Wikipedia minwiki https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utamo MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Istimewa Rundiang Pangguno Rundiang Pangguno Wikipedia Rundiang Wikipedia Berkas Rundiang Berkas MediaWiki Rundiang MediaWiki Templat Rundiang Templat Bantuan Rundiang Bantuan Kategori Rundiang Kategori Portal Diskusi Portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Rundiang Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara Templat:Sd 10 29 3346159 3161313 2026-04-27T07:46:44Z Bahaim001 23802 3346159 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abf5d5; background-color:#f1fcf5; padding: .5em .5em .2em .5em " ! style="border-bottom:1px solid #abf5d5; background-color:#d0f5e5; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-weight:bold; font-size: 120%" | '''[[Wikipedia:Salamaik datang|Salamaik datang]] Sanak {{{nama|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}} di [[Wikipedia Minangkabau]]!'''[[Kategori:Wikipediawan nan bagabuang bulan {{{1|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} {{{2|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}]] |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid #f1fcf5; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em; text-align: left; font-size:95%;" | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:.5em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #AFA3BF; background-color:#faf5ff;" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #AFA3BF; background-color:#ddcef2; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[Berkas:Crystal Clear app kedit.svg|right|48px|link=|Mamulai]] '''Mamulai'''</div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #AFA3BF; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * Pangguno baru dapek mancaliak laman <u>'''[[Wikipedia:Panganta|Panganta Wikipedia]]'''</u> talabiah daulu. * Dunsanak dapek mampakenalkan diri pado Wikipediawan lainnyo di [[Wikipedia:Laman pakanalan|Laman pakenalan]] * Untuak mancubo manyuntiang, gunoan '''[[Wikipedia:Bak kasiak|bak kasiak]]'''.{{#ifexist:Pangguno:{{PAGENAME}}|| * Tulisan juolah saketek profil Sanak di: [{{fullurl:Pangguno:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&preload=Templat:Sd/Propil}}&editintro=Templat:Sd/Editintro3 Pangguno:{{PAGENAME}}], laman profil jo ruang paribadi Sanak, bia awak dapek labiah tau jo Sanak.}} * Baco juo''' [[Wikipedia:Aturan nan disadaranokan|aturan nan disadaranokan]]''' sabalun malanjuikan. Iko adolah hal-hal nan mandasa nan paralu dikatahui jo sado panyuntiang Wikipedia. </div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #AFA3BF; background-color:#ddcef2; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[File:Crystal Project Contexthelp.png|right|54px|link=|Bantuan]] '''Bantuan'''</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Bantuan:Isi]] - tampek mancari informasi tantang caro bajariah di Wikipedia, sabalun batanyo pado pangguno lain. * [[Wikipedia:Tanyo jawek|FAQ]] - patanyoan nan acok diajuan tantang Wikipedia. </div> | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em; background-color:#f1fcf5;"| | style="width:50%%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[File:Crystal Project Ktip.png|right|48px|link=|Tips]] '''''Tips'''''</div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Bantuan:Tando tangan|Salalu tando tangani]] patanyoan Sanak pado diskusi di [[Wikipedia:Kadai Kopi|Kadai Kopi]] ataupun pado [[Wikipedia:Laman rundiang|laman maota.]] Caronyo, ketikan 4 tando "tilda" <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> pado akia pasan Sanak. Iko ka otomatis barubah manjadi namo pangguno Sanak sarato tanggal pasan dibuek. * Jan lupo baco [[Wikipedia:Kabijakan|prinsip jo padoman dasar]] Wikipedia. * Nio mambuek atau manyuntiang laman? Caliak dulu [[Wikipedia:Padoman gaya|padoman gaya]] Wikipedia. Lalu caliak pulo [[Wikipedia:Mamulai laman baru|caro mamulai laman baru]] sarato [[Wikipedia:Manyuntiang sabuah laman|caro manyuntiang laman]]. </div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[Berkas:Crystal Clear action reload.png|right|44px|link=|Mambuek kasalahan?]] '''Mambuek kasalahan?'''</div> <div style="solid #abd5f5; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Wikipedia:Jan tababani dek aturan|'''''Jan takuik!''''']] Sanak indak paralu takuik salah gai do, katiko manyuntiang ataupun mambuek laman baru, manambahan ataupun maapuih kalimaik.<p>[[Wikipedia:Panguruih|Panguruih]] sarato [[Wikipedia:Wikipediawan|pangguno]] lainnyo nan mamantau [[Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru|parubahan tabaru]] akan capek manamuan kasalahan Sanak dan mambaliakannyo ka bantuak samulo.</p> </div> |} : <i>'''Welcome!''' If you are not a Minangkabau speaker, you may want to visit the [[Wikipedia:Kadutaan|Minangkabau Wikipedia embassy]] or [[Wikipedia:Babel/min-0|a slight info to find users speaking your language]]. Enjoy!</i> : '''Salamaik manjalajah''', kami manunggu suntiangan Sanak di [[Wikipedia bahaso Minang]]! :~<includeonly>~</includeonly>'''''[[Pangguno:Bahaim001|Bahaim001]]''''' <small>([[Rundiang Pangguno:Bahaim001|maota]])</small> |}<noinclude>{{br}}{{dokumentasi}}</noinclude> 4uz19izdct2iqg2wiye9lknim300wt1 3346160 3346159 2026-04-27T07:47:03Z Bahaim001 23802 Mambatalan revisi [[Special:Diff/3346159|3346159]] oleh [[Special:Contributions/Bahaim001|Bahaim001]] ([[User talk:Bahaim001|maota]]) 3346160 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abf5d5; background-color:#f1fcf5; padding: .5em .5em .2em .5em " ! style="border-bottom:1px solid #abf5d5; background-color:#d0f5e5; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-weight:bold; font-size: 120%" | '''[[Wikipedia:Salamaik datang|Salamaik datang]] Sanak {{{nama|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}} di [[Wikipedia Minangkabau]]!'''[[Kategori:Wikipediawan nan bagabuang bulan {{{1|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} {{{2|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}]] |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid #f1fcf5; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em; text-align: left; font-size:95%;" | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:.5em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #AFA3BF; background-color:#faf5ff;" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #AFA3BF; background-color:#ddcef2; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[Berkas:Crystal Clear app kedit.svg|right|48px|link=|Mamulai]] '''Mamulai'''</div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #AFA3BF; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * Pangguno baru dapek mancaliak laman <u>'''[[Wikipedia:Panganta|Panganta Wikipedia]]'''</u> talabiah daulu. * Dunsanak dapek mampakenalkan diri pado Wikipediawan lainnyo di [[Wikipedia:Laman pakanalan|Laman pakenalan]] * Untuak mancubo manyuntiang, gunoan '''[[Wikipedia:Bak kasiak|bak kasiak]]'''.{{#ifexist:Pangguno:{{PAGENAME}}|| * Tulisan juolah saketek profil Sanak di: [{{fullurl:Pangguno:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&preload=Templat:Sd/Propil}}&editintro=Templat:Sd/Editintro3 Pangguno:{{PAGENAME}}], laman profil jo ruang paribadi Sanak, bia awak dapek labiah tau jo Sanak.}} * Baco juo''' [[Wikipedia:Aturan nan disadaranokan|aturan nan disadaranokan]]''' sabalun malanjuikan. Iko adolah hal-hal nan mandasa nan paralu dikatahui jo sado panyuntiang Wikipedia. </div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #AFA3BF; background-color:#ddcef2; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[File:Crystal Project Contexthelp.png|right|54px|link=|Bantuan]] '''Bantuan'''</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Bantuan:Isi]] - tampek mancari informasi tantang caro bajariah di Wikipedia, sabalun batanyo pado pangguno lain. * [[Wikipedia:Tanyo jawek|FAQ]] - patanyoan nan acok diajuan tantang Wikipedia. </div> | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em; background-color:#f1fcf5;"| | style="width:50%%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[File:Crystal Project Ktip.png|right|48px|link=|Tips]] '''''Tips'''''</div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Bantuan:Tando tangan|Salalu tando tangani]] patanyoan Sanak pado diskusi di [[Wikipedia:Kadai Kopi|Kadai Kopi]] ataupun pado [[Wikipedia:Laman rundiang|laman maota.]] Caronyo, ketikan 4 tando "tilda" <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> pado akia pasan Sanak. Iko ka otomatis barubah manjadi namo pangguno Sanak sarato tanggal pasan dibuek. * Jan lupo baco [[Wikipedia:Kabijakan|prinsip jo padoman dasar]] Wikipedia. * Nio mambuek atau manyuntiang laman? Caliak dulu [[Wikipedia:Padoman gaya|padoman gaya]] Wikipedia. Lalu caliak pulo [[Wikipedia:Mamulai laman baru|caro mamulai laman baru]] sarato [[Wikipedia:Manyuntiang sabuah laman|caro manyuntiang laman]]. </div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em; font-weight:bold">[[Berkas:Crystal Clear action reload.png|right|44px|link=|Mambuek kasalahan?]] '''Mambuek kasalahan?'''</div> <div style="solid #abd5f5; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em"> * [[Wikipedia:Jan tababani dek aturan|'''''Jan takuik!''''']] Sanak indak paralu takuik salah gai do, katiko manyuntiang ataupun mambuek laman baru, manambahan ataupun maapuih kalimaik.<p>[[Wikipedia:Panguruih|Panguruih]] sarato [[Wikipedia:Wikipediawan|pangguno]] lainnyo nan mamantau [[Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru|parubahan tabaru]] akan capek manamuan kasalahan Sanak dan mambaliakannyo ka bantuak samulo.</p> </div> |} : <i>'''Welcome!''' If you are not a Minangkabau speaker, you may want to visit the [[Wikipedia:Kadutaan|Minangkabau Wikipedia embassy]] or [[Wikipedia:Babel/min-0|a slight info to find users speaking your language]]. Enjoy!</i> : '''Salamaik manjalajah''', kami manunggu suntiangan Sanak di [[Wikipedia bahaso Minang]]! :~<includeonly>~</includeonly>~~ |}<noinclude>{{br}}{{dokumentasi}}</noinclude> j1z3to2ivi1imjsik67zu9zrayfhrvp Haji 0 297 3346130 3346097 2026-04-26T14:05:13Z Rang Djambak 14874 /* Jumlah jamaah per tahun */ 3346130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam}} [[File:The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg|thumb|Umaik Islam sadang tawaf salamo ibadah Haji.]] '''Haji''' ({{lang-ar|حج}} nan dibaco ''Hajj'') adolah ziarah tahunan umaik [[Islam]] ka [[Makah|Makkah]], [[Arab Saudi]], [[Tampek suci dalam Islam|kota tasuci]] bagi [[Muslim]]. Haji marupokan kawajiban agamo nan fardu bagi Muslim nan mampu baiak sacaro fisik maupun finansial, jo mampu mahidupi kaluarga nan ditinggaan, sarato harus dilakuan saindaknyo sakali saumua hiduik dek kasadoan Muslim dewasa.<ref name=Marshall86>{{cite book |last=Long |first=Matthew |title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA86 |access-date=2 September 2014 |year=2011 |location=Tarrytown, N.Y.|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |isbn=978-0-7614-7926-0 |page=86 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016024055/https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA86 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=0-253-21627-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/110 110]}}</ref><ref>[http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/islam Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs - Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002114437/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/islam |date=2 October 2011 }} See drop-down essay on "Islamic Practices"</ref> Dalam terminologi Islam, Haji adolah ziarah ka [[Ka'bah|Ka’bah]] (Rumah Allah) di kota suci Makkah, Arab Saudi. Iko adolah salah satu [[rukun Islam]], basamo jo [[Syahadaik]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://quran.com/6/19 | title=Surah Al-An'am - 19 }}</ref> [[sumbayang]], [[zakaik]], dan [[Puaso Ramadan|puaso]] di bulan [[Ramadan|Ramadhan]]. Haji dilakuan sakali satahun di mano pasaudaraan Muslim ditunjuakan jo solidaritas urang-urang tu jo sasamo Muslim sarato panyarahan diri kapado [[Allah]] sapanuahnyo.<ref name=Nigosian111/><ref>{{cite book |last=Hooker |first=M. B. |title=Indonesian Syariah: Defining a National School of Islamic Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-a1k57q6GmwC&pg=PT252 |access-date=6 October 2014 |year=2008 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-230-802-3 |page=228 |archive-date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017181447/https://books.google.com/books?id=-a1k57q6GmwC&pg=PT252 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haji dijalanan untuak mambarasiahan jiwa dari doso duniawi, nan bararti baiak tindakan lahiriah pajalanan sasudah kamatian maupun tindakan batiniah niaik baiak.<ref name=Adelowo395>{{cite book |editor1-first=E. Dada |editor1-last=Adelowo |title=Perspectives in Religious Studies: Volume III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395 |year=2014 |publisher=HEBN Publishers Plc |location=Ibadan |isbn=978-978-081-447-2 |page=395 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128170823/https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ibadah Islam ko dilakuan salamo limo hinggo anam hari, mulai tanggal 8 hinggo 12 atau 13 [[Dzulhijjah]],<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.hajjpracticalities.heliohost.org/sixdayshajj/13th_of_zil_hajj.html |title=13th of Zil Hajj |publisher=heliohost.org |access-date=29 March 2015 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028105128/http://www.hajjpracticalities.heliohost.org/sixdayshajj/13th_of_zil_hajj.html |url-status=live }}</ref> bulan tarakhia kalender Islam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hajj The Holy Pilgrimage|url=https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/hajj-holy-pilgrimage|website=Salamislam|date=3 January 2021|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531214408/https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/hajj-holy-pilgrimage|url-status=live}}</ref> Karano kalender [[Kalender Hijriah|Hijriah]] babasis pado [[bulan]] jo tahun Islam labiah pendek dari pado tahun [[Kalender Gregorius|Gregorian]], tanggal haji manuruik kalender Gregorian baubah-ubah tiok tahunnyo. Pado tahun 2026, bulan Dzulhijjah akan balansuang dari 18 Mei hinggo 15 Juni. Ibadah Haji ko indak dapek digantian dek [[Umroh]] nan bisa dilakuan sapanjang tahun.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Matt Stefon |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Britannica Educational Publishing]] |year=2010 |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/73 73]}}</ref> Haji bakaikan jo kahidupan nabi Islam [[Muhammad]] dari abaik ka-7 M, tapi ritual ziarah ka Makkah nan disabuikan dalam sumber-sumber Muslim alah ado sajak maso [[Ibrahim]]. Jama'ah mangarajoan sarangkaian ritual takah mamakai kain [[ihram]], tawaf mangaliliangi Ka’bah, sa’i antaro [[Safa jo Marwa]], wukuf di [[Gunuang Arafah|Arafah]], bamalam di [[Muzdalifah]], sarato [[mambae jumrah]], nan diakhiai jo [[Kurban (Islam)|kurban]] dan [[Iduladha]].<ref name="armstrong">{{cite book |title=Islam: A Short History |author=Karen Armstrong |series=Modern Library Chronicles |publisher=Modern Library |edition=Revised Updated |year=2002 |pages=10–12 |isbn=0-8129-6618-X}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/holydays/eiduladha.shtml |title=Eid ul Adha |date=7 September 2009 |publisher=BBC |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004075944/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/holydays/eiduladha.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Sahih Bukhari-hadith No-732-733</ref> Rato-rato jumlah jama'ah haji pado tahun 2000–2019 sakitar 2,27 juta urang per tahun,<ref name="stats1">{{cite web|year=2017|title=Haj Statistics|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024237/https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|archive-date=20 June 2018|website=General Authority for Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}}</ref><ref name="RESA1997" /><ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Record number of pilgrims arrive for Hajj |publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia |date=6 December 2008 |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx |access-date=30 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612115203/http://saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx |archive-date=12 June 2010 }}</ref> jo puncaknyo pado tahun 2012 sabanyak 3,16 juta.<ref name=":6">{{cite web |title=3,161,573 pilgrims perform Hajj this year |publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia |date=27 October 2012 |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426005515/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx |archive-date=26 April 2013 }}</ref> Pado tahun 2022 jo 2021, jumlah jama'ah dibatehi akibaik [[pandemi Covid-19]], tamasuak pambatehan hanyo untuak panduduak Arab Saudi jo kalunggan aturan bagi padusi tanpa [[mahram]] dalam kondisi tatantu.<ref name="New York Times">{{Cite news|date=22 June 2020|title=Saudi Arabia will sharply limit Hajj Pilgrimage|department=Live Global Coronavirus News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/22/world/coronavirus-updates.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622210854/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/22/world/coronavirus-updates.html|archive-date=22 June 2020|access-date=2020-06-15|work=[[The New York Times]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=AFP|title=In Mecca, Women Take Part in Hajj as 'Guardian' Rule Dropped|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_mecca-women-take-part-hajj-guardian-rule-dropped/6208472.html|publisher=[[VOA]]|date=2021-07-20|access-date=2021-07-20|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720180212/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/mecca-women-take-part-hajj-guardian-rule-dropped|url-status=live}}</ref> == Sijarah == Tatocaro ibadah haji kini ko ditetapan dek Muhammad.<ref name=EB>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/252050/hajj |title=Hajj |year=2014 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=12 August 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041951/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/252050/hajj |url-status=live }}</ref> Namun, manuruik [[Al-Qur'an]], unsua-unsua ibadah haji dapek ditalusua baliak ka zaman Ibrahim. Manuruik tradisi Islam, Ibrahim diparintah dek Allah untuak maninggaan urang rumahnyo [[Siti Hajar|Hajar]] jo anaknyo [[Ismail]] di tangah padang gurun Makkah kuno. Dalam mancari aia, Hajar jo putuih aso balari tujuah kali di antaro duo bukik [[Safa jo Marwa]] tapi indak manyobokannyo. Baliak jo putuih aso ka Ismail, inyo mamcaliak bayi tu manggaruak tanah jo kakinyo nan kamudian sabuah mato aia mamanca dari tanah garuakan tu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haykal |first=Muhammad Husayn |author-link=Muhammad Ali Selami Husayn Haykal |title=The Life of Muhammad |publisher=The Other Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=29 |year=1994 |page=29 |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127211636/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=29 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kamudian, Ibrahim diparintahan untuak mambangun Ka'bah (nan baliau lakuan jo bantuan Ismail) jo maajak urang-urang untuak malakuan ibadah haji di sinan.<ref name="Peters4-7">{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4 |year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn=0-691-02120-1 |pages=4–7 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123000954/https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4 |url-status=live }}</ref> Al-Qur'an marujuak pado paristiwa-paristiwa ko dalam ayaik {{cite quran|2|124–127 |s=ns |b=n}} jo {{cite quran|22|27–30 |s=ns |b=n}} Manuruik tafsir Zamakhshari (maningga 1144 M), malaikaik [[Jibril]] mambaok [[Hajar Aswad|Batu Hitam]] dari [[Sarugo]] untuak dipasangan di Ka'bah katiko dibangun dek Ibrahim.<ref>F.E. Peters (1994), <u>The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage To Mecca and The Holy Places</u>, Princeton University Press, p.6</ref> Katiko zaman pra-Islam, nan dikenal sabagai [[Zaman Jahiliyah]], Ka'bah dikaliliangi dek bahalo-bahalo pagan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Al Mubarakpuri |first=Safi ur Rahman |chapter=Religions of the Arabs |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA45 |year=2002 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=9960-899-55-1 |page=45 |title-link=Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102024455/https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pado tahun 630 M, Muhammad mamimpin pangikuiknyo dari [[Madinah]] ka Makkah, mambarasiahan Ka'bah jo mahancuan kasadoan bahalo tu, jo kamudian manyatoan bangunan tu sabagai Rumah Allah.<ref name=Haykal439>{{cite book |last=Husayn Haykal |first=Muhammad |author-link=Muhammad Husayn Haykal |title=The Life of Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=PA439 |year=2008 |publisher=Islamic Book Trust |location=[[Selangor]] |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7 |pages=439–40 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127211639/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=PA439 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pado tahun 632 M (9 Dzulhijah 10 H = 9 Maret 632 M, hari Jumaik), Muhammad malakuan ibadah haji patamo jo tarakhirnyo jo sajumlah gadang pangikuik, sarato manunjuakan urang-urang tu tantang tatocaro haji.<ref name="Campo494">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2009|title=Muhammad|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[Facts On File]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA494|editor=Campo|editor-first=Juan E.|page=494|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930121515/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&lpg=PP1&dq=isbn%3A1438126964&pg=PA494|url-status=live}}</ref> Sajak itu, haji manjadi salah ciek dari limo rukun Islam. Pado maso patangahan, para paziarah akan bakumpua di kota-kota gadang Suriah, Mesir, jo Irak untuak pai ka Makkah dalam kalompok jo kafilah nan tadiri dari puluahan ribu paziarah,<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA164 |year=1994 |page=164 |isbn=978-0-691-02619-0 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122153140/https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA164 |url-status=live }}</ref> acokkali di bawah palinduangan nagara.<ref name="Campo283">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2009|title=Hajj|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[Facts On File]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA283|editor=Campo|editor-first=Juan E.|page=283|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=6 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182152/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA283|url-status=live}}</ref> Kafilah haji, khususnyo jo muncuanyo [[Kasultanan Mamluk]] jo panaruihnyo, [[Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]], dikawa dek pasukan militer nan disaratoi dek tabib di bawah komando surang ''[[amir al-hajj]]''.<ref name="Singer141">{{Citation |first=Amy |last=Singer |author-link=Amy Singer (historian) |title=Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC&q=Amir+al+hajj+Ottoman&pg=PA141 |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7914-5351-3 |page=141 |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182147/https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC&q=Amir+al+hajj+Ottoman&pg=PA141 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Philipp102-04">{{Citation |first=Thomas |last=Philipp |title=The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoPF9T4ZiWsC&q=Amir+hajj&pg=PA102 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-521-59115-7 |pages=102–104 |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182148/https://books.google.com/books?id=WoPF9T4ZiWsC&q=Amir+hajj&pg=PA102 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hal iko dilakuan untuak malinduangi kafilah dari kalompok [[Bedawi|Badui]] atau bahayo alam,<ref name="Singer141"/><ref name="Philipp102-04"/> jo untuak mamastian bahwasannyo paziarah tu mandapekan pasadioan nan diparaluan.<ref name="Singer141"/> Para panjalajah Muslim takah [[Ibnu Jubair]] jo [[Ibnu Bathuthah|Ibnu Batutah]] alah mancatat catatan rinci tantang pajalanan haji pado maso patangahan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA71 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1994 |page=71 |isbn=978-0-691-02619-0 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122153144/https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA71 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kafilah-kafilah tu maikuiki rute nan alah mapan nan dalam [[bahaso Arab]] disabuik ''darb al-hajj'' (jalan haji), nan biasonyo maikuiki rute kuno takah [[Jalan Raya Rajo (kuno)|Jalan Raya Rajo]]. == Wakatu palaksanaan == Tanggal palaksanaan haji ditantuan dek kalender Islam (Hijriah) nan babasis lunar atau bulan.<ref name="Harrison156">{{cite book |editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Harrison |title=Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blJpqa-XApQC&pg=PA156 |access-date=6 October 2014 |year=2001 |publisher=[[CAB International|CABI]] |isbn=978-0-85199-433-8 |page=156 |archive-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127023945/https://books.google.com/books?id=blJpqa-XApQC&pg=PA156 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Reynolds33>{{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Gabriel said |title=The Emergence of Islam: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWfFX5XDjuIC&pg=PT33 |year=2012 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-4514-0812-6 |page=33 |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216192254/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWfFX5XDjuIC&pg=PT33 |url-status=live }}</ref> Satiok tahun, haji balansuang salamo sapuluah hari, dari 1 hinggo 10 Dzulhijjah, jo tanggal 9 dikenal sabagai [[Hari Arafah]] jo manjadi puncak ibadah haji. Karano tahun Hijriah sakitar 11 hari labiah pendek dari pado kalender Gregorius, tanggal haji taruih maju satiok tahun dalam kalender Masehi.<ref name=Reynolds33/><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Aziz |editor1-last=Sheikh |title=Caring for Muslim Patients |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgwiloFTrKwC&pg=PA95 |access-date=15 November 2014 |year=2008 |publisher=Radcliffe Publishing |isbn=978-1-85775-812-2 |page=95 |archive-date=29 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129021631/https://books.google.com/books?id=mgwiloFTrKwC&pg=PA95 |url-status=live }}</ref> Akibaiknyo, musim haji dapek tajadi duo kali dalam satahun Masehi sakitar 33 tahun sakali, nan tarakhia tajadi pado tahun 2006.<ref name="Umm-al-Qura-Calendar">{{cite web |url=http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura_principal.htm |title=Principal Islamic Days of Observance according to Umm al-Qura Calendar |year=2014 |work=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028164511/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura_principal.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> == Urutan == [[File:Hajj locations and rites.png|thumb|right|Gambar nan manunjuakan rangkaian ibadah haji.]] Literatur [[fiqih]] manjalehan sacaro rinci tato caro malaksanaan haji, jo para jama’ah haji umumnyo maikuiki buku panduan jo para ahli untuak bahasia mamanuahi pasyaratan haji.<ref name="Campo282">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2009|title=Hajj|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[Facts On File]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA282|editor=Campo|editor-first=Juan E.|page=282|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721152752/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA282|url-status=live}}</ref> Dalam palaksanaan ritual haji, jama'ah indak hanyo maikuiki taladan Muhammad, tapi juo mamparingeki paristiwa-paristiwa nan bakaikan jo Ibrahim.<ref name=Neusner178>{{cite book |last=Neusner |first=Jacob |title=World Religions in America: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRkRAQAAIAAJ&q=Hajj+muslims+commemorate+events+associate+Abraham |access-date=6 October 2014 |year=2000 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=978-0-664-25839-9 |page=178 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182147/https://books.google.com/books?id=jRkRAQAAIAAJ&q=Hajj+muslims+commemorate+events+associate+Abraham |url-status=live }}</ref> === Ihram === [[File:Muhammad Ali at Hajj 1972.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali]] mamakai ihram katiko malaksanaan haji pado 1972]] [[Ihram]] adolah kaadaan suci nan manandoi dimulainyo haji, dimulai katiko jama'ah mancapai [[miqat]].<ref name="Nigosian111" /><ref name="EB-ihram">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282481/ihram|title=ihram|year=2014|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=7 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007071226/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282481/ihram|url-status=live}}</ref> Dalam kondisi ko, jama'ah mamakai pakaian khusus (laki-laki duo kain putiah indak bajaik, padusi pakaian sopan biaso)<ref name="AtoZ">{{cite book |title=Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z |last=Mohamed |first=Mamdouh N. |publisher=Amana Publications |year=1996 |isbn=0-915957-54-X |url=https://archive.org/details/hajjumrahfromtoz00moha }}</ref> jo harus mamatuahi babagai larangan takah indak mangarek abuak atau kuku, indak mamakai parfum, jo indak bahubuangan suami istri.<ref name="Nigosian111">{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=[[Indiana]] |isbn=0-253-21627-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/111 111]}}</ref><ref name="EB-ihram" /> Ihram malambangan kasataraan di hadapan Allah sarato maajaan kasederhanaan, kamurnian, jo pangingek akan kamatian.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/philosophy-hajj-rituals|title=The Philosophy of Hajj Rituals|date=3 January 2021|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411224841/https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/philosophy-hajj-rituals|url-status=live}}</ref> === Tawaf jo sa'i === [[File:Tavaf.jpg|right|thumb|Gambar nan manunjuakan arah tawaf jo sa'i.]] [[Tawaf]] adolah ritual mangaliliangi Ka’bah sabanyak tujuah kali balawanan arah jarum jam, dimulai jo diakhiai di [[Hajar Aswad]], sambia malantunan doa nan dikenal sabagai talbiyah.<ref name="Marshall89">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA89 |title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures |last=Long |first=Matthew |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7614-7926-0 |page=89 |access-date=2 September 2014 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123110541/https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA89 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Long17">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA17 |title=The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah |last=Long |first=David E. |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-382-5 |page=17 |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217110352/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA17 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sasudah tu, jama'ah manjalanan sumbayang duo rakaat jo minum [[Aia Zam-zam|aia Zamzam]]. Tawaf malambangan tauhid jo pasatuan umaik Islam.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.arabnews.com/news/597946 |title=Pilgrims complain of Zamzam water shortage in Makkah |date=7 July 2014 |access-date=7 September 2014 |newspaper=Arab News |archive-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222055151/http://www.arabnews.com/news/597946 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ritual dilanjuikan jo [[sa'i]], yaitu bajalan atau balari-lari ketek sabanyak tujuah kali antaro Safa jo Marwa. Sasudah sa’i, laki-laki mancukua atau mamendekan abuak, jo padusi mangarek ujuang abuak, nan manandoi salasainyo umroh.<ref name=Marshall89/><ref name="Adelowo401">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA401 |title=Perspectives in Religious Studies: Volume III |publisher=HEBN Publishers Plc |year=2014 |isbn=978-978-081-447-2 |location=Ibadan |page=401 |editor1-first=E. Dada |editor1-last=Adelowo |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=1 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101064315/https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA401 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Hari patamo: 8 Dzulhijjah === Pado 8 Dzulhijjah, para jama'ah diingekan baliak akan kawajibannyo, mamakai baliak kain ihram, jo managuahan niaik untuak manunaian haji. Sajak tu, larangan-larangan ihram mulai balaku. Hari ko dikenal sabagai Hari Tarwiyah nan bararti hari mahilangan dahaga.<ref name="Reyshahri">{{cite web |last1=Reyshahri |first1=Mohammad |title=Hajj in Quran and Hadith |url=http://lib.eshia.ir/27405/1/321/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87 |website=lib.eshia |access-date=2 September 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217013745/http://lib.eshia.ir/27405/1/321/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Haji pilgrimage mina tent city.jpg|thumb|Tenda-tenda jama'ah haji katiko di Mina]] Sasudah sumbayang Subuah pado tanggal 8, jama'ah haji malanjuikan pajalanan ka [[Mina]] di mano urang-urang tu mahabihan sapanjang hari jo malaksanaan sumbayang Zuhur (kalau batapekan jo hari Jumaik, [[sumbayang Jumaik]] dilakuan di Mina, bukan sumbayang Zuhur), Ashar, Magarik, jo Isya.<ref name=Adelowo403>{{cite book |editor1-first=E. Dada |editor1-last=Adelowo |title=Perspectives in Religious Studies: Volume III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA403 |year=2014 |publisher=HEBN Publishers Plc |location=Ibadan |isbn=978-978-081-447-2 |page=403 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103151204/https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA403 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bisuak paginyo sasudah sumbayang Subuah, urang-urang tu maninggaan Mina manuju [[Arafah]]. === Hari kaduo: 9 Dzulhijah === [[File:Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Jama'ah haji baibadah di Arafah.]] Tanggal 9 Dzulhijah dikenal sabagai Hari Arafah, jo hari ko disabuik sabagai Hari Haji.<ref name="v3502133">{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/muslims-mark-most-important-day-of-hajj-in-saudi-arabia/3502133.html |title=Muslims Mark Most Important Day of Hajj in Saudi Arabia |first=Cecily |last=Hilleary |date=11 September 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |archive-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820141006/https://www.voanews.com/a/muslims-mark-most-important-day-of-hajj-in-saudi-arabia/3502133.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sabalum tangah hari, para jama'ah tibo di Arafah, tanah tanduih jo data sakitar 20 kilometer sabalah timur Makkah,<ref name=Long19/> di mano urang-urang tu tagak dalam ibadah khidmat dakek bukik nan dikenal [[Jabal Rahmah]];<ref name=Adelowo403/> urang-urang tu mamanjekan doa, bataubaik jo manabuih doso-doso nan lampau, mamohon ampunan Allah, sarato mandangaan khutbah dari ulama nan manyampainnyo dari dakek Jabal al-Rahmah, tampek Muhammad dikatoan manyampaian khutbah tarakhianyo. Balansuang dari tangah hari hinggo matoari tabanam, iko dikenal sabagai “tagak di hadapan Allah" (wuquf), salah ciek ritual tapantiang dalam ibadah haji.<ref name=Nigosian111/> Ibadah haji surang jama'ah dianggap indak sah kalau indak mahabihan patang hari di Arafah.<ref name=Long19>{{cite book |last=Long |first=David E. |title=The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA19 |year=1979 |isbn=0-87395-382-7 |page=19 |publisher=SUNY Press |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804200934/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Muzdalifah ==== [[File:MuzdalifahPanorama.jpg|thumb|Jama'ah haji bamalam di Muzdalifah]] Para paziarah harus maninggaan Arafah manuju [[Muzdalifah]] sasudah matoari tabanam tanpa manjalanan sumbayang Mugarik di Arafah.<ref>Sahih Muslim-Hadith No 2941.2944</ref> Muzdalifah adolah daerah antaro Arafah jo Mina. Sasudah tibo di sinan, paziarah sumbayang Mugarik jo Isya sacaro basamaan, bamalam sambia sumbayang jo lalok di tanah tabukak, sarato mangumpuan kareke untuak mambae jumrah bisuaknyo.<ref>Sahih Bukhari Hadith No: 732,733, and 734</ref> === Hari katigo: 10 Dzulhijjah === ==== Mambae jumrah ==== [[File:Amellie - Stoning of the devil 2006 Hajj.jpg|thumb|Jama'ah haji sadang mambae jumrah.]] Di Mina, para paziarah mambae batu simbolis kapado Setan (''[[Mambae jumrah|Ramy al-Jamarat]]'') jo mambae tujuah batu dari matoari tabik hinggo tabanam hanyo ka salah ciek dari tigo tiang nan ado nan dikenal sabagai Jamrat al-Aqabah.<ref name="al-Hasani">{{cite book |last=al-Hasani |first=Abu Qanit al-Sharif |title=The Guiding Helper: Main Text and Explanatory Notes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKZJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |year=2009 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4452-3791-6 |page=220 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102121628/https://books.google.com/books?id=wKZJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Qurban ==== Sasudah paristiwa mambae batu, binatang taranak [[Qurban|diqurbanan]] untuak mamparingeki kisah Ibrahim jo Ismail. Sacaro tradisional, paziarah mandabiah binatang tu surang atau mancaliak pandabiahannyo. Kini, banyak paziarah nan mambali voucher qurban sabalum ibadah haji dimulai, nan taranaknyo didabiah ateh namo Allah pado tanggal 10, tanpa kahadiran fisik paziarah. Rumah potoang binatang moderen manyalasaian pangolahan dagiang, nan kamudian dikirim sabagai sidakah ka urang miskin di kasadoan dunia.<ref name="RESA">{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/issues/hajj/ |title=Hajj |publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia |access-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815124605/http://www.saudiembassy.net/issues/hajj/ |archive-date=15 August 2014 }}</ref> Di wakatau nan samo, urang-urang Muslim di dunia marayoan hari [[Iduladha]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> ==== Bacukua ==== Sasudah mandabiah binatang qurban, ritual pantiang lainnyo dalam ibadah haji iolah mancukua atau mamangkeh abuak. Kasadoan jama'ah haji laki-laki mancukua abuaknyo jo jama'ah padusi hanyo mamotoang ujuang abuak sajo.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|date=8 September 2009|title=Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/hajj_1.shtml|access-date=6 October 2014|publisher=BBC|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103141339/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/hajj_1.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Long21>{{cite book |last=Long |title=The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA21 |year=1979 |isbn=0-87395-382-7 |page=21 |publisher=SUNY Press |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216091036/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Sahih Muslim Hadith no:2985,2994</ref> ==== Tawaf Ifadah ==== [[File:Kaaba 2.JPG|thumb|Jama'ah haji sadang tawaf Ifadah]] Pado hari nan samo atau bisuaknyo, paziarah mangunjuangi [[Masjidil Haram]] di Makkah untuak Tawaf, nan dikenal sabagai Tawaf Ifadah, bagian pantiang dari haji.<ref name=Long21/> Hal iko malambangan kainginan untuak basagiro manghadap Allah jo manunjuakan raso cinto kapado-Nyo, bagian wajib dari haji. Malam tanggal 10 dihabihan baliak di Mina. === Hari kaampek jo kalimo: 11 jo 12 Dzulhijjah === Mulai tangah hari hinggo matoari tabanam pado tanggal 11 Dzulhijjah (baitu pulo bisuak harinyo), paziarah mambae liak tujuah batu kareke ka masiang-masiang dari tigo tiang di Mina. Sasudah tu, paziarah maninggaan Mina sabalum matoari tabanam pado 12 Dzulhijjah.<ref name="al-Hasani"/> === Hari kaanam: 13 Dzulhijjah === Jikok indak dapek maninggaan Mina pado tanggal 12 sabalum matoari tabanam atau paziarah mamiliah untuak tingga labiah lamo, paziarah harus mambae jumrah liak sabalum baliak ka Makkah pado tanggal 13.<ref name="al-Hasani"/> ==== Tawaf Wadaa ==== Tarakhia, sabalum maninggaan Makkah, paziarah malakuan tawaf papisahan nan disabuik Tawaf Wadaa nan bararti maucapan salamaik tingga. Paziarah mangaliliangi Ka’bah sabanyak tujuah kali balawanan arah jarum jam, jo jikok mamungkinkan, urang-urang tu bausaho maawai atau mancium Ka’bah.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sheikho |first1=Mohammad Amin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcVCAwAAQBAJ&dq=Tawaf+al-Wadaa&pg=PT67 |title=Pilgrimage "Hajj": The Fifth High Grade of Al-Taqwa |last2=Al-Dayrani |first2=A. K. John Alias |date=2017-07-19 |publisher=BookRix |isbn=978-3-7309-9606-5 |language=en |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708212613/https://books.google.com/books?id=mcVCAwAAQBAJ&dq=Tawaf+al-Wadaa&pg=PT67 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Signifikansi == Bagi umaik Islam, haji mampunyoi makna kaagamoan sakaliguih sosial.<ref name="AzizSheikh2008">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgwiloFTrKwC&pg=PA96|title=Caring for Muslim Patients|publisher=Radcliffe Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85775-812-2|editor-last=Sheikh|editor-first=Aziz|page=96|access-date=2 September 2014|archive-date=29 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129021635/https://books.google.com/books?id=mgwiloFTrKwC&pg=PA96|url-status=live}}</ref> Kawajiban manunaian ibadah ko hanyo tapanuahi jikok dilakuan pado tanggal 8 hinggo 12 Dzulhijjah. Katiko pado suatu tahun surang Muslim dewasa barado dalam kondisi siyaik sarato mampunyoi kaamanan jiwa jo harato, mako inyo wajib manunaian haji pado tahun tu. Manundanyo dianggap badoso kacuali karano alasan nan indak dapek dikandalian.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Musharraf|first1=Hussain|title=The Five Pillars of Islam: Laying the Foundations of Divine Love and Service to Humanity|date=2012|publisher=Kube Publishing|location=Leicestershire, UK|isbn=9781847740236|pages=204–205}}</ref> Salain sabagai kawajiban agamo, haji dipandang juo sabagai kagiatan nan mampunyoi nilai spiritual nan maagiah kasempatan bagi Muslim untuak mampabarui diri.<ref name="AzizSheikh2008" /> Haji manjadi pangingek akan [[Kiamaik|Hari Kiamaik]] katiko manusia diyakini akan tagak di hadapan Allah.<ref>{{cite book|last=Powell|first=William|url=https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaitsro00powe|title=Saudi Arabia and Its Royal Family|publisher=Lyle Stuart|year=1982|isbn=978-0-8184-0326-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaitsro00powe/page/113 113]|access-date=7 October 2014|url-access=registration}}</ref> Literatur hadis manyabuikan babagai kautamoan nan didapek jama'ah sasudah manyalasaian haji dengan baiak. Sasudah manunaian haji, sasaurang dapek manambahan gala “Al-Hajji" pado namonyo jo biasonyo dihormati dalam masyarakaik Muslim.<ref name="Andrea67">{{cite book|author=Andrea Schulte-Peevers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8hmZIAaTGQC&pg=PA67|title=Oman, UAE & Arabian Peninsula|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2010|isbn=978-1-74179-145-7|page=67|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026160826/https://books.google.com/books?id=D8hmZIAaTGQC&pg=PA67|url-status=live}}</ref> Namun, para ulama manakanan bahwasannyo haji saharisnyo mancaminan komitmen kaagamoan, bukan ukuran status sosial.<ref name="Andrea67" /> Haji juo mampatamuan umaik Islam dari babagai panjuru dunia tanpa mamandang ras, warna kulik, jo budaya, sahinggo manjadi simbol kasataraan.<ref name="Nigosian111" /><ref name="BBC" /> Sabuah studi tahun 2008 manganai dampak partisipasi dalam ibadah haji manunjuakan bahwa komunitas Muslim manjadi labiah positif jo toleran sasudah haji. Studi bajudul ''Estimating the Impact of the Hajj: Religion and Tolerance in Islam's Global Gathering'' nan dilakuam basamo John F. Kennedy School of Government di [[Universitas Harvard]] mancatat bahwa haji maningkekan kayakiman tahadap kasataraan jo kaharmonisan antar kalompok etnis sarato [[Mazhab|Mazhab Islam]], sarato mandoroang sikap nan labiah positif tahadap padusi, tamasuak panarinoan nan labiah gadang tahadap pandidikan jo karajo bagi padusi. Salain itu, para jama'ah haji manunjuakan paningkekan kayakinan tahadap pardamaian, kasataraan, jo kaharmonisan antar pamaluak agamo nan babedo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clingingsmith |first1=David |last2=Khwaja |first2=Asim Ijaz |last3=Kremer |first3=Michael |title=Estimating the Impact of the Hajj: Religion and Tolerance in Islam's Global Gathering * |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |date=August 2009 |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=1133–1170 |doi=10.1162/qjec.2009.124.3.1133 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/124/3/1133/1905120 |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref> == Jumlah jamaah per tahun == {| class="wikitable sortable" ![[Tahun]] ![[Kalender Hijriyah|Tahun Hijriyah]] !Jamaah lokal !Jamaah lua nageri !Total |- |1920 |1338 | |58,584<ref name=History>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-139473-Number-of-foreign-Hajis-grows-by-2824-percent-in-92-years |title=Number of foreign Hajis grows by 2,824 percent in 92 years |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102022130/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-139473-Number-of-foreign-Hajis-grows-by-2824-percent-in-92-years |archive-date=2 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The News International]] |access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> | |- |1921 |1339 | |57,255<ref name="History" /> | |- |1922 |1340 | |56,319<ref name="History" /> | |- |1950 |1369 | |100,000 (perk.)<ref name="Marshall86" /> | |- |1950s | | |150,000 (perk.)<ref name="Tagliacozzo-132">{{cite book|editor1-first=Eric|editor1-last=Tagliacozzo|editor2-first=Shawkat|editor2-last=Toorawa|title=The Hajj: Pilgrimage in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Am3OCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|year=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-107-61280-8|page=132}}</ref> | |- |1960s | | |300,000 (perk.)<ref name="Tagliacozzo-132" /> | |- |1970s | | |700,000 (perk.)<ref name="Tagliacozzo-132" /> | |- |1980s | | |900,000 (perk.)<ref name="Tagliacozzo-132" /> | |- |1989 |1409 | |774,600<ref name="Harrison-156">{{cite book|editor1-first=David|editor1-last=Harrison|title=Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blJpqa-XApQC&pg=PA156|year=2001|publisher=[[CABI Publishing]]|location=|isbn=9780851994338|page=156}}</ref> | |- |1990 |1410 | |827,200<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1991 |1411 | |720,100<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1992 |1412 | |1,015,700<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1993 |1413 | |992,800<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1994 |1414 | |997,400<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1995 |1415 | |1,046,307<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1996 |1416 |784,769 |1,080,465<ref name="Harrison-156" /><ref name="RESA1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/1997/news/page208.aspx|title=Record number of pilgrims arrive for 1417 Hajj|date=15 April 1997|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318145148/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/1997/news/page208.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,865,234 |- |1997 |1417 |774,260 |1,168,591<ref name="Harrison-156" /><ref name="RESA1997" /> |1,942,851 |- |1998 |1418 |699,770 |1,132,344 |1,832,114<ref name="Harrison-156" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/1998/news/page352.aspx|title=Final statistics for Hajj 1418 pilgrims|date=8 April 1998|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303214712/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/1998/news/page352.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |1999 |1419 |775,268 |1,056,730 |1,831,998 |- |2000 |1420 |466,430<ref name="RESA2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2000/news/Page460.aspx|title=Ministry of Pilgrimage figures released for 1420 Haj|date=20 March 2000|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331043722/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2000/news/Page460.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,267,355 |1,733,785<ref name="RESA2000" /> |- |2001 |1421 |440,808 |1,363,992 |1,804,800<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2001/news/page514.aspx|title=Successful culmination of Hajj 1421|date=9 March 2001|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311190439/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2001/news/page514.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2002 |1422 |590,576 |1,354,184 |1,944,760 |- |2003 |1423 |493,230 |1,431,012 |1,924,242<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2003/news/page499.aspx|title=Tragic deaths reported in crowding at Mina|date=11 February 2003|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=7 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307022730/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2003/news/page499.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2004 |1424 |473,004<ref name="culmination">{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2004/news/page759.aspx|title=Culmination of 1424 Hajj witnesses stampede deaths|date=1 February 2004|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305131347/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2004/news/page759.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,419,706<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2004/news/page764.aspx|title=Hajj proceeding without incident|date=30 January 2004|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305085922/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2004/news/page764.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,892,710<ref name="culmination" /> |- |2005 |1425 |1,030,000 (perk.) |1,534,769 |2,560,000 (perk.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2005/news/page806.aspx|title=Prince Abdulmajeed declares Hajj 1425 a success|date=25 January 2005|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=30 July 2009|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826144637/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2005/news/page806.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2006 |1426 |573,147 |1,557,447 |2,130,594<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page919.aspx|title=Number of Hajj pilgrims tops 2 million|date=10 January 2006|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=16 January 2015|archive-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316184801/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page919.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2006 |1427 |724,229 |1,654,407 |2,378,636<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page5.aspx|title=More than 2.3 million pilgrims perform the Hajj this year|date=30 December 2006|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=30 July 2009|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229035136/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page5.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2007 |1428 |746,511 |1,707,814 |2,454,325<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2007/news/page15.aspx|title=More than 1.7 million pilgrims have arrived in Saudi Arabia for the Hajj|date=17 December 2007|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=30 July 2009|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302213726/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2007/news/page15.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="SCDS">{{cite web|url=http://xrdarabia.org/2007/12/23/how-many-attended-the-hajj/|title=How Many Attended the Hajj?|date=23 December 2007|work=Crossroads Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225170345/http://xrdarabia.org/2007/12/23/how-many-attended-the-hajj/|archive-date=2007-12-25|dead-url=yes|access-date=2015-10-22}}</ref> |- |2008 |1429 | |1,729,841<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx|title=Record number of pilgrims arrive for Hajj|date=6 December 2008|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304184226/http://saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx|archive-date=2016-03-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=30 July 2009}}</ref> | |- |2009 |1430 |154,000 |1,613,000 |2,521,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11290904.aspx|title=2,521,000 million pilgrims participated in Hajj 1430|date=29 November 2009|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062357/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11290904.aspx|archive-date=2016-03-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=8 December 2009}}</ref> |- |2010 |1431 |989,798 |1,799,601 |2,854,345<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/PressReleases/2010/20101118.htm|title=2.8 million pilgrims participated in Hajj 1431|date=18 November 2010|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109210141/http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/PressReleases/2010/20101118.htm|archive-date=2016-11-09|dead-url=yes|accessdate=28 December 2010}}</ref> |- |2011 |1432 |1,099,522 |1,828,195 |2,927,717<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11061102.aspx|title=2,927,717 pilgrims performed Hajj this year|date=6 November 2011|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430192735/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11061102.aspx|archive-date=2016-04-30|dead-url=yes|accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref> |- |2012 |1433 |1,408,641 |1,752,932 |3,161,573<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx|title=3,161,573 pilgrims perform Hajj this year|date=27 October 2012|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530224201/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx|archive-date=2016-05-30|dead-url=yes|accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref> |- |2013 |1434 |700,000 (perk.)