Wikipedia minwiki https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utamo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Media Istimewa Rundiang Pangguno Rundiang Pangguno Wikipedia Rundiang Wikipedia Berkas Rundiang Berkas MediaWiki Rundiang MediaWiki Templat Rundiang Templat Bantuan Rundiang Bantuan Kategori Rundiang Kategori Portal Diskusi Portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Rundiang Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara Haji 0 297 3351907 3351893 2026-08-15T09:06:46Z Rang Djambak 14874 /* Sijarah */ 3351907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam}} [[File:The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg|thumb|Umaik Islam sadang tawaf salamo ibadah Haji.]] '''Haji''' ({{lang-ar|حج}} nan dibaco ''Hajj'') adolah ziarah tahunan umaik [[Islam]] ka [[Makah|Makkah]], [[Arab Saudi]], [[Tampek suci dalam Islam|kota tasuci]] bagi [[Muslim]]. Haji marupokan kawajiban agamo nan fardu bagi Muslim nan mampu baiak sacaro fisik maupun finansial, jo mampu mahidupi kaluarga nan ditinggaan, sarato harus dilakuan saindaknyo sakali saumua hiduik dek kasadoan Muslim dewasa.<ref name=Marshall86>{{cite book |last=Long |first=Matthew |title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA86 |access-date=2 September 2014 |year=2011 |location=Tarrytown, N.Y.|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |isbn=978-0-7614-7926-0 |page=86 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016024055/https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA86 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=0-253-21627-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/110 110]}}</ref><ref>[http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/islam Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs - Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002114437/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/islam |date=2 October 2011 }} See drop-down essay on "Islamic Practices"</ref> Dalam terminologi Islam, Haji adolah ziarah ka [[Ka'bah|Ka’bah]] (Rumah Allah) di kota suci Makkah, Arab Saudi. Iko adolah salah satu [[rukun Islam]], basamo jo [[Syahadaik]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://quran.com/6/19 | title=Surah Al-An'am - 19 }}</ref> [[sumbayang]], [[zakaik]], dan [[Puaso Ramadan|puaso]] di bulan [[Ramadan|Ramadhan]]. Haji dilakuan sakali satahun di mano pasaudaraan Muslim ditunjuakan jo solidaritas urang-urang tu jo sasamo Muslim sarato panyarahan diri kapado [[Allah]] sapanuahnyo.<ref name=Nigosian111/><ref>{{cite book |last=Hooker |first=M. B. |title=Indonesian Syariah: Defining a National School of Islamic Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-a1k57q6GmwC&pg=PT252 |access-date=6 October 2014 |year=2008 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-230-802-3 |page=228 |archive-date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017181447/https://books.google.com/books?id=-a1k57q6GmwC&pg=PT252 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haji dijalanan untuak mambarasiahan jiwa dari doso duniawi, nan bararti baiak tindakan lahiriah pajalanan sasudah kamatian maupun tindakan batiniah niaik baiak.<ref name=Adelowo395>{{cite book |editor1-first=E. Dada |editor1-last=Adelowo |title=Perspectives in Religious Studies: Volume III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395 |year=2014 |publisher=HEBN Publishers Plc |location=Ibadan |isbn=978-978-081-447-2 |page=395 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128170823/https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ibadah Islam ko dilakuan salamo limo hinggo anam hari, mulai tanggal 8 hinggo 12 atau 13 [[Dzulhijjah]],<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.hajjpracticalities.heliohost.org/sixdayshajj/13th_of_zil_hajj.html |title=13th of Zil Hajj |publisher=heliohost.org |access-date=29 March 2015 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028105128/http://www.hajjpracticalities.heliohost.org/sixdayshajj/13th_of_zil_hajj.html |url-status=live }}</ref> bulan tarakhia kalender Islam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hajj The Holy Pilgrimage|url=https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/hajj-holy-pilgrimage|website=Salamislam|date=3 January 2021|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531214408/https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/hajj-holy-pilgrimage|url-status=live}}</ref> Karano kalender [[Kalender Hijriah|Hijriah]] babasis pado [[bulan]] jo tahun Islam labiah pendek dari pado tahun [[Kalender Gregorius|Gregorian]], tanggal haji manuruik kalender Gregorian baubah-ubah tiok tahunnyo. Pado tahun 2026, bulan Dzulhijjah akan balansuang dari 18 Mei hinggo 15 Juni. Ibadah Haji ko indak dapek digantian dek [[Umroh]] nan bisa dilakuan sapanjang tahun.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Matt Stefon |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Britannica Educational Publishing]] |year=2010 |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/73 73]}}</ref> Haji bakaikan jo kahidupan nabi Islam [[Muhammad]] dari abaik ka-7 M, tapi ritual ziarah ka Makkah nan disabuikan dalam sumber-sumber Muslim alah ado sajak maso [[Ibrahim]]. Jama'ah mangarajoan sarangkaian ritual takah mamakai kain [[ihram]], tawaf mangaliliangi Ka’bah, sa’i antaro [[Safa jo Marwa]], wukuf di [[Gunuang Arafah|Arafah]], bamalam di [[Muzdalifah]], sarato [[mambae jumrah]], nan diakhiai jo [[Kurban (Islam)|kurban]] dan [[Iduladha]].<ref name="armstrong">{{cite book |title=Islam: A Short History |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-AKY-163 |author=Karen Armstrong |series=Modern Library Chronicles |publisher=Modern Library |edition=Revised Updated |year=2002 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-AKY-163/page/10 10]–12 |isbn=0-8129-6618-X}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/holydays/eiduladha.shtml |title=Eid ul Adha |date=7 September 2009 |publisher=BBC |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004075944/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/holydays/eiduladha.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Sahih Bukhari-hadith No-732-733</ref> Rato-rato jumlah jama'ah haji pado tahun 2000–2019 sakitar 2,27 juta urang per tahun,<ref name="stats1">{{cite web|year=2017|title=Haj Statistics|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024237/https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|archive-date=20 June 2018|website=General Authority for Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}}</ref><ref name="RESA1997" /><ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Record number of pilgrims arrive for Hajj |publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia |date=6 December 2008 |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx |access-date=30 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612115203/http://saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx |archive-date=12 June 2010 }}</ref> jo puncaknyo pado tahun 2012 sabanyak 3,16 juta.<ref name=":6">{{cite web |title=3,161,573 pilgrims perform Hajj this year |publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia |date=27 October 2012 |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426005515/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx |archive-date=26 April 2013 }}</ref> Pado tahun 2022 jo 2021, jumlah jama'ah dibatehi akibaik [[pandemi Covid-19]], tamasuak pambatehan hanyo untuak panduduak Arab Saudi jo kalunggan aturan bagi padusi tanpa [[mahram]] dalam kondisi tatantu.<ref name="New York Times">{{Cite news|date=22 June 2020|title=Saudi Arabia will sharply limit Hajj Pilgrimage|department=Live Global Coronavirus News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/22/world/coronavirus-updates.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622210854/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/22/world/coronavirus-updates.html|archive-date=22 June 2020|access-date=2020-06-15|work=[[The New York Times]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=AFP|title=In Mecca, Women Take Part in Hajj as 'Guardian' Rule Dropped|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_mecca-women-take-part-hajj-guardian-rule-dropped/6208472.html|publisher=[[VOA]]|date=2021-07-20|access-date=2021-07-20|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720180212/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/mecca-women-take-part-hajj-guardian-rule-dropped|url-status=live}}</ref> == Sijarah == {{Utamo|Sijarah Haji}} Tatocaro ibadah haji kini ko ditetapan dek Muhammad.<ref name=EB>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/252050/hajj |title=Hajj |year=2014 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=12 August 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041951/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/252050/hajj |url-status=live }}</ref> Namun, manuruik [[Al-Qur'an]], unsua-unsua ibadah haji dapek ditalusua baliak ka zaman Ibrahim. Manuruik tradisi Islam, Ibrahim diparintah dek Allah untuak maninggaan urang rumahnyo [[Siti Hajar|Hajar]] jo anaknyo [[Ismail]] di tangah padang gurun Makkah kuno. Dalam mancari aia, Hajar jo putuih aso balari tujuah kali di antaro duo bukik [[Safa jo Marwa]] tapi indak manyobokannyo. Baliak jo putuih aso ka Ismail, inyo mamcaliak bayi tu manggaruak tanah jo kakinyo nan kamudian sabuah mato aia mamanca dari tanah garuakan tu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haykal |first=Muhammad Husayn |author-link=Muhammad Ali Selami Husayn Haykal |title=The Life of Muhammad |publisher=The Other Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=29 |year=1994 |page=29 |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127211636/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=29 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kamudian, Ibrahim diparintahan untuak mambangun Ka'bah (nan baliau lakuan jo bantuan Ismail) jo maajak urang-urang untuak malakuan ibadah haji di sinan.<ref name="Peters4-7">{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4 |year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn=0-691-02120-1 |pages=4–7 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123000954/https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4 |url-status=live }}</ref> Al-Qur'an marujuak pado paristiwa-paristiwa ko dalam ayaik {{cite quran|2|124–127 |s=ns |b=n}} jo {{cite quran|22|27–30 |s=ns |b=n}} Manuruik tafsir Zamakhshari (maningga 1144 M), malaikaik [[Jibril]] mambaok [[Hajar Aswad|Batu Hitam]] dari [[Sarugo]] untuak dipasangan di Ka'bah katiko dibangun dek Ibrahim.<ref>F.E. Peters (1994), <u>The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage To Mecca and The Holy Places</u>, Princeton University Press, p.6</ref> Katiko zaman pra-Islam, nan dikenal sabagai [[Zaman Jahiliyah]], Ka'bah dikaliliangi dek bahalo-bahalo pagan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Al Mubarakpuri |first=Safi ur Rahman |chapter=Religions of the Arabs |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA45 |year=2002 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=9960-899-55-1 |page=45 |title-link=Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102024455/https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pado tahun 630 M, Muhammad mamimpin pangikuiknyo dari [[Madinah]] ka Makkah, mambarasiahan Ka'bah jo mahancuan kasadoan bahalo tu, jo kamudian manyatoan bangunan tu sabagai Rumah Allah.<ref name=Haykal439>{{cite book |last=Husayn Haykal |first=Muhammad |author-link=Muhammad Husayn Haykal |title=The Life of Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=PA439 |year=2008 |publisher=Islamic Book Trust |location=[[Selangor]] |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7 |pages=439–40 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127211639/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=PA439 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pado tahun 632 M (9 Dzulhijah 10 H = 9 Maret 632 M, hari Jumaik), Muhammad malakuan ibadah haji patamo jo tarakhirnyo jo sajumlah gadang pangikuik, sarato manunjuakan urang-urang tu tantang tatocaro haji.<ref name="Campo494">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2009|title=Muhammad|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[Facts On File]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA494|editor=Campo|editor-first=Juan E.|page=494|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930121515/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&lpg=PP1&dq=isbn%3A1438126964&pg=PA494|url-status=live}}</ref> Sajak itu, haji manjadi salah ciek dari limo rukun Islam. Pado maso patangahan, para paziarah akan bakumpua di kota-kota gadang Suriah, Mesir, jo Irak untuak pai ka Makkah dalam kalompok jo kafilah nan tadiri dari puluahan ribu paziarah,<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA164 |year=1994 |page=164 |isbn=978-0-691-02619-0 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122153140/https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA164 |url-status=live }}</ref> acokkali di bawah palinduangan nagara.<ref name="Campo283">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2009|title=Hajj|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[Facts On File]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA283|editor=Campo|editor-first=Juan E.|page=283|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=6 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182152/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA283|url-status=live}}</ref> Kafilah haji, khususnyo jo muncuanyo [[Kasultanan Mamluk]] jo panaruihnyo, [[Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]], dikawa dek pasukan militer nan disaratoi dek tabib di bawah komando surang ''[[amir al-hajj]]''.<ref name="Singer141">{{Citation |first=Amy |last=Singer |author-link=Amy Singer (historian) |title=Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC&q=Amir+al+hajj+Ottoman&pg=PA141 |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7914-5351-3 |page=141 |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182147/https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC&q=Amir+al+hajj+Ottoman&pg=PA141 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Philipp102-04">{{Citation |first=Thomas |last=Philipp |title=The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoPF9T4ZiWsC&q=Amir+hajj&pg=PA102 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-521-59115-7 |pages=102–104 |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182148/https://books.google.com/books?id=WoPF9T4ZiWsC&q=Amir+hajj&pg=PA102 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hal iko dilakuan untuak malinduangi kafilah dari kalompok [[Bedawi|Badui]] atau bahayo alam,<ref name="Singer141"/><ref name="Philipp102-04"/> jo untuak mamastian bahwasannyo paziarah tu mandapekan pasadioan nan diparaluan.<ref name="Singer141"/> Para panjalajah Muslim takah [[Ibnu Jubair]] jo [[Ibnu Bathuthah|Ibnu Batutah]] alah mancatat catatan rinci tantang pajalanan haji pado maso patangahan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA71 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1994 |page=71 |isbn=978-0-691-02619-0 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122153144/https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA71 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kafilah-kafilah tu maikuiki rute nan alah mapan nan dalam [[bahaso Arab]] disabuik ''darb al-hajj'' (jalan haji), nan biasonyo maikuiki rute kuno takah [[Jalan Raya Rajo (kuno)|Jalan Raya Rajo]]. == Wakatu palaksanaan == Tanggal palaksanaan haji ditantuan dek kalender Islam (Hijriah) nan babasis lunar atau bulan.<ref name="Harrison156">{{cite book |editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Harrison |title=Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blJpqa-XApQC&pg=PA156 |access-date=6 October 2014 |year=2001 |publisher=[[CAB International|CABI]] |isbn=978-0-85199-433-8 |page=156 |archive-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127023945/https://books.google.com/books?id=blJpqa-XApQC&pg=PA156 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Reynolds33>{{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Gabriel said |title=The Emergence of Islam: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWfFX5XDjuIC&pg=PT33 |year=2012 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-4514-0812-6 |page=33 |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216192254/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWfFX5XDjuIC&pg=PT33 |url-status=live }}</ref> Satiok tahun, haji balansuang salamo sapuluah hari, dari 1 hinggo 10 Dzulhijjah, jo tanggal 9 dikenal sabagai [[Hari Arafah]] jo manjadi puncak ibadah haji. Karano tahun Hijriah sakitar 11 hari labiah pendek dari pado kalender Gregorius, tanggal haji taruih maju satiok tahun dalam kalender Masehi.<ref name=Reynolds33/><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Aziz |editor1-last=Sheikh |title=Caring for Muslim Patients |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgwiloFTrKwC&pg=PA95 |access-date=15 November 2014 |year=2008 |publisher=Radcliffe Publishing |isbn=978-1-85775-812-2 |page=95 |archive-date=29 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129021631/https://books.google.com/books?id=mgwiloFTrKwC&pg=PA95 |url-status=live }}</ref> Akibaiknyo, musim haji dapek tajadi duo kali dalam satahun Masehi sakitar 33 tahun sakali, nan tarakhia tajadi pado tahun 2006.<ref name="Umm-al-Qura-Calendar">{{cite web |url=http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura_principal.htm |title=Principal Islamic Days of Observance according to Umm al-Qura Calendar |year=2014 |work=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028164511/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura_principal.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> == Urutan == [[File:Hajj locations and rites.png|thumb|right|Gambar nan manunjuakan rangkaian ibadah haji.]] Literatur [[fiqih]] manjalehan sacaro rinci tato caro malaksanaan haji, jo para jama’ah haji umumnyo maikuiki buku panduan jo para ahli untuak bahasia mamanuahi pasyaratan haji.<ref name="Campo282">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2009|title=Hajj|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[Facts On File]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA282|editor=Campo|editor-first=Juan E.|page=282|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721152752/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA282|url-status=live}}</ref> Dalam palaksanaan ritual haji, jama'ah indak hanyo maikuiki taladan Muhammad, tapi juo mamparingeki paristiwa-paristiwa nan bakaikan jo Ibrahim.<ref name=Neusner178>{{cite book |last=Neusner |first=Jacob |title=World Religions in America: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRkRAQAAIAAJ&q=Hajj+muslims+commemorate+events+associate+Abraham |access-date=6 October 2014 |year=2000 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=978-0-664-25839-9 |page=178 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182147/https://books.google.com/books?id=jRkRAQAAIAAJ&q=Hajj+muslims+commemorate+events+associate+Abraham |url-status=live }}</ref> === Ihram === [[File:Muhammad Ali at Hajj 1972.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali]] mamakai ihram katiko malaksanaan haji pado 1972]] [[Ihram]] adolah kaadaan suci nan manandoi dimulainyo haji, dimulai katiko jama'ah mancapai [[miqat]].<ref name="Nigosian111" /><ref name="EB-ihram">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282481/ihram|title=ihram|year=2014|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=7 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007071226/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282481/ihram|url-status=live}}</ref> Dalam kondisi ko, jama'ah mamakai pakaian khusus (laki-laki duo kain putiah indak bajaik, padusi pakaian sopan biaso)<ref name="AtoZ">{{cite book |title=Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z |last=Mohamed |first=Mamdouh N. |publisher=Amana Publications |year=1996 |isbn=0-915957-54-X |url=https://archive.org/details/hajjumrahfromtoz00moha }}</ref> jo harus mamatuahi babagai larangan takah indak mangarek abuak atau kuku, indak mamakai parfum, jo indak bahubuangan suami istri.<ref name="Nigosian111">{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=[[Indiana]] |isbn=0-253-21627-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/111 111]}}</ref><ref name="EB-ihram" /> Ihram malambangan kasataraan di hadapan Allah sarato maajaan kasederhanaan, kamurnian, jo pangingek akan kamatian.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/philosophy-hajj-rituals|title=The Philosophy of Hajj Rituals|date=3 January 2021|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411224841/https://salamislam.com/articles/practical-principles/philosophy-hajj-rituals|url-status=live}}</ref> === Tawaf jo sa'i === [[File:Tavaf.jpg|right|thumb|Gambar nan manunjuakan arah tawaf jo sa'i.]] [[Tawaf]] adolah ritual mangaliliangi Ka’bah sabanyak tujuah kali balawanan arah jarum jam, dimulai jo diakhiai di [[Hajar Aswad]], sambia malantunan doa nan dikenal sabagai talbiyah.<ref name="Marshall89">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA89 |title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures |last=Long |first=Matthew |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7614-7926-0 |page=89 |access-date=2 September 2014 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123110541/https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA89 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Long17">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA17 |title=The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah |last=Long |first=David E. |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-382-5 |page=17 |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217110352/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA17 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sasudah tu, jama'ah manjalanan sumbayang duo rakaat jo minum [[Aia Zam-zam|aia Zamzam]]. Tawaf malambangan tauhid jo pasatuan umaik Islam.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.arabnews.com/news/597946 |title=Pilgrims complain of Zamzam water shortage in Makkah |date=7 July 2014 |access-date=7 September 2014 |newspaper=Arab News |archive-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222055151/http://www.arabnews.com/news/597946 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ritual dilanjuikan jo [[sa'i]], yaitu bajalan atau balari-lari ketek sabanyak tujuah kali antaro Safa jo Marwa. Sasudah sa’i, laki-laki mancukua atau mamendekan abuak, jo padusi mangarek ujuang abuak, nan manandoi salasainyo umroh.<ref name=Marshall89/><ref name="Adelowo401">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA401 |title=Perspectives in Religious Studies: Volume III |publisher=HEBN Publishers Plc |year=2014 |isbn=978-978-081-447-2 |location=Ibadan |page=401 |editor1-first=E. Dada |editor1-last=Adelowo |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=1 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101064315/https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA401 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Hari patamo: 8 Dzulhijjah === Pado 8 Dzulhijjah, para jama'ah diingekan baliak akan kawajibannyo, mamakai baliak kain ihram, jo managuahan niaik untuak manunaian haji. Sajak tu, larangan-larangan ihram mulai balaku. Hari ko dikenal sabagai Hari Tarwiyah nan bararti hari mahilangan dahaga.<ref name="Reyshahri">{{cite web |last1=Reyshahri |first1=Mohammad |title=Hajj in Quran and Hadith |url=http://lib.eshia.ir/27405/1/321/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87 |website=lib.eshia |access-date=2 September 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217013745/http://lib.eshia.ir/27405/1/321/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Haji pilgrimage mina tent city.jpg|thumb|Tenda-tenda jama'ah haji katiko di Mina]] Sasudah sumbayang Subuah pado tanggal 8, jama'ah haji malanjuikan pajalanan ka [[Mina]] di mano urang-urang tu mahabihan sapanjang hari jo malaksanaan sumbayang Zuhur (kalau batapekan jo hari Jumaik, [[sumbayang Jumaik]] dilakuan di Mina, bukan sumbayang Zuhur), Ashar, Magarik, jo Isya.<ref name=Adelowo403>{{cite book |editor1-first=E. Dada |editor1-last=Adelowo |title=Perspectives in Religious Studies: Volume III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA403 |year=2014 |publisher=HEBN Publishers Plc |location=Ibadan |isbn=978-978-081-447-2 |page=403 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103151204/https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA403 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bisuak paginyo sasudah sumbayang Subuah, urang-urang tu maninggaan Mina manuju [[Arafah]]. === Hari kaduo: 9 Dzulhijah === [[File:Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Jama'ah haji baibadah di Arafah.]] Tanggal 9 Dzulhijah dikenal sabagai Hari Arafah, jo hari ko disabuik sabagai Hari Haji.