Википедиа mnwiki https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81 MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.23 first-letter Медиа Тусгай Хэлэлцүүлэг Хэрэглэгч Хэрэглэгчийн яриа Википедиа Википедиагийн хэлэлцүүлэг Файл Файлын хэлэлцүүлэг МедиаВики МедиаВикигийн хэлэлцүүлэг Загвар Загварын хэлэлцүүлэг Тусламж Тусламжийн хэлэлцүүлэг Ангилал Ангиллын хэлэлцүүлэг TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Баян-Өлгий аймаг 0 1278 853344 845883 2026-04-14T04:51:11Z ~2026-22953-41 103934 updated the population statistic 853344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Монголын хамгийн баруун аймаг}} {{Инфобокс суурин | name = Баян-Өлгий аймаг | native_name = {{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠠᠨ}}{{MongolUnicode|ᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠢ}}{{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ}} | native_name_lang = mn | settlement_type = [[Монгол Улсын аймгууд|Аймаг]] | image_skyline = aimag.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = [[Өлгий|Өлгий хот]] | image_flag = Mn flag bayan olgiy aymag.svg | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Mn coa bayan olgiy aymag.svg | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Bayan-Ölgii in Mongolia.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|48|18|N|89|30|E|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Улс | subdivision_name = {{flag|Монгол}} | established_title = Байгуулагдсан | established_date = 1939 | founder = | seat_type = Нийслэл | seat = [[Өлгий]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = Засаг дарга | leader_name = Есентайн Зангар <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bayan-olgii.gov.mn/governor/ |title=Аймгийн Засаг даргын тухай – Баян-Өлгий аймаг |access-date=2025-09-26 |archive-date=2023-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524093448/https://bayan-olgii.gov.mn/governor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 45704.89 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 1710 | population_footnotes = | population_total = {{increase}} 118,275 | population_as_of = 2024 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | demographics_type2 = ДНБ | demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, by region, aimags and the Capital|url=https://www.1212.mn/en/statistic/statcate/573052/table-view/DT_NSO_0500_007V1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408140558/https://www.1212.mn/en/statistic/statcate/573052/table-view/DT_NSO_0500_007V1|archive-date=2024-04-08|access-date=2023-12-06|publisher=Mongolian Statistical Information Service|website=www.1212.mn|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = Нийт | demographics2_info1 = [[Төгрөг|MNT]] 734 тэрбум <br />[[Америк доллар|US$]] 0.2 тэрбум (2023) | demographics2_title2 = Нэг хүнд ноогдох | demographics2_info2 = MNT 6,710,756 <br />US$ 1,967 (2023) | timezone1 = UTC+7 | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = +976 (0)142 | registration_plate = БӨ_ | iso_code = MN-071 | website = {{URL|www.bayan-olgii.gov.mn}} | footnotes = }} '''Баян-Өлгий''' ({{mongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠢ}}) нь, [[Монгол Улс|Монгол Улсын]] [[Монгол Улсын аймгууд|аймгийн нэг]] юм. Аймгийн төв нь [[Өлгий]] хот бөгөөд Улаанбаатар хотоос 1636 километр зайтай оршдог. Нутаг дэвсгэрийн хэмжээ нь 45.8 мянган хавтгай дөрвөлжин километр. Хүн амын тоо 118,275. Малын тоо толгой 2021 оны дүнгээр 2,379,000. Тус аймаг нь 1940 онд байгуулагдсан. Хүн амын ихэнх нь [[казах үндэстэн]] бөгөөд Монгол овгийн урианхай, тува ястнууд амьдардаг. Өндөрлөг газар оршдог учраас уур амьсгал ерөнхийдөө сэрүүн байдаг. Даян, Хотон, Хорго гэх мэт цэнгэг уст 80 гаруй нууртай. Ховд, Цагаан, Согоот, Ёлт гэх мэт 100 гаруй гол горхи, 200 гаруй булаг шандтай. [[Ховд гол]] нь 506 километр үргэлжилдэг. Толбо, Ачит нуур нь загас агнуурын их нөөцтэй. == Түүх == Баян-Өлгий аймаг нь 1940 оны 8-р сард БНМАУ-ын Бага Хурлын шийдвэрээр байгуулагдсан. Өлгийг 1940 оны 9-р сарын 17-нд аймгийн анхдугаар хурлаас аймгийн төв болгон сонгон баталгаажуулжээ. Баян-Өлгий аймгийг анх байгуулахдаа [[Увс аймаг|Увс аймг]]аас Аймгийн төв болох [[Өлгий|Өлгий сум]]ыг мөн [[Цагааннуур сум|Цагааннуур]],[[Ногооннуур сум|Ногооннуур]],[[Бугат сум (Баян-Өлгий)|Бугат]] харин үлдсэн сумдын нутгийг [[Ховд аймаг|Ховд аймг]]аас таслан байгуулжээ. Баян-Өлгий аймгийн яамнаас эхлээд тус аймгийн анх байгуулагдсан албан байгууллагууд цөөн байшин, 30-аад эсгий гэрт байрлаж байснаа хэдхэн сарын дараа тус тусын байр байшинтай болж, гар үйлдвэрлэлийн артель, хүнсний үйлдвэр, аж ахуйн газруудаа үүсгэн байгуулж Өлгийд оршин суугчдын эгнээ 1940 оны 11 сар гэхэд 100 өрх, 400 хүн амтай болжээ. Өртөө аралд эртнээс улаачдын буудал байсан Хойлог /Цагааннуур/ын ширэгт 1931 онд Орос улстай худалдаа хийх дамжлага баазын суурь тавигдсанаар Ховд-Цагааннуурын авто өртөөний буудал ч Өлгий орчим байрласан зэрэг гол дөт салаа замын зангилаа, тус аймгийн хошуу, сумдын дунд цэгт оршдог, ой мод, өвс ургамлаар элбэг хожим ирээдүйд томоохон хот байгуулахад газрын гадаргуу, хөрс шороо нь хүртэл зохимжтой байжээ. 1950-иад оны дунд үеэс Өлгийд оршин суугчдын эгнээ 7000 давж хотыг тохижуулах ажил урьд өмнөхөөс илүү эрчтэй өрнөж, цэнгэлдэх хүрээлэн, ХД театр, хүүхэд залуучуудын ордон, орон нутгийг судлах музей, барааны зах зэрэг томоохон байгууламжийг Өлгийн иргэд Бямба, Ням гаригт оройн цагаар шан харамж, цалин хөлс нэхэлгүй бүтээж байгуулсан. Аймгийн төвийн нийгэм эдийн засаг, соёл боловсролын өргөн цар хүрээ, хөгжил бадралыг үндэслэн 1956 оны 8-р сарын 1-нд БНМАУ-ын Ардын Их Хурлын Тэргүүлэгчдийн 4 тоот зарлигаар Өлгий хотын хороог байгуулжээ. Төрийн эрх барих дээд байгууллагын шийдвэрээр 1961 онд дээрх хорооны байгууламж Өлгий хот болон өөрчлөгдөж тус хотын захиргаа 13 хэсгээс, 1964 оноос 4 хорооноос бүрдэх болж, 1990-ээд оны эхнээс сум, багийн системд шилжсэн юм. == Газар зүй == Баруун талаараа [[Алтайн нуруу]]ны хяр дагаж [[Хятад|БНХАУ]]-ын [[Шинжаан|Шинжаан-Уйгарын Өөртөө засах орон]]той 450 км, хойт талаараа [[Сийлхэмийн нуруу]] дагаж [[Оросын Холбооны Улс|ОХУ]]-ын [[Бүгд Найрамдах Алтай Улс]]тай 225 км, зүүн талаараа [[Увс]] аймагтай 165 км, зүүн ба урьд талаараа [[Ховд]] аймагтай 450 км нутгаар хиллэдэг. Далайн түвшнээс дээш 1301-4374 метрт оршино, нутаг дэвсгэрийн 95,3% нь 1600 метрээс дээш өндөрт байна. Аймгийн хамгийн өндөр цэг нь Монгол улсын хамгийн өндөр цэг болох [[Алтай Таван Богд]] уулын [[Хүйтэн оргил]] (4374 м) ба хамгийн нам цэг нь [[Баяннуур сум]]ын төв (1301 м) юм. Аймгийн нутаг дэвсгэр [[кайнозейн эрин]]ий дөрөвдөгч галавын үеийн [[гол]], [[мөрөн]], [[нуур]], [[ус]]ны ажиллагаагаар тогтсон [[элс]], [[шавар]], [[хайрга]] голлосон тунамалтай, [[уул]]ын [[хүрэн хөрс|хүрэн]] ба [[цайвар хүрэн хөрс]] зонхилсон гол, мөрний саваар нугат намгийн заримдаг давсархаг хөрс, өндөр уулын бүсэд хад асга бүхий уулын тундрын ба уулын нугын хөрстэй, элэгдэл, өгөршлийн ажиллагаагаар тогтсон хонхор, гүдгэр, уул нуруудаас тогтдог. [[Геологи-тектоник]]ийн мужлалын хувьд Монгол Алтайн атираат мужийн баруун ба баруун хойд хэсэгт оршдог юм. Даян, Хотон, Хоргын цэнгэг устай том, жижиг 80-аад нуур, 100 гаруй гол, горхи, 200 гаруй булаг, шандтай. [[Толбо нуур|Толбо]], [[Ачит нуур]] нь загасны агнуурын нөөцтэй. [[Ховд гол|Ховд]], [[Цагаан гол|Цагаан]], [[Согоог гол|Согоог]], [[Ёлт гол|Ёлт]], [[Сагсай гол|Сагсай]], [[Булган гол|Булган]], [[Ганц мод гол|Ганц мод]], [[Бөхмөрөн гол|Бөхмөрөн]] зэрэг томоохон голтой, Ховд гол 506 км урт урсдаг. [[Файл:Landscape in Bayan-Ölgii Aimag.jpg|thumb|250px|<!-- [[Landscape]] in Bayan-Ölgii Province. -->]] == Уур амьсгал == Аймгийн нутаг дэвсгэр нь байрлалаар дэлхийн бөмбөрцгийн хойд хагасын дундад өргөрөгт багтдаг учир эх газрын [[эрс тэс уур амьсгал|эрс тэс уур амьсгалтай]]. Далайн түвшнээс их өндөрт оршдогоос сэрүүн уур амьсгалтай, хүрээлэн оршдог өндөр уулс гаднаас агаарын урсгалаар ирсэн чийгийг биедээ татдаг учир [[Алтайн нуруу|Алтайн нурууны]] өндөрлөг хэсэгт хур тунадасны жилийн дундаж хэмжээ 400-500 мм-д хүрдэг байна. Өөрөөр хэлбэл [[говь]], цөлийн нөлөөнд ихээхэн автагдсан, өндөр уулын өвөрмөц уур амьсгал, эмзэг экосистемтэй. Салхины жилийн дундаж хурд 4-9 м/секунд хүрдэг. ==Хүн Ам == Баян-Өлгий аймгийн хүн ам нь 2021 оны байдлаар 112,836 бөгөөд нягтрал нь квадрат километр тутамд 2.5 хүн байна. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Баян-Өлгий аймгийн хүн амын тоо<ref name=":0" /> !Он !Бүгд !Өсөлт/Бууралтын хувь |- |'''1944''' |38,765 | |- |'''1956''' |38,765 |7.7 |- |'''1963''' |47,838 |23.4 |- |'''1969''' |58,131 |21.5 |- |'''1979''' |71,372 |22.8 |- |'''1989''' |90,911 |27.4 |- |'''2000''' |91,579 |0.73 |- |'''2010''' |88,183 | -3.7 |- |'''2011''' |88,772 |0.7 |- |'''2012''' |90,511 |2 |- |'''2013''' |92,454 |2.1 |- |'''2014''' |95,151 |2.9 |- |'''2015''' |100,189 |5.3 |- |'''2016''' |100,172 |0 |- |'''2017''' |102,604 |2.4 |- |'''2018''' |105,090 |2.4 |- |'''2019''' |108,530 |3.3 |- |'''2020''' |110,597 |1.9 |- |'''2021''' |112,836 |2 |- |'''2023''' |116,615 |1.6 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Баян-Өлгий аймгийн ястан угсаатнууд<ref name=":0">2020 оны тооллого</ref> |- ! {{highlight1}} | Ястан угсаатан ! {{highlight1}} | Эзлэх хувь |- | Казах || 91% |- | Урианхай || 5.6% |- | Халх || 0.9% |- | Дөрвөд || 0.9% |- | Тува || 0.8% |} ==Сумд== * [[Алтай сум (Баян-Өлгий)|Алтай сум]] * [[Алтанцөгц сум]] * [[Баяннуур сум (Баян-Өлгий)|Баяннуур сум]] * [[Бугат сум (Баян-Өлгий)|Бугат сум]] * [[Булган сум (Баян-Өлгий)|Булган сум]] * [[Буянт сум (Баян-Өлгий)|Буянт сум]] * [[Дэлүүн сум]] * [[Ногооннуур сум]] * [[Цагааннуур (тосгон)|Цагааннуур тосгон]] * [[Сагсай сум]] * [[Толбо сум]] * [[Улаанхус сум]] * [[Цэнгэл сум]] * [[Өлгий|Өлгий хот]] == Ургамал, амьтан == [[Агь]], [[таана]], [[хөмүүл]], [[шаваг]], [[шарилж]] , [[ерхөг]], [[хиаг]], [[хазаар өвс]], [[харгана]], [[хялгана]], [[бударган]]а зэрэг хээр, цөлөрхөг хээрийн өвс ургамал зонхилж, чийг илүүтэй уулын сүүдэр хажууд [[үхрийн нүд]], [[хад (жимсгэнэ)|хад]], [[гүзээлзгэнэ]], [[тошлой]] зэрэг зэрлэг жимсгэнэ ургадаг. Ой нь уулсын зөвхөн сүүдэр хажууг бүрхэн, өвөр хажуугаар хээрийн ургамал тархсан, уулархаг нутгаар [[вансэмбэрүү]], [[бадамлянхуа]], [[алтан гагнуур]], [[чихэр өвс]], [[бамбай]], [[башиг]], [[чийгийн давирхай]], [[таван салаа]], [[нохойн хошуу]] зэрэг [[эмийн ургамал]] ургадаг боловч үйлдвэрлэлийн аргаар өргөн ашиглаагүй байна. 300 гаруй [[сээр нуруутан]] байгаагийн дотор 11 зүйлийн [[хэвлээр явагч]], 8 зүйл [[загас]] бүртгэгдсэн байна. Дэлхийд ховордсон [[аргаль]], [[янгир]], [[ирвэс]], [[шилүүс]] зэрэг амьтдаас гадна [[чоно]], [[үнэг]], [[суусар]], [[тарвага]] ,[[туулай]], [[үен]] зэрэг ан амьтад, [[харцага]], [[ёл]], [[бүргэд]], [[сар (шувуу)|сар]], [[тоншуул]], [[хун]], [[хотон]], [[хойлог]], [[алтан гургалдай]], [[галуу]], [[нугас]] зэрэг жигүүртэн шувуудтай. == Эдийн засaг == Эдийн засгийн гол салбар нь [[мал аж ахуй]] бөгөөд 1,4 сая [[мал|малтай]], [[тариалан]] сул хөгжсөн байна. [[Аж үйлдвэр|Аж үйлдвэрийн]] хөгжил дорой боловч [[уул уурхай]], [[хөдөө аж ахуй|хөдөө аж ахуйн]] гаралтай түүхий эдийг боловсруулах салбарт тэргүүлэх ач холбогдол өгч хөгжүүлэх боломжтой, [[төмөр зам]], хатуу хучилттай [[авто зам|авто замгүй]], [[холбоо харилцаа|холбоо]], [[агаарын тээвэр|агаарын]] болон [[авто тээвэр|авто тээврийн үйлчилгээ]] харьцангуй илүү хөгжсөн. Хэтийн төлөв сайтай [[алт]]ны 6 үндсэн илрэл, 5 шороон хуримтлалын зангилаа хэсэг буюу талбайг тогтоосон нь ойрын жилүүдэд эрэл-үнэлгээ, хайгуул хийж, [[алт]] олборлолтын салбарыг хөгжүүлэн, үйлдвэрлэлийн хэмжээг нэмэгдүүлэх бололцоотой боловч байгалийн нөөц, баялгийн судалгааг бүрэн хийгээгүй байна. Төсвийн урсгал зардлын 30 гаруй хувийг өөрийн орлогоор, үлдсэн хэсгийг улсын татаасаар бүрдүүлдэг, төсөв санхүүгийн чадавх сул юм. Аймгийн [[байгаль орчин]] нь унаган төрхөөрөө үндсэндээ хадгалагдсан, ус, хөрс, агаар бохирдуулах уул уурхай, [[химийн үйлдвэр]] хөгжөөгүй, малын тоо бэлчээрийн даацнаас хэтэрч, бэлчээр талхлагдан, цөлжих нөхцөл бүрдсэн байна. Байгалийн хязгаарлагдмал нөөц, баялгийг үнэ төлбөргүй ашигладаг үрэлгэн хэв шинжээс бүтээгдэхүүний үйлдвэрлэл, үйлчилгээний үнэд байгалийн өртгийг тусгаж, байгалийн даацад зохицон амьдрах хөгжлийн шинэ хандлагад шилжих арга замыг сонгон хөгжих чиг хандлага нь аймгийн хөгжлийн гол стратеги болж байна. ==Алдартай хүмүүс== ====Жүжигчин, найруулагчид ==== *Рамишийн Асай, Ардын эмч, доктор, профессор Улаанхус сум (Баян-Өлгий) *Билэгтийн Цээхээ, Монгол Улсын Хөдөлмөрийн баатар Буянт сум (Баян-Өлгий) *[[Банзарын Дамчаа]], Монгол Улсын Ардын жүжигчин, [[Буянт сум (Баян-Өлгий)]] *Б.Хайжамал "Монгол Улсын Ардын жүжигчин", Булган сум ( Баян-Өлгий) *Б. Базилхаан Монгол улсын гавьяат, доктор, профессор *А. Монголхан - Монгол улсын Ардын жүжигчин, БНМАУ-ын урлагийн гавьяат зүтгэлтэн ( Толбо сум) == Засаг дарга<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bayan-olgii.gov.mn/zasag-darga-nar/ |title=Үе үеийн Засаг дарга нар – Баян-Өлгий аймаг |access-date=2025-09-26 |archive-date=2022-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926055625/https://bayan-olgii.gov.mn/zasag-darga-nar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == # Бажийн Хаби (1940-1942) # А.Бэгзжав (1942-1943) # Дүзелбайн Женисхан (1944-1950) # Мухамадийн Хурманхан (1951-1952) # Б.Шагдар (1952-1954) # Мухамадийн Хурманхан (1954-1955) # Шабийн Хабдыл (1956-1959) # Жуанганы Рым (1959-1970) # Асханбайн Сарай (1970-1978) # Кусбекийн Хызырхан (1978-1989) # Таягийн Даваажав (1989-1990) # [[Күнтуганы Мизамхан]] (1990-1996) # Кыдырийн Мейрам (1996-2000) # Хавдисламын Баделхан (2000-2004) # Омарын Хавсатар (2005-2007) # Сакейн Хавал (2007-2012) # Хузкейн Дармен (2012-2016) # Айыпийн Гылымхан (2016-2020) # Далелийн Бауыржан (2020-2024) # Есентайн Зангар (2024-) ==Цахим холбоос== {{Commons|Category:Bayan-Ölgii Aimag|Баян-Өлгий аймгийн зураг}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141205163635/http://www.bayan-olgii.gov.mn/ Баян-Өлгий аймгийн албан ёсны цахим хуудас] == Эшлэл == {{лавлах холбоос}} {{Хөтлөгч мөр Монголын аймаг}} {{Хөтлөгч мөр Баян-Өлгийн сумууд}} [[Ангилал:Баян-Өлгий аймаг| ]] [[Ангилал:Монголын аймаг]] fp622ixw7sc2yd1if72ze1vjnhxgsfi Батцэнгэл сум 0 4273 853336 850998 2026-04-14T01:36:31Z ~2026-22976-62 103927 853336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{SHORTDESC|Монгол Улсын Архангай аймгийн сум}} {{Unreferenced}} {{Инфобокс суурин | name = Батцэнгэл сум | native_name = {{lower|0.2em|{{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠴᠡᠩᠭᠡᠯ}}{{MongolUnicode|ᠰᠤᠮᠤ}}}} | native_name_lang = mn | settlement_type = [[Монгол Улсын сумд|Сум]] | nickname = | motto = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = Архангайн Батцэнгэл.PNG | mapsize = | map_caption = Архангай аймаг дахь Батцэнгэл сум | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = 150px | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | subdivision_type = Улс | subdivision_name = {{flag|Монгол}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Монгол Улсын аймгууд|Аймаг]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Mn flag arkhangai aimag 2014.svg}} [[Архангай аймаг|Архангай]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | seat_type = Сумын төв | seat = Жаргалант | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 3536.5 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | population_as_of = 2022 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = {{decrease}} 3,774 | population_density_km2 = 1.1 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_mi2 = | timezone = UTC + 8 | utc_offset = +8 | latd = | latm = | lats = | latNS = | longd = | longm = | longs = | longEW = | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = | website = http://battsengel.ar.gov.mn/ | footnotes = }} '''Батцэнгэл''' — [[Монгол Улс|Монгол]] улсын [[Архангай аймаг|Архангай аймгийн]] [[сум]]. == Түүх == === Хошуу үүссэн түүх === Манж чин улсын цэрэг Халхын ноёд дайчдын оролцоотойгоор Ойрадын Галдан Бошгот хааны цэргийг 1696 онд дарахад Түмэнхэн сайн ноёны угсааны Тоба тайжийн хөвгүүн Намжил тайж гавьяа байгуулсны учир Энх-Амгалан хаанаас түүнийг тэргүүн зэрэг тайжид өргөмжилж, Түшээт хан аймгийн Ачит гүн Ядамын нутгаас газар таслан шинээр хошуу байгуулж засаг ноёноор соёрхож шагнал үзүүлсэн ажээ. Хожим Түмэнхэн Сайн ноёны удмын ноён Манжийн нэрийн өмнөөс Ойрадын хүчтэй тулалдаж сайн зүтгэснийг үнэлэн түшээт хан аймгийн нутгаас 19 хошууг таслан бүтэн аймаг байгуулж, Халхын 4 дэх Сайн ноён хан аймаг байгуулж, 1725 онд үүсгэсэн түүхтэй. == Энд төрсөн алдартнууд == * [[Галсанхүүгийн Вандан]] (1888-1935) — Монгол [[Улсын аварга]] цолтой бөх * [[Гэлэгжамцын Өсөхбаяр]] (1973-) — Монгол Улсын [[Дархан аварга]] цолтой бөх * [[Самбуугийн Цэдэндамба]] (1948-)-Монгол Улсын [[Алдарт уяач]] * [[Мундэг Гочоо]] (1919)- Монгол Улсын сайн малчин * [[Гүржавын Лхагвасүрэн]](1958)- Философийн ухааны доктор профессор * [[Пүрэвсангаагийн Одонтуяа]](1966)- Анагаах ухааны доктор * [[Соронзонболдын Батболд]](1958)- Xүүxдийн элч уран бүтээлч, Xүүxдийн xөгжмийн зохиолч, [[Соёлын тэргүүний ажилтан]], Багш *[[Лхагважавын Батбаяр]] Монгол Улсын аварга малчин *Лхагвасүрэнгийн Айлтгүйбаатар Монгол улсын хошой аварга малчин *Төмөр-Очирын Идэрхангай (1983-) - Түүхийн ухааны доктор, дэд профессор *Шаравын Норовсамбуу (1958)-Монгол улсын 7 удаагийн гавьят тээвэрчин, Хөдөлмөрийн баатар. == Баримтын холбоос == {{reflist}}[https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 Жамсранжавын Санжаа (Ж.Санжаа) нь Монгол хэлний авиазүй, авиалбарзүйн чиглэлээр мэргэшсэн хэл шинжлэлийн ухааны доктор, профессор юм. Тэрээр орчин цагийн монгол хэлний авиазүйн суурь судалгааг хийж, “Орчин цагийн монгол хэлний авиан зүй” (1992), “Монгол хэлний авиазүй ба авиалбарзүй” (2008) зэрэг бүтээлүүд туурвисан нэрт эрдэмтэн, багш юм.] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 The National Library of Mongolia] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 The National Library of Mongolia] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 +2] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 Гол бүтээл, судалгаа:] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 "Орчин цагийн монгол хэлний авиазүй" (УБ., 1992/1993): Монгол хэлний авианы бүтэц, хувирлыг судалсан үндсэн сурах бичгүүдийн нэг.] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 "Монгол хэлний авиазүй ба авиалбарзүй" (Ж.Надмидын хамт, УБ., 2008): Авиа болон авиалбарын тогтолцоог харьцуулан судалсан бүтээл.] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 Монгол хэл аялгуунуудын авианы хувирлын түгээмэл зүй тогтлыг судалсан.] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 The National Library of Mongolia] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 The National Library of Mongolia] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 +2] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 Тэрээр хэл шинжлэлийн эрдэм шинжилгээний олон бүтээл туурвиж, дараа үеийн судлаачдыг бэлтгэхэд үнэтэй хувь нэмэр оруулсан эрдэмтэн юм.https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392]{{Хөтлөгч мөр Архангайн сумууд}} [[Ангилал:Батцэнгэл сум| ]] [[Ангилал:Архангай аймгийн сум]] [[Ангилал:Монголын сум]] fcf4fj4mk457245j701zkig5zs67wfd 853338 853336 2026-04-14T01:52:49Z ~2026-22976-62 103927 Жамсранжавын Санжаа (Ж.