<ref>{{cite news|title=Two million pilgrims taking place in Hajj|publisher=Euronews|date=14 October 2013|url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/10/14/two-million-pilgrims-taking-part-in-hajj-at-mecca-reach-mount-arafat/|accessdate=13 February 2014|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319062016/https://www.euronews.com/2013/10/14/two-million-pilgrims-taking-part-in-hajj-at-mecca-reach-mount-arafat|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,379,531<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10131302.aspx|title=1,379,531 pilgrims from 188 countries arrived for Hajj|date=13 October 2013|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065109/http://saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10131302.aspx|archive-date=2016-03-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref> |2,061,573 (perk.) |- |2014 |1435 |700,000 (perk.)<ref name="AN2014">{{cite news|title=Pilgrims stone 'devil' in last major Haj ritual; Eid Al-Adha begins|publisher=Arab News|date=6 October 2014|url=http://www.arabnews.com/featured/news/639656|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref> |1,389,053<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10021401.aspx|title=Small increase in foreign pilgrims|date=2 October 2014|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009221349/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10021401.aspx|archive-date=2014-10-09|dead-url=yes|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref> |2,089,053 (perk.)<ref name="AN2014" /> |- |2015 |1436 |615,059 (perk.) |1,384,941<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saudiembassy.net/1384941-foreign-pilgrims-participated-hajj|title=1,384,941 foreign pilgrims participated in Hajj|date=22 September 2015|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=15 February 2017|archive-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216055803/https://www.saudiembassy.net/1384941-foreign-pilgrims-participated-hajj|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |2,000,000 (perk.)<ref name=TheDailyStar2015>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/pilgrims-pray-peace-148021 |title=Hajj Performed: 2 million pilgrims pray for world peace |date=24 September 2015 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=26 September 2015 |archive-date=16 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316184022/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/pilgrims-pray-peace-148021 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |2016 |1437 |537,537<ref name="Arabia-2017">{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2016/09/12/Saudi-Arabia-says-Hajj-2016-receives-1-8-million-pilgrims.html|title=Saudi Arabia says Hajj 2016 receives 1.8 million pilgrims|date=12 September 2016|work=Al Arabiya English|publisher=|accessdate=15 February 2017|author=}}</ref> |1,325,372<ref name="Arabia-2017" /> |1,862,909<ref name="Arabia-2017" /> |- |2017 |1438 |600,108 |1,752,014 |2,352,122<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/hajj_statistics_for_the_year_1438_hen.xls|title=Haj Statistics|date=|publisher=General Authority of Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|access-date=21 Juli 2022|archive-date=2018-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114223759/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/hajj_statistics_for_the_year_1438_hen.xls|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2018 |1439 |612,953 |1,758,722 |2,371,675<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|title=Haj Statistics|date=22 August 2018|publisher=General Authority of Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524103836/https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2019 |1440 |634,379 |1,855,027 |2,489,406<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1538466/saudi-arabia|title=Around 2.5&nbsp;million pilgrims take part in Hajj this year|date=10 August 2019|website=Arab News|access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> |- |2020 |1441 | | |10,000<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hari Ini, 10.000 Jamaah Haji Jalani Hari Tarwiyah di Mina|date=29 Juli 2020|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5112265/hari-ini-10000-jamaah-haji-jalani-hari-tarwiyah-di-mina|access-date=6 November 2021|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230083216/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5112265/hari-ini-10000-jamaah-haji-jalani-hari-tarwiyah-di-mina|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2021 |1442 |58,745<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-saudi-arabia-health-coronavirus-pandemic-5141f26a40cc3a75f5f252c24f8228e0|title=Saudi Arabia says hajj to be limited to 60,000 in kingdom|date=12 June 2021|website=Associated Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505045827/https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-saudi-arabia-health-coronavirus-pandemic-5141f26a40cc3a75f5f252c24f8228e0|archive-date=5 May 2022|access-date=5 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/HAJ%20ANN2021E_kp.pdf|title=Hajj Statistics 1442 (2021)|website=General Authority for Statistics|access-date=2022-12-30|archive-date=2023-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606070534/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/HAJ%20ANN2021E_kp.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |0<ref name=":0" /> |58,745<ref name=":7" /> |- |2022 |1443 |119,434<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/622743/SAUDI-ARABIA/GASTAT-A-total-of-899353-pilgrims-perform-Hajj|title=GASTAT: A total of 899,353 pilgrims perform Hajj|date=2022-07-08|website=Saudi Gazette|language=English|access-date=2022-07-20}}</ref> |779,919<ref name=":8" /> |899,353<ref name=":8" /> |} == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Bacaan lanjuik == * {{cite book|last=Bianchi|first=Robert R.|year=2004|title=Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517107-5}} * {{cite book|last=Hammoudi|first=Abdellah|year=2006|title=A Season in Mecca: Narrative of a Pilgrimage|publisher=Hill and Wang|isbn=978-0-8090-7609-3|author-link=Abdellah Hammoudi|url=https://archive.org/details/seasoninmeccanar00hamm}} * Khan, Qaisra, "Hajj & 'Umra", in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. I, pp.&nbsp;239–245. * {{cite book|last=Patler|first=Nicholas|title=From Mecca to Selma: Malcolm X, Islam, and the Journey tnto the American Civil Rights Movement|year=2017|publisher=The Islamic Monthly|url=http://theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/|access-date=2022-12-30|archive-date=2022-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230082856/https://www.theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|last=Trojanow|first=Ilija|year=2007|title=Mumbai to Mecca: A Pilgrimage to the Holy Sites of Islam|publisher=Haus Publishing|isbn=978-1-904950-29-5|author-link=Ilija Trojanow}} {{Topik Islam}} {{Rancangan}} [[Kategori:Islam]] 2u9z9gouqm5p0kif9y5qjp7l72gg4z1 3346131 3346130 2026-04-26T14:06:35Z Rang Djambak 14874 /* Jumlah jamaah per tahun */ 3346131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam}} [[File:The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg|thumb|Umaik Islam sadang tawaf salamo ibadah Haji.]] '''Haji''' ({{lang-ar|حج}} nan dibaco ''Hajj'') adolah ziarah tahunan umaik [[Islam]] ka [[Makah|Makkah]], [[Arab Saudi]], [[Tampek suci dalam Islam|kota tasuci]] bagi [[Muslim]]. Haji marupokan kawajiban agamo nan fardu bagi Muslim nan mampu baiak sacaro fisik maupun finansial, jo mampu mahidupi kaluarga nan ditinggaan, sarato harus dilakuan saindaknyo sakali saumua hiduik dek kasadoan Muslim dewasa.<ref name=Marshall86>{{cite book |last=Long |first=Matthew |title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA86 |access-date=2 September 2014 |year=2011 |location=Tarrytown, N.Y.|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |isbn=978-0-7614-7926-0 |page=86 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016024055/https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA86 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=0-253-21627-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/110 110]}}</ref><ref>[http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/islam Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs - Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002114437/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/islam |date=2 October 2011 }} See drop-down essay on "Islamic Practices"</ref> Dalam terminologi Islam, Haji adolah ziarah ka [[Ka'bah|Ka’bah]] (Rumah Allah) di kota suci Makkah, Arab Saudi. Iko adolah salah satu [[rukun Islam]], basamo jo [[Syahadaik]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://quran.com/6/19 | title=Surah Al-An'am - 19 }}</ref> [[sumbayang]], [[zakaik]], dan [[Puaso Ramadan|puaso]] di bulan [[Ramadan|Ramadhan]]. Haji dilakuan sakali satahun di mano pasaudaraan Muslim ditunjuakan jo solidaritas urang-urang tu jo sasamo Muslim sarato panyarahan diri kapado [[Allah]] sapanuahnyo.<ref name=Nigosian111/><ref>{{cite book |last=Hooker |first=M. B. |title=Indonesian Syariah: Defining a National School of Islamic Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-a1k57q6GmwC&pg=PT252 |access-date=6 October 2014 |year=2008 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-230-802-3 |page=228 |archive-date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017181447/https://books.google.com/books?id=-a1k57q6GmwC&pg=PT252 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haji dijalanan untuak mambarasiahan jiwa dari doso duniawi, nan bararti baiak tindakan lahiriah pajalanan sasudah kamatian maupun tindakan batiniah niaik baiak.<ref name=Adelowo395>{{cite book |editor1-first=E. Dada |editor1-last=Adelowo |title=Perspectives in Religious Studies: Volume III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395 |year=2014 |publisher=HEBN Publishers Plc |location=Ibadan |isbn=978-978-081-447-2 |page=395 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128170823/https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ibadah Islam ko dilakuan salamo limo hinggo anam hari, mulai tanggal 8 hinggo 12 atau 13 [[Dzulhijjah]],<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.hajjpracticalities.heliohost.org/sixdayshajj/13th_of_zil_hajj.html |title=13th of Zil Hajj |publisher=heliohost.org |access-date=29 March 2015 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028105128/http://www.hajjpracticalities.heliohost.org/sixdayshajj/13th_of_zil_hajj.html |url-status=live }}</ref> bulan tarakhia kalender Islam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hajj The Holy Pilgrimage|url=https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/hajj-holy-pilgrimage|website=Salamislam|date=3 January 2021|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531214408/https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/hajj-holy-pilgrimage|url-status=live}}</ref> Karano kalender [[Kalender Hijriah|Hijriah]] babasis pado [[bulan]] jo tahun Islam labiah pendek dari pado tahun [[Kalender Gregorius|Gregorian]], tanggal haji manuruik kalender Gregorian baubah-ubah tiok tahunnyo. Pado tahun 2026, bulan Dzulhijjah akan balansuang dari 18 Mei hinggo 15 Juni. Ibadah Haji ko indak dapek digantian dek [[Umroh]] nan bisa dilakuan sapanjang tahun.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Matt Stefon |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Britannica Educational Publishing]] |year=2010 |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/73 73]}}</ref> Haji bakaikan jo kahidupan nabi Islam [[Muhammad]] dari abaik ka-7 M, tapi ritual ziarah ka Makkah nan disabuikan dalam sumber-sumber Muslim alah ado sajak maso [[Ibrahim]]. Jama'ah mangarajoan sarangkaian ritual takah mamakai kain [[ihram]], tawaf mangaliliangi Ka’bah, sa’i antaro [[Safa jo Marwa]], wukuf di [[Gunuang Arafah|Arafah]], bamalam di [[Muzdalifah]], sarato [[mambae jumrah]], nan diakhiai jo [[Kurban (Islam)|kurban]] dan [[Iduladha]].<ref name="armstrong">{{cite book |title=Islam: A Short History |author=Karen Armstrong |series=Modern Library Chronicles |publisher=Modern Library |edition=Revised Updated |year=2002 |pages=10–12 |isbn=0-8129-6618-X}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/holydays/eiduladha.shtml |title=Eid ul Adha |date=7 September 2009 |publisher=BBC |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004075944/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/holydays/eiduladha.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Sahih Bukhari-hadith No-732-733</ref> Rato-rato jumlah jama'ah haji pado tahun 2000–2019 sakitar 2,27 juta urang per tahun,<ref name="stats1">{{cite web|year=2017|title=Haj Statistics|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024237/https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|archive-date=20 June 2018|website=General Authority for Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}}</ref><ref name="RESA1997" /><ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Record number of pilgrims arrive for Hajj |publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia |date=6 December 2008 |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx |access-date=30 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612115203/http://saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx |archive-date=12 June 2010 }}</ref> jo puncaknyo pado tahun 2012 sabanyak 3,16 juta.<ref name=":6">{{cite web |title=3,161,573 pilgrims perform Hajj this year |publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia |date=27 October 2012 |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426005515/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx |archive-date=26 April 2013 }}</ref> Pado tahun 2022 jo 2021, jumlah jama'ah dibatehi akibaik [[pandemi Covid-19]], tamasuak pambatehan hanyo untuak panduduak Arab Saudi jo kalunggan aturan bagi padusi tanpa [[mahram]] dalam kondisi tatantu.<ref name="New York Times">{{Cite news|date=22 June 2020|title=Saudi Arabia will sharply limit Hajj Pilgrimage|department=Live Global Coronavirus News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/22/world/coronavirus-updates.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622210854/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/22/world/coronavirus-updates.html|archive-date=22 June 2020|access-date=2020-06-15|work=[[The New York Times]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=AFP|title=In Mecca, Women Take Part in Hajj as 'Guardian' Rule Dropped|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_mecca-women-take-part-hajj-guardian-rule-dropped/6208472.html|publisher=[[VOA]]|date=2021-07-20|access-date=2021-07-20|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720180212/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/mecca-women-take-part-hajj-guardian-rule-dropped|url-status=live}}</ref> == Sijarah == Tatocaro ibadah haji kini ko ditetapan dek Muhammad.<ref name=EB>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/252050/hajj |title=Hajj |year=2014 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=12 August 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041951/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/252050/hajj |url-status=live }}</ref> Namun, manuruik [[Al-Qur'an]], unsua-unsua ibadah haji dapek ditalusua baliak ka zaman Ibrahim. Manuruik tradisi Islam, Ibrahim diparintah dek Allah untuak maninggaan urang rumahnyo [[Siti Hajar|Hajar]] jo anaknyo [[Ismail]] di tangah padang gurun Makkah kuno. Dalam mancari aia, Hajar jo putuih aso balari tujuah kali di antaro duo bukik [[Safa jo Marwa]] tapi indak manyobokannyo. Baliak jo putuih aso ka Ismail, inyo mamcaliak bayi tu manggaruak tanah jo kakinyo nan kamudian sabuah mato aia mamanca dari tanah garuakan tu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haykal |first=Muhammad Husayn |author-link=Muhammad Ali Selami Husayn Haykal |title=The Life of Muhammad |publisher=The Other Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=29 |year=1994 |page=29 |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127211636/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=29 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kamudian, Ibrahim diparintahan untuak mambangun Ka'bah (nan baliau lakuan jo bantuan Ismail) jo maajak urang-urang untuak malakuan ibadah haji di sinan.<ref name="Peters4-7">{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4 |year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn=0-691-02120-1 |pages=4–7 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123000954/https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4 |url-status=live }}</ref> Al-Qur'an marujuak pado paristiwa-paristiwa ko dalam ayaik {{cite quran|2|124–127 |s=ns |b=n}} jo {{cite quran|22|27–30 |s=ns |b=n}} Manuruik tafsir Zamakhshari (maningga 1144 M), malaikaik [[Jibril]] mambaok [[Hajar Aswad|Batu Hitam]] dari [[Sarugo]] untuak dipasangan di Ka'bah katiko dibangun dek Ibrahim.<ref>F.E. Peters (1994), <u>The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage To Mecca and The Holy Places</u>, Princeton University Press, p.6</ref> Katiko zaman pra-Islam, nan dikenal sabagai [[Zaman Jahiliyah]], Ka'bah dikaliliangi dek bahalo-bahalo pagan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Al Mubarakpuri |first=Safi ur Rahman |chapter=Religions of the Arabs |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA45 |year=2002 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=9960-899-55-1 |page=45 |title-link=Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102024455/https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pado tahun 630 M, Muhammad mamimpin pangikuiknyo dari [[Madinah]] ka Makkah, mambarasiahan Ka'bah jo mahancuan kasadoan bahalo tu, jo kamudian manyatoan bangunan tu sabagai Rumah Allah.<ref name=Haykal439>{{cite book |last=Husayn Haykal |first=Muhammad |author-link=Muhammad Husayn Haykal |title=The Life of Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=PA439 |year=2008 |publisher=Islamic Book Trust |location=[[Selangor]] |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7 |pages=439–40 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127211639/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=PA439 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pado tahun 632 M (9 Dzulhijah 10 H = 9 Maret 632 M, hari Jumaik), Muhammad malakuan ibadah haji patamo jo tarakhirnyo jo sajumlah gadang pangikuik, sarato manunjuakan urang-urang tu tantang tatocaro haji.<ref name="Campo494">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2009|title=Muhammad|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[Facts On File]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA494|editor=Campo|editor-first=Juan E.|page=494|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930121515/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&lpg=PP1&dq=isbn%3A1438126964&pg=PA494|url-status=live}}</ref> Sajak itu, haji manjadi salah ciek dari limo rukun Islam. Pado maso patangahan, para paziarah akan bakumpua di kota-kota gadang Suriah, Mesir, jo Irak untuak pai ka Makkah dalam kalompok jo kafilah nan tadiri dari puluahan ribu paziarah,<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA164 |year=1994 |page=164 |isbn=978-0-691-02619-0 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122153140/https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA164 |url-status=live }}</ref> acokkali di bawah palinduangan nagara.<ref name="Campo283">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2009|title=Hajj|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[Facts On File]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA283|editor=Campo|editor-first=Juan E.|page=283|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=6 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182152/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA283|url-status=live}}</ref> Kafilah haji, khususnyo jo muncuanyo [[Kasultanan Mamluk]] jo panaruihnyo, [[Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]], dikawa dek pasukan militer nan disaratoi dek tabib di bawah komando surang ''[[amir al-hajj]]''.<ref name="Singer141">{{Citation |first=Amy |last=Singer |author-link=Amy Singer (historian) |title=Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC&q=Amir+al+hajj+Ottoman&pg=PA141 |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7914-5351-3 |page=141 |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182147/https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC&q=Amir+al+hajj+Ottoman&pg=PA141 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Philipp102-04">{{Citation |first=Thomas |last=Philipp |title=The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoPF9T4ZiWsC&q=Amir+hajj&pg=PA102 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-521-59115-7 |pages=102–104 |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182148/https://books.google.com/books?id=WoPF9T4ZiWsC&q=Amir+hajj&pg=PA102 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hal iko dilakuan untuak malinduangi kafilah dari kalompok [[Bedawi|Badui]] atau bahayo alam,<ref name="Singer141"/><ref name="Philipp102-04"/> jo untuak mamastian bahwasannyo paziarah tu mandapekan pasadioan nan diparaluan.<ref name="Singer141"/> Para panjalajah Muslim takah [[Ibnu Jubair]] jo [[Ibnu Bathuthah|Ibnu Batutah]] alah mancatat catatan rinci tantang pajalanan haji pado maso patangahan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA71 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1994 |page=71 |isbn=978-0-691-02619-0 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122153144/https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA71 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kafilah-kafilah tu maikuiki rute nan alah mapan nan dalam [[bahaso Arab]] disabuik ''darb al-hajj'' (jalan haji), nan biasonyo maikuiki rute kuno takah [[Jalan Raya Rajo (kuno)|Jalan Raya Rajo]]. == Wakatu palaksanaan == Tanggal palaksanaan haji ditantuan dek kalender Islam (Hijriah) nan babasis lunar atau bulan.<ref name="Harrison156">{{cite book |editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Harrison |title=Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blJpqa-XApQC&pg=PA156 |access-date=6 October 2014 |year=2001 |publisher=[[CAB International|CABI]] |isbn=978-0-85199-433-8 |page=156 |archive-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127023945/https://books.google.com/books?id=blJpqa-XApQC&pg=PA156 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Reynolds33>{{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Gabriel said |title=The Emergence of Islam: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWfFX5XDjuIC&pg=PT33 |year=2012 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-4514-0812-6 |page=33 |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216192254/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWfFX5XDjuIC&pg=PT33 |url-status=live }}</ref> Satiok tahun, haji balansuang salamo sapuluah hari, dari 1 hinggo 10 Dzulhijjah, jo tanggal 9 dikenal sabagai [[Hari Arafah]] jo manjadi puncak ibadah haji. Karano tahun Hijriah sakitar 11 hari labiah pendek dari pado kalender Gregorius, tanggal haji taruih maju satiok tahun dalam kalender Masehi.<ref name=Reynolds33/><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Aziz |editor1-last=Sheikh |title=Caring for Muslim Patients |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgwiloFTrKwC&pg=PA95 |access-date=15 November 2014 |year=2008 |publisher=Radcliffe Publishing |isbn=978-1-85775-812-2 |page=95 |archive-date=29 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129021631/https://books.google.com/books?id=mgwiloFTrKwC&pg=PA95 |url-status=live }}</ref> Akibaiknyo, musim haji dapek tajadi duo kali dalam satahun Masehi sakitar 33 tahun sakali, nan tarakhia tajadi pado tahun 2006.<ref name="Umm-al-Qura-Calendar">{{cite web |url=http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura_principal.htm |title=Principal Islamic Days of Observance according to Umm al-Qura Calendar |year=2014 |work=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028164511/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura_principal.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> == Urutan == [[File:Hajj locations and rites.png|thumb|right|Gambar nan manunjuakan rangkaian ibadah haji.]] Literatur [[fiqih]] manjalehan sacaro rinci tato caro malaksanaan haji, jo para jama’ah haji umumnyo maikuiki buku panduan jo para ahli untuak bahasia mamanuahi pasyaratan haji.<ref name="Campo282">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2009|title=Hajj|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[Facts On File]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA282|editor=Campo|editor-first=Juan E.|page=282|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721152752/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA282|url-status=live}}</ref> Dalam palaksanaan ritual haji, jama'ah indak hanyo maikuiki taladan Muhammad, tapi juo mamparingeki paristiwa-paristiwa nan bakaikan jo Ibrahim.<ref name=Neusner178>{{cite book |last=Neusner |first=Jacob |title=World Religions in America: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRkRAQAAIAAJ&q=Hajj+muslims+commemorate+events+associate+Abraham |access-date=6 October 2014 |year=2000 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=978-0-664-25839-9 |page=178 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182147/https://books.google.com/books?id=jRkRAQAAIAAJ&q=Hajj+muslims+commemorate+events+associate+Abraham |url-status=live }}</ref> === Ihram === [[File:Muhammad Ali at Hajj 1972.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali]] mamakai ihram katiko malaksanaan haji pado 1972]] [[Ihram]] adolah kaadaan suci nan manandoi dimulainyo haji, dimulai katiko jama'ah mancapai [[miqat]].<ref name="Nigosian111" /><ref name="EB-ihram">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282481/ihram|title=ihram|year=2014|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=7 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007071226/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282481/ihram|url-status=live}}</ref> Dalam kondisi ko, jama'ah mamakai pakaian khusus (laki-laki duo kain putiah indak bajaik, padusi pakaian sopan biaso)<ref name="AtoZ">{{cite book |title=Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z |last=Mohamed |first=Mamdouh N. |publisher=Amana Publications |year=1996 |isbn=0-915957-54-X |url=https://archive.org/details/hajjumrahfromtoz00moha }}</ref> jo harus mamatuahi babagai larangan takah indak mangarek abuak atau kuku, indak mamakai parfum, jo indak bahubuangan suami istri.<ref name="Nigosian111">{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=[[Indiana]] |isbn=0-253-21627-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/111 111]}}</ref><ref name="EB-ihram" /> Ihram malambangan kasataraan di hadapan Allah sarato maajaan kasederhanaan, kamurnian, jo pangingek akan kamatian.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/philosophy-hajj-rituals|title=The Philosophy of Hajj Rituals|date=3 January 2021|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411224841/https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/philosophy-hajj-rituals|url-status=live}}</ref> === Tawaf jo sa'i === [[File:Tavaf.jpg|right|thumb|Gambar nan manunjuakan arah tawaf jo sa'i.]] [[Tawaf]] adolah ritual mangaliliangi Ka’bah sabanyak tujuah kali balawanan arah jarum jam, dimulai jo diakhiai di [[Hajar Aswad]], sambia malantunan doa nan dikenal sabagai talbiyah.<ref name="Marshall89">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA89 |title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures |last=Long |first=Matthew |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7614-7926-0 |page=89 |access-date=2 September 2014 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123110541/https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA89 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Long17">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA17 |title=The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah |last=Long |first=David E. |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-382-5 |page=17 |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217110352/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA17 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sasudah tu, jama'ah manjalanan sumbayang duo rakaat jo minum [[Aia Zam-zam|aia Zamzam]]. Tawaf malambangan tauhid jo pasatuan umaik Islam.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.arabnews.com/news/597946 |title=Pilgrims complain of Zamzam water shortage in Makkah |date=7 July 2014 |access-date=7 September 2014 |newspaper=Arab News |archive-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222055151/http://www.arabnews.com/news/597946 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ritual dilanjuikan jo [[sa'i]], yaitu bajalan atau balari-lari ketek sabanyak tujuah kali antaro Safa jo Marwa. Sasudah sa’i, laki-laki mancukua atau mamendekan abuak, jo padusi mangarek ujuang abuak, nan manandoi salasainyo umroh.<ref name=Marshall89/><ref name="Adelowo401">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA401 |title=Perspectives in Religious Studies: Volume III |publisher=HEBN Publishers Plc |year=2014 |isbn=978-978-081-447-2 |location=Ibadan |page=401 |editor1-first=E. Dada |editor1-last=Adelowo |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=1 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101064315/https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA401 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Hari patamo: 8 Dzulhijjah === Pado 8 Dzulhijjah, para jama'ah diingekan baliak akan kawajibannyo, mamakai baliak kain ihram, jo managuahan niaik untuak manunaian haji. Sajak tu, larangan-larangan ihram mulai balaku. Hari ko dikenal sabagai Hari Tarwiyah nan bararti hari mahilangan dahaga.<ref name="Reyshahri">{{cite web |last1=Reyshahri |first1=Mohammad |title=Hajj in Quran and Hadith |url=http://lib.eshia.ir/27405/1/321/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87 |website=lib.eshia |access-date=2 September 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217013745/http://lib.eshia.ir/27405/1/321/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Haji pilgrimage mina tent city.jpg|thumb|Tenda-tenda jama'ah haji katiko di Mina]] Sasudah sumbayang Subuah pado tanggal 8, jama'ah haji malanjuikan pajalanan ka [[Mina]] di mano urang-urang tu mahabihan sapanjang hari jo malaksanaan sumbayang Zuhur (kalau batapekan jo hari Jumaik, [[sumbayang Jumaik]] dilakuan di Mina, bukan sumbayang Zuhur), Ashar, Magarik, jo Isya.<ref name=Adelowo403>{{cite book |editor1-first=E. Dada |editor1-last=Adelowo |title=Perspectives in Religious Studies: Volume III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA403 |year=2014 |publisher=HEBN Publishers Plc |location=Ibadan |isbn=978-978-081-447-2 |page=403 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103151204/https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA403 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bisuak paginyo sasudah sumbayang Subuah, urang-urang tu maninggaan Mina manuju [[Arafah]]. === Hari kaduo: 9 Dzulhijah === [[File:Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Jama'ah haji baibadah di Arafah.]] Tanggal 9 Dzulhijah dikenal sabagai Hari Arafah, jo hari ko disabuik sabagai Hari Haji.<ref name="v3502133">{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/muslims-mark-most-important-day-of-hajj-in-saudi-arabia/3502133.html |title=Muslims Mark Most Important Day of Hajj in Saudi Arabia |first=Cecily |last=Hilleary |date=11 September 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |archive-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820141006/https://www.voanews.com/a/muslims-mark-most-important-day-of-hajj-in-saudi-arabia/3502133.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sabalum tangah hari, para jama'ah tibo di Arafah, tanah tanduih jo data sakitar 20 kilometer sabalah timur Makkah,<ref name=Long19/> di mano urang-urang tu tagak dalam ibadah khidmat dakek bukik nan dikenal [[Jabal Rahmah]];<ref name=Adelowo403/> urang-urang tu mamanjekan doa, bataubaik jo manabuih doso-doso nan lampau, mamohon ampunan Allah, sarato mandangaan khutbah dari ulama nan manyampainnyo dari dakek Jabal al-Rahmah, tampek Muhammad dikatoan manyampaian khutbah tarakhianyo. Balansuang dari tangah hari hinggo matoari tabanam, iko dikenal sabagai “tagak di hadapan Allah" (wuquf), salah ciek ritual tapantiang dalam ibadah haji.<ref name=Nigosian111/> Ibadah haji surang jama'ah dianggap indak sah kalau indak mahabihan patang hari di Arafah.<ref name=Long19>{{cite book |last=Long |first=David E. |title=The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA19 |year=1979 |isbn=0-87395-382-7 |page=19 |publisher=SUNY Press |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804200934/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Muzdalifah ==== [[File:MuzdalifahPanorama.jpg|thumb|Jama'ah haji bamalam di Muzdalifah]] Para paziarah harus maninggaan Arafah manuju [[Muzdalifah]] sasudah matoari tabanam tanpa manjalanan sumbayang Mugarik di Arafah.<ref>Sahih Muslim-Hadith No 2941.2944</ref> Muzdalifah adolah daerah antaro Arafah jo Mina. Sasudah tibo di sinan, paziarah sumbayang Mugarik jo Isya sacaro basamaan, bamalam sambia sumbayang jo lalok di tanah tabukak, sarato mangumpuan kareke untuak mambae jumrah bisuaknyo.<ref>Sahih Bukhari Hadith No: 732,733, and 734</ref> === Hari katigo: 10 Dzulhijjah === ==== Mambae jumrah ==== [[File:Amellie - Stoning of the devil 2006 Hajj.jpg|thumb|Jama'ah haji sadang mambae jumrah.]] Di Mina, para paziarah mambae batu simbolis kapado Setan (''[[Mambae jumrah|Ramy al-Jamarat]]'') jo mambae tujuah batu dari matoari tabik hinggo tabanam hanyo ka salah ciek dari tigo tiang nan ado nan dikenal sabagai Jamrat al-Aqabah.<ref name="al-Hasani">{{cite book |last=al-Hasani |first=Abu Qanit al-Sharif |title=The Guiding Helper: Main Text and Explanatory Notes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKZJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |year=2009 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4452-3791-6 |page=220 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102121628/https://books.google.com/books?id=wKZJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Qurban ==== Sasudah paristiwa mambae batu, binatang taranak [[Qurban|diqurbanan]] untuak mamparingeki kisah Ibrahim jo Ismail. Sacaro tradisional, paziarah mandabiah binatang tu surang atau mancaliak pandabiahannyo. Kini, banyak paziarah nan mambali voucher qurban sabalum ibadah haji dimulai, nan taranaknyo didabiah ateh namo Allah pado tanggal 10, tanpa kahadiran fisik paziarah. Rumah potoang binatang moderen manyalasaian pangolahan dagiang, nan kamudian dikirim sabagai sidakah ka urang miskin di kasadoan dunia.<ref name="RESA">{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/issues/hajj/ |title=Hajj |publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia |access-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815124605/http://www.saudiembassy.net/issues/hajj/ |archive-date=15 August 2014 }}</ref> Di wakatau nan samo, urang-urang Muslim di dunia marayoan hari [[Iduladha]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> ==== Bacukua ==== Sasudah mandabiah binatang qurban, ritual pantiang lainnyo dalam ibadah haji iolah mancukua atau mamangkeh abuak. Kasadoan jama'ah haji laki-laki mancukua abuaknyo jo jama'ah padusi hanyo mamotoang ujuang abuak sajo.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|date=8 September 2009|title=Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/hajj_1.shtml|access-date=6 October 2014|publisher=BBC|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103141339/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/hajj_1.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Long21>{{cite book |last=Long |title=The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA21 |year=1979 |isbn=0-87395-382-7 |page=21 |publisher=SUNY Press |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216091036/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Sahih Muslim Hadith no:2985,2994</ref> ==== Tawaf Ifadah ==== [[File:Kaaba 2.JPG|thumb|Jama'ah haji sadang tawaf Ifadah]] Pado hari nan samo atau bisuaknyo, paziarah mangunjuangi [[Masjidil Haram]] di Makkah untuak Tawaf, nan dikenal sabagai Tawaf Ifadah, bagian pantiang dari haji.<ref name=Long21/> Hal iko malambangan kainginan untuak basagiro manghadap Allah jo manunjuakan raso cinto kapado-Nyo, bagian wajib dari haji. Malam tanggal 10 dihabihan baliak di Mina. === Hari kaampek jo kalimo: 11 jo 12 Dzulhijjah === Mulai tangah hari hinggo matoari tabanam pado tanggal 11 Dzulhijjah (baitu pulo bisuak harinyo), paziarah mambae liak tujuah batu kareke ka masiang-masiang dari tigo tiang di Mina. Sasudah tu, paziarah maninggaan Mina sabalum matoari tabanam pado 12 Dzulhijjah.<ref name="al-Hasani"/> === Hari kaanam: 13 Dzulhijjah === Jikok indak dapek maninggaan Mina pado tanggal 12 sabalum matoari tabanam atau paziarah mamiliah untuak tingga labiah lamo, paziarah harus mambae jumrah liak sabalum baliak ka Makkah pado tanggal 13.<ref name="al-Hasani"/> ==== Tawaf Wadaa ==== Tarakhia, sabalum maninggaan Makkah, paziarah malakuan tawaf papisahan nan disabuik Tawaf Wadaa nan bararti maucapan salamaik tingga. Paziarah mangaliliangi Ka’bah sabanyak tujuah kali balawanan arah jarum jam, jo jikok mamungkinkan, urang-urang tu bausaho maawai atau mancium Ka’bah.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sheikho |first1=Mohammad Amin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcVCAwAAQBAJ&dq=Tawaf+al-Wadaa&pg=PT67 |title=Pilgrimage "Hajj": The Fifth High Grade of Al-Taqwa |last2=Al-Dayrani |first2=A. K. John Alias |date=2017-07-19 |publisher=BookRix |isbn=978-3-7309-9606-5 |language=en |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708212613/https://books.google.com/books?id=mcVCAwAAQBAJ&dq=Tawaf+al-Wadaa&pg=PT67 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Signifikansi == Bagi umaik Islam, haji mampunyoi makna kaagamoan sakaliguih sosial.<ref name="AzizSheikh2008">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgwiloFTrKwC&pg=PA96|title=Caring for Muslim Patients|publisher=Radcliffe Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85775-812-2|editor-last=Sheikh|editor-first=Aziz|page=96|access-date=2 September 2014|archive-date=29 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129021635/https://books.google.com/books?id=mgwiloFTrKwC&pg=PA96|url-status=live}}</ref> Kawajiban manunaian ibadah ko hanyo tapanuahi jikok dilakuan pado tanggal 8 hinggo 12 Dzulhijjah. Katiko pado suatu tahun surang Muslim dewasa barado dalam kondisi siyaik sarato mampunyoi kaamanan jiwa jo harato, mako inyo wajib manunaian haji pado tahun tu. Manundanyo dianggap badoso kacuali karano alasan nan indak dapek dikandalian.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Musharraf|first1=Hussain|title=The Five Pillars of Islam: Laying the Foundations of Divine Love and Service to Humanity|date=2012|publisher=Kube Publishing|location=Leicestershire, UK|isbn=9781847740236|pages=204–205}}</ref> Salain sabagai kawajiban agamo, haji dipandang juo sabagai kagiatan nan mampunyoi nilai spiritual nan maagiah kasempatan bagi Muslim untuak mampabarui diri.<ref name="AzizSheikh2008" /> Haji manjadi pangingek akan [[Kiamaik|Hari Kiamaik]] katiko manusia diyakini akan tagak di hadapan Allah.<ref>{{cite book|last=Powell|first=William|url=https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaitsro00powe|title=Saudi Arabia and Its Royal Family|publisher=Lyle Stuart|year=1982|isbn=978-0-8184-0326-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaitsro00powe/page/113 113]|access-date=7 October 2014|url-access=registration}}</ref> Literatur hadis manyabuikan babagai kautamoan nan didapek jama'ah sasudah manyalasaian haji dengan baiak. Sasudah manunaian haji, sasaurang dapek manambahan gala “Al-Hajji" pado namonyo jo biasonyo dihormati dalam masyarakaik Muslim.<ref name="Andrea67">{{cite book|author=Andrea Schulte-Peevers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8hmZIAaTGQC&pg=PA67|title=Oman, UAE & Arabian Peninsula|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2010|isbn=978-1-74179-145-7|page=67|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026160826/https://books.google.com/books?id=D8hmZIAaTGQC&pg=PA67|url-status=live}}</ref> Namun, para ulama manakanan bahwasannyo haji saharisnyo mancaminan komitmen kaagamoan, bukan ukuran status sosial.<ref name="Andrea67" /> Haji juo mampatamuan umaik Islam dari babagai panjuru dunia tanpa mamandang ras, warna kulik, jo budaya, sahinggo manjadi simbol kasataraan.<ref name="Nigosian111" /><ref name="BBC" /> Sabuah studi tahun 2008 manganai dampak partisipasi dalam ibadah haji manunjuakan bahwa komunitas Muslim manjadi labiah positif jo toleran sasudah haji. Studi bajudul ''Estimating the Impact of the Hajj: Religion and Tolerance in Islam's Global Gathering'' nan dilakuam basamo John F. Kennedy School of Government di [[Universitas Harvard]] mancatat bahwa haji maningkekan kayakiman tahadap kasataraan jo kaharmonisan antar kalompok etnis sarato [[Mazhab|Mazhab Islam]], sarato mandoroang sikap nan labiah positif tahadap padusi, tamasuak panarinoan nan labiah gadang tahadap pandidikan jo karajo bagi padusi. Salain itu, para jama'ah haji manunjuakan paningkekan kayakinan tahadap pardamaian, kasataraan, jo kaharmonisan antar pamaluak agamo nan babedo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clingingsmith |first1=David |last2=Khwaja |first2=Asim Ijaz |last3=Kremer |first3=Michael |title=Estimating the Impact of the Hajj: Religion and Tolerance in Islam's Global Gathering * |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |date=August 2009 |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=1133–1170 |doi=10.1162/qjec.2009.124.3.1133 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/124/3/1133/1905120 |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref> == Jumlah jamaah per tahun == {| class="wikitable sortable" ![[Tahun]] ![[Kalender Hijriyah|Tahun Hijriyah]] !Jamaah lokal !Jamaah lua nageri !Total |- |1920 |1338 | |58,584<ref name=History>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-139473-Number-of-foreign-Hajis-grows-by-2824-percent-in-92-years |title=Number of foreign Hajis grows by 2,824 percent in 92 years |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102022130/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-139473-Number-of-foreign-Hajis-grows-by-2824-percent-in-92-years |archive-date=2 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The News International]] |access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> | |- |1921 |1339 | |57,255<ref name="History" /> | |- |1922 |1340 | |56,319<ref name="History" /> | |- |1950 |1369 | |100,000 (perk.)<ref name="Marshall86" /> | |- |1950s | | |150,000 (perk.)<ref name="Tagliacozzo-132">{{cite book|editor1-first=Eric|editor1-last=Tagliacozzo|editor2-first=Shawkat|editor2-last=Toorawa|title=The Hajj: Pilgrimage in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Am3OCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|year=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-107-61280-8|page=132}}</ref> | |- |1960s | | |300,000 (perk.)<ref name="Tagliacozzo-132" /> | |- |1970s | | |700,000 (perk.)<ref name="Tagliacozzo-132" /> | |- |1980s | | |900,000 (perk.)<ref name="Tagliacozzo-132" /> | |- |1989 |1409 | |774,600<ref name="Harrison-156">{{cite book|editor1-first=David|editor1-last=Harrison|title=Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blJpqa-XApQC&pg=PA156|year=2001|publisher=[[CABI Publishing]]|location=|isbn=9780851994338|page=156}}</ref> | |- |1990 |1410 | |827,200<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1991 |1411 | |720,100<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1992 |1412 | |1,015,700<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1993 |1413 | |992,800<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1994 |1414 | |997,400<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1995 |1415 | |1,046,307<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1996 |1416 |784,769 |1,080,465<ref name="Harrison-156" /><ref name="RESA1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/1997/news/page208.aspx|title=Record number of pilgrims arrive for 1417 Hajj|date=15 April 1997|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318145148/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/1997/news/page208.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,865,234 |- |1997 |1417 |774,260 |1,168,591<ref name="Harrison-156" /><ref name="RESA1997" /> |1,942,851 |- |1998 |1418 |699,770 |1,132,344 |1,832,114<ref name="Harrison-156" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/1998/news/page352.aspx|title=Final statistics for Hajj 1418 pilgrims|date=8 April 1998|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303214712/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/1998/news/page352.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |1999 |1419 |775,268 |1,056,730 |1,831,998 |- |2000 |1420 |466,430<ref name="RESA2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2000/news/Page460.aspx|title=Ministry of Pilgrimage figures released for 1420 Haj|date=20 March 2000|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331043722/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2000/news/Page460.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,267,355 |1,733,785<ref name="RESA2000" /> |- |2001 |1421 |440,808 |1,363,992 |1,804,800<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2001/news/page514.aspx|title=Successful culmination of Hajj 1421|date=9 March 2001|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311190439/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2001/news/page514.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2002 |1422 |590,576 |1,354,184 |1,944,760 |- |2003 |1423 |493,230 |1,431,012 |1,924,242<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2003/news/page499.aspx|title=Tragic deaths reported in crowding at Mina|date=11 February 2003|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=7 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307022730/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2003/news/page499.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2004 |1424 |473,004<ref name="culmination">{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2004/news/page759.aspx|title=Culmination of 1424 Hajj witnesses stampede deaths|date=1 February 2004|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305131347/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2004/news/page759.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,419,706<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2004/news/page764.aspx|title=Hajj proceeding without incident|date=30 January 2004|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305085922/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2004/news/page764.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,892,710<ref name="culmination" /> |- |2005 |1425 |1,030,000 (perk.) |1,534,769 |2,560,000 (perk.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2005/news/page806.aspx|title=Prince Abdulmajeed declares Hajj 1425 a success|date=25 January 2005|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=30 July 2009|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826144637/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2005/news/page806.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2006 |1426 |573,147 |1,557,447 |2,130,594<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page919.aspx|title=Number of Hajj pilgrims tops 2 million|date=10 January 2006|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=16 January 2015|archive-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316184801/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page919.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2006 |1427 |724,229 |1,654,407 |2,378,636<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page5.aspx|title=More than 2.3 million pilgrims perform the Hajj this year|date=30 December 2006|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=30 July 2009|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229035136/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page5.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2007 |1428 |746,511 |1,707,814 |2,454,325<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2007/news/page15.aspx|title=More than 1.7 million pilgrims have arrived in Saudi Arabia for the Hajj|date=17 December 2007|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=30 July 2009|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302213726/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2007/news/page15.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="SCDS">{{cite web|url=http://xrdarabia.org/2007/12/23/how-many-attended-the-hajj/|title=How Many Attended the Hajj?|date=23 December 2007|work=Crossroads Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225170345/http://xrdarabia.org/2007/12/23/how-many-attended-the-hajj/|archive-date=2007-12-25|dead-url=yes|access-date=2015-10-22}}</ref> |- |2008 |1429 | |1,729,841<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx|title=Record number of pilgrims arrive for Hajj|date=6 December 2008|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304184226/http://saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx|archive-date=2016-03-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=30 July 2009}}</ref> | |- |2009 |1430 |154,000 |1,613,000 |2,521,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11290904.aspx|title=2,521,000 million pilgrims participated in Hajj 1430|date=29 November 2009|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062357/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11290904.aspx|archive-date=2016-03-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=8 December 2009}}</ref> |- |2010 |1431 |989,798 |1,799,601 |2,854,345<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/PressReleases/2010/20101118.htm|title=2.8 million pilgrims participated in Hajj 1431|date=18 November 2010|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109210141/http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/PressReleases/2010/20101118.htm|archive-date=2016-11-09|dead-url=yes|accessdate=28 December 2010}}</ref> |- |2011 |1432 |1,099,522 |1,828,195 |2,927,717<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11061102.aspx|title=2,927,717 pilgrims performed Hajj this year|date=6 November 2011|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430192735/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11061102.aspx|archive-date=2016-04-30|dead-url=yes|accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref> |- |2012 |1433 |1,408,641 |1,752,932 |3,161,573<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx|title=3,161,573 pilgrims perform Hajj this year|date=27 October 2012|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530224201/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx|archive-date=2016-05-30|dead-url=yes|accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref> |- |2013 |1434 |700,000 (perk.)<ref>{{cite news|title=Two million pilgrims taking place in Hajj|publisher=Euronews|date=14 October 2013|url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/10/14/two-million-pilgrims-taking-part-in-hajj-at-mecca-reach-mount-arafat/|accessdate=13 February 2014|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319062016/https://www.euronews.com/2013/10/14/two-million-pilgrims-taking-part-in-hajj-at-mecca-reach-mount-arafat|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,379,531<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10131302.aspx|title=1,379,531 pilgrims from 188 countries arrived for Hajj|date=13 October 2013|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065109/http://saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10131302.aspx|archive-date=2016-03-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref> |2,061,573 (perk.) |- |2014 |1435 |700,000 (perk.)<ref name="AN2014">{{cite news|title=Pilgrims stone 'devil' in last major Haj ritual; Eid Al-Adha begins|publisher=Arab News|date=6 October 2014|url=http://www.arabnews.com/featured/news/639656|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref> |1,389,053<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10021401.aspx|title=Small increase in foreign pilgrims|date=2 October 2014|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009221349/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10021401.aspx|archive-date=2014-10-09|dead-url=yes|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref> |2,089,053 (perk.)<ref name="AN2014" /> |- |2015 |1436 |615,059 (perk.) |1,384,941<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saudiembassy.net/1384941-foreign-pilgrims-participated-hajj|title=1,384,941 foreign pilgrims participated in Hajj|date=22 September 2015|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=15 February 2017|archive-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216055803/https://www.saudiembassy.net/1384941-foreign-pilgrims-participated-hajj|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |2,000,000 (perk.)<ref name=TheDailyStar2015>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/pilgrims-pray-peace-148021 |title=Hajj Performed: 2 million pilgrims pray for world peace |date=24 September 2015 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=26 September 2015 |archive-date=16 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316184022/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/pilgrims-pray-peace-148021 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |2016 |1437 |537,537<ref name="Arabia-2017">{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2016/09/12/Saudi-Arabia-says-Hajj-2016-receives-1-8-million-pilgrims.html|title=Saudi Arabia says Hajj 2016 receives 1.8 million pilgrims|date=12 September 2016|work=Al Arabiya English|publisher=|accessdate=15 February 2017|author=}}</ref> |1,325,372<ref name="Arabia-2017" /> |1,862,909<ref name="Arabia-2017" /> |- |2017 |1438 |600,108 |1,752,014 |2,352,122<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/hajj_statistics_for_the_year_1438_hen.xls|title=Haj Statistics|date=|publisher=General Authority of Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|access-date=21 Juli 2022|archive-date=2018-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114223759/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/hajj_statistics_for_the_year_1438_hen.xls|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2018 |1439 |612,953 |1,758,722 |2,371,675<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|title=Haj Statistics|date=22 August 2018|publisher=General Authority of Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524103836/https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2019 |1440 |634,379 |1,855,027 |2,489,406<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1538466/saudi-arabia|title=Around 2.5&nbsp;million pilgrims take part in Hajj this year|date=10 August 2019|website=Arab News|access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> |- |2020 |1441 | | |10,000<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hari Ini, 10.000 Jamaah Haji Jalani Hari Tarwiyah di Mina|date=29 Juli 2020|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5112265/hari-ini-10000-jamaah-haji-jalani-hari-tarwiyah-di-mina|access-date=6 November 2021|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230083216/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5112265/hari-ini-10000-jamaah-haji-jalani-hari-tarwiyah-di-mina|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2021 |1442 |58,745<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-saudi-arabia-health-coronavirus-pandemic-5141f26a40cc3a75f5f252c24f8228e0|title=Saudi Arabia says hajj to be limited to 60,000 in kingdom|date=12 June 2021|website=Associated Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505045827/https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-saudi-arabia-health-coronavirus-pandemic-5141f26a40cc3a75f5f252c24f8228e0|archive-date=5 May 2022|access-date=5 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/HAJ%20ANN2021E_kp.pdf|title=Hajj Statistics 1442 (2021)|website=General Authority for Statistics|access-date=2022-12-30|archive-date=2023-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606070534/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/HAJ%20ANN2021E_kp.