<ref name="v3502133">{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/muslims-mark-most-important-day-of-hajj-in-saudi-arabia/3502133.html |title=Muslims Mark Most Important Day of Hajj in Saudi Arabia |first=Cecily |last=Hilleary |date=11 September 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |archive-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820141006/https://www.voanews.com/a/muslims-mark-most-important-day-of-hajj-in-saudi-arabia/3502133.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sabalum tangah hari, para jama'ah tibo di Arafah, tanah tanduih jo data sakitar 20 kilometer sabalah timur Makkah,<ref name=Long19/> di mano urang-urang tu tagak dalam ibadah khidmat dakek bukik nan dikenal [[Jabal Rahmah]];<ref name=Adelowo403/> urang-urang tu mamanjekan doa, bataubaik jo manabuih doso-doso nan lampau, mamohon ampunan Allah, sarato mandangaan khutbah dari ulama nan manyampainnyo dari dakek Jabal al-Rahmah, tampek Muhammad dikatoan manyampaian khutbah tarakhianyo. Balansuang dari tangah hari hinggo matoari tabanam, iko dikenal sabagai “tagak di hadapan Allah" (wuquf), salah ciek ritual tapantiang dalam ibadah haji.<ref name=Nigosian111/> Ibadah haji surang jama'ah dianggap indak sah kalau indak mahabihan patang hari di Arafah.<ref name=Long19>{{cite book |last=Long |first=David E. |title=The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA19 |year=1979 |isbn=0-87395-382-7 |page=19 |publisher=SUNY Press |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804200934/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Muzdalifah ==== [[File:MuzdalifahPanorama.jpg|thumb|Jama'ah haji bamalam di Muzdalifah]] Para paziarah harus maninggaan Arafah manuju [[Muzdalifah]] sasudah matoari tabanam tanpa manjalanan sumbayang Mugarik di Arafah.<ref>Sahih Muslim-Hadith No 2941.2944</ref> Muzdalifah adolah daerah antaro Arafah jo Mina. Sasudah tibo di sinan, paziarah sumbayang Mugarik jo Isya sacaro basamaan, bamalam sambia sumbayang jo lalok di tanah tabukak, sarato mangumpuan kareke untuak mambae jumrah bisuaknyo.<ref>Sahih Bukhari Hadith No: 732,733, and 734</ref> === Hari katigo: 10 Dzulhijjah === ==== Mambae jumrah ==== [[File:Amellie - Stoning of the devil 2006 Hajj.jpg|thumb|Jama'ah haji sadang mambae jumrah.]] Di Mina, para paziarah mambae batu simbolis kapado Setan (''[[Mambae jumrah|Ramy al-Jamarat]]'') jo mambae tujuah batu dari matoari tabik hinggo tabanam hanyo ka salah ciek dari tigo tiang nan ado nan dikenal sabagai Jamrat al-Aqabah.<ref name="al-Hasani">{{cite book |last=al-Hasani |first=Abu Qanit al-Sharif |title=The Guiding Helper: Main Text and Explanatory Notes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKZJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |year=2009 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4452-3791-6 |page=220 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102121628/https://books.google.com/books?id=wKZJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Qurban ==== Sasudah paristiwa mambae batu, binatang taranak [[Qurban|diqurbanan]] untuak mamparingeki kisah Ibrahim jo Ismail. Sacaro tradisional, paziarah mandabiah binatang tu surang atau mancaliak pandabiahannyo. Kini, banyak paziarah nan mambali voucher qurban sabalum ibadah haji dimulai, nan taranaknyo didabiah ateh namo Allah pado tanggal 10, tanpa kahadiran fisik paziarah. Rumah potoang binatang moderen manyalasaian pangolahan dagiang, nan kamudian dikirim sabagai sidakah ka urang miskin di kasadoan dunia.<ref name="RESA">{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/issues/hajj/ |title=Hajj |publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia |access-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815124605/http://www.saudiembassy.net/issues/hajj/ |archive-date=15 August 2014 }}</ref> Di wakatau nan samo, urang-urang Muslim di dunia marayoan hari [[Iduladha]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> ==== Bacukua ==== Sasudah mandabiah binatang qurban, ritual pantiang lainnyo dalam ibadah haji iolah mancukua atau mamangkeh abuak. Kasadoan jama'ah haji laki-laki mancukua abuaknyo jo jama'ah padusi hanyo mamotoang ujuang abuak sajo.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|date=8 September 2009|title=Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/hajj_1.shtml|access-date=6 October 2014|publisher=BBC|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103141339/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/hajj_1.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Long21>{{cite book |last=Long |title=The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA21 |year=1979 |isbn=0-87395-382-7 |page=21 |publisher=SUNY Press |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216091036/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Sahih Muslim Hadith no:2985,2994</ref> ==== Tawaf Ifadah ==== [[File:Kaaba 2.JPG|thumb|Jama'ah haji sadang tawaf Ifadah]] Pado hari nan samo atau bisuaknyo, paziarah mangunjuangi [[Masjidil Haram]] di Makkah untuak Tawaf, nan dikenal sabagai Tawaf Ifadah, bagian pantiang dari haji.<ref name=Long21/> Hal iko malambangan kainginan untuak basagiro manghadap Allah jo manunjuakan raso cinto kapado-Nyo, bagian wajib dari haji. Malam tanggal 10 dihabihan baliak di Mina. === Hari kaampek jo kalimo: 11 jo 12 Dzulhijjah === Mulai tangah hari hinggo matoari tabanam pado tanggal 11 Dzulhijjah (baitu pulo bisuak harinyo), paziarah mambae liak tujuah batu kareke ka masiang-masiang dari tigo tiang di Mina. Sasudah tu, paziarah maninggaan Mina sabalum matoari tabanam pado 12 Dzulhijjah.<ref name="al-Hasani"/> === Hari kaanam: 13 Dzulhijjah === Jikok indak dapek maninggaan Mina pado tanggal 12 sabalum matoari tabanam atau paziarah mamiliah untuak tingga labiah lamo, paziarah harus mambae jumrah liak sabalum baliak ka Makkah pado tanggal 13.<ref name="al-Hasani"/> ==== Tawaf Wadaa ==== Tarakhia, sabalum maninggaan Makkah, paziarah malakuan tawaf papisahan nan disabuik Tawaf Wadaa nan bararti maucapan salamaik tingga. Paziarah mangaliliangi Ka’bah sabanyak tujuah kali balawanan arah jarum jam, jo jikok mamungkinkan, urang-urang tu bausaho maawai atau mancium Ka’bah.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sheikho |first1=Mohammad Amin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcVCAwAAQBAJ&dq=Tawaf+al-Wadaa&pg=PT67 |title=Pilgrimage "Hajj": The Fifth High Grade of Al-Taqwa |last2=Al-Dayrani |first2=A. K. John Alias |date=2017-07-19 |publisher=BookRix |isbn=978-3-7309-9606-5 |language=en |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708212613/https://books.google.com/books?id=mcVCAwAAQBAJ&dq=Tawaf+al-Wadaa&pg=PT67 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Signifikansi == Bagi umaik Islam, haji mampunyoi makna kaagamoan sakaliguih sosial.<ref name="AzizSheikh2008">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgwiloFTrKwC&pg=PA96|title=Caring for Muslim Patients|publisher=Radcliffe Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85775-812-2|editor-last=Sheikh|editor-first=Aziz|page=96|access-date=2 September 2014|archive-date=29 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129021635/https://books.google.com/books?id=mgwiloFTrKwC&pg=PA96|url-status=live}}</ref> Kawajiban manunaian ibadah ko hanyo tapanuahi jikok dilakuan pado tanggal 8 hinggo 12 Dzulhijjah. Katiko pado suatu tahun surang Muslim dewasa barado dalam kondisi siyaik sarato mampunyoi kaamanan jiwa jo harato, mako inyo wajib manunaian haji pado tahun tu. Manundanyo dianggap badoso kacuali karano alasan nan indak dapek dikandalian.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Musharraf|first1=Hussain|title=The Five Pillars of Islam: Laying the Foundations of Divine Love and Service to Humanity|url=https://archive.org/details/fivepillarsofisl0000huss|date=2012|publisher=Kube Publishing|location=Leicestershire, UK|isbn=9781847740236|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fivepillarsofisl0000huss/page/204 204]–205}}</ref> Salain sabagai kawajiban agamo, haji dipandang juo sabagai kagiatan nan mampunyoi nilai spiritual nan maagiah kasempatan bagi Muslim untuak mampabarui diri.<ref name="AzizSheikh2008" /> Haji manjadi pangingek akan [[Kiamaik|Hari Kiamaik]] katiko manusia diyakini akan tagak di hadapan Allah.<ref>{{cite book|last=Powell|first=William|url=https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaitsro00powe|title=Saudi Arabia and Its Royal Family|publisher=Lyle Stuart|year=1982|isbn=978-0-8184-0326-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaitsro00powe/page/113 113]|access-date=7 October 2014|url-access=registration}}</ref> Literatur hadis manyabuikan babagai kautamoan nan didapek jama'ah sasudah manyalasaian haji dengan baiak. Sasudah manunaian haji, sasaurang dapek manambahan gala “Al-Hajji" pado namonyo jo biasonyo dihormati dalam masyarakaik Muslim.<ref name="Andrea67">{{cite book|author=Andrea Schulte-Peevers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8hmZIAaTGQC&pg=PA67|title=Oman, UAE & Arabian Peninsula|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2010|isbn=978-1-74179-145-7|page=67|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026160826/https://books.google.com/books?id=D8hmZIAaTGQC&pg=PA67|url-status=live}}</ref> Namun, para ulama manakanan bahwasannyo haji saharisnyo mancaminan komitmen kaagamoan, bukan ukuran status sosial.<ref name="Andrea67" /> Haji juo mampatamuan umaik Islam dari babagai panjuru dunia tanpa mamandang ras, warna kulik, jo budaya, sahinggo manjadi simbol kasataraan.<ref name="Nigosian111" /><ref name="BBC" /> Sabuah studi tahun 2008 manganai dampak partisipasi dalam ibadah haji manunjuakan bahwa komunitas Muslim manjadi labiah positif jo toleran sasudah haji. Studi bajudul ''Estimating the Impact of the Hajj: Religion and Tolerance in Islam's Global Gathering'' nan dilakuam basamo John F. Kennedy School of Government di [[Universitas Harvard]] mancatat bahwa haji maningkekan kayakiman tahadap kasataraan jo kaharmonisan antar kalompok etnis sarato [[Mazhab|Mazhab Islam]], sarato mandoroang sikap nan labiah positif tahadap padusi, tamasuak panarinoan nan labiah gadang tahadap pandidikan jo karajo bagi padusi. Salain itu, para jama'ah haji manunjuakan paningkekan kayakinan tahadap pardamaian, kasataraan, jo kaharmonisan antar pamaluak agamo nan babedo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clingingsmith |first1=David |last2=Khwaja |first2=Asim Ijaz |last3=Kremer |first3=Michael |title=Estimating the Impact of the Hajj: Religion and Tolerance in Islam's Global Gathering * |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |date=August 2009 |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=1133–1170 |doi=10.1162/qjec.2009.124.3.1133 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/124/3/1133/1905120 |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref> == Jumlah jamaah per tahun == {| class="wikitable sortable" ![[Tahun]] ![[Kalender Hijriyah|Tahun Hijriyah]] !Jamaah lokal !Jamaah lua nageri !Total |- |1920 |1338 | |58,584<ref name=History>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-139473-Number-of-foreign-Hajis-grows-by-2824-percent-in-92-years |title=Number of foreign Hajis grows by 2,824 percent in 92 years |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102022130/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-139473-Number-of-foreign-Hajis-grows-by-2824-percent-in-92-years |archive-date=2 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The News International]] |access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> | |- |1921 |1339 | |57,255<ref name="History" /> | |- |1922 |1340 | |56,319<ref name="History" /> | |- |1950 |1369 | |100,000 (perk.)<ref name="Marshall86" /> | |- |1950s | | |150,000 (perk.)<ref name="Tagliacozzo-132">{{cite book|editor1-first=Eric|editor1-last=Tagliacozzo|editor2-first=Shawkat|editor2-last=Toorawa|title=The Hajj: Pilgrimage in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Am3OCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|year=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-107-61280-8|page=132}}</ref> | |- |1960s | | |300,000 (perk.)<ref name="Tagliacozzo-132" /> | |- |1970s | | |700,000 (perk.)<ref name="Tagliacozzo-132" /> | |- |1980s | | |900,000 (perk.)<ref name="Tagliacozzo-132" /> | |- |1989 |1409 | |774,600<ref name="Harrison-156">{{cite book|editor1-first=David|editor1-last=Harrison|title=Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blJpqa-XApQC&pg=PA156|year=2001|publisher=[[CABI Publishing]]|location=|isbn=9780851994338|page=156}}</ref> | |- |1990 |1410 | |827,200<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1991 |1411 | |720,100<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1992 |1412 | |1,015,700<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1993 |1413 | |992,800<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1994 |1414 | |997,400<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1995 |1415 | |1,046,307<ref name="Harrison-156" /> | |- |1996 |1416 |784,769 |1,080,465<ref name="Harrison-156" /><ref name="RESA1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/1997/news/page208.aspx|title=Record number of pilgrims arrive for 1417 Hajj|date=15 April 1997|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318145148/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/1997/news/page208.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,865,234 |- |1997 |1417 |774,260 |1,168,591<ref name="Harrison-156" /><ref name="RESA1997" /> |1,942,851 |- |1998 |1418 |699,770 |1,132,344 |1,832,114<ref name="Harrison-156" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/1998/news/page352.aspx|title=Final statistics for Hajj 1418 pilgrims|date=8 April 1998|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303214712/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/1998/news/page352.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |1999 |1419 |775,268 |1,056,730 |1,831,998 |- |2000 |1420 |466,430<ref name="RESA2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2000/news/Page460.aspx|title=Ministry of Pilgrimage figures released for 1420 Haj|date=20 March 2000|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331043722/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2000/news/Page460.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,267,355 |1,733,785<ref name="RESA2000" /> |- |2001 |1421 |440,808 |1,363,992 |1,804,800<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2001/news/page514.aspx|title=Successful culmination of Hajj 1421|date=9 March 2001|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311190439/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2001/news/page514.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2002 |1422 |590,576 |1,354,184 |1,944,760 |- |2003 |1423 |493,230 |1,431,012 |1,924,242<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2003/news/page499.aspx|title=Tragic deaths reported in crowding at Mina|date=11 February 2003|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=7 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307022730/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2003/news/page499.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2004 |1424 |473,004<ref name="culmination">{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2004/news/page759.aspx|title=Culmination of 1424 Hajj witnesses stampede deaths|date=1 February 2004|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305131347/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2004/news/page759.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,419,706<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2004/news/page764.aspx|title=Hajj proceeding without incident|date=30 January 2004|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=7 October 2014|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305085922/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2004/news/page764.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,892,710<ref name="culmination" /> |- |2005 |1425 |1,030,000 (perk.) |1,534,769 |2,560,000 (perk.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2005/news/page806.aspx|title=Prince Abdulmajeed declares Hajj 1425 a success|date=25 January 2005|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=30 July 2009|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826144637/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2005/news/page806.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2006 |1426 |573,147 |1,557,447 |2,130,594<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page919.aspx|title=Number of Hajj pilgrims tops 2 million|date=10 January 2006|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=16 January 2015|archive-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316184801/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page919.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2006 |1427 |724,229 |1,654,407 |2,378,636<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page5.aspx|title=More than 2.3 million pilgrims perform the Hajj this year|date=30 December 2006|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=30 July 2009|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229035136/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page5.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2007 |1428 |746,511 |1,707,814 |2,454,325<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2007/news/page15.aspx|title=More than 1.7 million pilgrims have arrived in Saudi Arabia for the Hajj|date=17 December 2007|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=30 July 2009|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302213726/https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2007/news/page15.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="SCDS">{{cite web|url=http://xrdarabia.org/2007/12/23/how-many-attended-the-hajj/|title=How Many Attended the Hajj?|date=23 December 2007|work=Crossroads Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225170345/http://xrdarabia.org/2007/12/23/how-many-attended-the-hajj/|archive-date=2007-12-25|dead-url=yes|access-date=2015-10-22}}</ref> |- |2008 |1429 | |1,729,841<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx|title=Record number of pilgrims arrive for Hajj|date=6 December 2008|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304184226/http://saudiembassy.net/affairs/recent-news/news12060801.aspx|archive-date=2016-03-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=30 July 2009}}</ref> | |- |2009 |1430 |154,000 |1,613,000 |2,521,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11290904.aspx|title=2,521,000 million pilgrims participated in Hajj 1430|date=29 November 2009|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062357/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11290904.aspx|archive-date=2016-03-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=8 December 2009}}</ref> |- |2010 |1431 |989,798 |1,799,601 |2,854,345<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/PressReleases/2010/20101118.htm|title=2.8 million pilgrims participated in Hajj 1431|date=18 November 2010|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109210141/http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/PressReleases/2010/20101118.htm|archive-date=2016-11-09|dead-url=yes|accessdate=28 December 2010}}</ref> |- |2011 |1432 |1,099,522 |1,828,195 |2,927,717<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11061102.aspx|title=2,927,717 pilgrims performed Hajj this year|date=6 November 2011|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430192735/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11061102.aspx|archive-date=2016-04-30|dead-url=yes|accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref> |- |2012 |1433 |1,408,641 |1,752,932 |3,161,573<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx|title=3,161,573 pilgrims perform Hajj this year|date=27 October 2012|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530224201/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10271201.aspx|archive-date=2016-05-30|dead-url=yes|accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref> |- |2013 |1434 |700,000 (perk.)<ref>{{cite news|title=Two million pilgrims taking place in Hajj|publisher=Euronews|date=14 October 2013|url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/10/14/two-million-pilgrims-taking-part-in-hajj-at-mecca-reach-mount-arafat/|accessdate=13 February 2014|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319062016/https://www.euronews.com/2013/10/14/two-million-pilgrims-taking-part-in-hajj-at-mecca-reach-mount-arafat|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |1,379,531<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10131302.aspx|title=1,379,531 pilgrims from 188 countries arrived for Hajj|date=13 October 2013|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065109/http://saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10131302.aspx|archive-date=2016-03-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref> |2,061,573 (perk.) |- |2014 |1435 |700,000 (perk.)<ref name="AN2014">{{cite news|title=Pilgrims stone 'devil' in last major Haj ritual; Eid Al-Adha begins|publisher=Arab News|date=6 October 2014|url=http://www.arabnews.com/featured/news/639656|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref> |1,389,053<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10021401.aspx|title=Small increase in foreign pilgrims|date=2 October 2014|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009221349/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news10021401.aspx|archive-date=2014-10-09|dead-url=yes|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref> |2,089,053 (perk.)<ref name="AN2014" /> |- |2015 |1436 |615,059 (perk.) |1,384,941<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saudiembassy.net/1384941-foreign-pilgrims-participated-hajj|title=1,384,941 foreign pilgrims participated in Hajj|date=22 September 2015|publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia|accessdate=15 February 2017|archive-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216055803/https://www.saudiembassy.net/1384941-foreign-pilgrims-participated-hajj|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |2,000,000 (perk.)<ref name=TheDailyStar2015>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/pilgrims-pray-peace-148021 |title=Hajj Performed: 2 million pilgrims pray for world peace |date=24 September 2015 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=26 September 2015 |archive-date=16 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316184022/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/pilgrims-pray-peace-148021 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |2016 |1437 |537,537<ref name="Arabia-2017">{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2016/09/12/Saudi-Arabia-says-Hajj-2016-receives-1-8-million-pilgrims.html|title=Saudi Arabia says Hajj 2016 receives 1.8 million pilgrims|date=12 September 2016|work=Al Arabiya English|publisher=|accessdate=15 February 2017|author=}}</ref> |1,325,372<ref name="Arabia-2017" /> |1,862,909<ref name="Arabia-2017" /> |- |2017 |1438 |600,108 |1,752,014 |2,352,122<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/hajj_statistics_for_the_year_1438_hen.xls|title=Haj Statistics|date=|publisher=General Authority of Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|access-date=21 Juli 2022|archive-date=2018-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114223759/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/hajj_statistics_for_the_year_1438_hen.xls|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2018 |1439 |612,953 |1,758,722 |2,371,675<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|title=Haj Statistics|date=22 August 2018|publisher=General Authority of Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524103836/https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/28|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2019 |1440 |634,379 |1,855,027 |2,489,406<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1538466/saudi-arabia|title=Around 2.5&nbsp;million pilgrims take part in Hajj this year|date=10 August 2019|website=Arab News|access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> |- |2020 |1441 | | |10,000<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hari Ini, 10.000 Jamaah Haji Jalani Hari Tarwiyah di Mina|date=29 Juli 2020|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5112265/hari-ini-10000-jamaah-haji-jalani-hari-tarwiyah-di-mina|access-date=6 November 2021|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230083216/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5112265/hari-ini-10000-jamaah-haji-jalani-hari-tarwiyah-di-mina|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |2021 |1442 |58,745<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-saudi-arabia-health-coronavirus-pandemic-5141f26a40cc3a75f5f252c24f8228e0|title=Saudi Arabia says hajj to be limited to 60,000 in kingdom|date=12 June 2021|website=Associated Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505045827/https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-saudi-arabia-health-coronavirus-pandemic-5141f26a40cc3a75f5f252c24f8228e0|archive-date=5 May 2022|access-date=5 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/HAJ%20ANN2021E_kp.pdf|title=Hajj Statistics 1442 (2021)|website=General Authority for Statistics|access-date=2022-12-30|archive-date=2023-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606070534/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/HAJ%20ANN2021E_kp.