Санжаа) нь Монгол хэлний авиазүй, авиалбарзүйн чиглэлээр мэргэшсэн хэл шинжлэлийн ухааны доктор, профессор юм. Тэрээр орчин цагийн монгол хэлний авиазүйн суурь судалгааг хийж, “Орчин цагийн монгол хэлний авиан зүй” (1992), “Монгол хэлний авиазүй ба авиалбарзүй” (2008) зэрэг бүтээлүүд туурвисан нэрт эрдэмтэн, багш юм. 853338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{SHORTDESC|Монгол Улсын Архангай аймгийн сум}} {{Unreferenced}} {{Инфобокс суурин | name = Батцэнгэл сум | native_name = {{lower|0.2em|{{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠴᠡᠩᠭᠡᠯ}}{{MongolUnicode|ᠰᠤᠮᠤ}}}} | native_name_lang = mn | settlement_type = [[Монгол Улсын сумд|Сум]] | nickname = | motto = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = Архангайн Батцэнгэл.PNG | mapsize = | map_caption = Архангай аймаг дахь Батцэнгэл сум | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = 150px | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | subdivision_type = Улс | subdivision_name = {{flag|Монгол}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Монгол Улсын аймгууд|Аймаг]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Mn flag arkhangai aimag 2014.svg}} [[Архангай аймаг|Архангай]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | seat_type = Сумын төв | seat = Жаргалант | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 3536.5 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | population_as_of = 2022 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = {{decrease}} 3,774 | population_density_km2 = 1.1 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_mi2 = | timezone = UTC + 8 | utc_offset = +8 | latd = | latm = | lats = | latNS = | longd = | longm = | longs = | longEW = | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = | website = http://battsengel.ar.gov.mn/ | footnotes = }} '''Батцэнгэл''' — [[Монгол Улс|Монгол]] улсын [[Архангай аймаг|Архангай аймгийн]] [[сум]]. == Түүх == === Хошуу үүссэн түүх === Манж чин улсын цэрэг Халхын ноёд дайчдын оролцоотойгоор Ойрадын Галдан Бошгот хааны цэргийг 1696 онд дарахад Түмэнхэн сайн ноёны угсааны Тоба тайжийн хөвгүүн Намжил тайж гавьяа байгуулсны учир Энх-Амгалан хаанаас түүнийг тэргүүн зэрэг тайжид өргөмжилж, Түшээт хан аймгийн Ачит гүн Ядамын нутгаас газар таслан шинээр хошуу байгуулж засаг ноёноор соёрхож шагнал үзүүлсэн ажээ. Хожим Түмэнхэн Сайн ноёны удмын ноён Манжийн нэрийн өмнөөс Ойрадын хүчтэй тулалдаж сайн зүтгэснийг үнэлэн түшээт хан аймгийн нутгаас 19 хошууг таслан бүтэн аймаг байгуулж, Халхын 4 дэх Сайн ноён хан аймаг байгуулж, 1725 онд үүсгэсэн түүхтэй. == Энд төрсөн алдартнууд == * [[Галсанхүүгийн Вандан]] (1888-1935) — Монгол [[Улсын аварга]] цолтой бөх * [[Гэлэгжамцын Өсөхбаяр]] (1973-) — Монгол Улсын [[Дархан аварга]] цолтой бөх * Жамсранжавын Санжаа (1948) Ж.Санжаа нь Монгол хэлний авиазүй, авиалбарзүйн чиглэлээр мэргэшсэн хэл шинжлэлийн ухааны доктор, профессор юм. Тэрээр орчин цагийн монгол хэлний авиазүйн суурь судалгааг хийж, “Орчин цагийн монгол хэлний авиан зүй” (1992), “Монгол хэлний авиазүй ба авиалбарзүй” (2008) зэрэг бүтээлүүд туурвисан нэрт эрдэмтэн, багш юм. * [[Самбуугийн Цэдэндамба]] (1948-)-Монгол Улсын [[Алдарт уяач]] * [[Мундэг Гочоо]] (1919)- Монгол Улсын сайн малчин * [[Гүржавын Лхагвасүрэн]](1958)- Философийн ухааны доктор профессор * [[Пүрэвсангаагийн Одонтуяа]](1966)- Анагаах ухааны доктор * [[Соронзонболдын Батболд]](1958)- Xүүxдийн элч уран бүтээлч, Xүүxдийн xөгжмийн зохиолч, [[Соёлын тэргүүний ажилтан]], Багш *[[Лхагважавын Батбаяр]] Монгол Улсын аварга малчин *Лхагвасүрэнгийн Айлтгүйбаатар Монгол улсын хошой аварга малчин *Төмөр-Очирын Идэрхангай (1983-) - Түүхийн ухааны доктор, дэд профессор *Шаравын Норовсамбуу (1958)-Монгол улсын 7 удаагийн гавьят тээвэрчин, Хөдөлмөрийн баатар. == Баримтын холбоос == {{reflist}}[https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 Жамсранжавын Санжаа (Ж.Санжаа) нь Монгол хэлний авиазүй, авиалбарзүйн чиглэлээр мэргэшсэн хэл шинжлэлийн ухааны доктор, профессор юм. Тэрээр орчин цагийн монгол хэлний авиазүйн суурь судалгааг хийж, “Орчин цагийн монгол хэлний авиан зүй” (1992), “Монгол хэлний авиазүй ба авиалбарзүй” (2008) зэрэг бүтээлүүд туурвисан нэрт эрдэмтэн, багш юм.] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 The National Library of Mongolia] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 The National Library of Mongolia] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 +2] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 Гол бүтээл, судалгаа:] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 "Орчин цагийн монгол хэлний авиазүй" (УБ., 1992/1993): Монгол хэлний авианы бүтэц, хувирлыг судалсан үндсэн сурах бичгүүдийн нэг.] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 "Монгол хэлний авиазүй ба авиалбарзүй" (Ж.Надмидын хамт, УБ., 2008): Авиа болон авиалбарын тогтолцоог харьцуулан судалсан бүтээл.] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 Монгол хэл аялгуунуудын авианы хувирлын түгээмэл зүй тогтлыг судалсан.] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 The National Library of Mongolia] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 The National Library of Mongolia] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 +2] [https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 Тэрээр хэл шинжлэлийн эрдэм шинжилгээний олон бүтээл туурвиж, дараа үеийн судлаачдыг бэлтгэхэд үнэтэй хувь нэмэр оруулсан эрдэмтэн юм.https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392]{{Хөтлөгч мөр Архангайн сумууд}} [[Ангилал:Батцэнгэл сум| ]] [[Ангилал:Архангай аймгийн сум]] [[Ангилал:Монголын сум]] fqwacgzlha4o3swo4nj5bw1cql4rhm2 Санта Изабель арал 0 6367 853305 641736 2026-04-13T12:20:24Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 853305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Соломоны арлууд, Изабель мужийн арал}} {{Инфобокс арал |name =Санта Изабель |image_name =SantaIsabelmap.png |image_caption =Санта Изабелийн газрын зураг |map_image = Solomon Islands - Santa Isabel.PNG |map_caption = |native_name =Mahaga |native_name_link = |location=[[Номхон далай]] |coordinates= |archipelago = [[Соломоны арлууд (олтриг)|Соломоны арлууд олтриг]] |total_islands = |major_islands = |area_km2 =2999 |highest_mount =[[Сасари уул]] |elevation_m =1120 |elevation_footnotes=<br/><ref>''[[Hammond Map|Hammond]] World Travel Atlas''. Union, N.J.: Hammond World Atlas Corporation, c. 2004-2005.{{ISBN|0-8437-1982-6}}. Page 245</ref> |country = [[Соломоны арлууд]] |country_admin_divisions_title =Муж |country_admin_divisions =[[Изабель муж]] |country_largest_city =[[Буала]] |population = 35,257 |population_as_of =2020 |density_km2 = 11.76 |ethnic_groups = }} [[Image:Solomon Islands-Isabel.png|thumb|300px|Санта Изабель арал]] '''Санта Изабель арал''' ({{lang-en|Santa Isabel Island}}) нь [[Соломоны арлууд]]ын умард хэсэгт орших [[арал]]. [[Католик шашин|Католик шашны]] гэгээнтэн Изабелийн нэрээр нэрлэгдсэн. Тус арал нь зүүн өмнөөс баруун хойш сунаж тогтсон хэлбэртэй. Зүүн өмнө талд нь [[Малайта арал]], баруун хойно нь [[Чойсүл арал]], баруун өмнө талд нь [[Нью-Жоржиа хоолой]]гоор зааглагдсан [[Нью-Жоржиа арлууд]] оршино. Талбай нь 3,780km&sup2; бөгөөд улсынхаа 3 дахь том арал юм. [[Изабель муж]]ийн гол арал нь бөгөөд мужийн төв '''Буала''' (Buala) арлын зүүн хэсэгт байдаг. Арлын хүн ам нь 30,000 орчим. Хамгийн өндөр уул нь 1120 метр өндөртэй Кубониту уул. Соломоны арлуудаас уг арлыг европчууд хамгийн анх олсон бөгөөд [[1568]] онд [[Испани|Испанийн]] [[аялагч]] [[Альваро де Менданя де Нейра|Менданя]] Санта Изабельд анх хөл тавьжээ. [[Ангилал:Австрали ба Далайн орнуудын арал]] [[Ангилал:Соломоны арлуудын арал]] [[Ангилал:Номхон далайн арал]] [[Ангилал:Соломоны арлуудын (олтриг) арал]] [[Ангилал:Изабель муж]] hk5mozfjk60awtncq2nnqzd87iqexol Бали 0 6875 853312 817481 2026-04-13T13:54:59Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 853312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Индонезийн Бага Зондын арлууд дахь муж}} {{Ижил нэрийн тайлбар}} {{Инфобокс суурин | name = Бали | native_name = Bali | translit_lang1 = Бусад | translit_lang1_type1 = [[Бали цагаан толгой|Бали]] | translit_lang1_info1 = ᬩᬮᬶ | type = [[Индонезийн мужууД|Муж]] | official_name = Бали муж<br />{{nobold|{{lang|id|Provinsi Bali}}}} | image_shield = Official_seal_of_the_Province_of_Bali.png | shield_link = Индонезийн сүлдүүд#Муж | image_flag = | shield_size = 110px | flag_size = | image_map = Bali in Indonesia (special marker).svg | map_alt = | map_caption = {{centre|{{Legend inline|#FFFDD0|outline=silver}} '''[[Индонез]]''' дэх {{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=red}} '''Бали'''}} | coordinates = {{coord|8|20|06|S|115|05|17|E|region:ID-BA_type:adm1st_scale:1000000|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Улс | subdivision_name = {{flag|Индонез}} | established_title = Байгуулагдсан | established_date = 1958 оны 8 сарын 14<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dpr.go.id/jdih/index/id/1304|title=Pembentukan Daerah-daerah Tingkat I Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat Dan Nusa Tenggara Timur|website=dpr.go.id|access-date=2026-04-13|archive-date=2020-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029171156/http://www.dpr.go.id/jdih/index/id/1304}}</ref> | subdivision_type2 = [[Индонезийн засаг захиргааны хуваарь|Тойрог болон хотууд]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Индонезийн бүс нутгууд|Бүс нутаг]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Бага Зондын арлууд]] | subdivision_name2 = {{Collapsible list | title = [[Балийн тойрог, хотын жагсаалт|Жагсаалт]] | frame_style = border:yes; padding:0 | list_style = text-align:left; display:yes | 1= [[Жембрана тойрог|Жембрана]] | 2= [[Табанан тойрог|Табанан]] | 3= [[Бадунг тойрог|Бадунг]] | 4= [[Гианьяр тойрог|Гианьяр]] | 5= [[Клункунг тойрог|Клункунг]] | 6= [[Бангли тойрог|Бангли]] | 7 = [[Карангасем тойрог|Карангасем]] | 8 = [[Булеленг тойрог|Булеленг]] | 9 = [[Денпасар]]}} | founder = | named_for = | seat_type = Нийслэл<br />{{nobold|ба хамгийн том хот}} | seat = [[Денпасар]] | government_footnotes = | governing_body = Бали мужийн захиргаа | leader_title = [[Балийн захирагч|Захирагч]] | leader_name = [[I Ваян Костер]] ([[Индонезийн Ардчилсан Тэмцлийн Нам|PDI-P]]) | leader_title2 = [[Балийн дэд захирагч|Дэд захирагч]] | leader_name2 = [[I Нёман Гири Праста]] | leader_title3 = [[Бүсийн Төлөөлөгчдийн Хурал|Хууль тогтоох хурал]] | leader_name3 = [[Балигийн Бүсийн Төлөөлөгчдийн Хурал]] (DPRD) | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_total_km2 = 5590.15 | area_rank = [[Индонезийн мужууд|Индонезид 36-д]] | elevation_max_ft = 9944 | elevation_max_point = [[Агунг уул]] | population_total = 4461260 | population_as_of = 2024 оны тооцоо | population_footnotes = <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Provinsi Bali Dalam Angka 2025'' [Bali Province In Numbers 2025] (Katalog-BPS 1102001.51)</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = Баличууд | demographics_type1 = Хүн ам зүй | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref>tags --> | demographics1_title1 = [[Индонезийн ард түмэн|Үндэстний бүлгүүд]] {{nobold|(2010)}}<ref name="SUKU">{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.htm|title=Citizenship, Tribes, Religions, and Everyday Languages of the Indonesian Population|website=www.bps.go.id|pages=36–41|access-date=2026-04-13|format=pdf|archive-date=2021-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325171828/https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> | timezone1 = [[Индонез дэх цаг|WITA]] | utc_offset1 = +08 | iso_code = ID-BA | website = {{URL|www.baliprov.go.id/|baliprov.go.id}} | demographics1_info1 = {{ublist |85.97% [[Баличууд]] |9.60% [[Жавачууд]] |4.43% [[Индонезийн ард түмэн|бусад]] |}} | demographics1_title2 = [[Индонез дахь шашин шүтлэг|Шашин шүтлэг]] {{nobold|(2024)}}<ref name="auto">https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211227/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ |date=2022-07-05 }} (visual)</ref> | demographics1_info2 = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |86.40% [[Хиндүизм]] |10.28% [[Ислам]] {{Tree list}} * 2.62% [[Христийн шашин|Христ]] ** 1.76% [[Протестантизм]] ** 0.86% [[Католик]] {{Tree list/end}} |0.68% [[Буддизм]] |0.02% [[Индонез дахь шашин шүтлэг|бусад]]}} | demographics1_title3 = [[Индонезийн хэлнүүд|Хэлнүүд]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bali.com/bali-languages-translation.html|title=Languages Spoken in Bali|last=bali.com|website=bali.com|language=en|access-date=2026-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222052007/https://www.bali.com/bali-languages-translation.html|archive-date=2013-12-22}}</ref> | demographics1_info3 = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |[[Индонез хэл|Индонез]] (албан ёсны) |[[Бали хэл|Бали]] (төрөлх) | [[Малай хэл]] | [[#Хэлнүүд|бусад]] }} | nicknames = {{lang|id|Pulau Dewata}}<br />"[[Хиндү Бурхад|Бурхадын]] Арал"<br/>{{lang|id|Pulau Seribu Pura}}<br/>"Мянган [[Балийн сүм|Сүмийн]] Арал"<ref>[https://guideyourtravel.com/nickname-bali-island-of-the-gods/ Nickname Bali Island Of The Gods] Guide Your Travel 2 March 2023</ref> | motto = {{nativename|ban|Bali Dwipa Jaya}}<br />{{Script/Bali|ᬩᬮᬶᬤ᭄ᬯᬷᬧᬚᬬ}}<br />"Ялагч Бали арал" | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | blank_name = ДНБ (нэрлэсэн) | blank_info = 2022 | blank1_name = &nbsp;- Нийт<ref name="bpsgdpdata2022">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Индонезийн статистикийн төв агентлаг |year=2023 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/WkdVMWRYVnBkMnBvVEhKSVkyWXhNblZtTjJSbmR6MDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku--menurut-provinsi--miliar-rupiah-.html?year=2022 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Жакарта |language=id}}</ref> | blank1_info = [[Индонез рупиа|Rp]] 245.2&nbsp;их наяд (19-д)<br />[[Америк доллар|$]] 16.5&nbsp;тэрбум<br />[[Int$]] 51.5&nbsp;тэрбум ([[Худалдан авах чадварын паритет|ХАЧП]]) | blank2_name = &nbsp;- Нэг хүнд ноогдох<ref name="bpspercapitadata">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Индонезийн статистикийн төв агентлаг |year=2023 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/YWtoQlRVZzNiMU5qU1VOSlRFeFZiRTR4VDJOTVVUMDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-provinsi--ribu-rupiah-.html?year=2022 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Жакарта |language=id}}</ref> | blank2_info = [[Индонез рупиа|Rp]] 55.5&nbsp;сая (20-д)<br />[[Америк доллар|$]] 3,741<br />[[Int$]] 11,673&nbsp;([[Худалдан авах чадварын паритет|ХАЧП]]) | blank3_name = &nbsp;- Өсөлт<ref name="bappenas2022">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pembangunan Nasional |author-link=Үндэсний хөгжлийн төлөвлөлтийн яам (Индонез) |year=2023 |title=Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan |url=https://simreg.bappenas.go.id/home/pemantauan/lpe |publisher=Badan Pembangunan Nasional |location=Жакарта |language=id}}</ref> | blank3_info = {{Increase}} 4.84% | blank4_name = [[Хүний хөгжлийн илтгэлцүүр|ХХИ]] {{nobold|(2024)}} | blank4_info = {{increase}} 0.786<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2024/11/15/2296/indeks-pembangunan-manusia--ipm--indonesia-tahun-2024-mencapai-75-02--meningkat-0-63-poin-atau-0-85-persen-dibandingkan-tahun-sebelumnya-yang-sebesar-74-39-.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2024|publisher=[[Индонезийн статистикийн төв агентлаг]]|date=2024|language=id|access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> (5-д) – <span style=color:#090>өндөр</span> | module = {{Инфобокс ЮНЕСКО-гийн дэлхийн өв | child = yes | official_name = Бали мужийн соёлын тогтоц: Субак систем Три Хита Карана гүн ухааны илрэлээр | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii), (v), (vi)}}(iii), (v), (vi) | ID = 1194 | year = 2012 | area = {{convert|19,519.9|ha|acre|abbr=on}} | buffer_zone = {{convert|1,454.8|ha|acre|abbr=on}}}} | population_rank = [[Индонезийн мужууд|Индонезид 16-д]] | registration_plate = [[Индонезийн тээврийн хэрэгслийн улсын дугаар|DK]] }} '''Бали''' ({{IPA|id|'bali|lang}}; [[Бали хэл|Бали]]: {{script/Bali|ᬩᬮᬶ}}) нь [[Зүүн Өмнөд Ази]]йн [[Индонез]] улсад харьяалагдах [[арал]]. Нийслэл [[Жакарта]] хотын орших [[Жава арал|Жава арлын]] дэргэд, зүүн талд нь оршино. Бали арлын оршин суугчид [[бали хэл]]ээр ярьдаг боловч телевиз, радиогийн нэвтрүүлэг зэрэг нь Индонез улсын албан ёсны хэл болох [[индонез хэл]]ийг ашигладаг, мөн хүүхэд багачууд нь бага сургуульд орохын өмнө индонез хэлийг тусгайлан заалгадаг тул настнуудаас бусад нь индонез хэлийг чөлөөтэй ашигладаг. == Түүх == Бали аралд эртнээс хүн амьдарч байсны ул мөр элбэг олддог бөгөөд [[4-р зуун]]д [[хинду шашин]]тнууд нүүдэллэж ирснээр арал нь хөгжил цэцэглэлийн замдаа оржээ. [[9-р зуун]]ы үеэс өөрийн гэсэн төр улсаа байгуулж байсан боловч түүхийн ихэнх хугацаанд хөрш зэргэлдээ орших Жава арлыг захирч байсан улсын нөлөөн дор оршиж ирсэн байна. [[1342]] онд [[Мажапахитын хаант улс]]ын довтолгоонд өртөн, эзэмшилд нь оржээ. 16-р зуунд Мажапахитын хаант улс нь исламын шашинтнуудын довтолгооны үр дүнд мөхөхөд Жава арлаас тусгаарлаж, [[Гергерийн хаант улс]]ыг байгуулан, зүүн тийш тэлэх исламын хүчний эсрэг сөрөн зогссон юм. [[17-р зуун]]д [[Голландын Ост-Инд компани]]ас эхлэн, европчууд тус бүс нутагт нэвтэрч эхэлсэн боловч өөрийн гэсэн онцлог бүтээгдэхүүн, ашигт малтмалгүй Бали арлыг чухалд тооцолгүй, эзлэхийг чармайгаагүй тул Бали арлынхан өөрсдийн засаг төрийг хадгалсаар иржээ. [[19-р зуун]]д [[империализм]]ын давалгаан дор [[Нидерланд]] улс Бали арлыг колоничилох бодлого явуулж эхлэн, [[1908]] онд тус арал дээр оршин тогтнож байсан Клунгкунгийн ханлигийг мөхөөж, арлын бүх нутгийг эзэлжээ. Тэд арлыг язгууртнуудаар дамжуулан захирч, усжуулалт, зам харилцааг хөгжүүлэн, хар тамхи, кофе тариалж, боолчлох ёсыг халж, сургууль соёл байгуулан, хүн ардыг хувцас өмсч сурган, орчин үеийн Европийн соёлыг нэвтрүүлсэн юм. [[Дэлхийн хоёрдугаар дайн]]ы үед тус арлыг Японы арми эзэлсэн бөгөөд дайны дараа дахиж эрх мэдлээ тогтоох гэсэн Голландын эсрэг хөдөлгөөн энд тэндгүй өрнөж, [[1949]] онд Индонез улс тусгаар тогтноход, дараа жил нь буюу [[1950]] онд Бали арал Индонезид нэгджээ. == Газарзүй == Арлын талбай нь 5,633км<sup>2</sup>. [[Бага Зондын арлууд]]ын баруун захын арал бөгөөд [[Их Зондын арлууд]]ад харьяалагдах Жава аралтай зэрэгцэж байрладаг.Баруун талд нь Балийн хоолойгоор тусгаарлагдсан [[Жава арал]], зүүн талд нь [[Ломбокын хоолой]]гоор тусгаарлагдсан [[Ломбок арал]] оршино. Бали арлын эргээс Жава арал харагддаг (Балийн хоолой нь хамгийн нарийн хэсгээрээ 3км өргөн) гэдэг. Балийн Хинду шашны ариун уул гэгдэх [[Агунг уул]] (3,142м өндөр) болон [[Батур уул]] зэрэг олон [[галт уул]]тай. Батур уулын орчимд [[халуун рашаан]] элбэгтэй. == Уур амьсгал == [[Халуун бүс]]т багтдаг бөгөөд борооны улирал (10-3 сар), хуурай улирал (4-9 сар) нь эрс тэс ялгаатай. === Газар тариалан === [[Зураг:Market of Bali ID.