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |0<ref name=":0" /> |58,745<ref name=":7" /> |- |2022 |1443 |119,434<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/622743/SAUDI-ARABIA/GASTAT-A-total-of-899353-pilgrims-perform-Hajj|title=GASTAT: A total of 899,353 pilgrims perform Hajj|date=2022-07-08|website=Saudi Gazette|language=English|access-date=2022-07-20}}</ref> |779,919<ref name=":8" /> |899,353<ref name=":8" /> |- |2023 |1444 |184,000<ref name="NewArab" /> | |1,845,045<ref name="NewArab" /> |- |2024 |1445 |221,854<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/news/532|title=GASTAT: Total number of pilgrims in 1445 H Hajj season is 1,833,164|first=الهيئة العامة|last=للإحصاء|date=15 June 2024|website=General Authority for Statistics|accessdate=31 July 2024|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725091223/https://stats.gov.sa/en/news/532|url-status=dead}}</ref> |1,611,310<ref name="auto"/> |1,833,164<ref name="auto"/> |- |2025 |1446 |166,654 |1,506,576 |1,673,230<ref>https://www.stats.gov.sa/documents/20117/2435281/Hajj+Statistics+2025+EN+%283%29.xlsx/dfc4e54e-6cfb-1db3-0c88-eb50009daf5d?t=1751978694835</ref> |} == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Bacaan lanjuik == * {{cite book|last=Bianchi|first=Robert R.|year=2004|title=Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517107-5}} * {{cite book|last=Hammoudi|first=Abdellah|year=2006|title=A Season in Mecca: Narrative of a Pilgrimage|publisher=Hill and Wang|isbn=978-0-8090-7609-3|author-link=Abdellah Hammoudi|url=https://archive.org/details/seasoninmeccanar00hamm}} * Khan, Qaisra, "Hajj & 'Umra", in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. I, pp.&nbsp;239–245. * {{cite book|last=Patler|first=Nicholas|title=From Mecca to Selma: Malcolm X, Islam, and the Journey tnto the American Civil Rights Movement|year=2017|publisher=The Islamic Monthly|url=http://theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/|access-date=2022-12-30|archive-date=2022-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230082856/https://www.theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|last=Trojanow|first=Ilija|year=2007|title=Mumbai to Mecca: A Pilgrimage to the Holy Sites of Islam|publisher=Haus Publishing|isbn=978-1-904950-29-5|author-link=Ilija Trojanow}} {{Topik Islam}} {{Rancangan}} [[Kategori:Islam]] 7m6ldlp2lqqiath5ptz1g4431637e5n 3346132 3346131 2026-04-26T14:07:42Z Rang Djambak 14874 3346132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam}} [[File:The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg|thumb|Umaik Islam sadang tawaf salamo ibadah Haji.]] '''Haji''' ({{lang-ar|حج}} nan dibaco ''Hajj'') adolah ziarah tahunan umaik [[Islam]] ka [[Makah|Makkah]], [[Arab Saudi]], [[Tampek suci dalam Islam|kota tasuci]] bagi [[Muslim]]. Haji marupokan kawajiban agamo nan fardu bagi Muslim nan mampu baiak sacaro fisik maupun finansial, jo mampu mahidupi kaluarga nan ditinggaan, sarato harus dilakuan saindaknyo sakali saumua hiduik dek kasadoan Muslim dewasa.<ref name=Marshall86>{{cite book |last=Long |first=Matthew |title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA86 |access-date=2 September 2014 |year=2011 |location=Tarrytown, N.Y.|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |isbn=978-0-7614-7926-0 |page=86 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016024055/https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA86 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=0-253-21627-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/110 110]}}</ref><ref>[http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/islam Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs - Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002114437/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/islam |date=2 October 2011 }} See drop-down essay on "Islamic Practices"</ref> Dalam terminologi Islam, Haji adolah ziarah ka [[Ka'bah|Ka’bah]] (Rumah Allah) di kota suci Makkah, Arab Saudi. Iko adolah salah satu [[rukun Islam]], basamo jo [[Syahadaik]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://quran.com/6/19 | title=Surah Al-An'am - 19 }}</ref> [[sumbayang]], [[zakaik]], dan [[Puaso Ramadan|puaso]] di bulan [[Ramadan|Ramadhan]]. Haji dilakuan sakali satahun di mano pasaudaraan Muslim ditunjuakan jo solidaritas urang-urang tu jo sasamo Muslim sarato panyarahan diri kapado [[Allah]] sapanuahnyo.<ref name=Nigosian111/><ref>{{cite book |last=Hooker |first=M. B. |title=Indonesian Syariah: Defining a National School of Islamic Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-a1k57q6GmwC&pg=PT252 |access-date=6 October 2014 |year=2008 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-230-802-3 |page=228 |archive-date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017181447/https://books.google.com/books?id=-a1k57q6GmwC&pg=PT252 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haji dijalanan untuak mambarasiahan jiwa dari doso duniawi, nan bararti baiak tindakan lahiriah pajalanan sasudah kamatian maupun tindakan batiniah niaik baiak.<ref name=Adelowo395>{{cite book |editor1-first=E. Dada |editor1-last=Adelowo |title=Perspectives in Religious Studies: Volume III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395 |year=2014 |publisher=HEBN Publishers Plc |location=Ibadan |isbn=978-978-081-447-2 |page=395 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128170823/https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ibadah Islam ko dilakuan salamo limo hinggo anam hari, mulai tanggal 8 hinggo 12 atau 13 [[Dzulhijjah]],<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.hajjpracticalities.heliohost.org/sixdayshajj/13th_of_zil_hajj.html |title=13th of Zil Hajj |publisher=heliohost.org |access-date=29 March 2015 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028105128/http://www.hajjpracticalities.heliohost.org/sixdayshajj/13th_of_zil_hajj.html |url-status=live }}</ref> bulan tarakhia kalender Islam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hajj The Holy Pilgrimage|url=https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/hajj-holy-pilgrimage|website=Salamislam|date=3 January 2021|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531214408/https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/hajj-holy-pilgrimage|url-status=live}}</ref> Karano kalender [[Kalender Hijriah|Hijriah]] babasis pado [[bulan]] jo tahun Islam labiah pendek dari pado tahun [[Kalender Gregorius|Gregorian]], tanggal haji manuruik kalender Gregorian baubah-ubah tiok tahunnyo. Pado tahun 2026, bulan Dzulhijjah akan balansuang dari 18 Mei hinggo 15 Juni. Ibadah Haji ko indak dapek digantian dek [[Umroh]] nan bisa dilakuan sapanjang tahun.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Matt Stefon |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Britannica Educational Publishing]] |year=2010 |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/73 73]}}</ref> Haji bakaikan jo kahidupan nabi Islam [[Muhammad]] dari abaik ka-7 M, tapi ritual ziarah ka Makkah nan disabuikan dalam sumber-sumber Muslim alah ado sajak maso [[Ibrahim]]. Jama'ah mangarajoan sarangkaian ritual takah mamakai kain [[ihram]], tawaf mangaliliangi Ka’bah, sa’i antaro [[Safa jo Marwa]], wukuf di [[Gunuang Arafah|Arafah]], bamalam di [[Muzdalifah]], sarato [[mambae jumrah]], nan diakhiai jo [[Kurban (Islam)|kurban]] dan [[Iduladha]].<ref name="armstrong">{{cite book |title=Islam: A Short History |author=Karen Armstrong |series=Modern Library Chronicles |publisher=Modern Library |edition=Revised Updated |year=2002 |pages=10–12 |isbn=0-8129-6618-X}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/holydays/eiduladha.shtml |title=Eid ul Adha |date=7 September 2009 |publisher=BBC |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004075944/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/holydays/eiduladha.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Sahih Bukhari-hadith No-732-733</ref> Rato-rato jumlah jama'ah haji pado tahun 2000–2019 sakitar 2,27 juta urang per tahun,<ref name="stats1">{{cite web|year=2017|title=Haj Statistics|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024237/https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|archive-date=20 June 2018|website=General Authority for Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}}</ref><ref name="RESA1997" /><ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Record number of pilgrims arrive for Hajj |publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia |date=6 December 2008 |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx |access-date=30 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612115203/http://saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx |archive-date=12 June 2010 }}</ref> jo puncaknyo pado tahun 2012 sabanyak 3,16 juta.<ref name=":6">{{cite web |title=3,161,573 pilgrims perform Hajj this year |publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia |date=27 October 2012 |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426005515/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx |archive-date=26 April 2013 }}</ref> Pado tahun 2022 jo 2021, jumlah jama'ah dibatehi akibaik [[pandemi Covid-19]], tamasuak pambatehan hanyo untuak panduduak Arab Saudi jo kalunggan aturan bagi padusi tanpa [[mahram]] dalam kondisi tatantu.<ref name="New York Times">{{Cite news|date=22 June 2020|title=Saudi Arabia will sharply limit Hajj Pilgrimage|department=Live Global Coronavirus News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/22/world/coronavirus-updates.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622210854/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/22/world/coronavirus-updates.html|archive-date=22 June 2020|access-date=2020-06-15|work=[[The New York Times]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=AFP|title=In Mecca, Women Take Part in Hajj as 'Guardian' Rule Dropped|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_mecca-women-take-part-hajj-guardian-rule-dropped/6208472.html|publisher=[[VOA]]|date=2021-07-20|access-date=2021-07-20|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720180212/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/mecca-women-take-part-hajj-guardian-rule-dropped|url-status=live}}</ref> == Sijarah == Tatocaro ibadah haji kini ko ditetapan dek Muhammad.<ref name=EB>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/252050/hajj |title=Hajj |year=2014 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=12 August 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041951/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/252050/hajj |url-status=live }}</ref> Namun, manuruik [[Al-Qur'an]], unsua-unsua ibadah haji dapek ditalusua baliak ka zaman Ibrahim. Manuruik tradisi Islam, Ibrahim diparintah dek Allah untuak maninggaan urang rumahnyo [[Siti Hajar|Hajar]] jo anaknyo [[Ismail]] di tangah padang gurun Makkah kuno. Dalam mancari aia, Hajar jo putuih aso balari tujuah kali di antaro duo bukik [[Safa jo Marwa]] tapi indak manyobokannyo. Baliak jo putuih aso ka Ismail, inyo mamcaliak bayi tu manggaruak tanah jo kakinyo nan kamudian sabuah mato aia mamanca dari tanah garuakan tu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haykal |first=Muhammad Husayn |author-link=Muhammad Ali Selami Husayn Haykal |title=The Life of Muhammad |publisher=The Other Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=29 |year=1994 |page=29 |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127211636/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=29 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kamudian, Ibrahim diparintahan untuak mambangun Ka'bah (nan baliau lakuan jo bantuan Ismail) jo maajak urang-urang untuak malakuan ibadah haji di sinan.<ref name="Peters4-7">{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4 |year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn=0-691-02120-1 |pages=4–7 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123000954/https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4 |url-status=live }}</ref> Al-Qur'an marujuak pado paristiwa-paristiwa ko dalam ayaik {{cite quran|2|124–127 |s=ns |b=n}} jo {{cite quran|22|27–30 |s=ns |b=n}} Manuruik tafsir Zamakhshari (maningga 1144 M), malaikaik [[Jibril]] mambaok [[Hajar Aswad|Batu Hitam]] dari [[Sarugo]] untuak dipasangan di Ka'bah katiko dibangun dek Ibrahim.<ref>F.E. Peters (1994), <u>The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage To Mecca and The Holy Places</u>, Princeton University Press, p.6</ref> Katiko zaman pra-Islam, nan dikenal sabagai [[Zaman Jahiliyah]], Ka'bah dikaliliangi dek bahalo-bahalo pagan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Al Mubarakpuri |first=Safi ur Rahman |chapter=Religions of the Arabs |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA45 |year=2002 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=9960-899-55-1 |page=45 |title-link=Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102024455/https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pado tahun 630 M, Muhammad mamimpin pangikuiknyo dari [[Madinah]] ka Makkah, mambarasiahan Ka'bah jo mahancuan kasadoan bahalo tu, jo kamudian manyatoan bangunan tu sabagai Rumah Allah.<ref name=Haykal439>{{cite book |last=Husayn Haykal |first=Muhammad |author-link=Muhammad Husayn Haykal |title=The Life of Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=PA439 |year=2008 |publisher=Islamic Book Trust |location=[[Selangor]] |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7 |pages=439–40 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127211639/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=PA439 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pado tahun 632 M (9 Dzulhijah 10 H = 9 Maret 632 M, hari Jumaik), Muhammad malakuan ibadah haji patamo jo tarakhirnyo jo sajumlah gadang pangikuik, sarato manunjuakan urang-urang tu tantang tatocaro haji.<ref name="Campo494">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2009|title=Muhammad|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[Facts On File]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA494|editor=Campo|editor-first=Juan E.|page=494|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930121515/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&lpg=PP1&dq=isbn%3A1438126964&pg=PA494|url-status=live}}</ref> Sajak itu, haji manjadi salah ciek dari limo rukun Islam. Pado maso patangahan, para paziarah akan bakumpua di kota-kota gadang Suriah, Mesir, jo Irak untuak pai ka Makkah dalam kalompok jo kafilah nan tadiri dari puluahan ribu paziarah,<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA164 |year=1994 |page=164 |isbn=978-0-691-02619-0 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122153140/https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA164 |url-status=live }}</ref> acokkali di bawah palinduangan nagara.<ref name="Campo283">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2009|title=Hajj|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[Facts On File]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA283|editor=Campo|editor-first=Juan E.|page=283|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=6 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182152/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA283|url-status=live}}</ref> Kafilah haji, khususnyo jo muncuanyo [[Kasultanan Mamluk]] jo panaruihnyo, [[Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]], dikawa dek pasukan militer nan disaratoi dek tabib di bawah komando surang ''[[amir al-hajj]]''.<ref name="Singer141">{{Citation |first=Amy |last=Singer |author-link=Amy Singer (historian) |title=Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC&q=Amir+al+hajj+Ottoman&pg=PA141 |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7914-5351-3 |page=141 |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182147/https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC&q=Amir+al+hajj+Ottoman&pg=PA141 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Philipp102-04">{{Citation |first=Thomas |last=Philipp |title=The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoPF9T4ZiWsC&q=Amir+hajj&pg=PA102 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-521-59115-7 |pages=102–104 |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182148/https://books.google.com/books?id=WoPF9T4ZiWsC&q=Amir+hajj&pg=PA102 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hal iko dilakuan untuak malinduangi kafilah dari kalompok [[Bedawi|Badui]] atau bahayo alam,<ref name="Singer141"/><ref name="Philipp102-04"/> jo untuak mamastian bahwasannyo paziarah tu mandapekan pasadioan nan diparaluan.<ref name="Singer141"/> Para panjalajah Muslim takah [[Ibnu Jubair]] jo [[Ibnu Bathuthah|Ibnu Batutah]] alah mancatat catatan rinci tantang pajalanan haji pado maso patangahan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA71 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1994 |page=71 |isbn=978-0-691-02619-0 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122153144/https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA71 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kafilah-kafilah tu maikuiki rute nan alah mapan nan dalam [[bahaso Arab]] disabuik ''darb al-hajj'' (jalan haji), nan biasonyo maikuiki rute kuno takah [[Jalan Raya Rajo (kuno)|Jalan Raya Rajo]]. == Wakatu palaksanaan == Tanggal palaksanaan haji ditantuan dek kalender Islam (Hijriah) nan babasis lunar atau bulan.<ref name="Harrison156">{{cite book |editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Harrison |title=Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blJpqa-XApQC&pg=PA156 |access-date=6 October 2014 |year=2001 |publisher=[[CAB International|CABI]] |isbn=978-0-85199-433-8 |page=156 |archive-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127023945/https://books.google.com/books?id=blJpqa-XApQC&pg=PA156 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Reynolds33>{{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Gabriel said |title=The Emergence of Islam: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWfFX5XDjuIC&pg=PT33 |year=2012 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-4514-0812-6 |page=33 |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216192254/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWfFX5XDjuIC&pg=PT33 |url-status=live }}</ref> Satiok tahun, haji balansuang salamo sapuluah hari, dari 1 hinggo 10 Dzulhijjah, jo tanggal 9 dikenal sabagai [[Hari Arafah]] jo manjadi puncak ibadah haji. Karano tahun Hijriah sakitar 11 hari labiah pendek dari pado kalender Gregorius, tanggal haji taruih maju satiok tahun dalam kalender Masehi.<ref name=Reynolds33/><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Aziz |editor1-last=Sheikh |title=Caring for Muslim Patients |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgwiloFTrKwC&pg=PA95 |access-date=15 November 2014 |year=2008 |publisher=Radcliffe Publishing |isbn=978-1-85775-812-2 |page=95 |archive-date=29 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129021631/https://books.google.com/books?id=mgwiloFTrKwC&pg=PA95 |url-status=live }}</ref> Akibaiknyo, musim haji dapek tajadi duo kali dalam satahun Masehi sakitar 33 tahun sakali, nan tarakhia tajadi pado tahun 2006.<ref name="Umm-al-Qura-Calendar">{{cite web |url=http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura_principal.htm |title=Principal Islamic Days of Observance according to Umm al-Qura Calendar |year=2014 |work=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028164511/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura_principal.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> == Urutan == [[File:Hajj locations and rites.png|thumb|right|Gambar nan manunjuakan rangkaian ibadah haji.]] Literatur [[fiqih]] manjalehan sacaro rinci tato caro malaksanaan haji, jo para jama’ah haji umumnyo maikuiki buku panduan jo para ahli untuak bahasia mamanuahi pasyaratan haji.<ref name="Campo282">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2009|title=Hajj|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[Facts On File]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA282|editor=Campo|editor-first=Juan E.|page=282|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721152752/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA282|url-status=live}}</ref> Dalam palaksanaan ritual haji, jama'ah indak hanyo maikuiki taladan Muhammad, tapi juo mamparingeki paristiwa-paristiwa nan bakaikan jo Ibrahim.<ref name=Neusner178>{{cite book |last=Neusner |first=Jacob |title=World Religions in America: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRkRAQAAIAAJ&q=Hajj+muslims+commemorate+events+associate+Abraham |access-date=6 October 2014 |year=2000 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=978-0-664-25839-9 |page=178 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182147/https://books.google.com/books?id=jRkRAQAAIAAJ&q=Hajj+muslims+commemorate+events+associate+Abraham |url-status=live }}</ref> === Ihram === [[File:Muhammad Ali at Hajj 1972.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali]] mamakai ihram katiko malaksanaan haji pado 1972]] [[Ihram]] adolah kaadaan suci nan manandoi dimulainyo haji, dimulai katiko jama'ah mancapai [[miqat]].<ref name="Nigosian111" /><ref name="EB-ihram">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282481/ihram|title=ihram|year=2014|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=7 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007071226/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282481/ihram|url-status=live}}</ref> Dalam kondisi ko, jama'ah mamakai pakaian khusus (laki-laki duo kain putiah indak bajaik, padusi pakaian sopan biaso)<ref name="AtoZ">{{cite book |title=Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z |last=Mohamed |first=Mamdouh N. |publisher=Amana Publications |year=1996 |isbn=0-915957-54-X |url=https://archive.org/details/hajjumrahfromtoz00moha }}</ref> jo harus mamatuahi babagai larangan takah indak mangarek abuak atau kuku, indak mamakai parfum, jo indak bahubuangan suami istri.<ref name="Nigosian111">{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=[[Indiana]] |isbn=0-253-21627-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/111 111]}}</ref><ref name="EB-ihram" /> Ihram malambangan kasataraan di hadapan Allah sarato maajaan kasederhanaan, kamurnian, jo pangingek akan kamatian.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/philosophy-hajj-rituals|title=The Philosophy of Hajj Rituals|date=3 January 2021|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411224841/https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/philosophy-hajj-rituals|url-status=live}}</ref> === Tawaf jo sa'i === [[File:Tavaf.jpg|right|thumb|Gambar nan manunjuakan arah tawaf jo sa'i.]] [[Tawaf]] adolah ritual mangaliliangi Ka’bah sabanyak tujuah kali balawanan arah jarum jam, dimulai jo diakhiai di [[Hajar Aswad]], sambia malantunan doa nan dikenal sabagai talbiyah.<ref name="Marshall89">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA89 |title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures |last=Long |first=Matthew |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7614-7926-0 |page=89 |access-date=2 September 2014 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123110541/https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA89 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Long17">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA17 |title=The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah |last=Long |first=David E. |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-382-5 |page=17 |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217110352/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA17 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sasudah tu, jama'ah manjalanan sumbayang duo rakaat jo minum [[Aia Zam-zam|aia Zamzam]]. Tawaf malambangan tauhid jo pasatuan umaik Islam.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.arabnews.com/news/597946 |title=Pilgrims complain of Zamzam water shortage in Makkah |date=7 July 2014 |access-date=7 September 2014 |newspaper=Arab News |archive-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222055151/http://www.arabnews.com/news/597946 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ritual dilanjuikan jo [[sa'i]], yaitu bajalan atau balari-lari ketek sabanyak tujuah kali antaro Safa jo Marwa. Sasudah sa’i, laki-laki mancukua atau mamendekan abuak, jo padusi mangarek ujuang abuak, nan manandoi salasainyo umroh.<ref name=Marshall89/><ref name="Adelowo401">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA401 |title=Perspectives in Religious Studies: Volume III |publisher=HEBN Publishers Plc |year=2014 |isbn=978-978-081-447-2 |location=Ibadan |page=401 |editor1-first=E. Dada |editor1-last=Adelowo |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=1 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101064315/https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA401 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Hari patamo: 8 Dzulhijjah === Pado 8 Dzulhijjah, para jama'ah diingekan baliak akan kawajibannyo, mamakai baliak kain ihram, jo managuahan niaik untuak manunaian haji. Sajak tu, larangan-larangan ihram mulai balaku. Hari ko dikenal sabagai Hari Tarwiyah nan bararti hari mahilangan dahaga.<ref name="Reyshahri">{{cite web |last1=Reyshahri |first1=Mohammad |title=Hajj in Quran and Hadith |url=http://lib.eshia.ir/27405/1/321/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87 |website=lib.eshia |access-date=2 September 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217013745/http://lib.eshia.ir/27405/1/321/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Haji pilgrimage mina tent city.jpg|thumb|Tenda-tenda jama'ah haji katiko di Mina]] Sasudah sumbayang Subuah pado tanggal 8, jama'ah haji malanjuikan pajalanan ka [[Mina]] di mano urang-urang tu mahabihan sapanjang hari jo malaksanaan sumbayang Zuhur (kalau batapekan jo hari Jumaik, [[sumbayang Jumaik]] dilakuan di Mina, bukan sumbayang Zuhur), Ashar, Magarik, jo Isya.<ref name=Adelowo403>{{cite book |editor1-first=E. Dada |editor1-last=Adelowo |title=Perspectives in Religious Studies: Volume III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA403 |year=2014 |publisher=HEBN Publishers Plc |location=Ibadan |isbn=978-978-081-447-2 |page=403 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103151204/https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA403 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bisuak paginyo sasudah sumbayang Subuah, urang-urang tu maninggaan Mina manuju [[Arafah]]. === Hari kaduo: 9 Dzulhijah === [[File:Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Jama'ah haji baibadah di Arafah.]] Tanggal 9 Dzulhijah dikenal sabagai Hari Arafah, jo hari ko disabuik sabagai Hari Haji.<ref name="v3502133">{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/muslims-mark-most-important-day-of-hajj-in-saudi-arabia/3502133.html |title=Muslims Mark Most Important Day of Hajj in Saudi Arabia |first=Cecily |last=Hilleary |date=11 September 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |archive-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820141006/https://www.voanews.com/a/muslims-mark-most-important-day-of-hajj-in-saudi-arabia/3502133.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sabalum tangah hari, para jama'ah tibo di Arafah, tanah tanduih jo data sakitar 20 kilometer sabalah timur Makkah,<ref name=Long19/> di mano urang-urang tu tagak dalam ibadah khidmat dakek bukik nan dikenal [[Jabal Rahmah]];<ref name=Adelowo403/> urang-urang tu mamanjekan doa, bataubaik jo manabuih doso-doso nan lampau, mamohon ampunan Allah, sarato mandangaan khutbah dari ulama nan manyampainnyo dari dakek Jabal al-Rahmah, tampek Muhammad dikatoan manyampaian khutbah tarakhianyo. Balansuang dari tangah hari hinggo matoari tabanam, iko dikenal sabagai “tagak di hadapan Allah" (wuquf), salah ciek ritual tapantiang dalam ibadah haji.<ref name=Nigosian111/> Ibadah haji surang jama'ah dianggap indak sah kalau indak mahabihan patang hari di Arafah.<ref name=Long19>{{cite book |last=Long |first=David E. |title=The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA19 |year=1979 |isbn=0-87395-382-7 |page=19 |publisher=SUNY Press |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804200934/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Muzdalifah ==== [[File:MuzdalifahPanorama.jpg|thumb|Jama'ah haji bamalam di Muzdalifah]] Para paziarah harus maninggaan Arafah manuju [[Muzdalifah]] sasudah matoari tabanam tanpa manjalanan sumbayang Mugarik di Arafah.<ref>Sahih Muslim-Hadith No 2941.2944</ref> Muzdalifah adolah daerah antaro Arafah jo Mina. Sasudah tibo di sinan, paziarah sumbayang Mugarik jo Isya sacaro basamaan, bamalam sambia sumbayang jo lalok di tanah tabukak, sarato mangumpuan kareke untuak mambae jumrah bisuaknyo.<ref>Sahih Bukhari Hadith No: 732,733, and 734</ref> === Hari katigo: 10 Dzulhijjah === ==== Mambae jumrah ==== [[File:Amellie - Stoning of the devil 2006 Hajj.jpg|thumb|Jama'ah haji sadang mambae jumrah.]] Di Mina, para paziarah mambae batu simbolis kapado Setan (''[[Mambae jumrah|Ramy al-Jamarat]]'') jo mambae tujuah batu dari matoari tabik hinggo tabanam hanyo ka salah ciek dari tigo tiang nan ado nan dikenal sabagai Jamrat al-Aqabah.<ref name="al-Hasani">{{cite book |last=al-Hasani |first=Abu Qanit al-Sharif |title=The Guiding Helper: Main Text and Explanatory Notes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKZJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |year=2009 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4452-3791-6 |page=220 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102121628/https://books.google.com/books?id=wKZJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Qurban ==== Sasudah paristiwa mambae batu, binatang taranak [[Qurban|diqurbanan]] untuak mamparingeki kisah Ibrahim jo Ismail. Sacaro tradisional, paziarah mandabiah binatang tu surang atau mancaliak pandabiahannyo. Kini, banyak paziarah nan mambali voucher qurban sabalum ibadah haji dimulai, nan taranaknyo didabiah ateh namo Allah pado tanggal 10, tanpa kahadiran fisik paziarah. Rumah potoang binatang moderen manyalasaian pangolahan dagiang, nan kamudian dikirim sabagai sidakah ka urang miskin di kasadoan dunia.<ref name="RESA">{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/issues/hajj/ |title=Hajj |publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia |access-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815124605/http://www.saudiembassy.net/issues/hajj/ |archive-date=15 August 2014 }}</ref> Di wakatau nan samo, urang-urang Muslim di dunia marayoan hari [[Iduladha]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> ==== Bacukua ==== Sasudah mandabiah binatang qurban, ritual pantiang lainnyo dalam ibadah haji iolah mancukua atau mamangkeh abuak. Kasadoan jama'ah haji laki-laki mancukua abuaknyo jo jama'ah padusi hanyo mamotoang ujuang abuak sajo.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|date=8 September 2009|title=Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/hajj_1.shtml|access-date=6 October 2014|publisher=BBC|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103141339/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/hajj_1.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Long21>{{cite book |last=Long |title=The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA21 |year=1979 |isbn=0-87395-382-7 |page=21 |publisher=SUNY Press |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216091036/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Sahih Muslim Hadith no:2985,2994</ref> ==== Tawaf Ifadah ==== [[File:Kaaba 2.JPG|thumb|Jama'ah haji sadang tawaf Ifadah]] Pado hari nan samo atau bisuaknyo, paziarah mangunjuangi [[Masjidil Haram]] di Makkah untuak Tawaf, nan dikenal sabagai Tawaf Ifadah, bagian pantiang dari haji.<ref name=Long21/> Hal iko malambangan kainginan untuak basagiro manghadap Allah jo manunjuakan raso cinto kapado-Nyo, bagian wajib dari haji. Malam tanggal 10 dihabihan baliak di Mina. === Hari kaampek jo kalimo: 11 jo 12 Dzulhijjah === Mulai tangah hari hinggo matoari tabanam pado tanggal 11 Dzulhijjah (baitu pulo bisuak harinyo), paziarah mambae liak tujuah batu kareke ka masiang-masiang dari tigo tiang di Mina. Sasudah tu, paziarah maninggaan Mina sabalum matoari tabanam pado 12 Dzulhijjah.<ref name="al-Hasani"/> === Hari kaanam: 13 Dzulhijjah === Jikok indak dapek maninggaan Mina pado tanggal 12 sabalum matoari tabanam atau paziarah mamiliah untuak tingga labiah lamo, paziarah harus mambae jumrah liak sabalum baliak ka Makkah pado tanggal 13.<ref name="al-Hasani"/> ==== Tawaf Wadaa ==== Tarakhia, sabalum maninggaan Makkah, paziarah malakuan tawaf papisahan nan disabuik Tawaf Wadaa nan bararti maucapan salamaik tingga. Paziarah mangaliliangi Ka’bah sabanyak tujuah kali balawanan arah jarum jam, jo jikok mamungkinkan, urang-urang tu bausaho maawai atau mancium Ka’bah.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sheikho |first1=Mohammad Amin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcVCAwAAQBAJ&dq=Tawaf+al-Wadaa&pg=PT67 |title=Pilgrimage "Hajj": The Fifth High Grade of Al-Taqwa |last2=Al-Dayrani |first2=A. K. John Alias |date=2017-07-19 |publisher=BookRix |isbn=978-3-7309-9606-5 |language=en |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708212613/https://books.google.com/books?id=mcVCAwAAQBAJ&dq=Tawaf+al-Wadaa&pg=PT67 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Signifikansi == Bagi umaik Islam, haji mampunyoi makna kaagamoan sakaliguih sosial.<ref name="AzizSheikh2008">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgwiloFTrKwC&pg=PA96|title=Caring for Muslim Patients|publisher=Radcliffe Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85775-812-2|editor-last=Sheikh|editor-first=Aziz|page=96|access-date=2 September 2014|archive-date=29 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129021635/https://books.google.com/books?id=mgwiloFTrKwC&pg=PA96|url-status=live}}</ref> Kawajiban manunaian ibadah ko hanyo tapanuahi jikok dilakuan pado tanggal 8 hinggo 12 Dzulhijjah. Katiko pado suatu tahun surang Muslim dewasa barado dalam kondisi siyaik sarato mampunyoi kaamanan jiwa jo harato, mako inyo wajib manunaian haji pado tahun tu. Manundanyo dianggap badoso kacuali karano alasan nan indak dapek dikandalian.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Musharraf|first1=Hussain|title=The Five Pillars of Islam: Laying the Foundations of Divine Love and Service to Humanity|date=2012|publisher=Kube Publishing|location=Leicestershire, UK|isbn=9781847740236|pages=204–205}}</ref> Salain sabagai kawajiban agamo, haji dipandang juo sabagai kagiatan nan mampunyoi nilai spiritual nan maagiah kasempatan bagi Muslim untuak mampabarui diri.<ref name="AzizSheikh2008" /> Haji manjadi pangingek akan [[Kiamaik|Hari Kiamaik]] katiko manusia diyakini akan tagak di hadapan Allah.<ref>{{cite book|last=Powell|first=William|url=https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaitsro00powe|title=Saudi Arabia and Its Royal Family|publisher=Lyle Stuart|year=1982|isbn=978-0-8184-0326-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaitsro00powe/page/113 113]|access-date=7 October 2014|url-access=registration}}</ref> Literatur hadis manyabuikan babagai kautamoan nan didapek jama'ah sasudah manyalasaian haji dengan baiak. Sasudah manunaian haji, sasaurang dapek manambahan gala “Al-Hajji" pado namonyo jo biasonyo dihormati dalam masyarakaik Muslim.<ref name="Andrea67">{{cite book|author=Andrea Schulte-Peevers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8hmZIAaTGQC&pg=PA67|title=Oman, UAE & Arabian Peninsula|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2010|isbn=978-1-74179-145-7|page=67|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026160826/https://books.google.com/books?id=D8hmZIAaTGQC&pg=PA67|url-status=live}}</ref> Namun, para ulama manakanan bahwasannyo haji saharisnyo mancaminan komitmen kaagamoan, bukan ukuran status sosial.<ref name="Andrea67" /> Haji juo mampatamuan umaik Islam dari babagai panjuru dunia tanpa mamandang ras, warna kulik, jo budaya, sahinggo manjadi simbol kasataraan.<ref name="Nigosian111" /><ref name="BBC" /> Sabuah studi tahun 2008 manganai dampak partisipasi dalam ibadah haji manunjuakan bahwa komunitas Muslim manjadi labiah positif jo toleran sasudah haji. Studi bajudul ''Estimating the Impact of the Hajj: Religion and Tolerance in Islam's Global Gathering'' nan dilakuam basamo John F. Kennedy School of Government di [[Universitas Harvard]] mancatat bahwa haji maningkekan kayakiman tahadap kasataraan jo kaharmonisan antar kalompok etnis sarato [[Mazhab|Mazhab Islam]], sarato mandoroang sikap nan labiah positif tahadap padusi, tamasuak panarinoan nan labiah gadang tahadap pandidikan jo karajo bagi padusi. Salain itu, para jama'ah haji manunjuakan paningkekan kayakinan tahadap pardamaian, kasataraan, jo kaharmonisan antar pamaluak agamo nan babedo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clingingsmith |first1=David |last2=Khwaja |first2=Asim Ijaz |last3=Kremer |first3=Michael |title=Estimating the Impact of the Hajj: Religion and Tolerance in Islam's Global Gathering * |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |date=August 2009 |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=1133–1170 |doi=10.1162/qjec.2009.124.3.1133 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/124/3/1133/1905120 |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref> == Jumlah jamaah per tahun == {| class="wikitable sortable" ![[Tahun]] ![[Kalender Hijriyah|Tahun Hijriyah]] !Jamaah lokal !Jamaah lua nageri !Total |- |1920 |1338 | |58,584<ref name=History>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-139473-Number-of-foreign-Hajis-grows-by-2824-percent-in-92-years |title=Number of foreign Hajis grows by 2,824 percent in 92 years |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102022130/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-139473-Number-of-foreign-Hajis-grows-by-2824-percent-in-92-years |archive-date=2 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The News International]] |access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> | |- |1921 |1339 | |57,255<ref name="History" /> | |- |1922 |1340 | |56,319<ref name="History" /> | |- |1950 |1369 | |100,000 (perk.)<ref name="Marshall86" /> | |- |1950s | | |150,000 (perk.)<ref name="Tagliacozzo-132">{{cite book|editor1-first=Eric|editor1-last=Tagliacozzo|editor2-first=Shawkat|editor2-last=Toorawa|title=The Hajj: Pilgrimage in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Am3OCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|year=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-107-61280-8|page=132}}</ref> | |- |1960s | | |300,000 (perk.)<ref name="Tagliacozzo-132" /> | |- |1970s | | |700,000 (perk.)<ref name="Tagliacozzo-132" /> | |- |1980s | | |900,000 (perk.)<ref name="Tagliacozzo-132" /> | |- |1989 |1409 | |774,600<ref name="Harrison-156">{{cite book|editor1-first=David|editor1-last=Harrison|title=Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blJpqa-XApQC&pg=PA156|year=2001|publisher=[[CABI Publishing]]|location=|isbn=9780851994338|page=156}}</ref> | |- |1990 |1410 | |827,200<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1991 |1411 | |720,100<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1992 |1412 | |1,015,700<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1993 |1413 | |992,800<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1994 |1414 | |997,400<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1995 |1415 | |1,046,307<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1996 |1416 |784,769 |1,080,465<ref name="Harrison-156" /><ref name="RESA1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/1997/news/page208.aspx|title=Record number of pilgrims arrive for 1417 Hajj|date=15 April 1997|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318145148/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/1997/news/page208.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,865,234 |- |1997 |1417 |774,260 |1,168,591<ref name="Harrison-156" /><ref name="RESA1997" /> |1,942,851 |- |1998 |1418 |699,770 |1,132,344 |1,832,114<ref name="Harrison-156" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/1998/news/page352.aspx|title=Final statistics for Hajj 1418 pilgrims|date=8 April 1998|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303214712/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/1998/news/page352.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |1999 |1419 |775,268 |1,056,730 |1,831,998 |- |2000 |1420 |466,430<ref name="RESA2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2000/news/Page460.aspx|title=Ministry of Pilgrimage figures released for 1420 Haj|date=20 March 2000|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331043722/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2000/news/Page460.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,267,355 |1,733,785<ref name="RESA2000" /> |- |2001 |1421 |440,808 |1,363,992 |1,804,800<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2001/news/page514.aspx|title=Successful culmination of Hajj 1421|date=9 March 2001|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311190439/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2001/news/page514.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2002 |1422 |590,576 |1,354,184 |1,944,760 |- |2003 |1423 |493,230 |1,431,012 |1,924,242<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2003/news/page499.aspx|title=Tragic deaths reported in crowding at Mina|date=11 February 2003|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=7 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307022730/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2003/news/page499.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2004 |1424 |473,004<ref name="culmination">{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2004/news/page759.aspx|title=Culmination of 1424 Hajj witnesses stampede deaths|date=1 February 2004|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305131347/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2004/news/page759.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,419,706<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2004/news/page764.aspx|title=Hajj proceeding without incident|date=30 January 2004|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305085922/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2004/news/page764.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,892,710<ref name="culmination" /> |- |2005 |1425 |1,030,000 (perk.) |1,534,769 |2,560,000 (perk.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2005/news/page806.aspx|title=Prince Abdulmajeed declares Hajj 1425 a success|date=25 January 2005|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=30 July 2009|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826144637/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2005/news/page806.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2006 |1426 |573,147 |1,557,447 |2,130,594<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page919.aspx|title=Number of Hajj pilgrims tops 2 million|date=10 January 2006|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=16 January 2015|archive-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316184801/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page919.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2006 |1427 |724,229 |1,654,407 |2,378,636<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page5.aspx|title=More than 2.3 million pilgrims perform the Hajj this year|date=30 December 2006|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=30 July 2009|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229035136/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page5.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2007 |1428 |746,511 |1,707,814 |2,454,325<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2007/news/page15.aspx|title=More than 1.7 million pilgrims have arrived in Saudi Arabia for the Hajj|date=17 December 2007|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=30 July 2009|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302213726/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2007/news/page15.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="SCDS">{{cite web|url=http://xrdarabia.org/2007/12/23/how-many-attended-the-hajj/|title=How Many Attended the Hajj?|date=23 December 2007|work=Crossroads Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225170345/http://xrdarabia.org/2007/12/23/how-many-attended-the-hajj/|archive-date=2007-12-25|dead-url=yes|access-date=2015-10-22}}</ref> |- |2008 |1429 | |1,729,841<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx|title=Record number of pilgrims arrive for Hajj|date=6 December 2008|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304184226/http://saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx|archive-date=2016-03-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=30 July 2009}}</ref> | |- |2009 |1430 |154,000 |1,613,000 |2,521,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11290904.aspx|title=2,521,000 million pilgrims participated in Hajj 1430|date=29 November 2009|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062357/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11290904.aspx|archive-date=2016-03-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=8 December 2009}}</ref> |- |2010 |1431 |989,798 |1,799,601 |2,854,345<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/PressReleases/2010/20101118.htm|title=2.8 million pilgrims participated in Hajj 1431|date=18 November 2010|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109210141/http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/PressReleases/2010/20101118.htm|archive-date=2016-11-09|dead-url=yes|accessdate=28 December 2010}}</ref> |- |2011 |1432 |1,099,522 |1,828,195 |2,927,717<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11061102.aspx|title=2,927,717 pilgrims performed Hajj this year|date=6 November 2011|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430192735/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11061102.aspx|archive-date=2016-04-30|dead-url=yes|accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref> |- |2012 |1433 |1,408,641 |1,752,932 |3,161,573<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx|title=3,161,573 pilgrims perform Hajj this year|date=27 October 2012|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530224201/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx|archive-date=2016-05-30|dead-url=yes|accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref> |- |2013 |1434 |700,000 (perk.)<ref>{{cite news|title=Two million pilgrims taking place in Hajj|publisher=Euronews|date=14 October 2013|url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/10/14/two-million-pilgrims-taking-part-in-hajj-at-mecca-reach-mount-arafat/|accessdate=13 February 2014|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319062016/https://www.euronews.com/2013/10/14/two-million-pilgrims-taking-part-in-hajj-at-mecca-reach-mount-arafat|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,379,531<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10131302.aspx|title=1,379,531 pilgrims from 188 countries arrived for Hajj|date=13 October 2013|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065109/http://saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10131302.aspx|archive-date=2016-03-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref> |2,061,573 (perk.) |- |2014 |1435 |700,000 (perk.)<ref name="AN2014">{{cite news|title=Pilgrims stone 'devil' in last major Haj ritual; Eid Al-Adha begins|publisher=Arab News|date=6 October 2014|url=http://www.arabnews.com/featured/news/639656|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref> |1,389,053<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10021401.aspx|title=Small increase in foreign pilgrims|date=2 October 2014|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009221349/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10021401.aspx|archive-date=2014-10-09|dead-url=yes|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref> |2,089,053 (perk.)<ref name="AN2014" /> |- |2015 |1436 |615,059 (perk.) |1,384,941<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saudiembassy.net/1384941-foreign-pilgrims-participated-hajj|title=1,384,941 foreign pilgrims participated in Hajj|date=22 September 2015|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=15 February 2017|archive-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216055803/https://www.saudiembassy.net/1384941-foreign-pilgrims-participated-hajj|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |2,000,000 (perk.)<ref name=TheDailyStar2015>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/pilgrims-pray-peace-148021 |title=Hajj Performed: 2 million pilgrims pray for world peace |date=24 September 2015 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=26 September 2015 |archive-date=16 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316184022/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/pilgrims-pray-peace-148021 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |2016 |1437 |537,537<ref name="Arabia-2017">{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2016/09/12/Saudi-Arabia-says-Hajj-2016-receives-1-8-million-pilgrims.html|title=Saudi Arabia says Hajj 2016 receives 1.8 million pilgrims|date=12 September 2016|work=Al Arabiya English|publisher=|accessdate=15 February 2017|author=}}</ref> |1,325,372<ref name="Arabia-2017" /> |1,862,909<ref name="Arabia-2017" /> |- |2017 |1438 |600,108 |1,752,014 |2,352,122<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/hajj_statistics_for_the_year_1438_hen.xls|title=Haj Statistics|date=|publisher=General Authority of Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|access-date=21 Juli 2022|archive-date=2018-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114223759/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/hajj_statistics_for_the_year_1438_hen.xls|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2018 |1439 |612,953 |1,758,722 |2,371,675<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|title=Haj Statistics|date=22 August 2018|publisher=General Authority of Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524103836/https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2019 |1440 |634,379 |1,855,027 |2,489,406<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1538466/saudi-arabia|title=Around 2.5&nbsp;million pilgrims take part in Hajj this year|date=10 August 2019|website=Arab News|access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> |- |2020 |1441 | | |10,000<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hari Ini, 10.000 Jamaah Haji Jalani Hari Tarwiyah di Mina|date=29 Juli 2020|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5112265/hari-ini-10000-jamaah-haji-jalani-hari-tarwiyah-di-mina|access-date=6 November 2021|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230083216/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5112265/hari-ini-10000-jamaah-haji-jalani-hari-tarwiyah-di-mina|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2021 |1442 |58,745<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-saudi-arabia-health-coronavirus-pandemic-5141f26a40cc3a75f5f252c24f8228e0|title=Saudi Arabia says hajj to be limited to 60,000 in kingdom|date=12 June 2021|website=Associated Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505045827/https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-saudi-arabia-health-coronavirus-pandemic-5141f26a40cc3a75f5f252c24f8228e0|archive-date=5 May 2022|access-date=5 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/HAJ%20ANN2021E_kp.pdf|title=Hajj Statistics 1442 (2021)|website=General Authority for Statistics|access-date=2022-12-30|archive-date=2023-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606070534/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/HAJ%20ANN2021E_kp.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |0<ref name=":0" /> |58,745<ref name=":7" /> |- |2022 |1443 |119,434<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/622743/SAUDI-ARABIA/GASTAT-A-total-of-899353-pilgrims-perform-Hajj|title=GASTAT: A total of 899,353 pilgrims perform Hajj|date=2022-07-08|website=Saudi Gazette|language=English|access-date=2022-07-20}}</ref> |779,919<ref name=":8" /> |899,353<ref name=":8" /> |- |2023 |1444 |184,000<ref name="NewArab">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=June 27, 2023 |title= Saudi Arabia: Hajj draws 1.8 million pilgrims, falls short of pre-pandemic record|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/hajj-draws-18-million-pilgrims-falls-short-record?amp |work=[[The New Arab]] |location= |access-date=October 27, 2023}}</ref> | |1,845,045<ref name="NewArab" /> |- |2024 |1445 |221,854<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/news/532|title=GASTAT: Total number of pilgrims in 1445 H Hajj season is 1,833,164|first=الهيئة العامة|last=للإحصاء|date=15 June 2024|website=General Authority for Statistics|accessdate=31 July 2024|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725091223/https://stats.gov.sa/en/news/532|url-status=dead}}</ref> |1,611,310<ref name="auto"/> |1,833,164<ref name="auto"/> |- |2025 |1446 |166,654 |1,506,576 |1,673,230<ref>https://www.stats.gov.sa/documents/20117/2435281/Hajj+Statistics+2025+EN+%283%29.xlsx/dfc4e54e-6cfb-1db3-0c88-eb50009daf5d?t=1751978694835</ref> |} == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Bacaan lanjuik == * {{cite book|last=Bianchi|first=Robert R.