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |0<ref name=":0" /> |58,745<ref name=":7" /> |- |2022 |1443 |119,434<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/622743/SAUDI-ARABIA/GASTAT-A-total-of-899353-pilgrims-perform-Hajj|title=GASTAT: A total of 899,353 pilgrims perform Hajj|date=2022-07-08|website=Saudi Gazette|language=English|access-date=2022-07-20}}</ref> |779,919<ref name=":8" /> |899,353<ref name=":8" /> |- |2023 |1444 |184,000<ref name="NewArab">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=June 27, 2023 |title=Saudi Arabia: Hajj draws 1.8 million pilgrims, falls short of pre-pandemic record |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/hajj-draws-18-million-pilgrims-falls-short-record?amp |work=[[The New Arab]] |location= |access-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027121930/https://www.newarab.com/news/hajj-draws-18-million-pilgrims-falls-short-record?amp |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | |1,845,045<ref name="NewArab" /> |- |2024 |1445 |221,854<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/news/532|title=GASTAT: Total number of pilgrims in 1445 H Hajj season is 1,833,164|first=الهيئة العامة|last=للإحصاء|date=15 June 2024|website=General Authority for Statistics|accessdate=31 July 2024|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725091223/https://stats.gov.sa/en/news/532|url-status=dead}}</ref> |1,611,310<ref name="auto"/> |1,833,164<ref name="auto"/> |- |2025 |1446 |166,654 |1,506,576 |1,673,230<ref>https://www.stats.gov.sa/documents/20117/2435281/Hajj+Statistics+2025+EN+%283%29.xlsx/dfc4e54e-6cfb-1db3-0c88-eb50009daf5d?t=1751978694835</ref> |} == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Bacaan lanjuik == * {{cite book|last=Bianchi|first=Robert R.|year=2004|title=Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World|url=https://archive.org/details/guestsofgodpilgr0000bian|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517107-5}} * {{cite book|last=Hammoudi|first=Abdellah|year=2006|title=A Season in Mecca: Narrative of a Pilgrimage|publisher=Hill and Wang|isbn=978-0-8090-7609-3|author-link=Abdellah Hammoudi|url=https://archive.org/details/seasoninmeccanar00hamm}} * Khan, Qaisra, "Hajj & 'Umra", in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. I, pp.&nbsp;239–245. * {{cite book|last=Patler|first=Nicholas|title=From Mecca to Selma: Malcolm X, Islam, and the Journey tnto the American Civil Rights Movement|year=2017|publisher=The Islamic Monthly|url=http://theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/|access-date=2022-12-30|archive-date=2022-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230082856/https://www.theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|last=Trojanow|first=Ilija|year=2007|title=Mumbai to Mecca: A Pilgrimage to the Holy Sites of Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/frommumbaitomecc0000troj|publisher=Haus Publishing|isbn=978-1-904950-29-5|author-link=Ilija Trojanow}} {{Topik Islam}} [[Kategori:Islam]] 2dhykbs1zidpmc4jzksebdxwv2psjsc Wahhabisme 0 323745 3351900 2465278 2026-08-14T15:06:30Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3351900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam}}{{Islam Sunni}} '''Wahabi''' atau '''Wahhabisme''' ({{lang-ar|الوهابية}}, ''{{transl|ar|al-Wahhābiya(h)}}'') adolah sabuah aliran jo gerakan reformasi agamo dalam [[Islam]] nan mulonyo dipimpin dek Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab.{{efn|1=WAHHABIYYA, sabuah istilah nan dipakai untuak manunjuakan (a) doktrin sarato (b) pangikuik Muhammad b. Abd al-Wahhab. Brill Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed <br/> • Wahhābīyah Gerakan kabangkitan agamo abaik kasalapan baleh (tajdīd) jo reformasi (islāh) nan didirian di Najd di Arab Saudi dek sarjana sarato ahli hukum Muḥammad bin 'Abd al-Wahhāb (1702/3–1791/2). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World <br/> • WAHHABIYAH Sabuah kalompok pambaruan Islam nan didirian dek Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab (AH AH 1206/1792 M), Wahhabıyah taruik balanjuik sampai kini di Jazirah Arab. Istilah Wahhabı mulonyo dipakai dek lawan gerakan, nan manuduah baso inyo adolah bantuak baru Islam, tapi akhianyo namo tu ditarimo laweh. Encyclopedia of Religion 2nd ed (MacMillan) <br/> • Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (1703–92) Pandiri gerakan agamo revivalis jo reformis nan bapusek di Najd di Arabia tangah dan biaso disabuik sabagai Wahhabiyyah atau Wahhabi, The Princeton Encyclopeidia of Islamic Political Thought <br/> • Wahhabis Gerakan reformis / revivalis abaik ka-18 untuak rekonstruksi masyarakaik sacaro sosial. (The Oxford Dictionary of Islam) <br/> • MUWAHHIDUN Gerakan tasabuik dimulai dek surang ulama dari Najd (Arab Saudi), Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792), dididiak dek ulama (imam Islam) di tampek nan kini banamo Irak, Iran, dan Hijaz (Arabia barat). The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (2nd Edition) (MacMillan) <br/> • Wahhabiyya sabuah gerakan reformasi konservatif diluncuran di Arabia abaik kasalapan baleh dek Muhammad b.Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world (MacMillan) <nowiki> <br/>• Wahhabism (Bahaso Arab: Wahhabiyya) Dinamoi manuruik namo tokoh pandirinyo, Muhammad ibn abd al-Wahhab (maningga tahun 1792), Wahhabisme adolah bantuak paliang pantiang dari reformasi Islam militan nan muncua di Jazirah Arab. [...] Iko maacu pado saparangkek doktrin jo praktik sarato gerakan sektarian {{sic | tadiri dari | hide = y |} dan panganuiknyo. Encyclopedia of Islam, InfoBase</nowiki> <br/> • Wahhabism. Wahhabisme maacu pado interpretasi konservatif Islam nan didirikan sabagai gerakan kabangkitan jo reformasi di Arabia abaik kasalapan baleh (Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World) <br/> • Wahabism Gerakan Islam nan bakambang pado abaik kasalapan baleh di Arabia tangah, maajakan ajaran Sunni nan pakek jo puritan. (A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.), Oxford) <br/> • Wahhābī Gerakan Islam Wahhābī, juo diijo Wahābī, adolah bagian dari gerakan reformasi Muslim nan didirikan dek Muḥammad ibn'Abd al-Wahhāb pado abaik ka-18 di Najd, Arab tangah, dan diadopsi pado taun 1744 dek kaluarga Sa'ūd. (Encyclopedia Britannica) <br/>• Wahhābīya Gerakan Muslim ultra-konservatif dan puritan nan bapacik pado mazhab Ḥambali, walaupun maanggap dirinyo sabagai ghair muqallidīn, indak tunduak pado ciek mazhab, namun picayo baso inyo mambela nan bana. (The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford)}} Gerakan ko acok disabuik sabagai aliran "ultakonservatif",<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion|editors=Mark Juergensmeyer, Wade Clark Roof|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2011|entry=Wahhabis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1369|page=1369}}</ref> "kareh",<ref name="pbs-wahhabism">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/analyses/wahhabism.html|title=Analysis Wahhabism|publisher=PBS Frontline|accessdate=13 May 2014|quote=For more than two centuries, Wahhabism has been [[Saudi Arabia]]'s dominant creed. It is an austere form of Sunni Islam that insists on a literal interpretation of the [[Quran]]. Wahhabis believe that all those who don't practice their form of Islam are heathens and enemies. Critics say that Wahhabism's rigidity has led it to misinterpret and distort Islam, pointing to extremists such as [[Osama bin Laden]] and the [[Taliban]]. Wahhabism's explosive growth began in the 1970s when Saudi charities started funding Wahhabi schools ([[madrassa]]s) and mosques from Islamabad to [[Culver City, California]].}}</ref> atau "puritan".<ref name="meforum">{{cite web|url=http://www.meforum.org/535/saudi-arabia-and-the-rise-of-the-wahhabi-threat|title=Saudi Arabia and the Rise of the Wahhabi Threat|last1=Schwartz|first=Steven|website=meforum|accessdate=24 June 2014|ref=27 February 2003}}</ref><ref name="Kampeas">{{cite web|url=http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Islam/2001/12/Fundamentalist-Wahhabism-Comes-To-U-S.aspx|title=Fundamentalist Wahhabism Comes to U.S.|last=Kampeas|first=Ron|publisher=Belief.net, Associate Press|accessdate=27 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Wahhabi">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/634039/Wahhabi|title=Wahhabi|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online|accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> Pandukuang gerakan ko picayo baso gerakannyo sabagai "gerakan reformasi", nan batujuan untuak mambaliakan ajaran agamo ka "ajaran tauhid nan murni",<ref name="Commins">{{cite book|last=Commins|first=David|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|publisher=I.B. Tauris|page=vi|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kQN6q16dIjAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=wahhabism#v=onepage&q=wahhabism&f=false|isbn=9781845110802|year=2006}}</ref> baliak ka ajaran Islam nan sabananyo, nan marujuak pado [[Al-Qur'an]] jo [[Hadits]], barasiah dari sagalo panyimpangan nan dianggap bid'ah, syirik, jo khurafat.<ref name="Commins" /><ref name="Virus Wahabi">Abu Mujahid & Haneef Oliver, Virus Wahabi, Toobagus Publishing, 2010, hal. 120 – 121.</ref> Samantaro panatangnyo manyabuik Wahabi sabagai "gerakan sektarian nan sasek",<ref name="Commins" /> "sekte cacek",<ref name="SatanicSimonValentine" /> atau panyimpang ajaran Islam.<ref name="pbs-wahhabism" /><ref name="Commins-viv" /> Istilah Wahabi acok manuai polemik dan dek pandukuangnyo biasonyo manulak mamakai istilah tu, labiah ka tuju jo manyabuik ''[[Salafi]]'' atau ''muwahhid,<ref name="Wiktorowicz, Quintan 2006 p.235" /><ref>{{cite book|last=DeLong-Bas|first=Natana J.|title=Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], USA|year=2004|pages=123–24|edition=First|isbn=0-19-516991-3|quote=''Wahhabism'' has become [...] a blanket term for any Islamic movement that has an apparent tendency toward misogyny, militantism, extremism, or strict and literal interpretation of the Quran and hadith}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Commins|first=David|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2009|page=ix|quote=Thus, the mission's devotees contend that 'Wahhabism' is a misnomer for their efforts to revive correct Islamic belief and practice. Instead of the Wahhabi label, they prefer either ''Salafi'', one who follows the ways of the first Muslim ancestors (''salaf''), or ''muwahhid'', one who professes God's unity.}}</ref>'' untuak manakanan prinsip katauhidan<ref name="GlasseIsl" /> ("Aso" jo "Tungga"nyo [[Allah]])<ref name="Esposito333">{{harvnb|Esposito|2003|p=333}}</ref>, manulak pado kalompok lain nan masih mampraktikkan kasyirikan.<ref>V. G. Julie Rajan ''Al Qaeda's Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir and the Genocide of Muslims'' Routledge 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-317-64538-2}} page 76</ref> Gerakan ko dipangaruahi jo Ibnu Taymiyyah sarato mazhab Hambali, walaupun rami juo dari kalangan ulama Hambali nan manulak gagasan Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab.<ref name="Wahhabi" /> Wahhabisme dinamoi manuruik namo aktivis sarato pandakwah abaik ka-18, Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab (1703-1792).<ref name="Wahhabi" /> Baliau mamulai gerakan reformasinyo di daerah Najd,<ref name="thinnly">{{cite book|last=Commins|first=David|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|date=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=SKf3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=wahhabi+nejd+thinly+populated#v=onepage&q=wahhabi%20nejd%20thinly%20populated&f=false|quote=The Wahhabi religious reform movement arose in Najd, the vast, thinly populated heart of Central Arabia.|isbn=9780857731357}}</ref> manyampaian baso paralunyo pambarasiahan ajaran Islam nan sangkek tu marak bacampua jo pamujaan ka urang siak sarupo bakunjuang ka kubua urang-urang siak sarato mandoa di situ, nan dek baliau dianggap sabagai hal baru dalam agamo (bid'ah).<ref name="Esposito333" /><ref name="global-wahhabi">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/wahhabi.htm|title=Wahhabi|date=27 April 2005|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507090328/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/wahhabi.htm|archivedate=7 May 2005|accessdate=10 May 2008}}</ref> Nan akhianyo, baliau bakarajo samo jo pamimpin satampek, Muhammad bin Saud, nan manawarkan kapatuahan politik sarato bajanji untuak malinduangi jo mambantu panyebaran dakwah Wahabi.<ref name="lacey-glory" /> Aliansi antaro pandukuang Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab jo Muhammad bin Saud alah jaleh tajalin arek. Katurunan Saud taruih malanjuikan karajo samo aliansi politik-agamo ko inggo proklamasi Karajaan Arab Saudi pado taun 1932, bahkan inggo zaman modern. Kini ajaran Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab alah ditatapan sabagai ajaran rasmi [[Sunni|Islam Sunni]]<ref name="pbs-wahhabism" /><ref name="Glasse-where">{{cite book|last=Glasse|first=Cyril|title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam|date=2001|publisher=AltaMira Press|page=469|quote=A sect dominant in Saudi Arabia and Qatar, at the beginning of the 19th century it gained footholds in India, Africa, and elsewhere.}}</ref> nan didukuang karajaan.<ref name="demo" /> Jo bantuan dana dari ekspor minyak Arab Saudi,<ref name="Kepel-61">{{cite book|last=Kepel|first=Gilles|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris|pages=61|url=https://books.google.com/?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&pg=PA61&dq=the+financial+clout+of+Saudi+Arabia#v=onepage&q=the%20financial%20clout%20of%20Saudi%20Arabia&f=false|quote=... the financial clout of Saudi Arabia [that] had been amply demonstrated during the oil embargo against the United States, following the Arab-Israeli war of 1973. This show of international power, along with the nation's astronomical increase in wealth, allowed Saudi Arabia's puritanical, conservative Wahhabite faction to attain a preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam.|isbn=9781845112578}}</ref><ref name="ElFadl-70">Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005), ''The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists'', Harper San Francisco, pp. 70–2.</ref> gerakan ko bakambang capek mampangaruahi dunia Islam sajak taun 1970-an.<ref name="pbs-wahhabism" /> Kamantarian Lua Nagari Amerika Serikat alah mampakirokan baso alah labiah dari ampek dekade tarakhia Riyadh alah maaliahan lansuang pandanaan malalui yayasan-yayasan nan dikalola dek Wahabi inggo $10 milyar (£6 milyar).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/03/29/what-is-wahhabism-the-reactionary-branch-of-islam-said-to-be-the/|title=What is Wahhabism? The reactionary branch of Islam said to be 'the main source of global terrorism'|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=16 December 2016}}</ref> "Bateh" untuak manantuan nan ma nan Wahabi amaiklah payah,<ref name="threat-define" /> tapi dalam pamakaiannyo kini, istilah ''Wahabi'' jo ''Salafi'' acok batuka pamakaiannyo dan inyo disabuik sabagai gerakan nan akanyo babeda nan alah manyatu sajak taun 1960-an.<ref name="Dillon-3-4" /><ref>Stephane Lacroix, [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17210/ISIM_21_Al-Albani-s_Revolutionary_Approach_to_Hadith.pdf?sequence=1 Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith]. [[Leiden University]]'s ISIM Review, Spring 2008, No. 21.</ref><ref>(Salafism has been termed a hybridation between the teachings of Ibn Abdul-Wahhab and others which have taken place since the 1960s) Stephane Lacroix, [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17210/ISIM_21_Al-Albani-s_Revolutionary_Approach_to_Hadith.pdf?sequence=1 Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith]. [[Leiden University]]'s ISIM Review, Spring 2008, No. 21.</ref> Walau baitu, Wahabi disabuik sabagai "aliran tatantu dalam Salafi",<ref name="global-salafi">GlobalSecurity.org [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-salafi.htm Salafi Islam]</ref> atau sabagai Salafinyo Saudi.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/04/AR2006090401107_2.html|title=Washington Post, For Conservative Muslims, Goal of Isolation a Challenge|publisher=|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="John L. Esposito p.54">{{cite book|author=John L. Esposito|title=What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Wahhabism&f=false|page=54|isbn=9780199794133|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Dipakirokan jumlah pandukuang Wahabi amaik baragam, manuruik ciek sumber adola 5 juta urang Wahabi di Taluak Persia (dibandiangan jo sadoalah Islam [[Sunni]] 28,5 juta sarato [[Syiah]] 89 juta).<ref name="demo">{{cite web|url=http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/GulfReligionGeneral_lg.png|title=Demography of Religion in the Gulf|last=Izady|first=Mehrdad|year=2014|work=[[Mehrdad Izady]]|origyear=1999}}</ref><ref>Other sources give far lower numbers of Shia though they do not estimate the number of Wahhabi <br />(15% of KSA is Shia. sources: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7959531.stm Saudi Arabia's Shia press for rights]| bbc|by Anees al-Qudaihi | 24 March 2009; and [http://www.cfr.org/publication/10903/shiite_muslims_in_the_middle_east.html Council on Foreign Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411123648/http://www.cfr.org/publication/10903/shiite_muslims_in_the_middle_east.html |date=2010-04-11 }}| Author: Lionel Beehner| 16 June 2006; Vali Nasr, ''Shia Revival'', (2006) p. 236)</ref> Mayoritas Sunni jo Syiah di saluruah dunia kurang satuju jo ajaran Wahabi, dan rami Muslim nan manyabuiknyo sabagai sekte atau "aliran nan manyimpang".<ref name="SatanicSimonValentine">{{cite book|last1=Valentine|first1=Simon|title=Force and Fanaticism|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6mKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|accessdate=24 July 2016|pages=16–17|quote=The majority of mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims worldwide would strongly disagree with the interpretation of Wahhabism outlined above. Rather than see Wahhabism as a reform movement, many Muslims would reject it in the strongest terms as firqa, a new faction, a vile sect.}}</ref> Rami dari kalangan ulama, tamasuak nan dari Universitas Al-Azhar, manyabuik Wahabi jo istilah sarupo "ajaran setan".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Valentine|first1=Simon|title=Force and Fanaticisim|publisher=Oxford|page=17|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Rl9eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT31&lpg=PT31&dq=similarly,+regularly+denounce+wahhabism&source=bl&ots=pKutZH6Z8b&sig=6ayRbudKUUPRinWnd5t1VZIIp1w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVnq-t5IzXAhUk8IMKHZUcADUQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=similarly%2C%20regularly%20denounce%20wahhabism&f=false|accessdate=25 October 2017}}Offline, ulema, such as those at the prestigious Al-Azhar University in Cairo (the Oxford University of the Sunni Muslim World) similarly, regularly denounce wahhabism as 'a satanic faith which has led to division, debate, dishonesty and mistrust of muslims'.</ref> Wahabisme alah dituduah sabagai "sumber dari sagalo bantuak terorisme global",<ref name="Haider">{{cite news|last1=Haider|first1=Murtaza|title=European Parliament identifies Wahabi and Salafi roots of global terrorism|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1029713|accessdate=3 August 2014|publisher=Dawn.com|date=22 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="senate">{{cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/pdf/CHRG-108shrg91326.pdf|title=Terrorism: Growing Wahhabi Influence in the United States|date=26 June 2003|publisher=US GPO|quote=Journalists and experts, as well as spokespeople of the world, have said that Wahhabism is the source of the overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world, from Morocco to Indonesia, via Israel, Saudi Arabia, Chechnya. [[Jon Kyl]], US Senator for Arizona}}</ref> dek dianggap mainspirasi ideologi ''Islamic State of Iraq and Syam'' (ISIS),<ref>Partick Cockburn, The Rise of Islamic State: ISIS and the New Sunni Revolution. Verso 2014. p. 6</ref> sarato mambuek umaik tacarai dek malabeli Muslim lain nan manantang dakwahnyo sabagai kafir<ref name="commins-pivotal">{{cite book|last=Commins|first=David|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|URL=http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Muslim_Sects/The-Wahhabi-Mission-and-Saudi-Arabia.pdf|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2006|page=vi|quote=[T]he pivotal idea in Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teaching determines whether one is a Muslim or an infidel. In his opinion, Muslims who disagreed with his definition of monotheism were not heretics, that is to say, misguided Muslims, but outside the pale of Islam altogether|access-date=2019-07-11|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415034707/http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Muslim_Sects/The-Wahhabi-Mission-and-Saudi-Arabia.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> (takfir) sarato manyaru untuak manumpahan darahnyo.<ref name="Blanchard" /><ref name="Glasse-heretics" /><ref name="Mouzahem">{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/wahhabi-sheikh-fatwa-iraq-kill-shiites-children-women.html#|title=Saudi Wahhabi Sheikh Calls on Iraq's Jihadists to Kill Shiites|last1=Mouzahem|first1=Haytham|date=20 April 2013|website=Al-Monitor|publisher=al-monitor|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824095059/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/wahhabi-sheikh-fatwa-iraq-kill-shiites-children-women.html|archivedate=24 August 2014|deadurl=yes|accessdate=18 August 2014|df=}}</ref> Wahabisme pun dikritik pulo dek usahonyo dalam maancuran makam-makam urang siak, mausoleum, sarato artefak-artefak jo bangunan-bangunan Islam jo non-Islam.<ref name="Rabasa 2004 103, note 60">{{cite book|last=Rabasa|first=Angel|author2=Benard, Cheryl|authorlink=|title=The Muslim World After 9/11|year=2004|publisher=Rand Corporation|location=|isbn=0-8330-3712-9|page=103, note 60.|chapter=The Middle East: Cradle of the Muslim World|quote=}}</ref><ref name="TI">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html|title=The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage|accessdate=21 December 2009|last=Howden|first=Daniel|date=6 August 2005|newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name="finn-destruction">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/world/cultural-terrorism-wahhabi-islam/p5234|title=Cultural Terrorism and Wahhabi Islam|last1=Finn|first1=Helena Kane|date=8 October 2002|website=Council on Foreign Relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904022946/http://www.cfr.org/world/cultural-terrorism-wahhabi-islam/p5234|archive-date=4 September 2014|dead-url=yes|accessdate=5 August 2014|quote=It is the undisputed case that the Taliban justification for this travesty [the destruction of the Buddha statues at Bamiyan] can be traced to the Wahhabi indoctrination program prevalent in the Afghan refugee camps and Saudi-funded Islamic schools (madrasas) in Pakistan that produced the Taliban ... In Saudi Arabia itself, the destruction has focused on the architectural heritage of Islam's two holiest cities, Mecca and Medina, where Wahhabi religious foundations, with state support, have systematically demolished centuries-old mosques and mausolea, as well as hundreds of traditional Hijazi mansions and palaces.}}</ref> == Ajaran == Pangikuik gerakan Wahabi maidentifikasi diri sabagai [[Islam Sunni]] (''Ahlussunnah wal jamaah'').