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Балигийн хүнсний зах]] [[Зураг:LandscapePuraBesakihBaliID.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Бесаки сүмийн байдал]] ; Усжуулалт : Тус арал нь эрт цагт цөл байсан гэдэг бөгөөд арлын төвд орших ууланд нуур байсан болловч ус нь бүгд хойд зүг рүү урсан одож, өмнөд хэсэг нь хуурай уур амьсгалтай байжээ. Тэрхүү нуурын усыг туннель ухан өмнө зүг рүү татаж, усны урсгалыг зохицуулах болсноор арлын өмнөд хэсэг ногоон ургамлаар бүрхэгдэж, дүр төрхөө өөрчилсөн юм. : Ийнхүү Бали арал нь газар тариалан эрхлэхэд тун тохиромжтой болжээ. Жишээ нь, жилд 2-3 удаа [[цагаан будаа]]ны ургац хурааж авдаг тул хоол хүнс элбэг дэлбэг. Тиймээс нутгийн тариачид өдөрт 5-6 цагийг л газар тариалангийн ажилдаа зарцуулан, үлдсэн цагаа уран зураг, сийлбэр, дуу хөгжим, бүжиг зэрэг урлагт зориулах боломжтой байдаг. Иймээс тус арал нь урлагийн арал хэмээн дэлхийд алдаршжээ. [[Бали бүжиг]], түүний аяыг тоглоход хэрэглэгддэг хөгжмийн зэмсэг [[гамелан]], [[кечак]] зэрэг нь ихээхэн алдартай. == Засаг захиргааны нэгж == Бали арал ба ойр орчмын жижиг арлууд нь Индонезийн засаг захиргааны нэгдүгээр зэргийн нэгж (Daerah Tingkat I) болох [[Бали муж]]ийг бүрдүүлнэ. == Аялал жуулчлал == Урлагийн арал гэдэг нэрээрээ дэлхийд эртнээс алдаршсан, мөн далайн эргийн наран шарлагын газрууд олноор байгуулагдсан тул жуулчдын тоогоор өдгөө дэлхийд дээгүүр орох хэмжээнд аялал жуулчлал хөгжжээ. Тус арлын төсвийн ихэнх хувийг аялал жуулчлалын салбар бүрдүүлдэг гэж хэлэхэд хилсдэхгүй. Балид мөн дэлхийн өнцөг булан бүрээс жилийн аль ч улиралд серфингчид цуглардаг. Гэвч жуулчид их цуглардаг, мөн исламын шашинтай, дэлхийн хамгийн том орон болох Индонезид орших, хинду шашинтны өлгий нутаг гэдэг утгаараа терроризмд өртөх магадлал өндөртэй. Үнэхээр ч 2002, 2005 онуудад томоохон алан хядах ажиллагаа явагдаж, жуулчид олноор өртөж байсан түүхтэй. === Дурсгалт газрууд === * Мужийн төв [[Денпасар]] * "Урлагийн тосгон" [[Убуд]] * "Модон сийлбэрийн тосгон" [[Мас]] * Боомт хотхон [[Сингаража]] * [[Агунг уул]] * [[Бесаки сүм]] * [[Тана Лот сүм]] === Резорт, наран шарлагын газрууд === * [[Кута]] * [[Санур]] * [[Жимбаран]] == Зам тээвэр == * [[Нгура Рай олон улсын нисэх онгоцны буудал]] арлын өмнөд хэсэгт байдаг. * Машин зам - Томоохон хотуудыг холбон, арлыг бүтэн тойрох машин зам бий. Нутгийн иргэдийн ихэнх нь мотоциклоор зорчдог. * Автобус - Жуулчдад зориулсан, сэрүүцүүлэгч бүхий автобус өдөр тутам үйлчилдэг. * Такси - Денпасарын орчимд тоолууртай таксинууд элбэг. Мөн хувийн таксинуудтай үнэ хөлсөө тохиролцоод үйлчлүүлж болдог. == Цахим холбоос == {{Commonscat|Bali}} {{Wikivoyage}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051210030800/http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/bali.htm Pictures of Bali] * Pictures of: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070129074256/http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/ubudstreets.htm Ubud],[https://web.archive.org/web/20071223194436/http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/campuan.htm Campuan], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224090152/http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/hinduubud.htm Hindu Temples in Ubud], [http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/yehpulu.htm Yeh Pulu]{{Dead link|date=Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071223200915/http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/kalibukbuk.htm Kalibukbuk],[http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/uluwatu.htm Uluwatu]{{Dead link|date=Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }},[https://web.archive.org/web/20071223200742/http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/cremation.htm A Cremation Ceremony],[https://web.archive.org/web/20071223194442/http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/ubudpalace.htm Ubud Palace] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071116055405/http://www.surfedge.com/index.html Surfing of Bali] [[Ангилал:Бали| ]] [[Ангилал:Азийн арал]] [[Ангилал:Индонезийн арал]] [[Ангилал:Энэтхэгийн далайн арал]] [[Ангилал:Бали тэнгисийн арал]] [[Ангилал:Бага Зондын арлуудын арал]] [[Ангилал:Индонезийн аймаг]] 867vlc1fu80rv9rpkmkpwyrw41mljtx 853313 853312 2026-04-13T13:55:06Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 Enkhsaihan2005 moved page [[Бали арал]] to [[Бали]] over redirect 853312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Индонезийн Бага Зондын арлууд дахь муж}} {{Ижил нэрийн тайлбар}} {{Инфобокс суурин | name = Бали | native_name = Bali | translit_lang1 = Бусад | translit_lang1_type1 = [[Бали цагаан толгой|Бали]] | translit_lang1_info1 = ᬩᬮᬶ | type = [[Индонезийн мужууД|Муж]] | official_name = Бали муж<br />{{nobold|{{lang|id|Provinsi Bali}}}} | image_shield = Official_seal_of_the_Province_of_Bali.png | shield_link = Индонезийн сүлдүүд#Муж | image_flag = | shield_size = 110px | flag_size = | image_map = Bali in Indonesia (special marker).svg | map_alt = | map_caption = {{centre|{{Legend inline|#FFFDD0|outline=silver}} '''[[Индонез]]''' дэх {{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=red}} '''Бали'''}} | coordinates = {{coord|8|20|06|S|115|05|17|E|region:ID-BA_type:adm1st_scale:1000000|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Улс | subdivision_name = {{flag|Индонез}} | established_title = Байгуулагдсан | established_date = 1958 оны 8 сарын 14<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dpr.go.id/jdih/index/id/1304|title=Pembentukan Daerah-daerah Tingkat I Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat Dan Nusa Tenggara Timur|website=dpr.go.id|access-date=2026-04-13|archive-date=2020-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029171156/http://www.dpr.go.id/jdih/index/id/1304}}</ref> | subdivision_type2 = [[Индонезийн засаг захиргааны хуваарь|Тойрог болон хотууд]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Индонезийн бүс нутгууд|Бүс нутаг]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Бага Зондын арлууд]] | subdivision_name2 = {{Collapsible list | title = [[Балийн тойрог, хотын жагсаалт|Жагсаалт]] | frame_style = border:yes; padding:0 | list_style = text-align:left; display:yes | 1= [[Жембрана тойрог|Жембрана]] | 2= [[Табанан тойрог|Табанан]] | 3= [[Бадунг тойрог|Бадунг]] | 4= [[Гианьяр тойрог|Гианьяр]] | 5= [[Клункунг тойрог|Клункунг]] | 6= [[Бангли тойрог|Бангли]] | 7 = [[Карангасем тойрог|Карангасем]] | 8 = [[Булеленг тойрог|Булеленг]] | 9 = [[Денпасар]]}} | founder = | named_for = | seat_type = Нийслэл<br />{{nobold|ба хамгийн том хот}} | seat = [[Денпасар]] | government_footnotes = | governing_body = Бали мужийн захиргаа | leader_title = [[Балийн захирагч|Захирагч]] | leader_name = [[I Ваян Костер]] ([[Индонезийн Ардчилсан Тэмцлийн Нам|PDI-P]]) | leader_title2 = [[Балийн дэд захирагч|Дэд захирагч]] | leader_name2 = [[I Нёман Гири Праста]] | leader_title3 = [[Бүсийн Төлөөлөгчдийн Хурал|Хууль тогтоох хурал]] | leader_name3 = [[Балигийн Бүсийн Төлөөлөгчдийн Хурал]] (DPRD) | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_total_km2 = 5590.15 | area_rank = [[Индонезийн мужууд|Индонезид 36-д]] | elevation_max_ft = 9944 | elevation_max_point = [[Агунг уул]] | population_total = 4461260 | population_as_of = 2024 оны тооцоо | population_footnotes = <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Provinsi Bali Dalam Angka 2025'' [Bali Province In Numbers 2025] (Katalog-BPS 1102001.51)</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = Баличууд | demographics_type1 = Хүн ам зүй | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref>tags --> | demographics1_title1 = [[Индонезийн ард түмэн|Үндэстний бүлгүүд]] {{nobold|(2010)}}<ref name="SUKU">{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.htm|title=Citizenship, Tribes, Religions, and Everyday Languages of the Indonesian Population|website=www.bps.go.id|pages=36–41|access-date=2026-04-13|format=pdf|archive-date=2021-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325171828/https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> | timezone1 = [[Индонез дэх цаг|WITA]] | utc_offset1 = +08 | iso_code = ID-BA | website = {{URL|www.baliprov.go.id/|baliprov.go.id}} | demographics1_info1 = {{ublist |85.97% [[Баличууд]] |9.60% [[Жавачууд]] |4.43% [[Индонезийн ард түмэн|бусад]] |}} | demographics1_title2 = [[Индонез дахь шашин шүтлэг|Шашин шүтлэг]] {{nobold|(2024)}}<ref name="auto">https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211227/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ |date=2022-07-05 }} (visual)</ref> | demographics1_info2 = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |86.40% [[Хиндүизм]] |10.28% [[Ислам]] {{Tree list}} * 2.62% [[Христийн шашин|Христ]] ** 1.76% [[Протестантизм]] ** 0.86% [[Католик]] {{Tree list/end}} |0.68% [[Буддизм]] |0.02% [[Индонез дахь шашин шүтлэг|бусад]]}} | demographics1_title3 = [[Индонезийн хэлнүүд|Хэлнүүд]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bali.com/bali-languages-translation.html|title=Languages Spoken in Bali|last=bali.com|website=bali.com|language=en|access-date=2026-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222052007/https://www.bali.com/bali-languages-translation.html|archive-date=2013-12-22}}</ref> | demographics1_info3 = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |[[Индонез хэл|Индонез]] (албан ёсны) |[[Бали хэл|Бали]] (төрөлх) | [[Малай хэл]] | [[#Хэлнүүд|бусад]] }} | nicknames = {{lang|id|Pulau Dewata}}<br />"[[Хиндү Бурхад|Бурхадын]] Арал"<br/>{{lang|id|Pulau Seribu Pura}}<br/>"Мянган [[Балийн сүм|Сүмийн]] Арал"<ref>[https://guideyourtravel.com/nickname-bali-island-of-the-gods/ Nickname Bali Island Of The Gods] Guide Your Travel 2 March 2023</ref> | motto = {{nativename|ban|Bali Dwipa Jaya}}<br />{{Script/Bali|ᬩᬮᬶᬤ᭄ᬯᬷᬧᬚᬬ}}<br />"Ялагч Бали арал" | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | blank_name = ДНБ (нэрлэсэн) | blank_info = 2022 | blank1_name = &nbsp;- Нийт<ref name="bpsgdpdata2022">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Индонезийн статистикийн төв агентлаг |year=2023 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/WkdVMWRYVnBkMnBvVEhKSVkyWXhNblZtTjJSbmR6MDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku--menurut-provinsi--miliar-rupiah-.html?year=2022 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Жакарта |language=id}}</ref> | blank1_info = [[Индонез рупиа|Rp]] 245.2&nbsp;их наяд (19-д)<br />[[Америк доллар|$]] 16.5&nbsp;тэрбум<br />[[Int$]] 51.5&nbsp;тэрбум ([[Худалдан авах чадварын паритет|ХАЧП]]) | blank2_name = &nbsp;- Нэг хүнд ноогдох<ref name="bpspercapitadata">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Индонезийн статистикийн төв агентлаг |year=2023 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/YWtoQlRVZzNiMU5qU1VOSlRFeFZiRTR4VDJOTVVUMDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-provinsi--ribu-rupiah-.html?year=2022 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Жакарта |language=id}}</ref> | blank2_info = [[Индонез рупиа|Rp]] 55.5&nbsp;сая (20-д)<br />[[Америк доллар|$]] 3,741<br />[[Int$]] 11,673&nbsp;([[Худалдан авах чадварын паритет|ХАЧП]]) | blank3_name = &nbsp;- Өсөлт<ref name="bappenas2022">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pembangunan Nasional |author-link=Үндэсний хөгжлийн төлөвлөлтийн яам (Индонез) |year=2023 |title=Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan |url=https://simreg.bappenas.go.id/home/pemantauan/lpe |publisher=Badan Pembangunan Nasional |location=Жакарта |language=id}}</ref> | blank3_info = {{Increase}} 4.84% | blank4_name = [[Хүний хөгжлийн илтгэлцүүр|ХХИ]] {{nobold|(2024)}} | blank4_info = {{increase}} 0.786<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2024/11/15/2296/indeks-pembangunan-manusia--ipm--indonesia-tahun-2024-mencapai-75-02--meningkat-0-63-poin-atau-0-85-persen-dibandingkan-tahun-sebelumnya-yang-sebesar-74-39-.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2024|publisher=[[Индонезийн статистикийн төв агентлаг]]|date=2024|language=id|access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> (5-д) – <span style=color:#090>өндөр</span> | module = {{Инфобокс ЮНЕСКО-гийн дэлхийн өв | child = yes | official_name = Бали мужийн соёлын тогтоц: Субак систем Три Хита Карана гүн ухааны илрэлээр | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii), (v), (vi)}}(iii), (v), (vi) | ID = 1194 | year = 2012 | area = {{convert|19,519.9|ha|acre|abbr=on}} | buffer_zone = {{convert|1,454.8|ha|acre|abbr=on}}}} | population_rank = [[Индонезийн мужууд|Индонезид 16-д]] | registration_plate = [[Индонезийн тээврийн хэрэгслийн улсын дугаар|DK]] }} '''Бали''' ({{IPA|id|'bali|lang}}; [[Бали хэл|Бали]]: {{script/Bali|ᬩᬮᬶ}}) нь [[Зүүн Өмнөд Ази]]йн [[Индонез]] улсад харьяалагдах [[арал]]. Нийслэл [[Жакарта]] хотын орших [[Жава арал|Жава арлын]] дэргэд, зүүн талд нь оршино. Бали арлын оршин суугчид [[бали хэл]]ээр ярьдаг боловч телевиз, радиогийн нэвтрүүлэг зэрэг нь Индонез улсын албан ёсны хэл болох [[индонез хэл]]ийг ашигладаг, мөн хүүхэд багачууд нь бага сургуульд орохын өмнө индонез хэлийг тусгайлан заалгадаг тул настнуудаас бусад нь индонез хэлийг чөлөөтэй ашигладаг. == Түүх == Бали аралд эртнээс хүн амьдарч байсны ул мөр элбэг олддог бөгөөд [[4-р зуун]]д [[хинду шашин]]тнууд нүүдэллэж ирснээр арал нь хөгжил цэцэглэлийн замдаа оржээ. [[9-р зуун]]ы үеэс өөрийн гэсэн төр улсаа байгуулж байсан боловч түүхийн ихэнх хугацаанд хөрш зэргэлдээ орших Жава арлыг захирч байсан улсын нөлөөн дор оршиж ирсэн байна. [[1342]] онд [[Мажапахитын хаант улс]]ын довтолгоонд өртөн, эзэмшилд нь оржээ. 16-р зуунд Мажапахитын хаант улс нь исламын шашинтнуудын довтолгооны үр дүнд мөхөхөд Жава арлаас тусгаарлаж, [[Гергерийн хаант улс]]ыг байгуулан, зүүн тийш тэлэх исламын хүчний эсрэг сөрөн зогссон юм. [[17-р зуун]]д [[Голландын Ост-Инд компани]]ас эхлэн, европчууд тус бүс нутагт нэвтэрч эхэлсэн боловч өөрийн гэсэн онцлог бүтээгдэхүүн, ашигт малтмалгүй Бали арлыг чухалд тооцолгүй, эзлэхийг чармайгаагүй тул Бали арлынхан өөрсдийн засаг төрийг хадгалсаар иржээ. [[19-р зуун]]д [[империализм]]ын давалгаан дор [[Нидерланд]] улс Бали арлыг колоничилох бодлого явуулж эхлэн, [[1908]] онд тус арал дээр оршин тогтнож байсан Клунгкунгийн ханлигийг мөхөөж, арлын бүх нутгийг эзэлжээ. Тэд арлыг язгууртнуудаар дамжуулан захирч, усжуулалт, зам харилцааг хөгжүүлэн, хар тамхи, кофе тариалж, боолчлох ёсыг халж, сургууль соёл байгуулан, хүн ардыг хувцас өмсч сурган, орчин үеийн Европийн соёлыг нэвтрүүлсэн юм. [[Дэлхийн хоёрдугаар дайн]]ы үед тус арлыг Японы арми эзэлсэн бөгөөд дайны дараа дахиж эрх мэдлээ тогтоох гэсэн Голландын эсрэг хөдөлгөөн энд тэндгүй өрнөж, [[1949]] онд Индонез улс тусгаар тогтноход, дараа жил нь буюу [[1950]] онд Бали арал Индонезид нэгджээ. == Газарзүй == Арлын талбай нь 5,633км<sup>2</sup>. [[Бага Зондын арлууд]]ын баруун захын арал бөгөөд [[Их Зондын арлууд]]ад харьяалагдах Жава аралтай зэрэгцэж байрладаг.Баруун талд нь Балийн хоолойгоор тусгаарлагдсан [[Жава арал]], зүүн талд нь [[Ломбокын хоолой]]гоор тусгаарлагдсан [[Ломбок арал]] оршино. Бали арлын эргээс Жава арал харагддаг (Балийн хоолой нь хамгийн нарийн хэсгээрээ 3км өргөн) гэдэг. Балийн Хинду шашны ариун уул гэгдэх [[Агунг уул]] (3,142м өндөр) болон [[Батур уул]] зэрэг олон [[галт уул]]тай. Батур уулын орчимд [[халуун рашаан]] элбэгтэй. == Уур амьсгал == [[Халуун бүс]]т багтдаг бөгөөд борооны улирал (10-3 сар), хуурай улирал (4-9 сар) нь эрс тэс ялгаатай. === Газар тариалан === [[Зураг:Market of Bali ID.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Балигийн хүнсний зах]] [[Зураг:LandscapePuraBesakihBaliID.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Бесаки сүмийн байдал]] ; Усжуулалт : Тус арал нь эрт цагт цөл байсан гэдэг бөгөөд арлын төвд орших ууланд нуур байсан болловч ус нь бүгд хойд зүг рүү урсан одож, өмнөд хэсэг нь хуурай уур амьсгалтай байжээ. Тэрхүү нуурын усыг туннель ухан өмнө зүг рүү татаж, усны урсгалыг зохицуулах болсноор арлын өмнөд хэсэг ногоон ургамлаар бүрхэгдэж, дүр төрхөө өөрчилсөн юм. : Ийнхүү Бали арал нь газар тариалан эрхлэхэд тун тохиромжтой болжээ. Жишээ нь, жилд 2-3 удаа [[цагаан будаа]]ны ургац хурааж авдаг тул хоол хүнс элбэг дэлбэг. Тиймээс нутгийн тариачид өдөрт 5-6 цагийг л газар тариалангийн ажилдаа зарцуулан, үлдсэн цагаа уран зураг, сийлбэр, дуу хөгжим, бүжиг зэрэг урлагт зориулах боломжтой байдаг. Иймээс тус арал нь урлагийн арал хэмээн дэлхийд алдаршжээ. [[Бали бүжиг]], түүний аяыг тоглоход хэрэглэгддэг хөгжмийн зэмсэг [[гамелан]], [[кечак]] зэрэг нь ихээхэн алдартай. == Засаг захиргааны нэгж == Бали арал ба ойр орчмын жижиг арлууд нь Индонезийн засаг захиргааны нэгдүгээр зэргийн нэгж (Daerah Tingkat I) болох [[Бали муж]]ийг бүрдүүлнэ. == Аялал жуулчлал == Урлагийн арал гэдэг нэрээрээ дэлхийд эртнээс алдаршсан, мөн далайн эргийн наран шарлагын газрууд олноор байгуулагдсан тул жуулчдын тоогоор өдгөө дэлхийд дээгүүр орох хэмжээнд аялал жуулчлал хөгжжээ. Тус арлын төсвийн ихэнх хувийг аялал жуулчлалын салбар бүрдүүлдэг гэж хэлэхэд хилсдэхгүй. Балид мөн дэлхийн өнцөг булан бүрээс жилийн аль ч улиралд серфингчид цуглардаг. Гэвч жуулчид их цуглардаг, мөн исламын шашинтай, дэлхийн хамгийн том орон болох Индонезид орших, хинду шашинтны өлгий нутаг гэдэг утгаараа терроризмд өртөх магадлал өндөртэй. Үнэхээр ч 2002, 2005 онуудад томоохон алан хядах ажиллагаа явагдаж, жуулчид олноор өртөж байсан түүхтэй. === Дурсгалт газрууд === * Мужийн төв [[Денпасар]] * "Урлагийн тосгон" [[Убуд]] * "Модон сийлбэрийн тосгон" [[Мас]] * Боомт хотхон [[Сингаража]] * [[Агунг уул]] * [[Бесаки сүм]] * [[Тана Лот сүм]] === Резорт, наран шарлагын газрууд === * [[Кута]] * [[Санур]] * [[Жимбаран]] == Зам тээвэр == * [[Нгура Рай олон улсын нисэх онгоцны буудал]] арлын өмнөд хэсэгт байдаг. * Машин зам - Томоохон хотуудыг холбон, арлыг бүтэн тойрох машин зам бий. Нутгийн иргэдийн ихэнх нь мотоциклоор зорчдог. * Автобус - Жуулчдад зориулсан, сэрүүцүүлэгч бүхий автобус өдөр тутам үйлчилдэг. * Такси - Денпасарын орчимд тоолууртай таксинууд элбэг. Мөн хувийн таксинуудтай үнэ хөлсөө тохиролцоод үйлчлүүлж болдог. == Цахим холбоос == {{Commonscat|Bali}} {{Wikivoyage}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051210030800/http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/bali.htm Pictures of Bali] * Pictures of: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070129074256/http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/ubudstreets.htm Ubud],[https://web.archive.org/web/20071223194436/http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/campuan.htm Campuan], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224090152/http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/hinduubud.htm Hindu Temples in Ubud], [http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/yehpulu.htm Yeh Pulu]{{Dead link|date=Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071223200915/http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/kalibukbuk.htm Kalibukbuk],[http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/uluwatu.htm Uluwatu]{{Dead link|date=Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }},[https://web.archive.org/web/20071223200742/http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/cremation.htm A Cremation Ceremony],[https://web.archive.org/web/20071223194442/http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/ubudpalace.htm Ubud Palace] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071116055405/http://www.surfedge.com/index.html Surfing of Bali] [[Ангилал:Бали| ]] [[Ангилал:Азийн арал]] [[Ангилал:Индонезийн арал]] [[Ангилал:Энэтхэгийн далайн арал]] [[Ангилал:Бали тэнгисийн арал]] [[Ангилал:Бага Зондын арлуудын арал]] [[Ангилал:Индонезийн аймаг]] 867vlc1fu80rv9rpkmkpwyrw41mljtx Индонез 0 8249 853307 852312 2026-04-13T13:34:37Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 /* Орон нутаг */ 853307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Зүүн өмнөд Ази, Океанд оршдог улс}} {{Инфобокс улс | conventional_long_name = Бүгд Найрамдах Индонез Улс | common_name = Индонез | native_name = {{native name|id|Republik Indonesia}} | image_flag = Flag of Indonesia.svg | flag_type = [[Индонезийн төрийн далбаа|Төрийн далбаа]] | image_coat = National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg | symbol_type = [[Индонезийн төрийн сүлд|Үндэсний тамга <br />(Сүлд)]] | national_motto = <br>{{native phrase|kaw|[[Индонезийн үндэсний уриа|Bhinneka Tunggal Ika]]|paren=omit}} ([[Хуучин Ява хэл|Хуучин Ява]])<br>"Олон янз байдалд эв нэгдэл" | other_symbol = {{lang|id|[[Панчасила (улс төр)|Панчасила]]}}<br />(Таван зарчим) | other_symbol_type = Үндэсний үзэл суртал: | national_anthem = {{lang|id|[[Индонезийн төрийн дуулал|Indonesia Raya]]}}<br />"Их Индонез"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"> </div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Дэлхийн бөмбөрцөг|[[File:Location Indonesia ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|АСЕАН-ы газрын зураг|default=1}} | capital = [[Жакарта]] | largest_city = [[Жакарта]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|10|S|106|49|E|type:city_region:ID}} | languages_type = Албан ёсны хэл | languages = [[Индонез хэл]]<!