|year=2004|title=Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517107-5}} * {{cite book|last=Hammoudi|first=Abdellah|year=2006|title=A Season in Mecca: Narrative of a Pilgrimage|publisher=Hill and Wang|isbn=978-0-8090-7609-3|author-link=Abdellah Hammoudi|url=https://archive.org/details/seasoninmeccanar00hamm}} * Khan, Qaisra, "Hajj & 'Umra", in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. I, pp.&nbsp;239–245. * {{cite book|last=Patler|first=Nicholas|title=From Mecca to Selma: Malcolm X, Islam, and the Journey tnto the American Civil Rights Movement|year=2017|publisher=The Islamic Monthly|url=http://theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/|access-date=2022-12-30|archive-date=2022-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230082856/https://www.theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|last=Trojanow|first=Ilija|year=2007|title=Mumbai to Mecca: A Pilgrimage to the Holy Sites of Islam|publisher=Haus Publishing|isbn=978-1-904950-29-5|author-link=Ilija Trojanow}} {{Topik Islam}} {{Rancangan}} [[Kategori:Islam]] lmk37izzbj7p2iweawymornq5qey0u6 Indonesia 0 305 3346154 3344722 2026-04-27T07:09:23Z Bahaim001 23802 Tautan mampaelok 3346154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ANT}} {{Kotak info nagara |conventional_long_name = Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia |common_name = Indonesia |era =[[Zaman modern]] |native_name = {{native name|id|Republik Indonesia}} |image_flag = Flag of Indonesia.svg |image_coat = National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg |image_map = Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg |national_motto = {{native name|kaw|[[Bhinneka Tunggal Ika]]}}<br/><small>(''[[Bahaso Jawa|Bahaso Jawa Kuno]]: "Babeda-beda tapi tatap Satu"'')</small><br/>'''[[Ideologi|Ideologi nasional]]''': [[Pancasila]] |national_anthem = "[[Indonesia Raya]]"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.5em;"> </div> |capital = [[Jakarta]] |latd = 6.00 |latm = 10.5 |latNS = S |longd = 106 |longm = 49.7 |longEW = E |largest_city = | languages_type = Bahaso resmi <br /> {{nobold|jo bahaso nasional}} | languages = [[Bahaso Indonesia]] | languages2_type = Bahaso daerah | languages2 = Kurang labiah [[Bahaso di Indonesia|700 bahaso]]<ref name="ethnologue">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID/languages|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty-first edition|last1=Simons |first1=Gary F. |last2=Fennig |first2=Charles D.|publisher=[[SIL International]]|language=en|access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = Kurang labiah [[Suku banso di Indonesia|300 etnis]]<ref name="BPS">{{cite web|url=http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/watermark%20_Kewarganegaraan%2C%20Suku%20Bangsa%2C%20Agama%20dan%20Bahasa_281211.pdf|title=Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia|last1=Na'im |first1=Akhsan |last2=Syaputra |first2=Hendry|publisher=[[Badan Pusat Statistik]] (BPS)|date=2010|access-date=23 September 2015|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194534/http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/watermark%20_Kewarganegaraan%2C%20Suku%20Bangsa%2C%20Agama%20dan%20Bahasa_281211.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> | religion_year = [[2018]] | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;|86,70% [[Islam di Indonesia|Islam]]|10,72% [[Kristen di Indonesia|Kristen]]|—7,60% [[Protestanisme di Indonesia|Protestan]]|—3,12% [[Gereja Katolik di Indonesia|Katolik Roma]]|1,74% [[Hindu di Indonesia|Hindu]]|0,77% [[Buddha di Indonesia|Buddha]]|0,03% [[Konfusianisme di Indonesia|Konfusianisme]]<br />0,04% [[Agama di Indonesia|Kapicayoan]]}} | religion_ref =<ref name="RELIGION">{{cite web|url=https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat|title=Statistik Umat Menurut Agama di Indonesia|publisher=[[Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia]]|date=15 Mei 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903221250/https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat|archive-date=3 September 2020|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="sp2010">{{cite web|url=https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0|title=Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut Indonesia|publisher=BPS|date=15 Mei 2010|access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> | demonym = [[Banso Indonesia]] | government_type = [[Nagara kasatuan]] basistem [[republik]] [[Sistem presidensial|presidensial]] | leader_title1 = [[Presiden Indonesia|Presiden]] | leader_name1 = [[Prabowo Subianto]] | leader_title2 = [[Wakil Presiden Indonesia|Wakil Presiden]] | leader_name2 = [[Gibran Rakabuming Raka]] | leader_title4 = [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Ketua DPR]] | leader_name4 = [[Puan Maharani]] | leader_title6 = [[Daftar Ketua Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia|Ketua Mahkamah Agung]] | leader_name6 = [[Muhammad Syarifuddin]] | leader_title3 = [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia 2014–2019|Ketua MPR]] | leader_name3 = [[Bambang Soesatyo]] | leader_title5 = [[Dewan Perwakilan Daerah Republik Indonesia|Ketua DPD]] | leader_name5 = [[La Nyalla Mattalitti]] | legislature = [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat]] (MPR) | upper_house = [[Dewan Perwakilan Daerah Republik Indonesia|Dewan Perwakilan Daerah]] (DPD) | lower_house = [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]] (DPR) | sovereignty_type = [[Sijarah Indonesia|Pambantukan]] | established_event1 = [[Sijarah Indonesia|Karajaan Hindu-Buddha]] | established_date1 = abaik ka-2 M | established_event2 = [[Panyebaran Islam di Indonesia|Kasultanan Islam]] | established_date2 = abaik ka-13 M | established_event3 = ''[[Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie]]'' | established_date3 = 20 Maret 1602 | established_event4 = [[Hindia Balando]] | established_date4 = 1 Januari 1800 | established_event5 = [[Sijarah Nusantara (1942-1945)|Pandudukan Japang]] | established_date5 = 9 Maret 1942 | established_event6 = [[Proklamasi Kamardekaan Indonesia|Proklamasi kamardekaan]] | established_date6 = 17 Agustus 1945 | established_event7 = [[Konferensi Meja Bundar|Pangakuan]] dan [[Republik Indonesia Serikat|pambantukan federasi]] | established_date7 = 27 Desember 1949 | established_event8 = Federasi dibubarkan | established_date8 = 17 Agustus 1950 | established_event9 = Peristiwa [[Supersemar]] | established_date9 = 11 Maret 1966 | established_event11 = ''[[Sijarah Indonesia (1998-kini)|Reformasi]]'' | established_date11 = 21 Mei 1998 | established_event10 = [[Orde Baru]] | established_date10 = 12 Maret 1967 | area_km2 = 1904569<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf|title=UN Statistics|publisher=[[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]|language=en|date=2005|access-date=31 Oktober 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031023924/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf|archive-date=31 Oktober 2007}}</ref> | area_rank = ka-14 | area_sq_mi = 735,358 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 4,85 |population_estimate = 230.472.833<ref>[http://www.bps.go.id/~ntt/vary/popi.htm Jam penduduk Indonesia]</ref> |population_estimate_year = 19&nbsp;Juni&nbsp;2009 |population_estimate_rank = 4 |population_census = 237.556.363<ref>{{cite web | year = 2010 | url = http://www.bps.go.id/download_file/SP2010_agregat_data_perProvinsi.pdf | title = Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010 Data Agregrat per Provinsi | format = PDF | work = | publisher = Badan Pusat Statistik | accessdate = 21 August 2010 | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = }}</ref> |population_census_year = [[Sensus Penduduk Indonesia 2010|2010]] |population_density_km2 = 124 |population_density_rank = 84 | GDP_PPP = {{decrease}} $3.328 trillion<ref name="IMF">{{Cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/select-date-range?c=536,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,|access-date=2020-10-15|website=IMF|language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2020 | GDP_PPP_rank = 7th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{decrease}} $12,345<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 95th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $1.089 trillion<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2020 | GDP_nominal_rank = 15th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $4,038<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 108th | Gini = 37.8 | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase//steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Indonesia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ID|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = |currency = [[Rupiah]] (Rp) |currency_code = IDR |time_zone = [[WIB]] ([[UTC+7|+7]]), [[WITA]] ([[UTC+8|+8]]), [[WIT]] ([[UTC+9|+9]]) |utc_offset = |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = Kiri |cctld = [[.id]] |calling_code = +62 | HDI = 0.718 | HDI_year = 2019 | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="2020 components">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343-346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215155214/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2020|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 107th |footnotes = {{Tnavbar|Indo infobox|plain=1}} }} '''Republik Indonesia''' ([[Abjaik Jawi|Jawi]]: إندونيسيا) adolah sabuah nagara kasatuan di [[Asia Tenggara]] nan dilintasi dek garih [[khatulistiwa]], barado di antaro banua [[Asia]] jo [[Australia]] sarato di antaro [[Samudra Pasifik]] jo [[Samudra Hindia]]. Indonesia marupoan nagara [[kapulauan]] paliang gadang di dunia nan tadiri dari 17.466 pulau, dek itulah inyo disabuik juo jo [[Nusantara]]. Salain itu, Indonesia marupoan nagara nan jumlah panduduaknyo paliang banyak kaampek di dunia jo nagara nan jumlah panduduak [[Muslim]] paliang banyak di dunia, walaupun sacaro rasmi bukanlah nagara [[Islam]]. Bantuak pamarintahan Indonesia adolah [[republik]], jo [[Dewan Pawakilan Rakyat]], [[Dewan Pawakilan Daerah]], sarato [[Presiden]] nan dipiliah lansuang. Ibu kota nagaranyo adolah [[Jakarta]]. Indonesia babatehan jo [[Malaysia]] di [[Pulau Kalimantan]], jo [[Papua Nugini]] di [[Pulau Papua]] alah itu jo [[Timor Leste]] di [[Pulau Timor]]. Nagara tatangga lainnyo adolah [[Singapura]], [[Filipina]], [[Australia]], jo wilayah pasatuan [[Kapulauan Andaman jo Nikobar]] di [[India]]. Dari [[Kota Sabang|Sabang]] sampai [[Kabupaten Merauke|Merauke]], Indonesia tadiri dari babagai suku, bahaso jo agamo nan babeda-beda. [[Suku Jawa]] adolah kalompok etnis paliang gadang. Samboyan atau [[motto]] Indonesia adolah "[[Bhinneka Tunggal Ika]]" (Babeda-beda tapi tatok ciek) nan bararti kabaragaman nan mambantuak nagara. Salain populasi padek jo wilayah nan lueh, Indonesia punyo wilayah alam nan mandukuang tingkek [[kaanekaragaman hayati]] nan paliang gadang kaduo di dunia. ==Etimologi== Kato "Indonesia" barasa dari kato dalam [[bahaso Latin]] iyolah ''Indus'' nan bararti "Hindia" jo kato dalam [[bahaso Yunani]] ''nesos'' nan bararti "pulau".<ref name="EcoSeas1">{{cite book |last=Tomascik |first=T |coauthors=Mah, J.A., Nontji, A., Moosa, M.K. |title=The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas - Part One |publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd. |year=1996 |location=Hong Kong |id=ISBN 962-593-078-7}}</ref> Jadi, kato Indonesia bararti [[wilayah]] Hindia kapulauan, atau kapulauan nan barado di Hindia, nan manunjuakkan baso namo iko tabantuak jauah sabalun Indonesia manjadi nagara badaulek.<ref name="indoety">{{cite news |last=Anshory |first=Irfan |title=Asal Usul Nama Indonesia |publisher=Pikiran Rakyat |date=[[16 Agustus]] [[2004]] |url=http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/0804/16/0802.htm |accessdate=[[5 Oktober]] [[2006]] |archive-date=2006-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215190155/http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/0804/16/0802.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pado taun 1850, [[George Earl]], saurang [[etnologi|etnolog]] bakabangsoan Inggirih, awalnyo mangusuakan istilah ''Indunesia'' jo ''Malayunesia'' untuak panduduak "Kapulauan Hindia atau Kapulauan Malayu".<ref name="JIAEA_1">{{cite journal |last=Earl |first=George S. W. |title=On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |year=1850 |pages=119}}</ref> Murid dari Earl, [[James Richardson Logan]], manggunokan kato ''Indonesia'' sabagai sinonim dari ''Kapulauan India''.<ref name="JIAEA_3">{{cite journal |last=Logan |first=James Richardson |title=The Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago: Embracing Enquiries into the Continental Relations of the Indo-Pacific Islanders |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |year=1850 |pages=4, 252–347}}; {{cite journal |last=Earl |first=George S. W. |title=On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |year=1850 |pages=254, 277–278}}</ref> Namun, panulihan akademik Balando di media Hindia-Balando indak manggunokan kato ''Indonesia'', namun istilah ''Kapulauan Malayu'' (''Maleische Archipel''); ''Hindia Timua Balando'' (''Nederlandsch Oost Indië''), atau ''Hindia'' (''Indië''); ''Timua'' (''de Oost''); jo bahkan ''Insulinde'' (istilah iko dipakanalkan taun 1860 dalam novel ''[[Max Havelaar]]'' (1859), ditulih dek [[Multatuli]], manganai kritik tahadok kolonialisme Balando).<ref name=Kroef>{{cite journal |title=The Term Indonesia: Its Origin and Usage |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |author=Justus M. van der Kroef |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=166–171 |year=1951 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28195107%2F09%2971%3A3%3C166%3ATTIIOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 |doi=10.2307/595186}}</ref> Sajak taun 1900, namo Indonesia manjadi labiah umum pado lingkuangan akademik di lua Balando, jo golongan nasionalis Indonesia manggunokannyo untuak ekspresi politik.<ref name=Kroef/> [[Adolf Bastian]] dari [[Universitas Humboldt Berlin|Universitas Berlin]] mamasyarakaikkan namo iko malalui buku ''Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894''. Pelajar Indonesia partamo nan manggunokannyo iolah [[Ki Hajar Dewantara|Suwardi Suryaningrat]] (Ki Hajar Dewantara), iyolah katiko baliau mandirikan kantua barito di Balando nan banamo ''Indonesisch Pers Bureau'' pado taun 1913.<ref name="indoety"/> ==Sijarah== Nagara ko mamproklamasikan kamardekaannyo pado tanggal [[17 Agustus]] [[1945]]. ==Politik jo Pamarintahan== {{main|Politik Indonesia}} [[File:Indonesia ratifies the CTBT - Flickr - The Official CTBTO Photostream (2).jpg|270px|thumb|left|Rapek di Gedung MPR-DPR]] Indonesia manjalankan pamarintahan [[republik]] [[sistem presidensial|presidensial]] multipartai nan [[demokrasi|demokratis]]. Sarupo jo di nagara-nagara demokrasi lainnyo, sistem politik di Indonesia didasakan pado [[Pamisahan kakuasaan|Trias Politika]] iyolah kakuasaan [[legislatif]], [[eksekutif]] jo [[yudikatif]]. Kakuasaan legislatif dipaciak dek sabuah limbago barnamo [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat]] (MPR). MPR pernah manjadi [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat#Kedudukan|limbago tatinggi nagara]] [[sistem satu kamar|unikameral]], namun satalah [[Parubahan Kaampek Undang-Undang Dasa Nagara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945|amandemen ka-4]] MPR bukanlah limbago tatinggi sarato komposisi kaanggotaannyo lai juo baubah. MPR satalah amandemen UUD 1945, iyolah sajak [[2004]] alah manjadi limbago [[sistem duo kamar|bikameral]] nan tadiri dari 560 anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]] (DPR) nan marupoan wakil rakyaik malalui [[Partai Politik]], ditambuah jo 132 anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Daerah]] (DPD) nan marupoan wakil provinsi dari jalur [[independen]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bappenas.go.id/get-file-server/node/88/ | title = Perubahan Ketiga Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 | first = | last = | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | month = | year = | work = | publisher = | location = | page = | pages = | at = | language = Indonesia | trans_title = | format = pdf | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | accessdate = 2011-05-24 | quote = | ref = | separator = | postscript = }}</ref> Anggota DPR jo DPD dipiliah malalui [[pemilu]] sarato dilewa untuak maso jabatan limo tahun. Sabalunnyo, anggota MPR adolah sadoalah anggota DPR ditambuah [[utusan golongan]] jo [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|TNI]]/[[Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia|Polri]]. MPR kini diketuai dek [[Taufiq Kiemas]]. DPR kini diketuai dek [[Marzuki Alie]], sadangkan DPD kini diketuai dek [[Irman Gusman]]. Limbago eksekutif bapusek pado [[presiden]], [[wakil presiden]], jo [[kabinet]]. Kabinet di Indonesia adolah [[Kabinet (pamarintahan)|Kabinet Presidensial]] sahinggo para Mantari batangguang jawek bakeh presiden jo indak mawakili partai politik nan ado di parlemen. Walaupun demikian, Presiden kini yakni [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] nan diusuang dek [[Partai Demokrat]] manunjuak pulo sajumlah pamimpin [[Partai Politik]] untuak duduak di kabinetnyo. Tujuannyo untuak manjago stabilitas pamarintahan mangingek kueknyo posisi limbago legislatif di Indonesia. Namun pos-pos pantiang jo strategis umumnyo diisi dek Mantari tanpa portofolio partai (barasa dari sasaurang nan dianggok ahli dalam bidangnyo). Limbago Yudikatif sajak maso reformasi jo adonyo amandemen UUD 1945 dijalankan dek [[Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia|Mahkamah Agung]], [[Komisi Yudisial]], jo [[Mahkamah Konstitusi]], tamasuak pangaturan administrasi para hakim. Walaupun damikian kabaradoan [[Mantari Hukum jo Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia|Mantari Hukum jo Hak Asasi Manusia]] tatok dipertahankan. ==Administratif== {{Utamo|Provinsi Indonesia}} {{Peta provinsi Indonesia}} Indonesia kini tadiri dari 38 [[provinsi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/11/17/17275541/sah-indonesia-kini-punya-38-provinsi-ini-daftarnya|title=Sah! Indonesia Kini Punya 38 Provinsi, Ini Daftarnya|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2022-11-17|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2022-11-18}}</ref> limo di antaronyo mamiliki status nan babeda. Provinsi dibagi manjadi 403 [[kabupaten]] jo 98 [[kota]] nan dibagi lai manjadi [[kecamatan]] nan dibagi lai manjadi [[kelurahan]], [[desa]], [[gampong]], [[kampung]], [[nagari]], [[pekon]], atau istilah lain nan diakomodasi dek Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Taun 2004 tantang [[Pamarintahan Daerah]]. Tiok provinsi mamiliak'i [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi|DPRD Provinsi]] jo [[gubernur]]; samantaro [[kabupaten]] mampunyoi [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten|DPRD Kabupaten]] jo [[bupati]]; kamudian [[kota]] mampunyoi [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kota|DPRD Kota]] jo [[wali kota]]; sadonyo dipiliah langsuang dek rakyaik malalui [[Pemilu]] jo [[Pilkada]]. Bagaimanopun di Jakarta indak tadapek DPR Kabupaten atau Kota, karano Kabupaten Administrasi jo Kota Administrasi di Jakarta bukanlah daerah otonom. Provinsi [[Aceh]], [[Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta]], [[Papua Barat]], jo [[Papua]] mamiliak'i hak istimewa legislatur nan labiah gadang jo tingkek otonomi nan labiah tinggi dibandingkan provinsi lainnyo. Contohnyo, Aceh bahak mambantuak sistem legal surang; pado taun 2003, Aceh muloi manetapkan hukum [[Syariah]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Michelle Ann Miller |title=The Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam law: a serious response to Acehnese separatism? |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=5 |issue=3 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/caet/2004/00000005/00000003/art00005 |year=2004 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1080/1463136042000259789}}</ref> Yogyakarta mandapek statuih Daerah Istimewa sabagai pangakuan tahadok paran pantiang Yogyakarta dalam mandukuang Indonesia salamo Revolusi.<ref>[[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]] (1999). Bab XIV Other Provisions, Pasal 122; {{PDFlink|[http://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_Republik_Indonesia_Nomor_5_Tahun_1974 Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1974 tentang Pokok-Pokok Pemerintahan di Daerah]|146&nbsp;}}. [[Presiden Indonesia]] (1974). Bab VII Aturan Peralihan, Pasal 91</ref> [[Provinsi Papua]], sabalunnya disabuik Irian Jaya, mandapek statuih otonomi khusus taun 2001.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dursin |first=Richel |coauthors=Kafil Yamin |title=Another Fine Mess in Papua |work=Editorial |pages= |language= |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=[[18 November]] [[2004]] |url=http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm |accessdate=[[5 Oktober]] [[2006]] |archive-date=2006-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115090759/http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm |dead-url=yes }}; {{cite news |title=Papua Chronology Confusing Signals from Jakarta |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=[[18 November]] [[2004]] |url=http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm#Papua%20Chronology%20Confusing%20Signals%20from%20Jakarta |accessdate=[[5 Oktober]] [[2006]] |archive-date=2006-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115090759/http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm#Papua%20Chronology%20Confusing%20Signals%20from%20Jakarta |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[DKI Jakarta]], adolah daerah khusus ibukota nagara. [[Timor Portugis]] digabuangkan ka dalam wilayah Indonesia jo manjadi provinsi [[Timor Timur]] pado 1979–1999, nan kamudian mamisahkan diri malalui referendum manjadi Nagara [[Timor Leste]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Burr |first=W. |coauthors=Evans, M.L. |title=Ford and Kissinger Gave Green Light to Indonesia's Invasion of East Timor, 1975: New Documents Detail Conversations with Suharto |work=National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 62 |publisher=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Archive National Security Archieve], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University Universitas George Washington], [[Washington, D.C.]] |date=2001-12-06 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB62/ |accessdate=2006-09-17}}</ref> ;Provinsi di Indonesia jo ibukotanyo {{col-begin}}{{col-break}} '''[[Sumatera]]''' * [[Aceh]] - [[Kota Banda Aceh|Banda Aceh]] * [[Sumatera Utara]] - [[Kota Medan|Medan]] * [[Sumatera Barat]] - [[Kota Padang|Padang]] * [[Riau]] - [[Kota Pekanbaru|Pekanbaru]] * [[Kepulauan Riau]] - [[Kota Tanjungpinang|Tanjungpinang]] * [[Jambi]] - [[Kota Jambi|Jambi]] * [[Sumatera Selatan]] - [[Kota Palembang|Palembang]] * [[Kapulauan Bangka Belitung]] - [[Kota Pangkal Pinang|Pangkal Pinang]] * [[Bengkulu]] - [[Kota Bengkulu|Bengkulu]] * [[Lampung]] - [[Kota Bandar Lampung|Bandar Lampung]] '''[[Jawa]]''' * [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta]] * [[Banten]] - [[Kota Serang|Serang]] * [[Jawa Barat]] - [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]] * [[Jawa Tangah]] - [[Kota Semarang|Semarang]] * [[Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta]] - [[Kota Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]] * [[Jawa Timur]] - [[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]] '''[[Kapulauan Nusa Tenggara]]''' * [[Bali]] - [[Kota Denpasar|Denpasar]] * [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]] - [[Kota Mataram|Mataram]] * [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]] - [[Kota Kupang|Kupang]] {{col-break}} '''[[Kalimantan]]''' * [[Kalimantan Barat]] - [[Kota Pontianak|Pontianak]] * [[Kalimantan Tangah]] - [[Kota Palangka Rayo|Palangka Rayo]] * [[Kalimantan Selatan]] - [[Kota Banjarmasin|Banjarmasin]] * [[Kalimantan Timur]] - [[Kota Samarinda|Samarinda]] * [[Kalimantan Utara]] - [[Tanjung Selor]] '''[[Sulawesi]]''' * [[Sulawesi Utaro]] - [[Kota Manado|Manado]] * [[Gorontalo]] - [[Kota Gorontalo|Gorontalo]] * [[Sulawesi Tangah]] - [[Kota Palu|Palu]] * [[Sulawesi Barat]] - [[Kota Mamuju|Mamuju]] * [[Sulawesi Selatan]] - [[Kota Makassar|Makassar]] * [[Sulawesi Tenggara]] - [[Kota Kendari|Kendari]] '''[[Kapulauan Maluku]]''' * [[Maluku]] - [[Kota Ambon|Ambon]] * [[Maluku Utaro]] - [[Sofifi]] '''[[Papua bagian barat|Papua]]''' * [[Papua Barat]] - [[Manokwari]] * [[Papua]] - [[Kota Jayapura|Jayapura]] {{col-end}} {{Provinsi di Indonesia}} == Geografi == {{main|Geografi Indonesia}} ''Lihat pula: [[Asia#Peta|Peta Asia]] dan [[Jumlah pulau di Indonesia]]'' [[Berkas:Waterfall Madakaripura B.JPG|150px|thumb|right|[[Sarasah Madakaripura]] di [[Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru]], [[Lumbang, Probolinggo]], [[Jawa Timur]].]] Indonesia adolah [[nagara kapulauan]] di [[Asia Tenggara]]<ref>{{cite book | first=Harm | last=Dotinga | coauthors=Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea | title=International organizations and the law of the sea: documentary yearbook, Vol 14 |pages=960 | publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers | year=2000 | isbn=9041113452, 9789041113450}}</ref> nan mamiliaki 13.487 pulau gadang jo ketek, sakitar 6.000 di antaronyo indak bapauni<ref name="Indonesia Regions">{{cite press release |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcoutm.cfm?SD=2005&ED=2005&R1=1&R2=1&CS=3&SS=2&OS=C&DD=0&OUT=1&C=536&S=PPPWGT-PPPPC&RequestTimeout=120&CMP=0&x=45&y=5 Estimate |accessdate=[[5 Oktober]] [[2006]] |title=World Economic Outlook Database |month=April |year=2006 }}; {{cite web | first =Hendriawan | title =Indonesia Regions | publisher =Indonesia Business Directory | url =http://www.indonext.com/Regions/ | accessdate =2007-04-24 | archive-date =2005-12-28 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20051228011848/http://www.indonext.com/Regions/ | dead-url =yes }}</ref>, nan manyebar disekitar [[khatulistiwa]], nan maagiah cuaco tropis. Posisi Indonesia talatak pado koordinat 6°[[LU]] - 11°08'[[LS]] jo dari 95°'[[BT]] - 141°45'[[BT]] sarato talatak di antaro duo [[banua]] iyolah banua [[Asia]] jo banua [[Australia]]/[[Oseania]]. Wilayah Indonesia tabantang sapanjang 3.977 mil di antaro [[Samudra Hindia]] jo [[Samudra Pasifik]]. Laweh daratan Indonesia adolah 1.922.570&nbsp;km² dan laweh parairannyo 3.257.483&nbsp;km². Pulau tapadek panduduaknyo adolah pulau Jawa, dimano satangah populasi Indonesia bamukim. Indonesia tadiri dari 5 pulau gadang, iyolah : [[Pulau Jawa|Jawa]] nan lawehnyo 132.107&nbsp;km², [[Sumatera]] nan lawehnyo 473.606&nbsp;km², [[Pulau Kalimantan|Kalimantan]] nan lawehnyo 539.460&nbsp;km², [[Sulawesi]] nan lawehyo 189.216&nbsp;km², jo [[Pulau Papua|Papua]] nan lawehnyo 421.981&nbsp;km². Bateh wilayah Indonesia diukua dari kapulauan manggunokan territorial lauik: 12 [[mil laut]] sarato zona ekonomi eksklusif: 200 [[mil laut]],<ref>[http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part5.htm Article 55], 1982 UN Convention on the Law of The Sea.</ref> saarah panjuru mato angin, iyolah : {{batas_USBT |utara=Nagara [[Malaysia]] nan babatehan sapanjang 1.782 km<ref name="Indonesia Regions"/>, [[Singapura]], [[Filipina]], jo [[Laut Cina Selatan]] |selatan=Nagara [[Australia]], [[Timor Leste]], jo [[Samudra Indonesia]] |timur=Nagara [[Papua Nugini]] jo pabatehan sapanjang 820 km<ref name="Indonesia Regions"/>, [[Timor Leste]], jo [[Samudra Pasifik]] |barat=[[Samudra Hindia|Samudra Indonesia]] }} === Sumber daya alam === [[Sumber daya alam]] Indonesia barupo [[minyak bumi]], [[timah]], [[gas alam]], [[nikel]], [[kayu]], [[bauksit]], [[tanah subur]], [[batu bara]], [[ameh]], jo [[perak]] jo pambagian lahan tadiri dari tanah [[patanian]] sagadang 10%, [[pakabunan]] sagadang 7%, [[padang rumpuik]] sagadang 7%, [[hutan]] jo daerah bahutan sagadang 62%, jo lainnyo sagadang 14% jo lahan [[irigasi]] salaweh 45.970&nbsp;km<ref name="Indonesia: environment and development">{{cite book | first= | last=World Bank | coauthors= | title=A World Bank country study Country Studies: Indonesia: environment and development | publisher=World Bank Publications | year=1994 | isbn=0821329502, 9780821329504}}</ref> == Demografi == {{main|Demografi Indonesia}} Manuruik sensus panduduak 2000, Indonesia mamiliak'i populasi sakita 206 juto,<ref name='bps2000'>{{cite press release |title=2000 Population Statistics |publisher=Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau |date=[[30 Juni]] [[2000]] |url=http://www.bps.go.id/sector/population/pop2000.htm |accessdate=[[5 Oktober]] [[2006]]}}</ref> jo dipakirokan pado taun 2006 bapanduduak 222 juto.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite press release |publisher=Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau |title=Tingkat Kemiskinan di Indonesia Tahun 2005–2006 |date=[[1 September]] [[2006]] |url=http://www.bps.go.id/releases/files/kemiskinan-01sep06.pdf|format=PDF |language=[[Bahasa Indonesia]] |accessdate=[[26 September]] [[2006]]}}</ref> 130 juto (labiah dari 50%) tingga di [[Pulau Jawa]] nan marupoan pulau bapanduduak tabanyak sakaligus pulau dimano ibukoto [[Jakarta]] barado.<ref>{{cite web |last=Calder |first=Joshua |title=Most Populous Islands |publisher=World Island Information |date=2006-05-03 |url=http://www.worldislandinfo.com/POPULATV2.htm |accessdate=2006-09-26}}</ref> Sabagian basa (95%) panduduak Indonesia adolah [[Austronesia#Asal usul bangsa Austronesia|Bangso Austronesia]], jo tadapek juo kalompok-kalompok suku [[Melanesia]], [[Polinesia]], jo [[Mikronesia]] tarutamo di Indonesia bagian Timur. Banyak panduduak Indonesia nan manyatokan dirinyo sabagai bagian dari kalompok suku nan labiah spesifik, nan dibagi manuruik bahaso jo asa daerah, misalnyo [[suku Jawa|Jawa]], [[Suku Sunda|Sunda]], [[Suku Madura|Madura]], [[Suku Batak|Batak]], jo [[Suku Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]. Salain itu ado juo panduduak pandatang nan jumlahnyo minoritas di antaronyo adolah etnis [[Tionghoa]], [[India]], jo [[Bangso Arab|Arab]]. Mareka alah lamo datang ka Nusantara malalui padagangan sajak abaik ka 8 M jo manatap manjadi bagian dari Nusantara. Di Indonesia tadapek sakita 4 juto populasi etnis Tionghoa.<ref name="eiu">{{cite paper |title=Country Profile 2008: Indonesia |pages= |publisher=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit Economist Intelligence Unit] |date=[[16 Mei]] [[2008]] |doi= |url=http://portal.eiu.com/report_dl.asp?issue_id=1973383782&mode=pdf |format=pdf |id= |accessdate=[[31 Juli]] [[2008]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129085351/https://portal.eiu.com/Login.aspx?c=1 |date=2021-01-29 }}</ref> Angko iko babedo-bedo karano hanyo pado taun 1930 jo 2000 pamarintah malakukan sensus jo manggolong-golongkan masyarakaik Indonesia ka dalam suku bangso jo katurunannyo. [[Islam]] adolah [[agamo]] mayoritas nan dianuik dek sakita 85,2% panduduak Indonesia, nan manjadikan Indonesia nagara jo panduduak muslim tabanyak di dunia.<ref name='indoCIA'>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html|title=Indonesia - The World Factbook|access-date=2013-04-05|archive-date=2008-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210041527/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sisonyo baagamo [[Protestan]] (8,9%), [[Katolik]] (3%), [[Hindu]] (1,8%), [[Buddha]] (0,8%), jo lain-lain (0,3%). Salain agamo-agamo tasabuik, pamarintah Indonesia juo sacaro rasmi mangakui [[Agamo Konghucu|Konghucu]].<ref name="Yang">{{cite journal |last=Yang |first=Heriyanto |title=The History and Legal Position of Confucianism in Post Independence Indonesia |journal=Religion |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=8 |month=August |year=2005 |url=http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2005/yang2005.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate= 2006-10-02}}</ref> Kabanyakan panduduak Indonesia batutua dalam [[bahaso daerah]] sabagai [[bahaso ibu]], namun [[bahaso rasmi]] nagara, iyolah [[bahaso Indonesia]], diajakan di saluruah sakolah-sakolah di nagara iko jo dikuasoi dek ampia saluruah panduduak Indonesia. == Kabudayoan == {{main|Budayo Indonesia}} === Pertunjukan === [[Berkas:WayangKulit Scene Zoom.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Wayang|Wayang kulit]] warisan budayo Jawa.]] Indonesia mamiliaki sakitar 300 kalompok etnis, tiok etnis punyo warisan budayo nan bakambang salamo baabaik-abaik, dipangaruahi dek budayo India, Arab, Cina, Eropa, jo tamasuak budayo surang iyolah [[Melayu]]. Contohnyo tarian [[Jawa]] jo [[Bali]] tradisional nan punyo aspek budayo jo mitologi Hindu, sarupo [[Wayang|wayang kulit]] nan manampilkan kisah-kisah tantang kajadian mitologis Hindu [[Ramayana]] jo [[Baratayuda]]. Banyak juo seni tari nan barisikan nilai-nilai [[Islam]]. Babarapo di antaronyo dapek ditamukan di daerah [[Sumatera]] sarupo tari [[Tari Ratéb Meuseukat|Ratéb Meuseukat]] jo tari [[Tari Seudati|Seudati]] dari [[Aceh]]. Seni [[pantun]], [[gurindam]], jo sabagainyo dari bamacam daerah sarupo pantun Melayu, jo pantun-pantun lainnyo acapkali dipagunokan dalam acara-acara tatantu iyolah [[perhelatan]], pentas seni, jo lain-lain. === Pakaian === {{Utamo|Daftar pakaian daerah Indonesia}} [[Berkas:Aesan Gede Songket Palembang.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Saurang gadih [[Palembang]] sadang mamakai [[Songket]], salah satu pakaian tradisional Indonesia.]] Di bidang pakaian warisan budayo nan tanamo di saluruah dunia adolah karajinan [[batik]]. Babarapo daerah nan tanamo jo industri batik malipuiki [[Yogyakarta]], [[Kota Surakarta|Surakarta]], [[Cirebon]], [[Pandeglang]], [[Garut]], [[Kabupaten Tasikmalaya|Tasikmalaya]] dan juo [[Kabupaten Pekalongan|Pekalongan]]. Karajinan batik iko pun diklaim dek nagara lain jo industri batiknyo.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://majalah.depkumham.go.id/node/125 |title=PENGERAJIN BATIK TAK PERLU RESAH |work=Majalah Hukum & HAM Online |date=[[30 September]] [[2007]] |accessdate=14 Agustus 2008 |archive-date=2008-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926071726/http://majalah.depkumham.go.id/node/125 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pakaian asli Indonesia dari [[Sabang]] sampai [[Merauke]] lainnyo dapek dikataui dari ciri-cirinyo nan dipakaikan di satiok daerah antaro lain [[baju kurung]] jo [[songket]]nyo dari [[Sumatera Barat]] ([[Minangkabau]]) jo [[Sumatera Selatan]] ([[Palembang]]), kain [[ulos]] dari [[Sumatera Utara]] ([[Batak]]), pakaian [[kebaya]], pakaian khas [[Suku Dayak|Dayak]] di [[Kalimantan]], [[baju bodo]] dari [[Sulawesi Selatan]], pakaian ba[[koteka]] dari [[Papua]] jo sabagainyo. === Arsitektur === {{Utamo|Arsitektur Indonesia}} [[Berkas:Hindu Temple in Java, Indonesia.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Lukisan [[Candi Prambanan]] nan barasa dari maso pamarintahan [[Raffles]].]] [[Arsitektur Indonesia]] mancaminkan kanekaragaman [[Budayo Indonesia|budayo]], [[Sijarah Indonesia|sijarah]], jo [[Geografi Indonesia|geografi]] nan mambantuak Indonesia sautuahnyo. Kaum panyarang, panjajah, panyebar agamo, padagang, jo saudagar mambaok parubahan budayo jo maagiah akibaik pado gaya jo teknik bangunan. Tradisionalnyo, pangaruah arsitektur asiang nan paliang kuek adolah dari India. Tapi, Cina, Arab, jo sajak abaik ka-19 pangaruah Eropa manjadi cukuik dominan. Ciri khas arsitektur Indonesia kuno masih dapek dicaliak malalui rumah-rumah adaik jo/atau istano-istano karajaan dari tiok-tiok provinsi. [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], salah satu objek wisata di Jakarta nan manjadi miniatur Indonesia, manampilkan kaanekaragaman arsitektur Indonesia itu. Babarapo bangunan khas Indonesia misalnyo [[Rumah Gadang]], [[Monumen Nasional]], jo Bangunan Fakultas Teknik Sipil jo Perencanaan di [[Institut Teknologi Bandung]]. === Ulahrago === {{Utamo|Ulahraga Indonesia}} [[Berkas:Badminton Beijing 2008 Lu Lan vs Yulianti.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Maria Kristin Yulianti]] (sirah), paraih [[medali]] [[parunggu]] pado [[Olimpiade Beijing 2008]].]] Ulahrago nan paliang populer di Indonesia adolah [[bulu tangkis]] jo [[sepak bola]]; [[Liga Super Indonesia]] adolah liga klub sipak bola utamo di Indonesia. Ulahrago tradisional tamasuak [[sipak rago]] jo [[karapan sapi]] di [[Pulau Madura|Madura]]. Di wilayah jo sijarah parang antar suku, kontes pataruangan diadokan, sarupo ''caci'' di [[Flores]], jo [[pasola]] di [[Sumba]]. [[Pancak silek]] adolah seni bela diri nan unik nan barasa dari wilayah Indonesia. Seni bela diri iko kadang-kadang ditampilkan pado acaro-acaro patunjuakan nan biasonyo diiriangi jo musik tradisional Indonesia barupo [[gamelan]] jo seni musik tradisional lainnyo sasuai jo daerah asanyo. Ulahrago di Indonesia biasonyo baorientasi pado laki-laki jo ulahrago spektator acok bahubuangan jo judi nan ilegal di Indonesia.<ref>{{cite book | last =Witton | first =Patrick | title =Indonesia | publisher =Lonely Planet | year =2003 | location =Melbourne | pages =hal.103 | id = ISBN 1-74059-154-2 }}</ref> Di ajang kompetisi multi cabang, prestasi atlet-atlet Indonesia indak talalu mangasankan. Di [[Olimpiade]], prestasi tabaik Indonesia diraiah pado [[Olimpiade 1992]], dimano Indonesia manduduaki paringkek 24 jo maraiah 2 [[amek]] 2 [[perak]] jo 1 [[parunggu]]. Pado era 1960 hinggo 2000, Indonesia marajoi [[bulu tangkis]]. Atlet-atlet putra Indonesia sarupo [[Rudi Hartono]], [[Liem Swie King]], [[Icuk Sugiarto]], [[Alan Budikusuma]], [[Ricky Subagja]], jo [[Rexy Mainaky]] marajoi kajuaroan-kajuaroan dunia. [[Rudi Hartono]] nan dianggok sabagai maestro [[bulu tangkis]] dunia, manjadi juaro [[All England]] tabanyak sapanjang sijarah. Salain [[bulu tangkis]], atlet-atlet tinju Indonesia juo talok maraih gala juaro dunia, sarupo [[Elyas Pical]], [[Nico Thomas]]<ref>[http://www.surya.co.id/2009/03/27/elyas-pical-dapat-penghargaan.html Elyas Pical Dapat Penghargaan]{{Dead link|date=October 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. ''[[Surya (surat kabar)|Surya]]'', [[27 Maret]] [[2009]]. Diakses pada [[10 September]] [[2010]].</ref>, jo [[Chris John (petinju)|Chris John]].<ref>Afriatni, Ami. [http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/olahraga/2007/08/19/brk,20070819-105865,id.html Petinju Chris John Sukses Pertahankan Gelar Juara Dunia]. ''[[Koran Tempo|Tempo]]'', [[19 Agustus]] [[2007]]. Diakses pada [[10 September]] [[2010]].</ref> === Seni musik === {{Utamo|Musik Indonesia}} Seni musik di Indonesia, baiak tradisional maupun modern sangaik banyak tabantang dari [[Sabang]] hinggo [[Merauke]]. Satiok provinsi di Indonesia mamiliaki [[musik tradisional]] jo ciri khasnyo nan balainan. Musik tradisional tamasuk juo [[keroncong]] nan barasa dari katurunan [[Portugis]] di daerah [[Kampung Tugu|Tugu]], [[Jakarta]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www2.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0404/28/metro/996265.htm |title=Kampung Tugu, Menyimpan Kenangan Sijarah |work=Kompas |date=Rabu, [[28 April]] [[2004]] |accessdate=14 Agustus 2008 |archive-date=2008-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211203446/http://www2.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0404/28/metro/996265.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> nan dikana dek sado rakyaik Indonesia malah hinggo ka mancanegara. Ado juo musik nan marakyat di Indonesia nan dikana jo namo [[dangdut]] iyolah musik baaliran Malayu modern nan dipangaruahi dek musik India sainggo musik dangdut iko babedo bana jo musik tradisional Malayu nan sabananyo, sarupo musik Malayu Deli, Malayu Riau, jo sabagainyo. [[Berkas:Traditional indonesian instruments02.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Gamelan|Saparangkek gamelan]]]] Alek musik tradisional nan marupoan alek musik khas Indonesia mamiliaki banyak ragam dari babagai daerah di Indonesia, namun banyak pulo dari alek musik tradisional Indonesia 'dimaliang' dek nagara lain<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.gatra.com/2008-01-01/artikel.php?id=110550 |title=Perspektif: Mencuri Klaim, Itu Biasa|work=Gatra.Com |author=Radhar Panca Dahana |date=Kamis, [[6 Desember]] [[2007]]|accessdate=14 Agustus 2008}}</ref> untuak kapantiangan panambahan budayo jo seni musiknyo surang jo mamatenkan hak cipto seni budayo dari Indonesia. [[Daftar alat musik Indonesia|Alat musik tradisional Indonesia]] antaro lain malipuiki: {{Col-begin|width=}} {{Col-4}} * [[Angklung]] * Bende * [[Calung]] * Dermenan * [[Gamelan]] * Gandang Tabuik * Gendang Bali {{Col-4}} * Gondang Batak * Gong Kemada * Gong Lambus * Jidor * [[Tembang Cianjuran|Kecapi Suling]] * Kulcapi Batak * Kendang Jawa {{Col-4}} * Kenong * [[Kulintang]] * [[Rebab]] * [[Rebana]] * [[Saluang]] * [[Saron]] * [[Sasando]] {{Col-4}} * [[Serunai]] * Seurune Kale * Suling Lembang * Sulim Batak * Suling Sunda * [[Talempong]] * Tanggetong * Tifa, dan sebagainya {{Col-end}} === Boga === {{main|Masakan Indonesia}} [[Berkas:SOTO FOOD.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Babarapo [[:File:Flag map of Indonesia.svg|makanan Indonesia]]: [[soto]] ayam, [[sate]] kerang, telor pindang, perkedel jo es teh manih.]] [[Masakan Indonesia]] bavariasi bagantuang pado wilayahnyo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Witton |first=Patrick |title=World Food: Indonesia |publisher=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Planet Lonely Planet] |year=2002 |location=Melbourne |id=ISBN 1-74059-009-0}}</ref> Nasi adolah makanan pokok jo dihidangkan jo lauk dagiang jo sayua. Bumbu (tarutamo [[cabai]]), [[santan]], [[ikan]], jo [[ayam]] adolah bahan nan pantiang.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brissendon |first=Rosemary |title=South East Asian Food |publisher=Hardie Grant Books |year=2003 |location=Melbourne|id=ISBN 1-74066-013-7}}</ref> Sapanjang sijarah, Indonesia alah manjadi tampek padagangan antaro duo banua. Iko manyababkan tabaoknyo banyak bumbu, bahan makanan jo teknik mamasak dari bangso [[Melayu]], [[India]], [[Timur tangah]], [[Tionghoa]], jo [[Eropa]]. Sadonyo iko bacampua jo ciri khas makanan Indonesia tradisional, mahasiakan banyak kaanekaragaman nan indak ditamukan di daerah lain. Malah bangso [[Spanyol]] jo [[Portugis]], alah mandahului bangso [[Balando]] jo mambaok banyak produk dari dunia baru ka Indonesia. [[Sambal]], [[sate]], [[bakso]], [[soto]], jo [[nasi goreng]] marupoan babarapo contoh makanan nan biaso dimakan masyarakaik Indonesia satiok hari.<ref>http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/eat/40-foods-indonesians-cant-live-without-327106 40 of Indonesia's best dishes. Diakses pada 5 Desember 2011.</ref> Salain disajikan di [[waruang]] atau [[restoran]], tadapek pulo aneka makanan khas Indonesia nan dijua dek para padagang kaliliang manggunokan garobak atau pikulan. Padagang iko manyajikan [[bubur ayam]], [[mie ayam]], mi bakso, [[mi goreng]], nasi goreng, aneka macam soto, [[siomay]], sate, [[nasi uduk]], jo lain-lain. Rumah makan Padang nan manyajikan nasi Padang, iyolah nasi disajikan basamo aneka lauk-pauk [[Masakan Padang]], mudah ditamui di babagai kota di Indonesia. Salain itu [[Warung Tegal]] nan manyajikan masakan Jawa khas Tegal jo harago nan tajangkau juo tasebar laweh. [[Nasi rames]] atau [[nasi campur]] nan baisi nasi sarato lauk atau sayua pilihan dijua di waruang nasi di tampek-tampek umum, sarupo satasiun [[kareto api]], pasa, jo terminal bus. Di [[Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta]] jo salingkanyo dikana pulo [[nasi kucing]] sabagai nasi rames nan baukuran ketek jo harago murah, nasi kucing acok dijua di ateh angkringan, sajinih waruang kaki limo. Panganan ketek samisal kue-kue banyak dijua di pasa tradisional. Kue-kue tasabuik biasonyo babahan dasa bareh, katan, ubi kayu, ubi jalar, terigu, atau sagu. === Bahasa === {{Utamo|Daftar bahaso di Indonesia|Bahaso Balando di Indonesia}} Indonesia hanyo mamiliaki satu bahaso nasional atau bahaso nagara, yakni [[Bahaso Indonesia]].<ref>[http://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_Dasar_Negara_Republik_Indonesia_Tahun_1945 UUD 1945, Bab XV, Pasal 36: "Bahasa Negara ialah Bahasa Indonesia."]</ref> Campua tangan nagara taadok bahaso nasional disalanggarokan malalui [[Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa]] di bawah KeMantarian Pandidikan dan Kebudayaan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/lamanbahasa/ |title=Laman Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa |access-date=2013-04-06 |archive-date=2016-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309064643/http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/lamanbahasa/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Indonesia mamiliaki labiah dari 721 bahaso daerah<ref>[http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesasiesudest/8.htm ASIAN LINGUISTIC MAPS : Indonesia & Brunei]</ref>. Di antaro ratuihan bahaso daerah tasabuik, nan paliang banyak sebarannyo adolah di [[Daftar bahasa di Papua|Papua]] jo [[Daftar bahasa di Kalimantan|Kalimantan]], sadangkan nan paliang saketek adolah di [[Daftar bahasa di Jawa|pulau Jawa]]. Manuruik jumlah panutuanyo, bahaso daerah nan paliang banyak digunokan di Indonesia baturuik-turuik adolah: {{bhs|Jawa}} (80 juto panutua), [[Bahaso Melayu|Melayu-Indonesia]], {{bhs|Sunda}}, {{bhs|Madura}}, {{bhs|Batak}}, {{bhs|Minangkabau}}, {{bhs|Bugis}}, {{bhs|Aceh}}, {{bhs|Bali}}, {{bhs|Banjar}}. Bahaso Inggirih sabagai bahaso internasional alah dipakanakan dek pamarintah Indonesia kapado para pelajar muloi janjang pandidiakan dasa.<ref>[http://pascapbi.uad.ac.id/pendidikan-bahasa-Inggirih-di-indonesia-masih-sangat-miskin/ Pendidikan bahasa Inggirih bagi pelajar SD.]{{Dead link|date=October 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Pascasarjana Pendidikan Bahasa Inggirih [[Universitas Ahmad Dahlan]]. Terbit pada 20 September 2012. Diakses pada 2 Januari 2013.</ref> Meski demikian, jo babagai alasan tadapek upayo untuak mahapuih palajaran bahaso Inggirih di tingkek sikolah dasa.<ref>[http://www.poskotanews.com/2012/10/11/belum-final-rencana-penghapusan-pelajaran-bahasa-Inggirih-di-sd/ Rencana penghapusan pelajaran bahasa Inggirih bagi pelajar SD belum final.]{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} POSKOTANEWS.com. Terbit pada 11 Oktober 2012. Diakses pada 2 Januari 2013.</ref><ref>[http://nasional.sindonews.com/read/2012/12/15/15/697819/dpr-minta-tunda-penerapan-kurikulum-baru DPR minta tunda penerapan kurikulum baru.] SINDONEWS.com. Terbit pada 15 Desember 2012. Diakses pada 2 Januari 2013.</ref> Bagi panganuik agamo Islam nan manjadi kaum mayoritas di Indonesia,<ref>[http://www.pupr.edu/hkettani/papers/HICAH2010.pdf 2010 World Muslim Population.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515072953/http://www.pupr.edu/hkettani/papers/HICAH2010.pdf |date=2011-05-15 }} Hal. 3-5. Houssain Kettani. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Computer Science, Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico. Terbit pada Januari 2010. Diakses pada 2 Januari 2013.</ref> bahaso Arab adolah bahaso asiang nan mandapek kaduduakan khusus, karano haruih dipraktikkan dalam ibadah harian tatantu, misalnyo [[salat]]<ref>[http://www.islampedia.info/salat.php Salat harus menggunakan bahasa Arab.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309024005/http://www.islampedia.info/salat.php |date=2013-03-09 }} Islampedia.info. Terbit pada 2006. Diakses pada 2 Januari 2013.</ref>. Walaupun demikian, bahaso Arab indak manjadi bahaso pagaulan umum sajak periode awal kabaradoannyo di Indonesia.<ref>[http://stainsalatiga.ac.id/pembelajaran-bahasa-arab-sepanjang-Sijarah/ Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab Sepanjang Sijarah.]{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} stainsalatiga.ac.id. Terbit pada 1 Juni 2012. Diakses pada 2 Januari 2013.</ref> == Lingkuangan hiduik== {{Utamo|Flora Indonesia|Fauna Indonesia}} [[Berkas:Rafflesia sumatra.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Rafflesia arnoldii]] bungo tagadang di dunia, diameternyo mancapai 1,3 meter.]] [[Berkas:Varanus komodoensis6.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Komodo]], hewan reptil sarik khas dari [[Nusa Tenggara]].]] Wilayah Indonesia mamiliaki kaanekaragaman makhluk hiduik nan tinggi sahinggo dek babarapo pihak wilayah ekologi Indonesia disabuik jo istilah "''Mega biodiversity''" atau "kaanekaragaman mahluk hiduik nan tinggi"<ref>http://www.detiknews.com/read/2009/03/08/144934/1096302/10/pemerintah-siap-dukung-dana-pengembangan-obat-herbal-aids-kanker http://www.detiknews.com/read/2009/03/08/144934/1096302/10/pemerintah-siap-dukung-dana-pengembangan-obat-herbal-aids-kanker</ref><ref>http://www.presidensby.info/index.php/fokus/2009/03/08/4070.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311005957/http://www.presidensby.info/index.php/fokus/2009/03/08/4070.html |date=2009-03-11 }} Dunia Sebut Indonesia Mega Biodiversity</ref> umumnyo dikana juo sabagai ''Indomalaya'' atau [[Malesia]] manuruik panalitian baso 10 persen tumbuahan , 12 persen mamalia, 16 persen reptil, 17 persen buruang, 25 persen ikan nan ado di dunia hiduik di Indonesia, padohal laweh Indonesia hanyo 1,3 % dari laweh Bumi. Kakayoan makhluk hiduik Indonesia manduduaki paringkek katigo salapeh [[Brasil]] jo [[Republik Demokratik Kongo]].<ref>http://www.cites.org/eng/prog/economics/report_mega_2001.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007155430/http://cites.org/eng/prog/economics/report_mega_2001.pdf |date=2010-10-07 }} Report on the CITES workshop on mega-biodiversity exporters (with the assistance of the European Commission)</ref> Walaupun damikian, [[Guinness World Records]] pado 2008 pernah mancatek rekor Indonesia sabagai nagara nan paliang kancang laju karusakan hutannyo di dunia. Satiok taun Indonesia kahilangan hutan salaweh 1,8 juto hektar. Karusakan nan tajadi di daerah hulu (hutan) juo turuik marusak kawasan di daerah hilir (pasisia).<ref>http://www.sinarharapan.co.id/berita/0712/29/kesra01.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328164842/http://www.sinarharapan.co.id/berita/0712/29/kesra01.html |date=2008-03-28 }} Sulung Prasetyo. Ekologi Indonesia Masuki Masa Genting, Paragraf 1. Sinar Harapan Online. Diakses pada 13 November 2009</ref> Manuruik catatan ''Down The Earth'', proyek [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB) di sektor kalauikan Indonesia alah mamicu tajadinyo aliah fungsi sacaro gadang-gadangan hutan bakau manjadi kawasan patambakan. Padohal hutan bakau, salain bafungsi malinduangi pantai dari abrasi, marupoan habitat nan elok bagi babagai jinih ikan. Kahancuaan hutan bakau tasabuik maakibaikkan nalayan harus mancari ikan jo jarak samakin jaauh jo manambah biayo operasional mareka dalam mancari ikan. Salain itu, hancuanyo hutan bakau juo maakibaikkan samakin rentannyo kawasan pasisia Indonesia tahadok terjangan aia pasang lauik jo banjir, talabiah di musim hujan.<ref>http://www.satudunia.net/?q=content/utang-ekologis-adb-di-indonesia {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209033455/http://www.satudunia.net/?q=content%2Futang-ekologis-adb-di-indonesia|date=2017-02-09}} Firdaus Cahyadi Utang Ekologis ADB di Indonesia, Tulisan pernah dimuat di [[Koran Tempo]], 2 Mei 2009</ref> {{clear}} ==Rujukan== {{Reflist|2}} === Bibliografi === {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZtDIhWzFeUC|title=Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society|editor-last=Ammon|editor-first=Ulrich|editor-last2=Dittmar|editor-first2=Norbert|editor-last3=Mattheier|editor-first3=Klaus J.|editor-last4=Trudgill|editor-first4=Peter|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2006|edition=2nd, revised and 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[https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/54621/INDO_96_0_1381338354_11_34.pdf?sequence=1 online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023093720/https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/54621/INDO_96_0_1381338354_11_34.pdf?sequence=1|date=2020-10-23}} * {{cite book|last=Witton|first=Patrick|year=2003|title=Indonesia|publisher=Lonely Planet|location=Melbourne|isbn=978-1-74059-154-6}} {{refend}} == Pautan lua == {{Portal|Indonesia}} {{Commons|Indonesia}} {{wikiatlas|Indonesia}} {{wikivoyage|Indonesia}} * {{id}} [http://www.indonesia.go.id Situs Resmi Pemerintah Republik Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203203120/http://indonesia.go.id/ |date=2012-02-03 }} * {{id}} [http://www.antara.co.id Kantor Berita Antara] * {{en}} [http://www.my-indonesia.info/ Pariwisata Indonesia] * {{id}} [http://www.pemiluindonesia.com/ Pemilu Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205060018/http://www.pemiluindonesia.com/ |date=2016-02-05 }} * {{id}} [http://www.kebangkitan-nasional.or.id/ Peringatan Kebangkitan Nasional Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624011604/http://www.kebangkitan-nasional.or.id/ |date=2015-06-24 }} * {{id}} [http://www.datastatistik-indonesia.com Data Kependudukan Resmi Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108133649/http://datastatistik-indonesia.com/ |date=2022-11-08 }} * {{en}} [http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/ Indonesia: Country Studies 1993] * {{en}} [http://www.qwiki.com/q/#!/Indonesia Presentasi tentang Indonesia] {{Asia Tenggara}} [[Kategori:Nagara di Asia]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Nagara anggota ASEAN]] [[Kategori:Indonesia]]<br/> bdlsos8my2umtl2m5o5di0j6s0ietu4 Templat:Kajadian kini ko 10 1604 3346173 3345063 2026-04-27T11:05:25Z Bahaim001 23802 No 3346173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kajadian kini ko/Gambar | image = Yus Dt. Parpatiah.jpg <!--NOTE: Do not use an unprotected Commons file. Our cascading protection will not apply. Either upload a local copy or list it at WP:CMP and wait for the bot to protect it at Commons. See WP:ITN/A for full instructions.--> | width = 140 | caption = Yus Datuak Parpatiah | title = Yus Datuak Parpatiah pado 2015 | alt = | link = | border = no <!-- only set if image has a light background --> | caption align = left }} <!-- Gunoan * format daftar wiki. Selalu dimulokan pado barih baru sarato akhiri jo pamutuih barih. Jaan buek barih kosong antaro kaduo barih barito. Jaan lupo pulo satiok kajadian nan ka ditulih dibawah ko, disalin juo pado laman bajudul [[namo bulan jo tahun kini ko]] misalnyo [[Maret 2019]]. Utamokan kajadian nan sakironyo sadoalah panutua bahaso Minangkabau paralukan (buliah kajadian lokal, nasional, jo internasional)! --> *<!