<ref>''Wahhabism: Understanding the Roots and Role Models of Islamic Extremism'', by Zubair Qamar, condensed and edited by ASFA staff</ref> Ajaran utamo dari Wahabi adolah panagehan tantang kaasoan jo tungganyo Allah,<ref name="Esposito3332" /><ref name="AllahInBritannica">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Allah|year=|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|accessdate=28 May 2008|location=|publisher=|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005770/Allah}}</ref> malawan kasyirikan.<ref name="DLB2004: 62">[[Wahhabisme#DLB2004|DeLong-Bas, ''Wahhabi Islam'', 2004]]: 62</ref> Dakwah nan disampaian iyolah maajak umaik untuak manjalanan ajaran agamo bak cando kaum salaf (umaik tadaulu). Sacaro tageh, pangikuik ajaran ko manulak ajaran-ajaran bid'ah nan biaso dilakukan mayoritas Sunni jo Syiah di saluruah dunia,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYqlBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=Wahhabism+opposition+to+sunni&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEssiBz-nQAhWmL8AKHXTdDAIQ6AEIJzAC|title=Young American Muslims: Dynamics of Identity|last=Kabir|first=Nahid Afrose|date=1 January 2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=|isbn=9780748669936|location=|pages=44|language=en|quote=Both Wahhabism and Salafism are very much opposed by the vast majority of Sunnis and also by Shiites|via=}}</ref> sarupo bakalabiahan dalam manyanjuang nabi jo urang-urang siak. Wahabi manakankan pado pamahaman literal pado tafsir Al-Quran jo Hadits, nan manulak pamahaman dalil-dalil jo logika atau rasional (''ahlur-ra'yu''). Wahabi acok dikaikkan jo pamahaman takfir (malabeli muslim lainnyo sabagai kafir) dek panantang-panantangnyo. Ajaran Wahabi pun maajaan paralunyo ijtihad salamo basasuaian jo isi kanduangan Quran, Sunnah, sarato ajaran kaum salaf, nan deknyo hal ko ndak disabuik sabagai bid'ah.<ref name="Halverson-71">{{cite book|last=Halverson|first=Jeffry R.|title=Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism|date=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=71|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=IYzGAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Athari+islam&ots=wa0i7AaRa6&sig=WmxaQ58fGUNzTAA1XqYxQdSILLo#v=onepage&q=Athari%20&f=false|quote=Abdul-Wahhab was a proponent of Ijtihad, as were the leading reformers of the Salafi movement in Egypt.}}</ref> == Populasi == Pangikuik ajaran Wahabi kiro-kiro ado 4,56 juta urang di Taluak Persia, di mano 4 juta dari Arab Saudi (umumnyo Najd) dan sisonyo dari Uni Emirat Arab jo Qatar. Paretongan ko dibuek manuruik kriteria budayo bukan sacaro panyatoan.<ref name="demo2" /> Banyak dari Sunni di Qatar nan Wahabi (46,9%) sarato 44,8% di Uni Emirat Arab. 5,7% urang Bahrain sarato 2,2% urang Kuwait nan Wahabi.<ref name="demo2" /> == Rujuakan == === Catatan === <references group="lower-alpha" /> === Pustaka === {{reflist|30em}} == Bacoan lanjuik == * [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt|Burckhardt, John Lewis]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=sDZAAAAAYAAJ ''Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys''], H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1830. * Valentine, S. R., "Force & Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond", Hurst & Co, London, 2015,{{ISBN|978-1849044646}}. * [[Imran N. Hosein]] (1996). [http://www.imranhosein.org/books/126-the-caliphate-the-hijaz-and-the-saudi-wahabi-nation-state.html 'The Caliphate, the Hejaz and the Saudi-Wahhabi Nation-State'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628001818/http://imranhosein.org/books/126-the-caliphate-the-hijaz-and-the-saudi-wahabi-nation-state.html |date=2014-06-28 }}. New York: Masjid Darul Qur'an. * Algar, Hamid, ''Wahhabism: A Critical Essay'', Islamic Publications International,{{ISBN|1-889999-13-X}}. * [[Natana J. DeLong-Bas|Delong-Bas, Natana J.]], ''Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad'', Oxford University Press,{{ISBN|0-19-516991-3}}. * [[David Holden|Holden, David]] and Johns, Richard, ''The House of Saud'', Pan, 1982,{{ISBN|0-330-26834-1}}. * [[Madawi Al-Rasheed|Al-Rasheed, Madawi]], ''A History of Saudi Arabia'', Cambridge University Press, 2002,{{ISBN|0-521-64412-7}}. * De Gaury, Gerald and [[Freya Stark|Stark, Freya]], ''Arabia Phoenix'', Kegan Paul International Limited,{{ISBN|0-7103-0677-6}},{{ISBN|978-0-7103-0677-7}}. * Oliver, Haneef James, ''The 'Wahhabi' Myth: Dispelling Prevalent Fallacies and the Fictitious Link with Bin Laden'', T.R.O.I.D. Publications, February 2004,{{ISBN|0-9689058-5-4}}. * Quist, B. Wayne and Drake, David F., ''Winning the War on Terror: A Triumph of American Values'', iUniverse, 2005,{{ISBN|0-595-67272-8}}. * {{cite book|last=Malik|first=S. K.|year=1986|title=The Quranic Concept of War|url=http://wolfpangloss.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/malik-quranic-concept-of-war.pdf|publisher=Himalayan Books|isbn=81-7002-020-4}} * {{cite book|last=Swarup|first=Ram|year=1982|title=[[Understanding Islam through Hadis]]|publisher=Voice of Dharma|isbn=0-682-49948-X}} * {{cite book|last=Trifkovic|first=Serge|year=2006|title=[[Defeating Jihad]]|publisher=Regina Orthodox Press, USA|isbn=1-928653-26-X}} * {{cite book|last=Phillips|first=Melanie|year=2006|title=[[Londonistan: How Britain is Creating a Terror State Within]]|publisher=Encounter books|isbn=1-59403-144-4}} * {{cite book|last=Commins|first=David Dean|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|year=2006|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=1-84885-014-X|url=http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Muslim_Sects/The-Wahhabi-Mission-and-Saudi-Arabia.pdf|ref=harv|access-date=2019-07-11|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415034707/http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Muslim_Sects/The-Wahhabi-Mission-and-Saudi-Arabia.pdf|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|last=Esposito|first=John|authorlink=John Esposito|author2=|editor=|others=|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-512558-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Kepel|first=Gilles|authorlink=Gilles Kepel|others=trans. Anthony F. Roberts|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|edition=1st English|year=2002|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-674-00877-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Vernochet|first=Jean-Michel|others=|title=Les Egarés: Wahhabisme est-il un contre Islam ?|edition=4th French|year=2013|publisher=Sigest|location=Alfortville-F|isbn=978-2-917329-62-7}} * [[Charles Saint-Prot|Saint-Prot, Charles]]. Islam. ''L'avenir de la tradition entre révolution et occidentalisation'' (Islam. The Future of Tradition between Revolution and Westernization). Paris: Le Rocher, 2008. * Saudi Clerics and Shia Islam, by Raihan Ismail, Oxford University Press, 2016.{{ISBN|978-0-19-023331-0}} [[Kategori:Islam]] [[Kategori:Salafi]] [[Kategori:Sunni]] [[Kategori:Arab Saudi]] bkslq4shvwxap1ib9mt629ggskp7o68 N'Golo Kanté 0 327187 3351905 2012036 2026-08-14T19:54:12Z Zafer 20897 Photo add 3351905 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:N'Golo Kanté 91 Fenerbahçe 20260805 (2) (cropped).JPG|thumb|230px]] '''N'Golo Kanté''' (lahia di Paris, 29 Maret 1991; umua 28 tahun) adolah saurang pamain [[sipak bola]] bakewarganegaraan [[Parancih]] nan bamain untuak klub [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] biaso bamain pado posisi gelandang batahan. Kanté mamulai karier juniornyo di klub Boulogne. Sempat pindah ka Caen jo Leicester City sabalum bagabuang jo [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] pado tahun 2016.<ref name="ESPN FC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/2546487/leicester-sign-ngolo-kante-from-caen-but-aranguiz-not-keen|title=Leicester sign N'Golo Kante from Caen but Charles Aranguiz not keen|date=3 August 2015|publisher=[[ESPN FC]]|access-date=3 August 2015}}</ref> == Karier klub == Lahia di [[Paris]], Kanté mamulai karier sipak bolanyo pado umua dalapan tahun basamo JS Suresnes sabuah klub nan berada di pinggiran barat ibukota,salamo babarapo dekade.Badasarkan pernyataan dari asisten manajer Pierre Ville,Kanté tatok barado di lua radar klub-klub gadang karano tubuhanyo nan ketek jo gaya bamain tanpa pamrih. malalui kontak presiden Suresnes pado tahun 2010,inyo bagabuang jo tim cadangan Boulogne.Inyo mamulai debut profesionalnyo di patandiangan tarakhia Ligue 2 pado 18 Mei 2012,kakalahan 1-2 di kandang untuak timnyo nan alah tadegradasi ka Monaco, manggantian Virgile Reset salamo 11 minik tarakhia.<ref name="soccerway2">{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/05/18/france/ligue-2/union-sportive-de-boulogne-cote-dopale/association-sportive-monaco-fc/1115476/|title=US Boulogne vs. Monaco – 18 May 2012 – Soccerway|publisher=soccerway.com|access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> Salamo 2012–13 Championnat National,inyo bamain di lapis katigo Championnat National, hanyo kahilangan satu patandiangan liga. Pado 10 Agustus, inyo mancetak gol patamonyo,satu-satunyo dalam kamanangan dari Luzenac di Stade de la Libération,<ref name="voix">{{Cite news|title=Ngolo Kanté fait souffler un vent de fraîcheur sur Boulogne|url=http://www.lavoixdunord.fr/region/ngolo-kante-fait-souffler-un-vent-de-fraicheur-sur-boulogne-jna31b0n627689|accessdate=21 March 2016|work=[[La Voix du Nord (daily)|La Voix du Nord]]|Date=12 August 2012}}</ref> === Caen === Pado 2013, inyo bagabuang jo tim Ligue 2 Caen dan mamainkan 38 patandiangan di musim patamonyo katiko mereka barado di urutan katigo di Ligue 2, mambuek mereka promosi ka [[Ligue 1]].Dalam patandiangan kaduonyo pado 9 Agustus,inyo mancetak gol patamonyo untuak manyamoan kadudukan dalam kamanangan 2-1 di Laval. === Leicester city === Kanté ditransfer ka klub Liga Primer Ingggris Leicester City dek Steve Walsh,nan sabalumnyo alah mamfasilitasi transfer Jamie Vardy jo Riyad Mahrez ka tim. Pado 3 Agustus 2015, inyo bagabuang jo Leicester jo kontrak ampek tahun, jo biaya nan indak diagiah tau dilaporkan sebesar €8 juta (£5,6 juta).<ref name="ESPN FC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/2546487/leicester-sign-ngolo-kante-from-caen-but-aranguiz-not-keen|title=Leicester sign N'Golo Kante from Caen but Charles Aranguiz not keen|date=3 August 2015|publisher=[[ESPN FC]]|access-date=3 August 2015}}</ref> Inyo malakukan debutnyo limo hari kamudian katiko manggantian Vardy untuak dalapan minik tarakhia katiko mereka manang di kandang 4-2 dari [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]]. Pado 7 November,inyo mancetak gol patamonyo di Liga Primer Inggarih dalam kamanangan kandang 2-1 malawan Watford. === Chelsea === Pado 16 Juli 2016, Kanté manandatangani kontrak untuak bagabuang basamo [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] jo biaya nan dilaporkan sagadang £32 juta. Satalah manandatangani kontrak limo tahun jo klub, Kanté mangatoan: "Ambo sanang bana alah manandatangani kontrak untuak salah satu klub gadang di Eropa. Iko adolah mimpi nan manjadi kanyataan bagi denai."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kante Signs|url=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2016/07/kante-signs.html|accessdate=16 July 2016|publisher=Chelsea FC|Date=16 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=N'Golo Kante seals £32m transfer from Leicester to Chelsea|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11668/10503502/ngolo-kante-seals-16332m-transfer-from-leicester-to-chelsea-sky-sources|accessdate=16 July 2016|Date=16 July 2016}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} jsomrh1zl3d7nr46ewuagnbr4o5xnza Stroberi kabun 0 387906 3351897 2893082 2026-08-14T12:17:04Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3351897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = Red | name = Stroberi | image = Tante fragole.JPG | image_width = 240px | image_caption = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tumbuhan berbunga|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Rosales]] | familia = [[Rosaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Rosoideae]] | genus = [[Fragaria]] | species = '''''F. × ananassa''''' | binomial = ''Fragaria × ananassa'' | binomial_authority = {{br}} [[Berkas:Commons-logo.svg|al=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] [[c:Fragaria × ananassa|Media: Stroberi]] }} '''Stroberi''' atau tapeknyo '''stroberi kebun''' (dikana juo jo namo '''arbei''', bahaso Balandonyo ''aardbei'') adolah sabuah varietas stroberi nan paliang banyak dikana di dunia. Samo ajak spesies lain pado genus ''[[Fragaria]]'' (stroberi), buah iko barado dalam kaluargo ''[[Rosaceae]]''. Sacaro umum buah iko bukanlah [[buah]], malainkan [[buah aksesori|buah semu]],<ref>http://www.sallybernstein.com/food/columns/ferray_fiszer/strawberries.htm</ref> artinyo dagiang buahnyo indak baâsal dari ovari tanaman (''achenium'') tapi dari bagian bawah ''hypanthium'' nan babantuak mangkuak<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ars.org/About_Roses/bot-rose_family.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2009-09-02 |archive-date=2009-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528100147/http://www.ars.org/About_Roses/bot-rose_family.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> tampek ovari tanaman tu barado.<ref>http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/senior/fruits/strawbe1.htm</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/flower.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2009-09-02 |archive-date=2009-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207031132/http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/flower.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <!--[[Berkas:Strawberry flower.jpg|left|thumb|Bungo Strawberi dan buah nan sadang bakombang]]--> [[Berkas:Garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) single2.jpg|ka|jmpl|Buah stroberi nan alah masak]] Buah stroberi bawarno hijau kaputihan katiko sadang bakambang, dan pado kabanyakan spesies baubah manjadi [[sirah]] katiko masak. Namonyo baâsa dari [[bahaso Inggirih kuno]] ''streawberige'' nan marupoan gabuangan dari ''streaw'' atau "straw" dan ''berige'' atau "berry". Alasan maâgiah namo iko masih indak jaleh. Babarapo spesies [[Lepidoptera]] maâmbiak sumber makanannyo dari tumbuahan stroberi, manjadikan spesies iko hama utamo tanaman stroberi. ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== * {{Commons category-inline|Strawberries|stroberi}} * {{en}} [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?244 ''F. ananassa'' data dari basis data GRIN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115042818/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?244 |date=2009-01-15 }} * {{en}} [http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.strawberry.html Universitas California, Petunjuk penanganan hama stroberi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108102116/http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.strawberry.html |date=2012-11-08 }} * {{en}} [http://www.calstrawberry.com California Strawberry Commission] {{Taxonbar|from=Q13158}} {{Authority control}} {{Tumbuahan-stub}} 8iisw0i3ncor78sgm23ndpkm19fy5x9 Sijarah Haji 0 388053 3351906 2498965 2026-08-15T07:19:56Z Yeagvr 5212 3351906 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|jmpl|[[Ka'bah]] di [[Masjidil Haram]], [[Mekkah]], manjadi tujuan utamo umat Muslim nan ka manunaikan ibadah Haji]] '''Sijarah Haji''' mancakup periode nan dimulai dari zaman nabi Ibrahim, lalu kawajiban haji Islam dek nabi Islam Muhammad, sampai haji kini ko katiko jutaan umaik Islam mangarajoan hajinyo satiok tahunnyo. Dalam tradisi Islam, ziarah diperkenalkan pado maso nabi Ibrahim. Atas parintah Allah, inyo mambuek Kakbah nan manjadi tujuan ziarah. Untuak urang-urang Arab pagun di Arab pra-Islam, Kakbah marupokan pusat kiblatnyo. Pola haji Islam kini ko didirikan dek Nabi Muhammad, sakitar tahun 632 M, nan malakuan reformasi ka ziarah pra-Islam urang-urang Arab pagun. Salamo Abad Partangahan, jamaah haji akan bakumpua di kota-kota gadang mode Basra, Damaskus, dan Kairo untuak pai ka Makkah dalam kalompok atau karawan nan tadiri dari puluhan ribu jamaah.<ref>Amstrong, Karen (2018). ''Haji, perjalanan ibadah dari masa ke masa'' (terjemahan). Jakarta: Aku Bisa.</ref> Dalam sijarah haji nan cukuik lamo, suku-suku nomaden padang pasia - nan tanamo sabagai Badui - manjadi masalah kaamanan nan cukuik ketat untuak kafilah haji. Sakali lai, malalui sijarah, pajalanan jamaah haji ka Mekkah alah maagih para jamaah haji dan juo para padagang profesional kasempatan untuak malakuan babagai kagiatan perdagangan antah salamo pajalanan maupun katiko di Makkah, Damaskus, jo Kairo. == Asa mulo == Atas parintah Allah, Ibrahim maninggaan bininyo Hagar (Hajar) dan anaknyo Ismael (Ismail) surang di padang pasie kuno Mekkah jo sagetek makanan dan aia nan capek abih. Makkah tu jadi tampek nan indak bapenghuni.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Ibn Kathir]]|title=[[#Stories of the Prophets (Ibn Kathir)|Stories of the Prophets: From Adam to Muhammad]]|url=|year=2001|publisher=Dar Al-Manarah. English Translation by Sayed Gad et all|location=Mansura|isbn=977-6005-17-9|page=78}}</ref> Untuak mancari aia, Hajar jo putus asa balari tujuah kali di antaro duo bukik Shofa jo Marwah tapi ndak basobok ciek pun. Ka baliak dalam kaputusasian ka Ismael, inyo mancaliak ado surang bayi sadang manggaruk tanah jo kakinyo sudah tu kaluwa aia cabeuran di bawahnyo.<ref name="Peters-42">Peters (1994), pp. 4–7</ref><ref name="Haykal-292">Haykal (2008), pp. 29–30</ref> Dek adonyo aia, suku-suku mulai batuak di Makkah, Jurhum manjadi suku patamo nan datang. Katiko dewasa, Ismail bakawin di suku dan mulai tingga jo inyo.<ref name="Haykal-292" /> Quran manjalehan bahwa Ibrahim, basamo jo anaknyo Ismail, mambangun foundasi sabuah rumah nan diidentian dek kabanyakan komentator sabagai Ka'bah. Sasudah mamasuak Batu Hitam di suduik timur Ka'bah, Ibrahim mandapekan sabuah wahyu di mano Allah mangecek ka di nabi nan alah lamak sadang kini harus pai dan manarang ziarah ka umat manusia.<ref name="Peters-42" /> Quran mangacu di kajadian ko dalam 2:124-127 dan 22:27-30. Ulamo Islam Shibli Nomani mangadaan bahwa rumah nan dibangun dek Ibrahim tingginyo 27 kaki, lamo 96 kaki, dan lueh 66 kaki.<ref name="Shibli-12">[[Sijarah Haji#S|Shibli Nomani]]. ''[[Sirah|Sirat-un-Nabi]]''. vol 1, [[Lahore]]</ref> == Arab pra-Islam == Arab sabalun tibo Islam adolah pemuja bahalo. Kabah masih manjadi pusat pemujaan urang-urang tu,<ref>Haykal (2008), p. 35</ref> dan diisi jo barahalo dan gambar Malaikat.<ref name="Haykal-439">Haykal (2008), pp. 439–40</ref> Salamo musim ziarah taunan, urang-urang dari dalam jo lua nagari ka mangunjuangi Kakbah. Suku Quraisy tugas mahibur dan malayani para jamaah haji. Shibli Nomani manyatoan bahwa urang-urang Arab pagun mamasuak babarapo ritus suci salamo ziarahnyo. Indak bantuak ibadah Haji hari ko, inyo indak bajalan di antaro bukik Shofa jo Marwah dan indak bakumpua di Arafah. Babarapo ka manjago tanang salamo sado jalan ziarah. Kecuali urang-urang dari suku Quraisy, nan lain ka tampil tawaf dalam kaadaan balangajang. Salamo tahun-tahun awal profezia Muhammad, musim haji mambari Muhammad kesempatan untuak mangkhotbahkan Islam ka urang asing nan datang ka Makkah untuak ziarah.{{cn}} == Muhammad jo haji == [[Berkas:Camel Caravan to Mecca, 1910.tif|jmpl|Kafilah unto bairiangan ka Mekkah untuak malakukan haji tahunan, sakitar tahun 1910.]] Pola Haji kini ko didirikan dek nabi Islam Muhammad nan malakuan reformasi ka ziarah pra-Islam urang-urang Arab pagun.<ref name="BE">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/252050/hajj|title=Hajj|date=2014|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|accessdate=12 August 2014|author=}}</ref> Makkah ditaklukan dek umat Islam di 630 M. Muhammad tu barasiah Ka'bah jo mancuruang sadolah barahalo pagun, dan baliak manahebian bangunan tu ka Allah.<ref name="Haykal-439" /> Taun salajengnyo, ka arah Muhammad, Abu Bakr mamimpin 300 urang Muslim untuak ziarah di Mekkah di sinan Ali mangadah sabuah khotbah nan manetehan ritus baru haji dan mambuahan upacara pagun. Inyo sacaro khusus manjalehan bahwa indak ado urang nan indak baiman, kafir, dan indak bawarna yang diizinkan untuak mailiang para Kakbah dari tahun ka tibo.<ref>Haykal (2008), p. 501</ref> Pado tahun 632 M, sesaat sabalunnyo wafatnyo, Muhammad malakuan ziarah satu-satunya dan terakhir jo banyak pangikut, Dan ma ajainyo ritus haji dan tatakrama untuak malakuan hal itu.<ref>Campo (2009), p. 494</ref> Di dataran Arafah, inyo manyadioan pidato terkenal - nan takenal jo Khotbah papisahan Nabi Muhammad - ka urang nan ado di sinan.<ref>Haykal (2008), p. 520–1</ref> Sajak wakatu itu, haji manjadi salah ciek dari Lima Rukun Islam. == Abaik Partengahan jo Utsmaniyah == [[Berkas:Camels and tents of pilgrims, Mecca 1910.jpg|jmpl|Unta jo tenda jamaah haji di Makkah, sakitar tahun 1910.]] Salamo Abad Tangah, jamaah haji ka bakumpua di ibu kota Siria, Mesir, dan Irak untuak pai ka Makkah dalam kalompok dan karamba tadiri dari puluhan ribu jamaah haji.<ref name="Peters 1994, p. 164">Peters (1994), p. 164</ref> Para panguwaso Muslim ka batanggung jawab atas Haji, dan maagiah patronase negara untuak mangorganisasian kafilah ziarah ko.<ref>Campo (2009), p. 283</ref><ref>Singer (2002), p. 142</ref> Untuak mamfasilitasi pajalanan ziarah, sabuah jalan sepanjang 900 mil dibangun, mambentang dari Irak ka Mekkah dan Madinah. Pangambangan jalan itu mungkin dikarajoan di kalifah Abbasiyah katigo al-Mahdi, apak dari kalifah Abbasiyah Abbasiyah Harun al-Rashid, sakitar tahun 780 M. Iko ditamoan 'Jalan Zubayda' (Darb Zubaidah), dek bini Harun, dek inyo takenal mangarajoan parbaikan di sepanjang rute dan mambariinyo jo aia dan rumah makan untuak jamaah haji bakala.<ref>Robinson (1996), p. 139</ref><ref name="Al-Suyuti">Al-Suyuti</ref> Baik Harun jo Zubayda mangarajoan ibadaik haji babarapo kali mangarajoan kagiatan parbaikan di Mekkah jo Madinah.<ref>Al-Hariri-Rifai (1990), p. 25</ref><ref>Peters (1994), p. 71</ref> Banyak informasi tantang haji abad tangah datang dari pamandangan langsuang ka tigo pelancong Muslim - Nasir Khusraw, Ibnu Jubair, dan Ibnu Batutah - nan mangarajoan ziarah dan mancatat laporan detal tentang pajalanan haji di zaman mereka. Khusraw mangarajoan haji pado tahun 1050 Masehi. Mulai pajalanan partamo dari Granada pado tahun 1183 M, Ibnu, Jubayr, panduduak asli Spanyol, mangarajoan ziarahnyo pado tahun 1184 dan kemudian pai ka Baghdad.<ref>Friedman (2013), p. 270</ref> Ibnu Battuta, panduduak asli Maroko, maninggaan rumahnyo pado tahun 1325 dan malakuan ziarahnyo pado tahun 1326 M.<ref name="Cosman-814">Cosman (2008), p. 814.</ref> Sasudah runtuah Baghdad pado tahun 1258 (salama periode Mamluk), Damaskus dan Kairo manjadi poin utamo untuak para paZiarah. Samantaro jamaah haji jamaah haji di Siria, Irak, dan Iran, dan Anatolia bergabung jo kafilah Damaskus, urang-urang nan barasa dari wilayah Afrika Utara dan Sub Sahara bergabung jo kafilah Kairo.<ref name="Peters 1994, p. 164" /><ref name="Cosman-814" /> === Rute haji === [[Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Hadji's (hajs) uit Nederlands-Indie aan boord van ms. 'Kota Nopan' van de Rotterdamsche Lloyd Rode Zee TMnr 60032980.jpg|jmpl|Peziarah Makkah dari Hindia Balando di ateh kapa Rotterdamsche Lloyd 'Kota Nopan', Lauik Sirah (1937 M).]] Di Irak abad tangah, poin pusat pangumpulan untuak jamaah haji adolah Kufah dan Basra di nan bekas dihubokan jo wilayah Hejaz jo Jalan Zubayda. Rute ko dimulo dari Kufah, malalui Fayd (saboh tampek dakek Jabal Shammar di bagian tangah Arab Saudi), malalui wilayah Nejd (saboh wilayah di Arab Saudi tangah), sudah tu ka Madinah, dan sudah tu sampai ka Mekkah.<ref>Peters (1994), p. 74</ref> Di Siria abad tangah, titik pajalanan untuak jamaah haji adolah Damaskus. Rute Siria ko dimulo dari Damaskus, dan manuju ka selatan, sampai Al-Karak dan tu Ma'an (duonyo talatak di Yordania kini ko), manyabarang malalui Tabuk (salah tampek di barat lauik Arab Saudi), Hijr ( kini Madain Shaleh), Dan Al-Ula (di barat lauik Arab Saudi, 380 km utara Madinah), sudah tu manjalang pajalanan ka Madinah, dan tu sampai ka Makkah.<ref name="Rifai-37">Al-Hariri Rifai (1990), p. 37</ref><ref>Peters (1994), pp. 82 & 85–86</ref> Sajak pamarintahan Umayyah sampai zaman Ottoman, kota Ma'an berperan sabagai tampek pasa untuak jamaah haji di rute Syria. Di rute Mesir, para jamaah haji ka bakumpua di Kairo, dan siap lau hari, mulailah ka tanah Ajrud (24 kilometer barat lauik Suez), dan dari sinan inyo ka sampai ka Suez, dan malintasi Semenanjung Sinai malalui titik Al-Nakhl, inyo Akan sampai Aqaba (di bagian selatan Yordania kini ko), tu malakuan pajalanan sajajar jo Lauik Merah, inyo sampai di Yanbu, tu dilanjutkan ka Madinah, dan akhirnyo sampai ka Makkah.<ref name="Rifai-37" /><ref name="Peters-87">Peters (1994), p. 87</ref> Kafilah haji ka mamulai pajalanan ziarah awak dari sinan, mangarajoan pajalanan darat atau lauik dan malalui ding pasie, dan, siap patunjukan ziarah, baliak ka sinan. Total pajalanan mamakan waktu sakitar duo sampai tigo bulan rato-rato.