--Note: Not just the official language, but also the national language (bahasa pemersatu)--> | languages2_type = Орон нутгийн хэл | languages2 = [[Индонезийн хэлнүүд|700+ хэлнүүд]]<ref name="ethnologue"/> | ethnic_groups = [[Индонезийн ард түмэн|1,300+ угсаатан]]<ref name="BPS">{{cite web|url=http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/watermark%20_Kewarganegaraan%2C%20Suku%20Bangsa%2C%20Agama%20dan%20Bahasa_281211.pdf|title=Nationality, Ethnicity, Religion, and Languages of Indonesians|language=id|last1=Na'im|first1=Akhsan|last2=Syaputra|first2=Hendry|publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia]]|date=2010|access-date=2015-09-23|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194534/http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/watermark%20_Kewarganegaraan%2C%20Suku%20Bangsa%2C%20Agama%20dan%20Bahasa_281211.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-23}}</ref> | religion_year = 2018 | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;|86.7% [[Индонез дэх ислам|Ислам]]|10.7% [[Индонез дэх христийн шашин|Христийн шашин]]|1.7% [[Индонез дэх хиндүизм|Хиндүизм]]|0.8% [[Индонез дэх буддизм|Буддизм]]| 0.1% [[Алиран Кеперкаян|Уламжлалт]], [[Индонез дэх күнзийн сургаал|Күнз]], <br>болон [[Индонез дэх шашин шүтлэг|бусад]]}} | religion_ref = <ref name="RELIGION">{{cite web|url=https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat|title=Statistik Umat Menurut Agama di Indonesia|publisher=[[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Religious Affairs]]|date=2018-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903221250/https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat|archive-date=2020-09-03|access-date=2020-09-24|language=id}}</ref> | demonym = [[Индонезчүүд‎]] | government_type = [[Нэгдмэл улс|Нэгдмэл]] [[Ерөнхийлөгчийн засаглалын систем|ерөнхийлөгчийн бүгд найрамдах улс]] | leader_title1 = [[Индонезийн Ерөнхийлөгч|Ерөнхийлөгч]] | leader_name1 = [[Прабово Субианто]] | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|[[Индонезийн Дэд Ерөнхийлөгч|Дэд Ерөнхийлөгч]]}} | leader_name2 = [[Гибран Ракабуминг Рака]] | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Төлөөлөгчдийн Танхимын Дарга (Индонез)|Танхимын Дарга]]}} | leader_name3 = [[Пуан Махарани]] | leader_title4 = {{nowrap|[[Индонезийн Дээд шүүхийн Ерөнхий шүүгч|Ерөнхий шүүгч]]}} | leader_name4 = [[Мухаммед Сирифуддин]] | legislature = [[Ардын Зөвлөлдөх Хурал]] (АЗХ) | upper_house = [[Орон Нутгийн Төлөөлөгчдийн Зөвлөл]] (ОНТЗ) | lower_house = [[Ардын Төлөөлөгчдийн Зөвлөл]] (АТЗ) | sovereignty_type = Тусгаар тогтнол | sovereignty_note = ([[Голландын колонийн эзэнт гүрэн|Нидерландаас]])<!-- Based on consensus, please discuss on the Talk Page before changing Netherlands to Japan, or adding both --> | established_event1 = [[Индонезийн тусгаар тогтнолыг тунхаглал|Тунхагласан]] | established_date1 = 8 сарын 17, 1945 он | established_event2 = [[Нидерланд-Индонезийн дугуй ширээний хурал|Хүлээн зөвшөөрөгдсөн]] | established_date2 = 12 сарын 27, 1949 он | area_km2 = 1,904,569<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf|title=UN Statistics|publisher=United Nations|date=2005|access-date=2007-10-31|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031023924/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf|archive-date=2007-10-31}}</ref> | area_rank = 14 | area_sq_mi = 735,358 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = | area_data2 = 4.85 | population_estimate = {{increaseNeutral}} 277,749,853<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/page/read/7/data-kependudukan|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)]]|title=Indonesian Population 2022|access-date=12 April 2023|archive-date=13 Аравдугаар сар 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013070650/https://dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/page/read/7/data-kependudukan|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_census = 270,203,917<ref name="2020census" /> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 4 | population_census_year = 2020 | population_density_km2 = 143 | population_density_sq_mi = 371 | population_density_rank = 90 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{currency|4.398 их наяд|USD|passthrough=yes}}<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=536,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|publisher=International Monetary Fund|access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 7 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} {{currency|15,855|USD|passthrough=no}}<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 98 | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{currency|1.392 их наяд|USD|passthrough=yes}}<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 16 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} {{currency|5,016|USD|passthrough=no}}<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 112 | Gini = 37.9 | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = increase <!--/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Indonesia|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ID|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=2021-04-15}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.705 | HDI_year = 2021 | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=2022-09-08|access-date=2022-09-08}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 114 | currency = [[Индонез рупиа]] (Rp) | currency_code = IDR | time_zone = [[Индонез дэх цаг|янз бүрийн]] | utc_offset = +7 - +9 | date_format = ӨӨ/СС/ЖЖЖЖ | drives_on = зүүн | calling_code = [[+62]] | cctld = [[.id]] }} [[Зүүн Өмнөд Ази]]йн, [[Далайн орнууд]]ын ч гэж хэлж болох байрлалд 17,508 арлын дээр оршдог<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/asia/regional-cooperation/support-regional-integration/asem/documents/10.03.10_info_on_indonesia_finale_en.pdf Information on Indonesia]. ASEM Development conference II: Towards an Asia-Europe partnership for sustainable development. 26–27 May 2010, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. ec.europa.eu</ref> [[Тусгаар тогтнол|тусгаар тогтносон]], [[бүрэн эрхт улс|бүрэн эрхт]] [[улс]]ыг '''Бүгд Найрамдах Индонез Улс''' ({{lang-id|Republik Indonesia}}), товчоор '''Индонез улс''', '''Индонез''' гэнэ. [[Нидерланд]] XVII зууны үеэс [[Зондын арлууд]]ад эзэмшил орон (''колони'')-оо тэлсээр байлаа. [[XX зуун]]ы эхнээс [[Индонезийн ард түмэн|нутгийн ард түмэн]] яс үндэс харгалзалгүй эвлэн нэгдэж тусгаар тогтнохын төлөө тэмцсээр олон улсын дэмжлэгийг ч хүртэж, 1949 онд нэгэн шинэ улсыг үүсгэжээ. [[Жава үндэстэн|Жава]] тэргүүтэй [[Индонез#Хүн ам|энэ олон ястан]] одоо хэр нь нэг хэлтэн, нэг үндэстэн болох ирээдүй рүүгээ дөтөлсөөр л яваа. 1950 оноос Индонез төрийн байгууламжийн хувьд [[нэгдмэл улс|нэгдмэл]], төрийн хэлбэрийн хувьд ерөнхийлөгчийн эрх мэдэл давамгайлсан [[бүгд найрамдах улс|бүгд найрамдах засагтай]] болжээ. Одоо [[Индонез#Орон нутаг|орон нутаг, засаг захиргааны]] шаардлагаар дотроо 33 [[муж]] болж хуваагддаг. Ойр хавийн [[Сингапур]], [[Бруней]], [[Малайз]] гурван улсынхтай яг адил [[Малай хэлний]] нэгэн аялгууг албан ёсоор батлан сурцгааж байгаа. Түүнийгээ [[Индонез хэл]] гэж итгэж, [[латин үсэг|латин үсгээр]] бичдэг. Дурдсан улсуудаас гадна [[Зүүн Тимор]], [[Папуа-Шинэ Гвиней]], [[Австрали]], [[Палау]], [[Филиппин]], [[Энэтхэг]]тэй газар эс бөгөөс тэнгисийн усаар хиллэдэг. Индонезийн харьяаны 1.9 сая хавтгай дөрвөлжин километр газарт 2020 онд 270 сая 203 мянган хүн амьдарч байв. Дэлхийн олон улсаас хүн амын тоогоор [[Улс орнууд хүн амын тоогоор|4-р олон]], газар нутгийн хэмжээгээр [[Улс орнуудын газар нутгийн хэмжээ|15-р том]] улс мөн гэдэг. Нэгт км-т 123.7 ноогддог гэдэг нь харин дундаж (79-р) байрынх. VII зууны [[Шривижая]], XIII зууны [[Мажапахит]] гэх мэтээр түрүү үеийн улс-нийгэмд [[Буддын шашин]], [[Хиндү шашин]] дэлгэрсэн. Дараа нь XIII зуунаас араб худалдаачдын сурталд автаж XVI зуун гэхэд олонх нь [[Ислам]]ын ёс үйлдэлт хүмүүс болцгоожээ. Одоо Индонезийн хүн амын 86% нь [[Ислам|мусульман (хотон)]] гэдэг. [[Исламын улс]] гэдэгт багтахгүй ч Ислам шашинтны тооны олноор дэлхийд тэргүүлнэ. Индонезийн газрын доор [[техтоник хавтан]]гууд шүргэлцдэгээс шалтгаалаад газрын чичирхийлэл олон давтагддаг, сүрхий идэвхтэй [[галт уул]]стай. Үүгээрээ хүнд халтай ч гэсэн галт уулын бялхдас газрын хөрсийг үржил шимтэй болгодгоос хүн эртнээс бөөгнөрч сууж нутагшсан. Халуун орны дагуу эн ихтэй учир [[амьтан]], [[ургамал|ургамлаар]] баялаг. Индонезийн худалдан авах чадвараар тэгшитгэсэн [[ДНБ]] [2010 онд] 1.124 тэрбум [[америк доллар]]тай тэнцэж байгаагаараа дэлхийн [[Олон улсын харьцуулалт:ХАЧ-аар тэгшитгэсэн ДНБ|16-р их орлогот]] улс гэгдэж [[Их Хорь|Их Хорийн]] эгнээнд багтаж байгаа юм. Гэвч хүн ардын олонх ядуу байгаа,<ref name=economist1>{{cite journal |title=Poverty in Indonesia: Always with them |journal=[[The Economist]] |date=14 September 2006 |accessdate=26 December 2006 |url= http://www.economist.com/node/7925064?story_id=7925064}}; [http://www.economist.com/node/8001604?story_id=8001604 correction].</ref><ref name = "Asia">{{cite journal |last=Guerin |first=G |title=Don't count on a Suharto accounting |journal=Asia Times Online |location=Hong Kong |date=23 May 2006 |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HE23Ae01.html |access-date=19 Арван нэгдүгээр сар 2012 |archive-date=14 Арван нэгдүгээр сар 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114103951/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HE23Ae01.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> нэг хүнд ноогдох ДНБ [2010 онд] $4,666-аар хэмжигдэж байна. 1967 онд [[АСЕАН]]-ыг байгуулалцсан. == Нэр == Тус улсын одооны «Индонез» төрлийн нэрс Европт үүссэн. Индонезийг эзэмшиж асан Нидерландынхан [[нидерландаар]]аа ''Maleische Archipel'' (Малайн олтриг), ''Nederlandsch Oost Indië'' (Нидерландын Дорнод Энэтхэг), ''Indië'' (Энэтхэг), ''de Oost'' (Дорнод) гэх мэтээр тоомжиргүйхэн нэрийдэж байжээ.<ref name = "Kroef">{{cite journal |title = The Term Indonesia: Its Origin and Usage |journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society |author = Justus M van der Kroef | volume = 71 | issue = 3 | pages = 166–71 | year = 1951 | doi =10.2307/595186 |jstor=595186}}</ref> 1850 онд Английн угсаатны зүйч [[Жорж Виндзор Эрл]] [[Англи хэл|Англи]] хэлнээ ''Indunesians'' (''Индунезианс'', «Энэтхэгийн арлынхан») гэх нэрийг анх оруулж иржээ.<ref name="JIAEA_1">{{cite journal |last=Earl |first= George SW |title=On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations |journal= Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |year=1850 |page = 119}}</ref> Үгийн уг гарлыг мөшгөвөл ''Indus'' ([[Инд мөрөн]] дахь нутаг буюу «[[Энэтхэг]]» гэсэн үг) гэх латин, νῆσος (''несос'' - «[[арал]]») гэх грек үгсийн нийлэмж юмсанжээ.<ref name = "EcoSeas1">{{cite book | last = Tomascik | first = T | coauthors=Mah, JA, Nontji, A, Moosa, MK |title = The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas&nbsp;– Part One | publisher = Periplus Editions | year = 1996 | location = Hong Kong | isbn = 962-593-078-7}}</ref> 1900 он гарахад англи ''Indonesia'' нэрээс бусад хэлнээ хувилан тархсан бөгөөд Индонезийн тусгаар тогтнолын төлөө тэмцэгчид Нидерландын нэрээс татгалзаж, энэ нэрийг гол болгожээ.<ref name = "Kroef" />. Монголд 20-р зуунд [[оросоор]] ''Индонезия'' гэж байдгийг харгалзан «улс» «орон», «нутаг» гэх утгатай ''-ия'' дагаврыг салгаж [[Кирилл монгол бичгийн дүрэм|кирилл монголоор]] '''Индонез''' гэж бичдэг болжээ. ==Түүх== [[Жава арал|Жава]] арлаас ''[[босоо хүн]]ий'' (''homo erectus'') хэсэг яс олдсон нь Индонезийн арлуудад [[балар эртний үе]]д хүн амьдарч байсны баталгаа юмсанжээ. Хожим "[[Жава хүн]]" гэж алдаршсан түүнийг 1.5 сая, бүр 35 мянган жилийн өмнөх ч гэж янз бүрээр таасан байдаг.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Shell tool use by early members of Homo erectus in Sangiran, central Java, Indonesia: cut mark evidence |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2006.03.013|year=2007|last1=Choi|first1=Kildo|last2=Driwantoro|first2=Dubel|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=34|page=48}}</ref><ref>[http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Finding_showing_human_ancestor_older_than_previously_thought_offers_new_insights_into_evolution_999.html Finding showing human ancestor older than previously thought offers new insights into evolution]. Terradaily.com. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pope |title= Recent advances in far eastern paleoanthropology | journal = Annual Review of Anthropology | volume = 17 | pages = 43–77 | year =1988 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.17.100188.000355 |first1= GG}} cited in {{cite book |last=Whitten |first=T |coauthors=Soeriaatmadja, RE, Suraya AA | title = The Ecology of Java and Bali |publisher=Periplus Editions |year=1996 |location=Hong Kong |pages=309–12}}; {{Cite journal |last = Pope | first = GG | title = Evidence on the age of the Asian Hominidae | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 80 | issue=16 |pages=4988–92 |year= 1983|pmid = 6410399 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.80.16.4988 | pmc =384173}} cited in {{cite book |last=Whitten |first= T | coauthors = Soeriaatmadja, RE, Suraya AA | title = The Ecology of Java and Bali | publisher =Periplus Editions |year=1996 |location=Hong Kong |page= 309}}; {{Cite journal | last = de Vos | first = JP | coauthors = PY Sondaar | title = Dating hominid sites in Indonesia |journal=Science |volume=266 |issue=16 |pages=4988–92 |year=1994 |doi=10.1126/science.7992059}} cited in {{cite book |last=Whitten |first=T | coauthors =Soeriaatmadja, RE, Suraya AA | title= The Ecology of Java and Bali |publisher=Periplus Editions |year=1996 |location= Hong Kong |page = 309}}</ref> Одоогийн Индонезийн хүн амын олонх нь [[Австронез]] угсаа, бүлэгт хамаарна. "Австронез хүмүүс [[Зүүн Өмнөд Ази]], [[Тайвань]] зэрэг газраас эхлэн нүүгээд [[нийтийн он тооллын өмнөх|М.Э.Ө]] 2000 оны үед Индонезэд ирсэн. Тэгээд нутгийн [[Меланез]] хүмүүсийг дорнош шахан нутаглуулжээ" гэх судалгаа байдаг.<ref>Taylor (2003), pp. 5–7</ref> М.Э.Ө VIII зуунд эндхийн хүмүүс [[газар тариалан]] эрхлэх, [[тутарга|тутаргын]] талбайд ажилладаг болцгоож,<ref>Taylor (2003), pp. 8–9</ref> М.Э I зуун гэхэд жижиг төр улс, гацаа тосгон хэлбэржин тогтсон байлаа. Далайн тээвэр зайлшгүй дайрах чухал байрлал нь Индонезийг үеийн үед Энэтхэг, Хятадтай холбож олон улсын, арал хоорондын худалдааг цэцэглүүлсэн.<ref>Taylor (2003), pp. 15–18</ref> Ер нь Индонезийн түүхийн гол сэдэв нь худалдаа арилжаа мөн юм.<ref>Taylor (2003), pp. 3, 9–11, 13–5, 18–20, 22–3</ref><ref>Vickers (2005), pp. 18–20, 60, 133–4</ref> [[Image:Myristica fragrans - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-097.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Банда арлууд]]ад ургадаг анхилам үнэрт [[задь]] мод]] [[File:Presiden Sukarno.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Индонез улсыг байгуулагч [[Сукарно]]]] [[VII зуун]]аас өөр хоорондоо, ойр хавьтайгаа далайн тээврээр харилцдаг [[Шривижая]] улс (аймгийн холбоо ч гэж хэлж болох) нийгэм Суматра, Жава арлаар тогтсон. Энэ үед [[Буддын шашин]], [[Хиндү шашин]] дэлгэрчээ.<ref>Taylor (2003), pp. 22–26</ref><ref>Ricklefs (1991), p. 3</ref> [[VIII зуун|VIII]]-[[X зуун]]д Жава арлын дорнод Будда шүтлэгт [[Сайлендра]], Хиндү шүтлэгт [[Матарам]] зэрэг улс нийгэм оршин байсныг үлдээсэн [[суврага]], шүтлэгийн газар зэргээс нь мэдэж болно. [[XIII зуун]]аас хоёр зуугаад жил тогтносон дорно Жавад төвтэй [[Мажапахит]] гэх Хиндү шашинт улс бараг л Индонез даяар алдаршиж үлгэрлэж байв.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The next great empire |author=Peter Lewis |journal=Futures |volume=14 |issue= 1 | year = 1982 | pages=47–61 |doi=10.1016/0016-3287(82)90071-4}}</ref> Мусульман (хотон) худалдаачид [[Суматра арал|Суматра]] арлын умард эрэгт олон жил ирж очиж байхдаа XIII зуунд [[Ислам]] шашиндаа итгүүлээд амжжээ.<ref>Ricklefs (1991), pp. 3–14</ref> Эхлээд ноёд язгууртан, умард эргийнхэнд л таалагдсан ч аажмаар түгсээр [[XVI зуун]] гэхэд Суматра, Жава арлынхны үндсэн бишрэл, зан заншил болсон.<ref>Ricklefs (1991), pp. 12–14</ref> Европынхноос Индонезийн ард түмэнтэй анх [[задь]], [[башир цэцэг]] гэх мэт үнэт [[халуун ногоо]] авахын тулд 1512 онд ирсэн Португалийн [[Франсишку Серран]]ы ахалсан худалдаачид учирсан гэдэг.<ref>Ricklefs (1991), pp. 22–24</ref> Араас нь Нидерланд, Британийнхан ирдэг болж 1602 онд [[Нидерландын Дорно Энэтхэг компани]] үүссэн. 1800 онд [[Нидерландын Дорно Энэтхэг]] гэх нэртэй эзэмшил орон (''колони'') гэгдэх болжээ. [[Нидерланд]] анхандаа, дунд үедээ зөвхөн эргийн ойр хавьд эзэрхэж байлаа. [[XX зуун]]ы эхэнд л өнөөгийн Индонезийн хил хязгаар дотор ноёрхож чаджээ.