--10 Apr-->Di [[Mali]], '''[[2026 serangan di Mali|sarangkaian serangan]]''' nan tasadio basamo dilakukan dek [[Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin]] jo [[Barisan Pembebasan Azawad]] di babarapo lokasi. *<!--28 Mar--> Budayawan [[Bangso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] '''[[Yus Datuak Parpatiah]]''' ''(poto)'' maningga dunia pado umua 86 tahun. *<!--24 Mar--> [[Partai Sosial Demokrat]], nan dipimpin dek Pardana Mantari [[Mette Frederiksen]], manang liak dalam '''[[Pamiliahan umum Denmark 2026|pamiliahan umum Denmark]]''', jo mayoritas kursi. *<!--23 Mar--> Di [[Itali]], para pamiliah manulak reformasi sistem paradilan dalam '''[[Referendum konstitusi Italia 2026|referendum konstitusi]]'''. *<!--23 Mar--> Sabuah kapa tabang [[Lockheed C-130]] punyo [[Angkatan Udaro Kolombia]] '''[[Kacelakaan kapa tabang Lockheed C-130 Angkatan Udaro Kolombia 2026|jatuah]]''' katiko ka tabang di [[Puerto Leguízamo]], manewasan 70 urang. *<!--22 Mar--> [[Veda Ega Pratama]] manjadi pambalap Indonesia patamo nan bahasia '''[[Grand Prix Sapeda Motor Brasil 2026|naiak podium]]''' pado ajang [[Moto3 musim 2026|Moto3]]. {{#if:{{{nocurrenteventslink|}}} ||'''[[Portal:Kajadian kini ko|Nan sadang balansuang]]'''}}: {{nowrap|[[Konflik Afganistan–Pakistan 2026|Konflik Afganistan–Pakistan]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Parang Iran 2026|Parang Iran]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Parang Saudara Sudan (2023–kini)|Parang Sudan]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Invasi Ukraina dek Rusia]]}} <!-- Kamatian kini ko: --> <br/>{{#ifexist:Kamatian tahun {{CURRENTYEAR}} |'''[[Kamatian tahun {{CURRENTYEAR}}|Kamatian kini ko]]''' |'''[[Kamatian tahun {{#time:Y}}|Kamatian kini ko]]''' }}: <!-- supayo konsisten (First In First Out), tambahkan entri baru di paliang kiri, jo apuih dari nan paliang kanan --> {{nowrap|[[Biruté Galdikas]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Kitty Harrison]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Mary Rand]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Mel Schilling]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Patriarch Filaret]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Amanda Lathlin]]}} <!--SALASAI MANYUNTIANG -->{{clear}}<small> {{#switch:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Kajadian kini ko=|#default=<div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint">'''[[Portal:Kajadian kini ko|Kajadian-kajadian nan lain...]]'''</div>}}</small> <noinclude> {{dok|content= <big><center><u>PARATIAN PANYUNTIANG KAJADIAN KINI KO!</u> </center></big> Sabalun manyuntiang templat ko, sarancaknyo Sanak mambaco langkah-langkah barikuik: # Apobilo manambahkan kajadian baru, arok arsipkan juo ka bulan tarakhia (atau sasuai wakatu kajadiannyo), mis: [[{{#time:F Y}}]] <sup>([{{fullurl:{{#time:F Y}}|action=edit&preload=Templat:Kajadian_kini_ko/Preload_Artikel}} suntiang])</sup> # Pado arsip, cantumkan pautan kaba barito daringnyo. Samantaro pado laman templat ko indak paralud dicantumkan. # Panambahan kajadian tanpa mancantumkan pautan kaba di arsip ka DIBALIAKAN! # Tambuah ciek barih, apuih ciek barih. Pastikan kajadian nan lamo alah taarsipkan di bulan kajadiannyo # Kajadian nan ditampilkan diupayokan mawakili kajadian lokal (Minang atau Sumatera Barat), nasional (Indonesia), jo internasional # Maks. 5 kajadian nan ditampilkan # Cantumkan tanggal kajadian jo komentar (untuak pangarsipan). Caliak [[Templat:Kajadian kini ko/Tanggal]] # Panambahan nan indak mancantumkan tanggal ka DIBALIAKAN! # Kok ka mangganti gambar, agiah komentar pado gambar nan ka diganti (untuak pangarsipan) # Biasokan maagiah katarangan ringkasan suntiangan. Jan maleh! }} [[Kategori:Kajadian kini ko| ]] </noinclude> kmfzv86ohwcgs8vaepw1lh7blzcpgse 3346174 3346173 2026-04-27T11:06:32Z Bahaim001 23802 3346174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kajadian kini ko/Gambar | image = Yus Dt. Parpatiah.jpg <!--NOTE: Do not use an unprotected Commons file. Our cascading protection will not apply. Either upload a local copy or list it at WP:CMP and wait for the bot to protect it at Commons. See WP:ITN/A for full instructions.--> | width = 140 | caption = Yus Datuak Parpatiah | title = Yus Datuak Parpatiah pado 2015 | alt = | link = | border = no <!-- only set if image has a light background --> | caption align = left }} <!-- Gunoan * format daftar wiki. Selalu dimulokan pado barih baru sarato akhiri jo pamutuih barih. Jaan buek barih kosong antaro kaduo barih barito. Jaan lupo pulo satiok kajadian nan ka ditulih dibawah ko, disalin juo pado laman bajudul [[namo bulan jo tahun kini ko]] misalnyo [[Maret 2019]]. Utamokan kajadian nan sakironyo sadoalah panutua bahaso Minangkabau paralukan (buliah kajadian lokal, nasional, jo internasional)! --> *<!--10 Apr-->Di [[Mali]], '''[[2026 serangan di Mali|sarangkaian serangan nan tasadio]]''' basamo dilakukan dek [[Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin]] jo [[Barisan Pembebasan Azawad]] di babarapo lokasi. *<!--28 Mar--> Budayawan [[Bangso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] '''[[Yus Datuak Parpatiah]]''' ''(poto)'' maningga dunia pado umua 86 tahun. *<!--24 Mar--> [[Partai Sosial Demokrat]], nan dipimpin dek Pardana Mantari [[Mette Frederiksen]], manang liak dalam '''[[Pamiliahan umum Denmark 2026|pamiliahan umum Denmark]]''', jo mayoritas kursi. *<!--23 Mar--> Di [[Itali]], para pamiliah manulak reformasi sistem paradilan dalam '''[[Referendum konstitusi Italia 2026|referendum konstitusi]]'''. *<!--23 Mar--> Sabuah kapa tabang [[Lockheed C-130]] punyo [[Angkatan Udaro Kolombia]] '''[[Kacelakaan kapa tabang Lockheed C-130 Angkatan Udaro Kolombia 2026|jatuah]]''' katiko ka tabang di [[Puerto Leguízamo]], manewasan 70 urang. *<!--22 Mar--> [[Veda Ega Pratama]] manjadi pambalap Indonesia patamo nan bahasia '''[[Grand Prix Sapeda Motor Brasil 2026|naiak podium]]''' pado ajang [[Moto3 musim 2026|Moto3]]. {{#if:{{{nocurrenteventslink|}}} ||'''[[Portal:Kajadian kini ko|Nan sadang balansuang]]'''}}: {{nowrap|[[Konflik Afganistan–Pakistan 2026|Konflik Afganistan–Pakistan]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Parang Iran 2026|Parang Iran]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Parang Saudara Sudan (2023–kini)|Parang Sudan]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Invasi Ukraina dek Rusia]]}} <!-- Kamatian kini ko: --> <br/>{{#ifexist:Kamatian tahun {{CURRENTYEAR}} |'''[[Kamatian tahun {{CURRENTYEAR}}|Kamatian kini ko]]''' |'''[[Kamatian tahun {{#time:Y}}|Kamatian kini ko]]''' }}: <!-- supayo konsisten (First In First Out), tambahkan entri baru di paliang kiri, jo apuih dari nan paliang kanan --> {{nowrap|[[Biruté Galdikas]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Kitty Harrison]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Mary Rand]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Mel Schilling]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Patriarch Filaret]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Amanda Lathlin]]}} <!--SALASAI MANYUNTIANG -->{{clear}}<small> {{#switch:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Kajadian kini ko=|#default=<div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint">'''[[Portal:Kajadian kini ko|Kajadian-kajadian nan lain...]]'''</div>}}</small> <noinclude> {{dok|content= <big><center><u>PARATIAN PANYUNTIANG KAJADIAN KINI KO!</u> </center></big> Sabalun manyuntiang templat ko, sarancaknyo Sanak mambaco langkah-langkah barikuik: # Apobilo manambahkan kajadian baru, arok arsipkan juo ka bulan tarakhia (atau sasuai wakatu kajadiannyo), mis: [[{{#time:F Y}}]] <sup>([{{fullurl:{{#time:F Y}}|action=edit&preload=Templat:Kajadian_kini_ko/Preload_Artikel}} suntiang])</sup> # Pado arsip, cantumkan pautan kaba barito daringnyo. Samantaro pado laman templat ko indak paralud dicantumkan. # Panambahan kajadian tanpa mancantumkan pautan kaba di arsip ka DIBALIAKAN! # Tambuah ciek barih, apuih ciek barih. Pastikan kajadian nan lamo alah taarsipkan di bulan kajadiannyo # Kajadian nan ditampilkan diupayokan mawakili kajadian lokal (Minang atau Sumatera Barat), nasional (Indonesia), jo internasional # Maks. 5 kajadian nan ditampilkan # Cantumkan tanggal kajadian jo komentar (untuak pangarsipan). Caliak [[Templat:Kajadian kini ko/Tanggal]] # Panambahan nan indak mancantumkan tanggal ka DIBALIAKAN! # Kok ka mangganti gambar, agiah komentar pado gambar nan ka diganti (untuak pangarsipan) # Biasokan maagiah katarangan ringkasan suntiangan. Jan maleh! }} [[Kategori:Kajadian kini ko| ]] </noinclude> 6q898qamjdxu4hour27y95dl290hcew 3346175 3346174 2026-04-27T11:12:24Z Bahaim001 23802 Proyek - Hapuih sado tautan merah 3346175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kajadian kini ko/Gambar | image = Yus Dt. Parpatiah.jpg <!--NOTE: Do not use an unprotected Commons file. Our cascading protection will not apply. Either upload a local copy or list it at WP:CMP and wait for the bot to protect it at Commons. See WP:ITN/A for full instructions.--> | width = 140 | caption = Yus Datuak Parpatiah | title = Yus Datuak Parpatiah pado 2015 | alt = | link = | border = no <!-- only set if image has a light background --> | caption align = left }} <!-- Gunoan * format daftar wiki. Selalu dimulokan pado barih baru sarato akhiri jo pamutuih barih. Jaan buek barih kosong antaro kaduo barih barito. Jaan lupo pulo satiok kajadian nan ka ditulih dibawah ko, disalin juo pado laman bajudul [[namo bulan jo tahun kini ko]] misalnyo [[Maret 2019]]. Utamokan kajadian nan sakironyo sadoalah panutua bahaso Minangkabau paralukan (buliah kajadian lokal, nasional, jo internasional)! --> *<!--10 Apr-->Di [[Mali]], '''[[2026 serangan di Mali|sarangkaian serangan nan tasadio]]''' basamo dilakukan dek Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin jo Barisan Pembebasan Azawad di babarapo lokasi. *<!--28 Mar--> Budayawan [[Bangso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] '''[[Yus Datuak Parpatiah]]''' ''(poto)'' maningga dunia pado umua 86 tahun. *<!--24 Mar--> Partai Sosial Demokrat, nan dipimpin dek Pardana Mantari Mette Frederiksen, manang liak dalam '''pamiliahan umum Denmark''', jo mayoritas kursi. *<!--23 Mar--> Di [[Itali]], para pamiliah manulak reformasi sistem paradilan dalam '''referendum konstitusi'''. *<!--23 Mar--> Sabuah kapa tabang Lockheed C-130 punyo Angkatan Udaro Kolombia '''jatuah''' katiko ka tabang di Puerto Leguízamo, manewasan 70 urang. {{#if:{{{nocurrenteventslink|}}} ||'''[[Portal:Kajadian kini ko|Nan sadang balansuang]]'''}}: {{nowrap|[[Konflik Afganistan–Pakistan 2026|Konflik Afganistan–Pakistan]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Parang Iran 2026|Parang Iran]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Parang Saudara Sudan (2023–kini)|Parang Sudan]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Invasi Ukraina dek Rusia]]}} <!-- Kamatian kini ko: --> <br/>{{#ifexist:Kamatian tahun {{CURRENTYEAR}} |'''[[Kamatian tahun {{CURRENTYEAR}}|Kamatian kini ko]]''' |'''[[Kamatian tahun {{#time:Y}}|Kamatian kini ko]]''' }}: <!-- supayo konsisten (First In First Out), tambahkan entri baru di paliang kiri, jo apuih dari nan paliang kanan --> {{nowrap|[[Biruté Galdikas]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Kitty Harrison]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Mary Rand]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Mel Schilling]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Patriarch Filaret]]}} - {{nowrap|[[Amanda Lathlin]]}} <!--SALASAI MANYUNTIANG -->{{clear}}<small> {{#switch:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Kajadian kini ko=|#default=<div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint">'''[[Portal:Kajadian kini ko|Kajadian-kajadian nan lain...]]'''</div>}}</small> <noinclude> {{dok|content= <big><center><u>PARATIAN PANYUNTIANG KAJADIAN KINI KO!</u> </center></big> Sabalun manyuntiang templat ko, sarancaknyo Sanak mambaco langkah-langkah barikuik: # Apobilo manambahkan kajadian baru, arok arsipkan juo ka bulan tarakhia (atau sasuai wakatu kajadiannyo), mis: [[{{#time:F Y}}]] <sup>([{{fullurl:{{#time:F Y}}|action=edit&preload=Templat:Kajadian_kini_ko/Preload_Artikel}} suntiang])</sup> # Pado arsip, cantumkan pautan kaba barito daringnyo. Samantaro pado laman templat ko indak paralud dicantumkan. # Panambahan kajadian tanpa mancantumkan pautan kaba di arsip ka DIBALIAKAN! # Tambuah ciek barih, apuih ciek barih. Pastikan kajadian nan lamo alah taarsipkan di bulan kajadiannyo # Kajadian nan ditampilkan diupayokan mawakili kajadian lokal (Minang atau Sumatera Barat), nasional (Indonesia), jo internasional # Maks. 5 kajadian nan ditampilkan # Cantumkan tanggal kajadian jo komentar (untuak pangarsipan). Caliak [[Templat:Kajadian kini ko/Tanggal]] # Panambahan nan indak mancantumkan tanggal ka DIBALIAKAN! # Kok ka mangganti gambar, agiah komentar pado gambar nan ka diganti (untuak pangarsipan) # Biasokan maagiah katarangan ringkasan suntiangan. Jan maleh! }} [[Kategori:Kajadian kini ko| ]] </noinclude> kaqatwwyxg27u1r1zxtuv1c22zxos6l Pandemi koronavirus di Riau 0 327944 3346148 3161890 2026-04-27T06:08:30Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Penyangkalan-medis}} {{Infobox pandemic|name=Pandemi koronavirus di Riau|width=|image=|image_size=|image_upright=|alt=|caption=|map1=|legend1=|map2=|legend2=|map3=|legend3=|map4=|legend4=|map5=|legend5=|disease=[[COVID-19]]|virus_strain=[[SARS-CoV-2]]|location=[[Riau]], [[Indonesia]]|first_case=|arrival_date=|date=|origin=|confirmed_cases=73|suspected_cases=|severe_cases=|recovery_cases=39|deaths=|territories=|total_ili=|website={{URL|corona.riau.go.id/}}}} '''Pandemi koronavirus di Riau''' dimulo dari pandarito nan punyo riwayaik pajalanan dari [[Malaysia]] pado awal Maret. Pandarito tasabuik baumua 63 tahun nan dirawat di [[Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Arifin Achmad|Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) Arifin Achmad]], [[Kota Pekanbaru|Pekanbaru]], [[Riau]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/kasus-positif-corona-pertama-riau-tertular-dari-malaysia-eF1B|title=Kasus Positif Corona Pertama Riau Tertular dari Malaysia|last=Antara|website=tirto.id|language=id|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> Sampai 11 Mai 2020, 73 kasus nan positif di Riau, diantaronyo 39 urang kasus cegak.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://corona.riau.go.id/|title=Riau Tanggap Virus Corona {{!}} Pemprov Riau|website=corona.riau.go.id|access-date=2020-05-11|archive-date=2020-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513103836/https://corona.riau.go.id/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Kabijakan Pamarintah Riau == Sajak 23 Juli 2020, Polda Riau mangadokan Operasi Patuh Lancang Kuning untuak mangurangi kacalakaan di jalan salamo 14 hari. Salain untuak itu, dalam operasi tu maingekan pulo ka sado masarakaik untuak patuah kapado protokol kasihatan sarato mamakai masker. Kegiatan tu juo akan maikuikan satuan patugas Covid-19 Provinsi Riau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/4313343/cek-helm-dan-masker-sebelum-jalan-jalan-keliling-riau|title=Cek Helm dan Masker Sebelum Jalan-Jalan Keliling Riau|last=Liputan6.com|date=2020-07-25|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> Pado tangga 18 September 2020 Gubernur Riau, Syamsuar, manyurah kasado patugas ASN jo patugas honor di jajaran provinsi Riau untuak karajo dari rumah (Work From Home). tapi untuak katua pado masiang-masiang dinas harus tatap karajo dari kantua juo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5178613/gubernur-riau-berlakukan-wfh-cegah-penularan-corona-di-lingkungan-pemprov|title=Gubernur Riau Berlakukan WFH, Cegah Penularan Corona di Lingkungan Pemprov|last=Tanjung|first=Chaidir Anwar|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-10-26|archive-date=2020-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029223120/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5178613/gubernur-riau-berlakukan-wfh-cegah-penularan-corona-di-lingkungan-pemprov|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sajak tanggal 26 Oktober 2020 sampai 2 November 2020, Gubernur Riau manyuruah untuak mangecek urang nan masuak kalua dari provinsi Riau. Urang nan kalua masuak Riau harus bisa mancaliakan surek ''rapid test'' nan hasianyo nonraktif koronavirus 2019 salamo 7 ari sajak surek kalua. Jikok indak ado surek tu, wajib malakuan ''rapid test'' di posko jo pitih surang.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://riaupos.jawapos.com/riau/26/10/2020/240411/masuk-riau-wajib-rapid-test.html|title=Masuk Riau Wajib Rapid Test|last=Pos|first=Riau|date=2020-10-26|website=RiauPos.co|language=id|access-date=2020-10-26}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pamarintah kota Pakanbaru malarang urang-urang nan ASN (Aparatur Sipil Negara) kalua dari kota Pakanbaru salamo cuti panjang akhia bulan. Kamudian ASN indak buliah malakuan pajalanan dinas kalua kota salamo tangga 26-27 Oktober 2020 supayo labiah aman dari panularan koronavirus 2019.<ref name=":2" /> == Garih wakatu == * '''18 Maret''' ** Tambahan 1 kasus.<ref name=":0" /> * '''19 Maret''' ** Tambahan 1 kasus. * '''24 Maret''' ** Tambahan 1 kasus. * '''26 Maret''' ** Tambahan 1 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pramudiarja|first=Uyung|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4954100/sebaran-103-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-26-maret|title=Sebaran 103 Kasus Baru Positif Corona di Indonesia 26 Maret|website=Detik|date=26 Maret 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=2022-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201142256/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4954100/sebaran-103-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-26-maret|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''29 Maret''' ** Tambahan 1 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pramudiarja|first=Uyung|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4957422/sebaran-130-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-29-maret|title=Sebaran 130 Kasus Baru Positif Corona di Indonesia 29 Maret|website=Detik|date=29 Maret 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=2022-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209052136/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4957422/sebaran-130-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-29-maret|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''30 Maret''' ** Tambahan 1 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pramudiarja|first=Uyung|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4958481/sebaran-129-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-30-maret|title=Sebaran 129 Kasus Baru Positif Corona di Indonesia 30 Maret|website=Detik|date=30 Maret 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=2022-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201124032/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4958481/sebaran-129-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-30-maret|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''2 April''' ** Tambahan 4 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pramudiarja|first=Uyung|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4962661/sebaran-112-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-2-april|title=Sebaran 112 Kasus Baru Positif Corona di Indonesia 2 April|website=Detik|date=2 April 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207001823/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4962661/sebaran-112-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-2-april|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''3 April''' ** Tambahan 3 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Azizah|first=Khadijah Nur|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4964103/sebaran-196-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-3-april|title=Sebaran 196 Kasus Baru Positif Corona di Indonesia 3 April|website=Detik|date=3 April 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=9 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209063530/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4964103/sebaran-196-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-3-april|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''5 April''' ** Tambahan 1 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sagita|first=Nafilah Sri|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4965926/sebaran-181-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-5-april|title=Sebaran 181 Kasus Baru Positif Corona di Indonesia 5 April|website=Detik|date=5 April 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=9 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209062148/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4965926/sebaran-181-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-5-april|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''6 April''' ** Tambahan 1 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Azizah|first=Khadijah Nur|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4967163/sebaran-218-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-6-april|title=Sebaran 218 Kasus Baru Positif Corona di Indonesia 6 April|website=Detik|date=6 April 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=6 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206173632/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4967163/sebaran-218-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-6-april|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''11 April''' ** Tambahan 3 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Septiani|first=Ayunda|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4973454/sebaran-330-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-11-april|title=Sebaran 330 Kasus Baru Positif Corona di Indonesia 11 April|website=Detik|date=11 April 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=4 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204082754/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4973454/sebaran-330-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-11-april|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''13 April''' ** Tambahan 4 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pramudiarja|first=Uyung|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4975289/sebaran-316-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-13-april|title=Sebaran 316 Kasus Baru Positif Corona di Indonesia 13 April|website=Detik|date=13 April 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=1 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201131929/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4975289/sebaran-316-kasus-baru-positif-corona-di-indonesia-13-april|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''16 April''' ** Tambahan 4 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sagita|first=Nafilah Sri|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4979621/sebaran-380-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-16-april|title=Sebaran 380 Kasus Baru Positif Virus Corona di Indonesia 16 April|website=Detik|date=16 April 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130150350/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4979621/sebaran-380-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-16-april|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''17 April''' ** Tambahan 1 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sagita|first=Nafilah Sri|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4980914/sebaran-407-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-17-april|title=Sebaran 407 Kasus Baru Positif Virus Corona di Indonesia 17 April|website=Detik|date=17 April 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130140725/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4980914/sebaran-407-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-17-april|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''18 April''' ** Tambahan 4 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Anwar|first=Firdaus|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4982093/sebaran-325-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-18-april|title=Sebaran 325 Kasus Baru Positif Virus Corona di Indonesia 18 April|website=Detik|date=18 April 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=1 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201123248/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4982093/sebaran-325-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-18-april|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''20 April''' ** Tambahan 4 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sagita|first=Nafilah Sri|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4983955/sebaran-185-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-20-april|title=Sebaran 185 Kasus Baru Positif Virus Corona di Indonesia 20 April|website=Detik|date=20 April 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=1 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201125854/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4983955/sebaran-185-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-20-april|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''21 April''' ** Tambahan 1 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Anwar|first=Firdaus|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4985379/sebaran-375-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-21-april|title=Sebaran 375 Kasus Baru Positif Virus Corona di Indonesia 21 April|website=Detik|date=21 April 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130032227/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4985379/sebaran-375-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-21-april|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''23 April''' ** Tambahan 1 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sagita|first=Nafilah Sri|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4988376/sebaran-357-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-23-april|title=Sebaran 357 Kasus Baru Positif Virus Corona di Indonesia 23 April|website=Detik|date=23 April 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130035349/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4988376/sebaran-357-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-23-april|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''25 April''' ** Tambahan 2 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Anwar|first=Firdaus|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4991076/sebaran-396-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-25-april|title=Sebaran 396 Kasus Baru Positif Virus Corona di Indonesia 25 April|website=Detik|date=25 April 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=1 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201124255/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4991076/sebaran-396-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-25-april|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''26 April''' ** Tambahan 1 kasus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sagita|first=Nafilah Sri|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4991916/sebaran-275-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-26-april|title=Sebaran 275 Kasus Baru Positif Virus Corona di Indonesia 26 April|website=Detik|date=26 April 2020|accessdate=11 Mai 2020|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130045444/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4991916/sebaran-275-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-26-april|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''28 April''' ** Tambahan 1 kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4994607/sebaran-415-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-28-april|title=Sebaran 415 Kasus Baru Positif Virus Corona di Indonesia 28 April|last=Alam|first=Sarah Oktaviani|website=detikHealth|language=id|access-date=2020-05-11|archive-date=2022-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201135555/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4994607/sebaran-415-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-28-april|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''29 April''' **Tambahan 1 kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4996029/sebaran-260-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-29-april|title=Sebaran 260 Kasus Baru Positif Virus Corona di Indonesia 29 April|last=Alam|first=Sarah Oktaviani|website=detikHealth|language=id|access-date=2020-05-11|archive-date=2020-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429225218/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4996029/sebaran-260-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-29-april|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * '''1 Mai''' ** Tambahan 1 kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4998763/sebaran-433-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-1-mei|title=Sebaran 433 Kasus Baru Positif Virus Corona di Indonesia 1 Mei|last=K|first=Nafilah Sri Sagita|website=detikHealth|language=id|access-date=2020-05-11|archive-date=2022-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006215027/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4998763/sebaran-433-kasus-baru-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia-1-mei|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Pasebaran kasus == Kasus nan taseba di Riau per 11 Mai 2020<ref name=":1" /> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" width="10%" |Daerah ! width="10%" |Positif ! width="10%" |Dirawat ! width="10%" |Pulang ! width="10%" |Maningga |- |[[Kabupaten Rokan Hilir]] | style="text-align: center;" |0 | style="text-align: center;" |0 | style="text-align: center;" |0 | style="text-align: center;" |0 |- |[[Kabupaten Rokan Hulu]] | style="text-align: center;" |1 | style="text-align: center;" |0 | style="text-align: center;" |1 | style="text-align: center;" |0 |- |[[Kabupaten Kampar]] | style="text-align: center;" |4 | style="text-align: center;" |1 | style="text-align: center;" |3 | style="text-align: center;" |0 |- |[[Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi]] | style="text-align: center;" |0 | style="text-align: center;" |0 | style="text-align: center;" |0 | style="text-align: center;" |0 |- |[[Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu]] | style="text-align: center;" |2 | style="text-align: center;" |1 | style="text-align: center;" |1 | style="text-align: center;" |0 |- |[[Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir]] | style="text-align: center;" |8 | style="text-align: center;" |7 | style="text-align: center;" |0 | style="text-align: center;" |1 |- |[[Kabupaten Pelalawan]] | style="text-align: center;" |6 | style="text-align: center;" |2 | style="text-align: center;" |4 | style="text-align: center;" |0 |- |[[Kabupaten Siak]] | style="text-align: center;" |1 | style="text-align: center;" |0 | style="text-align: center;" |1 | style="text-align: center;" |0 |- |[[Kabupaten Meranti]] | style="text-align: center;" | | style="text-align: center;" | | style="text-align: center;" | | style="text-align: center;" | |- |[[Kabupaten Bengkalis]] | style="text-align: center;" |5 | style="text-align: center;" |3 | style="text-align: center;" |1 | style="text-align: center;" |1 |- |[[Kabupaten Dumai]] | style="text-align: center;" |15 | style="text-align: center;" |4 | style="text-align: center;" |11 | style="text-align: center;" |0 |} == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{Pandemi koronavirus di Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Pandemi koronavirus di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Pandemi koronavirus di Riau]] [[Kategori:Riau]] [[Kategori:Koronavirus 2019]] cps8df1h63ckky08pl0eve4sulkesr8 Panel surya atok 0 335733 3346149 3186478 2026-04-27T06:14:15Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} [[Berkas:Solar Energy Roof Solar Power Generation 2666770 CC0.jpg|jmpl|Panel surya atok di ateh bangunan.]] '''Panel surya atok''' atau ''Pambangkik Listrik Tanaga Surya'' (PLTS) Atok adolah [[panel surya]] nan dibuek untuak digunokan di sabagai [[atok]] bangunan takah atok biaso, salain fungsinyo sabagai pangubah energi [[matohari]] manjadi [[listrik]]. Janih-janih panel surya atok iko di antaronyo: * panel surya nan tadiri ateh gabunagan panel surya biaso, * panel surya nan labiah tipih sahinggo labiah fleksibel jo pamiliah ukurannyo labiah mudah, jo * panel nan manggunokan teknologi tradisional babahan [[silikon]]. == Sijarah == [[Berkas:Tesla Solar City Roof Tile.jpg|jmpl|Set genteng Tesla Solar Roof.]] [[Panel surya]] dipatenkan pada tahun [[1976]] dek [[NASA]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Solar cell shingle|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4040867A/en|accessdate=2019-12-04|language=en}}</ref> jo tasadio untuak umum sejak [[2005]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/im-getting-my-roof-redone-and-heard-about-solar-shingles/|title=Sun Roof: Solar Panel Shingles Come Down in Price, Gain in Popularity|website=Scientific American|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> Teknologi baru [[panel surya]] atok dibuek jo dijua dek Dow Chemical pado tahun 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/dow-unveils-solar-shingles/|title=Dow Unveils Solar Shingles|last=Woody|first=Todd|date=2009-10-07|website=Green Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The 50 Best Inventions of 2009 - TIME|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1934027_1934003_1933958,00.html|newspaper=Time|date=2009-11-12|access-date=2019-12-04|issn=0040-781X|language=en-US}}</ref> Pada bulan Oktober 2016, [[Tesla]] sato mambuek panel surya atok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-31/no-one-saw-tesla-s-solar-roof-coming|title=No One Saw Tesla’s Solar Roof Coming|last=Randall|first=Tom|date=31 Oktober 2016|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> == Panjalehan == Panel surya atok dipasang di atok bangunan sahinggo tampak takah atok bangunan biaso. Bahan-bahan nan digunokan untuak atok iko adolah panel [[sel surya]], modul pangatur daya, jo [[baterai]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Boedoyo|first=Mohamad Sidik|year=2012|title=Potensi dan Peranan PLTS sebagai Energi Alternatif Masa Depan di Indonesia|url=http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JSTI/article/view/919/751|journal=Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Indonesia|volume=14|issue=2|pages=147|doi=|access-date=2020-06-22|archive-date=2019-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206053621/http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JSTI/article/view/919/751|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Panel surya atok manggunokan cahayo [[matoari]] sabagai sumber tanago untuak mahasilkan [[listrik]] jo teknologi [[fotovoltaik]] nan awalyo dipakai di [[satelit]] lua angkaso.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://californiasolarcenter.org/history-pv/|title=Passive Solar History|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-12|archive-date=2015-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318021316/http://www.californiasolarcenter.org/history_pv.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Satiok panel tadiri dari sel [[fotovoltaik]] nan maisok cahayo [[matoari]] jo maubahnyo manjadi [[listrik]]. Satiok sel baisi janih bahan nan disabuik [[semikonduktor]]. Salah satu janih dari [[semikonduktor]] nan paliang acok dipakai untuak sel [[fotovoltaik]] adolah [[silikon]]. Katiko cahayo [[matoari]] bisa ditangkok dek panel surya, sabagian dari cahayo [[matoari]] ditangkok dalam [[semikonduktor]] [[silikon]]. Semikonduktor iko lalu manganduang [[energi]] jo [[elektron]] energi dilapehkan jo manggarik bebas. Salanjuiknyo, [[Elektron|elektron-elektron]] nan mangalia bebas iko diproses dek medan atau bidang [[listrik]] sel [[fotovoltaik]] jo dipaso untuak mangalia ka arah nan samo. Iko mahasiakan aruih nan dapek digunokan untuak dayo [[listrik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roofpedia.com/solar-roof-shingles/|title=Solar Roof Shingles {{!}} Solar Shingle Tiles {{!}} What You Need To Know|website=www.roofpedia.com|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref> Panel surya atok kabanyakan bawarna kalam, biru kaunguan, atau itam. [[Tesla Solar]] alah mangambangkan atok dalam banyak gaya supayo labiah estetis. Pado tahun [[2018]], [[Tesla]] manawarkan panel bagaya [[batu sabak]] jo atok [[tuskan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tesla.com/energy/design|title=Design Your Solar|website=www.tesla.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref> [[Tesla]] alah manggala uji cubo jo manyatokan jikok produknyo labiah tahan bancano daripado atok tradisional.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tesla.com/solarroof|title=Solarglass Roof {{!}} Tesla|website=www.tesla.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref> Banyak urang mamiliah mamasang [[panel surya]] atok dibandiangkan [[panel surya]] biaso dek duo fungsinyo sabagai palinduang bangunan jo panghasia energi sakaliguih.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mysolar.com/what-are-solar-shingles/|title=What Are Solar Shingles?|website=mySolar|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-04|archive-date=2022-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711161305/https://www.mysolar.com/what-are-solar-shingles/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Salain itu, harago untuak pamasangan [[panel surya]] atok bisa labiah murah dibandiangkan pasangan [[sel surya]] biaso atau saindaknyo labiah murah dibandiangkan jo total biaya pamasangan [[atok]] biaso jo [[panel surya]] biaso.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/pvg1se383|title=Biaya PLTS Atap Jadi Pertimbangan Masyarakat|date=2019-07-30|website=Republika Online|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref><ref>[https://hoanggiangsolar.com/sua-may-nuoc-nong-nang-luong-mat-troi/ ''Dịch vụ sửa máy nước nóng năng lượng mặt trời''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606093240/https://hoanggiangsolar.com/sua-may-nuoc-nong-nang-luong-mat-troi/ |date=2023-06-06 }}. Hoanggiangsolar.com. 2 November 2019. Diakses tanggal 20/04/2022</ref> == Katasadioan == === Di Amerika Sarikaik === Di [[Amerika Sarikaik]], banyak nan manyadiokan jasa pamasangan panel surya atok, takah [[CertainTeed]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.certainteed.com/solar/|title=Solar Home Page|date=2016-03-02|website=CertainTeed|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=2023-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009010017/https://www.certainteed.com/solar/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Forward Inc.]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forwardsolarroofing.com/|title=Forward Solar Roofs {{!}} Solar Energy as Elegant as It Is Essential|website=www.forwardsolarroofing.com|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=2023-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716025251/https://www.forwardsolarroofing.com/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[SunTegra Solar Roof Systems]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suntegrasolar.com/|title=SunTegra Solar - The new look of solar|website=SunTegra Solar|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=2023-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609045706/https://www.suntegrasolar.com/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> jo [[Tesla]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tesla.com/solarroof|title=Solarglass Roof {{!}} Tesla|website=www.tesla.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> Untuak maningkekkan minaik urang banyak untuak mamasang panel surya, tamasuak panel surya atok, [[Kongres Amerika Sarikaik]] mangurangi pajak 30% untuak pamasangan sistem panel surya dalam kabijakan Investment Tax Credit (ITC) Sesi 303 halaman 2005 pado tahun 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.energysage.com/congress-extends-the-solar-tax-credit/|title=Why the Solar Tax Credit Extension is a Big Deal in 2019 {{!}} EnergySage|date=2019-01-06|website=Solar News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.house.gov/billsthisweek/20151214/CPRT-114-HPRT-RU00-SAHR2029-AMNT1final.pdf|title=Rules Committee Print 114-39|last=|first=|date=15 Desember 2015|website=U.S. House of Representatives Document Repository|access-date=10 Desember 2019}}</ref> Pado Januari [[2018]], [[Tesla]] mangumumkan, sasudah manguji di atap rumah karyawan, jiko ka mulai mamasang Tesla Solar Roof di rumah palanggan sacaro komersial "indak bara bulan ka muko".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=8b872480-b4ed-11ea-ab02-89ad239e9688&url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAxOC0wMS0wOS90ZXNsYS1wb3dlcnMtdXAtbmV3LXlvcmstZ2lnYWZhY3Rvcnktc29sYXItcm9vZi1hc3NlbWJseS1saW5l|title=Bloomberg - Are you a robot?|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2020-06-23}}</ref> RGS Energy mangumumkan pada Oktober 2017 jiko ka manawarkan modul POWERHOUSE generasi katiga pado 2018 sasudah mandapekan Sertifikasi UL. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rgspowerhouse.com/powerlines/|title=Powerhouse Solar Shingles|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515014141/https://rgspowerhouse.com/powerlines/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> === Di Indonesia === [[Kamantarian ESDM]], [[Kamantarian Parindustrian]], [[BPPT]] basamo jo banyak organisasi lainnyo mamulai sumarak "[[Gerakan Nasional Sejuta Surya Atap]]" pado tanggal [[13 September]] [[2017]]. Hal iko batujuan untuak mancapai 23% panggunoan energi baru jo tabarukan pado tahun [[2025]]. Caronyo malalui dorongan jo pacapekkan pambangunan [[pambangkik listrik surya atok]] di parumahan, fasilitas umum, gedung kantua-kantua jo pamarintahan, gedung komersial, jo kompleks industri hinggo manghasilkan daya [[listrik]] sagadang GigaWatt sabalun tahun 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sejutasuryaatap.com/tentang-gnssa|title=Tentang GNSSA|last=|first=|date=|website=Gerakan Nasional Sejuta Surya Atap|language=id|access-date=2019-12-05|archive-date=2022-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924160806/https://sejutasuryaatap.com/tentang-gnssa|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Regulasi]] tantang [[panel surya atok]] di [[Indonesia]] ado di dalam Peraturan Menteri ESDM Nomor 49 tahun 2018 tantang Pembangunan Sistem PLTS Atap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://peraturan.go.id/peraturan/view.html?id=11e8f82d55ca68f88fed303833303233|title=Detail Peraturan|last=Kementerian Hukum dan HAM RI|first=|date=|website=peraturan.go.id|access-date=2019-12-25|archive-date=2020-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626024750/http://peraturan.go.id/peraturan/view.html?id=11e8f82d55ca68f88fed303833303233|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Peraturan Menteri]] iko baisi tantang kantantuan umum, panggunoan panel surya atok, pahituangan [[ekspor]] jo [[impor]] [[energi listrik]] dari sistem panel surya atok, pambangunan jo pamasangan sistem panel surya atok, palaporan, katantuan lain, jo katantuan paraliahan. Dalam aturan iko juo, kapasitas [[Sistem PLTS Atap]] dibatasi paliang tinggi 100% dari daya nan tasambuang jo konumen [[PLN]]. Kalabiahan tanago listrik nan dihasilkan dek PLTS Atap bisa diekspor ka [[PLN]] jo kosumen bisa manggunokan deposit energi untuak mangurangi tagihan listrik pado bulan barikuiknyo. Pahituangan [[ekspor]] jo [[impor]] energi [[listrik]] dari palanggan PLTS Atok iko mulai balaku sajak [[1 Januari]] [[2019]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ebtke.esdm.go.id/post/2018/11/28/2062/ekspor.impor.listrik.pelanggan.plts.atap.mulai.berlaku.1.januari.2019langid|title=Ekspor Impor Listrik Pelanggan PLTS Atap Mulai Berlaku 1 Januari 2019 - Kementerian ESDM Republik Indonesia|last=|first=|date=|website=ebtke.esdm.go.id|language=id|access-date=2019-12-10|archive-date=2021-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025041858/https://ebtke.esdm.go.id/post/2018/11/28/2062/ekspor.impor.listrik.pelanggan.plts.atap.mulai.berlaku.1.januari.2019langid|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/pvgfvv366|title=PLN Masih Lihat Prospek Bisnis PLTS Atap|date=2019-07-30|website=Republika Online|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> Hinggo Juli 2019, alah ado sakitar 600 palanggan [[PLN]] untuak [[rumah tanggo]] jo kapasitas 5.500 VA di area [[Jabodetabek]] nan manggunokan panel surya atok.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujuakan == <references /> [[Kategori:Listrik]] a5izxbzfu0iqplhcuormh7ilb6ok7w1 Pancairan tanah 0 336640 3346147 2050931 2026-04-27T06:02:30Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346147 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Liquefaction at Niigata.JPG|jmpl|362x362px|Dampak pancairan tanah sasudah gampo bumi Niigata taun 1964]] '''Pancarian tanah''' atau '''likuefaksi tanah''' ([[bahaso Inggirih]]: ''soil liquefaction'') adolah fenomena nan tajadi katiko [[tanah]] nan jenuh atau agak jenuh kahilangan kakuatan jo kekakuan akibek adonyo tegangan, misalnyo getaran [[gampo bumi]] atau parubahan ketegangan lain sacaro mandadak, sahinggo tanah nan padek barubah wujuiknyo manjadi [[cairan]] atau [[aia barek]]. Dalam mekanika tanah, istilah "mancair" partamo kali digunoan dek Allen Hazen<ref>Hazen, A. (1920). "Hydraulic fill dams". T''ransactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers'' (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris). 83: 1717–1745</ref> mangacu pado kagagalan Bendungan Calaveras di California taun 1918. Inyo manjalehan mekanisme aliran pancairan tanggul sabagai barikuik: {{Quote|Jikok tekanan aia dalam pori-pori cukuik gadang untuak mambawok sadoalah baban, tekanan itu akan berefek mambawok partikel-partikel manjauah jo manghasilkan suatu kondisi nan sacaro praktis sarupo kasiak hisok... pagerakan awal babarapo bagian material dapek mahasilkan tekanan nan taruih batambah, mulono pado ciek titiak, sasudah tuh pado titiak lainnyo, sacaro baurutan, manjadi titiak-titiak konsentrasi awal nan mancair}} Fenomena iko paliang acok diamati pado tanah bakasiak nan jenuh jo longgar (kapadekan randah atau indak padek). Iko karano [[kasiak]] nan longga mamiliki kecendrungan untuak mamampat katiko diagiah baban; sabaliknyo kasiak padek cenderung maluweh dalam volume atau maleba. Jikok tanah jenuh jo aia, suatu kondisi nan acok tajadi katiko tanah barado di bawah pamukaan aia tanah atau pamukaan lauik, mako aia mangisi kasenjangan di antaro butia-butia tanah (ruang pori). Sabagai respon tahadok tanah nan mamampat, aia maningkekan tekanan jo mancubo untuak mangalia kalua dari tanah ka zona batakanan randah (biasonyo ka ateh manuju pamukaan tanah). Tapi, jikok pambebanan balangsuang capek dan cukuik gadang, atau diulangi bakali-kali (contoh getaran gampo bumi jo galombang badai), aia indak mangalia kalua sasuai waktunyo sabalum siklus pambebanan barikuiknyo tajadi, tekanan aia dapek batambah malabihi tekanan kontak antaro butia-butia tanah nan manjago inyo tetap saliang basantuhan jo nan lainnyo. Kontak antaro butia-butia iko marupakan media pamindahan barek bangunan jo lapisan tanah di ateh dari pamukaan tanah ka lapisan tanah atau batuan pado lapisan nan labiah dalam. Hilangnyo struktur tanah manyababkan tanah kahilangan sadoalah kakuatannyo (kamampuan untuak mamindahan tegangan geser) jo fenomena iko taliek sarupo mangalia manyarupoi cairan (mako disabuiklah 'pancairan'). Maskipun efek pancairan alah lamo dipahami, fenomena iko labiah manarik paratian para insinyur sasudah [[gampo bumi Niigata taun 1964]] jo Alaska di taun nan samo. Pancairan jugo faktor utamo karusakan di Distrik Marina San Fransisco sasudah [[gampo bumi Loma Prieta taun 1989]] dan di Pelabuhan Kobe akibek gampo bumi gadang Hanshin taun 1995. Pancairan tarakhir nan maakibekan karusakan gadang manimpo parumahan di timur pinggiran kota dan kota satelit [[Christchurch]], Selandia Baru sasudah [[gampo bumi Canterbury]] taun 2010<ref>[https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand "Geologists arrive to study liquefaction".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116050447/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand |date=2019-11-16 }} One News. 10-09-2010. Diakses tanggal 12-11-2011.</ref> dan labiah luweh lai sasudah gampo Christchurch susulan pado awal dan patangahan 2011.<ref>"Christchurch areas to be abandoned". T''he New Zealand Herald'' (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris). NZPA. 07-03-2011. Diakses tanggal 12-11-2011.</ref> Peraturan bangunan di sajumlah negara mawajiban para insinyur untuak mampatimbangkan efek pancairan tanah dalam disain bangunan jo infrastruktur baru sarupo jembatan, bendungan, jo dindiang panahan.<ref>''NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures (FEMA 450)'' (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris). Washington D.C.: National Institute of Building Sciences. 2004.</ref><ref>International Code Council Inc. (ICC) (2006). I''nternational Building Code'' (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris). Birmingham, Alabama: International Conference of Building Officials, and Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc. hlm. 679. ISBN 978-1-58001-302-4.</ref><ref>''EN1998-5:2004 Eurocode 8 – Design of structures for earthquake resistance. Part 5: Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects'' (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris). Brussels: European Committee for Standardisation. 2004.</ref> == Definisi teknis == Kaadaan "pancairan tanah" tajadi katiko takanan efektif tanah bakurang hinggo pado dasarnyo nol, nan bahubuangan jo hilangnyo kakuatan geser. Hal iko dapek dipicu dek pambebanan monotonik (misalnyo, parubahan tekanan tunggal nan tajadi tibo-tibo (tamasuak maningkeknyo baban di sabuah tanggul atau tibo-tibo kahilangan dukuangan bagian bawah) atau siklis (misalnyo, parubahan kondisi takanan sacaro baulang-ulang, tamasuak hantaman ombak atau getaran gampo bumi). Dalam kaduo kasus tanah dalam keadaan jenuh longga, dan salah ciek nan dapek mahasilkan tekanan aia pori pado suatu parubahan baban adolah nan paliang mungkin untuak mancair. Iko karano tanah nan longga mamiliki kacendrungan untuak mamampat katiko bageser, mahasilkan tekanan aia pori balabihan nan dipindahan sabagai baban dari rangka tanah ka pori aia tadakek salamo pambabanan. Sairiang jo maningkeknyo takanan aia pori, kakuatan tanah hilang sacaro progresif karano takanan efektif bakurang. Hal iko labiah mungkin tajadi pado tanah bakasiak atau balumpur nonplastik, tetapi mungkin juo pado lapisan karekel jo tanah liek dalam babarapo kasus nan jarang tajadi. Suatu "kagagalan aliran" dapek muncua jikok kakuatan tanah bakurang di bawah bateh tekanan nan dibutuahan untuak mampatahanan kasaimbangan suatu kamiriangan atau dasar bangunan sabagai contoh. Hl iko dapek tajadi karano pambebanan monotonik atau siklis jo dapek tajadi sacaro tibo-tibo sarato manjadi bancano gadang. Salah ciek contoh historis adolah bancano Aberfan. Arthur Casagrande manyabuik fenomena sarupo iko sabagai 'pancairan aliran' maskipun kaadaan tekanan efektif nol indak tawujuik untuak kajadian tasabuik.[ == Liek pulo == * [[Bencana Aberfan]] * [[Batas Atterberg]] * [[Pasir hisap kering]] * [[Aliran tanah]] * [[Rekayasa gempa bumi]] * [[Banjir lumpur panas|Gunung lumpur]] * [[Aliran lumpur]] * [[Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation]] * [[Paleoseismologi]] * [[Didihan pasir]] * [[Tiksotropi]] == Rujuakan == == Bacaan lanjuikan == * Seed et al., ''Recent Advances in Soil Liquefaction Engineering: A Unified and Consistent Framework,'' 26th Annual ASCE Los Angeles Geotechnical Spring Seminar, Long Beach, California, April 30, 2003, Earthquake Engineering Research Center [http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=cenv_fac PDF] == Pranala lua == {{commonscat-inline}} * [http://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/html/main.html Soil Liquefaction] * [https://pnsn.org/outreach/earthquakehazards/liquifaction Liquefaction] – [[Pacific Northwest Seismic Network]] * {{youtube|id=tvYKcCS_J7Y|title=Video showing liquefaction process}} * {{youtube|id=TzlodnjPAuc|title=Soil liquefaction}}], video direkam saat [[gempa bumi dan tsunami Tohoku 2011|gempa bumi Tohoku 2011]] {{Rekayasa geoteknik|state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}} tqqmhrrh19bdul5drnqfr9sw6no23r3 Kabupaten Kepahiang 0 337795 3346143 3149815 2026-04-27T00:18:55Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{untuk|kegunaan lainnya|Kepahiang (disambiguasi)}} {{Dati2|settlement_type=Kabupaten | nama=Kabupaten Kepahiang | propinsi=[[Bengkulu]] | ibukota=[[Kepahiang, Kepahiang|Kepahiang]] | luas= 664,80 | penduduk=124865 | penduduktahun= (2010) | kecamatan=8 | kelurahan=91 desa | kodearea=0732|motto=Asri Laksana Emas dan Intan (Alami) | lambang= | peta= [[Berkas:Lokasi Bengkulu Kabupaten Kepahiang.svg|250px]] | koordinat= {{coord|-3.6514310|102.5782010}} | dau = Rp357.903.449.000.- | dauref = (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/regulation/27/tahun/2013/bulan/02/tanggal/04/id/873/|title=Perpres No. 10 Tahun 2013|date=4 Februari 2013|accessdate=15 Februari 2013|archive-date=2013-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214064515/http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/regulation/27/tahun/2013/bulan/02/tanggal/04/id/873|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | dasar hukum=Undang-undang No. 39 Tahun 2003 | tanggal= 7 Januari 2004 | kepadatan=163<ref name="Profil Daerah Kabupaten Kepahiang">[http://regionalinvestment.com/sipid/id/area.php?ia=1707 Profil Daerah Kabupaten Kepahiang]</ref> | kepala daerah=[[Bupati]] | nama kepala daerah= [[Hidayatullah Sjahid]] | web= {{URL|http://www.kepahiangkab.go.id/}} | flora = | fauna = }} '''Kabupaten Kepahiang''' adolah [[kabupaten]] nan ado di [[Provinsi Bengkulu]]. Kabupaten iko diresmikan pado [[7 Januari]] [[2004]] nan sabalunnyo marupokan wilayah [[Kabupaten Rejang Lebong]]. [[Ibu kota]] Kabupaten Kepahiang adalah [[Kepahiang, Kepahiang|Kepahiang]]. Sacaro administratif, daerah iko tabagi manjadi salapan kecamatan jo 91 desa. Pado taun 2006, jumlah panduduaknyo mancapai 114.889 jiwa nan tadiri dari [[laki-laki]] (57.835 jiwa) dan [[padusi]] (57.054 jiwa), jo tingkek kapadatan panduduak nan mancapai 163 per km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>[http://regionalinvestment.com/sipid/id/displayprofil.php?ia=1707 Profil Kabupaten Kepahiang]</ref> == Sijarah == Pado zaman panjajahan Ulando, Kepahiang tanamo sabagai ibukota Afdeling Rejang Lebong. Sampai zaman pandudukan Japang, Kepahiang tatap manjadi pusek pamarintahan dari Rejang Lebong. Katiko Indonesia alah mardeka, Afdeling Rejang Lebong barubah manjadi Kabupaten Rejang Lebong jo Kepahiang sabagai ibu kotanyo. Kepahiang manjadi pusek Laskar Rakyat untuak mampatahankan nagara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://kepahiangkab.go.id/new/sejarah-daerah/|title=Sejarah Daerah {{!}} PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN KEPAHIANG|language=id-ID|access-date=2021-08-04|archive-date=2023-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603020330/https://kepahiangkab.go.id/new/sejarah-daerah/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado taun 1948, tajadi Agresi Militer Ulando II. Sadoalah fasilitas pamarintahan kabupaten sarato jalan jo jambatan nan maubuangkan Kepahiang jo daerah lainnyo di Rejang Lebong dihancuakan untuak maantisipasi serbuan dari Ulando. Pamarintahan Rejang Lebong pun barado di dalam rimbo inggo panyarahan kadaulatan dari Ulando ka Republik indonesia. Dek fasilitas sadoalanyo lah ancua, mangko pamarintahan Rejang Lebong manompang di Kota Curup. Pado taun 1956, Curup ditatapkan sabagai ibu kota kabupaten, sadangkan Kepahiang barubah status manjadi kecamatan. Tokoh-tokoh Kepahiang mampajuangkan baliak status untuak Kepahiang dan mausulkan untuak mamisahkan Kepahiang dari Kabupaten Rejang Lebong.<ref name=":0" /> Pado 7 Januari 2004, Kepahiang baru dilewakan sabagai kabupaten otonom dek [[Hari Sabarno|Jenderal TNI (purn) Hari Sabarno]] salaku [[Daftar Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia|Menteri Dalam Negeri Repubik Indonesia]]. Lewa itu dikukuahkan dek Undang-undang Nomor 39 Tahun 2003 tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Lebong dan Kabupaten Kepahiang di Provinsi Bengkulu. Ir. Hidayatullah Sjahid, M.M. ditunjuak sabagai [[penjabat]] Bupati Kepahiang.<ref>Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia Nomor 131.28-8 Tahun 2004, pada 6 Januari 2004, tentang Pengangkatan Penjabat Bupati Kepahiang, Provinsi Bengkulu.</ref> Lewa bupati dilakukan dek Gubernur Bengkulu ateh namo Menteri Dalam Negeri pado 14 Januari 2004.<ref name=":0" /> === Panamoan === Namo kabupaten iko dinamoi Kepahiang dek di daerah iko dulunyo ado banyak [[supayang]] nan dalam [[bahaso Rejang]] disabuik ''kepayang''. Istilah ''mabuk kepayang'' juo adolah efek nan disababkan dek mangonsumsi buah ko nan diolah sacaro indak tapek jo batua sainggo mambuek mabuak barek.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://regional.liputan6.com/read/2435378/asal-mula-istilah-mabuk-kepayang |title=Asal Mula Istilah Mabuk Kepayang |access-date=2021-07-19 |archive-date=2016-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218213249/http://regional.liputan6.com/read/2435378/asal-mula-istilah-mabuk-kepayang |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Kepayang barubah manjadi Kepahiang salapeh panamoannyo disahkan sacaro legalitas hukum nan ado di Indonesia. == Pamarintahan == === Daftar Bupati === {{utama|Daftar Bupati Kepahiang}} {{:Daftar Bupati Kepahiang}} === Dewan Perwakilan === {{utama|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Kepahiang}} {{:Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Kepahiang}} === Kecamatan === {{utama|Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Kepahiang}} {{:Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Kepahiang}} == Panduduak == Manuruik Sensus Panduduak Taun 2020, panduduak Kabupaten Kepahiang bajumlah 149.737 jiwa. Panduduak Kepahiang paliang rami mauni Kecamatan Kepahiang nan mancapai 50.700 jiwa. Samantaro kecamatan nan paliang saketek panduduaknyo adolah Kecamatan Seberang Musi nan mancapai 7.800 jiwa. Untuak rasio jinih kelamin panduduak Kabupaten Kepahiang adolah 107, yaitu satiok 100 urang padusi ado 107 urang laki-laki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kepahiangkab.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/0a6ebb65589dc8a711eb248c/kabupaten-kepahiang-dalam-angka-2021.html|title=Badan Pusat Statistik|website=kepahiangkab.bps.go.id|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref> === Agamo, etnis, jo bahaso === Panduduak Kabupaten Kepahiang mayoritasnyo adolah [[urang Rejang]] nan juo marupokan etnis asali di kabupaten iko.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://statistik.bengkuluprov.go.id/Senibudaya/|title=STATISTIK|website=statistik.bengkuluprov.go.id|access-date=2021-08-04|archive-date=2021-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804115738/https://statistik.bengkuluprov.go.id/Senibudaya/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Urang Rejang marupokan salah satu etnis nan paliang tuo di [[Sumatera]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hamidy|pages=1|zbl=|mr=|isbn=|id=|doi=|url=|language=|location=Bengkulu|first=Badrul Munir|date=2004|edition=|volume=|series=Bunga Rampai Melayu Bengkulu|publisher=Dinas Pariwisata Provinsi Bengkulu|title=Masuk dan Berkembangnya Islam di Daerah bengkulu|author-link=|jfm=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=|pages=22|zbl=|mr=|isbn=|id=|doi=|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/7414/1/SEJARAH%20DAERAH%20BENGKULU.pdf|language=Indonesian|location=Jakarta|first=Tim Penyusun|date=1978|edition=|volume=|series=|publisher=Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|title=Sejarah Daerah Bengkulu|author-link=|jfm=}}</ref> Urang Rejang di Kepahiang tamasuak kalompok Rejang Darek (pagunuangan).Urang Rejang marupokan masyarakaik panganuik agamo [[Islam]] dan mampunyoi sistem kakarabatan sacaro [[patrilineal]].<ref name="Hidayah, 2015:321">{{Cite book|last=Hidayah|first=Zulyani|authorlink=|author2=|title=Ensiklopedi Suku Bangsa di Indonesia|publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia|year=2015|page=321|isbn=9789794619292}}</ref> Dalam kasahariannyo, urang Rejang Kepahiang mangecek jo [[bahaso Rejang]] dialek Kepahiang atau Keban Agung.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jürg Schneider|title=From Upland to Irrigated Rice: The Development of Wet-rice Agriculture in Rejang Musi, Southwest Sumatra|year=1995|publisher=Reimer|isbn=34-960-2573-5|page=9}}</ref> Walau baitu, urang Rejang dapek pulo mangecek jo [[bahaso Malayu Bengkulu]] nan manjadi [[basantara]] di provinsi [[Bengkulu]]. Bahaso Rejang marupokan bahaso nan paliang babeda jo bahaso-bahaso lainnyo di Bengkulu nan umumnyo tamasuak dalam [[rumpun bahaso Malayik]].<ref name="Kartomi, 373">{{cite book|last=Kartomi|pages=373|zbl=|mr=|isbn=978-0252036712|id=|doi=|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Musical_Journeys_in_Sumatra/AIOw9oVyR-EC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover|language=Indonesian|location=Champain|first=Margaret|date=15 Juni 2012|edition=|volume=|series=|publisher=University of Illinois Press|title=Musical Journeys in Sumatra|author-link=|jfm=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahayu|first=Ngudining|date=2018|title=STUDI AWAL SEBARAN BAHASA-BAHASA ETNIK DI PROVINSI BENGKULU|url=https://ejournal.unib.ac.id/index.php/jwacana/article/view/6693|journal=Wacana: Jurnal Penelitian Bahasa, Sastra dan Pengajaran|language=en-US|volume=16|issue=1|pages=26–35|doi=10.33369/jwacana.v16i1.6693|issn=2746-4652}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bahaso Rejang tamasuak dalam [[rumpun bahaso Dayak Darek]] (Bidayuh) basamo jo bahaso-bahaso lain nan ado di Kalimantan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohio.edu/people/mcginn/Out_of_Borneo_Hypothesis.pdf|title=Archived copy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191035/http://www.ohio.edu/people/mcginn/Out_of_Borneo_Hypothesis.pdf|archivedate=2014-01-02|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2018-11-04|df=}} dalam Adelaar & Pawley, eds, ''Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history''</ref> Barikuik contoh pamakaian bahaso Rejang jo dialeknyo sarato bandiangannyo jo bahaso lain: {| |'''Bahaso Minangkabau''' |''Hoi, sadang sibuk manga kalian tu?'' |- |'''Bahaso Malayu Bengkulu''' |''Hoi, lagi sibuk ngapo kamu orang tu?'' |- |'''Dialek Lebong''' |''Oi, gen ulêak udi e?'' |- |'''Dialek Kepahiang''' |''Ui/oe, inê ulêah udi ho?'' |- |'''Dialek Musi''' |''Oi, idong jano udi o?'' |- |'''Dialek Pasisir''' |''Hoi, jano ulêak udi o?'' |- |'''Dialek Rawas''' |''Yo, ape olah udi ho?'' |} Salain urang Rejang, adopulo etnis lain nan marupokan pandatang di Kabupaten Kepahiang di antaronyo urang [[Jawa|Jao]] jo [[Urang Sunda|Sunda]]. Kaduo etnis ko adolah etnis pandatang nan mauni Kepahiang dek program [[transmigrasi]]. Rombongan transmigran ko partamo kali tibo yaitu pado 1908.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lindayanti|date=2012-08-08|title=MENUJU TANAH HARAPAN: KOLONISASI ORANG JAWA DI BENGKULU|url=https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jurnal-humaniora/article/view/885|journal=Humaniora|language=id|volume=18|issue=3|pages=297–311|doi=10.22146/jh.885|issn=2302-9269}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} ==Pautan lua== {{Kabupaten Kepahiang}} {{Bengkulu}} [[Kategori:Kabupaten di Bengkulu]] [[Kategori:WikiSumatra]] o1tebe95804w4hupcldrubrz1i9gg3p Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan 0 337807 3346142 3150467 2026-04-27T00:01:33Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambiginfo|Bengkulu (disambiguasi)}} {{Dati2|settlement_type=Kabupaten |nama = Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan |lambang = [[Berkas:Bengkulu_Selatan.png|150px]] |peta = [[Berkas:Lokasi Bengkulu Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan.svg|250px]] |koordinat = {{coord|-4.358941|103.0444379}} |motto = ''Sekundang Setungguan'' |semboyan = |propinsi = [[Bengkulu]] |ibukota = [[Manna, Bengkulu Selatan|Kota Manna]] |luas = 1185.70 |penduduk = 166249 |penduduktahun = (2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengkuluselatankab.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/f3c166553f784a43b04c7c50/kabupaten-bengkulu-selatan-dalam-angka-2021.html|title=Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan Dalam Angka 2021}}</ref> |kepadatan = |kecamatan = 11 |kelurahan = 16 |desa = 142 desa <br /> 1 UPT |dasar hukum = Undang-undang No. 4 Tahun 1956 |tanggal = 8 Maret 1949 |hari jadi = 8 Maret |kepala daerah = [[Bupati]] |nama kepala daerah = [[Gusnan Mulyadi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/08/13/18063491/kpk-perpanjang-masa-penahanan-bupati-bengkulu-selatan |title=KPK Perpanjang Masa Penahanan Buati Bengkulu Selatan |publisher=kompas.com |date=13 Agustus 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref> |wakil kepala daerah = Wakil [[Bupati]] |nama wakil kepala daerah = - |kodearea = 0739 |apbd = Rp814.780.000.000,00<sup>(2015)</sup> |dau = Rp564.137.639.000,00 |dauref = (2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/RINCIAN-ALOKASI-DAU-MURNI-TA-2017-UPLOAD.pdf|title=Rincian Alokasi DAU Murni T.A. 2017|access-date=2021-07-19|archive-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826205235/http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/RINCIAN-ALOKASI-DAU-MURNI-TA-2017-UPLOAD.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |suku bangsa = [[Urang Serawai|Serawai]], [[Urang Besemah|Besemah]], [[Urang Jawa|Jawa]], [[Suku Minangkabau|Minangkabau]], [[Urang Malayu|Malayu ]], dan lain-lain. |bahasa = Indonesia, Melayu, dan lain-lain. |agama = Islam, Kristen, Katholik, Buddha, dan Hindu. |flora = |fauna = |zona waktu = GMT +7 |bandar udara = |web = {{URL|http://www.bengkuluselatankab.go.id/}} }} '''Bengkulu Selatan''' adolah sabuah [[kabupaten]] di [[Provinsi Bengkulu]], [[Indonesia]]. Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan batagak manuruik Keputusan Gubernur Militer Daerah Militer Istimewa Sumatra Selatan pado tanggal 8 Maret 1949 Nomor GB/27/1949 tentang pengangkatan Baksir sabagai Bupati Bengkulu Selatan (sabalunnyo banamo kabupaten Manna Kaur 1945–1948 jo kabupaten Seluma Manna Kaur 1948–1949). Pado pakembangan salanjuiknyo dikuekkan jo Surat Keputusan Presiden RI tanggal 14 November 1956 jo Undang-undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1956 (Tambahan Lembaran Negara 109). Manuruik mupakaik masyarakaik tanggal 7 Juni 2005, dikuekkan jo Perda No. 20 tanggal 31 Desember 2005 dan diundangkan dalam Lembaran Daerah No. 13 Tanggal 2 Januari 2006 Seri C mako tanggal 8 Maret ditatapkan sabagai ari jadi Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan. Manuruik Undang-undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2003 Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan maalami pamekaran wilayah manjadi [[Kabupaten Kaur]], [[Kabupaten Seluma]], jo Bengkulu Selatan. Bahaso daerah di Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan adolah bahaso [[Bahaso Besemah|Besemah]] nan banyak dipakai dari muaro Batang Kedurang sampai ka bateh [[Kabupaten Kaur]] jo bahaso [[Bahaso Serawai|Serawai]] mayoritas digunokan di kabupaten iko. Kaduo bahaso iko tamasuak dalam rumpun bahaso [[Bahaso Malayu Tangah|Malayu Tangah]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Yanti|first=Nafri|date=2017|title=HUBUNGAN KEKERABATAN BAHASA REJANG, SERAWAI DAN PASEMAH DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN TEKNIK LEKSIKOSTATISTIK|url=http://repository.unib.ac.id/16369/|journal=GENTA BAHTERA|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=77–93|issn=2503-2135|access-date=2021-08-03|archive-date=2020-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115061550/http://repository.unib.ac.id/16369/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Geografi == Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan talatak pado 4<sup>0</sup> – 10<sup>0</sup> LU jo 4<sup>0</sup>-34<sup>0</sup> LS dan antaro 102<sup>0</sup>–103<sup>0</sup> BT. Kaadaan topografi di wilayah Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan tadiri dari daerah data jo babukik. Manuruik katinggian dari pamukaaan lauik, mangko wilayah Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan tabagi ateh: daerah nan bakatinggian 0 - 25 m dpl salaweh 7,73%, bakatinggian 25 - 100 m dpl salaweh 45,39 %, bakatinggian 100 - 500 m dpl salaweh 33,59%, bakatinggian 500 – 1000 m dpl salaweh 7,58%, sarato bakatinggian > 1000 m dpl salaweh 5,7%.<ref name=":0">Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah dan Penelitian Pengembangan Pemerintah Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan. 2019. [http://bappeda.bengkuluselatankab.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Lampiran-Perbup-No-18-Tahun-2019.pdf Rencana Kerja Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803104538/http://bappeda.bengkuluselatankab.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Lampiran-Perbup-No-18-Tahun-2019.pdf |date=2021-08-03 }}.</ref> Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan mampunyoi batang aia gadang jo ketek nan taseba di babarapo kecamatan. Batang aia nan maalia di kabupaten iko antaro lain: Air Manna, Air Bengkenang, Air Kedurang, Air Nelengau, Air Nipis, Air Pino, Air Manna Hijau, jo Air Selali. Batang-batang aia ko baguno sabagai sumber irigasi sarato sumber aia minum.<ref name=":0" /> === Bateh Wilayah === {{Batas_USBT|utara=[[Kabupaten Seluma]]|selatan=[[Kabupaten Kaur]]|barat=[[Lautan Hindia]]|timur=[[Provinsi Sumatera Selatan]]}} == Pamarintahan == === Daftar Bupati === {{utama|Daftar Bupati Bengkulu Selatan}} {{:Daftar Bupati Bengkulu Selatan}} === Dewan Perwakilan === {{utama|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan}} {{:Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan}} === Kecamatan === {{utama|Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan}} {{:Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan}} == Panduduak == {{bar box|title=Etnik di Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan<ref name=":0" />|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Etnik|right1=Persen|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Urang Serawai|Serawai]]|blue|76.87|76,87}} {{bar percent|[[Urang Besemah|Besemah]]|green|13.39|13,39}} {{bar percent|[[Urang Jawa|Jao]]|yellow|2.89|2,89}} {{bar percent|[[Urang Minang|Minang]]|black|2.21|2,21}} {{bar percent|[[Urang Malayu|Malayu]]|pink|1.06|1,06}} {{bar percent|[[Urang Sunda|Sunda]]|red|0.95|0,95}} {{bar percent|[[Urang Batak|Batak]]|purple|0.73|0,73}} {{bar percent|Lainnyo|gray|1.89|1,89}}}}Panduduak Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan pado taun 2020 mancapai 166.249 jiwa, sadangkan pado taun 2010 mancapai 142.940 jiwa. Samantaro kapadatan panduduaknyo 140 jiwa/km2. Salanjuiknyo, Rasio panduduak manuruik jinih kelaminnyo yaitu satiok 100 panduduak padusi, ado 104-105 panduduak laki-laki.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://bengkuluselatankab.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/f3c166553f784a43b04c7c50/kabupaten-bengkulu-selatan-dalam-angka-2021.html|title=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan|website=bengkuluselatankab.bps.go.id|access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref> === Agamo === Mayoritas panduduak Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan maanuik agamo Islam. Manuruik Sensus Panduduak Taun 2020, ado 99,26% panduduak baragamo Islam. Samantaro agamo lain nan dianuik yaitu Protestan, Katolik, Hindu, jo Buddha.<ref name=":1" /> === Etnis jo bahaso === Panduduak asali dari Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan adolah [[urang Serawai]] jo [[Urang Pasemah|urang Besemah]]. Kedua etnis iko dipakirokan masih barasa dari niniak muyang nan samo sarato sacaro kabudayaan juo ampia sarupo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arios|first=Rois Leonard|date=2020-12-11|title=TRADISI BIMBANG BEBALAI PADA ETNIS SERAWAI: SEBUAH ANALISIS FUNGSIONAL STRUKTURAL|url=http://handep.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/handep/article/view/131|journal=Handep: Jurnal Sejarah dan Budaya|volume=4|issue=1|doi=10.33652/handep.v4i1.131|issn=2684-7256|access-date=2021-08-03|archive-date=2021-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803113710/http://handep.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/handep/article/view/131|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Urang Serawai marupokan panduduak asali nan mayoritas di kabupaten iko, taseba di ampia sadoalah kecamatan. Dalam kasahariannyo, urang Serawai mamakai [[bahaso Serawai]] dialek ''au'' nan tamasuak dalam rumpun bahaso [[Bahaso Malayu Tangah|Malayu Tangah]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">Diani, Irma. (2020). [http://ojs.komunitasdaunlontar.or.id/index.php/jkdl/article/download/20/20 Seraway dalam Bingkai Sejarah dan Linguistik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803115711/http://ojs.komunitasdaunlontar.or.id/index.php/jkdl/article/download/20/20 |date=2021-08-03 }}. ''Daun Lontar : Jurnal Budaya, Sastra, Dan Bahasa'', ''3''(03), 84-96. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.36873/jkdl.v3i03.20</nowiki></ref> Urang Besemah atau disabuik juo Pasemah di Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan taseba di selatan kabupaten nan babatehan jo [[Kabupaten Kaur]], utamonyo di Kecamatan [[Kedurang, Bengkulu Selatan|Kedurang]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Utomo|first=Bayu|last2=Sarwono|first2=Sarwit|last3=Purwadi|first3=Agus Joko|date=2019-12-30|title=MAKNA NAMPUN KULE DALAM ADAT PERNIKAHAN SUKU PASEMAH|url=https://ejournal.unib.ac.id/index.php/korpus/article/view/8318|journal=Jurnal Ilmiah KORPUS|language=en|volume=3|issue=3|pages=276–283|doi=10.33369/jik.v3i3.8318|issn=2614-6614|access-date=2021-08-03|archive-date=2021-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803113711/https://ejournal.unib.ac.id/index.php/korpus/article/view/8318|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Urang Besemah dalam kasahariannyo mangecek jo bahaso Besemah nan tamasuak juo dalam rumpun bahaso Malayu Tangah.<ref name=":2" /> == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} {{Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan}} {{Bengkulu}} [[Kategori:Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan| ]] [[Kategori:Kabupaten di Bengkulu|Bengkulu Selatan]] [[Kategori:Kabupaten di Indonesia|Bengkulu Selatan]] [[Kategori:WikiSumatra]] i38he3q9a20nyiwy662f8xyzphdvzxq Institut Teknologi Bandung 0 386013 3346141 3342812 2026-04-26T23:09:42Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Universitas |name = Institut Teknologi Bandung |native_name = {{sund|ᮄᮔ᮪ᮞ᮪ᮒᮤᮒᮥᮒ᮪ ᮒᮦᮊ᮪ᮔᮧᮜᮧᮌᮤ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ}} |former_names = ''[[Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng]]''<ref name=sk267>[http://wrks.itb.ac.id/app/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=66&Itemid=46 Keputusan Rektor ITB Nomor 267/SK/K01/OT/2008 tentang Pendirian dan Peresmian Nama ITB.]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |image = |image_name = Logo Institut Teknologi Bandung.png |image_size = 200px |caption = Lambang ITB<ref name=sk324/> |nama_latin = |established = [[3 Juli]] [[1920]] sebagai [[TH te Bandoeng]], [[2 Maret]] [[1959]] diresmikan sebagai ITB<ref name=sk267/>{{refn|group=note|name=dies|Dies Natalis TH Bandung selalu diperingati setiap tahun sejak Dies Natalisnya yang pertama pada tahun 1921, hingga Dies Natalis ke-21 tahun 1941.<ref name=ing4109>{{nl}} ''"Viering van den een en twintigsten verjaardag der Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng"'', artikel dalam Majalah ''"De ingenieur in Nederlandsch-Indie"'' edisi September 1941, Tahun ke-8 No.9.</ref> Bahkan setelah TH ditutup dan berganti nama sekalipun, Dies Natalisnya selalu mengacu pada berdirinya TH tahun 1920, seperti pada tanggal 27 November 1948 di mana diperingati Dies Natalis ke-28 ''Faculteit van Technische Wetenschap van de Universiteit van Indonesie''<ref name=ing4812>{{nl}} ''"Dies natalis van de Faculteit van Technische Wetenschap van de Universiteit van Indonesië"'', artikel dalam Majalah ''"De ingenieur in Indonesie"'' edisi Desember 1948, Tahun ke-1 No.2.</ref> atau pada tanggal 23 Desember 1955 di mana diadakan Lustrum ke-7 (Dies ke-35).<ref name=ing5602>{{nl}} ''"De herdenking van de opening der Technische Hogeschool te Bandung"'', artikel dalam Majalah ''"De ingenieur in Indonesie"'' edisi Februari 1956, Tahun ke-8 No.1.</ref> Dari fakta-fakta sejarah tersebut, tanggal 3 Juli 1920 ditetapkan sebagai tanggal pendirian Institut Teknologi Bandung dan diperingati setiap tahun sebagai '''"Peringatan Ulang Tahun Perguruan/Pendidikan Tinggi Teknik di Indonesia"'''. Sedangkan tanggal 2 Maret 1959 ditetapkan sebagai tanggal peresmian nama Institut Teknologi di Kota Bandung dan diperingati setiap tahun sebagai '''"Peringatan Ulang Tahun Institut Teknologi Bandung"''' yang dituangkan dalam Keputusan Rektor ITB Nomor 267/SK/K01/OT/2008 tentang Pendirian dan Peresmian Nama ITB.}} |parent = [[Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi]] |type = [[Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Badan Hukum]] |vision = |motto = ''In Harmoniae Progressio'' ([[bahasa Latin|Latin]])<ref name=moto>"Moto/slogan ITB", dalam Buku Pedoman Format Penulisan Tesis Magister 2008 halaman 46, diunduh dari http://www.sps.itb.ac.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719004254/http://www.sps.itb.ac.id/ |date=2012-07-19 }}.</ref> |mottoind = Kemajuan dalam keselarasan |slogan = |calendar = |endowment = |debt = |rector = Prof. Dr. Ir. Tatacipta Dirgantara, M.T. |chairman = |chancellor = |vice_chancellor = |president = |vice-president = |provost = |principal = |dean = |director = |head = |staff = |academic_staff = 1.207 (2014)<ref name=fct/><br /> S1 - 19 - 1,57%<ref name=fct/><br /> S2 - 300 - 24,85%<ref name=fct/><br /> S3 - 888 - 73,57%<ref name=fct/> |students = 19.747 (2014)<ref name=fct>{{Cite web |url=http://www.itb.ac.id/about-itb/facts |title=Fakta dan Angka ITB. |access-date=2022-09-21 |archive-date=2015-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719125324/http://www.itb.ac.id/about-itb/facts |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |undergrad = 14.320<ref name=fct/> |postgrad = 4.776<ref name=fct/> |doctoral = 651<ref name=fct/> |lecturers/students ratio = 1:16.4 |profess = |other = |alumni = |campus = Urban, 795.646 meter persegi<ref name=fct/> |address = Jl. Ganesha 10/12 - |city = [[Bandung]] |province = [[Jawa Barat]] |country = [[Indonesia]] |coor = {{coor dms|6|53|27.25|S|107|36|37.36|E|display=it}}<ref group=note name=tugu>Mengacu pada koordinat Tugu Peresmian ITB.</ref> <!--|altitude = {{convert|770|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=fct/>--> |telepon = |free_label = |free = |sports = |colors = Deep Cobalt Blue {{Color box|#004dff}} <ref name=sk324>{{Cite web |url=http://wrks.itb.ac.id/app/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=82&Itemid=46 |title=Keputusan Rektor ITB Nomor 324/SK/K01/OT/2008 tentang Penggunaan Lambang ITB. |access-date= |archive-date=2012-12-18 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20121218143758/http://wrks.itb.ac.id/app/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=82&Itemid=46 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref group=note name=cmyk>CMYK 100,70,0,0 http://www.colorhexa.com/004dff</ref> |nickname = [[Kampus ITB Ganesha|Kampus Ganesha]]; Kampus Cap Gajah |mascot = [[Ganesa]] |fightsong = |affiliations = [[:en:Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology|ABET]], [http://www.asiin-ev.de/pages/en/asiin-e.-v.php ASIIN e. V.], [https://jabee.org/en/accreditation/program JABEE], KAAB, RSC, ABEST21, [[Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning|ASAIHL]], [[ASEAN University Network|AUN]], EBA Consortium, ASEA UNINET, Global E3, AOTULE, SEATUC |nobel_laureates = |publictransit = |website = {{URL|http://www.itb.ac.id/}} |logo = [[Berkas:itb.gif|250px|Logo ITB]] |footnotes = Logo ITB<ref name=sk324/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.itb.ac.id/gallery/album/1 |title=Logo ITB. |access-date=2022-09-21 |archive-date=2013-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326010734/http://www.itb.ac.id/gallery/album/1 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> }} '''Institut Teknologi Bandung''' (basingkek '''ITB''', [[abjad Sunda]]: {{lang|su|ᮄᮔ᮪ᮞ᮪ᮒᮤᮒᮥᮒ᮪ ᮒᮦᮊ᮪ᮔᮧᮜᮧᮌᮤ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ}}) adolah sebuah [[universitas nagari|paguruan tinggi negeri]] nan ado di [[Kota Bandung]]. Namo ITB dirasmikan pado tanggal [[2 Maret]] [[1959]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wrks.itb.ac.id/app/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=66&Itemid=46|title=Keputusan Rektor ITB Nomor 267/SK/K01/OT/2008 tentang Pendirian dan Peresmian Nama ITB.|last=|first=|date=|work=itb.ac.id|accessdate=}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Katiko tanggal 14 Oktober 2013 ITB manjadi Paguruan Tinggi Nagari Badan Hukum (PTN BH) nan mamiliki otonomi pangalolaan akademik dan nonakademik.<ref name="pp65">Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 65 Tahun 2013 tentang STATUTA INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG.</ref> ITB alah punyo 27 program studi nan tarakreditasi sacaro internasional (sabaleh dari [[:en:ABET|ABET]], sabaleh dari ASIIN).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xpolet.eu.org/|title=Prodi Teknik Kimia dan Fisika ITB Raih Akreditasi ABET AS.|last=|first=|date=|work=itb.ac.id|accessdate=|archive-date=2009-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213011847/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/36582/amazing-early-flying-machines|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="abetitb">[http://main.abet.org/aps/AccreditedProgramsDetails.aspx?OrganizationID=7120 ''Accredited Programs ABET - ITB''.]</ref><ref name="spm">{{Cite web |url=http://www.spm.itb.ac.id/?page_id=248&lang=en |title=Status Akreditasi Internasional Prodi ITB. |access-date=2022-06-21 |archive-date=2023-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318082846/https://spm.itb.ac.id/spme/daftar-program-studi-terakreditasi-internasional/?lang=en |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Kampus ITB Ganesha|Kampus utamo ITB]] kini ko sabalunnyo tampek sikolah tenggi teknik partamo di [[Indonesia]]{{refn|group=note|name=jul|Pado tanggal 3 Juli 1920, '''sikolah tinggi partamo''' di Hindia Belanda, iyolah ''Technische Hoogeschool'' (Sikolah Tinggi Teknik), nan dikana namanyo basingkek THS dibuek di Bandung.<ref name=som>Somadikarta, S. (1999). ''Taun ameh Universitas Indonesia'', Jilid 1: Dari Balai ka Universitas. Jakarta: Panerbit Universitas Indonesia (UI-Press).</ref>{{Rp|6}}}} sakaligus lembaga pendidikan tinggi partamo di [[Hindia Belanda]].{{refn|group=note|name=reed|''“… En reeds in het volgende jaar, in Juli 1920, werd de Technische Hoogeschool (TH), Indië's eerste instelling voor Hooger Onderwijs, plechtig geopend.''” Tajamahan: “… Dan pado taun barikuiknyo, pado bulan Juli 1920, Sikolah Tinggi Teknik nan marupokan '''institusi pandidikan tinggi partamo''' di [[Hindia Belanda]] dirasmikan.”<ref name=hoe>{{nl}} [https://jinggara.blogspot.com/ ''Hoe het groide: Het onderwijs in Nederlandsch-Indië'', Januari-Februari 1941.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702101442/http://62.41.28.253/cgi-bin/imageserver/imageserver.pl?oid=FFHBID19410901-001-1941-0008&key=&getpdf=true |date=2013-07-02 }}</ref>{{rp|26}}}} Walaupun tiok institusi pandidikan tinggi nan mangawali ITB punyo karakteristik dan misi babedo, sadonyo maàgiah pangaruah pado pakambangan nan manuju pado didiriannyo ITB. Rektor ITB kini ko adolah Prof. Dr. Ir. Tatacipta Dirgantara, M.T. untuk masa jabatan 2025–2030.<ref>https://itb.ac.id/berita/prof-tatacipta-dirgantara-resmi-dilantik-sebagai-rektor-itb-periode-2025-2030/61955</ref> == Rektor == {{col|2}} {{utama|Daftar Rektor Institut Teknologi Bandung}} # Prof. Ir. R. [[Soemono]] (2 Maret 1959–1 November 1959)<ref group="note" name="presidium">Ketua Presidium: Prof. Ir. [[Soemono]]; Anggota: Prof. Ir. [[Goenarso]]; Prof. dr. [[Djoehana Wiradikarta]] (Ketua/Dekan FIPIA UI Bandung); Prof. Ir. [[Soetedjo (akademisi)|Soetedjo]] (Ketua/Dekan FT UI Bandung); Panitera: Prof. Dr. Ir. R. M. [[Soemantri Brodjonegoro]] (Ketua Jurusan Teknologi Kimia).</ref> # Prof. Ir. R. [[Otong Kosasih]] (1 November 1959–20 April 1964) # Ir. R. [[Ukar Bratakusumah]] (14 April 1964–22 Februari 1965)<ref>http://www.itb.ac.id/news/46 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119194755/http://www.itb.ac.id/news/46 |date=2016-01-19 }} ITB News Portal, 13 Maret 2003, ''Mantan Rektor ITB , Ir. Ukar Bratakusumah Meninggal''</ref> # Letnan Kolonel Ir. [[Koentoadji]] (22 Februari 1965–1969) # Prof. Dr. [[Doddy Achdiat Tisna Amidjaja]] (1969–7 Desember 1976) # Prof. Dr. Ing. [[Iskandar Alisjahbana]] (7 Desember 1976–14 Februari 1978) # Dr. [[Soedjana Sapi'ie]] (16 Februari 1978–30 Mei 1979)<ref group="note" name="rektorium">Ketua Rektorium: Dr. [[Soedjana Sapi'ie]]; Anggota: Prof. Dr. [[Moedomo Soedigdomarto]]; Prof. Ir. [[Wiranto Arismunandar]], MSME; Ir. [[Djuanda Suraatmadja]].</ref> # Prof. Dr. [[Doddy Achdiat Tisna Amidjaja]] (30 Mei 1979–22 November 1980)<ref group="note" name="pjs">Pejabat sementara</ref> # Prof. [[Hariadi Paminto Soepangkat]], Ph.D. (22 November 1980–12 Desember 1988) # Prof. Ir. [[Wiranto Arismunandar]], MSME (12 Desember 1988–7 Maret 1997) # Prof. Ir. [[Lilik Hendrajaya]], M.Sc., Ph.D. (7 Maret 1997–10 November 2001) # Prof. Ir. [[Kusmayanto Kadiman]], Ph.D. (10 November 2001–21 Oktober 2004) # Prof. Ir. [[Adang Surahman]], M.Sc., Ph.D. (23 Oktober 2004–29 Januari 2005)<ref group=note name=pjs/> # Prof. Dr. Ir. [[Djoko Santoso (rektor ITB)|Djoko Santoso]], M.Sc. (29 Januari 2005–29 Januari 2010) # Prof. [[Akhmaloka]], Dipl.Biotech., Ph.D. (29 Januari 2010-–20 Januari 2015) # Prof. Dr. Ir. [[Kadarsah Suryadi]], DEA (20 Januari 2015–20 Januari 2020) # Prof. Ir. [[N. R. Reini Djuhraeni Wirahadikusuma]], MSCE, PhD (20 Januari 2020–sekarang) {{EndDiv}} == Selektivitas == Seleksi penerimaan mahasiswa ITB dilakukan secara ekslusif melalui seleksi secara nasional. Dalam sejarahnya, ITB adalah universitas yang paling selektif bukan saja di dalam negeri tetapi juga di dunia. Pada tahun 2000, survei Asiaweek mencatat bahwa untuk seleksi penerimaan mahasiswa ITB menduduki ranking pertama di Asia.<ref name="asia2000">{{en}} [http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/features/universities2000/scitech/21.html Bandung Institute of Technology: Science and Technology Schools. ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310062536/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/features/universities2000/scitech/21.html |date=2016-03-10 }}</ref> Pada tahun 2008, tingkat penerimaan agregat (aggregate admission rate) ITB adalah 4%, lebih rendah (lebih selektif) daripada Harvard pada tahun yang sama, yakni 9%. Pada tahun 2013, tergantung Falkutas yang bersangkutan, tingkat penerimaan di ITB berkisar antara 3.5–6.3%,<ref>[http://www.scribd.com/doc/176278507/Data-Keketatan-Itb-2013 Data Keketatan ITB-2013.]</ref> setara dengan Stanford (5.7%) dan Harvard (5.8%) dan lebih selektif dari Yale (6.9%), Princeton (7.4%), dan MIT (8.3%).<ref>{{en}} [https://jinggara.blogspot.com/ Top 100 – Lowest Acceptance Rates.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110032413/https://jinggara.blogspot.com/ |date=2022-11-10 }}</ref> Di tataran nasional, menurut tingkat keketatan masuk SNMPTN/SBMPTN bidang IPA/saintek dari tahun ke tahun, ITB merupakan perguruan tinggi dengan tingkat kesulitan tertinggi, dapat dilihat dari nilai ''passing grade'' maupun nilai rata-rata ujian seleksi masuk perguruan tinggi negeri sebagaimana digambarkan dalam tabel berikut: {|border="1" {{prettytable}} |- style="color:#ffffff;background-color:#19476f;" !'''Tahun'''!!'''Ranking 1'''!!'''Ranking 2'''!!'''Ranking 3'''!!'''Ranking 4'''!!'''Ranking 5'''!!'''Keterangan''' |- ||2007||ITB (808,82)||[[UI]] (762,85)||[[Unair]] (723,01)||[[ITS]] (719,70)||[[UGM]] (673,52)||<small>[[SNMPTN]] IPA</small><ref name="beberapa">[http://www.itb.ac.id/files/74/20090908/Pidato%20Rektor%20ITB%20pada%20Temu%20Awal%20Tahun%202009-2010.pdf "Beberapa informasi tentang ITB" oleh Rektor ITB pada Temu Awal Tahun Akademik 2009/2010 tanggal 31 Agustus 2009.]</ref> |- ||2008||ITB (826,01)||[[UGM]] (774,09)||[[Unair]] (742,60)||[[UI]] (732,20)||[[ITS]] (709,86)||<small>[[SNMPTN]] IPA</small><ref name=beberapa/> |- ||2009||ITB (92,54)||[[UGM]] (88,88)||[[UI]] (87,11)||[[ITS]] (83,55)||[[Unair]] (83,36)||<small>[[SNMPTN]] IPA</small><ref name=beberapa/> |- ||2010||ITB (92,85)||[[UI]] (91,86)||[[UGM]] (90,91)||[[ITS]] (87,49)||[[Unair]] (87,36)||<small>[[SNMPTN]] IPA</small><ref name="rinmur2014">{{Cite web |url=https://www.manseper.com/ |title=Passing Grade Rata-rata 10 Besar PTN pada SNMPTN/SBMPTN 2010-2013. |access-date=2022-11-26 |archive-date=2009-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213011847/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/36582/amazing-early-flying-machines |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- ||2011||ITB (95,01)||[[UI]] (93,37)||[[ITS]] (87,21)||[[IPB]] (87,13)||[[Unair]] (85,93)||<small>[[SNMPTN]] IPA; Urut 6-10 adalah [[UGM]] (85,32); [[UIN Sunan Ampel]] (83,96); [[Unpad]] (83,71); [[UNS]] (82,94); [[USU]] (81,00).</small><ref name=rinmur2014/> |- ||2012||ITB (758,34)||[[UI]] (735,94)||[[UGM]] (677,63)||[[ITS]] (675,53)||[[Unair]] (660,82)||<small>[[SNMPTN]] IPA; Urut 6-10 adalah [[Unpad]] (655,18); [[IPB]] (653,89); [[Undip]] (635,89); [[UNS]] (630,82); [[UIN Jakarta]] (626,13).</small><ref name=rinmur2014/> |- ||2013||ITB (736,98)||[[UI]] (708,12)||[[UGM]] (671,79)||[[ITS]] (650,11)||[[IPB]] (641,00)||<small>[[SBMPTN]] IPA; Urut 6-10 adalah [[Unpad]] (640,04); [[Unair]] (632,74); [[UIN Jakarta]] (621,23); [[Unsoed]] (614,55).</small><ref name=rinmur2014/> |- ||2014||ITB||[[UI]]||[[ITS]]||[[UGM]]||[[IPB]]||<small>[[SBMPTN]] Saintek; .</small><ref> [https://aceh.tribunnews.com/2014/07/17/1986-orang-lulus-sbmptn-di-unsyiah]</ref> |- ||2015||ITB (706,52)||[[UI]] (673,65)||[[ITS]] (652,00)||[[UGM]] (651,99)||[[Undip]] (624,63)||<small>[[SBMPTN]] Saintek; Urut 6-10 adalah [[Unpad]] (622,71); [[Unair]] (621,15); [[UNS]] (621,07); [[IPB]] (616,13); [[UNY]] (604,69).</small><ref>[http://news.okezone.com/read/2015/07/09/65/1179123/itb-rajai-jumlah-peminat-saintek-sbmptn-2015 Nilai Tertinggi Saintek SBMPTN 2015 Ada di ITB.]</ref> |- ||2016||ITB (700,10)||[[UI]] (667,44)||[[UGM]] (648,46)||[[ITS]] (647,54)||[[Undip]] (620,33)||<small>[[SBMPTN]] Saintek; Urut 6-10 adalah [[Unpad]] (618,24); [[Unair]] (616,67); [[IPB]] (613,68); [[UNS]] (611,00); [[Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Yogyakarta|UPN Yogyakarta]] (606,68).</small><ref>[http://news.okezone.com/read/2016/06/28/65/1427265/hasil-sbmptn-2016-itb-dan-ui-nomor-satu Hasil SBMPTN 2016, ITB dan UI Nomor Satu.]</ref> |- ||2017||ITB||[[UI]]||[[UGM]]||[[ITS]]||[[Unair]]||<small>[[SBMPTN]] Saintek; Urut 6-10 adalah [[Unpad]]; [[Undip]]; [[IPB]]; [[UNS]]; [[Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Yogyakarta|UPN Yogyakarta]].</small><ref>[https://news.okezone.com/read/2017/06/12/65/1713928/10-ptn-dengan-nilai-peserta-sbmptn-tertinggi 10 PTN dengan Nilai Peserta SBMPTN Tertinggi.]</ref> |- ||2018||ITB (659,26)||[[UI]] (638,29)||[[UGM]] (632,79)||[[ITS]] (623,50)||[[Unair]] (610,89)||<small>[[SBMPTN]] Saintek; Urut 6-10 adalah [[IPB]] (610,09); [[Undip]] (608,69); [[UNS]] (606,92); [[Unpad]] (605,68); [[Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta|UPN Jakarta]] (599,99).</small><ref>[https://news.okezone.com/read/2018/07/03/65/1917249/daftar-ptn-dengan-nilai-tertinggi-di-sbmptn-2018-itb-ungguli-ui Daftar PTN dengan Nilai Tertinggi di SBMPTN 2018, ITB Ungguli UI.]</ref> |- ||2019||ITB (689,75)||[[UI]] (679,96)||[[UGM]] (659,06)||[[ITS]] (653,13)||[[Unpad]] (634,06)||<small>[[SBMPTN]] Saintek; Urut 6-10 adalah [[Undip]] (633,25); [[Unair]] (632,05); [[IPB]] (627,98); [[UNS]] (626,90); [[Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta|UPN Jakarta]] (621,61).</small><ref>[https://edukasi.kompas.com/read/2019/07/10/14100481/peringkat-sbmptn-2019-10-ptn-dengan-nilai-rerata-tertinggi-saintek Peringkat SBMPTN 2019: 10 PTN dengan Nilai Rerata Tertinggi Saintek.]</ref> |- |2020 |ITB (624,07) |[[UI]] (620,01) |[[UGM]] (611,45) |[[ITS]] (611,45) |[[Universitas Diponegoro|Undip]] (592,55) |<small>[[SBMPTN]] Saintek; Urut 6-10 adalah [[Universitas Padjadjaran|Unpad]] (589,08); [[Unair]] (588,48); [[UNS]] (587,39); [[IPB]] (586,18); [[Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta|UPN Jakarta]] (585,77).</small> |} == Unit kegiatan mahasiswa == {{col|3}} * Rumpun agama<ref name=webkm>{{Cite web |url=http://km.itb.ac.id/site/?cat=77 |title=Situs resmi Keluarga Mahasiswa ITB. |access-date=2012-08-06 |archive-date=2012-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715050515/http://km.itb.ac.id/site/?cat=77 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> # Persekutuan Mahasiswa [[Kristen]] "PMK" (Christian Student Fellowship) # Keluarga Mahasiswa [[Katolik]] "KMK" (Catholic Student Society) # Keluarga Mahasiswa [[Hindu]] "KMH" (Hindu Student Society) # Keluarga Mahasiswa [[Buddha]] "Dhammanano" (Buddhist Student Society) # Keluarga Mahasiswa [[Islam]] "[[GAMAIS ITB|GAMAIS]]" (Islamic Student Society) <!--# Salman ITB (Karisma)<!--tidak tercantum di situs resmi KM ITB--> * Rumpun keilmuan<ref name=webkm/> # ShARE ITB # Perkumpulan Studi Ilmu Kemasyarakatan "PSIK" (Societal Study Union) # Majalah Ganesha – Kelompok Studi Sejarah, Ekonomi dan Politik ITB # Kelompok Studi Ekonomi dan Pasar Modal ITB # Institut Sosial Humaniora "Tiang Bendera" ITB # Unit Kajian Islam Ideologis HATI ITB (Harmoni Amal Titian Ilmu) <!--# Kolaborasi Studi Ilmiah Mahasiswa ITB (SICOS: Scientific Collaboration Studies)<!--dari sini s/d Akarna ISEA tidak tercantum di situs resmi KM ITB # Lingkar Studi Gerakan Mahasiswa Madani (LSGMM) # Lembaga Kajian dan Praksis Demokrasi (VERITAS) # Kelompok Analisis dan Komunikasi Islam Strategis # Studi Komunikasi Massa ITB # Cendekia ITB # ITB Internet Community (COMMUNET-ITB) # Online Game Research Group (OGRG) # Unit Matematika dan Linguistik - Akarna ISEA--> * Rumpun pendidikan<ref name=webkm/> # Koperasi Kesejahteraan Mahasiswa "KOKESMA" # Unit Robotika # U-Green ITB # Synthetic Biology "SynBio" ITB # Techno Enterpreneur Club # Student English Forum "SEF" # Resimen Mahasiswa Mahawarman Batalyon I/ITB (Student Regiment Battalion I/ITB)] # Pramuka ITB (Gudep 06005-06006) # Liga Film Mahasiswa "LFM" ITB # Korps Sukarela [[Palang Merah Indonesia]] (KSR-PMI) ITB # Ganesha Model [[United Nations]] Club # Kelompok Studi Visual Budaya Modern (Genshiken ITB) # Amateur Radio Club ITB - ARC ITB # Keluarga Mahasiswa Pencinta Alam Ganesha "KMPA" <!--# Keluarga Donor Darah ITB "KDD" (Blood Donor Society)<!--dari sini s/d Aerokreasi tidak tercantum di situs resmi KM ITB # Unit Pembinaan Kewirausahaan Mahasiswa "UPKM" # Aerokreasi--> * Rumpun seni dan budaya<ref name=webkm/> # ITB Dance and Performance Art Community (INFINITY) # Unit Kebudayaan [[Aceh]] (UKA) # Unit Kesenian [[Sumatra Utara]] (UKSU) # Unit Kesenian [[Sulawesi Selatan]] (UKSS) # Unit Kebudayaan Melayu [[Riau]] (UKMR-ITB) # Unit Kesenian Minangkabau (UKM) # Unit Kebudayaan [[Jepang]] (UKJ) # Unit Kebudayaan [[Irian]] (UKIR) ITB # Unit Kebudayaan [[Banten]] DEBUST ITB # Unit Kebudayaan [[Betawi]] (UKB) ITB # Unit Budaya [[Lampung]] (UBALA) # Studi Teater Mahasiswa (STEMA) # Serumpun Mahasiswa [[Bangka Belitung]] # Perkumpulan Seni Tari dan Karawitan Jawa # Paduan Suara Mahasiswa (PSM-ITB) # Mahasiswa Bumi [[Sriwijaya]] (MUSI) # Maha Gotra Ganesha (MGG) # Marching Band Waditra Ganesha (MBWG) # Lingkung Seni Sunda (LSS) # Lingkar Sastra ITB # Paguyuban Seni Budaya [[Jawa Timura]]n – Loedroek ITB # Keluarga Paduan [[Angklung]] ITB # Unit Rebana ITB (URI) # Keluarga Mahasiswa Jambi ITB – Siginjai (KMJ ITB) # ITBJazz # ITB Student Orchestra (ISO) # Unit Apresiasi Musik (apres!) ITB # Unit Kebudayaan Tionghoa (UKT) # Unit Kebudayaan [[Kalimantan]] (UKK) # Unit Kebudayaan [[Banyuwangi]] (UKAWANGI) # Korean Culture Club ITB (KCC ITB) <!--# Unit Kesenian Borneo (UKB)<!--dari sini s/d GAS tidak tercantum di situs resmi KM ITB # Grup Aspresiasi Sastra ITB "GAS-ITB"--> * Rumpun media<ref name=webkm/> # Tabloid Mahasiswa Boulevard # Radio Kampus – ITB community radio # Pers Mahasiswa (Persma) ITB # [[GaneshaTV]] (GTV) # 8EH Radio ITB * Rumpun olahraga dan kesehatan<ref name=webkm/> # Unit Tenis ITB # Unit Ganesha Touchdown (GT) # Unit Renang dan Polo Air (URPA) # Unit Judo ITB # Unit Capoeira Quizumba (UCI) ITB # Unit Bola Voli (UBV) # Unit Bulu Tangkis (UBT) ITB # Unit Basket "GANESHA" (UBG-ITB) # Unit Aktivitas Tenis Meja ITB (UATM ITB) # Tarung Drajat (Boxer) # Unit [[Taekwondo]] # Syufu Taeshukan Hent Lanah ITB # Unit Softball # Satuan Kegiatan Olah Raga (SKOR) Hoki ITB # Persatuan Sepak Bola ITB (PS ITB) # Persatuan Catur Mahasiswa ITB # Perisai Diri # Unit Panahan PASOPATI ITB # Unit Selam Nautika ITB # Unit Kendo ITB # [[Shorinji Kempo]] ITB # Unit Karate (Bandung Karate Club) cabang ITB # Bela Diri Hikmatul Iman Ranting ITB # Ganesha Bicycler # Unit Aktivitas Bridge (UAB) # Atletik Ganesha (ATLAS) # Aikido # Persaudaraan Setia Hati Terate (PSHT) ITB <!--# Kyokushinkai<!--dari sini s/d 313 tidak tercantum di situs resmi KM ITB # Pencak Silat Tenaga Dasar Indonesia # Satria Nusantara # Pendawa Padma # Wanadri # Sinar Putih # Tri Eka Dharma Margaluyu "313"--> {{end-col}} ==Catatan== {{reflist|group=note|2}} ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} {{PTN di Indonesia}} {{bangunan-stub}} [[Kategori:Paguruan tinggi]] [[Kategori:Paguruan tinggi di Indonesia]] pfgugia3pc4neb1o3h3gwrblhe40p0d Lokomotif E10 0 389584 3346146 3161849 2026-04-27T02:35:40Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lokomotif |image = Lokomotif E10.jpg |caption = Lokomotif E1016 di Museum Transportasi Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII). |powertype =[[Uap]] |serialnumber =E10/SSS 100 |fueltype ={{hlist|Kayu jati|batu bara}} |gauge =1.067 mm |builder ={{unbulleted list|Maschinenfabrik Esslingen, [[Jerman]]| Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works (SLM), [[Swiss]]|Nippon Sharyo, [[Jepang]]}} |buildmodel ="Decapod" |builddate =1922-1928<br>1964 |totalproduction =39 |aarwheels =E |uicclass =Et |whytetype =0-10-0 |length =10.224 mm |width =2.506 mm | height = 3.500 mm |weight =44 ton |wheeldiameter =1.000 mm |vaporpressure =14 kg/cm² |cylindersize =450mm × 520mm |poweroutput =500 hp |topspeed =50 km/h |notes= |railroad=[[Staatsspoorwegen ter Sumatra's Westkust]]|currentowner=[[PT Kereta Api Indonesia]]|locale=[[Divisi Regional II Sumatera Barat]]|nickname="[[kereta api Mak Itam|Mak Itam]]"|weightonready=55 ton|adhesionweight=55 ton|preservedunit=E1016 (Museum Transportasi TMII) E1060 (Museum Kereta Api Sawahlunto)}} '''Lokomotif E10''' adolah [[lokomotif uok]] nan diproduksi dek Maschinenfabrik Esslingen, Jerman, Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works (SLM), Swiss, sarata Nippon Sharyo, Jepang. Lokomotif iko dahulunyo meropakan ikon perkeretaapian [[Sumatera Barat|Sumatra Barat]]. Sabagai lokomotif uap bagigi, karier lokomotif iko dihabiskan untuak manarik kareta api batu baro jo panumpang di jalur rel gerigi nan manghubuangkan [[Kota Sawahlunto|Sawahlunto]] jo [[Kota Padang|Padang]]. Lokomotif iko bagala "Mak Itam", barasal dari frasa bahaso Minangkabau nan bararti "paman hitam".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bagus Prayogo|first=Yoga|author-link=|last2=Yohanes Sapto|first2=Prabowo|author-link2=|last3=Radityo|first3=Diaz|date=2017|title=Kereta Api di Indonesia. Sejarah Lokomotif di Indonesia.|url=|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Jogja Bangkit Publisher|page=105|isbn=978-602-0818-55-9}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Lokomotif iko manggunokan susunan roda 0-10-0, nan artinyo mamiliki sapuluah roda panggerak nan digerakkan basamo-samo dek sabuah batang panggerak. Lokomotif iko mampu menarik kareta api batu baro nan barek muatannyo hinggo 130 ton. Lokomotif iko mamiliki ampek silinder jo duo di antaranyo marupokan silinder untuak manggerakkan gigi-giginyo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://heritage.kai.id/page/Lokomotif%20E10|title=Lokomotif E10|last=|first=|date=|website=Heritage Kereta Api Indonesia|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=2023-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530072230/https://heritage.kai.id/page/Lokomotif%20E10|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Sijarah == === Pambalian lokomotif === Untuak maningkekan kabutuhan pangangkutan batu baro dari Ombilin, Staatsspoorwegen ter Sumatra's Westkust (SSS) mamutuskan mangganti lokomotif-lokomotif uok tuo nan dianggap indak bisa manarik KA batu baro dengan jumlah gerbong nan banyak. Lokomotif-lokomotif gadang dipiliah karano kuek mananjak, badaya gadang, sarato mampu manarik labiah banyak kareta panumpang maupun gerbong. Lokomotif nan dahulunyo diagiah nomor seri SSS 104–125 ini diproduksi dek Esslingen di Jerman sarato SLM di Swiss. Ado 22 unit lokomotif baoperasi, jo parincian SSS 104–112 sarato 119–121 diproduksi oleh SLM, Swiss dan sisonyo Esslingen, Jerman. Pangadaan lokomotif iko dilakukan pado tahun 1921, 1926, jo 1928.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://keretapi.tripod.com/steamroster.html|title=Steam Locomotive Roster, Page 1|website=keretapi.tripod.com|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=2022-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126193445/https://keretapi.tripod.com/steamroster.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Lokomotif lainnyo nan juo dimasukkan dalam kelas SSS 1''xx'' adolah [[Lokomotif D18|D18]] dengan jumlahnyo 3 unit. Sasudah-kamerdekaan 17 lokomotif baru ditambahkan juo nomor seri E10, sahinggo total unit lokomotif iko adolah 39 unit. Sapuluah unit partamo diproduksi dek Esslingen; 7 sisonyo diproduksi pado tahun 1967 dek Nippon Sharyo, dan dianggap sabagai lokomotif uok tarakhir nan diproduksi dek Nippon Sharyo. Lokomotif iko baroperasi untuak angkutan panumpang jo batu baro hinggo patangahan dekade 1980-an. Anehnyo lai, dalam ''roster'' nan dibuek dek Indra Krishnamurti, indak ado lokomotif dengan nomor E1026–50 (langsuang ke E1051–67).<ref name=":1"/> === Preservasi === [[Berkas:DKA_E10_(E_10_60_F).jpg|kiri|jmpl|Lokomotif E1060 sawaktu baroperasi di jalur KA Jambu–Ambarawa–Tuntang, 2008.]] [[Berkas:DKA_E10_(E_10_60_D).jpg|kiri|jmpl|Lokomotif E1060 di Depo Lokomotif Museum Kereta Api Ambarawa, 2008.]] Pado tahun 1984, SLM mamproduksi lokomotif diesel bagigi untuak PJKA, BB204, untuak manggantikan lokomotif E10 nan alah dianggap indak layak baoperasi, dan dibantai ciek-ciek. Pado tahun 1988, sabuah lokomotif, E1060, dibaok ka Museum Kereta Api Ambarawa untuak dipreservasi. "Saudara tuonyo", E1016, diboyong ka Museum Transportasi, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, dan dijadikan pajangan di museum itu sampai kini ko. Pado saat lokomotif E1060 baoperasi di Ambarawa, lokomotif iko mamiliki ukuran roda gigi nan indak sasuai jo rel garigi Jambu–Bedono (hanyo kompatibel jo jiniah asli Ambarawa, B25). Jiko dipaksakan, lokomotif iko mudah rusak.<ref name=":0"/> Dalam rangka mampromosikan [[Museum Kereta Api Sawahlunto]] nan sabalumnyo dibuka pado tanggal 17 Desember 2005,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://heritage.kai.id/page/museum-sawahlunto|title=Museum Kereta Api Sawahlunto - Heritage KAI|last=|first=|date=|website=heritage.kai.id|access-date=2019-07-23|archive-date=2019-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414032450/https://heritage.kai.id/page/museum-sawahlunto|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pemerintah Kota Sawahlunto maminta PT Kereta Api mangembalikan lokomotif E1060 ka Sumatra Barat. Pamindahan tasabuik sapanuahnyo tawujud pado tanggal 3 Desember 2007<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bisniswisata.co.id/jadi-lokomotif-pariwisata-jalur-ka-mak-itam-diaktifkan/|title=Jadi Lokomotif Pariwisata, Jalur KA Mak Itam Diaktifkan – Portal Berita Bisnis Wisata|last=Poerwanto|first=Endy|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> dan sajak saat itu, Sumatra Barat alah kembali mamiliki lokomotif uok. Pado tanggal 21 Februari 2009, kareta api Mak Itam mulai dioperasikan basamo jo kareta api wisata Danau Singkarak. Relasi kareta api Mak Itam adolah Sawahlunto–Muarakalaban, sadangkan kereta api wisata Danau Singkarak adolah Sawahlunto–Padangpanjang.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2009/02/23/00075542/mak.itam.dan.ka.wisata.resmi.beroperasi.di.sumbar|title=Mak Itam dan KA Wisata Resmi Beroperasi di Sumbar|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> Dalam catatan preservasinyo, lokomotif iko pernah dicarter untuak manyambuik ajang basapeda tahunan Tour de Singkarak 2012. Tabukti, lokomotif iko pado saat itu masih kuek manarik anam unit kareta panumpang, dengan satu kareta asli Mak Itam (warna krem-hijau) sarato limo unit kareta panumpang nan biasonyo dipakai untuak KA wisata Danau Singkarak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/olahraga/49239/peserta-tour-de-singkarak-akan-naik-mak-itam-ke-sawahlunto|title=Peserta Tour de Singkarak akan Naik "Mak Itam" ke Sawahlunto|last=BeritaSatu.com|website=beritasatu.com|language=id|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://travel.detik.com/dtravelers_stories/u-1917435/kereta-mak-itam-siap-sambut-peserta-tour-de-singkarak-2012/2|title=Kereta Mak Itam, Siap Sambut Peserta Tour de Singkarak 2012|last=Farhan|first=Afif|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|language=id|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2013/10/09/1938340/Mak.Itam.Tak.Lagi.Menjerit.|title=Mak Itam Tak Lagi Menjerit...|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=2019-07-23|editor-last=Asdhiana|editor-first=I Made}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3171773/menyelamatkan-lokomotif-mak-itam-ganti-onderdil-rusak-dengan-jeroan-handmade|title=Menyelamatkan Lokomotif 'Mak Itam', Ganti Onderdil Rusak dengan 'Jeroan' Handmade|last=Saleh|first=Yudhistira Amran|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=2023-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530073727/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3171773/menyelamatkan-lokomotif-mak-itam-ganti-onderdil-rusak-dengan-jeroan-handmade|dead-url=yes}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kumparan.com/langkanid/sawahlunto-hadirkan-replika-lokomotif-mak-itam-dari-mesin-diesel-1537452565877035972|title=Sawahlunto Hadirkan Replika Lokomotif Mak Itam dari Mesin Diesel|work=[[Kumparan (situs web)|Kumparan]]|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-07-23|last=langkan}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harianhaluan.com/news/detail/72771/operasikan%C2%A0replika-mak-itam-jalur-dan-lubang-kalam-direvitalisasi|title=Operasikan Replika 'Mak Itam', Jalur dan Lubang Kalam Direvitalisasi|website=www.harianhaluan.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723041651/https://www.harianhaluan.com/news/detail/72771/operasikan%25C2%25A0replika-mak-itam-jalur-dan-lubang-kalam-direvitalisasi|archive-date=2019-07-23|dead-url=yes|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> Kini Lokomotif E1060 Dapek beroperasi manarik kareta wisata Mak Itam berkat usaho perbaikan nan tajadi kurang labiah 2 tahun di museum kareta api Sawahlunto jo tarif Kurang labiah Rp54.000 Perorang. == Caliak pulo == * Kereta api Mak Itam == Galeri == <gallery> Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een tandrad locomotief met dubbele cylinders van de Staatsspoorwegen in de Padangsche Bovenlanden Sumatra die ook rijdt zonder het gebruik van het tandwiel dat op de bovenste cylinder loopt TMnr 10007617.jpg|alt=|Salah satu unit lokomotif SSS 100 (E10) di Padang, 1947. Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Stoptrein tussen Bukittinggi en Singkarak TMnr 20018421.jpg|alt=|Lokomotif E10 yang menghela rangkaian kereta api campuran sedang berhenti di area Bukittinggi-Singkarak, 1971. Berkas:DKA E10 (10 16 B).jpg|alt=|Lokomotif E1016 di Museum Transportasi Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII), 2002. </gallery> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Kareta api]] qipjh4hi1tt029im91tq9lz8n7k4vpe Deutsche Bank Center 0 472391 3346134 3344615 2026-04-26T20:15:30Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346134 wikitext text/x-wiki   Deutsche Bank Center (Sabalunnyo Time Warner Center) adolah pusat serba guno nan dibangun oleh Perusahaan Takaik di New York. Pambangunan Bamulo pado bulan November 2000 maikuik penghancuran New York Coliseum jo upacara pangatapan tarakhir diadoan pado acara vigil tanggal 27 Februari 2003. Langik Iko dirancang oleh David Childs dari Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, terdiri dari duo 750 orang. Manara ini setinggi 229 meter, dijembatani oleh toko ritel mewah Ateh di atrium Batingkek Jo Aset Iko tamasuak nan memiliki nilai pasa tatinggi di Kota New York, sanilai $1,1 miliar pado tahun 2006.