<ref name="Cosman-814" /><ref name="Peters-87" /> Ziarah ka Mekkah tarutamo marupokan pajalanan darek jo manggunoan unta sabagai sarana transportasi. Salalu sajarah, namun banyak jamaah haji jauah dari Magreb, anak banua India, dan Asia Tenggara harus juo manggunoan babagai rute lauik untuak sampai Hejaz.<ref>Tagliacozzo (2016), p. 113 & 114</ref> Jamaah haji dari Maghreb (Tunisia, Aljazair, Libya) ka mangarajoan pajalanan malalui pantai bawah lauik Mediterania untuak manjangkau dan bergabung jo kafilah Kairo.<ref>Tagliacozzo (2016), p. 115</ref> Babarapo jamaah haji nan tibo dari Afrika ka manjalang Lauik Merah untuak mancapai Hijaz, dan tu ka Makkah.<ref>Josef W. Meri (2006), ed. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA358 Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia]'' Taylor & Francis. pp. 358 & 815. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7</ref><ref>Peters (1994), pp. 87 & 184</ref> === Di era Ottoman === [[Berkas:Mada'in_Salih_Ottoman_fort.jpg|jmpl|Benteng Haji Ottoman di Mada'in Saleh, 1907]][[Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Pelgrimskaravaan op weg naar Mekka Suez-kanaal TMnr 60039414.jpg|jmpl|Mahmal Mesir (kafilah peziarah) malinteh di Terusan Suez dalam parjalanan ke Mekkah, sakitar tahun 1885]] Setelah Dinasti Utsmani berkuasa, sultan Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah mengkhawatirkan pengelolaan program haji, dan mengalokasikan anggaran tahunan untuk pengaturannya.<ref>Peters (1994), pp. 145-6</ref> Selama periode ini, Damaskus dan Kairo masih menjadi poin utama dari mana kafilah utama haji akan berangkat dan kembali.<ref>Peters (1994), p. 146</ref><ref>Singer (2002), p. 140</ref> Kafilah ini termasuk ribuan unta untuk membawa peziarah, pedagang, barang, bahan makanan, dan air. Banyak orang juga melakukan perjalanan ziarah mereka dengan berjalan kaki. Para penguasa akan memasok kekuatan militer yang diperlukan untuk menjamin keamanan kafilah haji. Komandan kafilah yang berangkat dari Kairo dan Damaskus ditunjuk oleh kedaulatan Muslim dan dikenal sebagai Amir al-Haji. Mereka bertanggung jawab untuk melindungi peziarah kafilah tersebut, dan mengamankan dana dan persediaan untuk perjalanan tersebut.<ref name="Singer-141">Singer (2002), p. 141</ref> Ahli bedah dan dokter juga dikirim dengan kafilah Suriah ke dokter para peziarah bebas biaya.<ref>Peters (1994), p. 269</ref> Selama periode ini, sekitar 20.000 sampai 60.000 orang melakukan ziarah mereka setiap tahunnya.<ref name="Singer-141" /> === Pajak pado peziarah === Manuruik Ibn Jubayr, salamo Khilafah Fatimiyah (909-1171 M), pajak dikenakan di peziarah dek panguaso lokal Hijaz jo tarif tujuah satangah dinar per kapalo. Urang nan indak mampu bayiahnyo harus maraso paniksa fisik nan ekstrem.<ref name="Peters-109">Peters (1994), p. 109–10</ref> Namun, mamadahan pajak di peziarah dianggap indak sah dek para ahli hukum Islam. Sasudah Saladin mamarintah kakhalifahan Fatimiyah sakitar tahun 1171 dan mansadekkan dinasti Ayyubiyah, usaho dilakuan dek inyo untuak mahabaakan pajak di peziarah.<ref name="Peters-109" /> Panghapusan pajak ilegal Saladin dipuji dek Ibn Jubayr. Tapi, tindakan Saladin dibuktikan indak cukup, tarutamo di masa nanti, bagian karano ado pajak lain (cam pajak karavan atau unta haji) dan juo karano kaputusan administrasi, nan dijok di Damaskus atau Kairo, indak mudah dilakuan sacaro efektif di Hijja Dek jauah jauah. Babarapo sultan Mamluk sabanta - bantuak Baybersand Hassan - malakuan usaho aktif untuak manontrol panguaso lokal Mekkah dari mamadahan pajak di karawan peziarah jo maagiah kompensasi ka di panguaso Mekkah jo alokasi taunan sejumlah pitih tetap.<ref>Peters (1994), pp. 110-11</ref> Al-Suyuti manyaangan bahwa pado tahun 384 AH (sakitar tahun 994 M), jamaah haji nan tibo dari Irak, Siria, dan Yaman untuak mangarajoan haji baliak indak berhasil dek inyo indak diidinan mangarajoan haji tanpa bayia pajak. Hanyo jamaah haji Mesir nan mangarajoan haji tahun itu.<ref name="Al-Suyuti" /> === Masalah Badui === [[Berkas:The Return of the Pilgrim from Mecca The Procession Waiting for the Pilgrim. (1911) - TIMEA.jpg|jmpl|Prosesi manunggu peziarah. Di sabalah suok adolah unto balutuik. Di sabelah kida ado palanquin perak jo gading, 1911]] Dalam sijarah haji nan cukuik lamo, suku-suku nomaden ding pasia - nan takenal sabagai Badui - alah manjadi isu nan agak gigih untuak kafilah haji.<ref>Peters (1994), p. 159</ref> Inyo acok dipakai untuak manarangkokan kafilah - haji atau barang dagangan - nan malalui wilayahnyo, sahinggo manyababkan ancaman keamanan. Inyo harus dibayia jo pagaleh nan sarampangan jo imbalan keamanan karavan haji.<ref name="Peters 1994, pp. 159-60">Peters (1994), pp. 159-60</ref> Kepala rezim ka manyadioan pembayaran ka di Amir al-Hajj - komandan nan batanggung jawab atas kafilah haji - nan katigo ka malakuan pembayaran ka di suku Badui sasuai jo tuntutan situasi.<ref name="Peters 1994, pp. 159-60" /> Bahkan wakatu itu, ado korban sesekali. pado tahun 1757 M, suku Badui, Bani Sakhr, mahadang kafilah haji nan manyababkan kematian banyak jamaah haji, capek dan sasudahnyo, dan korban lainnyo.<ref>Peters (1994), p. 161</ref> === Aktivitas pardagangan === Sapanjang sajarah, pajalanan ziarah ka Mekkah alah manamoan para jamaah haji dan juo padagang profesional mangarajoan kesempatan untuak malakuan babagai kagiatan perdagangan antah dalam pajalanan maupun di Mekkah, Damaskus, dan Kairo.<ref>Peters (1994), p. 180</ref><ref>Robinson (1996), p. 141</ref> Pembebasan bea cukai di darek dan keamanan nan diagiah di kafilah haji mambuek ladang nan lamak untuak diperdagangkan. Banyak jamaah haji mambaok barang, diproduksi di tanah masiang-masiang, untuak manjuainyo, sahinggo jadi padagang sesekali, dan mamanajoan babarapo biaya untuak pajalanan haji.<ref name="Peters-181">Peters (1994), p. 181</ref> Manuruik John Lewis Burckhardt, urang Afghanistan mambaok salendang kasar, maniak-maniak batu, sikat gigi; Urang Turki Eropa mambaok sapatu, sandal, tas sutra rajutan, barang bordir, dan mamasan; Urang Turki Anatolia mambaok salendang dan karpet Angora; Para jamaah haji Maghreb mambaok jubah nan dibuek dari wol.<ref name="Peters-181" /> Pangusaha profesional malakuan kagiatan padangangan bakskala gadang nan mencakup pangangkutan barang antaro Mekkah jo kota nyo surang jo penjualan surang rute haji.<ref>Peters (1994), p. 182</ref> Barang-barang India dan barang-barang Timur lainnyo, nan dibawok ka Mekkah dek parahu-parahu, dibali dek padagang gadang di Kairo dan Damaskus nan, siap baliak, tu manjuainyo di pasa surangnyo. Barang-barang ko umumnyo tamasuak tekstil India, babagai rarampah-rampah, kopi, obat-obatan talarang, dan batu mulia.<ref>Peters (1994), pp. 180-81</ref> == Zaman modern == [[Berkas:Hejaz railway.svg|jmpl|300px|Rute Kareta Api Hejaz]] Salamo paro kaduo abaik ka-19 (bari tahun 1850an), parahu uap mulai dipakai dalam pajalanan ziarah ka Mekkah, dan jumlah jamaah haji nan bajalanan jo rute lauik maningkek.<ref>Tagliacozzo (2016), p. 178</ref> Dengan dibukak Terusan Suez pado tahun 1869, waktu tempuah ziarah dipasingkek.<ref>Davidson (2002), p. 220</ref> Awalnyo, perusahaan kapa Inggirih punyo monopoli dalam bisnis kapa uap ko dan inyo mambari sagetek fasilitas ka di para jamaah haji. pado tahun 1886, pamarintah India sabanta adoptasi babarapo peraturan untuak manambahan pajalanan ziarah dari India ka Hejaz.<ref>Peters (1994), p. 283</ref> Salamo awal abad ka-20, Sultan Ottoman Abdul Hamid II mambuek Kereta Api Hejaz antaro Damaskus jo Madinah nan salajengnyo mamudahan pajalanan ziarah: para jamaah haji malakuan pajalanan relatif mudah dan sampai di Hijaz hanyo dalam waktu ampek hari.<ref name="Rifai-38">Al-Hariri Rifai (1990), p. 38</ref> Mulai dari Damaskus di bulan September 1900, Kareta api ko sampai ka Madinah di bulan September 1908 nan punyo jarak 1.300 kilometer (490 mi).<ref>Peters (1994), p. 316–7</ref><ref>Cole, Beverly (2011). ''Trains.'' Potsdam, Germany: H. F. Ullmann. p. 127. ISBN 978-3-8480-0516-1.</ref> Kareta api rusak salamo Perang Dunia Pertama dan Pemberontakan Arab dek sabuah pasatuan yang dipimpin dek perwira Inggirih T. E. Lawrence.<ref name="Rifai-38" /><ref>Davidson (2002), pp. 220–1</ref> [[Berkas:PalestineRailways-1946-ClassH-1.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works di Swiss mambangun sabuah kelas dengan lokomotif 2-8-0 untuak Railway Hejaz pado tahun 1912, banomor 87-96.]] Sasudah kontrak antaro pamarintah Arab Saudi jo Misr Airlines di Mesir pado tahun 1936, Maskapai Misr mamintrodusikan layanan penerbangan partamo untuak jamaah haji pado tahun 1937.<ref name="Long-48">{{cite book|last=Long|first=David E.|title=The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC&pg=PA48|year=1979|publisher=[[#SUNY|State University of New York Press]]|location=|isbn=0-87395-382-7|pages=48–49}}</ref> Masalah mesin sabanta dari pasawat manganggu penerbangan haji, dan Perang Dunia Kaduo dari tahun 1939 sampai 1945 manyababkan panurunan jumlah jamaah haji. Sistem transportasi modern dalam pajalanan ziarah sacaro efektif dimulai hanyo salasai Parang Dunia Kaduo. Otoritas Arab Saudi manyadioan Perusahaan Transportasi Arab dan Perusahaan Transportasi Bakhashab pado tahun 1946 dan 1948 untuak mangangkut para jamaah haji di babagai lokasi haji nan dibuktikan sangaik efektif pado tahun-tahun berikutnya, dan panggunaan unta sabagai alat transportasi dalam pajalanan ziarah. Hampir abih pado tahun 1950 Masehi.<ref name="Long-48" /> Manuruik ciek akun, salamo musim haji 1946-1950, sakitar 80 persen dari total pesiarah asiang tibo di lauik, 10 persen babatangan darat, dan 7 persen malalui transportasi udaro.<ref>Tagliacozzo (2016), p. 132–133</ref> Tahun 1970an dan dekad sabanta mancaliak Paningkangan dramatis jumlah jamaah haji karano tasadioan sistem perjalanan udaro nan tajangkau.<ref>Tagliacozzo (2016), p. 132</ref> == Lihat pula == * [[Haji]] * [[Sejarah Islam]] == Catatan kaki == {{reflist|3}} == Daftar pustaka == * {{cite book |last=Al-Hariri Rifai |first=W. |author-link=Wahbi al-Hariri|title=The Heritage of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9oMP-MRDkWMC&pg=PA37 |year=1990 |publisher=GDG Publications |location=[[Washington DC]] |isbn=0-9624483-0-3 |page=37}} * [[Al-Suyuti|Al-Suyuti, J.]] ''[[History of the Caliphs|Tarikh al-Khulafa (History of the Caliphs)]]''. * {{cite encyclopedia |editor1-first=Juan E. |editor1-last=Campo |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA494|publisher=[[Facts On File]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|page=494|title=Muhammad}} * {{cite book | last1=Cosman |first1 =M. P.|author-link=Madeleine Cosman| last2=Jones |first2=Linda G.|title= Handbook to Life in the Medieval World |url= https://archive.org/details/handbooktolifein0000cosm | url-access=registration |year=2008 |publisher= [[Facts On File]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |isbn=978-0-8160-4887-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbooktolifein0000cosm/page/814 814]}} * {{cite book | last1=Davidson |first1 =Linda Kay | last2= Gitlitz |first2= David Martin |title=Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC&pg=PA220 | year=2002 |publisher= ABC-CLIO |location=[[California]] |isbn= 1-57607-004-2 |page=220}} * {{cite encyclopedia |editor1-first=John Block |editor1-last=Friedman |editor2-first=Kristen Mossler |editor2-last=Figg | encyclopedia=Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC&pg=PA270 |access-date=27 January 2015 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135590949 |page=270|title=Ibn Jubayr (1145–1217)}} * {{cite book |last=Haykal |first=M.H.|author-link=Muhammad Husayn Haykal |title=The Life of Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=PA29 |year=2008 |publisher=Islamic Book Trust |location=[[Selangor]] |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7}} * {{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title= The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4|year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn= 0-691-02120-1}} * {{cite book |editor1-first=F. |editor1-last=Robinson |editor-link1=Francis Robinson|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521435109|url-access=registration |year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521669931}} * {{cite book |first=A.|last=Singer|author-link=Amy Singer (historian)|title=Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC&dq=Amir+al+hajj+Ottoman&pg=PA141|publisher=SUNY Press|year=2002|page=141|isbn=9780791453513}} * {{cite book |editor1-first=E. |editor1-last=Tagliacozzo |editor-link1=Eric Tagliacozzo|editor2-first=S. |editor2-last=Toorawa|editor-link2=Shawkat Toorawa |title=The Hajj: Pilgrimage in Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Am3OCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 | year=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-107-61280-8 |page=113}} {{Authority control}} {{Portal bar|Islam|Sejarah Islam|Muhammad|Sejarah|Mekkah}} [[Kategori:Haji]] [[Kategori:Mekkah]] [[Kategori:Ziarah]] [[Kategori:Sejarah Islam|Haji]] h0p0s2lff90g47nzok07o7xejuhh7bh Urang Ciptagelar 0 388250 3351898 3162986 2026-08-14T14:14:11Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3351898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ethnic group||group=Urang Ciptagelar|native_name=''Urang Ciptagelar''<br>ᮅᮛᮀ ᮎᮤᮕ᮪ᮒᮌᮨᮜᮁ|image=[[File:Abah Ugi, Ketua Adat Kasepuhan Ciptagelar menikah.jpg|285px]]|caption={{small|Pernikahan Abah Ugi, Katuo Adaik [[Kasepuhan Ciptagelar]].}}|poptime=|region=[[Jawa Barat]]|langs=[[Bahasa Sunda|Sunda]] ([[Bahasa Sunda Banten|dialek Banten]])|rels=[[Islam]], [[Sunda Wiwitan]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpnn.com/news/penganut-sunda-wiwitan-kami-tetap-islam|title=Penganut Sunda Wiwitan: Kami Tetap Islam|work=[[Jawa Pos|JPNN.com]]|access-date=20 Januari 2023|language=id}}</ref>|related=[[Suku Badui|Badui]]{{•}}[[Suku Sunda|Sunda]]{{•}}[[Suku Banten|Banten]]|population=15.795<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/pr-01277088/tradisi-ciptagelar-di-sukabumi-mampu-pertahankan-kampung-adat-397144|language=id|title=Tradisi Ciptagelar di Sukabumi Mampu Pertahankan Kampung Adat|access-date=20 Januari 2023|work=[[Pikiran Rakyat|Pikiran-Rakyat.com]]|last=Rayadie|first=Ahmad}}</ref>|region1=[[Kabupaten Sukabumi]]|pop1=}}'''Urang Ciptagelar''' ({{lang-su|Urang Ciptagelar}}) adolah kalompok masyarakaik adaik nan marupokan bagian dari sub-[[suku Sunda]] nan manduduaki wilayah sakita [[pagunuangan Salak]] dan Halimun,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/muhiqaz/keunikan-perkampungan-di-lereng-gunung-halimun|title=Keunikan Perkampungan Di Lereng Gunung Halimun|website=www.kompasiana.com|language=id|access-date=20 Januari 2023}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> tapeknyo di Kampuang Adaik Ciptagelar, Desa Sirnaresmi, Kecamatan Cisolok, Kabupaten Sukabumi nan wilayahnyo babateh langsuang jo Kecamatan Cilograng, Kabupaten Lebak di [[Banten]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparantravel/ciptagelar-kampung-adat-di-sukabumi-yang-teguh-memegang-tradisi-1536568917455604881|title=Ciptagelar, Kampung Adat Di Sukabumi Yang Teguh Memegang Tradisi|website=kumparan.com|language=id|access-date=20 Januari 2023}}</ref> == Sijarah == Sijarah urang Ciptagelar dimulai samo jo didirian Kampuang adaik Ciptagelar pado tahun 1368 nan manuruik sijarah didirikan dek pasatuan Karajaan Sunda nan di parintah [[Prabu Siliwangi]] dan ditugasan karano Prabu Siliwangi nio malakukan moksa. Para pajuaro tu kamudian dipisah manjadi tigo kalompok dan mambuek desa baru nan saliang takaik. Salah cieknyo adolah Kampuang Gede nan bafungsi sabagai pusek kasepuhan. Sajak wakatu itu tabantuaklah masyarakaik adaik nan tanamo jo sabutan Urang Ciptagelar nan kini manduduaki wilayah Kampuang adaik Ciptagelar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ciptagelar.info/tentang/|title=Tentang Kasepuhan Ciptagelar|website=ciptagelar.info|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928041924/https://ciptagelar.info/tentang/|archive-date=2021-09-28|dead-url=yes|access-date=20 Januari 2023}}</ref> == Bahaso == Bahaso nan dipakai dek masyarakaik Ciptagelar adolah bahaso [[Urang Sunda|Sunda]], tapi kabanyakan dari inyo bisa juo mangecek [[Indonesia]] sacaro elok, salain urang tuo nan usionyo 70 tahun ka ateh, di antaro urang tu ado nan indak bisa bahaso Indonesia. Bahaso nan dipakai dek urang Ciptagelar samo jo bahaso Sunda Banten pada umumnyo, namun inyo bisa mambedahan mana kosakata nan haluih mana nan kasa, tagantuang dek sia nan diajak mangecek.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://repository.uinbanten.ac.id/4240/1/Buku%20Budaya%20Masyarakat%20Kasepuhan%20Ciptagelar.pdf|title=Buku Budaya Masyarakat Kasepuhan Ciptagelar|website=repository.uinbanten.ac.id|language=id|access-date=20 Januari 2023|archive-date=2022-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911125530/http://repository.uinbanten.ac.id/4240/1/Buku%20Budaya%20Masyarakat%20Kasepuhan%20Ciptagelar.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Struktur kapamimpinan == Urang Ciptagelar di Kampuang adaik Ciptagelar dipimpin dek surang ketua adaik nan disabuik Sesepuh Girang. Pamimpin masyarakaik Kasepuhan Ciptagelar ko diturunkan sacaro garih katurunan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/2012/09/11/kasepuhan-ciptagelar-dan-gonjang-ganjing-di-taman-firdaus-bagian-2akhir/|title=Kasepuhan Ciptagelar Dan Gonjang-Ganjing Di Taman Firdaus (Bagian 2/Akhir)|website=www.mongabay.co.id|language=id|access-date=19 Januari 2023}}</ref> Sesepuh Girang dibantu dek babarapo urang nan dalam struktur hierarkisnyo disabuik jo Baris Kolot. Baris Kolot adolah babarapo urang nan dijadian pambimbing, panasihat samo nan maagiah pertimbangan ka sesepuh girang berkaitan jo kapantiangan kalompok sosial Kasepuhan Ciptagelar. Masiang-masiang Baris Kolot ko punyo tangguang jawek sasuai bidangnyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/|title=Struktur Kepemimpinan Di Kasepuhan Ciptagelar|website=disparbud.jabarprov.go.id|language=id|access-date=19 Januari 2023|archive-date=2022-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413030909/https://disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Baris Kolot juo batugeh untuak manyuruah sistem norma adaik nan manyuruah masyarakaik badasa pado kapercayoan di nan sanksi adaik indak diagiah sacaro fisik dek pamimpin dan sesepuh adaik, tapi bantuak paruik sakik atau nasib buruak nan ka manimpo. Nilai jo norma adaik palaksanaannyo adolah syarat bagi urang untuak dapek mangidentifikasi diri sabagai bagian dari masyarakaik adaik Ciptagelar.<ref name=":0" /> Sistem nilai dan norma adaik berlaku sabagai dasa untuak parangai masyarakaik. Jabatan dalam sistem adaik mode Rorokan dan Baris Kolot adolah hal nan diagiah berdasakan turun tu, hal ko tamasuak dalam salah ciek sistem norma nan alah talaksanakan sampai kini. Kaparcayoan bakarajo sabagai sistem penyimpanan untuak pangalaman masa lalu, tamasuak pamikiran, ingatan, dan interpretasi ka suatu kajadian.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/index/search?query=ciptagelar|title=Search|website=ejournal3.undip.ac.id|access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref> == Kabudayoan == [[Berkas:Seni Rengkong Ciptagelar.jpg|jmpl|Rengkong Seren tahun Ciptagelar ka 649 dan Harmoni Budaya Masyarakik Agraris. Kesenian ko talahia dari Budaya masyarakaik sunda nan kabanyakan tanamo jo mato pencaharian sabagai patani.]] [[Berkas:Ciptagelar.jpg|jmpl|Bantuak rumah nan ado do Ciptagelar]] Urang Ciptagelar marupokan masyarakaik adaik nan sangaik maamalkan pangajaran nenek moyang dan norma adaik lainnyo tamasuak jo etika pakaian masyarakaik. Masyarakaik Ciptagelar punyo aturan khusus yaitu manggunoan ikatan kapalo untuak laki-laki dan manggunoan kain nan dilitakan ka pinggang untuak kaum padusi. Arti dari aturan ko adolah dalam iduik harus saliang tarikek jo manjago kabarasiahan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://priangantimurnews.pikiran-rakyat.com/budaya/pr-1221676307/keunikan-tradisi-kesepuhan-ciptagelar-yang-telah-dijaga-ratusan-tahun|title=Keunikan Tradisi Kesepuhan Ciptagelar yang Telah Dijaga Ratusan Tahun|access-date=19 Januari 2023|language=id|work=[[Pikiran Rakyat|Pikiran-Rakyat.com]]|last=Anbiyani}}</ref> Tata caro makan di masyarakaik Ciptagelar masih manjaga adaik istiadaik nan diwarisan dek nenek moyang samo pulo dalam adab makan sahari-hari. tata caro makan yaitu piriang harus dilatakkan di bawah, makan ndak buliah sambia mangecek, ndak buliah ado suaro katiko manyendok makanan di piriang, dan padusi ndak buliah makan jo duduak basilang. Wanita nan sahari-hari pakai kain ka sangaik indak elok dipandang kalau duduak basilang. Salain itu padusi juo diharap dapek baparilaku anggun, lamah lembut, jo sopan.<ref name=":1" /> Di Kampuang adaik Ciptagelar juo para masyarakaiknyo masih manggunoan kabudayaan lamo dalam mamisah gabah padi yaitu jo manggunoan lasuang jo alu. Gabah pado padi baru ka dipisah pado pagi hari. Kagiatan ko dikarajoan dek padusi dari Kasepuhan Ciptagelar. Warna nasi nan ditumbuk jo leseung dan alu babeda jo nasi nan digiliang. Beras bawarna coklatan karano masih tabaluik jo bekatul. Sadangkan, nasi nan digiling jo masin ka bawarna putih. Manasak nasi nan dikarajoan oleh Urang Ciptagelar masih jo caro tradisional. Masyarakaik Ciptagelar tatap manjago mamasak nasi jo caro tradisional. Ado kompor gas hanyo dipakai untuak mamasak sayuran jo lauak pauak. Tantu sajo caro itu mangacu ka kabudayaan sunda satampek nan alah turun-temurun. Alaik nan dipakai antaro lain adolah tungku (Sunda: hawu), dandang (Sunda: seeng), kukusan (Sunda: aseupan), dan kayu baka.<ref name=":2" /> Kamudian Listrik nan dipakai dek masyarakaik Ciptagelar tibo dari masyarakaik Ciptagelar surang. Kampuang adaik Ciptagelar indak teraliri listrik dari PLN tapi jo alaik microhidro. Microhidro diagiangan manggunoan aia untuak maaja listrik di kawasan Kasepuhan Ciptagelar.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/04/07/belajar-dari-kasepuhan-ciptagelar-panen-energi-dari-air-dan-matahari/|title=Belajar Dari Kasepuhan Ciptagelar, Panen Energi Dari Air Dan Matahari|website=www.mongabay.co.id|language=id|access-date=19 Januari 2023}}</ref> Kamudian ado Upacara Seren Taun nan dimaksudkan untuak ma aromaik nenek moyang dan sabagai ungkapan raso tarimo kasih atas hasil panen padi nan alah dilakukan. Bababagai patunjuakan seni budaya masyarakaik nan ditampilkan dalam parayaan ko. Acara Seren Taun biasonyo berlangsung salamo 3 hari 2 malam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://travel.detik.com/cerita-perjalanan/d-5380228/8-budaya-unik-dalam-kasepuhan-ciptagelar-sukabumi|title=8 Budaya Unik dalam Kasepuhan Ciptagelar Sukabumi|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|access-date=20 Januari 2023|language=id}}</ref> == Kaparcayoan == Masyarakaik Ciptagelar umumnyo baragamo [[Islam]], jo kapercayaan lokal seperti [[Sunda Wiwitan]] nan masih bacampua didalamnyo. Kampuang adaik Ciptagelar atau Kasepuhan Ciptagelar juo takenal sabagai "Kasepuhan Islam Ciptagelar" yang aratinyo ketua adaik samo kabanyakan masyarakaiknyo maanut agamo Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alif.id/read/ren-muhammad/menjelajahi-kasepuhan-islam-ciptagelar-b211262p/|title=Menjelajahi Kasepuhan Islam Ciptagelar|website=alif.id|language=id|access-date=19 Januari 2023}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} {{Suku banso di Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Suku banso di Indonesia]] ebby9818yppn56cktfidj0rcoge11wb Urang Benuaq 0 388344 3351903 3348056 2026-08-14T16:18:29Z Pengedit X 24505 Fixed typo 3351903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox ethnic group||group=Urang Benuaq|image=[[File:Tarian Dayak Benuaq.jpg|350px]]|image_caption=Padusi Urang Benuaq sadang malakuan tarian tradisional di Desa Tanjung Isuy, Kecamatan Jempang, [[Kabupaten Kutai Barat]], [[Kalimantan Timur]], [[Indonesia]]|poptime=kurang labiah '''116.000'''|popplace={{flag|Indonesia}},[[Kalimantan Timur]], [[Kalimantan Tengah]]|langs={{plainlist| *'''Bahasa pribumi''':<br>[[Bahasa Benuaq|Benuaq]]<ref name="multitree.org">http://multitree.org/codes/lbx-ben</ref> *'''Bahasa resmi di Indonesia''':<br>[[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]] }}|rels={{hlist|[[Berkas:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Kristen]] 95% ([[Katolik]], [[Protestan]])|[[Berkas:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]] ([[Islam Sunni|Sunni]]) 1%|[[Kaharingan]]}} 1%|related={{hlist|[[Suku Dusun|Dusun]]|[[Suku Dayak Tamboyan|Tamboyan]]|[[Suku Tunjung|Tunjung]]}}|regions=}} '''Urang Benuaq''' ('''Dayak Benuaq''' secara [[suku sakat|Urang Sakat]]) adolah kalompok [[etnis]] atau suku bangso nan barasa dari daerah [[Kutai Barat]] di [[Kalimantan Timur]], [[Indonesia]].