<ref>Dutch troops were constantly engaged in quelling rebellions both on and off Java. The influence of local leaders such as [[Prince Diponegoro]] in central Java, [[Imam Bonjol]] in central Sumatra and [[Pattimura]] in [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], and a bloody [[Aceh War|thirty-year war in Aceh]] weakened the Dutch and tied up the colonial military forces.({{Cite document |last=Schwartz |year=1999 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Сөргүүлээд 1908 оноос Индонезийн ард түмэн ямар оронд амьдарч байгаагаа мэдэрч, үндэсний ухамсар бүрдэж, тусгаар тогтнолын төлөө зорьцгоосон. [[Дэлхийн II дайн]]ы үед Индонезийг [[Япон]] эзлэж Нидерландынхан талийж одсон.<ref name="Ricklefs">Ricklefs (1991)</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Dutch Attitudes towards Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves |journal= Eighteenth-Century Studies | volume=31 |issue=3 | author = Gert Oostindie and Bert Paasman |pages=349–55 |year=1998 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/eighteenth-century_studies/v031/31.3oostindie.html |doi= 10.1353/ecs.1998.0021}}</ref> Япон дайнд бууж өгсний нөгөөдөр нь Индонезийнхан үндсэрхэг тэмцлийн удирдагч [[Сукарно]]г ерөнхийлөгч болгож, Индонез улсын тусгаар тогтнолыг тунхаглажээ.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Indonesia | author = HJ Van Mook | authorlink =Hubertus Johannes van Mook |journal=Royal Institute of International Affairs | year = 1949 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=274–85 |jstor=3016666}}</ref><ref name="Charles1945">{{cite journal |title=Independence the Issue |journal=Far Eastern Survey |author=Charles Bidien | volume =14 |issue=24 |pages=345–8 |date= 5 December 1945 | doi = 10.1525/as.1945.14.24.01p17062 |jstor=3023219}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last =Taylor | first =Jean Gelman | title = Indonesia: Peoples and History | publisher =Yale University Press | year =2003 | page =325 | isbn = 0-300-10518-5 }}</ref><ref>Reid (1973), p. 30</ref> Гэвч Нидерланд эзэмшилдээ дахин оруулах гэж дайтав. Хотуудыг эзлэвч бүхэл орныг эзлэж чадахгүй байсаар 1949 онд олон улсын буруушаалт, дарамтанд аргагүй дийлдэн тусгаар тогтнолыг нь хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн.<ref name="Charles1945" /><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-inde.htm |title=Indonesian War of Independence |accessdate=11 December 2006 |publisher=Global Security |work=Military}}</ref> Тэгэхдээ [[Нидерландын Шинэ Гвиней]]г өгөөгүй байсан бөгөөд 1962 оны [[Нью-Йоркийн гэрээ]], 1969 оны НҮБ-ийн тогтоолоор Индонезийн харьяанд шилжжээ.<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/ Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice"]. National Security Archive, Suite 701, Gelman Library, The George Washington University.</ref> Сукарно улсаа холбооноос нэгдмэл, ардчилалаас эзэрхэг дэглэмд тогтоон барьж, сөргөлдөгч [[Индонезийн цэрэг зэвсэг|цэргийнхэн]] болон [[Индонезийн коммунист нам]] (ИКН)-ынхныг эвлэрүүлэн намжааж байв.<ref>Ricklefs (1991), pp. 237–280</ref> 1965 онд цэргийнхэн төрийг эргүүлж, [[коммунизм]]ыг [[1965-1966 онд Индонезэд олон хүн алж хядагдсан нь|зэвсгийн хүчээр дараад]] (хагас сая хүн алагдсан уу?<ref>{{cite journal |author=John Roosa and Joseph Nevins |date=5 November 2005 |url=http://www.counterpunch.org/2005/11/05/the-mass-killings-in-indonesia/|title= 40 Years Later: The Mass Killings in Indonesia |accessdate=12 November 2006 |journal=[[CounterPunch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966 |author=Robert Cribb |journal=Asian Survey |volume=42 |issue=4 |year=2002 |pages=550–563 |doi = 10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550}}</ref>), яллан буруутгаж байхын аргагүй болгосноор ИКН сэхээгүй.<ref>Friend (2003), pp. 107–109</ref><ref>{{cite video | people =Chris Hilton (writer and director) | title =Shadowplay | medium =Television documentary | publisher =Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions |year=2001}}</ref><ref>Ricklefs (1991), pp. 280–283, 284, 287–290</ref> Цэргийн дарга нараас генерал [[Сухарто]] 1968 оны 3 сард улсын ерөнхийлөгч болж дэвшив. Сухарто улсаа [[Шинэ эмх журам (Индонез)|шинээр журамлаж]], [[АНУ]]-аар тэтгүүлж байв.<ref>US National Archives, RG 59 Records of Department of State; [https://web.archive.org/web/20040701005635/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/john%D0%B1%D0%B0sonlb/xxvi/4445.htm cable no. 868], ref: Embtel 852, 5 October 1965.</ref><ref>Vickers (2005), p. 163</ref><ref>David Slater, ''Geopolitics and the Post-Colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations,'' London: Blackwell, p. 70</ref> Сухартогийн гучин жилд улсын эдийн засаг тэнхэрсэн, үүнд [[гадаадын шууд хөрөнгө оруулалт]] ч сайнаар нөлөөлж байв.<ref name="Ricklefs" /><ref>Vickers (2005)</ref><ref>Schwarz (1994)</ref> Гэхдээ түүний дарангуйлал [[авлига|авлигыг]] тэнхрүүлж, улс төрийн сөрөг бодол санааг боомилж байжээ.<ref name="Ricklefs" /><ref>Vickers (2005)</ref><ref>Schwarz (1994)</ref> [[1997 оны Азийн санхүүгийн хямрал]]аар Индонез их хохирсон.<ref>{{cite book | last =Delhaise | first = Philippe F | title =Asia in Crisis: The Implosion of the Banking and Finance Systems | publisher =Willey | year =1998 | page =123 | isbn = 0-471-83450-5}}</ref> 1998 онд газар газарт эсэргүүцлийн жагсаал, үймээн самуун дэгдэж Сухарто аргагүй огцров.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/indonesia/latest_news/97848.stm |title=President Suharto resigns |publisher=BBC |date=21 May 1998 |accessdate=12 November 2006}}</ref> Индонезэд эзлэгдээд 25 жил болсны эцэст 1999 онд [[НҮБ]]-ийн дэмжлэгтэйгээр [[Зүүн Тимор]] тусгаар тогтнолын харгуйд шуударсан.<ref>{{cite web |last=Burr |first=W. |coauthors=Evans, M.L. |title=Ford and Kissinger Gave Green Light to Indonesia's Invasion of East Timor, 1975: New Documents Detail Conversations with Suharto |work=National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 62 |publisher=[[National Security Archive]], [[The George Washington University]], Washington, DC |date=6 December 2001 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB62/ |accessdate=17 September 2006 }}; {{cite web |title=International Religious Freedom Report |work=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |location=US |publisher=Department of State |date=17 October 2002 |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2002/13873.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716060553/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2002/13873.htm |archivedate=16 Долдугаар сар 2011 |accessdate=29 September 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> Индонез Сухартогоос хойш орон нутгийн эрхийг нэмэгдүүлж, 2004 онд ерөнхийлөгчөө шууд сонгосон гэх маягаар төр засгаа ардчилсаар байна. Улс төр, эдийн засаг тогтворжиж, нийгэм тайвширч, алан хядлага, авлигын тоо цөөрч байгаа. Гэхдээ 2005 онд [[Аче]]гийн салан тусгаарлах үзэлтнүүд засгийн цэрэгтэй мөргөлдөөд үзсэн.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aceh rebels sign peace agreement |publisher=BBC |date = 15 August 2005 |accessdate=12 December 2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4151980.stm}}</ref> {{clear}} == Төр засаг== [[File:Indonesia DPR session.jpg|thumb|right|Жакартад Ардын Төлөөлөгчдийн Зөвлөл хуралдаж байгаа нь]] Индонез бол ерөнхийлөгчийн эрх мэдэл давамгайлсан [[бүгд найрамдах улс|бүгд найрамдах засагтай]], төв засгийн газартаа эрх мэдэл базагддаг [[нэгдмэл улс|нэгдмэл төрийн байгууламжтай]] улс юм. Гучаад жил эрх барьсан [[Сухарто]] 1998 онд огцорсны дараа төр засаг нэлээд шинэчлэгдсэн. 1998-2001 оны хооронд үндсэн хуулиа дөрвөн удаа хэсэгчлэн зассан.<ref>In 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001</ref> Төр улсын тэргүүн, зэвсэгт хүчний ерөнхийлөгч командлагч бөгөөд дотоод гадаад хэрэг, бодлогыг зангидагч нь улсын ерөнхийлөгч. Сайд нарын зөвлөлийг ерөнхийлөгч томилно. 2004 онд анх удаа ард түмэн улсынхаа хоёр ерөнхийлөгчийг анх сонгожээ.<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=[[Carter Center|The Carter Center]] |year=2004 |title=The Carter Center 2004 Indonesia Election Report |url=http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/2161.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=13 December 2006 |archivedate=14 Зургадугаар сар 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614025148/http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/2161.pdf }}</ref> Ерөнхийлөгчийн бүрэн эрхийн хугацаа 5 жил, дараалан ахин нэг удаа сонгогдох боломжтой.<ref>(2002), ''The fourth Amendment of 1945 Indonesia Constitution'', Chapter III&nbsp;– The Executive Power, Art. 7.</ref> Индонез улсын хурлыг [[Ардын Зөвлөлдөх Хурал]] (АЗХ, ''People's Consultative Assembly'') гэнэ. АЗХ нь үндсэн хуулийн өөрчлөлтийг батлах, шинэ ерөнхийлөгчийг батлах, улсын бодлогийг өргөнөөр тодорхойлох мэтийн үүрэгтэй. Мөн ерөнхийлөгчийг буруутгах эрхтэй.<ref>{{id icon}} {{cite book |title=Ketetapan MPR-RI Nomor II/MPR/2000 tentang Perubahan Kedua Peraturan Tata Tertib Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia |author=People's Consultative Assembly (MPR-RI) |authorlink=People's Consultative Assembly |url=http://www.mpr.go.id/pdf/ketetapan/putusan%20MPRRI%202000.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721122810/http://www.mpr.go.id/pdf/ketetapan/putusan%20MPRRI%202000.pdf |archivedate=21 Долдугаар сар 2011 |format=PDF |accessdate=7 November 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> Дотроо 560 суудалт [[Ардын Төлөөлөгчдийн Зөвлөл]] (АТЗ, ''People's Representative Council''), 132 суудалт [[Орон Нутгийн Төлөөлөгчдийн Зөвлөл]] (ОНТЗ, ''Regional Representative Council'')<ref name="USSTATE">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Indonesia |work=U.S. Library of Congress |publisher=U.S. Department of State|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2748.htm |accessdate=26 November 2009}}</ref> гэсэн хоёр танхимтай. Хууль цааз батлах, бүх шатны засгийн газрыг (хэрэгжүүлэх байгууллага) хянах үүрэг АТЗ-д оногдоно. Сонгогчид намд саналаа өгч, намууд цуглуулсан саналын хувиараа АТЗ-д суудал эзлэдэг.<ref name="Harijanti2006">{{cite journal |title=Indonesia: General elections test the amended Constitution and the new Constitutional Court |journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law |author=Susi Dwi Harijanti and Tim Lindsey |volume=4 |issue=1 |year=2006 |pages=138–150 |doi=10.1093/icon/moi055}}</ref> 1998 оны шинэтгэлээс хойш АТЗ-ийн эрх үүрэг мэдэгдэхүйц нэмэгдсэн.<ref>Reforms include total control of [[Statute|statutes]] production without executive branch interventions; all members are now elected ([[Reserved political positions|reserved seats]] for military representatives have now been removed); and the introduction of fundamental rights exclusive to the DPR. (see Harijanti and Lindsey 2006)</ref> ОНТЗ болохоор сүүлд орон нутгийн хөгжлийг зөв залахад чиглэн байгуулагджээ.<ref>Based on the 2001 constitution amendment, the DPD comprises four popularly elected [[non-partisan]] members from each of the thirty-three provinces for national political representation. {{cite book |author=People's Consultative Assembly (MPR-RI) |url=http://www.gtzsfdm.or.id/documents/laws_n_regs/con_decree/3_AmdUUD45_eng.pdf |title=Third Amendment to the 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia |format=PDF |url-status=dead |authorlink=People's Consultative Assembly |accessdate=13 December 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201025250/http://www.gtzsfdm.or.id/documents/laws_n_regs/con_decree/3_AmdUUD45_eng.pdf |archivedate=1 Арван хоёрдугаар сар 2006 |deadurl=yes}}</ref> == Орон нутаг == {{Индонезийн газрын зураг}} Индонез улсын газар нутаг олон түвшинд шатлан захирагддаг. Дээд гурван түвшнийг нь л анхаарахад хангалттай. * I зэрэгт [[муж]] (индонезээр ''provinsi'') гэх зүйлийн нэгж байна. Одоогийн байдлаар Индонез 33 мужтай. * II зэрэг буюу мужийн доорх нутаг нэг бол [[хот]] (''kota'' - ''кота'') эсвэл тойрог (''kabupaten'' - ''капубатен'') байна. * III зэргийн нэгжийг нь индонезээр ''kecamatan'' гэнэ. Монгол хэлтэнд энэ нэгж тийм ч сонин биш байх болохоор ''кечаматан''<br>гэж галиглахад буруудахгүй биз дээ. Эсвэл хошууны доорх нэгж юм чинь [[сум]] гэвэл зохино. ===33 муж=== Онцгой эрхтэй таван мужийг <nowiki>*</nowiki>-оор тэмдэглэв. {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} '''[[Суматра]] арлын 10 муж''' * [[Аче]]<sup>*</sup>&nbsp; (''Aceh'') * [[Умард Суматра]] (''Sumatera Utara'') * [[Өрнөд Суматра]] (''Sumatera Barat'') * [[Риау]] ''(Riau)'' * [[Риау арлуудын муж|Риау арлуудын]] (''Kepulauan Riau'') * [[Жамби]] (''Jambi'') * [[Өмнөд Суматра]] (''Sumatera Selatan'') * [[Банка-Белитун]] (''Kepulauan Bangka Belitung'') * [[Бенкулу]] (''Bengkulu'') * [[Лампунгг]] (''Lampung'') '''[[Жава]] арлын 6 муж''' * [[Жакарта]]<sup>*</sup> (''Jakarta'') * [[Бантен]] (''Banten'') * [[Өрнөд Жава]] (''Jawa Barat'') * [[Төв Жава]] (''Jawa Tengah'') * [[Иогякарта|Иогякарта]]<sup>*</sup> (''Yogyakarta'') * [[Дорнод Жава]] (''Jawa Timur'') '''[[Бага Зондын арлууд|Бага Зондын]] арлуудын 3 муж''' * [[Бали]] (''Bali'') * [[Өрнөд Нуса Тенгара]] (''Nusa Tenggara Barat'') * [[Дорнод Нуса Тенгара]] (''Nusa Tenggara Timur'') {{Col-break}} '''[[Калимантан]] арлын 4 муж''' * [[Өрнөд Калимантан]] (''Kalimantan Barat'') * [[Төв Калимантан]] (''Kalimantan Tengah'') * [[Өмнөд Калимантан]] (''Kalimantan Selatan'') * [[Дорнод Калимантан]] (''Kalimantan Timur'') '''[[Сулавеси]] арлын 6 муж''' * [[Умард Сулавеси]] (Sulawesi Utara) * [[Горонтало]] (''Gorontalo'') * [[Төв Сулавеси]] (''Sulawesi Tengah'') * [[Өрнөд Сулавеси]] (''Sulawesi Barat'') * [[Өмнөд Сулавеси]] (''Sulawesi Selatan'') * [[Дорнод-Өмнөд Сулавеси]] (''Sulawesi Tenggara'') '''[[Малуку арлууд|Малуку]] арлуудын 2 муж''' * [[Малуку]] (''Maluku'') * [[Умард Малуку]] (''Maluku Utara'') '''[[Шинэ Гвиней]] арлын 2 муж''' * [[Өрнөд Папуа]]<sup>*</sup> (''Papua Barat'') * [[Папуа]]<sup>*</sup> (''Papua'') {{Col-end}} ==Газар орон== [[File:Indonesia 2002 CIA map.png|thumb|right|Индонезийн газрын зураг]] [[Өмнөд өргөрөг|Ө.ө. 11°]] – [[хойд өргөрөг|х.ө. 6°]], [[зүүн уртраг|з.у. 95° – 141°]] хооронд Индонез орон бүхлээрээ багтдаг. Экваторын хоёр талд бүгд 17,508 аралтайгаас 6 мянга нь л хүнтэй.<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcoutm.cfm?SD=2005&ED=2005&R1=1&R2=1&CS=3&SS=2&OS=C&DD=0&OUT=1&C=536&S=PPPWGT-PPPPC&RequestTimeout=120&CMP=0&x=45&y=5 |title=World Economic Outlook Database |accessdate=5 October 2006 |date=April 2006 }}; {{cite web | first =Hendriawan | title =Indonesia Regions | publisher =Indonesia Business Directory | url =http://www.indonext.com/Regions/ | accessdate =24 April 2007 | archive-date =28 Арван хоёрдугаар сар 2005 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20051228011848/http://www.indonext.com/Regions/ | url-status =dead }}</ref> Эднээс [[Жава]], [[Суматра]], [[Калимантан]] (Малайз, Бруней улстай хуваадаг), [[Шинэ Гвиней]] (Папуа-Шинэ Гвиней улстай хуваадаг), [[Сулавеси]] гэсэн таван томыг онцлох хэрэгтэй. Индонез улс Калимантан арал дээр Малайзтай, Шинэ Гвиней арал дээр Папуа-Шинэ Гвинейтэй, [[Тимор]] арал дээр [[Зүүн Тимор]]той хил залгадаг бол [[Сингапур]], [[Малайз]], [[Филиппин]], [[Палау]], [[Австрали]]тай далай тэнгисийн усаараа хаяалдаг. Хамгийн олон хүнтэй хот нь нийслэл [[Жакарта]]. Залгуулаад бичвэл [[Сурабая]], [[Бандун]], [[Медан]], [[Семаран]] гээд томоохон хотууд байдаг.<ref name="Witton2003">{{cite book | last =Witton | first =Patrick | title =Indonesia | publisher =Lonely Planet | year =2003 | location =Melbourne | pages =139, 181, 251, 435 | isbn=1-74059-154-2 }}</ref> 1,919,440 хавтгай дөрвөлжин километр газар нутагтай Индонезэд нэг км-т 134 хүн ноогддог. Харьцуулвал дэлхийн 16-р том газар нутагтай орон, 79-р нягт шигүү суурьшилт улс нь Индонез юмсанжээ.<ref name="ciarank">{{cite web |last=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Rank Order Area |work=The World Factbook |publisher=US [[CIA]], Washington, DC |date=17 October 2006 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |accessdate=3 November 2006 |archive-date=9 Хоёрдугаар сар 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population density&nbsp;– Persons per&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> 2006 |work=CIA world factbook |publisher=Photius Coutsoukis |year=2006 |url=http://www.photius.com/rankings/geography/population_density_2006_1.html |accessdate=4 October 2006}}</ref> Тэр дотроо дэлхийн арлуудаас хамгийн олон хүнтэй нь болох Жавад нэг км-т 940 хүн ноогдоно.<ref name="JOSHUA">{{cite web | last = Calder | first = Joshua | title = Most Populous Islands | publisher = World Island Information | date = 3 May 2006 | url = http://www.worldislandinfo.com/POPULATV2.htm | accessdate =26 September 2006 }}</ref> Хамгийн өргөгдсөн газар нь Папуа мужийн нутагт байгаа [[Пунчак Жая]] уулын оргил (д.т.д. 4884 м), хамгийн том нуур нь Суматра арлын 1,145 км<sup>2</sup> талбайт [[Тоба нуур]] юм. [[Махакам]], [[Барито]] гэх мэт Калимантан арлын гол мөрд хамгийн уртад тооцогдоно.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Republic of Indonesia |work=Encarta |publisher=Microsoft |year=2006 |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573214/Republic_of_Indonesia.html#s4 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kwrIjXxw |archivedate=31 October 2009 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[File:Mahameru-volcano.jpeg|thumb|left|Индонезийн галт уулс]] [[Номхон далайн хавтан|Номхон далайн]], [[Евразийн хавтан|Евразийн]], [[Австралийн хавтан|Австралийн]] гурван техтоник хавтны уулзвар зааг дээр Индонез байрладаг. Тиймээс ч 19-р зуунд сүйд хийж асан [[Кракатоа]], [[Тамбора]] хоёрыг оруулаад цөөндөө л гэхэд 150 гаруй [[галт уул]] үе үе идэвхждэг.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=06&rpage=list| title=Volcanoes of Indonesia| publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]| accessdate=25 March 2007| work=Global Volcanism Program}}</ref> Саяхан л гэхэд 2004 оны цуут цунами 167,736 хүнийг нь урсгаж<ref>{{cite web | title =The Human Toll | work =UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery | publisher =United Nations | url =http://www.tsunamispecialenvoy.org/country/humantoll.asp | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070519133441/http://www.tsunamispecialenvoy.org/country/humantoll.asp | archivedate =19 Тавдугаар сар 2007 | accessdate =25 March 2007 | url-status =live }}</ref>, 2006 оны Иогякартын газар хөдлөлт 5,782 хүнийг үхүүлсэн гайтай. Гэлээ ч галт уулын бялхдас газрыг үржил шимтэй болгодог учир Жава, Балид хүн хамгаас олноор суурьшжээ.<ref>{{cite book |last=Whitten |first=T |coauthors=Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. |title=The Ecology of Java and Bali |publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd |year=1996 |location=Hong Kong |pages=95–97}}</ref> Экваторын дагуу байршдаг тул [[борооны улирал|борооны]], [[хуурай улирал|хуурай]] хоёр улиралтай, [[халуун орны уур амьсгал]]тай. Эрэг хавийн нам газраар жилд 1,780–3,175 мм, уулархаг нутгаар 6,100 мм хүртэл хур буудаг. Суматрын өрнөд эрэг, өрнө Жава, Калимантан, Сулавеси, Папуагийн уулархаг нутгаар хур бороосог. Маш чийглэг, дунджаар 80%. Жилийн турш агаарын температур тогтмол, Жакарта орчмоор өдөрт дунджаар 26–30 °C халуун.