[1] Mulonyo dibangun jo namo '''AOL Time Warner Center''', bangunan iko mangarah ka barat Columbus Circle jo mambagi bateh antaro Midtown jo Upper West Side. Lawah iko biasonyo banyak ditamui di Amerika Serikat, Amerika Serikat, jo Amerika Serikat. The Shops at Columbus Circle marupokan sabuah mall balanjo kelas tinggi nan talatak di arkade di dasa bangunan, dilengkapi jo toko grosir Whole Foods Market nan gadang di bawah tanah. Komplek celah-celah iko juo marupokan tampek untuak sabuah teater nan punyo kapasitas 1.200 urang untuak Jazz di Lincoln Center sarato studio CNN nan dari sinan ''Anderson Cooper 360°'' ditransmisikan langsuang. wartawan CNN, [[Jeanne Moos]], nan dikenal dek gaya carito "[[Vox populi|pajalan kaki]]"nyo, acok basuwo jo subjek wawancaranyo di lua bangunan iko. Pado taun 2005, Jazz di Lincoln Center manumumkan pakek basamo jo [[XM]] Satellite Radio nan mambari XM sabuah ruang studio di Frederick P. Rose Hall untuak manarimo program jazz harian jo acara khusus sarupo Artist Confidential nan dibawok dek Carlos Santana.<ref>"[http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/news.php?id=7990 Santana - XM & Jazz at Lincoln Center.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109160335/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/news.php?id=7990 |date=2009-01-09 }}" [[All About Jazz]] Nov. 10, 2005.</ref> Pado bulan Mei 2018, Deutsche Bank mangumuman ka mandapek sewa samantaro ruang kantor 100.000 m2 untuak 25 taun, pindah dari 60 Wall Street mulai kuartal katigo taun 2021. Pindahan iko manunjuak kamungkinan panurunan ruang untuak bank, nan punyo 150.000 m2 di 60 Wall Street. Samantaro studio CNN iko alah pindah ka [[30 Hudson Yards]]. Time Warner Center pado Mei 2021 resmi marubah namo manjadi Deutsche Bank Center, jo tando Time Warner diganti jo Deutsche Bank salamo satiok Minggu. Bank iko dijadwalkan untuak mamindahan 5.000 karyawan ka bangunan iko, namun pamindahan iko ditunda. Akhirnyo bangunan iko salasai pado Juli 2021. == Sijarah == Untuak informasi labiah lanjuik, caliak ajo Coliseum NY § Panutupan jo pambongkaran. Sasudah Coliseum dijua pado taun 1985, MTA manarimo banyak tawaran untuak mambangun baliak situs itu. Boston Properties nan tagolong Mortimer Zuckerman mandapek anugerah untuak manalo kontes, jo rancana untuak manyalakan markas Salomon Brothers di situs tu, nan ka didesain dek Moshe Safdie. Masyarakaik ko sangaik manantang rancana patamo Zuckerman, jo panjua tu dibatalan pado taun 1987, jo Salomon Brothers marantau dari proyek tu.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1985-03-09|title=LEADING DEVELOPERS REPRESENTED AT BRIEFING ON SALE OF THE COLISEUM|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/09/nyregion/leading-developers-represented-at-briefing-on-sale-of-the-coliseum.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2022-12-20}}</ref> == Liek juo == {{Portal|New York City}} * [[Bangunan dan arsitektur New York City|Bangunan jo arsitektur New York City]] * [[Bangunan tinggi di New York City]] * [[Masa (restoran)| (Restaurant)]] * [[Per Se (restoran)|Per (restaurant)]] {{Reflist}} == Pambacoan == * Dirk Stichweh: New York Skyscrapers. Prestel Publishing, Munich 2009, <nowiki>ISBN 3-7913-4054-9</nowiki>[[Special:BookSources/3791340549|Laman nan takaik ka "Pasal 3 dari Paragraf 4]] == Pananal lua == {{Commonscat}} * [http://www.10onthepark.com/ 10 di Park di Time Warner Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620163329/http://www.10onthepark.com/ |date=2013-06-20 }} * [http://www.onecentralpark.com/ One Central Park - Residential sales and information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031126052739/http://onecentralpark.com/ |date=2003-11-26 }} * [http://www.mandarinoriental.com/newyork/ Mandarin Oriental Hotel New York nan] * [http://www.timewarner.com/ Time Warner - Situs web perusahaan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624210720/http://www.timewarner.com/ |date=2013-06-24 }} * [http://www.related.com/ The Related Companies - Situs web perusahaan] * 360° virtual tour at onlinexplore.com Diarsipkan pado taun Wayback Machine. * Time Warner Center - 80 Columbus Circle Detailed building information, building ratings and area maps * SOM.com Project Page Diarsipkan pado tanggal 2012-11-15 di Wayback Machine. {{Coord|40.768735|-73.982938|region:US_type:landmark}} 3wuq3js6j9ix57l37j4dei6vu68svmx David Cameron 0 476429 3346133 3343911 2026-04-26T20:06:33Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346133 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Camerons2010spelsburu.JPG|jmpl|'''Cameron jo Samantha di [[Tempat pemungutan suara|TPS]], 2010 .''']] '''David William Donald Cameron, Baron Cameron dari Chipping Norton''', PC ( {{Lahiamati|[[London]], [[Inggris]]|9|10|1966}}) adolah [[Menteri Luar Negeri, Persemakmuran, dan Pembangunan Britania Raya|Mantari Lua Nagari, Persemakmuran jo Pambangunan Inggirih]] sarato mantan [[Pardana Mantari|Pardano Mantari]] [[Baritania Rayo|Inggirih]] sarato inyo marupokan mantan pamimpin dari [[Partai Konservatif (Britania Raya)|Partai Konservatif]] . Pado [[24 Juni]] [[2016]], sahari sasudah [[Brexit|referendum Brexit]] nan manantukan nasib kaanggotaan [[Baritania Rayo|Inggirih]] didalam [[Uni Eropa]], Cameron manyampaian baso inyo ka mangunduakan diri katiko [[Oktober|bulan Oktober]] [[2016|2016.]] <ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36615028 "Brexit: David Cameron to quit after UK votes to leave EU"] di ''[[BBC News]]''</ref> <ref>[http://internasional.kompas.com/read/2016/06/24/15262131/pm.cameron.mengundurkan.diri Artikel:”PM Cameron: Inggris Perlu Nakoda Baru” di Kompas.com]</ref> Pado [[13 Juli]] [[2016]], [[Theresa May|Theresa King]] Davidme [[Pardana Mantari|Ministerme]] [[Baritania Rayo|dari Inggirih]] sacaro rasmi manjadi Cameron Cameron. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-3252849/ratu-elizabeth-ii-terima-pengunduran-diri-cameron-may-resmi-jadi-pm-inggris|title=Ratu Elizabeth II Terima Pengunduran Diri Cameron, May Resmi Jadi PM Inggris|last=Kami|first=Indah Mutiara|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|access-date=2025-08-02}}</ref> Pangunduran diri David Cameron marupoan akibaik indak bisa mambaok pamiliah Inggirih untuak mamiliah tatap barado di Uni Eropa, pado referendum Juni 2016. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Inggris Bersiap Lantik May Jadi Perdana Menteri Gantikan Cameron|url=https://internasional.kompas.com/read/2016/07/12/11542961/inggris.bersiap.lantik.may.jadi.perdana.menteri.gantikan.cameron|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2016-07-12|access-date=2025-08-02|language=id|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref> == Maso ketek jo karir == Cameron gadang di dakek [[Wantage]] di Oxfordshire, marupokan anak dari surang calo saham banamo Ian Donald Cameron. Inyo baraja di [[Eton College|Eton]] jo [[Brasenose College]], [[Universitas Oxford|Oxford]]. Guru gurunyo di Oxford, Profesor [[Vernon Bogdanor]], mangambakannyo sabagai "salah surang murik paliang cadiak" nan parnah inyo ajaan, jo pandangan politiknyo "moderat cukuik Konservatif." Inyo luluih pado taun 1988 jo hasia nan sangaik baiak dalam [[Filsafat, Politik, dan Ekonomi|bidang Filsafat, Politik, jo Ekonomi]]. Cameron bakarajo untuak Departemen Panalitian Konservatif antaro [[1988|taun 1988]] jo [[1992|1992.]] Inyo maabihan wakatu duo hari saminggu manolong di Kantua Pardana Mantari di Downing Street. Sasudah pamiliahan umum, inyo manjadi Panasihat Khusus pamarentahan Konservatif, partamo kali di Kas, dan kamudian di Kantua Dalam Nagari katiko inyo bakarajo untuak [[Michael Howard]]. Antaro [[1994]] jo [[2001]] inyo manjadi direktur di sabuah parusahaan swasta, [[Carlton Communications]], jo sampai Agustus [[2005]] inyo manjadi direktur non-eksekutif di sabuah parusahaan nan mangalola waralaba bar, Tiger Tiger. == Kaluargo == Cameron manikah jo [[Samantha Sheffield]] pado [[1996|taun 1996]]; inyo punyo duo urang anak. Anak partamo urang tu, Ivan, lahia jo lumpuah [[Lumpuh otak|utak]] jo [[Ayan|epilepsi]] barek. Cameron bakomentar tantang kaba cacat anaknyo: "Barito tu mambuek ambo sarupo kareta barang... Untuak samantaro ambo tatakan karano ambo maratok-i pabedaan antaro harapan ambo jo kanyataan. Tapi kudian ambo dapek mangalahkannyo karano inyo adolah anak nan rancak." David Cameron adolah sapupu dari wartawan jo editor politik Konservatif, [[Sir Ferdinand Mount, 3rd Baronet|Sir Ferdinand Mount, Baronet ka-3]] jo cucu dari [[Sir William Mount, 2nd Baronet|Sir William Mount, Baronet ka-2]] . Malalui kaluarga Mount, inyo bahubuangan jo banyak kaluarga bangsawan Inggirih, sabagai katurunan dari [[Earl of Denbigh]] ka-7, [[Earl of Ducie|Earl of Ducie ka]] -1, [[Henry Herbert, Earl of Carnarvon|Henry Herbert, Earl dari Carnarvon ka-1]], [[Charles Wyndham, Earl of Egremont|Charles Wyndham, Earl dari Egremont ka-2]] [[Charles Seymour, Duke of Somerset|, Charles Duar dari Somer E2th]] [[Earl of Shrewsbury|ka-6 .]], sarupo nan dibahas [http://groups.google.com/group/alt.talk.royalty/tree/browse_frm/thread/12da4114c17b787e/a76297675c744027?rnum=1&hl=en&_done=%2Fgroup%2Falt.talk.royalty%2Fbrowse_frm%2Fthread%2F12da4114c17b787e%2F2f2557f886f51e16%3Fhl%3Den%26#doc_a76297675c744027 di siko] [[Earl of Shrewsbury|.]] == Karir di parlemen == Cameron partamo kali mandapek kursi di Parlemen sabagai calon Partai Konservatif untuak [[Stafford]] pado pamiliahan 1997, tapi dikalahkan dek calon Partai Buruh [[David Kidney]] . Inyo tapiliah sabagai calon Konservatif untuak Witney pado pamiliahan 2001, manggantian mantan anggota parlemen Konservatif [[Shaun Woodward]], nan alah baraliah ka [[Partai Buruh]]. Inyo manang kursi untuak Partai Konservatif jo 22.153 suaro (45,0%), kaunggulan 7.973 suaro. Pado pamiliahan 2005, hasia suaronyo maningkek manjadi 26.571 (49,30%), jo kaunggulan 14.156. Pado bulan Desember 2005 pamimpin Partai Konservatif [[Michael Howard]] mangunduakan diri sasudah Partai Konservatif kalah pado pamiliahan umum 2005. Malalui pamiliahan rakyaik, Cameron tapiliah sabagai pamimpin baru jo manjabat pado 6 Desember 2005. Pado [[Pemilihan Umum Britania Raya 2010|pamiliahan umum 2010]], Partai Konservatif mancapai hasia tabayiak sajak 1992, marabuik kursi paliang banyak di parlemen, walaupun masih kurang 20 kursi dari mayoritas umum. Pado 11 Mei 2010, [[Gordon Brown]] mangunduakan diri, dan Cameron diangkek manjadi Pardana Mantari Inggirih. Mitra koalisinyo, pamimpin [[Partai Liberal Demokratik (Britania Raya)|Demokrat Liberal]], [[Nick Clegg]], diangkek manjadi Wakia Pardano Mantari. Pado [[Pemilihan Umum Britania Raya, 2015|pamiliahan umum 2015,]] Partai Konservatif bahasil maningkekan jumlah kursinyo, sahinggo mandapek mayoritas di [[Dewan Rakyat Britania Raya|Dewan Rakyat]] . Cameron mampatahankan jabatannyo sabagai Pardana Mantari. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/ng-interactive/2015/may/07/live-uk-election-results-in-full|title=Live election results|date=7 May 2015|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> == Citra politik == === Namo panggilan "Dave nan cerdik". === Pado bulan April 2016, anggota [[Dewan Rakyat Britania Raya|Dewan Rakyat Inggirih]] untuak Bolsover, [[Dennis Skinner]] anggota parlemen untuak [[Partai Buruh (Britania Raya)|Partai Buruh]], ditegur dek Katua Dewan Rakyat, [[John Bercow|John Bercow,]] karano manyabuik Cameron 'Dodgy Dave' (sabagai rujukan pado klaim Skinner tantang katidakjujuran) salamo parlemen [[Panama Papers|Panamary]] . Skinner diagiah pitunjuak dek Bercow untuak maubah ulang patanyoannyo tanpa marujuak pado Cameron manggunoan kato sifat 'ikan'. Katiko Skinner mangucapkan baliak patanyoannyo, sakali lai manyabuik Cameron sabagai 'Dodgy Dave', inyo disuruah kalua dari Parlemen untuak sisa sidang hari tu. <ref>{{Cite news|date=11 April 2016|title=David Cameron Questioned After Panama Papers Uproar|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/live/david-cameron-speech/dodgy-dave-remarks-draws-rebuke/|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=11 April 2016|title=Dennis Skinner Gets Thrown Out Of Commons For Calling Cameron 'Dodgy Dave'|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/dennis-skinner-gets-thrown-out-of-commons-for-calling-cameron-dodgy-dave_uk_570bc0cae4b0fa55639d7523|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> Pado Juli 2016, Skinner sakali lai manyabuik Cameron sabagai 'Dodgy Dave' di Parlemen, tapi sakali ko inyo indak ditegur, atau disuruah pai. <ref>{{Cite news|date=6 July 2023|title=Celebrities Dennis Skinner just called Cameron 'Dodgy Dave' again at PMQs|url=https://www.indy100.com/celebrities/dennis-skinner-just-called-david-cameron-dodgy-dave-again-at-pmqs-7301551|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> Sajak itu, "Dodgy Dave" alah digunoan di media, jo di media sosial, katiko marujuak kapado Cameron jo caro nan marandahkan. <ref>{{Cite news|date=14 November 2023|title=Dennis Skinner's infamous 'dodgy Dave' comment resurfaces amid David Cameron return|url=https://www.indy100.com/politics/dennis-skinner-dodgy-dave-greensill|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=18 November 2023|title=The Return of Dodgy Dave and the Exile of Suella Braverman|url=https://www.irishnews.com/opinion/columnists/2023/11/18/news/jake_o_kane_the_return_of_dodgy_dave_cameron_and_the_exile_of_suella_braverman-3777330/|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=13 November 2023|title=The Return of Dodgy Dave|url=https://www.irishnews.com/opinion/columnists/2023/11/18/news/jake_o_kane_the_return_of_dodgy_dave_cameron_and_the_exile_of_suella_braverman-3777330/|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> <ref name="news.sky.com">{{Cite news|date=13 November 2023|title=David Cameron lobbying: Bank of England documents suggest 'Dodgy Dave' turned to 'Desperate Dave' over Greensill|url=https://news.sky.com/story/david-cameron-lobbying-bank-of-england-documents-suggest-dodgy-dave-turned-to-desperate-dave-over-greensill-12284033|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=13 November 2023|title=Which Nickname Should David Cameron be Remembered By|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/dodgy-dave-remembered-by/|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> === Evaluasi pamarentah === Pado bulan-bulan sasudah pangunduran dirinyo sabagai pardana mantari, sajumlah komentator mambarikan panilaian negatif tantang jabatan pardana mantari Cameron. Survei Pardana Mantari Pasca Parang 2016 [[Universitas Leeds]], nan mangumpuakan pandangan 82 akademisi nan mengkhususkan diri dalam sajarah jo politik Inggirih pasca parang, mambarikan paringkat Cameron sabagai pardana mantari paliang buruak katigo sajak 1945, mandahului [[Alec Douglas-Home]] jo [[Anthony Eden]]. 90% responden mangutip parangai jo kalahannyo dalam [[Brexit]] sabagai kagagalannyo nan paliang gadang. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-cameron-worst-prime-minister-ranking-third-since-ww2-a7358171.html|title=David Cameron rated third worst Prime Minister since end of World War Two|last=Cowburn|first=Ashley|date=12 October 2016|website=The Independent|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224191518/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-cameron-worst-prime-minister-ranking-third-since-ww2-a7358171.html|archive-date=24 February 2024|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> === Dalam budayo populer === David Cameron pernah mancogok pado episode [[Top Gear]] dimano [[Jeremy Clarkson]], [[James May]], jo [[Richard Hammond]] barado di [[India]]. Cameron manyuruah mareka untuak "manjauah dari India" sasudah katigonyo manawarkan saran tantang baa mampakuek ikatan ekonomi jo India dalam sabuah surek jo manyarankan mareka untuak maningkekan hubungan jo Meksiko. Inyo kudian mangatoan malalui stafnyo baso inyo indak suko bana jo episode di mano inyo mambuek panampilan [[Kameo|cameo]] jo manyatoan baso inyo punyo raso hormat nan paliang tinggi kapado India jo rakyaiknyo. <ref>{{Cite news|date=13 January 2012|title=Cameron did not like BBC India special he appeared in|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/219018/cameron-did-not-like-bbc.html|work=Deccan Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120035802/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/219018/cameron-did-not-like-bbc.html|archive-date=20 November 2023|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> == Kehidupan pribadi == === Kaluargo === Cameron manikah jo [[Samantha Sheffield]], anak dari [[Sir Reginald Sheffield, Baronet ke-8|Sir Reginald Sheffield, Baronet ka-8]] jo Annabel Lucy Veronica Jones (kamudian Wakia Astor) pado taun 1996. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cooper|first=Geraldine|date=1 April 2015|title=Political leaders' wives: Samantha Cameron in 60 seconds|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/03/21/political-leaders-wives-samantha-cameron-in-60-seconds/|work=The Telegraph|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612184642/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/03/21/political-leaders-wives-samantha-cameron-in-60-seconds/|archive-date=12 June 2021|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> Mareka punyo ampek urang anak. Anak partamo mareka, Ivan Reginald Ian, lahia pado 8 April 2002 di Hammersmith jo Fulham, London, jo kombinasi langka cerebral palsy jo bantuak epilepsi barek nan disabuik sindrom Ohtahara, nan mamaralukan parawatan sapanjang jam. Maingek kaba tu, Cameron dikutip sabagai mangatokan: "Iko kanai awak sarupo kareta barang... Awak tertekan untuak samantaro karano awak marasokan pabedaan antaro harapan jo kanyataan. Tapi kudian awak dapek mangalahkannyo, karano inyo luar biaso." <ref name="Focus">Can Boy Wonder save the Tories?". ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' (London). 02 Aug 2025</ref> Ivan dirawat di Pusek Siang Cheyne NHS di London Barat, nan ditutuik indak lamo sasudah inyo pai. Ivan maningga dunia di St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London, pado 25 Februari 2009, pado umua anam taun. <ref>{{Cite news|date=25 February 2009|title=Cameron's eldest son Ivan dies|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7909562.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308161719/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7909562.stm|archive-date=8 March 2012|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> Kaluarga Kamerun mampunyoi duo anak padusi, Nancy Gwen (lahia 2004) jo Florence Rose Endellion (lahia 2010), <ref name="BBC News 4th child">{{Cite news|date=24 August 2010|title=Camerons announce birth of fourth child|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11074163|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824190449/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11074163|archive-date=24 August 2010|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> sarato surang anak laki-laki, Arthur Elwen (lahia 2006). <ref>{{Cite news|last=Owen|first=Paul|date=22 March 2010|title=David Cameron's wife expecting baby|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/mar/22/david-cameron-wife-samantha-baby|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608183927/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/mar/22/david-cameron-wife-samantha-baby|archive-date=8 June 2024|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> Katiko Arthur lahia, David Cameron maambiak [[Cuti kehamilan|cuti ayah]], suatu kaputusan nan manyababkan pakiak publik. Desas-desus muncua baliak baso Cameron juo akan maambiak cuti ayah katiko anak padusinyo Florence lahia. <ref name="BBC News 4th child2">{{Cite news|date=24 August 2010|title=Camerons announce birth of fourth child|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11074163|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824190449/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11074163|archive-date=24 August 2010|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> Florence lahia di [[Rumah Sakit Diraja Cornwall|Rumah Sakik Royal Cornwall]] pado 24 Agustus 2010, tigo minggu sabalun wakatunyo, samantaro kaluarganyo sadang balibur di [[Cornwall]]. Namo katigonyo, Endellion, barasa dari kampuang [[St Endellion]] tampek kaluarganyo sadang balibur. <ref>{{Cite news|date=25 August 2010|title=Camerons reveal daughter's name|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11089358|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825200412/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11089358|archive-date=25 August 2010|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Croft|first=Adrian|date=24 August 2010|title=UK PM David Cameron's wife gives birth to baby girl|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE67N3DN20100824|work=Reuters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825043630/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE67N3DN20100824|archive-date=25 August 2010|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> === Hobi === [[Berkas:G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg|al=Cameron watches the penalty shootout of the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final with Barack Obama, Angela Merkel, François Hollande|jmpl|Di sampiang KTT G8 pado taun 2012, Cameron, [[Barack Obama]], [[Angela Merkel]], [[François Hollande]] manonton patandiangan penalti [[Final Liga Champions UEFA 2012]] . Dalam foto ko, Cameron marayoan kamanangan [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea FC]] malawan [[FC Bayern München|FC Bayern München.]]]] Sabalun manjadi [[Pardana Mantari Baritania Rayo|Pardana Mantari Inggirih]], Cameron rutin basepeda untuak pai bakarajo. Pado taun 2006, inyo difoto sadang naiak oto untuak pai karajo, diikuti dek supir nan alah mambaok otonyo nan barisi barang-barangnyo. [[Partai Konservatif (Britania Raya)|Partai Konservatif]] manyatoan baso iko adolah kabiasoan Cameron pado wakatu itu. <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 April 2006|title=Hypocrisy claim over Cameron bike|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4953922.stm|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013154427/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4953922.stm|archive-date=13 October 2007|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> Cameron juo acok [[Jogging|joging]] jo pado taun 2009, mangumpuakan pitih untuak amal jo manjalankan Oxford 5K jo [[Great Brook Run|Lari Sungai Gadang]] . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Cameron runs in charity mud race|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/oxfordshire/8432439.stm|date=2009-12-28|access-date=2025-08-02|language=en-GB}}</ref> Cameron mandukuang [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa FC]] <ref name="auto">{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=Lisa|date=20 May 2008|title=David Cameron not bothered by Euro clash&nbsp;– he's a Villa fan|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/midlands-birmingham-sport/west-midlands-sports/aston-villa-fc/2008/05/20/david-cameron-not-bothered-by-euro-clash-he-s-a-villa-fan-65233-20935561/|work=Birmingham Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929122341/http://www.birminghampost.net/midlands-birmingham-sport/west-midlands-sports/aston-villa-fc/2008/05/20/david-cameron-not-bothered-by-euro-clash-he-s-a-villa-fan-65233-20935561/|archive-date=29 September 2012|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> Sabagai anggota [[Marylebone Cricket Club|Klub Kriket Marylebone]], Cameron juo sanang bamain [[kriket]] dan pernah tampil di ''[[Test Match Special]]'' sakali . <ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|last=Ross|first=Tim|date=19 July 2013|title=David Cameron caught out by Geoffrey Boycott at Lord's|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/10191089/David-Cameron-caught-out-by-Geoffrey-Boycott-at-Lords.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/10191089/David-Cameron-caught-out-by-Geoffrey-Boycott-at-Lords.html|archive-date=10 January 2022|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> Sabuah biografi pado taun 2012, Cameron: Praktis saurang Konservatif, manyatoan baso "Jikok 'chillaxing' marupoan olahraga Olimpiade, mako David Cameron akan marabuik medali ameh", mangutip kecenderungan Cameron untuak wakatu luang. Biografi manyatoan baso "Kamampuan Cameron untuak mamisahkan kahidupan pribadinyo dari kahidupan profesionalnyo dipandang sabagai aset dek babarapo kawan, jo dek urang lain sabagai tando raso sanang di tangah resesi ganda." <ref>{{Cite news|date=19 May 2012|title=David Cameron's 'chillaxing' hobbies revealed in new biography|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/may/19/david-cameron-chillaxing-hobbies-biography|work=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608183928/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/may/19/david-cameron-chillaxing-hobbies-biography|archive-date=8 June 2024|access-date=02 Aug 2025}}</ref> == Pranala lua == * [http://www.davidcameronmp.com/ David Cameron MP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424055309/http://www.davidcameronmp.com/ |date=2006-04-24 }} - situs web resmi * [http://www.cameroncampaign.org/ Campaign for David Cameron] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125233452/https://www.cameroncampaign.org/ |date=2024-11-25 }} situs kampanye resmi pemimpin Partai Konservatif * [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/person/0,9290,-6188,00.html Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: David Cameron MP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010521170524/http://politics.guardian.co.uk/person/0,9290,-6188,00.html |date=2001-05-21 }} * [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Archive/0,9328,649666,00.html David Cameron's Guardian columns (2001-2005)] as Conservative Party diarist * [http://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/david_cameron/witney They Work For You – David Cameron MP] * [http://www.publicwhip.org.uk/mp.php?mpn=David_Cameron&mpc=Witney The Public Whip – David Cameron MP] voting record == Barito jo komentar == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/mpdb/html/515.stm BBC News – Head of Shadow Policy Co-Ordination David Cameron] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126004411/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/mpdb/html/515.stm|date=2005-11-26}} profil 10 Februari [[:id:2005|2005]] * [[:id:Nick_Cohen|Nick Cohen]], ''[[:id:New_Statesman|New Statesman]]'', [[:id:8_Agustus|8 Agustus]] 2005, [http://www.newstatesman.com/200508080017 "The birth of Blameron"] * [http://www.tdpf.org.uk/MediaNews_LatestNews_07_09_05.htm The Independent – Tory contender calls for more liberal drug laws]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 7 September 2005 * [http://www.foe.co.uk/campaigns/climate/news/cameron_climate_interview.html David Cameron on climate change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715041004/http://www.foe.co.uk/campaigns/climate/news/cameron_climate_interview.html|date=2007-07-15}} == Referensi == q9qip5th4315dx5pr1m4ll87wk6mlnx Perpustakaan PPKS 0 476634 3346153 3185702 2026-04-27T07:01:34Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Perpustakaan PPKS,''' atau '''Perpustakaan Khusus Pusat Panalitian Sawit''', marupoan perpustakaan khusus nan marupoan bagian dari [[Pusat Peneliat Kelapa Sawit|Pusat Panalitian Sawit]] nan talatak di [[Medan Area, Medan|Medan, Sumatera Utara.]] PPKS marupoan pusek panalitian sawit tatuo di Indonesia, sacaro khusus malakukan panalitian sawit sajak zaman panjajahan, sahinggo maninggaan banyak bukti sajarah, tamasuak bangunan jo struktur, arsip jo buku-buku langka nan baumua labiah dari 50 tahun. Perpustakaan ko menempati bangunan duo lantai di sayap kanan komplek PPKS di Jalan Brigjen Katamso, Medan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fisch|first=Silvia|last2=Trivaković-Thiel|first2=Suzana|last3=Roll|first3=Stephanie|last4=Keller|first4=Theresa|last5=Binting|first5=Sylvia|last6=Cree|first6=Margit|last7=Brinkhaus|first7=Benno|last8=Teut|first8=Michael|date=2020-11-13|title=Group hypnosis for stress reduction and improved stress coping: a multicenter randomized controlled trial|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-03129-6|journal=BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies|volume=20|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12906-020-03129-6|issn=2662-7671}}</ref> == Sajarah == Kaberadaan Perpustakaan PPKS sasuai jo sajarah PPKS dimano Pusat Penelitian Minyak Sawit (PPKS) alah didirikan sajak 1916 dan dikenal sabagai ''Algemeen Proefstation der AVROS'' (A.P.A.) nan didirikan dek ''Algemeene Vereeniging ter van O Rubberst'' (A.V.R.O.S). Sairiang jo pandirian A.P.A., disadiokan pulo ruangan khusus nan bafungsi sabagai perpustakaan, yaitu ''Bibliotheek'' van het A.P.A.<ref>''Profil Perpustakaan Khusus Penelitian Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit''. Medan.</ref> Ruangan ''Bibliotheek van het'' A.P.A. masih dapek dicaliak keberadaannyo. Ruangan ko adolah bagian dari ruangan nan talatak di gedung utamo di komplek kantua PPKS. Sairiang jo perkembangan, A.P.A. Perpustakaan alah barubah baiak dari segi namo maupun ruangan, yaitu Perpustakaan PPKS nan marupokan jinih perpustakaan khusus. Masuaknyo Perpustakaan PPKS sabagai perpustakaan khusus disababkan dek adonyo Perpustakaan PPKS sabagai panunjang utamo dalam mamanuahi kabutuhan literatur jo informasi panaliti, sarato sasuai jo adonyo PPKS sandiri sabagai pusek panalitian di bidang sawit. Tapi dalam prakteknyo, Perpustakaan PPKS tatap maagiah pelayanan untuak masyarakaik umum. Pado tanggal 26 Oktober 2010, Perpustakaan PPKS resmi manampati ruangan baru nan tadiri dari 2 lantai. Di lantai partamo sanak akan manamukan bagian edaran jo koleksi nan dapek dipinjam, sadangkan lantai kaduo ditujukan untuak koleksi lamo nan baumua labiah dari 50 tahun. Koleksi-koleksi lamo ko marupokan warisan nan indak tabali nan mambuek Perpustakaan PPKS punyo nilai tambah. Bahkan malalui koleksi-koleksi lamo ko, inyo dapek dijadikan sumber dalam manulih sajarah Indonesia, tarutamo pakabunan sawit di Pantai Timur Sumatera.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pustaka.iopri.org/index.php?p=show_detail&id=4102&keywords= |title=archive copy |access-date=2025-09-14 |archive-date=2024-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519003056/https://pustaka.iopri.org/index.php?p=show_detail&id=4102&keywords= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Koleksi == Kini ko koleksi perpustakaan tadiri dari 8.636 judul buku tantang perkebunan, tarutamo sawit jo pertanian pado umumnyo, 224 judul majalah, jurnal dalam nagari jo lua nagari sarato labiah kurang 3.000 eksemplar buku langka nan marupoan peninggalan zaman panjajahan. Koleksi pustaka ko mampunyoi babagai bahaso tamasuak bahaso Indonesia, Inggirih, Balando, Parancih, Jerman, Rusia jo Ceko. Koleksi buku langka perpustakaan PPKS barisi tantang tanaman karas atau tanaman tahunan sarupo: [[karet]], [[timbakau]], [[teh]] jo [[Kalapo sawik|sawit]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kementerian BUMN|url=http://www.bumn.go.id/ptpn8/berita/9181|newspaper=http://bumn.go.id/|access-date=2025-09-14|language=en|last=Fadjrin Kurnia@Kementerian Badan Usaha Milik Negara|archive-date=2019-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530034143/http://www.bumn.go.id/ptpn8/berita/9181|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Koleksi buku jo hasil panalitian ilmiah nan paliang baru ado di lantai dasar, kamudian ribuan buku langka jo kuno dari akhia 1800-an sampai 1900-an ado di lantai kaduo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kementerian BUMN|url=http://www.bumn.go.id/ptpn8/berita/9181|newspaper=http://bumn.go.id/|access-date=2025-09-14|language=en|last=Fadjrin Kurnia@Kementerian Badan Usaha Milik Negara|archive-date=2019-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530034143/http://www.bumn.go.id/ptpn8/berita/9181|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Salah satu koleksi perpustakaan PPKS nan diterbitkan tahun 1922 nan bajudul ''INVESTIGATIONS ON OILY SAWIT'' nan ditulih dek Rutgers jo kawan-kawannyo, mareka mamulai isi buku ko jo sajarah adonyo sawit di Indonesia, tarutamo di Pantai Timur Sumatera pado taun 1848 kutiko [[Kebun Raya Bogor]] mendapatkan 4 batang sait dari Bourbon [[Mauritius|(Mauritius)]] sabanyak 2 batang jo 2 batang lai dari ''Agricultural Garden'' di [[Amsterdam]], tantang pakawinan silang antaro bibit sawit untuak mahasilkan varietas baru, jo tantang pananganan sawit mulai dari panantuan bibit sampai mamasarkannyo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pustaka.iopri.org/index.php?p=show_detail&id=4102&keywords= |title=archive copy |access-date=2025-09-14 |archive-date=2024-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519003056/https://pustaka.iopri.org/index.php?p=show_detail&id=4102&keywords= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Rujukan == ruzehkhkqh1lmtbnbgw3yo7mubjv1x6 Paguruan Tinggi Kent Street 0 476853 3346165 3186904 2026-04-27T08:09:39Z Bahaim001 23802 salin suntiang 3346165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tambah referensi}} '''Paguruan Tinggi Jalan Kent''', atau '''Paguruan Tinggi Kent Street''' (Kent Street Senior High School), adolah sabuah SMA umum di nagara bagian [[Australia Barat]], [[Australia]] dan talatak di pinggiran kota [[Kensington]]. Labiah dari [[50]] persen murik nan sikola di Kent Street tingga di kabupaten sikola tatangga atau lainnyo. Hal iko sabagian gadang disababkan dek program-program khusus Kent Street.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120226091610/http://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Lists/Statements/DispForm.aspx?ID=131491</ref><ref>http://www.det.wa.edu.au/specialistprograms/detcms/navigation/list-of-participating-schools/?oid=MultiPartArticle-id-9120050</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}}{{Rancangan}} [[Kategori:Paguruan Tinggi]] 7qpbeo7jdy8jweieyqsa61e4sykwk3n Kebun Teh Alahan Panjang 0 476869 3346144 3344254 2026-04-27T01:25:47Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346144 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kebun Teh Alahan Panjang,''' marupokan [[kabun teh]] punyo [[PT. Perkebunan Nusantara]] nan talatak di Tanah Hitam, kacamatan [[Lembah Gumanti, Solok|Lembah Gumanti]], kabupaten [[Kabupaten Solok|Solok]], [[Sumatera Barat]]. Kabun iko mampunyoi laweh sakitar 20 hektar dan barado diateh bukik landai nan barado satinggi 1.200 - 1.600 meter diateh pemukoan lauik. Pamandangan nan nampak tacaliak dari kabun teh kabanyakan hamparan bukik-bukik khususnyo Gunuang Talang jo awan-awan dan tanaman-tanaman teh. Takadang, bisa nampak tambang biji basi nan marupoan kabanyakan karajo masyarakaik di Tanah Hitam. Jalanan nan tasadio di kabun teh cukuik untuak bajalan ciek urang dan rami manyadiokan panggaleh jajanan ketek.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Singgah di Keindahan Kebun Teh Solok|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2013/07/03/1220425/Singgah.di.Keindahan.Kebun.Teh.Solok|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2013-07-03|access-date=2025-11-08|language=en|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref> Kabun ko dapek disobokan sajauah 72 km (sakita 2 jam) dari Kota Padang, tapi dari Kota Solok dapek disobokan sajauah 60 km (1 jam 40 minik).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Begini Sejarah Ringkas Pesona Keindahan Kebun Teh Alahan Panjang - Berita Minang|url=https://www.beritaminang.com/berita/10685/begini-sejarah-ringkas-pesona-keindahan-kebun-teh-alahan-panjang|newspaper=Berita Minang|access-date=2025-11-08|language=id-ID|first=Marjeni|last=Rokcalva}}</ref> == Sijarah == Dahulunyo, pas zaman panjajahan, kabun teh acok diparabuikan samo urang [[balando]] dan [[jerman]]. Sampai akhianyo, kabun teh di alahan panjang didapekan jo urang jerman. Urang jerman tu dulu mambuek tampek tingga di ateh bukik pakabunan iko. Tapi, sairiang wakatu, kabun teh kini lah dikelola pemerintah di bawah PT. Perkebunan Nusantara.<ref name=":1" /> == Lokasi == Lokasi kabun teh ko barado di sabalah kaki pagunuangan Bukik Barisan, di wilayah lingkuangan Desa Nagari Alahan Panjang, Kecamatan Lembah Gumanti, Kabupaten Solok, Sumatera Barat. Kawasan ko terkenal sajajar jo objek wisata lain bantuak Danau Diateh dan Danau Dibawah, yang mambuek wilayah nan ciek ko jadi tujuan wisata alam di ranah minang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id/desa/alahan_panjang|title=Desa Wisata Alahan Panjang|website=jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id|access-date=2025-12-17|archive-date=2025-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222230131/https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id/desa/alahan_panjang|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Kagiatan dan daya tarik == Kagiatan wisata nan dapek dilakukan biasonyo bafoto-foto, main mandok-mandok, manikmati pamandangan dan udaranyo, jo mambali oleh-oleh nan acok digaleh disinan, sarupo [[Stroberi kabun|stroberi]]. Biasonyo paliang banyak urang tibo pas libur tahun baru. Wakatu nan paliang rancak untuak pai bakunjuang ka siko biasonyo pagi sampai siang hari.<ref name=":0" />Daya Tariek Kebun Teh Alahan Panjang punya beberapa daya tarik wisata alam nan sering dimanfaatkan pengunjung, antara lain, Hamparan pakabunan teh hijau nan luae yang menciptakan pamandangan alam nan asri jo sajuak. Udaro pagunuangan nan sajuak atau bahkan cukuik dingin, terutama pado pagi dan sore hari, cocok untuak refresing atau healing. Spot fotografi alam yang instagramable, dari barisan tanaman teh sampai jo latar Gunuang Talang jo pamandangan lambah nan hijau. Rileksasi dan basantai di tangah kabun teh tanpa biaya masuak, sabab kawasan iko bebas tiket dan di tapi jalan gadang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingga.pikiran-rakyat.com/wisata/pr-3789525388/melepas-penat-di-kebun-teh-alahan-panjang-surga-hijau-di-lereng-gunung-talang|title=Melepas Penat di Kebun Teh Alahan Panjang: Surga Hijau di Lereng Gunung Talang|last=Husni|website=Harian Lingga|language=id|access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://direktoripariwisata.id/unit/1292|title=Kebun Teh Alahan Panjang|website=direktoripariwisata.id|access-date=2025-12-17}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Akses dan Transportasi == Akses ka Kabun Teh Alahan Panjang bisa dicapai malalui jalur darat dari Kota Solok atau Kota Padang. Pajalanan dari Padang kurang labiah sakitar 2 jam malalui jalur darat jo kandaraan pribadi atau sewa. Jalan nan ditampuah relatif tabuka, maskipun pada bagian tartantu malintasi daerah bakelok di pagunuangan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pojokbaca.id/pojok-wisata-alam/226674987/swiss-nya-indo-nih-bos-intip-daya-tarik-alahan-panjang-solok-negeri-di-atas-awan-dengan-panorama-gunung-talang-danau-kembar-dan-kebun-teh-luas|title=Swiss nya Indo Nih Bos! Intip Daya Tarik Alahan Panjang Solok, Negeri di Atas Awan dengan Panorama Gunung Talang, Danau Kembar, dan Kebun Teh Luas - Pojok Baca|last=PB|first=RIfki Abdul Rofik|website=Swiss nya Indo Nih Bos! Intip Daya Tarik Alahan Panjang Solok, Negeri di Atas Awan dengan Panorama Gunung Talang, Danau Kembar, dan Kebun Teh Luas - Pojok Baca|language=id|access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiJalajah]] [[Kategori:Kopdar WikiJalajah]] gvqb7gfliqo193duovqucvjaluzxf9x Pantai Air Bangis 0 476879 3346150 3341667 2026-04-27T06:23:01Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346150 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Pantai Air Bangis 01.jpg|jmpl|Pantai Air Bangis]] '''Pantai Air Bangis''' adolah Salah satu wisata alam yang berada di [[Nagari Air Bangis]] bagian utara Kabupaten Pasaman Barat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airbangis.com/air-bangis-dan-keistimewaannya/|title=Air Bangis dan Keistimewaannya|last=Editor|date=2019-04-30|website=Airbangis.com|language=en-US|access-date=2025-11-11}}</ref> Spesifiknyo Pantai ko talatak berada di wilayah administratif Kecamatan [[Sungai Beremas, Pasaman Baraik|Sungai Beremas]], Kabupaten Pasaman Barat. Sacaro geografis Air Bangis terletak di 000 09’ – 000 31’ LU dan 990 10’ – 990 34’ BT jo ketiinggian 319 mdpl di ateh parmukooan aia lauik.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id/desa/nagari_air_bangis|title=Desa Wisata Nagari Air Bangis|website=jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id|access-date=2025-11-11|archive-date=2025-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624010755/https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id/desa/nagari_air_bangis|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Posisis Geografisnyo == [[Berkas:Pantai Air Bangis 08.jpg|jmpl|Tepi Pantai Air Baangis]] Nagari Air Bangis mampunyoi posisi geografis nan unik, karano bateh-batehnyo maliputi baiak parairan internasional maupun kawasan administratif sakitarnyo. Di sabalah selatan, daerah ko langsuang babatehan jo parairan tabukak [[Samudra Hindia,]] sadangkan di sabalah utara, bateh daratannyo adolah jo Kecamatan Ranah Batahan. Bateh nan paliang signifikan adolah di sabalah barat, di mano Nagari Air Bangis mambagi bateh lansuang jo provinsi tatangga [[Sumatera Utara]]. Akhianyo, bateh timur daerah iko ditandoi jo Kecamatan [[Koto Balingka, Pasaman Barat|Koto Balingka]], nan malengkapi konfigurasi bateh-bateh pamarintahan Nagari Air Bangis.<ref name=":0" /> == Akses Jalan == [[Berkas:Pantai Air Bangis 06.jpg|jmpl]]Akses jalan ka Pantai Air Bangis labiah kurang 70 kilometer dari [[Simpang Ampek (kota)|Simpang Ampek]], ibu kota [[Kabupaten Pasaman Barat|Pasaman Barat]]. Perkiroan wakatu pajalanan dari Simpang Empat ka Pantai Air Bangis labiah kurang mangabihan wakatu 2 jam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://megapolitan.antaranews.com/berita/343894/kunjungan-ke-objek-wisata-pasaman-barat-alami-peningkatan-tiga-hari-terakhir|title=Kunjungan ke objek wisata Pasaman Barat alami peningkatan tiga hari terakhir|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=ANTARA News Megapolitan|access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref> == Fasilitas == Berdasarkan data pariwisata, objek wisata iko alah resmi didata dan dibukak sajak sakitar tahun 2013 jo fasilitas dasar bantuak Area parkir, Balai bakumpua, kamar mandi umum, Kadai souvenir, mushola, Tampek makan/kuliner, Spot foto<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sisparnas.kemenparekraf.go.id/p/32721|title=Atraksi Pariwisata di Kabupaten Pasaman Barat|website=sisparnas.kemenparekraf.go.id|access-date=2025-12-17|archive-date=2025-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219042410/https://sisparnas.kemenparekraf.go.id/p/32721|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galeri == <gallery> Berkas:Pantai Air Bangis 10.jpg Berkas:Pantai Air Bangis 07.jpg Berkas:Pantai Air Bangis 03.jpg Berkas:Pantai Air Bangis 04.jpg Berkas:Pantai Air Bangis 09.jpg Berkas:Pantai Air Bangis 05.jpg Berkas:Pantai Air Bangis 02.jpg </gallery> == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiJalajah]] krr7sdm15yd7uqkuey11h24avj7xhjx Pantai Sikabau 0 476965 3346151 3341639 2026-04-27T06:25:56Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346151 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Indahnya Sunset dalam kebersamaan.jpg|jmpl|Aktivitas Wisata di Pantai Sikabau]] '''Pantai Sikabau''' salah sata destinaasi wisata alam nan talatak di Kecamatan Parit Koto Balingka, merupakan tujuan wisata alternatif terkemuka. Pantai ko mampunyoi potensi alam Pantai Sikabau nan luar biaso, nan dicirikan jo pasia barasiah jo pamandangan nan manakjubkan, manjadiannyo lokasi nan ideal untuak wisatawan untuak manikmuati liburan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id/desa/pantai_sikabau|title=Desa Wisata Pantai Sikabau|website=jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id|access-date=2025-12-17}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Akses Jalan == Pantai Sikabau dapek dijangkau jo kandaraan pribadi jo malalui jalan darat dari ibukota kabupaten, Simpang Ampek, manuju Simpang Sayur di Nagari Ujung Gading. Dari sinan, pajalanan balanjuik salamo sakitar sajam malalui kabun sawit miliak parusahaan jo panduduak. Walaupun kondisi jalannyo babeda-beda. Ado nan dalam kondisi nan elok dan ado pulo nan masih babatu-batu, rute ko layak dilalui. Atau, wisatawan dapek juo mancapai lokasi malalui lauik jo kapa bamotor, baiak dari [[Pantai Air Bangis]] atau [[Pantai Maligi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/594894/pantai-sikabau-pasaman-barat-terus-dibenahi-tarik-wisatawan|title=Pantai Sikabau Pasaman Barat terus dibenahi tarik wisatawan|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|date=2024-01-01|website=Antara News Sumbar|access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> == Aktivitas di Pantai Sikabau == Pantai Sikabau manawarkan pangalaman liburan nan ideal jo fitur alamnyo nan manarik, tamasuak galombang nan lembut jo babantang pasia putiah nan murni. Kondisi iko ideal untuak babagai kagiatan aia sarupo baranang, baselancar, jo manyalam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/amalinaistiqfar/pantai-sikabau-pesona-pasaman-barat-yang-wajib-dikunjungi-1yCAQKcZRia|title=Pantai Sikabau: Pesona Pasaman Barat yang Wajib Dikunjungi|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|access-date=2025-12-17}}</ref> Untuak tambahan kanyamanan, barisan pohon kalapa jo pinus di sapanjang pantai manyadiokan tampek bataduah nan samparono untuak wisatawan untuak malapeh taragak jo piknik sambia manikmati lauik biru nan janiah. Pangunjuang dapek pulo marasoan thrill naiak motor di sapanjang pantai sambia manikmati angin lauik, atau taruih ka ujuang pantai untuak mamanciang di muaro nan tanang. Tangkapan dapek dinikmati panggang di tampek.<ref name=":0" /> Matahari tabanam di Pantai Sikabau sabana istimewa, ditandoi jo pamandangan kawanan jawi nan babaliak ka kandangnyo, jo warna-warna oranye nan mancuci di ateh pantai, mambuek pamandangan nan indak talupoan.<ref name=":0" /> Pangalaman lain nan unik adolah manyubarang ka pulau ketek di subarang muaro jo kapa nelayan bamotor, jo biaya nan tajangkau hanyo Rp 10.000 per urang. Hanyo dalam pajalanan 15 minik, wisatawan dapek manikmati pulau nan langang nan kayo jo karang-karang nan indah jo manyadiokan banyak tampek foto nan manarik untuak diambiak.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujuaan == [[Kategori:WikiJalajah]] c2re1pmpsjykeekbotq05ptkaew3w78 Pulau Karimun Jawa 0 477367 3346164 3344109 2026-04-27T08:00:42Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346164 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |- id="7" ! colspan="2" id="8" class="infobox-above" | |- id="9" | colspan="2" id="10" class="infobox-image" |[[Berkas:Karimunjawa_pulau_pagi.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Karimunjawa_pulau_pagi.jpg|nirbing]]<div id="11" class="infobox-caption">Pulau Karimunjawa dilihat dari barat daya.</div> |- id="13" | colspan="2" id="14" class="infobox-image" |<div id="16" class="center"><div id="17" class="locmap"><div id="18"><div id="19">[[Berkas:Indonesia_Java_relief_location_map.png|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Indonesia_Java_relief_location_map.png|260x260px|''P.&nbsp;Karimunjawa'' di Jawa]]<div id="20" class="od"><div id="21" class="id">[[Berkas:Red_pog.svg|pra=|8x8px|''P.&nbsp;Karimunjawa'']]</div><div id="22" class="pr"><div id="23">''P.&nbsp;Karimunjawa''</div></div></div></div><div id="25">Lokasi P. Karimunjawa di utara P. Jawa.</div></div></div></div> |- id="27" ! colspan="2" id="28" class="infobox-header" |Geografi |- id="30" ! scope="row" id="31" class="infobox-label" |Lokasi | id="33" class="infobox-data" |[[:id:Laut_Jawa|Laut Jawa]] |- id="36" ! scope="row" id="37" class="infobox-label" |Koordinat | id="39" class="infobox-data" |<span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pulau_Karimunjawa&language=id&params=5.85_S_110.45_E_type:isle <span class="geo-nondefault"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location" class="geo-dms"><span class="latitude">5°51′S</span> <span class="longitude">110°27′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-default"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location" class="geo-dec">5.85°S 110.45°E</span>&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">-5.85; 110.45</span></span>]</span></span> |- id="42" ! scope="row" id="43" class="infobox-label" |Kepulauan | id="45" class="infobox-data note" |[[:id:Kepulauan_Karimunjawa|Kepulauan Karimunjawa]] |- id="48" ! scope="row" id="49" class="infobox-label" |Luas | id="51" class="infobox-data" |43&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup><ref><cite class="citation thesis cs1" id="CITEREFTiskiantoro2006"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="230">Tiskiantoro, F. (2006). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="231">[http://eprints.undip.ac.id/15597/ ''Analisis Kesesuaian Lokasi Budidaya Karamba Jaring Apung dengan Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Geografis di Pulau Karimunjawa dan Pulau Kemujan''] (Tesis). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="232">Semarang: Program Pascasarjana Universitas Diponegoro. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="233">hlm.&nbsp;</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="234">7.</span></cite></ref> |- id="53" ! scope="row" id="54" class="infobox-label" |Panjang | id="56" class="infobox-data" |13,3&nbsp;km |- id="58" ! scope="row" id="59" class="infobox-label" |Lebar | id="61" class="infobox-data" |9,4&nbsp;km |- id="63" ! scope="row" id="64" class="infobox-label" |Titik&nbsp;tertinggi | id="66" class="infobox-data" |Bukit Bendera&nbsp;(506&nbsp;m)<ref name="sailing1935">{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sailing_Directions_for_Celebes_Southeast/GEEPAQAAMAAJ?pg=PA65|pages=65-66|title=Sailing Directions for Celebes, Southeast Borneo, Java (except from Java Head to Batavia), and Islands East of Java|date=1935|edition=3|publisher=United States Hydrographic Office}}</ref><ref name="bukupanduan">{{cite book|title=Panduan Pendidikan dan Penelitian di Taman Nasional Karimunjawa|url=http://tnkarimunjawa.id/assets/filepublikasi/2/dokpublik_1501648251.pdf|publisher=Balai Taman Nasional Karimunjawa|date=2011}}</ref> |- id="68" ! colspan="2" id="69" class="infobox-header" |Pemerintahan |- id="71" ! scope="row" id="72" class="infobox-label" |Negara | id="74" class="infobox-data" |Indonesia |- id="76" ! scope="row" id="77" class="infobox-label" |Provinsi | id="79" class="infobox-data" |[[:id:Jawa_Tengah|Jawa Tengah]] |- id="82" ! scope="row" id="83" class="infobox-label" |Kabupaten | id="85" class="infobox-data" |[[:id:Kabupaten_Jepara|Jepara]] |- id="88" ! scope="row" id="89" class="infobox-label" |Kecamatan | id="91" class="infobox-data" |[[:id:Karimunjawa,_Jepara|Karimunjawa]] |- id="94" ! scope="row" id="95" class="infobox-label" |Desa | id="97" class="infobox-data" |[[:id:Karimunjawa,_Karimunjawa,_Jepara|Karimunjawa]] |- id="100" ! colspan="2" id="101" class="infobox-header" |Info lainnya |- id="103" ! scope="row" id="104" class="infobox-label" |Zona waktu | id="106" class="infobox-data" |<div id="108" class="plainlist"> * [[:id:WIB|WIB]] ([[:id:UTC+7|UTC+7]]) </div> |- id="114" | colspan="2" id="115" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="6" align="center" frameless="1" height="250" width="323">[ {"properties":{"title":"Pulau Karimunjawa","fill-opacity":0.2,"stroke":"#000000","stroke-width":1,"fill":"#000000"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q24894943"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":1,"stroke":"#000000","title":"Pulau Karimunjawa"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q24894943"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[110.452125,-5.848847],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"Pulau Karimunjawa","marker-color":"#5E74F3"}} ]</mapframe> |} '''Pulau Karimunjawa''' adolah salah satu pulau tagadang jo utamo di [[Kepulauan Karimunjawa|Kapulauan Kapulau Karimunjawa]], [[Indonesia]] . Sacaro administratif, nagara ko marupokan bagian dari Kecamatan [[Karimunjawa, Jepara|Karimunjawa]], Kabupaten [[Jepara]], Provinsi [[Jawa Tengah]] . Lataknyo labiah kurang 90 km dari pasisia, 2 km sabalah utara [[Jepara, Jepara|dari Jepara]] . <ref name="sailing19352">{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sailing_Directions_for_Celebes_Southeast/GEEPAQAAMAAJ?pg=PA65|pages=65-66|title=Sailing Directions for Celebes, Southeast Borneo, Java (except from Java Head to Batavia), and Islands East of Java|date=1935|edition=3|publisher=United States Hydrographic Office}}</ref> <ref name="sailing1979">{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sailing_Directions_enroute_for_Borneo_Ja/TWPZ4xrMldwC?pg=PA99|title=Sailing Directions (enroute) for Borneo, Jawa, Sulawesi and Nusa Tenggara|pages=98-99|date=1979|publisher=Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center}}</ref> <ref name="bpsjepara">{{Cite report}}</ref> == Namo == Namo ''Karimunjawa'' disabuik barasa dari ungkapan ''kremun-kremun'' ('samar-samar') [[bahaso Jawa]], marujuak kapado kaadaan indak nampaknyo pulau iko jikok dicaliak dari Jawa. Panyabuikan iko bahubuangan jo kisah [[Sunan Kudus]] jo anaknyo, [[Sunan Nyamplungan|Sunan Nyamplungan,]] nan pai manatap di Karimunjawa. Namo ''Karimunjawa'' kadang-kadang ditulih tapisah ( ''Karimun Jawa'' ). <ref name="Widowati20112">{{Cite thesis|url=https://lib.unnes.ac.id/12808/|title=Cerita Rakyat Sunan Nyamplung dalam Asal-usul Karimun Jawa|last=Widowati|first=A. I.|date=2011|publisher=Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Semarang|location=Semarang|type=Skripsi|access-date=2026-03-01|archive-date=2020-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701214939/https://lib.unnes.ac.id/12808/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref name="undip1994">{{Cite report}}</ref> == Sijarah == Carito rakyaik di Karimunjawa mancaritoan tantang Amir Hasan (Sunan Nyamplungan), anak dari Sunan Muria, salah satu dari salapan [[Walisongo]] . Salah satu versi manyabuik baso Sunan Muria maanggap anaknyo nakal dan manyarapannyo kapado [[Sunan Kudus]] . Sasudah mandapek pandidikan dari Sunan Kudus sarato mambaliakannyo ka Sunan Muria, Amir Hasan disuruah ayahnyo pai ka rantau lain untuak manyebarkan agamo Islam. Sunan Muria mamarentahkan Amir Hasan untuak pai ka sabuah pulau nan samar-samar tampak dari puncak [[Gunuang Muria]] . Amir Hasan barangkek basamo duo palayan (sumber lain mangatoan santri) jo dilengkapi jo bibit pohon [[Calophyllum inophyllum|''nyamplung'']] ( ''Calophyllum inophyllum'' ) sarato [[mustaka]] musajik . Di pulau tu, inyo kabanyo alah baparang jo mangalahkan sakelompok bajak lauik. Amir Hasan nanti akan dikenal jo namo Sunan Nyamplungan. Daerah tampek baliau bamukim di Karimunjawa kini banamo Nyamplungan dan di sinan ado babarapo batang nyamplung. <ref name="Widowati201122">{{Cite thesis|url=https://lib.unnes.ac.id/12808/|title=Cerita Rakyat Sunan Nyamplung dalam Asal-usul Karimun Jawa|last=Widowati|first=A. I.