<ref name=":0">{{en}} Michaela Haug, Poverty and Decentralisation in East Kalimantan, Centaurus Verlag & Media KG, ISBN 3-8255-0770-X, 9783825507701].</ref> == Sijarah == Badasakan pandapek babarapo ahli suku ko diyakini aslinyo dari Dayak Lawangan sub suku Otum dari [[Kalimantan Tengah]]. Benuaq surang barasa dari kato Benua dalam arti lueh aratinyo sabuah wilayah/daera teritori tatantu, mode sabuah negara/negeri. Pangaratian sacaro sampik aratinyo wilayah/daerah tampek tingga sakalompok/komunitas. Manuruik carito jo asa kato Benuaq marupokan istilah/penyebutan dek urang Kutai, nan mambedahan jo kalompok Dayak lainnyo nan masih iduik nomaden. Urang Benuaq alah maninggaan budaya nomaden. Inyo adolah urang-urang nan tingga di "Benua", lamo-lamoan jadi Benuaq. Sadangkan kato Dayak manuruik aksen Bahaso Benuaq barasa dari kato Dayaq atau Dayeuq nan artinyo hulu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Asal Usul Penyebaran Suku Dayak Benuaq {{!}} UPT Perpustakaan Universitas Mulawarman|url=http://e-lib.unmul.ac.id/elib/index.php?p=show_detail&id=53696&keywords=|access-date=2023-01-27|archive-date=2023-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127080749/http://e-lib.unmul.ac.id/elib/index.php?p=show_detail&id=53696&keywords=|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Manuruik nenek moyang urang Benuaq dan badasakan kalompok dialek bahaso dalam Bahaso Benuaq, diyakini dek urang Benuaq sabananyo indak datang dari Kalimantan Tengah, kecuali dari kalompok Seniang Jatu. Masing-masing punyo carito/sijarah kalau nenek moyang ado nyo di bumi langsuang di tampeknyo kini ko. Indak pernah mamigrasian mode pandapek para ahli.<ref name=":0" /> # Ciek dari versi carito nenek moyangnyo adolah Aji Tulur Jejangkat dan Mook Manar Bulatn. Keduanya punyo katurunan Nara Gunaq jadi urang Benuaq, Sualas Gunaq nenek moyangnyo urang Tonyoy/Tunjung, Puncan Karnaq nenek moyangnyo urang Kutai.<ref name=":0" /> # Urang Benuaq di kawasan hilir Mahakam dan Danau Jempang dan sekitarnyo sampai Bongan dan Sungai Kedang Pahu mangaku awak turun dari Seniang Bumuy. # Seniang Jatu dipicayo marupokan nenek moyang urang Benuaq di kawasan Bentian dan Nyuatan. Dicaritoan kalau Seniang Jatu diturunkan di Aput Pererawetan, tapi Sungai Barito, sabalah hilia Kota Muara Teweh (Olakng Tiwey). Datangan suku (mungkin urang Lewangan, Teboyan, Dusun dan sebagainya) dari Kalimantan Tengah sabananyo barasil jo Urang Benuaq, dan iko manyababkan Urang Benuaq punyo banyak dialek.<ref name=":0" /> # Sadangkan urang Benuaq di kawasan hulu Kandang Pahu mangaku awaknyo katurunan Ningkah Olo. Manuruik legenda Ningkah Olo partamo kali turun ka bumi, manginjakan kaki nyo di daerah nan disabuik dalam Bahaso Benuaq, Luntuq Ayepm (Bukik Trenggiling). Tampek ko diyakini sabagai sabuah bukik nan marupokan ujung dari Jembatan Mahakam, Samarinda Seberang, Kota Samarinda. Sisa Suku Dayak Benuaq di Kota <ref name=":1" /> Samarinda, akhianyo mancaliak ka utara kota, di kawasan Desa Benangaq, Kelurahan Lempake, Kecamatan Samarinda Utara. Jadi manuruik urang Dayak Benuaq sabananyo awaklah nan partamo manjajakan kaki di Bumi Samarinda jauah sabalun Karajaan Kutai resmi berdiri di abad 4 M. Salain tu sabagian turunannyo barangsung-angsur ka muara Sungai Mahakam bamukim di Jahitan Layar dan Tepian Batu dan sekitarnyo. Sebagian nan ka muara Mahakam, salain itu balayia/barjalan ka arah selatan (Balikpapan, Paser dan Penajam). Hal ko mungkin bisa manjalehan hubungan karabatan Dayak Benuaq jo Paser. Urang Benuaq di Kacamatan Bongan, Kutai Barat, babahaso Benuaq ba dialek Paser Bawo. Sebagian sadang ka pedalaman Sungai Mahakam. Sebagian katurunan nan masih 'tertinggal' di Tenggarong, bakampua di Kacamatan Tenggarong dan Tenggarong Seberang.<ref name=":0" /> == Tokoh Dayak Benuaq == # [[Korrie Layun Rampan]], Sastrawan. # [[Yurnalis Ngayoh]], Wakil Gubernur [[Kalimantan Timur]] [[1998-2003, 2003-2006]], Gubernur [[Kalimantan Timur]] [[2006-2008]] # [[Fransiskus Xaverius Yapan]], Politikus dan MANTAN Ketua DPRD Kutai Barat, Kalimantan Timur dan Bupati Kutai barat priode 2016-2020 # Ir. Rama A Asia, Bupati Pertama Kab. Kutai Barat # [[Petrus Asuy]], Pajuang Hutan adaik panarimo penghargaan Equator Prize dari Program Pembangunan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (''United Nation Development Programme''/UNDP). # Erika Siluq S.H, M.k.n Ketua Umum Organisasi GERDAYAK(gerakan pemuda dayak indonesia) kaltim # Prof. Dr. Laurentius Dyson P.(Alm). Pendidik (Guru Besar) Ilmu Antropologi Di Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya. # Dahrani (Empu Gelow) Seniman Pengukir Patung Belontang, Pengrajin Mandau dan juga penggagas Parade 1000 Mandau di Samarinda # Prof. Dr.Ir. Paulus Matius, M.Sc. Guru Besar Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Mulawarman # Drs. Martinus Nanang, MA. Dosen Fakultas Fisip, Universitas Mulawarman # Damianus Apon, SE Kepala Adaik Benuaq Samarinda # Dra. Rina Laden, MM Ketua Yayasan Sempekat Tonyooi Benuaq Kaltim # Rahman Nempur, SE, MM # Drs Syaidirahman, MM # Ir. Barnabas Asrani, MM # Dalmasius Madrah tokoh adaik # Emanuel, S.Pd. Panulih buku budaya dan Pelaksana Upacara Beliatn dan Wara # Dr. Yahya Marthan, MM anggota DPRD Kutai Barat, mantan Sekda Kutai Barat # Elisason, SH tokoh masyarakaik adaik # Hengky, SH Ketua STB Kaltim # Drs. Sudhiyanto, Staf Ahli Bupati Kubar dan tokoh adaik # Manar Gamas, SH Kepala Adat Besar Kutai Barat # Rudi Ranaq, SH Advokat Kaltim # Agus Sopian, SE, M. Kes (Kincan) anggota DPRD Kutai Barat # Eric Lenyooq, SE, MM Direktur Perusda Ketua PKB Kubar # Drs Petrus Jamhuri, MM # Aloysius Nerekng (Alm). Tokoh Dayak Tonyoy-Benuaq di Kota Balikpapan # Dll.<ref>https://repository.unmul.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/1317/file_1021900047.pdf?sequence=1{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Panyabaran geografis Urang Dayak Benuaq == Urang Dayak Benuaq dapek ditamui di sakita wilayah Sungai Kedang Pahu di pedalaman [[Kalimantan Timur]] dan di daerah danau Jempang.<ref name=":1" /> Di Kalimantan Timur, kabanyakan mandiami [[Kutai]] Barat dan marupokan salah satu etnis tagadang di Kutai Barat, (+/- 25%). Duduaknyo di Kacamatan Bongan, Jempang, Siluq Ngurai, Muara Pahu, Muara Lawa, Damai, Nyuwatan (Nyuwatatn), sabagian (Bentiatn) Bentian gadang, Mook Manar Bulatn jo Barong Tongkok, di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara ado daerah Jonggon sampai Pondok Labu, Kacamatangarong, kawasan Jongkang sampai Perjiwa, Kacamatan Tenggarong Seberang. Bahkan Bupati Pertama Kutai Barat adolah anak Dayak Benuaq, tamasuak Doktor (DR) partamo Dayak Indonesia dalam studi non-teologi juo dari anak Dayak Benuaq dari Kutai Barat.<ref name=":1" /> Dek dakek bakarabaik Urang Benuaq jo Urang Lawangan dan warga di sepanjang Sungai Barito umumnyo, mako tadanga kaba buruang ka Urang Benuaq, inyo maraso layak kalau Kabupaten Kutai Barat bergabung jo wacana Provinsi Barito Raya. Kadekatan urang Benuaq jo urang Paser dapek disimak dari carito rakyaik Urang Paser "Putri Petung" dan "Mook Manor Bulatn" carito rakyaik urang Tonyoy-Benuaq, kaduo-duonyo talahia di dalam "Betukng" atau "Petung" ciek dari spesies/jenis bambu. Salain tu dialek urang Benuaq nan badiam di Kacamatan Bongan samo jo bahaso urang Paser.<ref name=":1" /> == Sistem kapicayoan == Animisme dan Dinamisme marupokan kayakinan nenek moyang bangso [[Indonesia]] sacaro umum. Untuak urang Dayak khususnyo pendeta agamo Kaharingan picayoan bahwa alam semesta dan sadolah makhluk iduik punyo roh dan parasaan samo jo manusia, kecuali soal aka.<ref name=":2">https://e-journal.usd.ac.id/index.php/sintesis/article/download/1012/786</ref> Dek karano itu untuak Suku Dayak Benuaq sadolah alam semesta tamasuak tumbuhan-tumbuhan jo binatang harus dilakuan sebaik-baiknyo jo panuah kasih sayang. Inyo picayo karajo semena-mena dan indak tapuduik bisa manyababkan malapetaka. Itu alasan salain sikap hormat, inyo mancubo manjaga alam semesta jo sa-arif dan sa-bijaksana mungkin.<ref name=":2" /> Dayak Benuaq picayo kalau alam semesta ko diciptakan dan dikontrol dek panguaso tungga yaitu Letalla (dalam Bahaso Dayak Ngaju dan Bahaso Sangiang disabuik Ranying Hatalla). Letalla mandalegasian tugas-tugas tatantu sasuai jo bidang-bidang tatantu, ka para Seniang, Nayuq, Mulakng dll. Seniang mambari kapamimpinannyo, sadangkan Nayuq ka mangeksekusi akibat palanggaran ka adaik jo norma.<ref name=":2" /> == Fungsi patuang (Belontakng) dalam kapicayoan Dayak Benuaq == Ado kasalahan anggapan tamasuak para ahli, bahwa Urang Dayak mambuek patuang untuak inyo ba ibadaik sabagai simbol sasungguang masyarakaik Dayak Benuaq.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Fungsi patung-patung tradisional suku Dayak Benuaq|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2174583M/Fungsi_patung-patung_tradisional_suku_Dayak_Benuaq|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jendral Kebudayaan, Museum Negeri Propinsi Kalimantan Timur Mulawarman|date=1989|location=[Tenggarong]|first=Yohannes|last=Bonoh}}</ref> Dek karano kasalahan persepsi ko, acok kali masyarakaik Dayak Benuaq dianggap urang nan manyambah bahalo.<ref>https://repository.usd.ac.id/25515/</ref> Banyak jenis patuang nan dibuek Suku Dayak Benuaq bukan untuak disambah atau dipujoan, tapi sabananyo harus diludah satiok urang nan malaluiinyo. Ado juo patuang nan dibuek untuak mangelabui roh jahek atau makhluk halus supayo ndak mangganggu manusia. Jadi patuang labiah daripado wujud/tando peringatan baik untuak mangarajoan elok atau larangan dari karajo buruak.<ref name=":3" /> == Sistem sosial jo adat istiadaik == Masyarakaik Suku Dayak Benuaq manganut sistem matrilineal.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |url=https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=61896 |title=archive copy |access-date=2023-01-27 |archive-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331065436/https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=61896 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Dalam rangka pangelolaan alam semesta tamasuak hubungan antaro mahluk iduik dan matiannyo serta hubungan jo kosmos, haruslah sasuai jo adaik istiadaik dan tata karma nan alah diwarisan dek nenek moyang urang Benuaq. Adaik istiadaik dan tata karma diwariskan samo urang tuanyo jo ado Urang Dayak Benuaq di Bumi. Urang Dayak Benuaq picayo kalau Sistem Adaik nan ado bukanlah hasia budaya, tapi inyo mandapekan dari pitunjuak langsuang dari Letalla malalui para Seniang maupun malalui mimpi.<ref name=":4" /> Urang Dayak Benuaq, picayo kalau sistem adaiknyo alah ado sabalun negara ko dilahia. Itu alasan awak ndak manarimo mode tu se, pandapek nan mangecek kalau jo kalahiran Nagaro dan aturan bisa mahapus aturan Adaik Istiadaik Urang Dayak Benuaq. Paling indak ado 5 pilar/tiang adaik Urang Dayak Benuaq:<ref name=":4" /> # Adet # Purus # Timekng # Suket # Terasi Kalimonyo harus dikarajoan/jadi pegangan dalam mangarajoan adaik istiadaik di Bumi, kalau ndak ka tajadi katidak adilah jo kakacauan di masyarakaik. Salain itu panyimpangan nan tajadi sangajo atau indak sangajo dek pamangku adaik ka mandapekan kutukan dari Nayuk Seniang. Parwujudan dari kutukan ko biasonyo bantuak mati atau tajadi nan indak-indak-indak, juo biasonyo bantuak iduik taruih mandapekan bencana/malapetaka jo payah mandapekan razaki.<ref name=":4" /> == Lou (dibaca: lo-uu ; Lamin) == Sabagai bantuak masyarakaik Dayak umumnyo, Dayak Benuaq pun punyo tradisi rumah lamo. Dalam masyarakaik Dayak Benuaq, indak sadolah rumah lamo bisa disabuik Lou (Lamin).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2021/01/21/171500969/rumah-lamin-rumah-adat-kalimantan-timur|title=Rumah Lamin, Rumah Adat Kalimantan Timur Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2021-01-21|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2023-01-27}}</ref> Rumah lamo bisa disabuik lou (lamin) kalau punyo minimal 8 olakng. Olakng marupokan bagian/unit lou. Dalam ciek olakng tadapek babarapo biliak jo dapua. Jadi olakng indak biliak/kamar mode rumah gadang, tapi olakng marupoan sambungan bagian dari lou.<ref name=":5" /> Banyaknyo olakng dalam rumah lamo untuak Urang Dayak Benuaq bisa manunjuakan level/bantuak kapamimpinannyo. Itu alasan rumah lamo nan gadang (lou) acok disabuik kampong gadang atau continua. Berdasarkan pangaratian iko lou acok kali bakunota jo kampong atau kontinua. Badasarkan ukuran dan sistem kapimpinhan rumah lamo, masyarakaik adaik Dayak Benuaq mamisahkan rumah lamo sambia model pamukiman masyarakaik sabagai:<ref name=":5" /> # Lou (lamin) # Puncutn Lou / Puncutn Benua # Puncutn Kutaq # Tompokng # Umaq (Huma / Ladang). == Tanaa Adeut (Tanah Ulayat - Tanah Adat) == Hutan dan sadolahnyo diisi untuak Urang Dayak Benuaq marupokan benda/barang adaik. Itu alasan pangadelanyo harus badasarkan sistem adaik istiadaik. Pas jaman Orde Baru Urang Dayak Benuaq maraso jaman nan paliang buruak. Hutan sabagai ibu partiwi awak disingkek dari urang Benuaq jo baandalih ka Undang-Undang tarutamo ka Undang-Undang Agraria. Jadi rejim Orba dengan mudah mamisah Suku Dayak Benuaq jo sumber satu-satunyo penghibrannyo wakatu itu, ditambah lo jo disebar aparat keamanan jo pertahanan untuak manjadi tameng perusahaan-perusahaan HPH. Tapi jadi kaanehan kalau Urang Dayak (Benuaq) lah nan manyababkan degradasi hutan gadang-gadang sabagai dampak sistem parladangan bagulingan, nan disabuik-sabuik sabagai parladangan bapindah.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pustaka-bpnbkalbar.org/pustaka/hukum-adat-tanah-pada-masyarakat-dayak-benuaq-di-kabupaten-kutai-barat-kalimantan-timur-0|title=HUKUM ADAT TANAH PADA MASYARAKAT DAYAK BENUAQ DI KABUPATEN KUTAI BARAT KALIMANTAN TIMUR {{!}} PUSTAKA|website=www.pustaka-bpnbkalbar.org|access-date=2023-01-27|archive-date=2023-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127080759/https://www.pustaka-bpnbkalbar.org/pustaka/hukum-adat-tanah-pada-masyarakat-dayak-benuaq-di-kabupaten-kutai-barat-kalimantan-timur-0|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Badasakan ciri/status hutan dapek dibindisan ateh:<ref name=":6" /> * Urat Batekng * Simpukng Munan (Lembo) * Kebon Dukuh * Ewei Tuweletn * Lati Rempuuq * Lati Lajah Badasakan suksesi hutan dapek dibedakan ateh:<ref name=":6" /> * Bengkar Bengkalutn – Bengkaar Tuhaaq (Hutan Primer) * Bengkaar Uraaq (Hutan Sekunder Tua; 15-35 tahun) * Urat Batekng / Batekng (Hutan Sekunder Muda ; 10-15 tahun) * Balikng Batakng (7-10 tahun) * Kelewako (2-3 tahun) * Baber (1-2 tahun) * Umaaq (huma/ladang) 0 – 1 tahun == Prosesi adaik kamatian == Prosesi adonyo kamatian Dayak Benuaq dilakuan sacaro bajenjang. Jenjang ko manunjuak makin mambeloknyo kehidupan roh urang nan mati di alam baka. Urang Dayak Benuaq picayo kalau alam baqa punyo tingkek iduik nan babeda sasuai jo tingkek upacara nan dilakuan urang nan masih iduik (keluarga dan sanak-sanak).<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbkaltim/deskripsi-makam-suku-dayak-benuaq-kel-lambeng-kec-muaralawa/|title=DESKRIPSI MAKAM SUKU DAYAK BENUAQ KEL LAMBENG KEC MUARALAWA|last=bpcbkaltim|date=2016-03-03|website=Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Provinsi Kalimantan Timur|language=en-US|access-date=2023-01-27|archive-date=2023-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127080752/http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbkaltim/deskripsi-makam-suku-dayak-benuaq-kel-lambeng-kec-muaralawa/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Alam baka dalam bahaso Benuaq disabuik sacaro umum adolah Lumut. Di dalam Lumut ado tingkek (kualitas) kehidupan alam baqa. Kaparcayaan Urang Dayak Benuaq indak tau jo Nereka. Pabuatan-pabuatan buruak nan dikarajoan Urang Dayak Benuaq alah mandapekan ganjaran salamo inyo iduik, baik bantuak malang, kutukan, bencana/malapetaka, sansaroan dll. Itu alasan Urang Dayak Benuaq picayo kalau tajadi nan indak elok dalam kehidupan berarti alah tajadi palanggaran adaik dan karajoan nan indak elok. Untuak mahindari iduik nan panuah jo bencana, mako urang Dayak Benuaq mancubo manjalankan adaik sacaro sampurna dan manjalankan iduik jo sebaik-baiknyo. Sacaro baragam ado 3 tingkek acara Adaik mati:<ref name=":7" /> # [[Parepm Api]] # [[Kenyauw]] # [[Kwangkey/Kuangkay|Kwangkay]] == Bahaso Benuaq == Bahaso Benuaq termasuk dalam dialek Bahaso Lawangan jo kode bahaso ''lbx-ben''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ojs.badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/jurnal/index.php/loa/article/download/1681/912 |title=archive copy |access-date=2023-01-27 |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127080758/https://ojs.badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/jurnal/index.php/loa/article/download/1681/912 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Dayak Benuaq !Dayak Paser !Indonesia |- |aro/aruh/iro |ene |itu |- |awat |awat |bantu/membantu |- |eso |aso |lagi |- |balo |balo |rambut |- |bayuq |bayu |baru |- |bawe |bawe |cewek/perempuan |- |belay |Lou/belay |rumah |- |bejagur |bejagur |berkelahi |- |boliq/moliq |boli |beli |- |boyas |bias |beras |- |bolupm |bolum |hidup |- |boruk |boruk |kera/beruk |- |botikng/otikng |boting |kenyang |- |oyat |boyat |berat |- |butukng |buntung |perut |- |bura |bura |putih |- |danum |danum |air |- |dawetn/dawatn |daon |daun |- |dotuq/Jelow |dotu |siang |- |lola |dola |lidah |- |pare |Pare |Padi |- |Liaw |Liaw |Roh |- |Bangkei |Bangkei |Mayat |- |Selelek ko |Latak ko |Peler kamu |- |Man |Kuman |Makan |- |Isep |Ngisop |Minum |- |Turi |Turi |Tidur |- |Uat |Uat |Bangun |} == Budaya Benuaq == '''Kain Ulap Doyo''' Salain Keseniannyo, Suku Dayak Benuaq, tanamo jo kain khasnyo nan disabuik Ulap Doyo. Iko marupokan satu-satunyo kalompok Dayak nan punyo seni karajinan kain. Dewasa ko karajinan Ulap Doyo hanyo ditamui di Kecamatan Jempang.<ref name=":8">{{Cite thesis|url=http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/47255|title=Tradisi dan budaya lokal Dayak Benuaq Kalimantan Timur pada novel Upacara karya Korrie Layun Rampan :: Kajian sosiologi sastra|last=Herawati|first=Yudianti|date=2010|access-date=2023-01-27}}</ref> * Lagu: # [[Bedone]] * Seni Suaro: # [[Bedeguuq]] # [[Berijooq]] # [[Ninga]] * Seni Bapantun: # [[Perentangin]] # [[Ngelengot]] # [[Ngakey]] # [[Ngeloak]] * Seni Tari: # [[Tari Gantar]] # [[Tari Ngeleway]] # [[Tari Ngerangkaw]] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0Oc9WeC4yU&feature=related Beliatn]/Panyambuahan Panyakik: # [[Beliatn Bawo]] # [[Beliatn Bawe]] # [[Beliatn Sentiyu]] # [[Beliatn Kenyong]] # [[Beliatn Luangan]] # [[Beliatn Bejamu]] * Manolak Bala / Hajatan / Selamatan:<ref name=":8" /> # [[Nuak]] # [[Bekelew]] # [[Nalitn Tautn]] # [[Paper Maper]] # [[Besamat]] # [[Pakatn Nyahuq]] * Pakawinan: # [[Ngompokng]] * Upacara Adaik Kamatian:<ref name=":7" /> # [[Kwangkey/Kuangkay]] # [[Kenyeuw]] # [[Parepm Api/Tooq]] == Lagu daerah Dayak Benuaq == * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGL1ss8I5Lo Kesah Mundau] * Rijoq Santi [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ei2fhaSTPXg&ab_channel=TUMPIChannel] * Peruko Nalau (Miyati) Pe-RIjoq Sigum [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJbQV4mmlGQ&ab_channel=MartinusSigum] * Melan "Sorop" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iiMAY79EKy0&ab_channel=laheyantiriyani] * Karya herry Pemangku [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wIab_GPRCw0&list=PLlqp9Gmv3TOpnSc_B2oxPgDybBW4UsFCI&index=2&ab_channel=KerenhappuchSiluq] == Pranala lua == * {{id}} [http://desantara.org/v3/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=207&Itemid=53 Belian Bawe] * {{id}} [http://bs-ba.facebook.com/group.php?gid=59648394425 Facebook Sempekat Tonyoy Benuaq] * {{id}} [[openlibrary:b/OL2174583M|Fungsi Patung-Patung Tradisional Suku Dayak Benuaq]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}}{{Dayak}} {{Suku banso di Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Suku banso di Indonesia]] cu8vaf1x9crudobshrky5np8k6m8pcf Urang Tunjung 0 388362 3351904 2501329 2026-08-14T16:23:58Z Pengedit X 24505 Fixed typo 3351904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ethnic group| |group=Urang Dayak Tunjung |image= |poptime=kurang lebih '''76.000''', . |popplace=[[Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara]] dan [[Kabupaten Kutai Barat]], [[Kalimantan Timur]]: '''76.000''' |langs= [[Bahasa Tunjung|Tunjung]] ( '''tjg''' ), [[bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]] |rels=[[Kristen Protestan]],[[Katolik]],[[Islam]]. |related=[[suku Dayak]]([[Rumpun Ot Danum]]), [[Urang Benuaq|Benuaq]]}} '''Urang Tunjung''' adolah suku bangso nan ado di Kabupaten Kutai Barat (24,2%) dan Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara Kalimantan Timur Dalam daerah Kabupaten Kutai inyo tasebar dalam babarapo daerah kacamatan, misalnyo Kacamatan Kota Bangun, Kacamatan Melak, Kacamatan Barong Tongkok, Kacamatan Kembang Janggut, dan Kacamatan Muara Pahu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Ensiklopedi Suku Bangsa di Indonesia Jilid L-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbGECgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=ensiklopedisuku+bangsa&hl=id|publisher=Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan|date=1995-01-01|language=id|first=M. Junus|last=Melalatoa}}</ref> Urang Tunjung ko masih dapek dibagi ateh babarapo sub kalompok, misalnyo sub kalompok Tunjung Bubut, Tunjung Asli, Tunjung Bahau, Tunjung Hilir, Tunjung Lonokng, Tunjung Linggang, dan Tunjung Berambai. Urang Dayak Tunjung mandiami kecamatan:<ref name=":4" /> # [[Long Iram, Kutai Barat]] # [[Tering, Kutai Barat]] # [[Linggang Bigung, Kutai Barat]] # [[Barong Tongkok, Kutai Barat]] # [[Melak, Kutai Barat]] # [[Sekolaq Darat, Kutai Barat]] # [[Muara Pahu, Kutai Barat]] # [[Mook Manor Bulatn, Kutai Barat]] # [[Muara Wis, Kutai Kartanegara]] ## Desa [[Enggelam, Muara Wis, Kutai Kartanegara]] # [[Kembang Janggut, Kutai Kartanegara]] ## Desa [[Kelekat, Kembang Janggut, Kutai Kartanegara]] ## Desa [[Bukit Layang, Kembang Janggut, Kutai Kartanegara]] ## Desa [[Pulau Pinang, Kembang Janggut, Kutai Kartanegara]] # [[Kenohan, Kutai Kartanegara]] ## Desa [[Lamin Telihan, Kenohan, Kutai Kartanegara]] ## Desa [[Teluk Bingkai, Kenohan, Kutai Kartanegara]] ## Desa [[Lamin Pulut, Kenohan, Kutai Kartanegara]] '''Tonyoi Benuaq''' marupokan namo lain dari Tunjung-Benuaq. Kaduo Urang Dayak ko maraso indak tapisalah elok dari segi sosial dan budaya. Tapi acok juo dijalehan sacaro tapisah yaitu Urang Dayak Tunjung dan Urang Dayak Benuaq. Parbandiangan hubungan suku Tunjung jo suku Kutai, bantuak hubungan suku Baduy jo suku Banten. Urang Kutai dan suku Banten marupokan suku nan hampia sadolahnyo maadoan Islam, sadangkan suku Tunjung dan suku Baduy marupokan suku nan teguh manjaga religi sukunyo.<ref name=":4" /> == Sijarah jo asa usua == Indak ado data tatulih tentang asa usua Urang Dayak Tunjung ko. Awak dapek tau asa usua inyo hanyo dari carito-carito rakyat dari urang-urang tuo nan didapek sacaro turun temurun.<ref name=":4" /> Konon manuruik carito Urang Dayak Tunjung ko datang dari dewa-dewa nan manyilma manjadi manusia untuak mambaelok dunia nan alah rusak nan takenal jo sebutan "Jaruk'ng Tempuq". Jaruk'ng adolah namo dewa nan manjadi manusia dan Nempuuq atau Tempuuq aratinyo maburu. Namo suku Dayak Tunjung ko manuruik urangnyo adolah Tonyooi Risitnjung Bangkaas Malikng Panguruu Ulak Alas nan artinyo Urang Tunjung adolah paahlawan nan bakarajoan sabagai dewa palinduang.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Etnoekologi perladangan orang Dayak Tunjung Linggang: etnografi lingkungan hidup di dataran tinggi Tunjung|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bhpwAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=dayak+tunjung&q=dayak+tunjung&hl=id|publisher=Diterbitkan atas kerjasama Yayasan Adikarya IKAPI dan the Ford Foundation|date=2001|isbn=978-979-9341-41-9|language=id|last=Lahajir}}</ref> Namo asli suku Tunjung ko adolah Tonyooi. Sadangkan kato Tunjung surang dalam bahaso dayak Tunjung adolah "Mudik" atau ka arah uluik sungai. Ceritane mode itu. pado suatu hari Salah surang Tonyooi Mudik dan basobok jo urang Haloq (Sebutan Urang Dayak ka urang nan maninggaan adaik Dayak) tu Haloq tu batanyo ka Tonyooi nio pai kamari, tu si Tonyooi Manjawab "Tuncuuk'ng", maksudnya mudik. Urang Haloq lalu biasonyo mancaliak urang nan bantuak tanyoannyo tadi disabuik "Tunjung" dan sampai kini namonyo tu masih dipakai. Urang Dayak Tunjung tingga badampingan jo suku Dayak Benuaq nan punyo sajarah nan bahubungan, bantuak suku Dayak Benuaq, Dayak Tunjung juo barubah ka Kristen pado awal tangah abad ka-19. Dayak Tunjung nan tingga dikawasan Kenohan dan Muara Wis di Kutai Kartanegara umumnyo marupokan anggota Gereja Kemah Injil Indonesia (Kristen Protestan), sambia di kawasan Kutai Barat sakitar 53.5% maanut Kristen Protestan, 44.5% Maunurot Katolik Roma, 1.5% Islam dan 0.5% Kaharingan.