<ref>{{cite web |title =About Jakarta And Depok |work =University of Indonesia |publisher =University of Indonesia |url =http://www.ui.ac.id/english/menu_statis.php?id=c6&hal=c_about_jkt |accessdate =24 April 2007 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20060504191815/http://www.ui.ac.id/english/menu_statis.php?id=c6&hal=c_about_jkt |archivedate =4 Тавдугаар сар 2006 |url-status =live }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Хүн ам== :''Мөн үзэх: [[Индонезийн ард түмэн]]'' [[File:Ubud-Kids.jpg|thumb|Олон ястны улсын [[Бали ястан|Бали]] яст жаалууд]] 2010 оны байдлаар Индонез улсын хүн амын тоо 237.6 саяд хүрч,<ref name="bps2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.bps.go.id/65tahun/SP2010_agregat_data_perProvinsi.pdf |title=Central Bureau of Statistics: ''Census 2010'' |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |accessdate=17 January 2011}} {{id}}</ref> жилд 1.9%-иар өсч байна.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://waspada.co.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=182106:fifty-years-needed-to-bring-population-growth-to-zero&catid=30:english-news&Itemid=101 |title=Fifty years needed to bring population growth to zero |publisher=Waspada.co.id |date=19 March 2011 |accessdate=10 April 2011}}</ref> Хүн амын 58% нь дэлхийн арлуудаас хамгийн олон хүнтэй нь гэх<ref name="JOSHUA" /> Жава аралд оршин суудаг.<ref name="bps2010"/> [[Гэр бүл төлөвлөлт|Гэр бүл төлөвлөх]] хөтөлбөр 1960 оноос эхлэн хэрэгжсээр байгаа ч гэсэн 2020 онд 265 сая, 2050 онд 306 сая хүнтэй болох төлөв харагддаг.<ref>[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/DB04_Population_ByAgeSex_Annual/WPP2010_DB4_F1B_POPULATION_BY_AGE_BOTH_SEXES_ANNUAL_2011-2100.XLS World Population Prospects (2010). Annual Population 2011–2100]. (XLS table). United Nations</ref> Индонезэд [[Индонезийн ард түмний хэл яриа|742 янзын хэл аялгуугаар]] ярилцдаг [[Индонезийн ард түмэн|300 гаран яс үндэс]]ний хүмүүс аж төрөн суудаг.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Expat Web Site Association |title=An Overview of Indonesia |work=Living in Indonesia, A Site for Expatriates |url=http://www.expat.or.id/info/overview.html |accessdate=5 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Merdekawaty |first=E. |title="Bahasa Indonesia" and languages of Indonesia |work=UNIBZ&nbsp;– Introduction to Linguistics |publisher=Free University of Bozen |date=6 July 2006 |url=http://www.languagestudies.unibz.it/Bahasa%20Indonesia_Merdekawaty.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=17 July 2006}}</ref> Тэгэхдээ ихэнх нь бүр дээр үед Тайвань, Зүүн Өмнөд Азиас нүүсэн байх гэж таахуйц [[Австронез]] язгуурын хэлтэй байдаг. Дорно Индонезээр үүнээс ялгагдах [[Меланез]] язгуурын ард түмэн бас байдаг.<ref name="Witton2003" /><ref>Taylor (2003), pp. 5–7, {{cite book | last = Dawson| first = B.| coauthors = Gillow, J.| title = The Traditional Architecture of Indonesia | publisher = Thames and Hudson Ltd | year = 1994 | location = London | page = 7 | isbn = 0-500-34132-X }}</ref> Нэр бүхий ард түмнээс [[Жава үндэстэн]] хүн амын 42% эзлэдэг.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kingsbury |first=Damien |title=Autonomy and Disintegration in Indonesia |publisher=Routledge |page=131 |isbn=0-415-29737-0 |year=2003}}</ref> Жавагийн араас [[Сунда үндэстэн|Сунда]], [[Малай үндэстэн|Малай]], [[Мадура ястан|Мадура]] гэх мэт үндэстэн ч юм шиг, ястан ч юм шиг саяаас олон хүнт арваад ард түмэн байдаг. Мөн 8 сая [[Хятад үндэстэн|Хятад]], 5 сая [[Араб үндэстэн|Араб]] гэх мэтээр хаа хол хальж очсон үндэстэд ч байна. Шинээр нэгдэж томорсон улс, хэдэн зуун цөөн тоот ястны орон болохоор ч тэр үү иймэрхүү нутгийн ялгааг давж хараад "Индонез" [үндэстэн] гэж өөриймсөх сэтгэлгээ ард түмнийх нь дунд хэдийнээ дэлгэрчээ.<ref name="RICKLEFS_256">Ricklefs (1991), p. 256</ref> Ийм эв найртай нийгэм бүрдсэн ч гэсэн зарим газар соёл, шашин, ястнаараа мөргөлдөх явдал гарч л байдаг.<ref>Domestic migration (including the official [[Transmigrasi]] program) are a cause of violence including the massacre of hundreds of Madurese by a local [[Dayak people|Dayak]] community in West Kalimantan, and conflicts in Maluku, [[Sulawesi Tengah|Central Sulawesi]], and parts of Papua and West Papua {{Cite journal |author=T.N. Pudjiastuti |year=2002 |title=Migration & Conflict in Indonesia |url=http://www.iussp.org/Bangkok2002/S15Pudjiastuti.pdf |url-status=dead |format=PDF |publisher=International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), Paris |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209225410/http://www.iussp.org/Bangkok2002/S15Pudjiastuti.pdf |archive-date=9 Хоёрдугаар сар 2012 |accessdate=17 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kalimantan The Conflict |work=Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research |url=http://preventconflict.org/portal/main/maps_kalimantan_conflict.php |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212135147/http://preventconflict.org/portal/main/maps_kalimantan_conflict.php |archivedate=12 Арван хоёрдугаар сар 2009 |accessdate=7 January 2007 |publisher=Conflict Prevention Initiative, Harvard University |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |author=J.W. Ajawaila; M.J. Papilaya; Tonny D. Pariela; F. Nahusona; G. Leasa; T. Soumokil; James Lalaun and W. R. Sihasale |title=Proposal Pemecahan Masalah Kerusuhan di Ambon |publisher=Fica-Net |year=1999 |location=Ambon, Indonesia |url=http://www.fica.org/h/ambon/idRusuh1.html |accessdate=29 September 2006 |booktitle=Report on Church and Human Rights Persecution in Indonesia }} {{Webarchiv|url=http://www.fica.org/h/ambon/idRusuh1.html |archive-is=20120527011433 |text=Proposal Pemecahan Masalah Kerusuhan di Ambon |archiv-bot=2026-04-05 13:02:44 InternetArchiveBot }}; Kyoto University: Sulawesi Kaken Team & Center for Southeast Asian Studies {{PDFlink|[http://sulawesi.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/lib/pdf/MRidwanAlimuddin.pdf Bugis Sailors]|124&nbsp;KB}}</ref> Эндхийн Хятадууд сэргэлэн гарууд байж баялгийг нэлээд хуримтлуулсан, олон пүүс компанийг эзэмшдэгт<ref>Schwarz (1994), pp. 53, 80–81</ref><ref>Friend (2003), pp. 85–87, 164–165, 233–237</ref> зөвхөн Индонезэд л байдаг ард түмэн сэжиглэн дургүйцэж зодолдож нүдэлцээд авсан нь цөөнгүй.<ref>{{cite web |author=M. F. Swasono |title=Indigenous Cultures in the Development of Indonesia |work=Integration of endogenous cultural dimension into development |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi |year=1997 |url=http://ignca.nic.in/cd_05008.htm |accessdate=17 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=S. Long |date=9 April 1998 |title=The Overseas Chinese |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/1998/04/theoverseaschinese/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008055514/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/1998/04/theoverseaschinese/ |archive-date=8 Аравдугаар сар 2011 |accessdate=10 April 2011 |publisher=Prospect Magazine}} The [[May 1998 riots of Indonesia#Jakarta (12–14 May)|riots in Jakarta in 1998]]—much of which were aimed at the Chinese—were, in part, expressions of this resentment. {{cite web |author=M. Ocorandi |date=28 May 1998 |title=An Analysis of the Implication of Suharto's resignation for Chinese Indonesians |url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54b/083.html |accessdate=26 September 2006 |publisher=Worldwide HuaRen Peace Mission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=F.H. Winarta |title=Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Belum Menjadi Kenyataan Menjelang HUT Kemerdekaan RI Ke-59 |publisher=Komisi Hukum Nasional Republik Indonesia (National Law Commission, Republic of Indonesia), Jakarta |month=August | year=2004 |url=http://ignca.nic.in/cd_05008.htm |language=Indonesian}}</ref> [[Жохорын султант улс]]ын үеэс Индонезийн арлуудын ард түмний хоорондоо ойлголцох хэл болсоор ирсэн [[Малай хэл]]ний [[чухал аялгуу|чухал нэгэн аялгуу]] байдаг. Энэ аялгуунд суурилсан Малай хэлийг [[Сингапур]], [[Малайз]], [[Бруней]], Индонез дөрвөн улсад [[албан ёсны хэл]] болгожээ. Тэгэхдээ нэр нь өөр. Индонезэд үүнийг [[Индонез хэл]] (''Bahasa Indonesia'') гэж заадаг. Ер нь Индонезийнхэн бүгд л энэ хэлээр ярилцдаг, Индонезэд энэ хэл ажил хэрэг, улс төр, хэвлэл мэдээлэл, боловсрол гээд бүх салбарт өөр ямар ч хэлнээс илүү сонсдоно. Гэхдээ л нөгөө ястан үндэстнээрээ ард түмний хэл ялгаатай. Хүмүүс [[Индонезийн ард түмний хэл яриа|742 янзын хэл аялгууныхаа]] нэгийг өөрийн [[төрөлх хэл]] гэж боддог. Үүнээс мэдээж [[Жава хэл]]ийг хамгийн олуулаа тээж яваа.<ref name="CIA"/> Папуад харьцангуй цөөн буюу 2.7 сая хүн байдаг мөртлөө бүр [зарим нь Папуа төрлийн, зарим нь Австронез төрлийн] 242 янзаар хэлж ярьцгаадаг.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IDP |title=Ethnologue report for Indonesia (Papua) |publisher=Ethnologue.com |accessdate=28 April 2010}}</ref> Индонезийн үндсэн хуулинд шашин шүтэх нь хүний дур зоргынх<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia |work=US-ASEAN |url=http://www.us-asean.org/Indonesia/constitution.htm |accessdate=2 October 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109203358/http://www.us-asean.org/Indonesia/constitution.htm |archivedate=9 Нэгдүгээр сар 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> гэсэн мөртлөө өөр баримтаар [[Ислам]], [[Протестант]], [[Католик]], [[Хиндү]], [[Буддын шашин]], [[Күнзийн суртал]] зургааг албан ёсны гэж онцлон батласан байх юм.<ref name="Yang">{{cite journal |last=Yang |first=Heriyanto |title=The History and Legal Position of Confucianism in Post Independence Indonesia |journal=Religion |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=8 |month=August | year=2005 |url=http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/mjr/pdf/2005/yang2005.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=2 October 2006}}</ref> 2000 оны тооллогийг үндэслэхэд Индонезийн ард түмний 86.1% нь Ислам шашны Сунни дэгтэй. Ингэхэд Индонез улс Исламын улс биш боловч хамгийн олон Ислам шүтлэгтэн (хотон хүн)-тэй улс юм байна гэж ойлгогдоно.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html |title=Indonesia |publisher=CIA |accessdate=10 April 2011 |archive-date=10 Арван хоёрдугаар сар 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210041527/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Хиндү шашинтны олонх нь [[Бали ястан|бали]], Буддын шашинтны олонх нь [[Хятад үндэстэн|хятад]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indonesia&nbsp;– Buddhism |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress |url= http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/40.htm |accessdate=15 October 2006}}</ref> Хэдий цөөн шүтэн бишрэгчтэй ч Хиндү, Будда хоёр шашин Индонезийн соёлд их л нэвчжээ. Ислам нь худалдаачдын чармайлтаар 13-р зуунд умар Суматрад нэвтрээд 16-р зуун гэхэд Индонез орны зонхилох шашин болсон.<ref name="csi">{{cite web |title=Indonesia&nbsp;– Islam |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|url=http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/37.htm |accessdate=15 October 2006}}</ref> Харин Католик шашныг Португалийн авралын зар тараагчид, колончлогчид эхлүүлсэн<ref>Ricklefs (1991), pp. 25, 26, 28</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =1500 to 1670: Great Kings and Trade Empires | publisher = Sejarah Indonesia | url =http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah02.shtml | accessdate =25 April 2007 }}</ref> бол Протестант нь Нидерландын эзэмшилд байх үед Калвинч, Лютеранч номлогчдын тарьсан үр юмсанжээ.<ref>Ricklefs (1991), pp. 28, 62</ref><ref>Vickers (2005), p. 22</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Goh | first = Robbie B.H. | title = Christianity in Southeast Asia | publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies | page = 80 | isbn = 981-230-297-2 | year = 2005 }}</ref> == Зургийн цомог == <center><gallery caption="Индонез" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="5/'"> File:Museum Nasional Indonesia.jpg|National Museum of Indonesia in [[Central Jakarta]] File:Jakarta Skyline Part 2.jpg|[[Wisma 46]], Indonesia's tallest office building, located in the middle of Jakarta skyscraper. File:Central Jakarta.JPG|Jalan Thamrin, the main avenue in Central Jakarta File:Gambir Station Platform.jpg|A train at [[Gambir]] station in [[Central Jakarta]] File:BungKarno-indonoob.JPG|The [[Bung Karno Stadium]] is capable of hosting 100,000 spectators File:Indonesia 2002 CIA map.png|Map of Indonesia File:Indonesia provinces english.png|Provinces of Indonesia File:Jalan malioboro - Jogjakarta.JPG|Malioboro, the most famous street in Yogyakarta city Image:transjogja.jpg|Trans Jogja Bus. A bus rapid transit system in Yogyakarta city File:SOTO FOOD.jpg|A selection of [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesian food]], including ''Soto Ayam'' (chicken soup), ''sate kerang'' ([[satay|shellfish kebabs]]), ''telor pindang'' (preserved eggs), ''perkedel'' (fritter), and ''es teh manis'' (sweet iced tea) File:Indonesian Army infantryman participating in the GPOI.jpg|An Indonesian Army infantryman participating in the U.N.'s Global Peacekeeping Operation Initiative Image:Panser side left.JPG|Pindad Panser "Anoa" shown during Indo Defense and Aerospace Expo 2008 |Indonesian Naval vessels Image:AURI B-25.jpg|B-25 Mitchell bombers of the AURI in the 1950s Image:Jmnei.jpg|A [[Javanese people|Javanese]] engineer closes one of the gun bay doors on a Dutch [[Brewster Buffalo|Buffalo]], January 1942. |[[Mazda6]] used by the Jakarta Metro Highway Patrol (''Ditlantas Polda Metro Jaya'') as a patrol car |[[Mitsubishi Lancer]] used by Vital Object Protection of Indonesian National Police File:ID_diesel_loco_CC_201-05_060327_4217_kta.jpg|GE U20C in [[Indonesia]], #CC201-05 File:Diesel locomotive CC 203 22 at Gambir Station.jpg|GE U20C "Full-Width Cabin" in Indonesia, #CC203-22 [...] </gallery></center> ==Зүүлтийн тайлбар== {{лавлах холбоос|3}} == Цахим холбоос == * {{commons|Indonesia|Индонез}} {{Ази}} {{Хөтлөгч мөр Австрали ба далайн орнууд}} {{OIC}} [[Ангилал:Индонез| ]] [[Ангилал:Азийн орон]] [[Ангилал:Арлын орон]] [[Ангилал:Австрали ба Далайн орон]] [[Ангилал:Зүүн Өмнөд Ази]] [[Ангилал:Ерөнхийлөгчийн засаглалтай бүгд найрамдах улс]] [[Ангилал:Нэгдсэн Үндэстний Байгууллагын гишүүн орон]] 7d0n5wqbolvcaq9e0utmd1l2o464ajp Вайгач арал 0 12509 853319 790467 2026-04-13T14:59:16Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 853319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Арктикийн тэнгис дэх арал}} {{Инфобокс арал | name = Вайгач | image_name = Vaygach island sentinel-2.jpg | image_caption = Хиймэл дагуулаас авсан зураг | image_size = | map = Орос Ненецийн өөртөө засах тойрог | map_caption = Вайгач арал, Ненецийн өөртөө засах тойрог (Орос) | pushpin_relief = 1 | native_name = Вайга́ч | native_name_link = Орос хэл | nickname = | location = [[Арктикийн тэнгис]] | coordinates = {{Coord|69|59|49|N|59|34|44|E|scale:2500000|display=title,inline}} | archipelago = | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_km2 = 3383 | length_km = 100 <!-- | length = {{convert|100|km|mi}} --> | width_km = 45 <!-- | width = {{convert|45|km|mi}} --> | highest_mount = Болванская уул | elevation_m = 170 <!-- | elevation = {{convert|170|m|ft}} --> | country = Орос | country_admin_divisions_title = Муж | country_admin_divisions = [[Архангельск муж]] | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = Тойрог | country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Ненецийн өөртөө засах тойрог]] | country_admin_divisions_title_2 = | country_admin_divisions_2 = | country_largest_city = | country_largest_city_population = | population = 106 | population_as_of = 2012 | density_km2 = 0,03 | ethnic_groups = Ненец, Оросууд | additional_info = }} '''Вайгач арал''' ({{lang-ru|Вайга́ч}}) нь [[Умард мөсөн далай]]д, [[Печорын тэнгис]], [[Карын тэнгис]] хоёрын хооронд орших, [[Шинэ Газар]] ольтригийн нэгэн арал юм. Евразийн эх газрын [[Югорскийн хойг]]оос [[Югорскийн хоолой]]гоор, Шинэ Газраас [[Карын хоолой]]гоор тусгаарлагдана. Засаг захиргааны хувьд [[Оросын Холбооны Улс]]ын [[Архангельск муж]]ийн [[Ненецийн автономит тойрог]]т хамаардаг. * Талбай: 3383 км<sup>2</sup> * Урт: ойролцоогоор 100 км * Өргөн: 45 хүртэл км * Дундаж температур: −20°С (2 сар), +5°С (6 сар) * Хамгийн өндөр цэг: Далайн түвшнээс дээш 170 м [[Аргиллит]], [[элсэн чулуу]], [[шохойн чулуу]] элбэгтэй. Арал дээр 20-40 км урттай олон [[гол]], намаг балчиг, мөн жижиг нуурууд байдаг. Ихэнх хэсэг нь [[тундр]]ын бүст хамаарна. Арал дээр Вайгач, Долгая Губа, Варнек хэмээх 3 тосгон бий. == Байгалийн нөөц == 2007 онд [[Дэлхийн байгаль хамгаалах сан]] (WWF) болон ОХУ-ын засгийн газраас Вайгач арлыг байгалийн нөөц газраар бүртгэн авчээ<ref>{{cite news | title = New Nature Reserve For The Russian Arctic | work = ScienceDaily | publisher = World Wildlife Fund | date = 2007-07-06 | url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070705094418.ht | accessyear = 2009 | accessdate = 6 сарын 19 | archive-date = 2015-09-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150926033637/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070705094418.ht | url-status = dead }}</ref>. Арлын эргэн тойрны тэнгисүүд нь [[далайн морь]], [[далайн хав]], мөн ховордсон [[халим]]уудын нутаг билээ. == Ном зүй == * F. G. Jackson. ''Great Frozen Land''. London, 1895. * H. J. Pearson. ''Beyond Petsora Eastward''. London, 1899. == Эшлэл == {{Reflist}} == Цахим холбоос == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120717060532/http://www.northpolevoyages.com/mystery.htm Вайгач - 'Хойд мөсөн далайн Зул Сар арал'] [[Ангилал:Европын арал]] [[Ангилал:Ненецийн өөртөө засах тойргийн арал]] [[Ангилал:Хойд мөсөн далайн арал]] 2k83alz6jnx7pxiurabn1xxgu0nlhwv Жава 0 12662 853323 698473 2026-04-13T15:07:07Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 853323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Индонезийн бүс нутаг ба арал}} {{redirect|Жава}} {{Инфобокс арал | name = Жава | native_name = {{native name|id|Jawa}}<br>ꦗꦮ {{nobold|([[Жава хэл|Жава]])}}<br>ᮏᮝ {{nobold|([[Сундан хэл|Сундан]])}}<br>''Jawè'' {{nobold|([[Бетави хэл|Бетави]])}} | image_name = Java Topography.png | image_caption = Жавагийн топографи | map_image = Java_Locator.svg | location = Зүүн Өмнөд Ази | coordinates = {{Coord|7|29|30|S|110|0|16|E|type:isle_region:ID_scale:5000000|display=inline,title}} | archipelago = [[Индонезийн олтриг]] ---- [[Их Зондын арлууд]] | area_km2 = 132598.77 | rank = 13th | highest_mount = [[Семерү]] | elevation_m = 3678 | country = [[Индонез]] | country_admin_divisions_title = Муж | country_admin_divisions = {{ubl|[[Бантен]]|[[Жакарта]]|[[Өрнөд Жава]]|[[Төв Жава]]|[[Иогякарта]]|[[Дорнод Жава]]}} | country_largest_city = [[Жакарта]] (хүн ам.10,684,948) | population = 156,927,804 | population_as_of = 2024 | density_km2 = 1,183 | ethnic_groups = | timezone1 = WIB | utc_offset1 = +7 }} '''Жава''' 128,297 км<sup>2</sup> талбайтайгаараа [[Арал|дэлхийн 13-р том]], [[Индонез]]ийн 5-р том [[арал]]. Индонез улсын өнөөгийн 33 мужаас [[Өрнөд Жава]], [[Төв Жава]], [[Дорнод Жава]], [[Бантен]], [[Жакарта]], [[Иогякарта]] зургаа нь Жава арал дээр оршин байгаа. Жава арал галт уулын идэвхтэй бүст оршдог. [[Ангилал:Жава (арал)| ]] [[Ангилал:Индонезийн арал]] [[Ангилал:Азийн арал]] [[Ангилал:Австралазийн дундад тэнгисийн арал]] [[Ангилал:Энэтхэгийн далайн арал]] [[Ангилал:Их Зондын арлуудын арал]] ggz7ahoia4ckouquipih1cm3v1oajtq Зүүнгарын Хаант Улс 0 15849 853306 853297 2026-04-13T13:04:01Z HorseBro the hemionus 100126 853306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Mонгол угсааны сүүлчийн нүүдэлчдийн эзэнт гүрэн}}{{Инфобокс улс | common_name = Зүүнгарын хаант улс | native_name = Зүнһар хаант улс | image_flag = Banner of the Dzungar Khanate.png | flag_caption = Зүүнгарын хаант улсын тугийн Д. Цэрэнпунцагийн сэргээсэн бүтээл. Энэ бол '''Зүүнгарын хаант улсын''' туг бөгөөд Монголын дайны бурхан [[Дайчин Тэнгэр|Дайчин Тэнгэрийг]] дүрсэлсэн байв.