|date=2011|publisher=Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Semarang|location=Semarang|type=Skripsi|access-date=2026-03-01|archive-date=2020-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701214939/https://lib.unnes.ac.id/12808/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref name="undip19942">{{Cite report}}</ref> <ref name="Sukari2007">{{Cite journal|last=Sukari|date=2007|title=Potensi Pariwisata di Kepulauan Karimunjawa Kabupaten Jepara|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbyogyakarta/jurnal-jantra-volume-ii-no-4-desember-2007/|journal=Jantra|volume=2|issue=4|pages=278-284}}</ref> Parairan Kapulauan Karimunjawa alah dilalui jo kapa salamo ratusan taun. Babarapo kapa karam alah ditamukan di bawah lauik di sakitar Pulau Karimunjawa, sarupo situs-situs karam nan dikenal sabagai "Genteng"/"Nusa Indah" jo "Indonoor"/"Indonor". Situs kapa Genteng mandapek namo dari banyaknyo genteng nan baserak di sakitar kapa karam. Kapa karam juo alah ditamukan di sakitar pulau-pulau lain sarupo Taka Menyawakan, [[Pulau Kumbang]], [[Pulau Genting]], jo [[Pulau Seruni]] . <ref name="himpunancagarbawahair">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=k0vkCgAAQBAJ|title=Himpunan Data Cagar Budaya Bawah Air Indonesia|date=2012|publisher=Direktorat Pelestarian Cagar Budaya dan Permuseuman Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|location=Jakarta|pages=16-17, 19, 20, 23}}</ref> <ref name="AriadiPrayitnoWihardyanto2018">{{Cite journal|last=Ariadi|first=A. P.|last2=Prayitno|first2=B.|last3=Wihardyanto|first3=D.|date=2018|title=Analisis Produk Wisata Situs Bawah Air Sebagai Salah Satu Wisata Minat Khusus di Taman Nasional Karimunjawa|url=http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/lb/article/view/25445|journal=Langkau Betang: Jurnal Arsitektur|volume=5|issue=1|pages=45-54}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sains.kompas.com/read/2010/04/26/20185573/Ditemukan.5.Situs.Bawah.Air.Karimunjawa|title=Ditemukan 5 Situs Bawah Air Karimunjawa|date=2010-04-26|work=[[Kompas.com]]|access-date=2020-05-14|editor-last=Wah}}</ref> Pado maso panjajahan, pulau iko dikenal dalam bahaso Balando sabagai ''Groot-Karimoen'' ('Karimun Gadang'). Pulau Karimunjawa jo pulau-pulaunyo adolah bagian dari Kabupaten Jepara ( ''regentschap'' ). Pado taun 1915, pulau iko marupoan satu-satunyo pulau nan dihuni di Kapulauan Karimunjawa, jo jumlah panduduak sakitar 1.050 jiwa, tamasuak surang ''gezaghebber'' . Sabagian gadang panduduak pado maso itu bakarajo sabagai nalayan jo patani kabun karambia. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB02A:000029958:00236|title=Beknopte Encyclopædie van Nederlandsch-Indië|last=Bezemer|first=T. J.|date=1921|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff, Brill|isbn=|location=Den Haag, Leiden|page=224|pages=}}</ref> == Geografi == Pulau Karimunjawa talatak di bagian tangah Kapulauan Karimunjawa di tangah [[Lauik Jawa]] . Kapulauan Karimunjawa jo Kapulauan Nusantara talatak di wilayah [[Busur Karimunjawa]] nan tabantang dari timur laut inggo barat daya, mamisahkan Cekungan Lauik Jawa Barat jo Cekungan Lauik Jawa Timur. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Petroleum_Resources_of_Indonesia/Dsn-CAAAQBAJ?pg=PA65|title=The Petroleum Resources of Indonesia|last=Ooi|first=J.-B.|date=1982|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9789401179492|location=Kuala Lumpur|pages=65|oclc=8870371}}</ref> Busur iko dipakiroan tabantuak dek [[Rift|pacahan]] pinggiran barat laut Australia- [[Gondwana]] pado Periode [[Jura (periode)|Jurassic]] nan kamudian bagabuang jo [[Paparan Sunda|Rak Sunda]] pado [[Kala Kapur Awal|Kapur Awal]] . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=BzgcG6T5xLYC&lpg=PA351|title=Earth Accretionary Systems in Space and Time|last=Hall|first=R.|date=2009|publisher=The Geological Society|isbn=978-1-86239-278-6|editor-last=Cawood|location=London|pages=351-372|chapter=The Eurasian SE Asian margin as a modern example of an accretionary orogen|oclc=432405452|editor-last2=Kröner|editor-first2=A.}}</ref> <ref name="Wittsetal2012">{{Cite journal|last=Witts|first=D.|last2=Hall|first2=R.|last3=Nichols|first3=G.|last4=Morley|first4=R.|date=2012|title=A new depositional and provenance model for the Tanjung Formation, Barito Basin, SE Kalimantan, Indonesia|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367912012001885|journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences|volume=56|pages=77–104|doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.04.022|ref={{harvid|Witts et al.|2012}}}}</ref> Busur iko mambantuak bagian dari bateh selatan wilayah [[Paparan Sunda|Rak Sunda]] . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_SE_Asian_Gateway/Ll6MlpL_mFwC?pg=PA53|title=The SE Asian Gateway: History and Tectonics of the Australia-Asia Collision|last=Granath|first=J. W.|last2=Christ|first2=J. M.|last3=Emmet|first3=P. A.|last4=Dinkelman|first4=M. G.|publisher=The Geological Society|isbn=9781862393295|editor-last=Hall|location=London|page=53|chapter=Pre-Cenozoic sedimentary section and structure as reflected in the JavaSPAN(TM) crustal-scale PSDM seismic survey, and its implications regarding the basement terranes in the East Java Sea|editor-last2=Cottam|editor-first2=M. A.|editor-last3=Wilson|editor-first3=M. E. J.}}</ref> == Rujuakan == og03vx5ocdild7vnuy45j6mlskeb5k6 Krismadinata 0 477598 3346145 3345592 2026-04-27T01:57:00Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Krismadinata''' ({{lahirmati|[[Padang]]|11|9|1977}}) adolah akademisi jo panaliti teknik Indonesia nan manjabat sabagai [[Rektor Universitas Negeri Padang|Rektor]] [[Universitas Negeri Padang]] (UNP) sajak 5 Juni 2024 manggantian [[Ganefri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364727515/krismadinata-resmi-jadi-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-terima-kasih-prof-ganefri|title=Krismadinata Resmi Jadi Rektor UNP Periode 2024-2029, Terima Kasih Prof Ganefri - Padek Jawapos|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091416/https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364727515/krismadinata-resmi-jadi-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-terima-kasih-prof-ganefri|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2024/05/08/210759278/gantikan-ganefri-krismadinata-terpilih-jadi-rektor-unp-2024-2029|title=Gantikan Ganefri, Krismadinata Terpilih Jadi Rektor UNP 2024-2029|accessdate=21 Jun 2025}}</ref> Sabalunnyo inyo manjabat sabagai Dekan Fakultas Teknik UNP sajak 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unp.ac.id/news/28-07-2023/rektor-unp-lantik-dekan-dan-direktur-sekolah-vokasi-unp|title=Rektor UNP Lantik Dekan Dan Direktur Sekolah Vokasi UNP|first=Universitas Negeri|last=Padang|website=Universitas Negeri Padang &#124; Official Website|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091413/https://unp.ac.id/news/28-07-2023/rektor-unp-lantik-dekan-dan-direktur-sekolah-vokasi-unp|dead-url=no}}</ref> <!---Istri Krismadinata bersepupu dengan Ganefri.---> Krismadinata dilahiaan di [[Kota Padang]], [[Sumatera Barat]] pado 11 September 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sipeg.unp.ac.id/laman/detail/816|title=SiPeg UNP|website=sipeg.unp.ac.id|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605092918/http://sipeg.unp.ac.id/laman/detail/816|dead-url=no}}</ref> Satalah lulus dari [[SMK SMAK Padang|Sekolah Menengah Analisis Kimia (SMAK) Padang]] pado 1996,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C6z5Tvrxu9b/|title=Instagram|website=www.instagram.com|accessdate=18 Jun 2025}}</ref> inyo maraih gala [[Sarjana Teknik]] Elektro dari [[Universitas Andalas]] Paso 2000, [[Magister]] Teknik Elektro dari [[Institut Teknologi Bandung]] (ITB) pado 2004, [[Doktor]] Teknik Elektro dari [[Universitas Malaya]] pado 2012, jo [[Insinyur]] dari ITB pado 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rccc.lp2m.unp.ac.id/peneliti/krismadinata-s-t-m-t-ph-d/|title=Krismadinata, S.T., M.T., Ph.D|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605092918/https://rccc.lp2m.unp.ac.id/peneliti/krismadinata-s-t-m-t-ph-d/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pddikti.kemdiktisaintek.go.id/detail-dosen/xTZ8FJijzxIHMormTODKUMl_Ag1grEUCgKk79Uj_v9e8cqYGoJ_017qdbaZVT4XKCgguxA==|title=PDDikti|website=pddikti.kemdiktisaintek.go.id|accessdate=21 Jun 2025|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091408/https://pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id/data_dosen/QUI4REM4NzAtM0I4MS00QjFELTg4NkUtNUVBOUE4NkVDNzRD/3835649B-95FD-480B-9046-538D5DA48AC1|dead-url=no}}</ref> Disertasi doktoralnyo bajudul ''"Modified H-bridge multilevel inverter for photovoltaic system"''.<ref>https://pendeta.um.edu.my/client/en_US/default/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ILS$002f0$002fSD_ILS:869953/ada?qu=Krismadinat&d=ent%3A%2F%2FSD_ILS%2F0%2FSD_ILS%3A869953%7EILS%7E0&h=8{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Inyo manyalasaian program post-doctoral di Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC) pado 2014.<ref name=padek>{{Cite web|url=https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364633741/profil-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-krismadinata-dosen-berprestasi-dan-pernah-masuk-top-500-scientist|title=Profil Rektor UNP Periode 2024-2029 Krismadinata: Dosen Berprestasi dan Pernah Masuk Top 500 Scientist - Padek Jawapos|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091414/https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364633741/profil-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-krismadinata-dosen-berprestasi-dan-pernah-masuk-top-500-scientist|dead-url=no}}</ref> Krismadinata diangkek sabagai dosen [[Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil]] di Universitas Negeri Padang pado Desember 2000. Salain itu, inyo pernah juo manjadi dosen indak tetap di Universitas Andalas jo [[Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat]] antaro 2000 jo 2001, kamudian di [[Universitas Subang]] antaro 2001 jo 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/krismadinata/|title=Krismadinata|accessdate=18 Jun 2025}}</ref> Krismadinata pernah manjabat sabagai Ketua Program Studi S1 Teknik Elektro UNP, Kapalo Pusat Penelitian Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LPPM) UNP, Kapalo Pusat Publikasi dan HKI LPPM UNP, Kapalo Laboratorium Energi Terbarukan UNP, Kapalo Laboratorium Rangkaian Listrik dan Pengukuran UNP, jo Direktur Pusat Penelitian Energi dan Elektronika Daya UNP. Ia talibat aktif juo manjadi aktivis lembaga swadaya masyarakat, aktivis mahasiswa, atlet tenis meja jo pencak silek. Salain itu ia bagabuang juo manjadi pangurus organisasi pemuda jo kemasyarakatan, seperti [[Komite Nasional Pemuda Indonesia]], [[Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia]] Sumatera Barat, [[Gebu Minang]], Keluarga Alumni [[Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam]] Sumatera Barat, jo Masyarakat Ketenagalistrikan Indonesia Sumatera Barat.<ref name=padek/> Pado 2015, inyo maraih panghargaan dosen berprestasi terbaik II UNP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ganto.co/berita/1625/dosen-berprestasi-unp.html|title=Dosen Berprestasi UNP|website=Ganto.co|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091415/https://www.ganto.co/berita/1625/dosen-berprestasi-unp.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Inyo menerima pulo panghargaan [[Satyalancana Karya Satya]] XX Tahun dari [[Presiden Republik Indonesia]] pado 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/520987548/Keputusan-Presiden-33-2021|title=Keputusan Presiden 33-2021 &#124; PDF|website=Scribd|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605092109/https://www.scribd.com/document/520987548/Keputusan-Presiden-33-2021|dead-url=no}}</ref> Krismadinata mamiliki saurang bini banamo Hilma Raimona Zadry,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unp.ac.id/news/17-12-2024/dwp-universitas-negeri-padang-gelar-seminar-kesehatan-untuk-peringati-hut-ke25-dan-hari-ibu|title=DWP Universitas Negeri Padang Gelar Seminar Kesehatan Untuk Peringati HUT Ke-25 Dan Hari Ibu|first=Universitas Negeri|last=Padang|website=Universitas Negeri Padang &#124; Official Website|accessdate=18 Jun 2025}}</ref> nan baprofesi sabagai dosen teknik industri di Fakultas Teknik Universitas Andalas.<ref>https://dosen.unand.ac.id/web/detail?kode=-by--d3y5xc632bn12gd72gsev--az--ir-9oUjk8y7f4590j65</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} ==Pranala luar == * {{Instagram|krismadinatasulaiman}} * {{LinkedIn|krismadinata-ph-d-41046134}} * {{Google scholar id|srCPU0sAAAAJ}} * {{ResearchGate|Krismadinata-Krismadinata}} {{indo-bio-stub}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Rektor Universitas Negeri Padang]] [[Kategori:Dosen Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Akademikus Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Andalas]] [[Kategori:Alumni Institut Teknologi Bandung]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Malaya]] [[Kategori:Penerima Satyalancana Karya Satya]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Padang]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] 1xl29n6dpbk9qyg96kckdht8lfwk2f8 Febri Yulika 0 477614 3346135 3345640 2026-04-26T21:33:50Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox urang}} '''Febri Yulika''' ({{lahirmati|[[Padang]]|2|2|1974}}) adolah akademisi Indonesia nan manjabat Rektor [[Institut Seni Indonesia Padang Panjang|Institut Seni Indonesia (ISI) Padang Panjang]] sajak 21 Desember 2022 manggantian Prof. [[Novesar Jamarun]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isi-padangpanjang.ac.id/rektor-muda-dengan-visi-jauh-ke-depan/|title=REKTOR MUDA DENGAN VISI JAUH KE DEPAN – ISI PADANGPANJANG – Insitut Seni Indonesia Padangpanjang|date=21 Des 2022|accessdate=8 Mar 2025}}</ref> Febri Yulika dilahian di [[Kota Padang]], [[Sumatera Barat]] pado 2 Februari 1974. Inyo manampuah pandidikan di SD Negeri 51 Kota Padang, MTs Negeri Gunung Pangilun Kota Padang, jo MAPK Negeri Koto Baru [[Kota Padang Panjang]]. Inyo manamatan pandidikan Sarjana Agama dari Jurusan Aqidah dan Filsafat Islam [[Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo|Institut Agama Islam Negeri Walisongo]] Semarang pado 1995. Kemudian, inyo maraih gala Magister Humaniora jo Doktor di Fakultas Filsafat [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]] pado 2001 jo 2011.<ref name=ss>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spiritsumbar.com/dr-febri-terpilih-jadi-rektor-isi-padang-panjang/|title=Dr. Febri, Terpilih Jadi Rektor ISI Padang Panjang|date=29 Nov 2022|accessdate=8 Mar 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pddikti.kemdiktisaintek.go.id/detail-dosen/_HiX-65P4YyyYnOC-T30GoR0sko13MXqsQclPa4i7Sfc8ir7nboeReL36CAFzb_fWwpORQ==|title=PDDikti|website=pddikti.kemdiktisaintek.go.id|accessdate=8 Mar 2025}}</ref> Febri Yulika mamulai karier sabagai dosen [[pegawai negeri sipil]] di Sekolah Tinggi Seni Indonesia (STSI) Padang Panjang pado 2005. Inyo maaja [[antropologi budaya]].<ref>https://www.rri.co.id/daerah/103357/sosok-febri-yulika-rektor-terpilih-isi-padang-panjang</ref> Inyo pernah manjadi Ketua Tim Pengawas Pendirian [[Institut Seni Budaya Indonesia Aceh|Institut Seni Budaya Indonesia (ISBI) Aceh]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isi-padangpanjang.ac.id/presiden-sby-resmikan-isbi-aceh-di-surabaya/|title=Perjuangan ISI padangpanjang Berbuah Manis, Presiden SBY Resmikan ISBI Aceh|date=7 Okt 2014|accessdate=8 Mar 2025|archive-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502025546/https://www.isi-padangpanjang.ac.id/presiden-sby-resmikan-isbi-aceh-di-surabaya/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ketua Tim Penyusun dokumen naskah akademik pendirian ISBI Aceh, Ketua Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat ISI Padang Panjang, jo Sekretaris Umum Dewan Pengurus Wilayah Asosiasi Dosen Pendidikan Agama Islam Indonesia (ADPISI) Sumatera Barat.<ref name=ss/> Pado November 2022, Febri Yulika barasil mamanangan pamiliahan rektor ISI Padang Panjang ateh 2 calon lainnyo jo mamparoleh 21 dari 40 suaro.<ref>https://www.rri.go.id/iptek/109220/dr.-febri-yulika-pimpin-isi-padang-panjang-kampus-berdaya-saing-global-berbasis-seni-budaya{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Febri Yulika manikah jo Susi Fitria Dewi, Ph.D., dosen di [[Universitas Negeri Padang]]. Mereka mamiliki ampek urang anak banamo Maisarah Maulida Hasanah, Melisa Siti Fauziah, Mufidah Salma Putri, jo Muhammad Syamil Saputra.<ref name=ss/> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} ==Pranala luar == * {{Instagram|febriyulika}} * {{Google scholar id|4LYEYTEAAAAJ}} {{Authority control}} {{indo-bio-stub}} [[Kategori:Dosen Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Akademikus Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Rektor Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Padang]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Gadjah Mada]] al6r2mm72i6xyb920ssu5xg328oglk1 Carinthia 0 477699 3346124 2026-04-26T13:37:43Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Kärnten in Austria.svg|thumb]] Carinthia adolah nagara bagian di Austria paliang selatan jo bapanduduak paliang saketek, talatak di Pagunuangan Alpen Timur, jo takenal samo pagunuangan jo danaunyo. Pado sensus tahun 2025, panduduak nagara bagian ko sabanyak 570.095 jiwa nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 9.364 km2.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Censuses - STATISTICS AUSTRIA|url=https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/population-and-society/population/population-sto..." 3346124 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kärnten in Austria.svg|thumb]] Carinthia adolah nagara bagian di Austria paliang selatan jo bapanduduak paliang saketek, talatak di Pagunuangan Alpen Timur, jo takenal samo pagunuangan jo danaunyo. Pado sensus tahun 2025, panduduak nagara bagian ko sabanyak 570.095 jiwa nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 9.364 km2.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Censuses - STATISTICS AUSTRIA|url=https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/population-and-society/population/population-stock/historic-censuses|publisher=Statistics Austria}}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di Klagenfurt. Arati namo "Carinthia", nan mirip jo Carnia atau Carniola, alun dapek dipastian sacaro mayakinan. Kosmografi Ravenna (sakitar tahun 700 M) manyabuikan adonyo suku Slavia "Carantani" sabagai tetangga timur banso Bavaria. Dalam karyanyo History of the Lombards, panulih sijarah abaik ka-8, Paul sang Diakon, manyabuikan "urang-urang Slavia di Carnuntum, nan sacaro kaliru disabuik Carantanum" untuak tahun 663.<ref>Simoniti Vasko, Štih Peter (1996): ''Slovenska zgodovina do razsvetljenstva''. Celovec, Mohorjeva družba in Korotan.</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} r9rw0muyhd0jn4df7rehv4njus86ka3 3346125 3346124 2026-04-26T13:38:32Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Nagara bagian di Austria]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3346125 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kärnten in Austria.svg|thumb]] Carinthia adolah nagara bagian di Austria paliang selatan jo bapanduduak paliang saketek, talatak di Pagunuangan Alpen Timur, jo takenal samo pagunuangan jo danaunyo. Pado sensus tahun 2025, panduduak nagara bagian ko sabanyak 570.095 jiwa nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 9.364 km2.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Censuses - STATISTICS AUSTRIA|url=https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/population-and-society/population/population-stock/historic-censuses|publisher=Statistics Austria}}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di Klagenfurt. Arati namo "Carinthia", nan mirip jo Carnia atau Carniola, alun dapek dipastian sacaro mayakinan. Kosmografi Ravenna (sakitar tahun 700 M) manyabuikan adonyo suku Slavia "Carantani" sabagai tetangga timur banso Bavaria. Dalam karyanyo History of the Lombards, panulih sijarah abaik ka-8, Paul sang Diakon, manyabuikan "urang-urang Slavia di Carnuntum, nan sacaro kaliru disabuik Carantanum" untuak tahun 663.<ref>Simoniti Vasko, Štih Peter (1996): ''Slovenska zgodovina do razsvetljenstva''. Celovec, Mohorjeva družba in Korotan.</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Nagara bagian di Austria]] j63joub8oo8polm9q76bumcwbncmk3z 3346126 3346125 2026-04-26T13:42:36Z Rang Djambak 14874 3346126 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kärnten in Austria.svg|thumb]] '''Carinthia''' adolah [[nagara bagian di Austria]] paliang selatan jo bapanduduak paliang saketek, talatak di [[Alpen Timur|Pagunuangan Alpen Timur]], jo takenal samo pagunuangan jo danaunyo. Pado sensus tahun 2025, panduduak nagara bagian ko sabanyak 570.095 jiwa nan maunyi wilayah salaweh 9.364 km2.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Censuses - STATISTICS AUSTRIA|url=https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/population-and-society/population/population-stock/historic-censuses|publisher=Statistics Austria}}</ref> Ibu kotanyo barado di [[Klagenfurt]]. Arati namo "Carinthia", nan mirip jo Carnia atau Carniola, alun dapek dipastian sacaro mayakinan. ''[[Kosmografi Ravenna]]'' (sakitar tahun 700 M) manyabuikan adonyo suku [[Pamukiman Slavia di Alpen Timur|Slavia]] "Carantani" sabagai tetangga timur banso [[Urang Bavaria|Bavaria]]. Dalam karyanyo ''[[History of the Lombards]]'', panulih sijarah abaik ka-8, [[Paulus Diakonus|Paul sang Diakon]], manyabuikan "urang-urang Slavia di [[Carnuntum]], nan sacaro kaliru disabuik Carantanum" untuak tahun 663.<ref>Simoniti Vasko, Štih Peter (1996): ''Slovenska zgodovina do razsvetljenstva''. Celovec, Mohorjeva družba in Korotan.</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Nagara bagian di Austria]] 7bkoghzduhqojnvmlyqa1kv4h6lyl2l Austria Baruah 0 477700 3346127 2026-04-26T13:57:33Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Niederösterreich in Austria.svg|thumb]] Austria Baruah adolah salah ciek nagara bagian di Austria nan talatak di bagian timur lauik nagara tu. Ibu kotanyo barado di Sankt Pölten, nan manggantian Wina pado tahun 1986, nan manjadi nagara bagian tapisah pado tahun 1921. Jo laweh wilayah 19.186 km pasagi sarato panduduak sabanyak 1,7 juta jiwa, Austria Baruah marupokan nagara bagaian tagadang sakaliguih bapanduduak tabangak kaduo di Austria, sasudah Wina.<ref>..." 3346127 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Niederösterreich in Austria.svg|thumb]] Austria Baruah adolah salah ciek nagara bagian di Austria nan talatak di bagian timur lauik nagara tu. Ibu kotanyo barado di Sankt Pölten, nan manggantian Wina pado tahun 1986, nan manjadi nagara bagian tapisah pado tahun 1921. Jo laweh wilayah 19.186 km pasagi sarato panduduak sabanyak 1,7 juta jiwa, Austria Baruah marupokan nagara bagaian tagadang sakaliguih bapanduduak tabangak kaduo di Austria, sasudah Wina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noe-landtag.gv.at/en|title=About the State Parliament of Lower Austria – NÖ Landtag|website=noe-landtag.gv.at|language=de-AT|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Austria Baruah babatehan sacaro internasional sapanjang 414 km (257 mi) jo Republik Ceko jo Slovakia. Nagara bagian ko babatehan juo jo nagara bagian Austria Ateh, Styria, dan Burgenland, sarato mangaliliangi Wina. Namo Austria Baruah jo Austria Ateh baasa dari namo nan labiah lamo, yaitu Austria di baruah Enns jo Austria di ateh Enns, nan marujuak pado batang aia Enns. Mailia dari sumbernyo di tapi utara Pagunuangan Alpen Timur Tangah, batang aia ko malintehi Austria Ateh, kamudian pado bagian baruahnyo mambantuak parbatasan antaro Austria Baruah jo Austria Ateh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noe-landtag.gv.at/en|title=History of Lower Austria – NÖ Landtag|website=noe-landtag.gv.at|language=de-AT|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} 5bw3q9ans1sgxpd22bxmeoaxzzgjj92 3346128 3346127 2026-04-26T13:58:19Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Nagara bagian di Austria]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3346128 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Niederösterreich in Austria.svg|thumb]] Austria Baruah adolah salah ciek nagara bagian di Austria nan talatak di bagian timur lauik nagara tu. Ibu kotanyo barado di Sankt Pölten, nan manggantian Wina pado tahun 1986, nan manjadi nagara bagian tapisah pado tahun 1921. Jo laweh wilayah 19.186 km pasagi sarato panduduak sabanyak 1,7 juta jiwa, Austria Baruah marupokan nagara bagaian tagadang sakaliguih bapanduduak tabangak kaduo di Austria, sasudah Wina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noe-landtag.gv.at/en|title=About the State Parliament of Lower Austria – NÖ Landtag|website=noe-landtag.gv.at|language=de-AT|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Austria Baruah babatehan sacaro internasional sapanjang 414 km (257 mi) jo Republik Ceko jo Slovakia. Nagara bagian ko babatehan juo jo nagara bagian Austria Ateh, Styria, dan Burgenland, sarato mangaliliangi Wina. Namo Austria Baruah jo Austria Ateh baasa dari namo nan labiah lamo, yaitu Austria di baruah Enns jo Austria di ateh Enns, nan marujuak pado batang aia Enns. Mailia dari sumbernyo di tapi utara Pagunuangan Alpen Timur Tangah, batang aia ko malintehi Austria Ateh, kamudian pado bagian baruahnyo mambantuak parbatasan antaro Austria Baruah jo Austria Ateh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noe-landtag.gv.at/en|title=History of Lower Austria – NÖ Landtag|website=noe-landtag.gv.at|language=de-AT|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Nagara bagian di Austria]] hmucs5nq9adq56lyqsegud6aurora6b 3346129 3346128 2026-04-26T14:00:35Z Rang Djambak 14874 3346129 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Niederösterreich in Austria.svg|thumb]] '''Austria Baruah''' adolah salah ciek [[nagara bagian di Austria]] nan talatak di bagian timur lauik nagara tu. Ibu kotanyo barado di [[Sankt Pölten]], nan manggantian [[Wina]] pado tahun 1986, nan manjadi nagara bagian tapisah pado tahun 1921. Jo laweh wilayah 19.186 km pasagi sarato panduduak sabanyak 1,7 juta jiwa, Austria Baruah marupokan nagara bagaian tagadang sakaliguih bapanduduak tabanyak kaduo di [[Austria]], sasudah Wina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noe-landtag.gv.at/en|title=About the State Parliament of Lower Austria – NÖ Landtag|website=noe-landtag.gv.at|language=de-AT|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Austria Baruah babatehan sacaro internasional sapanjang 414 km (257 mi) jo [[Ceko|Republik Ceko]] jo [[Slowakia|Slovakia]]. Nagara bagian ko babatehan juo jo nagara bagian [[Austria Ateh]], [[Styria]], dan [[Burgenland]], sarato mangaliliangi Wina. Namo Austria Baruah jo Austria Ateh baasa dari namo nan labiah lamo, yaitu Austria di baruah Enns jo Austria di ateh Enns, nan marujuak pado [[batang aia Enns]]. Mailia dari sumbernyo di tapi utara [[Alpen Timur Tangah|Pagunuangan Alpen Timur Tangah]], batang aia ko malintehi Austria Ateh, kamudian pado bagian baruahnyo mambantuak parbatasan antaro Austria Baruah jo Austria Ateh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noe-landtag.gv.at/en|title=History of Lower Austria – NÖ Landtag|website=noe-landtag.gv.at|language=de-AT|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Nagara bagian di Austria]] 17xzn2ijozu7ma5bnnk4e5ofsfwtue9 3346136 3346129 2026-04-26T22:43:20Z Rang Djambak 14874 3346136 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Niederösterreich in Austria.svg|thumb]] '''Austria Baruah''' adolah salah ciek [[nagara bagian di Austria]] nan talatak di bagian timur lauik nagara tu. Ibu kotanyo barado di [[Sankt Pölten]], manggantian [[Wina]] pado tahun 1986 nan manjadi nagara bagian tapisah pado tahun 1921. Jo laweh wilayah 19.186 km pasagi sarato panduduak sabanyak 1,7 juta jiwa, Austria Baruah marupokan nagara bagaian tagadang sakaliguih bapanduduak tabanyak kaduo di [[Austria]], sasudah Wina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noe-landtag.gv.at/en|title=About the State Parliament of Lower Austria – NÖ Landtag|website=noe-landtag.gv.at|language=de-AT|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Austria Baruah babatehan sacaro internasional sapanjang 414 km (257 mi) jo [[Ceko|Republik Ceko]] jo [[Slowakia|Slovakia]]. Nagara bagian ko babatehan juo jo nagara bagian [[Austria Ateh]], [[Styria]], dan [[Burgenland]], sarato mangaliliangi Wina. Namo Austria Baruah jo Austria Ateh baasa dari namo nan labiah lamo, yaitu Austria di baruah Enns jo Austria di ateh Enns, nan marujuak pado [[batang aia Enns]]. Mailia dari sumbernyo di tapi utara [[Alpen Timur Tangah|Pagunuangan Alpen Timur Tangah]], batang aia ko malintehi Austria Ateh, kamudian pado bagian baruahnyo mambantuak parbatasan antaro Austria Baruah jo Austria Ateh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noe-landtag.gv.at/en|title=History of Lower Austria – NÖ Landtag|website=noe-landtag.gv.at|language=de-AT|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Nagara bagian di Austria]] q6gn3ro136gwg2ufjcnq1fmgq7tba3k Austria Ateh 0 477701 3346137 2026-04-26T22:54:40Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[File:Oberösterreich in Austria.svg|thumb]] Austria Ateh adolah salah ciek nagara bagian di Austria. Ibu kotanyo barado di Linz. Nagara bagian ko babatehan jo Jerman dan Republik Ceko, sarato nagara bagian Austria Baruah, Steiermark, dan Salzburg. Jo laweh wilayah 11.982 km pasagi sarato panduduak sakitar 1,49 juta jiwa, Austria Ateh marupokan nagara bagian tagadang kaampek di Austria badasarkan laweh wilayah jo tagadang katigo badasarkan jumlah panduduak.<ref>{{..." 3346137 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Oberösterreich in Austria.svg|thumb]] Austria Ateh adolah salah ciek nagara bagian di Austria. Ibu kotanyo barado di Linz. Nagara bagian ko babatehan jo Jerman dan Republik Ceko, sarato nagara bagian Austria Baruah, Steiermark, dan Salzburg. Jo laweh wilayah 11.982 km pasagi sarato panduduak sakitar 1,49 juta jiwa, Austria Ateh marupokan nagara bagian tagadang kaampek di Austria badasarkan laweh wilayah jo tagadang katigo badasarkan jumlah panduduak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Censuses - STATISTICS AUSTRIA|url=https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/population-and-society/population/population-stock/historic-censuses|publisher=Statistics Austria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107102457/https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/population-and-society/population/population-stock/historic-censuses |archive-date=2026-01-07}}</ref> Austria Ateh marupokan wilayah industri takamuko di Austria. Pado tahun 2009, wilayah ko manyumbang sakitar saparampek dari ekspor nagara.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmg.at/622_ENG_HTML.php |title=Upper Austria in figures |author=Upper Austria Technology and Marketing Company |access-date=2014-05-03 |archive-date=2014-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503084200/http://www.tmg.at/622_ENG_HTML.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Produk domestik bruto (PDB) nagara bagian ko adolah 65,9 miliar € pado tahun 2018, nan mawakian 17,1% dari output ekonomi Austria. PDB per kapita nan disasuaian jo daya bali adolah 39.500 € atau 131% dari rato-rato EU27 pado tahun nan samo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58|title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018|website=Eurostat}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} 0qj0vb83eewoyqzg1wqqh60shuksbbe 3346138 3346137 2026-04-26T22:55:26Z Rang Djambak 14874 Mambuek [[Kategori:Nagara bagian di Austria]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] 3346138 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Oberösterreich in Austria.svg|thumb]] Austria Ateh adolah salah ciek nagara bagian di Austria. Ibu kotanyo barado di Linz. Nagara bagian ko babatehan jo Jerman dan Republik Ceko, sarato nagara bagian Austria Baruah, Steiermark, dan Salzburg. Jo laweh wilayah 11.982 km pasagi sarato panduduak sakitar 1,49 juta jiwa, Austria Ateh marupokan nagara bagian tagadang kaampek di Austria badasarkan laweh wilayah jo tagadang katigo badasarkan jumlah panduduak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Censuses - STATISTICS AUSTRIA|url=https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/population-and-society/population/population-stock/historic-censuses|publisher=Statistics Austria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107102457/https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/population-and-society/population/population-stock/historic-censuses |archive-date=2026-01-07}}</ref> Austria Ateh marupokan wilayah industri takamuko di Austria. Pado tahun 2009, wilayah ko manyumbang sakitar saparampek dari ekspor nagara.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmg.at/622_ENG_HTML.php |title=Upper Austria in figures |author=Upper Austria Technology and Marketing Company |access-date=2014-05-03 |archive-date=2014-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503084200/http://www.tmg.at/622_ENG_HTML.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Produk domestik bruto (PDB) nagara bagian ko adolah 65,9 miliar € pado tahun 2018, nan mawakian 17,1% dari output ekonomi Austria. PDB per kapita nan disasuaian jo daya bali adolah 39.500 € atau 131% dari rato-rato EU27 pado tahun nan samo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58|title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018|website=Eurostat}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Nagara bagian di Austria]] qgonrj3csc7x9wzlfm3ij37po4lq1yk 3346139 3346138 2026-04-26T22:57:00Z Rang Djambak 14874 3346139 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Oberösterreich in Austria.svg|thumb]] '''Austria Ateh''' adolah salah ciek [[nagara bagian di Austria]]. Ibu kotanyo barado di [[Linz]]. Nagara bagian ko babatehan jo [[Jerman]] dan [[Ceko|Republik Ceko]], sarato nagara bagian [[Austria Baruah]], [[Steiermark]], dan [[Salzburg]]. Jo laweh wilayah 11.982 km pasagi sarato panduduak sakitar 1,49 juta jiwa, Austria Ateh marupokan nagara bagian tagadang kaampek di [[Austria]] badasarkan laweh wilayah jo tagadang katigo badasarkan jumlah panduduak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Censuses - STATISTICS AUSTRIA|url=https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/population-and-society/population/population-stock/historic-censuses|publisher=Statistics Austria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107102457/https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/population-and-society/population/population-stock/historic-censuses |archive-date=2026-01-07}}</ref> Austria Ateh marupokan wilayah industri takamuko di Austria. Pado tahun 2009, wilayah ko manyumbang sakitar saparampek dari ekspor nagara.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmg.at/622_ENG_HTML.php |title=Upper Austria in figures |author=Upper Austria Technology and Marketing Company |access-date=2014-05-03 |archive-date=2014-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503084200/http://www.tmg.at/622_ENG_HTML.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Produk domestik bruto]] (PDB) nagara bagian ko adolah 65,9 miliar € pado tahun 2018, nan mawakian 17,1% dari output ekonomi Austria. PDB per kapita nan disasuaian jo daya bali adolah 39.500 € atau 131% dari rato-rato EU27 pado tahun nan samo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58|title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018|website=Eurostat}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Nagara bagian di Austria]] o93tvr5zg8ancmqpkplnswdmf863vd6 3346140 3346139 2026-04-26T22:57:54Z Rang Djambak 14874 3346140 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Oberösterreich in Austria.svg|thumb]] '''Austria Ateh''' adolah salah ciek [[nagara bagian di Austria]]. Ibu kotanyo barado di [[Linz]]. Nagara bagian ko babatehan jo [[Jerman]] dan [[Ceko|Republik Ceko]], sarato nagara bagian [[Austria Baruah]], [[Steiermark]], dan [[Salzburg (nagara bagian)|Salzburg]]. Jo laweh wilayah 11.982 km pasagi sarato panduduak sakitar 1,49 juta jiwa, Austria Ateh marupokan nagara bagian tagadang kaampek di [[Austria]] badasarkan laweh wilayah jo tagadang katigo badasarkan jumlah panduduak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Censuses - STATISTICS AUSTRIA|url=https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/population-and-society/population/population-stock/historic-censuses|publisher=Statistics Austria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107102457/https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/population-and-society/population/population-stock/historic-censuses |archive-date=2026-01-07}}</ref> Austria Ateh marupokan wilayah industri takamuko di Austria. Pado tahun 2009, wilayah ko manyumbang sakitar saparampek dari ekspor nagara.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmg.at/622_ENG_HTML.php |title=Upper Austria in figures |author=Upper Austria Technology and Marketing Company |access-date=2014-05-03 |archive-date=2014-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503084200/http://www.tmg.at/622_ENG_HTML.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Produk domestik bruto]] (PDB) nagara bagian ko adolah 65,9 miliar € pado tahun 2018, nan mawakian 17,1% dari output ekonomi Austria. PDB per kapita nan disasuaian jo daya bali adolah 39.500 € atau 131% dari rato-rato EU27 pado tahun nan samo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58|title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018|website=Eurostat}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Nagara bagian di Austria]] 2yhrc1sh406bj7s6heb4n3ng81bsj2h 2026 penembakan di Teotihuacan 0 477702 3346152 2026-04-27T06:59:35Z Bahaim001 23802 (Ha)laman baru 3346152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} Pado 20 April 2026, tajadi panembakan masal di situs arkeologi Teotihuacan di Nagara Bagian Meksiko, [[Meksiko]]. Julio César Jasso Ramírez, 27, manembak dari puncak Piramida Bulan, mambunuah surang padusi Kanada jo malukoi 13 wisatawan lainnyo sabalun bunuah diri. ==Latar balakang== Teotihuacan marupoan salah satu situs arkeologi pra-Columbus tagadang jo paliang banyak dikunjungi di Meksiko sarato marupoan tujuan wisata internasional utamo sarato Situs Warisan Dunia [[UNESCO]]. Kota ko talatak di Nagara Bagian Meksiko, labiah kurang 48 km (30 mil) di timur lauik [[Kota Meksiko]]. {{Stub}} [[Kategori:April 2026]] [[Kategori:April 2026 kajahatan]] k7wwtgjv47phr8kw5dtkf6nnwvh2rgt Wikipedia aplikasi seluler 0 477703 3346155 2026-04-27T07:17:44Z Bahaim001 23802 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[Berkas:Wikipedia mobile app logo.png|right|230px]] Sajumlah organisasi dalam garakan Wikimedia tamasuak [[Yayasan Wikimedia]] manabikan aplikasi seluler rasmi untuak akses seluler ka [[Wikipedia]]. Kasadonyo tasadio malalui toko aplikasi nan sasuai (misalnyo Google Play, Toko Aplikasi, Toko Microsoft, F-Droid). Inyo dapek juo diunduh sacaro independen dari toko pihak katigo dari situs web rilis Yayasan Wikimedia, nan juo manyimpan versi lamo jo beta.<ref>https://r..." 3346155 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Wikipedia mobile app logo.png|right|230px]] Sajumlah organisasi dalam garakan Wikimedia tamasuak [[Yayasan Wikimedia]] manabikan aplikasi seluler rasmi untuak akses seluler ka [[Wikipedia]]. Kasadonyo tasadio malalui toko aplikasi nan sasuai (misalnyo Google Play, Toko Aplikasi, Toko Microsoft, F-Droid). Inyo dapek juo diunduh sacaro independen dari toko pihak katigo dari situs web rilis Yayasan Wikimedia, nan juo manyimpan versi lamo jo beta.<ref>https://releases.wikimedia.org/mobile</ref> Aplikasi Wikipedia dari Yayasan Wikimedia disabuik "Wikipedia". ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{Rancangan}} [[Kategori:Perangkat lunak IOS]] 8vjf29txkc6l5miyzclc6fdzdovfsux 3346156 3346155 2026-04-27T07:19:20Z Bahaim001 23802 3346156 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Wikipedia mobile app logo.png|right|200px]] Sajumlah organisasi dalam garakan Wikimedia tamasuak [[Yayasan Wikimedia]] manabikan aplikasi seluler rasmi untuak akses seluler ka [[Wikipedia]]. Kasadonyo tasadio malalui toko aplikasi nan sasuai (misalnyo Google Play, Toko Aplikasi, Toko Microsoft, F-Droid). Inyo dapek juo diunduh sacaro independen dari toko pihak katigo dari situs web rilis Yayasan Wikimedia, nan juo manyimpan versi lamo jo beta.<ref>https://releases.wikimedia.org/mobile</ref> Aplikasi Wikipedia dari Yayasan Wikimedia disabuik "Wikipedia". ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{Rancangan}} [[Kategori:Perangkat lunak IOS]] 6akkzgmz6wkfxy0r0y15so0tq7dteux Lari kancang Minecraft 0 477704 3346157 2026-04-27T07:38:13Z Bahaim001 23802 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Tambah referensi}} Pamainan video kotak pasia [[2011]] ''[[Minecraft]]'' adolah salah satu pamainan video nan paliang populer untuak balari kancang. Lari kancang adolah tindakan untuak manyalasaian suatu pamainan video atau mancapai tujuan tatantu sacapek mungkin. Dalam ''Minecraft'', ado banyak kategori lari kancang, tapi salah satu kategori nan paliang populer adolah panyalasaian pamainan, nan dicapai jo mancapai [[Dimensi Akhia]], mangalahkan bos tarakhia pama..." 3346157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tambah referensi}} Pamainan video kotak pasia [[2011]] ''[[Minecraft]]'' adolah salah satu pamainan video nan paliang populer untuak balari kancang. Lari kancang adolah tindakan untuak manyalasaian suatu pamainan video atau mancapai tujuan tatantu sacapek mungkin. Dalam ''Minecraft'', ado banyak kategori lari kancang, tapi salah satu kategori nan paliang populer adolah panyalasaian pamainan, nan dicapai jo mancapai [[Dimensi Akhia]], mangalahkan bos tarakhia pamainan, Naga Ender, jo masuak ka pancuran tangah nan manahan portal baliak ka dunia lua.<ref name="bennett">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Connor |date=2021-04-03 |title=Forsen roasts xQc after reclaiming Minecraft speedrun record by 7 seconds |url=https://www.dexerto.com/minecraft/forsen-roasts-xqc-after-reclaiming-minecraft-speedrun-record-by-7-seconds-1546394/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=[[Dexerto]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ofic">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Ash |date=2018-02-17 |title=Speedrunning Minecraft! |url=https://www.minecraft.net/ru-ru/article/speedrunning-minecraft |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Minecraft.net |language=ru-RU}}</ref> Banyak komunitas online nan alah tumbuah di sakitarnyo, dan inyo alah manjadi bagian indak tapisah dari fandom online ''Minecraft''.<ref name="burke">{{Cite web |last=Burke |first=Kyle |date=2023-04-17 |title=The Evolution Of Minecraft, The Best-Selling Video Game In History |url=https://www.svg.com/1260023/the-evolution-of-minecraft-the-best-selling-video-game-in-history/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=SVG |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=March 2025|reason=WP:VG/S|certain=y}} == Rujukan == <references /> {{Rancangan}} [[Kategori:Minecraft]] jp9ad0lfzq7xj33so6bic584p7ioqtb 3346158 3346157 2026-04-27T07:42:41Z Bahaim001 23802 3346158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tambah referensi}} Pamainan video kotak pasia [[2011]] ''[[Minecraft]]'' adolah salah satu pamainan video nan paliang populer untuak balari kancang. Lari kancang adolah tindakan untuak manyalasaian suatu pamainan video atau mancapai tujuan tatantu sacapek mungkin. Dalam ''Minecraft'', ado banyak kategori lari kancang, tapi salah satu kategori nan paliang populer adolah panyalasaian pamainan, nan dicapai jo mancapai [[Dimensi Akhia]], mangalahkan bos tarakhia pamainan, Naga Ender, jo masuak ka pancuran tangah nan manahan portal baliak ka dunia lua.<ref name="bennett">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Connor |date=2021-04-03 |title=Forsen roasts xQc after reclaiming Minecraft speedrun record by 7 seconds |url=https://www.dexerto.com/minecraft/forsen-roasts-xqc-after-reclaiming-minecraft-speedrun-record-by-7-seconds-1546394/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=[[Dexerto]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ofic">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Ash |date=2018-02-17 |title=Speedrunning Minecraft! |url=https://www.minecraft.net/zh-hant/article/speedrunning-minecraft |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Minecraft.net |language=zh}}</ref> Banyak komunitas online nan alah tumbuah di sakitarnyo, dan inyo alah manjadi bagian indak tapisah dari fandom online ''Minecraft''.<ref name="burke">{{Cite web |last=Burke |first=Kyle |date=2023-04-17 |title=The Evolution Of Minecraft, The Best-Selling Video Game In History |url=https://www.svg.com/1260023/the-evolution-of-minecraft-the-best-selling-video-game-in-history/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=SVG |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=March 2025|reason=WP:VG/S|certain=y}} == Rujukan == <references /> {{Rancangan}} [[Kategori:Minecraft]] 1i8kfdk8hkiiargqoyajid7yd59kdp0 Rundiang Pangguno:Nassimohr 3 477705 3346161 2026-04-27T07:48:30Z Bahaim001 23802 /* Salamaik datang! */ bagian baru 3346161 wikitext text/x-wiki == Salamaik datang! == {{Sd}} '''''[[Pangguno:Bahaim001|Bahaim001]]''''' <small>([[Rundiang Pangguno:Bahaim001|maota]])</small> 27 April 2026 14.48 (WIB) kpc1qwn5i2dd3zkm1fu9wpmhkrsaobu This Side of the Moon 0 477706 3346162 2026-04-27T07:58:20Z Bahaim001 23802 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Unreferenced}} '''''This Side of the Moon''''' adolah album studio katigo dek panyanyi [[Amerika Sarikaik]] Elizabeth Cook nan dirilis pado tanggal [[17 Mei]] [[2005]] dek Hog Country Production. Cook mandasarkan album iko pado pangalamannyo jo label rekaman Warner Bros, nan alah marilis album studio kaduonyo, ''Hey Y'all'', pado taun [[2002]]. Mulonyo ditandatangani kontrak jo AOL-Time Warner, inyo dipindahan ka Warner Bros. ''Hey Y'all'' indak sukses sacaro kome..." 3346162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} '''''This Side of the Moon''''' adolah album studio katigo dek panyanyi [[Amerika Sarikaik]] Elizabeth Cook nan dirilis pado tanggal [[17 Mei]] [[2005]] dek Hog Country Production. Cook mandasarkan album iko pado pangalamannyo jo label rekaman Warner Bros, nan alah marilis album studio kaduonyo, ''Hey Y'all'', pado taun [[2002]]. Mulonyo ditandatangani kontrak jo AOL-Time Warner, inyo dipindahan ka Warner Bros. ''Hey Y'all'' indak sukses sacaro komersial dan indak dipromosikan bana; lagu-lagunyo indak diputa di radio nagari. Cook sacaro sukarela maninggaan Warner Bros pado 2003, dan manggunoan kekecewaannyo bakarajo di Music Row Nashville sabagai inspirasi untuak album susulannyo. {{Stub}} [[Kategori:Album nan dibuek pado taun 2004]] [[Kategori:Elizabeth Cook]] t2fwxs755objtsjug37r36fo2tqayv1 3346163 3346162 2026-04-27T07:58:34Z Bahaim001 23802 3346163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{Unreferenced}} '''''This Side of the Moon''''' adolah album studio katigo dek panyanyi [[Amerika Sarikaik]] Elizabeth Cook nan dirilis pado tanggal [[17 Mei]] [[2005]] dek Hog Country Production. Cook mandasarkan album iko pado pangalamannyo jo label rekaman Warner Bros, nan alah marilis album studio kaduonyo, ''Hey Y'all'', pado taun [[2002]]. Mulonyo ditandatangani kontrak jo AOL-Time Warner, inyo dipindahan ka Warner Bros. ''Hey Y'all'' indak sukses sacaro komersial dan indak dipromosikan bana; lagu-lagunyo indak diputa di radio nagari. Cook sacaro sukarela maninggaan Warner Bros pado 2003, dan manggunoan kekecewaannyo bakarajo di Music Row Nashville sabagai inspirasi untuak album susulannyo. {{Stub}} [[Kategori:Album nan dibuek pado taun 2004]] [[Kategori:Elizabeth Cook]] 50uqcblhr8rc9ai2vo0303o505s2zko 2026 Mali panyarangan 0 477707 3346166 2026-04-27T08:52:34Z Bahaim001 23802 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{unreferenced}} Sajak 25 [[April]] [[2026]], sarangkaian panyarangan basamo nan tasadio dilakuan dek Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) jo Barisan Pembebasan Azawad (FLA) di babarapo lokasi di [[Mali]]. Pajuang JNIM malancarkan panyarangan di Kati, Sévaré, [[Bamako]], Senou, Bourem, jo ​​Mopti. FLA mangaku manguasoi Kidal jo sabagian Gao. Serangan-serangan nan tasadio ko marupoan serangan tagadang dari Parang Mali sajak panangkapan Mali utara pado [..." 3346166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unreferenced}} Sajak 25 [[April]] [[2026]], sarangkaian panyarangan basamo nan tasadio dilakuan dek Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) jo Barisan Pembebasan Azawad (FLA) di babarapo lokasi di [[Mali]]. Pajuang JNIM malancarkan panyarangan di Kati, Sévaré, [[Bamako]], Senou, Bourem, jo ​​Mopti. FLA mangaku manguasoi Kidal jo sabagian Gao. Serangan-serangan nan tasadio ko marupoan serangan tagadang dari Parang Mali sajak panangkapan Mali utara pado [[2012]]. Alah ado serangan basamo dek JNIM jo FLA di utara, sadangkan di Mali selatan jo tangah, JNIM alah batindak sacaro sepihak. {{stub}} [[Category:April 2026]] smwggpv7g9ss4q54gwuvc5qxuf1iqyp 3346169 3346166 2026-04-27T08:57:49Z Bahaim001 23802 ←Mengalihkan ke [[2026 serangan di Mali]] 3346169 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[2026 serangan di Mali]] ai0w2684x1gemrchfbraxfpgr9f4yls 2026 Mali serangan 0 477708 3346167 2026-04-27T08:55:20Z Bahaim001 23802 ←Mengalihkan ke [[2026 Mali panyarangan]] 3346167 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[2026 Mali panyarangan]] 0hbphnkp4h97o5lly622kpsfy56b79f 2026 serangan di Mali 0 477709 3346168 2026-04-27T08:57:44Z Bahaim001 23802 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{unreferenced}} Sajak 25 [[April]] [[2026]], sarangkaian panyarangan basamo nan tasadio dilakuan dek Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) jo Barisan Pembebasan Azawad (FLA) di babarapo lokasi di [[Mali]]. Pajuang JNIM malancarkan panyarangan di Kati, Sévaré, [[Bamako]], Senou, Bourem, jo ​​Mopti. FLA mangaku manguasoi Kidal jo sabagian Gao. Serangan-serangan nan tasadio ko marupoan serangan tagadang dari Parang Mali sajak panangkapan Mali utara pado [..." 3346168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unreferenced}} Sajak 25 [[April]] [[2026]], sarangkaian panyarangan basamo nan tasadio dilakuan dek Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) jo Barisan Pembebasan Azawad (FLA) di babarapo lokasi di [[Mali]]. Pajuang JNIM malancarkan panyarangan di Kati, Sévaré, [[Bamako]], Senou, Bourem, jo ​​Mopti. FLA mangaku manguasoi Kidal jo sabagian Gao. Serangan-serangan nan tasadio ko marupoan serangan tagadang dari Parang Mali sajak panangkapan Mali utara pado [[2012]]. Alah ado serangan basamo dek JNIM jo FLA di utara, sadangkan di Mali selatan jo tangah, JNIM alah batindak sacaro sepihak. {{stub}} [[Category:April 2026]] smwggpv7g9ss4q54gwuvc5qxuf1iqyp 3346170 3346168 2026-04-27T09:00:31Z Bahaim001 23802 3346170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tambah referensi}} Sajak 25 [[April]] [[2026]], sarangkaian panyarangan basamo nan tasadio dilakuan dek Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) jo Barisan Pembebasan Azawad (FLA) di babarapo lokasi di [[Mali]]. Pajuang JNIM malancarkan panyarangan di Kati, Sévaré, [[Bamako]], Senou, Bourem, jo ​​Mopti. FLA mangaku manguasoi Kidal jo sabagian Gao.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2026/4/25/armed-groups-stage-simultaneous-attacks-across-mali|title=Armed groups stage simultaneous attacks across Mali|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|access-date=2026-04-27}}</ref> Serangan-serangan nan tasadio ko marupoan serangan tagadang dari Parang Mali sajak panangkapan Mali utara pado [[2012]]. Alah ado serangan basamo dek JNIM jo FLA di utara, sadangkan di Mali selatan jo tangah, JNIM alah batindak sacaro sepihak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2026/04/jnim-and-allied-rebels-surge-across-mali-take-several-cities-pressure-capital.php|title=JNIM and allied rebels surge across Mali, take several cities, pressure capital|last=Weiss|first=Caleb|date=2026-04-26|website=FDD's Long War Journal|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-27}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}}{{stub}} [[Category:April 2026]] 5r0mb2wwp2ftp5xch99zipz26tigfiv 3346171 3346170 2026-04-27T09:01:21Z Bahaim001 23802 Kalau awak pernah paralu jo inyo 3346171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tambah referensi}} Sajak 25 [[April]] [[2026]], sarangkaian panyarangan basamo nan tasadio dilakuan dek [[Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin]] (JNIM) jo [[Barisan Pembebasan Azawad]] (FLA) di babarapo lokasi di [[Mali]]. Pajuang JNIM malancarkan panyarangan di Kati, Sévaré, [[Bamako]], Senou, Bourem, jo ​​Mopti. FLA mangaku manguasoi Kidal jo sabagian Gao.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2026/4/25/armed-groups-stage-simultaneous-attacks-across-mali|title=Armed groups stage simultaneous attacks across Mali|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|access-date=2026-04-27}}</ref> Serangan-serangan nan tasadio ko marupoan serangan tagadang dari Parang Mali sajak panangkapan Mali utara pado [[2012]]. Alah ado serangan basamo dek JNIM jo FLA di utara, sadangkan di Mali selatan jo tangah, JNIM alah batindak sacaro sepihak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2026/04/jnim-and-allied-rebels-surge-across-mali-take-several-cities-pressure-capital.php|title=JNIM and allied rebels surge across Mali, take several cities, pressure capital|last=Weiss|first=Caleb|date=2026-04-26|website=FDD's Long War Journal|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-27}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}}{{stub}} [[Category:April 2026]] svy06bzknm62e34gying5n5qm5xfgjl Rundiang Pangguno:Bahaim001 3 477710 3346172 2026-04-27T09:01:50Z Bahaim001 23802 ←Mambuek laman baisi "‎" 3346172 wikitext text/x-wiki ‎ pz7979efabtces21cd4g3e83xp3zp0h