<ref name=":1" /> == Sistem kapercayaan == Kabanyakan anggota masyarakaik suku-bangso ko maaluik agamo Kristen dan bagian lainnyo maaluik agamo Islam. Tapi sacaro umum inyo masih se mangadoan hubungan jo roh-roh berdasarkan sistem kepercayaan nenek moyangnyo. Hubungan jo roh-roh itu untuak mamintak kasalamatan, rezeki dan lain-lain. Yang manjadi panghubung jo roh-roh itu adolah para dukun (belian). Pengaruh Islam dalam agamo urang Tunjung indak baitu baguno. Pengaruh nan nampak misalnyo namo dew a paliang tinggi nan disabuik Laraia. Namo tu bantuaknyo datang dari Allah ta'ala, akan tapi pangaratian ndak samo. Dalam mite dan upacara dewa taingek tu ndak disebut Laraia, tapi dipakai dalam rangka parcaktaan jo urang lain.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Identitas Dayak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcxjDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA337&dq=dayak+tunjung&hl=id|publisher=Lkis Pelangi Aksara|date=2003-01-01|isbn=978-979-9492-98-2|language=id|first=Dr Yekti|last=Maunati}}</ref> == Mato pancaharian == Mata pancaharian utamo urang Tunjung adolah batani ladang dan sabagian masih marupokan ladang bapindah jo tanaman pokoknyo padi. Di sabalah tu awak juo mananam palawija, sepertijagung, ubi kayu, ubi jalar, kacang-kacangan, sayua-sayua, jo tanaman kareh misalnyo lado, durian, rambutan, cempedak, langsat, dan lain-lain. Sebagai mata panyajian tambahan inyo mancekek ikan di sungai, kumpua hasil hutan mode rotan, domar, tengkawang, sarang ayam.<ref name=":2" /> == Paguyuban == Dewasa ko ado paguyuban/ormas untuak mangumpuahan kaduo sub-etnis ko yaitu Sempek Tonyoi Benuaq. STB marupokan juo anggota Persekutuan Dayak Kalimantan Timur (PDKT). STA (Sempek Tonyoi ASA), gabungan sapuluah kampung jo namo akhia asa mode:<ref name=":2" /> # Balok Asa # Juhan Asa # Juaq Asa # Ngenyan Asa # Muara Asa # Pepas Asa # Ongko Asa # Asa # Ombau Asa # Geleo Asa # Gemuhan Asa. Sempek lainnyo ado juo Sempek Tonyooi Sekolaq nan tadiri dari babarapo kampung: Sekolaq Darat, Sekolaq Joleq, Sekolaq Oday, Sekolaq, Muliaq dan lainnyo == Bahaso == Urang Tunjung punyo bahaso surang sabagai bahaso ibu yaitu bahaso Tunjung. Salah ciek sumber mangatoan bahaso ko tabagi manjadi ampek dialek, yaitu dialek Tunjung Tengah, Tunjung Londong, Tunjung Linggang, dan Pahu. Inyo rato-rato bisa mangecek Indonesia. Bahasa Kutai marupokan bahaso pargaulan di lingkungan masyarakaik Kabupaten Kutai nan dikuasoan jo urang Tunjung. Sebagian dari inyo juo mangarati bahaso tatangganyo yaitu bahaso Benuaq. Bahasa Tunjung dan bahaso Ampanang tamasuak kalompok bahaso Barito-Mahakam, nan penyebarannyo tabateh di daerah Mahakm.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Peralatan hiburan dan kesenian tradisional daerah Kalimantan Timur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7M2fAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=dayak+tunjung&q=dayak+tunjung&hl=id|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Penelitian Pengkajian dan Pembinaan Nilai-Nilai Budaya|date=1993|language=id}}</ref> == Sistem karabaik == Prinsip karabatan nan dianut oleh suku dayak tunjung adolah prinsip bilateral, nan manhitung sistem karabatan dari pihak laki maupun padusi. Satiok urang tamasuak dalam karabatan apak jo ibunyo, anak-anaknyo punyo hak dan kawajiban nan samo ka kaluarga pihak ibu maupun apak. Kelompok karabatan suku dayak tunjung takatuik dek hubungan karabatan nan disabuik Purus. Purus dihitung berdasarkan hubungan darah dan hubungan nan timbul malalui parkawinan. Kelompok kekerabatn nan dihitungan malalui purus disabuik batak. Individu nan masih punyo hubungan karabatan dari sabuah kalompok disabuik sabatak (batak tai) dan nan ndak disabuik batak ulunt.<ref name=":2" /> Adaik tingga sasudah nikah mandapekan adaik utrolokal, sapasang pangunjuang bebas mamiliah untuak tingga di lingkungan sanak laki atau sanak bini. Kemungkinan lain adolah adaik neolokal, aratinyo bisa badiam di lua lingkungan sanak laki atau bini. Pangambangan desa nan barasa dari sabuah rumah lamo (Luu) masih tatap mangikat panduduak manjadi sabuah komunitas desa. Di masyrakat dayak tunjung ado juo pelapisan sosial nan dibidahan jo tajam bana pas susunan pamarintahan desa adaik (zaman lamonyo kuno) masih berlaku. Hanyo pelapisan sosial adolah pangaruah masuak pamarintah balando ka daerah tampek urang-urang dayak batinggia. Sistem parbudokan nan ado dihapuskan basamo jo palaranghan potong kapalo (mengayau) nan dalam bahaso tunjung disabuik balaaq.<ref name=":2" /> Susunan pelapisan sosial masyarakaik tunjung pado zaman dulu adolah:<ref name=":2" /> # Hajiiq (Golongan Bangsawan), mereka terdiri dari raja beserta keturunannya, pemengkawaaq (pengawal raja) dan mantik tatau ( bawahan pemengkawaaq nan berhubungan langsung dengan rakyat) dengan semua keturunanya. # Merentikaq merentawi disingkat merentikaq (golongan merdeka atau golongan biasa) mereka tidak termasuk golongan hajiq ataugolongan hamba sahaya. Golongan merentikaaq ini mempunyai hak untuk menarikan Tarian Calant caruuq, karena mereka keturunan asli dari Sengkereaq. # Ripat (hamba sahaya), golongan ini mengabdikan diri pada Golongsn hajiiq. == Tokoh-tokoh Urang Dayak Tunjung == * Dr. [[Yurnalis Ngayoh]] (alm), mantan Gubernur Kalimantan Timur. *Mgr. J. Husin, MSF (alm) Uskup Palangkaraya. *Mgr. F. Sului, MSF (alm) Uskup Samarinda. * [[Ismael Thomas]], mantan Bupati [[Kabupaten Kutai Barat]] 2006 - 2011, 2011 - 2016, anggota DPR RI periode 2019-2024. * [[Y. Dullah]], Ketua Presidium Dewan Adat, Kutai Barat. * Drs Thomas Edison M.Si., Dirjen Bimas Kristen Protestan Depag RI jakarta * Prof. Dr. Laurentius Dyson P, (alm) Dosen Pasca Sarjana UNAIR Surabaya * Kolonel Yohanes Ubad, mantan Mawil hansip Bankalan Madura (almarhum) * Dr. Michael Elias Malat (almarhum), mantan Dekan Fakultas Ekonomi dan ketua LPPM Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang * Samsudin, Saudagar/Pengusaha di Jakarta (almarhum) * Yahya Ibung, SH., tokoh Dayak Tunjung di Balikpapan * Dr. Melki Kamuntik, M.Pdk., Kepala Bimas Kriten Protestan Kaltim * Dr. Samson, Dosen Unmul Samarinda * Dr.Theresia Malat, Dosen Unmul Samarinda * Dr. Adrianus Inu Natalisanto, Dosen Unmul Samarinda dan salah satu pemenang Penghargaan Publikasi Ilmiah Internasional 2016 * Maria Margareta Puspa Rini, SE, Anggota DPRD Kaltim * Drs. Thamus Bodjer MM Wakil Ketua STB Kaltim * Drs. Y. Lahajir, M. Hum guru besar antropologi Gajah Mada. (Alm) * Jackson Jhon Tawi (Alm) Ketua DPRD Kubar. * Ekti Imanuel Anggota DPRD Provinsi. Kaltim priode 2019-2024. *Ridwai Ketua DPRD Kubar priode 2020-2024 menggantikan J. Jhon Tawi. *Abed Daniela Malat S.Pd. Tokoh pemuda, pembina 'Komunitas Skateboard Ambon'. Pengusaha dan Profesi Logistic. == Kesenian == === Lagu Dayak Tunjung<ref name=":3" /> === * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxdtaE-2nfs Tonau] * Waweq daraaq * Waweq bataq umaq * asank pejai *Asakng Aur sion Lingooq *Bujakng Pelegaq *Besukaar Tonar Nataar *Borneo *Kinu Kempunaan == Rujuakan == [[Kategori:Dayak|Tunjung, Suku]] [[Kategori:Suku bangsa di Kalimantan Timur|Tunjung]] <references />{{Suku banso di Indonesia}} n7utl3li03ksmkm4lat5hcftbqufo48 Willy Aditya 0 473177 3351901 3349554 2026-08-14T15:12:43Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3351901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Willy Aditya | image = File:DPR Willy Aditya.jpg | office = Anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia]] | term_start = 1 Oktober 2019|term_end= | constituency = [[Daftar anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia 2019–2024#Jawa Timur|Jawa Timur XI]] | president = [[Joko Widodo]] | predecessor = | successor = | majority = 190.814 suara | caption = | other_names = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|4|12|mf=y}} | birth_place = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Kota Solok|Solok]], [[Sumatera Barat]] | death_date = <!--{{Death date and age||||||}}--> | death_place = | nationality = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] | alma_mater = - [[INS Kayutanam]]<br>- [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]]<br> - ''[[ITB]]-Cranfield University, [[Inggris]]'' | occupation = [[Politikus]] | known_for = Ketua Umum Liga Mahasiswa [[Partai NasDem|NasDem]] | spouse = Yemmi Livenda | children = 3 | parents = | residence = | religion = [[Islam]] }} [[Berkas:Willy_Aditya.jpg|jmpl|201x201px|Willy Aditya]] '''Willy Aditya''', S.Phil., M.T. ({{Lahiamati|[[Kota Solok|Solok]], [[Sumatera Barat]]|12|4|1978}}) adolah surang aktivis jo [[politikus]] [[Partai NasDem]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fraksinasdem.org/anggota/willy-aditya|title=Fraksi Nasdem - Detail Anggota|website=Fraksi Nasdem|language=id|access-date=2024-01-23|archive-date=2024-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103100914/https://fraksinasdem.org/anggota/willy-aditya|dead-url=yes}}</ref> nan manjabat sabagai Anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia]] (DPR-RI) periode 2019-2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://willyaditya.com/tentang-willy-aditya/|title=Willy Aditya - Tentang|website=WillyAditya.com|language=id|access-date=2024-01-23}}</ref> Willy adolah salah surang deklarator [[Demokrat Nasional (Indonesia)|Organisasi Masyarakat (Ormas) Nasional Demokrat]] nan diumumkan pado tanggal 1 Februari 2010. Ormas iko dideklarasikan dek 45 tokoh Indonesia dari berbagai kalangan, di antaronyo Surya Paloh, [[Hamengkubuwana X|Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X]], [[Ahmad Syafii Maarif]], [[Siswono Yudo Husodo]], [[Anies Baswedan]], [[Jeffrie Geovanie]], [[Bachtiar Aly]], [[Patrice Rio Capella]], Didik J. Rachbini, [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]], [[Ferry Mursyidan Baldan]], [[Syamsul Mu'arif]], [[Franky Sahilatua]], [[Ilham Arief Sirajuddin]], Meutya Hafid, [[Sayed Fuad Zakaria]], Indar Parawansa, [[Budiman Sudjatmiko]] Khofifah sarato jo babarapo tokoh lain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.viva.co.id/berita/politik/126010-ini-45-deklarator-nasional-demokrat|title=Ini 45 Deklarator Nasional Demokrat|last=Amri|first=Arfi Bambani|date=2010-02-01|website=www.viva.co.id|language=id|access-date=2024-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://simpus.mkri.id/opac/detail-opac?id=9092|title=Indonesia di Jalan Restorasi : Politik Gagasan Surya Paloh / Willy Aditya {{!}} Perpustakaan Mahkamah Konstitusi|website=simpus.mkri.id|access-date=2024-01-23|archive-date=2024-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123072219/https://simpus.mkri.id/opac/detail-opac?id=9092|dead-url=yes}}</ref>Willy Aditya salanjuiknyo manjabat sabagai Wakil Sekretaris Jenderal (Wasekjen) Pangurus dalam organisasi masyarakaik (ormas) Nasional Demokrat tu. Sasudah tagaknyo Partai NasDem, inyo dipicayoi manjadi ketua umum pado salah satu organisasi sayap partainyo, iyolah Liga Mahasiswa NasDem (LMN).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasdem.net/tag/liga-mahasiswa-nasdem|title=Partai NasDem|website=Partai NasDem|language=en-US|access-date=2024-01-23|archive-date=2024-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123071758/https://nasdem.net/tag/liga-mahasiswa-nasdem/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Dalam Pemilu 2014, inyo juo dipicayoi untuak maju sabagai calon anggota legislatif (caleg) Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia (DPR-RI) dari Partai Nasdem untuak daerah pamilihan Jawa Barat VII jo nomor urut 1. Tapi indak dapek dipiliah. Pado Pemilu 2019, Willy Aditya berhasil manjadi Anggota DPR-RI dari Partai NasDem untuak daerah pamilihan Jawa Timur XI jo pancapaian 190.814 suara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpr.go.id/en/anggota/detail/id/1861|title=Members of Parliament - The House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia|date=2021-06-02|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2024-01-23|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213437/https://www.dpr.go.id/en/anggota/detail/id/1861|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pojoksuramadu.com/wakili-madura-willy-aditiya-berhasil-melenggang-ke-senayan/|title=Wakili Madura, Willy Aditiya Berhasil Melenggang ke Senayan|date=2021-06-02|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2024-01-23|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214843/https://pojoksuramadu.com/wakili-madura-willy-aditiya-berhasil-melenggang-ke-senayan/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://antikorupsi.org/id/article/willy-aditya|title=Willy Aditya {{!}} ICW|website=antikorupsi.org|access-date=2024-01-23|archive-date=2022-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704113903/https://antikorupsi.org/id/article/willy-aditya|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kbr.id/kenalicaleg/caleg/kualitas_detail/id/1437.html|title=KBR :: KENALI CALEG - WILLY ADITYA, S.FIL, MT : info caleg terlengkap|last=KBR|website=kbr.id|language=id|access-date=2024-01-23|archive-date=2024-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123072219/https://kbr.id/kenalicaleg/caleg/kualitas_detail/id/1437.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Latar Balakang jo pandidikan == Willy Aditya lahia di [[Kota Solok|Solok]], [[Sumatera Barat]], 12 April 1978. Inyo marupokan anak dari pasangan Syamsuddin Lubis jo Asna Hasan. Malalui pandidikan di SD Negeri 11 [[Kota Solok]] (1985-1991), SMP Negeri 1 Solok (1991-1994), jo SMA Plus [[INS Kayutanam]], [[Kabupaten Padang Pariaman|Padang Pariaman]] (1994-1997). Sasudah lulus SMA pado taun 1997, inyo ditarimo malalui jalur undangan untuak manakuliah di Manajemen Hutan, Fakultas Hutan [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]]. Namun, inyo pindah ka jurusan S-1 Filsafat [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]], [[Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]] (2001-2004). Inyo mangikuti kuliah ''gelar duo'' (double degree) S-2 Defence and Security Studies, karajo samo [[Institut Teknologi Bandung]] jo Cranfield University United Kingdom (2006-2008).<ref name="dpr3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpr.go.id/en/anggota/detail/id/1861|title=Salinan arsip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213437/https://www.dpr.go.id/en/anggota/detail/id/1861|archive-date=2021-06-02|dead-url=yes|access-date=2021-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpr.go.id/en/anggota/detail/id/1861|title=Members of Parliament - The House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia|date=2021-06-02|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2024-01-23|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213437/https://www.dpr.go.id/en/anggota/detail/id/1861|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasdem.id/2017/11/04/willy-aditya-matang-bersama-rakyat/|title=Willy Aditya, Matang Bersama Rakyat|date=2017-11-04|website=Partai NasDem|language=en-US|access-date=2024-01-23|archive-date=2022-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203163148/https://nasdem.id/2017/11/04/willy-aditya-matang-bersama-rakyat/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://willyaditya.com/tentang-willy-aditya/|title=Willy Aditya - Tentang|website=WillyAditya.com|language=id|access-date=2024-01-23}}</ref> Katiko bakuliah di UGM, Willy bagabuang dibabarapo kagiatan kampus. Inyo manjadi pandiri Kelompok Studi Selendang Biru, Pimpinan Redaksi (Pemred) Press Mahasiswa (Persma) Musut Hutan, anggota [[Jama'ah Shalahuddin]] UGM, jo Sekretaris Jenderal (Sekjen) Dewan Mahasiswa UGM sarato Sekjen Dewan Mahasiswa Nasional.<ref name="dpr3" /> == Kagiatan == Kini ko Willy aktif sabagai Direktur Eksekutif ''Institut Populis,'' Wakil Sekretaris Jenderal Nasional Demokra, Ketua Umum Liga Mahasiswa NasDem jo Direktur Sekolah Démokrasi Tangerang Selatan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/profil-willy-aditya-politikus-nasdem-rekam-jejak-di-politik-gNd3|title=Profil Willy Aditya: Politikus Nasdem & Rekam Jejak di Politik|last=Anwar|first=Ilham Choirul|website=tirto.id|language=id|access-date=2024-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fraksinasdem.org/anggota/willy-aditya|title=Fraksi Nasdem - Detail Anggota|website=Fraksi Nasdem|language=id|access-date=2024-01-23}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Pangalaman organisasi<ref name=":0" /> == Pernah manjabuak sabagai Ketua Dema UGM – 1999, Ketua Front Mahasiswa Nasional Tahun 2003, Sekjen Perhimpunan Rakyat Pekerja Taun 2005-2006, Pandiri Ormas Nasional Demokrat (2011), Ketua Liga Mahasiswa Nasdem jo Ketua DPP Partai NasDem (2013 – Sekarang). == Rujuakan == <references /> == Pranala lua == * https://willyaditya.com/tentang-willy-aditya/ [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Solok]] jvjvrk6r3e8qc8tcvkgyi7oi0yjzz9g Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas 0 474305 3351902 3346279 2026-08-14T15:17:40Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3351902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{periksaterjemahan|id}}[[Berkas:Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas.png|al=Ustaz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas|jmpl|Ustaz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas]] '''Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas''', Lc. (1963 - 11 Juli 2024) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rejabar.republika.co.id/berita/sgg9gq282/ustadz-yazid-bin-abdul-qadir-jawas-meninggal-dunia-dimakamkan-di-bogor|title=Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas Meninggal Dunia, Dimakamkan di Bogor|website=|language=id-ID|access-date=2024-07-12}}</ref> adolah surang manulih, panyatur, Ustaz, jo mubalig Sunni dari Indonesia. Di Indonesia, khotbah-hutbah Yazid acok ditambakan jo gerakan [[Salafi|Salafiyah]] ultra-konservatif.<ref name="yazid1">{{Cite web|url=https://uloom.id/speaker/yazid-bin-abdul-qadir-jawas/|title=Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas - Dalam Mendakwahkan Sunnah|website=Uloom Indonesia|language=id-ID|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404220648/https://uloom.id/speaker/yazid-bin-abdul-qadir-jawas/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Inyo juo dikenal dek manulih banyak buku-buku keagamaan [[Islam]] dalam [[bahaso Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fajar.co.id/2021/05/31/ini-sosok-ustaz-yazid-jawas-ternyata-bukan-sembarang-ustaz/|title=Ini Sosok Ustaz Yazid Jawas, Ternyata Bukan Sembarang Ustaz!|last=Hamka|date=2021-05-31|website=FAJAR|language=id-ID|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=2023-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405024131/https://fajar.co.id/2021/05/31/ini-sosok-ustaz-yazid-jawas-ternyata-bukan-sembarang-ustaz/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pembacaan-pembacaan nan digunokan kontroversial mambuek Yazid acok mandapek kritik dari babarapo Muslim Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/jaringan-dakwah-salafi-wahabi-di-bogor-ckeK|title=Jaringan Dakwah Salafi/Wahabi di Bogor|last=Salam|first=Fahri|website=tirto.id|language=id|access-date=2022-08-16}}</ref> == Kehidupan awal == Pado awal pandidikannyo, Yazid tadapek sabagai lulusan LIPIA dan marupokan murid dari Abdur Razaq bin Abdul Muhsin al-Abbad, surang guru gadang dari Universitas Islam Madinah.<ref name="الباب الثالث تفسري آية الكرسي عندحسني انفارين ويزيد عبد القدير جواس">{{Cite journal|last=Zakrin Roya Anna|date=2017|editor-first=Saif|title=Interpretation of Ayat al-Kursi according to Hosni Anvarin al-Banjari and Yazid Abd Al-Qadir Jawas Al-Buguri|url=https://idr.uin-antasari.ac.id/16773/6/BAB%20III.pdf|language=Ar|publisher=Antasari State Islamic University Banjarmasin (Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin - Kampus I); [[Banjarmasin]]|page=13|access-date=23 November 2023|quote=2.يزيد عبدالقدير جواس يزيد عبد القادر جواس هو مبلغيف إندونيسي،املعروف أنه منتبه جدا يف نشر السنة.وهو خريج من ليبا(LIPIA)جاكرات وطالب يف الربوفيسور الدكتور الشيخ عبد الرزاق(ُماضر الدين يف اجلامعة اإلسالمية يف املدينة املنورة).18 ولديزيد عبد القادر جواسيفكاراْنانري (Karanganyar)،كيبومن(Kebumen)،جاوة الوسطى،149م يزيدعبدالقادرجواسلهعالقةطالببعاملامسهالشيخدمحمبنصاحلالعثيمني.كمامسُح}}</ref> Yazid juo dikatahui pernah mangaji kapado Muhammad bin Shalih al-Utsaimin, surang ulama Sunni dari [[Makah|Makkah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fotodakwah.com/2021/10/biografi-ustad-yazid-bin-abdul-qodir.html|title=Biografi Ustad Yazid Bin Abdul Qodir Jawas|website=Foto Dakwah|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404161556/https://www.fotodakwah.com/2021/10/biografi-ustad-yazid-bin-abdul-qodir.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Yazid juo dikabarkan mandapek kitab Bulughul Maram karya [[Ibnu Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibnu Hajar]] nan pado wakatu itu diklaim, hanyo saketek urang nan mampu mandapek kitab tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ayat-kursi.com/2017/01/siapa-sebenarnya-ustadz-yazid-bin-abdul.html|title=Siapa Sebenarnya Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas?|language=id|access-date=2022-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biografi-tokoh-ternama.blogspot.com/2018/11/biografi-ustadz-yazid-bin-abdul-qadir-jawas.html|title=Biografi Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas - BIOGRAFI TOKOH TERNAMA|website=Biografi Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas - BIOGRAFI TOKOH TERNAMA|access-date=2022-08-16}}</ref> == Kegiatan == Yazid kini mambangun sabuah pondok parantren di bilangan Dramaga, Bogor, iyolah pondok basanto Minhajus Sunnah.<ref name="Dar al-Islam institue">{{Cite web|url=https://islamhouse.com/ar/author/8466/|title=2006|date=2006|website=Yazid ibn Abd al-Qadir Jawas / يزيد عبد القادر جواس|publisher=Dar al-Islam association; Riyadh|access-date=23 November 2023|quote=وله معهد علمي في إندونيسيا المسمى بمعهد منهاج السنة.}}</ref> Salain sibuk jo kagiatan ma aja para santri di pondok, inyo juo aktif manjadi narasumber di Radio Rodja jo mamisiakan pangajaran rutin jo tabligh akbar di babagai kota di Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/dakwah/article/download/12066/pdf|title=Radio Rodja: Kontestasi Ideologi Salafi di Ranah Siaran|website=journal.uinjkt.ac.id|access-date=2023-06-24}}</ref> Yazid juo banyak manulih buku-buku keagamaan Islam dalam [[bahaso Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Safi'i|first=Mochamad Nur|date=2020-08-18|title=Konsep tauhid salafi dalam Buku Mulia dengan manhaj salaf karya Yazid Bin Abdul Qadir Jawaz: analisis Hermeneutika Hans-Georg Gadamer|url=https://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/44829/|language=en|publisher=UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809055524/https://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/44829/|archive-date=2022-08-09|access-date=2022-08-16}}</ref> == Panyabakan == Yazid maningga pado Kemis tanggal 11 Juli 2024 pado kira-kira pukul 13:35 [[Wakatu Indonesia Barat|WIB]], sasudah sakik salamo malakukan ibadah [[haji]] di [[Makah|Makkah]], inyo di antaronyo dimakamkan di [[Kota Bogor|Bogor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/sgg9gq282|title=Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas Meninggal Dunia, Dimakamkan di Bogor|date=2024-07-11|website=Republika Online|language=id|access-date=2024-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/humaniora/684322/ustaz-yazid-jawas-meninggal-dunia|title=Ustaz Yazid Jawas Meninggal Dunia|last=Arto Subari|first=Wisnu|date=July 11, 2024|website=mediaindonesia.com|language=id|access-date=2024-07-11}}</ref> Kamatian Yazid manyababkan kasusahan untuak masyarakaik Salafi di Indonesia; Khalid Basalamah, salah surang panyatur Salafi Indonesia terkemuka salafi salafi salafik salafi salawi salafi salain iko manyampaikan sampoerahan untuak Yazid dalam salah satu pidatonyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disway.id/read/801014/ustaz-yazid-jawas-meninggal-dunia-ustaz-khalid-basalamah-semoga-allah-maafkan-dosa-dosanya|title=Ustaz Yazid Jawas Meninggal Dunia, Ustaz Khalid Basalamah: Semoga Allah Maafkan Dosa-dosanya|last=Permana|first=Dimas Chandra|website=disway.id|language=id|access-date=2024-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/entertainment/2024/07/11/171505/ustaz-walid-yazid-meninggal-dunia-teuku-wisnu-kutip-doa-dari-hadis-ini|title=Ustaz Walid Yazid Meninggal Dunia, Teuku Wisnu Kutip Doa dari Hadis Ini|last=Noviandi|first=Ferry|last2=Ismail|website=suara.com|language=id|access-date=2024-07-11}}</ref> == Kritik == Yazid disalahkan dek sabagian Muslim Indonesia sabagai panduto Islam Puritan dan acok disabuik sabagai [[Wahhabisme]]. Pangkritik Yazid cenderung manyabuiknyo sabagai panduto Islam puritan, kasar, jo sangaik ketat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://populis.id/read17308/ustaz-yazid-yang-mengharamkan-bedug-ternyata-orang-wahabi|title=Ustaz Yazid Yang Mengharamkan Bedug, Ternyata Orang Wahabi?