas di Armenia|munisipalitas]]. Namo Lori baasa dari [[bahaso Armenia]] jo patamo kali muncua pado abaik ka-11 katiko Rajo [[David I Anhoghin]] mandirian kota benteang [[Lori]].<ref name="Hewsen">{{cite book|last=Hewsen|first=Robert H.|author-link=Robert H. Hewsen|title=Armenia: A Historical Atlas|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=2001|isbn=0-226-33228-4|page=114}}</ref> Kota tu manjadi ibu kota [[Karajaan Tashir-Dzoraget]] pado tahun 1065. Namo Lori kamudian manyeba ka kasadoan wilayah jo manggamtian namo asali Tashir.<ref name="Matevossian">{{cite encyclopedia|first1=R.|last1=Matevossian|article=Լոռի [Lori]|editor=Hambardzumyan, Viktor|editor-link=Viktor Hambardzumyan|encyclopedia=[[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia]]|volume=4|year=1978|publisher=Armenian Encyclopedia|location=Yerevan|language=hy|pages=663–64}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Provinsi di Armenia]] sbvw3xi88nzzppzpy69ferknrolymcu 0 477609 3345623 2026-04-03T08:57:02Z Urang Kamang 1673 Manyelamatkan artikel dari panghapusan di idwiki 3345623 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. Dr. Ir. '''Rinaldi''', M.T. adolah dosen jo akademisi teknik informatika [[Institut Teknologi Bandung]] (ITB). Namo sabana baliau hanyolah Rinaldi, sadangkan Munir marupoan namo ayahnyo sahinggo inyo acok mamakai namo Rinaldi Munir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itb.ac.id/staf/profil/rinaldi|title=Rinaldi -|first=Webmaster Team, Direktorat Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi|last=ITB|website=Institut Teknologi Bandung|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2023-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401144118/https://www.itb.ac.id/staf/profil/rinaldi|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=itb>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itb.ac.id/news/read/56875/home/rinaldi-munir-menulis-blog-untuk-mengabadikan-momen-hidup|title=Rinaldi Munir: Menulis Blog Untuk Mengabadikan Momen Hidup -|first=Webmaster Team, Direktorat Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi|last=ITB|website=Institut Teknologi Bandung|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2022-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227015454/https://www.itb.ac.id/news/read/56875/home/rinaldi-munir-menulis-blog-untuk-mengabadikan-momen-hidup|dead-url=no}}</ref> == Riwayat hidup == Rinaldi lahia di [[Padang]], [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name="hmif">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@hmif.itb/pak-rinaldi-dosen-irk-yang-senang-berbagi-cerita-ea7c270fd345|title=Pak Rinaldi, Dosen IRK yang Senang Berbagi Cerita|first=HMIF|last=ITB|date=16 Feb 2020|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2022-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227014405/https://medium.com/@hmif.itb/pak-rinaldi-dosen-irk-yang-senang-berbagi-cerita-ea7c270fd345|dead-url=no}}</ref> Kasuo urang tuonyo barasa dari [[Koto Gadang Koto Anau, Lembang Jaya, Solok|Koto Anau]], [[Kabupaten Solok]]. Inyo manampuah pendidikan di SD Muhammadiyah Sawahan, [[SMP Negeri 8 Padang]], jo [[SMA Negeri 1 Padang]]. Pado 1985, inyo malanjuikan studi Teknik Informatika di Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB). Samaso mannjadi mahasiswa, inyo aktif manulih di media ''Berkala ITB''.<ref name="itb" /> Pado taun akhia, inyo manjadi tanago pengajar sukarelawan di [[Masjid Salman ITB|Karisma Learning Center Salman]] jo PIKSI ITB.<ref name="hmif" /> Inyo lulus maraih gala [[insinyur]] pado Desember 1991 jo diwisuda pado April 1992. Tugas akhianyo mambahas manganai [[kriptografi]]. Sigiro satalah lulus, inyo manjadi tanago pengajar tatap di almamaternyo sajak 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://informatika.stei.itb.ac.id/~rinaldi.munir/perihal.htm |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2022-02-27 |archive-date=2023-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609152011/https://informatika.stei.itb.ac.id/~rinaldi.munir/perihal.