{{sfn|Korneev|2022|p=171}} | image_coat = Seal of Galdan Boshugtu Khan.png | alt_coat = Галдан Бошигт хааны тамга | symbol_type = Галдан Бошигт хааны тамга | image_map = Map of the Dzungar Khanate, in 1717.png | map_caption = Зүүнгарын хаант улсын оргил үе, 1717 он. | capital = [[Хулж]] | official_languages = [[Ойрад аялга]] | national_languages = [[Цагадайн хэл]] | religion = [[Төвөдийн Буддын шашин]] ([[Шарын шашин]]) | demonym = Зүүнгар | government_type = [[Хаант засаг]] | leader_title1 = [[Баатар]] [[Хунтайж]] | leader_name1 = [[Эрдэнэбаатар хунтайж|Эрдэнэ]] | leader_title2 = Цэцэн [[Хунтайж]] | leader_name2 = [[Сэнгэ хунтайж|Сэнгэ]] | leader_title3 = Бошигт [[Хаан]] | leader_name3 = [[Галдан бошигт хаан|Галдан]] | leader_title4 = Зоригт [[Хунтайж]], [[Хаан]] | leader_name4 = [[Цэвээнравдан хаан|Цэвээнравдан]] | leader_title5 = [[Хунтайж]], [[Хаан]] | leader_name5 = [[Галданцэрэн хаан]] | leader_title6 = [[Хунтайж]] | leader_name6 = [[Цэвээндоржнамжил]] | leader_title7 = [[Хунтайж]] | leader_name7 = [[Ламдаржаа]] | leader_title8 = [[Хунтайж]] | leader_name8 = [[Даваач]] | leader_title9 = [[Хойд]]ын [[Хаан]] | leader_name9 = [[Амарсанаа]] | legislature = [[Дөчин дөрвөн хоёрын их цааз]] | currency = Зэс зоос | date_start = 1634 | event1 = [[Эрдэнэбаатар хунтайж]] '''Зүүнгарын хаант улсыг''' байгуулав | event2 = [[Казах–Зүүнгарын дайнууд]] | date_event2 = 1635 | event3 = [[Зүүнгар–Оросын мөргөлдөөн]] | date_event3 = 1665–1720 | event4 = Зүүнгарын Алтишахрыг байлдан эзэлсэн нь | date_event4 = 1680–1681 | event5 = [[Зүүнгар–Чин улсын дайн]] | date_event5 = 1690–1758 | event_end = [[Зүүнгарын геноцид]] | date_end = 1758 | p1 = Дөрвөн Ойрадын холбоо | s1 = Чин улс | p2 = Яркендын хант улс | p3 = Хошуудын хант улс }} '''Зүүнгарын Хаант Улс'''{{efn| ([[Монгол бичиг|Монгол хэл]]: {{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨᠭᠠᠷ}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠣᠯᠣᠰ}} {{lang|mn-Cyrl|Зүүнгар улс}} ([[Халимаг хэл|халим]]. ''Зүнһар хаант улс'')}} заримдаа '''Баруун Монгол'''{{sfn|Gantulga|2018|p=59}} гэж нэрлэдэг нь эсвэл [[Ойрадууд|Ойрадуудын]] буюу монгол угсааны сүүлчийн [[нүүдэлчдийн эзэнт гүрэн]] байсан.{{Sfn|Barthold|1956|p=165}} Хамгийн өргөн хүрээндээ энэ нь хойд талаараа өмнөд [[Сибирь|Сибирээс]] өмнөд талаараа [[Төвөд]] хүртэл, одоогийн Монголын баруун хэсэг, зүүн талаараа [[Хятад|Хятадын]] [[Цагаан хэрэм|цагаан хэрэмээс]] баруун талаараа өнөөгийн [[Казахстан]] хүртэлх нутгийг хамарч байв. Зүүнгарын хаант улсын цөм нь өнөөдөр хойд [[Шинжаан|Шинжааны]] нэг хэсэг бөгөөд үүнийг [[Зүүнгар нутаг]] гэж нэрлэдэг. 1620 оны орчимд баруун монголчууд [[Зүүнгарын сав газар|Зүүнгарын сав газард]] нэгдсэн. 1678 онд [[Галдан бошигт хаан|Галдан]] [[Далай лам|Далай ламаас]] ''бошигт [[хаан]]'' цолыг хүртсэнээр [[Зүүнгарын ард түмэн]] Ойрадын доторх тэргүүлэгч овог аймаг болгосон. Зүүнгарын захирагчид [[Хунтайж]] гэсэн цолыг ашигладаг байсан.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=622}} 1680–1681 оны хооронд Зүүнгарууд одоогийн өмнөд Шинжаанд орших [[Таримын сав газар]]-ыг эзлэн авч, зүүн талаараа [[Халх|Халх Монголчуудыг]] ялсан. 1696 онд Галдан [[Чин улс|Чин улсад]] [[Зуунмод-Тэрэлжийн тулалдаан|ялагдаж]], [[Ар Монгол|Ар Монголыг]] алджээ. 1717 онд Зүүнгарууд [[Төвөд|Төвөдийг]] [[Зүүнгарын Төвөдийг байлдан дагуулсан нь|эзэлсэн]] боловч 1720 онд Чин улсаас [[Хятадын Төвд рүү хийсэн аян дайн (1720)|хөөгдсөн]]. 1755–1758 онуудад Чин улс Зүүнгарын иргэний дайныг ашиглан Зүүнгарыг эзлэн түрэмгийлж, [[Зүүнгарын геноцид|Зүүнгарын хүн амын 70-80%-ийг хөнөөв]].{{sfn|Martel|2018|p=1583}} Зүүнгарын сүйрэл нь Чин Монголыг эзлэн түрэмгийлж, [[Чин Төвдийг эзлэн түрэмгийлж]], [[Шинжаан]] улс төрийн засаг захиргааны нэгж болж байгуулагдсан. == Нэрний гарал үүсэл == "Зүүнгар" гэдэг нь "зүүн" болон "гар" гэсэн үгний нийлбэр юм.{{Sfn|Gaunt|2004|p=165}} Үүнийг зүүн талд орших [[Умард Юань]] улсаас ялгаатай нь '''Баруун Монгол''' гэж нэрлэдэг байжээ.{{sfn|Gantulga|2018|p=59}} Энэ бүс нутгийг Францын номлогчдын "Ойрад" гэдэг нэрийн буруу орчуулгаас үндэслэн тухайн үеийн Европын эх сурвалжуудад "'''Элеутийн хаант улс'''" гэж тусад нь тодорхойлсон байдаг.{{Sfn|Walravens|2017|pp=73–90}} == Түүх == Энэ хэсэгт Ойрадын үүсэл гарал үүслээс эхлээд Зүүнгарын хаант улсын нуралт хүртэлх үе шат, Шинжааны хүн ам зүйн өөрчлөлтийг хамрах болно. === Гарал үүсэл === Ойрадууд анх 13-р зууны эхэн үед [[Тува]] нутгаас гаралтай байв. Тэдний удирдагч [[Худуга бэхи]] 1208 онд [[Чингис хаан|Чингис хаанд]] дагаар орж, түүний гэр бүл Чингисийн угсааны дөрвөн салаатай холилдон гэрлэжээ. [[Аригбөх-Хубилайн хаан ширээний төлөөх тэмцэл|Аригбөх-Хубилайн хаан ширээний төлөөх тэмцэлийн]] үеэр [[Дөрвөн Ойрадын холбоо]] ([[Цорос]], [[Торгууд]], [[Дөрвөд]], [[Хойд]]) [[Аригбөх|Аригбөхийн]] талд орж, [[Хубилай хаан|Хубилай хааны]] засаглалыг хүлээн зөвшөөрөөгүй. [[Юань гүрэн]] мөхсөний дараа Ойрадууд Аригбөхийн угсааны [[Зоригт хаан|Зоригт хаанийг]] Умард Юаны хаан ширээг булаан авахад нь дэмжиж байв. Ойрадууд 1455 онд [[Эсэн тайш|Эсэн Тайш]] нас барах хүртэл Умард Юань улсын хаануудыг захирч байсан бөгөөд үүний дараа Халх Монголын түрэмгийллийн улмаас баруун тийш нүүжээ.{{sfn|Adle|2003|p=142}} 1486 онд Ойрадууд залгамж халааны маргаанд орооцолдож, [[Батмөнх Даян хаан]] тэдэн рүү довтлов. 16-р зууны сүүлийн хагаст Ойрадууд [[Түмэд|Түмэдэд]] илүү их газар нутгаа алджээ.{{sfn|Adle|2003|p=153}} Гэсэн хэдий ч Ойрадууд Умард Юанийн засаглалыг эсэргүүцэж эхлэв. Энэ тулаанд Хойдын Есэлвэй Хяа [[Ордос|Ордос Монголчууд]] болон [[Цахар|Цахаруудын]] армитай тулалдав.{{sfn|Zlatkin|1983|pp=66-67}} Хожим нь [[Хархул]] Халхуудын эсрэг бослого гаргаж, тэднийг няцаав.{{Sfn|Adle|2003|p=156}} Ойрадууд удалгүй Халхууд болон [[Казахын ханлиг|Казахуудын]] эсрэг тусгаар тогтнолын дайн эхлүүлэв. Тэд Халх–Казах эвслийг ялж, 1604 онд Сигнак руу гүн довтлов.{{Sfn|Remileva|2005|p=74}} 1608 онд Ойрадууд өөр нэг казах хүчийг ялж, Халхын довтлогч армийг няцаав.{{Sfn|Perdue|2005|p=98}} 1609–1616 онуудад Ойрадууд казах, киргизүүдийг сүйрүүлж, энэ үйл явцад тэднийг захирчээ.{{Sfn|Atygaev|2023|p=121}} 1620 онд Цорос болон Торгууд Ойрадын удирдагчид Хархул, Мэргэн Тэмээн нар Убаши хунтайж болон анхны Халхын Алтан хан руу довтлов. Тэд ялагдаж, Хархул эхнэр хүүхдүүдээ дайсанд алджээ. Убаши хунтайж болон Ойрадуудын хоорондох бүх талын дайн 1623 онд Убаши хунтайж алагдах хүртэл үргэлжилж, Ойрадууд Эрчис голын тулалдаанд тусгаар тогтнолоо зарлав.{{sfn|Adle|2003|p=144}} 1625 онд [[Хошууд|Хошуудын]] ноёдууд [[Цоохор]] болон түүний дүү [[Байбагас баатар]] нарын хооронд өв залгамжлалын асуудлаар мөргөлдөөн гарч, Байбагас баатар тулалдаанд алагджээ. Гэсэн хэдий ч Байбагас баатарын дүү нар болох [[Гүш хаан|Төрбайх (Гүш хаан)]], Хөндөлөн Убаши нар тулалдаанд оролцож, Цоохорыг [[Ишим гол|Ишим голоос]] [[Тобол гол]] хүртэл хөөж, 1630 онд түүний овгийн дагалдагчдыг дайрч, алжээ. Ойрадуудын хоорондох дотоод тэмцэл нь Торгуудын ноён, Хо өрлөгийг баруун тийш нүүж, [[Ногай улс|Ногай улстай]] мөргөлдөж, Ногай улсыг устгажээ. Торгуудууд [[Халимагийн хант улс|Халимагийн хант улсыг]] байгуулсан бол зүүн зүгт Ойрадуудтай холбоотой хэвээр байв. Их чуулган хуралдах бүрт тэд төлөөлөгчдөө илгээж оролцуулдаг байв.{{sfn|Adle|2003|p=145}} 1632 онд [[Хөхнуур муж]] дахь [[Шарын шашин|Шарын Шашин]] бүлэглэлийг Халхын [[Цогт хунтайж]] дарангуйлж байсан тул тэд Төрбайхыг түүнтэй харьцахыг урьсан. 1636 онд Төрбайх 10,000 Ойрадыг удирдан Хөхнуур муж руу довтолсон бөгөөд, 1637 онд үүний үр дүнд Халхын 30,000 хүний ​​бүрэлдэхүүнтэй дайсан армийг ялж, Цогт хунтайж амиа алджээ. Дараа нь тэрээр Төв Төвөд рүү нэвтэрч, 5-р Далай ламаас Төрбайхад ''"Шашныг дэмжигч Дарма"'', ''"Гүш хаан"'' цолыг хүртжээ. Дараа нь тэрээр Чингисийн угсааны биш анхны Монгол Хаан цолыг хүртэж, Ойрадуудыг Төвдийг бүрэн эзлэхийг урьж, [[Хошуудын хант улс|Хошуудын хант улсыг]] байгуулжээ. Үүний дунд Хархулын хүү [[Эрдэнэбаатар хунтайж|Эрдэнэ]] байсан бөгөөд тэрээр ''"баатар хунтайж"'' цол хүртэж, Гүш хааны охин, Амин Даратай гэрлэж, Тарбагатайн нурууны өмнөд хэсэгт Эмил голын дээд хэсэгт '''Зүүнгарын Хаант Улсыг''' байгуулахаар буцаж илгээгджээ.{{sfn|Adle|2003|p=146}} === Эрдэнэбаатар хунтайжын засаглал === '''Зүүнгарын Хаант Улс''' 1634 онд Эрдэнэбаатар хунтайж байгуулж, Зүүнгарууд 1635 онд Казахын ханлигийг довтлон, энэ үйл явцад Казахын хаан Янгирыг олзлон авчээ.{{sfn|Moiseev|1991|p=43}} Эрдэнэбаатар хожим нь 1640,{{sfn|Moiseev|1991|p=44}} 1643,{{Sfn|Burton|1997|p=220}} 1646 онуудад довтолгооноо үргэлжлүүлж, Казахын ханлигийг улам бүр сүйрүүлж, ард түмнийг нь захирчээ.{{Sfn|Burton|1997|pp=219-220}} Тэрээр мөн [[Хулж хот|Хулж хотыг]] нийслэл болгон байгуулж, Ховог Сайр гэж нэрлэж, тэндээ хийд барьж,{{Sfn|Adle|2003|p=148}} мөн тэнд хүн суурьшуулахын тулд барилга байгууламж барьсан.{{Sfn|Adle|2003|p=157}} Тэрээр мөн [[Оросын царьт улс|Оросын царьт улстай]] харилцаа тогтоож, давсны уурхай, худалдаа эрхлэх эрх олгосон. Ингэснээр оросууд суурьшиж, бааз байгуулах, мөн хоёр улсын хоорондох харилцаа хөгжиж, эдийн засаг бий болсон.{{Sfn|Adle|2003|p=146}} Түүний засаглал 1653 онд нас барснаар дуусгавар болсон. Үүнээс өмнө тэрээр Хошуудын хант улсаас Казахуудын эсрэг хийсэн дайнд нь туслахыг хүссэн бөгөөд тэд Галдмаа баатарыг Туркестаны тулаанд Янгирыг ялан дийлэхэд илгээсэн бөгөөд, Чу ба Талас голын тулаанд Бухарчуудыг ялсан.{{Sfn|Altangerel|2017|p=107}} Энэ нь Зүүнгарын хаант улсын хилийг баруун талаараа Талас голоос Аягуз гол хүртэл бэхжүүлсэн юм.{{Sfn|Atygaev|2023|p=138}} === Залгамжлалын маргаан (1653–1677) === [[Файл:Ili region Taiji (Mongol Prince) and his wife, Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769.jpg|thumb|Монгол хунтайж (''[[Тайж]]'', {{lang-zh|台吉}}) [[Или мөрөн|Или]] болон бусад бүс нутгаас гаралтай бөгөөд түүний эхнэр. Хуанг Чин Жигун Ту, 1769.|left]] 1653 онд [[Сэнгэ хунтайж]] эцэг Эрдэнэбаатар хунтайжаас залгамжилсан боловч ах дүүсийнхээ эсэргүүцэлтэй тулгарсан. Хошуудын Очирт хааны дэмжлэгтэйгээр энэ тэмцэл 1661 онд Сэнгэгийн ялалтаар төгсөв. Гэсэн хэдий ч тэрээр 1670 онд [[Төрийн эргэлт|төрийн эргэлтээр]] өөрийн эцэг нэгт ах Цэцэн тайж, Зотов баатрын гарт алагджээ.{{Sfn|Adle|2003|p=157}} Сэнгийн дүү, [[Галдан бошигт хаан|Галдан]] тухайн үед Төвдөд амьдарч байжээ. Ахынхаа үхлийн талаар мэдээд тэр даруй Төвдөөс буцаж ирээд Зотов баатраас өшөө авсан. 1671 онд Далай лам Галданд хан цол олгосон.{{sfn|Adle|2003|p=148}} 1676 онд Галдан Сайрам нуурын ойролцоо Цэцэн тайжыг ялсан.{{sfn|Barthold|1956|p=161}} Дараа нь Галдан Сэнгийн эхнэр, Очирт хааны ач охин [[Ану хатан|Ану-Даратай]] гэрлэж, хадам өвөөтэйгээ зөрчилджээ. Галданы нэр хүндээс айсан Очирт авга ах, өрсөлдөгч Цоохор Убашиг дэмжиж байсан ч Галданы цолыг хүлээн зөвшөөрөхөөс татгалзжээ. 1677 онд Очирт хааныг ялснаар, Галдан Ойрадуудыг ноёрхох болсон. Дараа жил нь Далай лам түүнд "''Бошигт хаан"'' гэсэн дээд цолыг өгөв.{{Sfn|Adle|2003|p=148}} === Яркендын хант улсын байлдан дагуулалт (1678–1680) === [[Файл:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769, Mongol tribal leader (Zaisang, 宰桑) from Ili and other regions, with his wife.jpg|thumb|Или болон бусад бүс нутгаас гаралтай Монгол овгийн удирдагч ([[Зайсан]], 宰桑), эхнэрийнхээ хамт. Хуан Чин Жигун Ту, 1769.]] 16-р зууны сүүл үеэс эхлэн [[Яркендын хант улс]] Хожагийн нөлөөнд автжээ. Хожа нар нь өөрсдийгөө зөнч [[Мухаммед]] эсвэл Рашидун халифаас гаралтай гэж үздэг Накшбанди Суфи нар байв. 16-р зууны эхэн үед Султан Саид хааны хаанчлалын үед Хожа нар ордонд болон хааны засаглалд хүчтэй нөлөө үзүүлсэн байв. 1533 онд Махдум-и Азам гэгч онцгой нөлөө бүхий Хожа Кашгарт ирж, тэнд суурьшиж, хоёр хүүтэй болжээ. Эдгээр хоёр хүү бие биенээ үзэн ядаж, харилцан үзэн ядалтаа хүүхдүүддээ дамжуулж байв. Хоёр удам угсаа нь хант улсын томоохон хэсгийг ноёрхож, хоёр бүлэглэлд хуваагдаж, Кашгар дахь Ак Таглик (Цагаан уул), Ярканд дахь Хар Таглик (Хар уул) гэсэн хоёр бүлэглэлд хуваагджээ. Юлбарс Ак Тагликуудыг ивээн тэтгэж, Хар Тагликуудыг дарангуйлсан нь ихээхэн дургүйцлийг төрүүлж, 1670 онд түүнийг алахад хүргэсэн. Түүний залгамжлагч хүү нь Исмаил хаан хаан ширээнд залартал богино хугацаанд захирч байжээ. Исмаил хоёр лалын шашинтны бүлгийн хоорондох эрх мэдлийн тэмцлийг эргүүлж, Ак Тагликийн удирдагч Афак Хожаг хөөн зайлуулсан. Афак Төвөд рүү зугтсан бөгөөд тэнд 5-р Далай лам түүнд Галдан Бошигт хаанаас тусламж авахад нь тусалсан.{{sfn|Grousset|1970|p=501}} 1679 онд Галдан 30,000 цэргээ [[Турфан хот]] болон [[Хамил тойрог]] руу удирдсан бөгөөд, удалгүй 1680 онд Галдан 120,000 цэргээ удирдан Яркендын хант улс руу орж, түүнийг эзлэн авчээ.{{Sfn|Adle|2003|p=158}} Тэдэнд аль хэдийн Зүүнгаруудад дагаар орсон Ак Тагликууд болон Турфан хот болон Хамил тойргийг эзлэн авахад тусалсан.{{sfn|Adle|2003|p=193}} === Галданы Казахын дайн (1681–1684) === {{main|Казах–Зүүнгарын дайн (1681–1684)}} [[Файл:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769, commoner from Ili and other regions, with his wife.jpg|left|thumb|167x167px|Или нутгийн энгийн иргэн, эхнэрийнхээ хамт. Хуан Чин Жигун Ту, 1769.]] 1681 онд Галдан Бошигт хааны цэргүүд Казахын ханлигийг довтолжээ, учир нь 1670 онд залгамжлалын маргааны үеэр казахуудад [[Долоон ус|Долоон усыг]] алдагджээ.{{Sfn|Moiseev|2001|p=24}} Долоон ус болон Өмнөд Казахстан руу довтлох замаар эхэлсэн бөгөөд, Галдан Бошигт хаан 1681, 1683 онд [[Сайрам (хот)|Сайрам]] хотыг эзэлж чадаагүй юм.{{Sfn|Burton|1997|p=337}} 1684 онд Зүүнгарууд Сайрам, [[Ташкент]] болон бусад газруудыг эзлэн авчээ.{{sfn|Moiseev|1991|p=51}} Үүний дараа Галдан Хар [[Киргизүүд|Киргизүүдийг]] захирч, [[Ферганы хөндий|Ферганы хөндийг]] сүйтгэв.{{sfn|Adle|2003|p=147}} Зүүнгарууд Бараба Татаруудад ноёрхол тогтоож, тэднээс алба хураан авчээ. Бараба Татарууд [[Христийн шашин|Христийн шашинд]] шилжиж, Оросын харьяат болж, Зүүнгаруудад алба төлөхгүй байх шалтаг олов.{{sfn|Frank|2000|p=252–254}} === Халхын дайн (1687–1688) === {{main|Зүүнгар–Халхын дайнууд}} [[Файл:Map-Qing Dynasty 1689-en.jpg|thumb|1688 онд [[Галдан бошигт хаан|Галдан]] Халхыг эзлэхээс өмнөх Зүүнгарын хаант улс]]1687 онд Галдан Бошигт хаан Халх Монгол руу довтолсон бөгөөд тэрээр 30,000 цэрэгтэйгээ хамт [[Засагт хан аймаг|Засагт ханыг]] ялсан гэж [[Занабазар|Занабазарын]] элчин сайд мэдээлэв.{{sfn|Zlatkin|1983|p=178}} Галдан цааш нь [[Хангайн нуруу]] дахь аян дайнаа үргэлжлүүлж, Тамирт Халхын хаантай тулалдаж, [[Чахундорж хан|Чахундоржийн]] хүү Галдан Тайжийг ялжээ.{{sfn|Altangerel|2017|pp=196–197}}{{sfn|Kyachinov|1999|p=208}} Хожим нь Данзан Омбо, Данжил, Дугар Арайтан зэрэг Зүүнгарын жанжингууд [[Эрдэнэ Зуу хийд|Эрдэнэ Зуу хийдийг]] эзлэн авчээ.{{sfn|Zlatkin|1983|p=179}} Энэний дараа нь Чахундорж, Занабазар нар [[Сэцэн хан аймаг|Сэцэн ханaaс]] тусламж хүсэн зугтав.{{sfn|Zlatkin|1983|p=180}} Гэсэн хэдий ч Зүүнгар болон Халх Монголчуудын хоорондох дайн Чин улсын эрх мэдэлд аюул учруулж байсан бөгөөд Зүүнгарын Халхуудыг ялснаар нэгдмэл Монгол үндэстэн бий болно. [[Манжууд|Манж]], [[Монголчууд|Монгол]], [[Хятадууд|Хятадын]] хүчнүүд [[Халх гол|Халх голд]] төвлөрч эхэлснээр Энх амгалан удалгүй Галданы эсрэг дайн зарлав.{{sfn|Zlatkin|1983|pp=180–181}} Үүний зэрэгцээ Түшээт хаан Чахундорж шийдвэрлэх тулалдаанд цэрэг бэлтгэж байсан бөгөөд тэрээр мөн Чин улсын дэмжлэгийг хүсч байв. Чин улсын эрх баригчид Халхуудыг тусгаар тогтнолын статусаа өөрсдийн xapaaт улс болгон өөрчлөхийг мэдэгдсэн. Чахундорж, Занабазар нар Зүүнгарын хаант улсын эрх мэдлийг зөрчиж, Чин улсaд нэгдэхээр шийдсэн тул зөвшөөрсөн юм.{{sfn|Zlatkin|1983|pp=181–182}} 1688 оны 8-р сард Олгой нууранд Галдан бошигт хаан болон Чахундорж нарын хооронд тулаан болжээ.{{sfn|Kyachinov|1999|p=208}} Тулаан 3 орчим хоног үргэлжилж, Чахундорж [[Говь]] рyy зугтжээ.{{sfn|Zlatkin|1983|p=182}} Чахундорж болон Жавзандамба хутагт Занабазар Говийн цөлийг гатлан ​​Чин улс рүү зугтаж, [[Энх амгалан]] хаанд захирагджээ.{{sfn|Adle|2003|p=148}} === Анхдугаар Чин улсын дайн (1690–1696) === {{main|Эхний Зүүнгар–Чин улсын дайн}} [[Файл:Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg|left|thumb|1688–1757 оны Чин Зүүнгарын дайн]] 1690 оны хавар гэхэд Чин улсын засгийн газар Халхууд Зүүнгарын довтолгоонд өртвөл оролцохоор шийджээ. 1690 оны 2-р сарын 20-нд Сэцэн ханд Зүүнгар–Чин улсын энхийн хэлэлцээрийн талаар мэдэгдсэн боловч 10,000 цэрэгтэй тулалдаанд бэлтгэхийг мэдэгджээ.{{sfn|Zlatkin|1983|p=186}} Питер Ц. Пердью-ийн мэдээлснээр Галдан тухайн үед Хэрлэн голын доод хэсэгт хоол хүнсний хомсдолд орсон тул аян дайнд оролцож байжээ. Зүүнгарууд Сэцэн хан, Түшээт хан нарыг 1690 оны 7-р сар гэхэд хөөж байх хооронд Чин улсын арми Ологой нуурын эрэг дээрх Галданы армийн байрлал руу довтлов. Энэ нь Чин улсын арми болон Зүүнгарын хүчний анхны [[Олгой нуурын тулалдаан|тулааныг]] эхлүүлсэн юм.{{sfn|Zlatkin|1983|p=187}} Энэ тулалдаанд Зүүнгарууд ялж, Чин улсын армийн эсрэг галт зэвсэг ашигласнаар,{{sfn|Zlatkin|1983|p=190}} Чин улс ухарчээ. Зүүнгарууд удалгүй Чин улсын хүчийг хөөж,{{sfn|Zlatkin|1983|p=191}} Чин улсын нутаг дэвсгэр рүү довтлов.{{sfn|Zlatkin|1983|pp=191–192}} [[Файл:The_Emperor_at_the_Kherlen_river.jpg|thumb|1696 оны аян дайны үеэр [[Хэрлэн гол]] дээрх [[Чин улс|Чин улсын]] эзэн хаан, [[Энх амгалан|Энх амгаланы]] цэргийн хуаран.]] 1690 оны зуны сүүлээр Галдан 20,000 цэрэгтэйгээр [[Хэрлэн гол|Хэрлэн голыг]] гаталж, [[Бээжин|Бээжинээс]] хойд зүгт 350 километрийн зайд Ляо голын баруун эхийн ойролцоо Чин улсын армитай [[Улаанбудангийн тулаан|Улаанбудангийн тулаанд]] оролцов. Галдан тактикийн ухралт хийсэн бол, Чин улс Пиррийн ялалт байгуулсан. 1696 онд Энх амгалан хаан 100,000 цэргээ [[Монгол]] руу удирдав. Галдан Хэрлэнээс зугтаж, баруун талаас довтлох өөр нэг Чин улсын армид баригджээ. Тэрээр дээд [[Туул гол|Туул голын]] ойролцоо болсон [[Зуунмод–Тэрэлжийн тулалдаан|Зуунмод–Тэрэлжийн тулалдаанд]] ялагдсан. Галданы эхнэр Ану алагдаж, Чин улсын арми 20,000 үхэр, 40,000 хонь олзлон авчээ. Галдан цөөн хэдэн дагалдагчтайгаа зугтжээ. 