|last=Populis|website=Populis|language=id|access-date=2022-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/generasi/54f99c92a33311d7588b4a32/tablig-akbar-yazid-jawas-di-samarinda-dihadang-gerakan-nasional-anti-kekerasan-intoleransigenerasi|title=Tablig Akbar Yazid Jawas di Samarinda Dihadang Gerakan Nasional Anti Kekerasan & Intoleransi-Generasi-|last=Kompasiana.com|date=2014-06-27|website=KOMPASIANA|language=id|access-date=2022-09-23}}</ref> Mungkin itu dek Yazid malawan sikap ''taklid'' nan inyo anggap alah banyak marusak umat Islam Indonesia. Namun, sakumpulan Muslim juo mamuji Yazid jo manyabuik inyo sabagai urang nan pandai jo pandai.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alifah|first=Nurul Faizatul|date=2019|title=Penafsiran Kelompok Salafi terhadap Ayat-Ayat Tauhid (Studi Tokoh Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas Syarh ‘Aqidah Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama’ah)|url=http://repository.iainkudus.ac.id/4605/|language=en|publisher=IAIN Kudus|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2023-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603075531/http://repository.iainkudus.ac.id/4605/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Salah satu bukunyo, ''Mulia dengan manhaj Salaf'' (Mulia jo Manhaj Salaf), sempat mambuek kontroversi di Indonesia. Pangadeg Front Pembela Islam dan panarimo Islamis Indonesia, Rizieq Shihab manyatokan buku iko. Rizieq Shihab juo manyatokan baso Indonesia, Malaysia, jo Brunei, sabagai nagara nan mayoritas panduduaknyo marekah Asy'ari juo harus mampunyoi undang-undang nan mamaratahan panyebaran paham Wahhabisme.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.islamtimes.org/vdcbsgbfwrhbfgp.qnur.html|title=Habib Rizieq Syihab Larang Wahabi di Indonesia|date=12 December 2013|language=id|work=Islam Times|access-date=10 September 2014|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215050621/http://www.islamtimes.org/vdcbsgbfwrhbfgp.qnur.html}}</ref> == Karya == * {{Cite book|last=Jawas|first=Yazid bin Abdul Qadir|date=2005|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/957349905|title=Prinsip dasar Islam: menurut al-Qur-an dan as-sunnah yang shahih|trans-title=The basic principles of Islam: according to the authentic Al-Qur'an and As-Sunna|language=id|publisher=Pustaka al-Taqwa|isbn=979-96628-4-2|oclc=957349905}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|date=2008|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/949718641|title=Mulia dengan Manhaj Salaf|trans-title=exalted with Manhaj Salaf|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-16611-3-3|oclc=949718641}} * {{Cite book|last=Jawas|first=Yazid bin Abdul Qadir|language=id|title=Dzikir pagi dan petang dan sesudah shalat fardhu menurut Al-Qur'an dan As-Sunnah yang shahih|trans-title=Morning and evening dhikr and after obligatory prayers according to the authentic Qur'an and As-Sunna|url=https://ibnumajjah.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/dzikir-petang-slide.pdf|date=2005|location=Bogor|publisher=Pustaka Imam asy-Syafi'i|isbn=979-3536-32-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Jawas|first=Yazid Abdul Qadir|date=2012|language=id|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/949744119|title=Syarah Aqidah Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jama'a|publisher=Pustaka Imam As-Syafi'i|isbn=978-979-3536-64-4|oclc=949744119}} * {{Cite book|last=Jawas|first=Yazid bin Abdul Qadir|title=Jihad: Dalam Syariat Islam dan Penerapannya di Masa Kini|trans-title=Jihad: In Islamic Sharia and Its Application in the Present|date=2015|isbn=978-602-9183-93-1|publisher=Pustaka Asy-Syafi'i|language=id}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|date=2018|url=https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=22435|title=Syarah kitab tauhid : memahami dan merealisasikan tauhid dalam kehidupan|trans-title=explanation of the book of monotheism: understanding and realizing monotheism in life|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=9786029183993|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711144812/https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=22435|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=22452|title=penjelasan arba'in an-nawawi : Memuat 42 hadits nabi Muhammad SAW tentang fondasi ajaran Islam dan faedah-faedahnya|trans-title=Arba'in an-nawawi's explanation: Contains 42 hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH about the foundation of Islamic teachings and their benefits|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-602-8062-80-0|date=2018|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712045120/https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=22452|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=24272|title=Birrul walidain : berbakti kepada kedua orang tua|trans-title=Birrul walidain: devoted to both parents|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=9786029183856|date=2018|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074704/https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=24272|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS6.INLIS000000000005208?widget=1#holdings|title=Kedudukan As-Sunnah dalam Syariat Islam|trans-title=The Position of As-Sunnah in Islamic Sharia|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=9789799662859|date=2005}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS6.INLIS000000000005789?widget=1|title=Tauhid Jalan Menuju Keadilan dan Kemakmuran|trans-title=Monotheism is the Path to Justice and Prosperity|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=9789792658637|date=2008}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS13001.slims-20880?widget=1#holdings|title=Hukum,Lagu, Musik dan Nasyd|trans-title=Law, Songs, Music and Nasheed|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789792658316|date=2015}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS13473.INLIS000000000010321?widget=1|title=Zadul Ma'ad|trans-title=[[Zad al-Ma'ad]]|language=id|isbn=9789792658316|date=2016}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS6.INLIS000000000005199?widget=1|title=Taubat & Do`a Pelebur Dosa|trans-title=Repentance and Prayer for Sin Removal|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|date=2005}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS13916.BHATT-00000000063927?widget=1|title=Syarah rukun Islam|trans-title=Explanation of the pillars of Islam|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=9789792658484|date=2008}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS1.INLIS000000000267936?widget=1|title=[Jihad] : kedudukan jihad dalam syariat Islam|trans-title=[Jihad]: the position of jihad in Islamic law|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Al-Ilmu|date=2007}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS13438.INLIS000000000027917?widget=1|title=Sebaik-baik amal adalah Sholat|trans-title=The best deed is prayer|language=id|publisher=penerbit at-Taqwa|isbn=9789799662880|date=2007}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=http://senayan.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=6525|title=Takwa : Jalan Menuju Sukses Abadi (Surga disediakan bagi Orang Bertakwa)|trans-title=Taqwa: The Path to Eternal Success (Heaven is prepared for the Pious)|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=97897916611164|date=2009}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS13503.INLIS000000000005271?widget=1#holdings|title=Ritual Sunnah Setahun.Panduan Amalan Pribadi Muslim 24 Jam|trans-title=Sunnah Rituals for a Year. 24 Hour Muslim Personal Practice Guide|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|date=2012}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS14730.INLIS000000000009532?widget=1|title=Tauba kewajiba seumur hidup|trans-title=Repentance is a lifelong obligation|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Khazanah Fawa'id|date=2012}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://catalog.umj.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=49436|title=Amar Ma'ruf Nahi Munkar ; Menurut Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jama'ah|trans-title=[[Amar makruf nahi munkar]]; According to Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jama'ah|language=id|publisher=Depok Fathan Prima Media|isbn=978-979-16611-8-8|date=2017|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074649/https://catalog.umj.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=49436|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=326|title=Ar Rasail Jilid 1 : Kumpulan Risalah, Aqidah, Fiqih, dan Hukum|trans-title=Ar Rasail Volume 1: Collection of Treatises, Aqidah, Fiqh, and Law|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5872-9|date=2013|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711080215/https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=326|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=327|title=Ar Rasail Jilid 2 : Kumpulan Risalah, Aqidah, Fiqih, dan Hukum|trans-title=Ar Rasail Volume 2: Collection of Treatises, Aqidah, Fiqh, and Law|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5864-4|date=2013|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711080212/https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=327|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=328|title=Ar Rasail Jilid 3 : Kumpulan Risalah, Aqidah, Fiqih, dan Hukum|trans-title=Ar Rasail Volume 3: Collection of Treatises, Aqidah, Fiqh, and Law|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5865-1|date=2016|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711080207/https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=328|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=329|title=Ar Rasail Jilid 4 : Kumpulan Risalah, Aqidah, Fiqih, dan Hukum|trans-title=Ar Rasail Volume 4: Collection of Treatises, Aqidah, Fiqh, and Law|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5871-2|date=2016|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711080217/https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=329|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=1124|title=Konsekuensi Cinta Kepada Nabi Muhammad|trans-title=Consequences of Love for the Prophet Muhammad|language=id|publisher=PustakaAttaqwa|isbn=978-979-1661-24-9|date=2016|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711080158/https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=1124|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan-dpk.sulselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=41459|title=Sifat wudhu dan shalat Nabi|trans-title=The nature of ablution and prayer of the Prophet|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Imam Asy-Syafi|isbn=978-602-9183-76-4|date=2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://katalogarpusdakotategal.perpusnas.go.id/detail-opac?id=36050&tipe=koleksi|title=Hikmah dibalik musibah dan ruqyah syar'iyyah : do'a-do'a dan pengobatan terhadap sihir, guna-guna dan penyakit-penyakit lainnya|trans-title=The wisdom behind disasters and ruqyah syar'iyyah: prayers and treatment for magic, witchcraft and other diseases|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Imam Asy-Syafi|isbn=978-602-8062-22-0|date=2009}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Hmt-cpCRkBAC&hl=id&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Do'a & Wirid Mengobati Guna-Guna dan Sihir Menurut al-Quran dan as-Sunnah|trans-title=Prayer and Wirid: Treating Witchcraft and Magic According to the Qur'an and as-Sunnah|language=id|publisher=Niaga Swadaya|isbn=9789793536187|date=2018}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/13089004-pokok-pokok-aqidah-ahlus-sunnah-wal-jamaah|title=Pokok-pokok Aqidah Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah|trans-title=Pokok-pokok Aqidah Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|date=2001|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/44010214-waktumu-dihabiskan-untuk-apa|title=Waktumu, Dihabiskan Untuk Apa?|trans-title=What is your time spent on?|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789791661317|date=2014|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/36414587-wasiat-nabi-kepada-ibnu-abbas|title=Wasiat Nabi ﷺ kepada Ibnu Abbas رضي الله عنها|trans-title=The Prophet ﷺ's will to Ibn Abbas may Allah bless him|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789792658279|date=2014|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/59950608-istiqamah-konsekuensi-konsisten-menetapi-jalan-ketaatan|title=Istiqamah, Konsekuensi & Konsisten Menetapi Jalan Ketaatan|trans-title=Istiqamah, Consequences & Consistently Following the Path of Obedience|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789791661324|date=2014|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/140360047-menuntut-ilmu-jalan-menuju-surga|title=Menuntut Ilmu Jalan Menuju Surga|trans-title=Seeking Knowledge of the Way to Heaven|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789799662873|date=2008|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/10862744-panduan-shalat-jum-at|title=Panduan Shalat Jum'at|trans-title=Friday Prayer Guide|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789791661102|date=2007|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=http://senayan.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=7070|title=Syarah Rukun Islam 2; Shalat|trans-title=Explanation of Pillars of Islam 2; Prayer|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|date=2010|format=paperback}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://balaiyanpus.jogjaprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=296416|title=JANGAN DEKATI ZINA|trans-title=DO NOT APPROACH ADULTERY|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-16612-5-6|date=2016|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711200410/https://balaiyanpus.jogjaprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=296416|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://elibrary.uika-bogor.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=12303|title=Tauhid : Jalan Kebahagiaan, Keselamatan & Keberkahan Dunia-Akhirat|trans-title=Monotheism: The Path to Happiness, Safety & Blessings in the World and the Hereafter|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5835-4|date=2011|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074651/https://elibrary.uika-bogor.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=12303|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://balaiyanpus.jogjaprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=297018|title=7 Wasiat Nabi Kepada Abu Dzarr|trans-title=7 Testaments of the Prophet to Abu Dharr|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-16611-2-6|date=2016|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711093212/https://balaiyanpus.jogjaprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=297018|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://inlislite.dispustaka.sumselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=38576|title=Adab & akhlak Penuntut Ilmu|trans-title=Manners & morals for students of knowledge|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-16612-2-5|date=2016|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074650/https://inlislite.dispustaka.sumselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=38576|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://katalogdisarpuspematangsiantar.perpusnas.go.id/detail-opac?id=22687&tipe=koleksi|title=Pengertian Syahadat Menurut Aqidah Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah|trans-title=Understanding the Creed according to the aqidah of Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Khazanah Fawa'id|isbn=978-602-61392-4-5|date=2018}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://katalogdisarpuspematangsiantar.perpusnas.go.id/detail-opac?id=22810&tipe=koleksi|title=Hadiah istimewa menuju keluarga sakinah|trans-title=A special gift to a Sakina family|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Khazanah Fawa'id|isbn=978-602-5806-00-1|date=2018}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan-dpk.sulselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=43498|title=Jihad Dalam Syariat Islam dan Perkembangannya di Masa Kini|trans-title=Jihad in Islamic Sharia and its Development in the Present|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Imam Syafi'i|isbn=978-602-9183-93-1|date=2015}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan-dpk.sulselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=43498|title=Doa dan hiburan : Bagi orang sakit dan terkena musibah|trans-title=Prayer and consolation: For people who are sick and affected by disaster|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Imam Syafi'i|isbn=979-3536-34-9|date=2005}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan-dpk.sulselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=43498|title=Dunia Ini Adalah Tempat Cobaan dan Ujian|trans-title=Prayer and consolation: For people who are sick and affected by disaster|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Imam Syafi'i|isbn=979-3536-34-9|date=2005}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://opac.ubpkarawang.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=148&keywords=|title=Dunia Lebih Jelek Daripada Bangkai Kambing|trans-title=The World Is Uglier Than A Goat's Carcass|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-1661-34-8|date=2018}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.stain-madina.ac.id/library/index.php?p=show_detail&id=529&keywords=|title=Sifat Wudhu' Nabi Shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam: Definisi, Kedudukan, Keutamaan, Tata cara, Syarat, Adab, serta Pembatal Wudhu', dll|trans-title=The nature of the ablution of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam: definition, position, priority, procedures, conditions, etiquette, and canceling ablution, etc.|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5858-3|date=2008|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074649/https://perpustakaan.stain-madina.ac.id/library/index.php?p=show_detail&id=529&keywords=|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.stain-madina.ac.id/library/index.php?p=show_detail&id=529&keywords=|title=Hukum Meminta-Minta Dan Mengemis Dalam Syariat Islam|trans-title=The Law of Begging and Begging according Islamic Sharia|language=id|publisher=p. attaqwa|isbn=978-979-16612-0-1|date=2009|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074649/https://perpustakaan.stain-madina.ac.id/library/index.php?p=show_detail&id=529&keywords=|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan-jic.id/opac/index.php?p=show_detail&id=27604&keywords=|title=Haramnya Darah Seorang Muslim|trans-title=the sacredness of the blood of a Muslim|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|date=2015|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074649/https://perpustakaan-jic.id/opac/index.php?p=show_detail&id=27604&keywords=|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=http://psbsekolah.kemdikbud.go.id/kamaya/index.php?p=show_detail&id=52512|title=Taubat : kewajiban seumur hidup|trans-title=Repentance: a lifelong obligation|language=id|publisher=978-602-61392-7-6|date=2018|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074652/http://psbsekolah.kemdikbud.go.id/kamaya/index.php?p=show_detail&id=52512|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://core.ac.uk/display/298097600|title=Pengawasan Dengan Pendekatan Agama (Modul 1 - Modul 5)|trans-title=Supervision with a Religious Approach (Module 1 - Module 5)|language=id|publisher=[[Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia]]|isbn=978-602-61392-7-6|date=2003}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Manhaj_Ahlus_Sunnah_wal_Jama_ah_dalam_ta.html?id=|title=Manhaj Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama'ah dalam tazkiyatun nufus|trans-title=Manhaj Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama'ah in tazkiyatun nufus|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789791661232|date=2010}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.elibrary.albayan.or.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=5327&keywords=|title=Sedekah sebagai bukti keimanan dan penghapus dosa|trans-title=Alms as sign of faith and forgiveness of sins|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-16612-1-8|date=2009|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074651/https://www.elibrary.albayan.or.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=5327&keywords=|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.elibrary.albayan.or.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=7580&keywords=|title=Taqwa : jalan menuju sukses abadi|trans-title=Taqwa: the path to eternal success|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789791661164|date=2010|access-date=2024-07-12|archive-date=2024-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074650/https://www.elibrary.albayan.or.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=7580&keywords=|dead-url=yes}} == Liek juo == * [[Badrusalam|Badrusalam.]] * Erwandi Tarmizi * [[Armen Halim Naro]] * Firanda Andirja * Salam Khalid * Syafiq Riza Salamah == Panunjuak == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Reflist}} == Pananal lua == * (Arab) [http://islamhouse.com/ar/author/8466 Profil Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas], IslamHouse. Com [[Kategori:Ulama Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Islam Indonesia]] 9pqxfhorkq0akv8hn8o766mkht45oxj Victoria (nagara bagian) 0 477662 3351899 3345872 2026-08-14T15:01:03Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3351899 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Victoria in Australia.svg|thumb]] '''Victoria''' (umumnyo disingkek '''Vic''')<ref>{{cite web|title=State and territory abbreviations|url=https://contentmanual.com.au/subject-areas/geography/australian-place-names#state-and-territory-abbreviations|access-date=27 June 2025|website=Biotext content manual|archive-date=22 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822152145/https://contentmanual.com.au/subject-areas/geography/australian-place-names#state-and-territory-abbreviations|dead-url=yes}}</ref> adolah salah ciek [[Nagara bagian jo wilayah di Australia|nagara bagian]] di [[Australia]] tenggara. Victoria marupokan nagara bagian taketek kaduo, sasudah [[Tasmania]], jo laweh daratan 227.444 kilometer pasagi; nagara bagian tapadek kaduo, sasudah [[New South Wales]], jo panduduak labiah dari 7 juta jiwa;<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=National, state and territory population, June 2025 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/jun-2025#rebasing-of-australia-s-population-estimates-using-the-2021-census |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> sarato nagara bagian jo kapadekan panduduak tatinggi di Australia jo 31,1 per km pasagi. Parakonomian Victoria marupokan nan tagadang kaduo di antaro nagara-nagara bagian Australia jo sangaik baragam, jo sektor jaso mandominasi.<ref name="gspref">{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/economy/national-accounts/australian-national-accounts-state-accounts/latest-release |title=5220.0 – Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2019–20 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=20 November 2020 |access-date=20 January 2021 |archive-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617110448/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/E6765105B38FFFC6CA2568A9001393ED?opendocument |url-status=live }}</ref> Dinamoi untuak mahormati [[Victoria dari Baritania Rayo|Ratu Victoria]], nagara nagian Victoria dipisahan dari New South Wales jo didirian sabagai [[Koloni karajaan|koloni Mahkota]] nan tapisah pado 1851, sarato mandapekan kuaso mamarintah surang pado 1855.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/publications/fact-sheets/2333-fact-sheet-i1-victorias-parliamentary-history|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309135053/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/publications/fact-sheets/2333-fact-sheet-i1-victorias-parliamentary-history|url-status=dead|title=Parliament of Victoria – 54th Parliament Votes|archivedate=9 March 2013|website=parliament.vic.gov.au}}</ref> [[Damam ameh Victoria]] pado 1850-an dan 1860-an sacaro signifikan maningkekan jumlah panduduak jo kakayaan Victoria. Katiko [[Australia|Federasi Australia]] tabantuak pado 1901, [[Melbourne]] manjadi ibu kota federal hinggo [[Canberra]] manjadi ibu kota nasional pado tahun 1927. Ibu kota nagara bagian, Melbourne, marupokan kota tagadang kaduo di Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2024 |title=Regional population |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010145251/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Nagara bagian jo wilayah di Australia]] r92pqer1se8aclaci42650sb7ehshwg