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref> Pado 1996, Rinaldi malanjuikan studi Program Magister Informatika Bidang Khusus [[Rekayasa perangkat lunak|Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak]] di ITB. Tesisnyo mambahas [[fraktal]] jo maraih gala magister teknik pado 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ifitb.org/member-view.cgi?ec=SebEpbSbkbAcbG |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2022-02-27 |archive-date=2022-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227014358/https://ifitb.org/member-view.cgi?ec=SebEpbSbkbAcbG |dead-url=no }}</ref> Pado 2010, inyo maraih gala doktor di ITB. == Karya Tulih == Rinaldi manulih babarapo buku bakaitan jo bidang ilmu kaahliannyo. Buku-bukunyo nan alah ditabikan di antaronyo manganai [[algoritma]] jo [[pemrograman]], [[matematika diskrit]], kriptografi, [[Analisis numerik|metode numerik]], jo pangolahan citra digital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.belbuk.com/rinaldi-munir-pn-295.html|title=Biografi Penulis: Rinaldi Munir|website=Belbuk.com|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2022-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227014416/https://www.belbuk.com/rinaldi-munir-pn-295.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2021/06/21/153019769/apa-itu-notasi-algoritma|title=Apa itu Notasi Algoritma?|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2022-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929171404/https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2021/06/21/153019769/apa-itu-notasi-algoritma|dead-url=no}}</ref> Rinaldi aktif manulih di [[blog]] pribadinya sajak 2005.<ref name=itb/> Salah satu tulisannyo manganai "bapak tua penjual amplop" manjadi terkenal jo diliput dek media seperti [[Trans TV]] jo Merdeka.com.<ref name=hmif/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/kisah-pak-tua-jujur-si-penjuallop.html|title=Kisah pak tua jujur si penjual amplop|date=13 Jan 2013|website=merdeka.com|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104080108/https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/kisah-pak-tua-jujur-si-penjuallop.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Penulis Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Akademikus Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Dosen Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Cerdik Pandai Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Dosen Institut Teknologi Bandung]] [[Kategori:Alumni Institut Teknologi Bandung]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Sumatera Barat]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Padang]] 14qydmi8brz2dictynmnlu0sdw3nzmy 3345624 3345623 2026-04-03T08:57:40Z Urang Kamang 1673 {{Infobox urang}} 3345624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox urang}} Prof. Dr. Ir. '''Rinaldi''', M.T. adolah dosen jo akademisi teknik informatika [[Institut Teknologi Bandung]] (ITB). Namo sabana baliau hanyolah Rinaldi, sadangkan Munir marupoan namo ayahnyo sahinggo inyo acok mamakai namo Rinaldi Munir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itb.ac.id/staf/profil/rinaldi|title=Rinaldi -|first=Webmaster Team, Direktorat Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi|last=ITB|website=Institut Teknologi Bandung|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2023-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401144118/https://www.itb.ac.id/staf/profil/rinaldi|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=itb>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itb.ac.id/news/read/56875/home/rinaldi-munir-menulis-blog-untuk-mengabadikan-momen-hidup|title=Rinaldi Munir: Menulis Blog Untuk Mengabadikan Momen Hidup -|first=Webmaster Team, Direktorat Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi|last=ITB|website=Institut Teknologi Bandung|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2022-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227015454/https://www.itb.ac.id/news/read/56875/home/rinaldi-munir-menulis-blog-untuk-mengabadikan-momen-hidup|dead-url=no}}</ref> == Riwayat hidup == Rinaldi lahia di [[Padang]], [[Sumatera Barat]].<ref name="hmif">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@hmif.itb/pak-rinaldi-dosen-irk-yang-senang-berbagi-cerita-ea7c270fd345|title=Pak Rinaldi, Dosen IRK yang Senang Berbagi Cerita|first=HMIF|last=ITB|date=16 Feb 2020|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2022-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227014405/https://medium.com/@hmif.itb/pak-rinaldi-dosen-irk-yang-senang-berbagi-cerita-ea7c270fd345|dead-url=no}}</ref> Kasuo urang tuonyo barasa dari [[Koto Gadang Koto Anau, Lembang Jaya, Solok|Koto Anau]], [[Kabupaten Solok]]. Inyo manampuah pendidikan di SD Muhammadiyah Sawahan, [[SMP Negeri 8 Padang]], jo [[SMA Negeri 1 Padang]]. Pado 1985, inyo malanjuikan studi Teknik Informatika di Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB). Samaso mannjadi mahasiswa, inyo aktif manulih di media ''Berkala ITB''.<ref name="itb" /> Pado taun akhia, inyo manjadi tanago pengajar sukarelawan di [[Masjid Salman ITB|Karisma Learning Center Salman]] jo PIKSI ITB.<ref name="hmif" /> Inyo lulus maraih gala [[insinyur]] pado Desember 1991 jo diwisuda pado April 1992. Tugas akhianyo mambahas manganai [[kriptografi]]. Sigiro satalah lulus, inyo manjadi tanago pengajar tatap di almamaternyo sajak 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://informatika.stei.itb.ac.id/~rinaldi.munir/perihal.htm |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2022-02-27 |archive-date=2023-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609152011/https://informatika.stei.itb.ac.id/~rinaldi.munir/perihal.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref> Pado 1996, Rinaldi malanjuikan studi Program Magister Informatika Bidang Khusus [[Rekayasa perangkat lunak|Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak]] di ITB. Tesisnyo mambahas [[fraktal]] jo maraih gala magister teknik pado 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ifitb.org/member-view.cgi?ec=SebEpbSbkbAcbG |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2022-02-27 |archive-date=2022-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227014358/https://ifitb.org/member-view.cgi?ec=SebEpbSbkbAcbG |dead-url=no }}</ref> Pado 2010, inyo maraih gala doktor di ITB. == Karya Tulih == Rinaldi manulih babarapo buku bakaitan jo bidang ilmu kaahliannyo. Buku-bukunyo nan alah ditabikan di antaronyo manganai [[algoritma]] jo [[pemrograman]], [[matematika diskrit]], kriptografi, [[Analisis numerik|metode numerik]], jo pangolahan citra digital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.belbuk.com/rinaldi-munir-pn-295.html|title=Biografi Penulis: Rinaldi Munir|website=Belbuk.com|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2022-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227014416/https://www.belbuk.com/rinaldi-munir-pn-295.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2021/06/21/153019769/apa-itu-notasi-algoritma|title=Apa itu Notasi Algoritma?|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2022-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929171404/https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2021/06/21/153019769/apa-itu-notasi-algoritma|dead-url=no}}</ref> Rinaldi aktif manulih di [[blog]] pribadinya sajak 2005.<ref name=itb/> Salah satu tulisannyo manganai "bapak tua penjual amplop" manjadi terkenal jo diliput dek media seperti [[Trans TV]] jo Merdeka.com.<ref name=hmif/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/kisah-pak-tua-jujur-si-penjuallop.html|title=Kisah pak tua jujur si penjual amplop|date=13 Jan 2013|website=merdeka.com|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104080108/https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/kisah-pak-tua-jujur-si-penjuallop.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Penulis Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Akademikus Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Dosen Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Cerdik Pandai Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Dosen Institut Teknologi Bandung]] [[Kategori:Alumni Institut Teknologi Bandung]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Sumatera Barat]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Padang]] 43o1b0ne73tjd94xr3tnjragvneb8mp