1697 онд тэрээр 4-р сарын 4-нд [[Ховд аймаг|Ховдын]] ойролцоох Алтайн нуруунд нас баржээ. Зүүнгарт 1689 онд бослого гаргасан Галдан Бошигт хааны ахын хүү [[Цэвээнравдан хаан|Цэвээнравдан]] 1691 онд аль хэдийн эрх мэдэлтэй болсон байв.{{sfn|Adle|2003|p=148}} [[Файл:Afaq Khoja Mausoleum in Kashgar, 11 October 2005.jpg|left|thumb|Афак Хожагийн бунхан]] === Цагаадайн бослого (1693–1705) === Галдан Яркендын хант улсад Бабакийн хүү [[Абд ар-Рашид хаан II]]-г тоглоомон хаан болгон томилсон. Шинэ хаан Афак Хожаг дахин зугтахад хүргэсэн боловч хоёр жилийн дараа Яркенд хотод үймээн дэгдэж, Абд ар-Рашидын хаанчлал ёслолгүй дуусгавар болсон. Түүнийг ах Мухаммед Имин хаан залгамжилсан. Мухаммед Зүүнгарын эсрэг тэмцэхэд Чин улс, [[Бухарын хант улс]], [[Их Могол Улс|Их Могол Улсаас]] тусламж хүссэн. 1693 онд Мухаммед Зүүнгарын хант улс руу амжилттай довтолж, 30,000 хүнийг олзлон авчээ. Афак Хожа дахин гарч ирэн, дагалдагчдынхаа удирдсан бослогоор Мухаммедыг түлхэн унагажээ. Афакийн хүү Яхия Хожа хаан ширээнд суусан боловч 1695 онд тэрээр болон түүний аав орон нутгийн бослогыг дарах үеэрээ алагдсанаар түүний хаанчлал богиноссон юм. 1696 онд Акбаш хаан хаан ширээнд суусан боловч Кашгарын бэй түүнийг хүлээн зөвшөөрөхөөс татгалзаж, оронд нь Киргизүүдтэй эвсэж, Яркенд руу довтлон, Акбашыг олзлон авчээ. Яркандын бэгүүд Зүүнгарууд руу явж, тэд 1705 онд цэрэг илгээж, Киргизүүдийг хөөн зайлуулсан. Зүүнгарууд Цагаадайн бус захирагч Мирза Алим Шах бэгийг томилсноор Цагаадайн хаадын засаглалыг үүрд дуусгавар болгосон. Хамилын Абдулла Тархан бэг мөн 1696 онд бослого гаргаж, Чин улсад урвасан. 1698 онд Чин улсын цэргүүд Хамилд байрлаж байжээ.{{sfn|Adle|2003|p=193-199}} === Цэвээнравдан хааны казахуудын эсрэг хийсэн аян дайн === {{main|Казах–Зүүнгарын дайнууд}} 1698 онд Галданы залгамжлагч Цэвээнравдан хаан Тэнгиз нуур болон [[Түркистан|Туркистанд]] хүрч, Зүүнгарууд 1745 он хүртэл Долоон ус болон Ташкентийг хяналтандаа байлгаж байв.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=622}} Учир нь Казакууд Оросын худалдаачдыг саатуулж, [[Урианхай|Урианхайчууд]] руу дайрч байхдаа Зүүнгарын хил рүү дайрчээ.{{sfn|Kushkumbaev|2001|p=124}} Зүүнгарын 40,000 орчим цэрэгтэй цэрэг Ахмад Жүзийн эсрэг аян дайн эхлүүлсэн бөгөөд Зүүнгарууд Чу, Талас гол дээрх хүн амыг хядаж, 10,000 орчим [[Дайны олзлогдогч]] авчээ.{{Sfn|Kushkumbaev|2001|p=124}}{{Sfn|Moiseev|1991|p=62}} Цэвээнравдан хаан хожим нь Казахуудын Тавак хааныг ялж, Сайрам, Ташкент, Туркистаны хотуудыг эзлэн авчээ.{{Sfn|Baabar|1999|p=84}} 1699 онд Зүүнгарууд казахуудын эсрэг дахин нэг аян дайн эхлүүлсэн бөгөөд хожим нь Чу, Талас голын завсрын бүс дэх казахуудын хүчийг Сырдарь руу хөөжээ.{{Sfn|Massanov|2010|p=229}} Хожим нь 1702 онд Зүүнгарууд Абул Хайр Хан болон Кайп Ханы хүчийг ялж, Тауке, Кайп Хан нар дайныг зогсоохын тулд дипломат элчин сайд илгээсний дараа 1703 онд дайныг зогсооход хүргэсэн.{{sfn|Kushkumbaev|2001|p=125}} Зүүнгаруудын казахуудын эсрэг хийсэн дайн тэднийг Оросоос тусламж хүсэхэд хүргэв.{{Sfn|Cohen|1998|p=50}} Тэд 1708 онд казахууд руу дахин довтолсон боловч, удалгүй 1711–1712 онд казахуудад няцаагдсан.{{sfn|Suleimanov|Moiseev|1988|p=20}}{{sfn|Kushkumbaev|2001|pp=135–136}} Гэсэн хэдий ч тэд Цэвээнравдан хаан хоёр хүү, гээ илгээснээр хариу довтолгоо хийж чаджээ. Лувсансүр болон [[Галданцэрэн хаан|Галданцэрэн]] нар алдагдсан газар нутгаа эргүүлэн авч чадсан.{{Sfn|Altangerel|2017|p=641}} 1715 онд Чин улсын эзэн хаан, Энх амгалан Казах, Киргизүүдэд эвслийн хүсэлт илгээжээ.{{sfn|Kuznetsov|1983|p=18}}{{sfn|Kuznetsov|1983|p=128}} Тэр жилдээ Зүүнгарын арми Чин улсын эсрэг Хамил хотыг эзлэн авчээ.{{sfn|Barthold|1956|p=162}} Зүүнгарууд хил рүүгээ Казак–Киргизийн довтолгоог зогсоож чадсан.{{sfn|Kuznetsov|1983|p=18}}{{sfn|Kuznetsov|1983|p=128}} Зүүнгарын өмнөд болон зүүн хил дээр богино хугацааны гадаад бодлогын тогтвортой байдлыг бий болгосны дараа Цэвээнравдан хаан 1716 онд цэргээ Казахын тал нутаг руу илгээв. Учир нь Казахын цэргүүд Или гол дээрх Цоросын нүүдэлчид рүү дайрч, Оросын дипломатч, Маркел Трубниковыг олзлов.{{sfn|Moiseev|1991|p=70}} Үүний тулд, [[Их Цэрэндондов|Их Цэрэндондовын]] удирдлаган дор Зүүнгарын арми Казахын цэргийг ялж, олон тооны олзлогдогсдыг олзлов.{{Sfn|Kushkumbaev|2001|p=126}} Дараа нь Их Цэрэндондов Оросын цайз [[Ямышевын бүслэлт|Ямышевыг бүсэлсэн]].{{sfn|Perdue|2005|p=212}} 1717 онд Кайп хан, Абул Хайр хан нар Зүүнгарын эсрэг 30,000 цэрэгтэй өөр нэг цэргийг удирдсан. Казахын цэрэг [[Аягөз голын тулалдаан (1717)|Аягөз голын тулалдаанд]] ялагдсан.{{Sfn|Adle|2003|p=98}} Зүүнгарын хилийн харуул модон суваг үүсгэж, 1,500 цэрэгтэй нэмэлт хүч ирж казахуудыг ялах хүртэл тэдний довтолгоог няцаав.{{Sfn|Kushkumbaev|2001|p=127}} 1718 онд Долоон усаас 2,500 орчим хүнтэй Зүүнгарын цэрэг илгээгдэж, Казахстаны [[Арыс (гол)|Арыс]], [[Бүен]], болон Чаян голууд дээр казахууд руу довтолж, Туркистаны хотод 30,000 хүнтэй армитай тулалдаж, Кадырбаевын хэлснээр "армийг хядсан" гэж мэдээлжээ.{{sfn|Kadyrbaev|2023|p=9}} Зүүнгарын казахуудын эсрэг довтолгоо дуусч, [[Зүүнгар–Чин улсын дайн#Хоёрдугаар Зүүнгар–Чин улсын дайн|Хоёрдугаар Зүүнгар–Чин улсын дайн]] үргэлжилж байх хооронд казахууд 1720 онд газар нутгаа эргүүлэн авч чаджээ.{{sfn|Suleimanov|Moiseev|1988|p=21}} Дайн дуусахад казахууд алдсан газар нутгаа эргүүлэн авч, гурван мянга орчим Зүүнгарын олзлогдогчдыг авчээ.{{sfn|Suleimanov|Moiseev|1988|p=21}} Казакууд Зүүнгарын хаант улсын эсрэг [[Казах–Зүүнгарын дайн (1723–1730)|1723–1730 оны Казах–Зүүнгарын дайнд]] тулалдаж, [[Хөл нүцгэн зугталт|Казах нутгийн Казахууд дунд довтолгоо, аймшигт гэмтэл учруулж]],{{sfn|Moiseev|1991|p=72}} тэд Казах тал нутгийн ихэнх хэсгийг сүйтгэж, [[Туркестаны төлөөх тэмцэл|нийслэл хотод нь]] Казах цэргүүдийг ялсан.{{Sfn|Erofeeva|2007|p=176}} Абул Хайр ханы удирдлага дор Казахууд 1727 онд [[Булантийн тулалдаан]] болон 1729 онд [[Аньракайн тулалдаан|Аньракайн тулалдаанд]] Зүүнгаруудыг ялсан.{{sfn|Moiseev|1991|p=80}} === Хоёрдугаар Чин улсын дайн (1714–1720) === {{main|Хоёрдугаар Зүүнгар–Чин улсын дайн}} [[Файл:Military of the Qing entered Lhasa.jpg|thumb|"Алсын зайн суурьшлын жанжин" аяллын үеэр Чин улсын цэрэг [[Лхас|Лхаст]] орж ирэв.]] 1714 онд Цэвээнравдан хаан Хамилийг дээрэмдэж Чин улсын эсрэг дайнаа үргэлжлүүлэв.{{Sfn|Barthold|1956|p=162}} Цэвээнравдан хааны дүү Их Цэрэндондов 1717 онд [[Хошуудын хант улс]] руу [[Зүүнгарын Төвөдийг байлдан дагуулсан нь|довтлон]], Еше Гьяцог түлхэн унагааж, Лазан хааныг алж, Лхасыг дээрэмджээ. Энх амгалан хаан 1718 онд хариу арга хэмжээ авсан боловч түүний цэргийн экспедиц Лхасаас холгүй [[Хар Усны тулалдаан|Хар Усны тулалдаанд]] Зүүнгаруудад устгагджээ. 1720 онд Зүүнгаруудыг [[Төвөд|Төвдөөс]] хөөж гаргасан [[Хятадын Төвд рүү хийсэн экспедиц (1720)|хоёр дахь болон томоохон экспедицийг]] Энх амгалан хаан илгээсэн. Тэд Кялзан Гьяцог Кумбумаас Лхас руу авчирч, 1721 онд түүнийг 7-р Далай ламаар өргөмжилжээ.{{sfn|Richardson|1984|pp=48-49}} Турфан болон Пичаны ард түмэн энэ байдлыг ашиглан орон нутгийн удирдагч Эмин Хожагийн удирдлага дор бослого гаргаж, Чин улсын талд оржээ.{{sfn|Adle|2003|p=200}} === Галданцэрэн хаан (1727–1745) === Цэвээнравдан хаан 1727 онд гэнэт нас барж, түүний хүү Галданцэрэн өөрийн дүү Лувсансүрийг хөнөөж, Цэвээнравдан хааны залгамжлагч болжээ. Тэрээр казахууд болон Халх Монголчуудын эсрэг дайныг үргэлжлүүлэв. Халхын харьяат иргэдийнхээ эсрэг хийсэн довтолгооны хариуд Чин улсын [[Найралт төв|Найрал төв]] 10,000 цэрэгтэй довтлох хүчийг илгээсэн бөгөөд Зүүнгарууд [[Хотон нуур|Хотон нуурын]] ойролцоо [[Хотон нуурын тулалдаан|Хотон нуурын тулалдаанд]] ялав. Гэсэн хэдий ч дараа жил нь Зүүнгарууд [[Эрдэнэ Зуу хийд|Эрдэнэ Зуу хийдийн ойролцоо]] Халхуудад ялагдав. 1731 онд Зүүнгарууд өмнө нь Чин гүрний талд орж байсан Турфан руу довтлов. Эмин Хожа Турфаны ард түмнийг удирдан Гансу руу ухарч, тэнд Гуажоуд суурьшжээ. 1739 онд Галданцэрэн хаан Халх, Зүүнгарын хилийг зөвшөөрөв.{{sfn|Adle|2003|p=149}} Казахууд [[Алтайн нуруу]] руу довтолсон бөгөөд, энэ нь Зүүнгаруудыг хилээ хамгаалахаар 10,000 орчим цэрэг илгээхэд хүргэсэн. Казахууд Оросын худалдааны цуваа, дипломатчид болон, [[Уйгурууд|Уйгур]] худалдаачдыг дайрч, олзлон авсан.{{sfn|Moiseev|1991|p=111}} Уйгур худалдаачдаас бусад барьцаалагдсан хүмүүсийг удалгүй суллав. Үүний зэрэгцээ Бага Жүз болон Дунд Жүз нар Оросын хатан хаан Аннад захирагджээ. [[Оросын эзэнт гүрэн|Оросын эзэнт гүрэнээс]] хамгаалалт хүсч, Оросуудад Зүүнгарын [[Сибирь]] руу хийх аливаа довтолгоог няцаахад нь туслана гэж тохиролцсон.{{sfn|Moiseev|1991|p=111}} 1732 онд Зүүнгарууд 7,000 орчим цэрэгтэй өөр нэг хүчийг Дунд Жүз рүү довтолсон боловч тэд ялагдав.{{sfn|Kadyrbaev|2023|p=134}} Казахууд мөн Зүүнгаруудыг довтлон 700 орчим ордыг эзлэн авчээ.{{sfn|Kushkumbaev|2001|p=133}} Өөр нэг Зүүнгарын арми Ахлах Жүз рүү довтлон Сайрам, Туркистан болон Ташкент хотуудыг эзлэн авчээ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=18-р зууны Казахстаны түүхээс. |url=https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/M.Asien/XVIII/1720-1740/O_kirgiz_kasakach/text1.htm}}</ref> Дотор 1734 онд Ахмад Жүз Сайрам, Туркестан, Ташкентийг эргүүлэн авч чаджээ.<ref>'''[https://kazneb.kz/ru/bookView/view?brId=98859&simple=true# 16-18-р зууны үеийн Казах-Оросын харилцаа]'''</ref> Гэсэн хэдий ч Галдан Цэрэн тэднийг эзлэхээр цэрэг илгээж, Ахмад Жүзийг захируулснаар тэднийг удалгүй эзэлжээ.{{sfn|Moiseev|1991|pp=107–108}} Галданцэрэн хаан 1739 онд Казахын хаант улсыг дахин довтлов.{{sfn|Kadyrbaev|2023|p=13}} Галданцэрэн хаан 1741 он хүртэл довтолгооноо үргэлжлүүлсээр байсан тул Дунд Жүз довтолгоог няцааж чадаагүй юм.{{sfn|Kushkumbaev|2001|p=135}} Казахууд Зүүнгаруудаас хохирол их амсаж, Бага, Ахмад Жүзүүд Зүүнгарын эсрэг дайнд нэгдэж чадаагүй бөгөөд, Зүүнгарууд [[Сырдарья]] болон Ишим голыг эзэлснээр Зүүнгарууд дээрх казах суурингууд нь Зүүнгаруудаас хөөгдүүлсэн.{{sfn|Kushkumbaev|2001|p=135}} === Уналт (1745–1757) === [[Файл:乾隆皇帝朝服像轴.png|left|thumb|228x228px|Чин улсын [[Тэнгэр тэтгэгч]] хаан. Тэрээр Зүүнгарын Хаант Улсыг байлдан дагуулж, эзлэв.]] Удалгүй 1745 онд Галданцэрэн хаан нас барж, улс орон дотор иргэний дайн дэгдэж, ялагдсан язгууртнууд Чин улсын мэдэлд орсон.{{Sfn|Perdue|2005|p=270}} Түүнийг нас барсны дараа Цяньлун хаан: ''"Өвөө, Эцэг хоёр маань Зүүнгар аймагт тулалдсан ч ажлаа дуусгаагүй тул энэ асуудлыг анхааралтай авч үзэх хэрэгтэй."'' гэжээ.{{sfn|Baabar|1999|p=89}} Галданцэрэн хааны дунд хүү [[Цэвээндоржнамжил]] 1746 онд түүний залгамжилсан [[Хунтайж]] болжээ. Тэрээр архи уух, нохой алах сонирхолтой, мөн параноид болсон тул улс орныг хүчирхийлэлээр захирч байжээ.{{Sfn|Perdue|2005|p=270}} Түүний эгч Улам Баяр түүнийг зогсоохыг оролдсон боловч Цэвээндоржнамжил шоронд хорьсон бөгөөд,{{Sfn|Perdue|2005|p=270}} Баабарын хэлснээр тэрээр эгчийгээ бусад хүмүүсийн хамт цаазалсан гэжээ.{{Sfn|Baabar|1999|p=89}} Энэ нь Улам Баярын нөхөр Сайн Булагийг Цэвээндоржнамжилыг өөрийн илүү алдартай ах [[Ламдаржаа|Ламдаржаатай]] хамт ан агнуурын аялалд алахыг зөвшөөрсөн.{{Sfn|Perdue|2005|p=270}} Тэд Цэвээндоржнамжилыг ялж чадаж, Цэвээндоржнамжилыг сохолж, Галданцэрэн хааны отгон хүү, Цэвээн Дашитай хамт [[Аксу тойрог|Аксу]] руу хорьсон.{{Sfn|Perdue|2005|p=270-271}} [[Файл:2000_Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_-_Abylai_Khan.jpg|thumb|186x186px|Казахын хаан [[Аблай султан|Аблай хаанд]] зориулсан 2000 оны марк.]] 1749 онд Галданцэрэн хааны хүү Ламдаржаа дүү Цэвээндоржнамжилаас хаан ширээг булаан авчээ. Хожим нь Ламдаржаа Их Цэрэндондовын ач хүү, [[Даваач]] болон [[Хойд|Хойдын]] хунтайж, [[Амарсанаа|Амарсанаатай]] эрх мэдлийн төлөө өрсөлджээ.{{Sfn|Perdue|2005|p=272}} Даваач, Амарсанаа нар Казахын хаант улс руу зугтсан бөгөөд,{{Sfn|Perdue|2005|p=272}} Казахуудын [[Аблай султан|Аблай хаан]] тэднийг Дүрвэгч гэж үзсэнд нь Ламдаржаа тэднийг шилж авахыг ултиматум илгээхэд хүргэсэн.{{Sfn|Abuev|2013|p=92}} 1752 оны 9-р сарын 9-нд Ламдаржаа 15,000–25,000 орчим цэрэг удирдан Дунд Жүзийн эсрэг тулалдсан боловч, Ламдаржааг Даваач, Амарсанаа нарын цэргүүд хөнөөсөн эсвэл,{{Sfn|Moiseev|1991|p=202}} Ламдаржаа гуайн өөрийн цэргүүд хөнөөсөн.{{Sfn|Perdue|2005|p=272}}{{Sfn|Abuev|2013|p=95}} Энэнээс 1753 онд Даваач хаан ширээнд суухад хүргэсэн бөгөөд, тэрээр Даваачид захирагдахаас татгалзсан Дөрвөдийн эсрэг 5,000 Казах цэрэгтэй тулалдсан юм.{{Sfn|Moiseev|1991|p=222-223}} 1753–1754 онуудад Даваач Дөрвөдийн удирдагчийг ялж, Дөрвөд эмэгтэйчүүд, хүүхдүүдийг Казах орд руу аваачиж чадсан юм.{{Sfn|Moiseev|1991|p=224}} [[Файл:Cebdenjab.jpg|left|thumb|202x202px|Халхын цэргийг '''Зүүнгарын хаант улс''' руу удирдсан Цэвдэнжав.]] Хаан ширээнд суусныхаа дараа Даваач архинд донтох болсон бөгөөд Амарсанаад үзэн ядах сэтгэл нээгджээ.{{Sfn|Perdue|2005|p=272}} Амарсанаа гэрлэлтийн холбоо, хэлэлцээрийн ачаар Хошууд, Дөрвөд болон Хойдуудад нөлөө үзүүлэх замаар эрх мэдэлтэй болсон. Тэрээр Даваачид улсыг хуваах санал тавьсан боловч Даваач татгалзаж, Амарсанааг зүүн тийш [[Ховд (хот)|Ховд]] руу зугтахад хүргэсэн. 1754 оны 4-р сард Даваач 10,000 цэрэгтэйгээ хамт 1,700 орчим цэрэгтэй казах цэргийг ялж, казахуудад ихээхэн хохирол учруулав.{{Sfn|Moiseev|1991|p=227}} Амарсанаа Чин улсын эрхэнд захирагдаж, 1754 оны эцэс гэхэд Баркол болон Улиастайгаас Даваачын эсрэг 50,000 цэрэг дайчлагджээ.{{Sfn|Perdue|2005|p=272}} Амарсанаа мөн Аблай хааны дэмжлэгийг авсан бөгөөд,{{Sfn|Moiseev|1991|p=226}} Амарсанаа Эрчис болон Эмил голыг эзэлжээ.{{Sfn|Barthold|1956|p=165}}{{quote|''"Харамсалтай нь, та нар Зүүнгарууд аа, та нар Монголчуудтай адилхан юм биш биз дээ? Та нар яагаад тэднээс салсан юм бэ? (...) Монгол хүмүүс зовлонгийн улмаас амаа ангайн зогсож байв. Та нарын зовлон зогсохоос би айж байсан. Миний тусламжтайгаар энэ нь маргааш өглөө хүртэл үргэлжлэхгүй гэж найдаж байна (...) Хэрэв Тэнгэр хэн нэгнийг хүчирхэгжүүлэхийг хүсвэл хүмүүс түүнийг унагаахыг хүссэн ч түүнийг гэмтээж чадахгүй. ...Та нар Шар сургаалыг хүндэтгэж, Будда болон Бодьсадва нарт залбирахыг хүсч байна. Гэхдээ зүрх сэтгэлдээ та нар хүн иддэг Ракшас шиг юм. Тиймээс та нар гэмт хэрэг [ёс суртахууны түвшин] хамгийн доод түвшинд хүрч, хорон муу үйл чинь оргилдоо хүрсэн үед та нар амиа алдсан шийтгэлээсээ зугтаж чадаагүй"''|Тэнгэр тэтгэгч.{{sfn|Walravens|2017|p=82}}}} [[Файл:清人画平定伊犁回部战图册-3.png|thumb|"Гадан-уул дахь хуаран руу дайрсан нь"]] Чин улсын арми 1755 оны 6-р сар гэхэд,{{Sfn|Perdue|2005|p=274}} 100 хоногийн дотор [[Өрөмч]], Бортал тойрогийг дайран өнгөрөв.{{sfn|Adle|2003|p=150}} Энэ нь Даваачыг Гэдэншань руу зугтаж, 10,000 цэргүүдтэйгээ сүүлийн зогсоол хийхэд хүргэв. 1755 оны 7-р сарын 2-нд Чингийн армийн жижиг эргүүл болон түүний цэргүүдийг [[Тэнгэр Уул]] даяар тараав. Даваач Аксугийн хойд зүгт уулс руу зугтсан боловч Хятадын хүсэлтээр Уктурпаны захирагч, Уйгурын удирдагч, Хожид баригдаж, Чин улсад хүлээлгэн өгчээ.{{sfn|Adle|2003|p=201}} Дараа нь Даваачыг хунтайж болгож, Айсин-Гиорогийн гэр бүлийн овогтой гэрлүүлэв. Чин улсын удирдлага 5,000 цэрэг үлдээж, Чингийн командлагчид гарч, ухарчээ.{{Sfn|Perdue|2005|p=274}} ==== Амарсанаагийн бослого (1755–1757) ==== [[Файл:Jaohui.jpg|left|thumb|161x161px|Зүүнгарын хаант улсыг эзэлсэн, Чин улсын цэргийг удирдсан генерал Жаохуй.]] [[Файл:Dzungar_cavalry_of_Amursana,_in_the_Battle_of_Khorgos_against_Qing_China_(1758).png|thumb|Чин улсын эсрэг Хоргосын тулалдаанд оролцсон Амарсанаагийн Зүүнгарын партизанууд. Жан Денис Аттиретийн зураг.{{Sfn|Chu|Ding|2015|p=129}}]] Зүүнгарын хаант улсыг ялсны дараа Чин улс Ойрадын дөрвөн овог аймаг тус бүрт хан томилохоор төлөвлөж байсан боловч Давачигийн эсрэг Чин улсын холбоотон байсан Амарсанаа Хан цол хүртэж, Зүүнгарыг захирахыг хүсчээ. Үүний оронд Тэнгэр тэтгэгч түүнийг Хойдын цорын ганц хаан болгосон. Амарсанаа удалгүй цэрэг цуглуулж эхэлсэн бөгөөд мөн үндэстэнд албан ёсоор захирагдахаа хойшлуулсан. Энэ нь Цяньлун хаан Халхын хунтайж Эринчиндорж, Банди нарыг илгээж, Амарсанааг баривчилж, [[Чэндэ]] дэх эзэн хаанд авчрахад хүргэсэн. Гэвч Амарсанаа Иртыш руу зугтав.{{Sfn|Perdue|2005|p=275}} Зуны улиралд Амарсанаа Халх Монголын удирдагч [[Чингүнжав|Чингүнжавтай]] хамт Чин улсын эсрэг бослого гаргав.{{Sfn|Perdue|2005|p=276}} Амарсанаа одоогийн Вүсүд шөнө нь Чин улсын жанжин Жаохуй Зүүнгар руу довтолсон Оройн Жалайтын тулалдаанд ялагдсан.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=623}} Чин улсыг ялж чадаагүй Амарсанаа хойд зүг рүү зугтаж, казахуудад хоргодох газар хайжээ. Гэсэн хэдий ч Аблай хаан түүнийг урвах гэж оролдсон тул тэрээр хожим нь Оросууд руу зугтжээ.{{Sfn|Barthold|1956|p=165}} Амарсанаа 1757 оны 9-р сард Оросын нутагт [[салхин цэцэг]] өвчнөөр нас баржээ. 1762 оны хавар түүний хөлдсөн цогцсыг Манжид үзүүлэхээр [[Кяхта]] руу авчирсан байна. Дараа нь Оросууд түүнийг булшилж, Манжийн нас барсны дараах шийтгэлд шилжүүлэх хүсэлтийг хүлээн аваагүй байна.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=623}} Хожим нь Хоргосын тулалдаанд үлдсэн Зүүнгарын хүчнүүдтэй тулгарч, 1758 онд Амарсанаагийн партизанууд Халхын Цэвдэнжавт ялагдсан байна. 1758 онд Хурунгуйн тулалдаанд генерал Жаохуй Казахстаны [[Алматы]] хотын ойролцоох Хурунгуй ууланд Зүүнгарын цэргийг отолтоор дайрч, ялжээ.{{Sfn|Pirazzoli-T'Serstevens|1969|p=10}} === Ак Тагликийн бослого (1757–1759) === Амарсанаа Чин улсын эсрэг бослого гаргахад Ак Таглик (өөрөөр хэлбэл 'Цагаан уулчид', мөн Афак гэгддэг) Бурхануддин Хожа, Жахан нар Яркендэд бас бослого гаргасан. Тэдний засаглал ард түмэнд таалагдаагүй бөгөөд ард түмэн хувцас хунараас эхлээд мал хүртэл хэрэгтэй бүх зүйлийг нь хурааж авсанд нь маш их дургүйцсэн. 1758 оны 2-р сард Чин улс Яэрхашан, Жаохуй нарыг 10,000 цэрэгтэй Ак Тагликийн дэглэмийн эсрэг илгээжээ. Жаохуй 1759 оны 1-р сар хүртэл Чин улсын арми Яркенд Ак Тагликийн хүчинд бүслэгдсэн боловч Чин улсын арми аян дайны үеэр ямар ч бэрхшээлтэй тулгараагүй. [[Хожа|Бурхануддин Хожа, Жахан нар]] [[Бадахшан]] руу зугтаж, тэнд Султан Шах захирагчдад олзлогдон, тэднийг цаазаар авч, Жаханы толгойг Чин улсад өгчээ. Таримын сав газар 1759 онд намжжээ.{{sfn|Adle|2003|p=203}} === Геноцид === {{main|Зүүнгарын геноцид}} === Шинжааны хүн ам зүйн өөрчлөлт === [[Файл:Khojis full-length portrait.jpg|thumb|Хожи, Уктурпаны [[Уйгурууд|Уйгур]] захирагч. 1775 онд Хятадын ордонд Европын Жезуит зураач [[Игнатий Сихельбарт]]-ын зурсан зураг.{{sfn|Unknown|2019|p=4019}}]] [[Файл:Xinjiang_regions_simplified.png|left|thumb|{{legend|red|[[Dzungaria]]}}{{legend|blue|[[Tarim Basin]]}}]] Зүүнгарын Ойрадын ард түмний геноцидын дараа Чин улс Зүүнгарын нутаг хоосорсны дараа сая сая Хан, [[Хуушуур|Хуй]], [[Шибэ]], [[Дагуур ястан|Дагуур]], Солон, Түрэг баян бүрд (Уйгур), Манж нарыг суурьшуулахыг ивээн тэтгэсэн.{{sfn|Perdue|2005|p=285}} Стэнли В. Тоопс орчин үеийн Шинжааны хүн ам зүйн байдал нь Чин гүрний суурьшлын санаачилгыг тусгасан хэвээр байгааг тэмдэглэжээ. Шинжааны нийт хүн амын гуравны нэг нь хойд хэсэгт Хань, Хуй, Казах үндэстнүүдээс бүрддэг бол өмнөд Шинжааны Таримын сав газрын Уйгур үндэстнүүдийн гуравны хоёр орчим нь байв.{{sfn|Starr|2004|pp=73–90}}{{sfn|Toops|2004|p=1}}{{Sfn|Tyler|2004|p=4}} Хойд Шинжааны Үрүмчи, Инь зэрэг зарим хотууд нь Чин улсын суурьшлын бодлогоор бий болсон.{{sfn|Milward|1998|p=102}} Буддын шашинт Зүүнгарыг устгаснаар Ислам шашин болон түүний мусульман бекүүд Шинжаанд ёс суртахуун, улс төрийн давамгайлсан эрх мэдэл болж өссөн. Олон мусульман Таранчичууд мөн хойд Шинжаан руу нүүж ирсэн. Хенри Шварцын хэлснээр "Чин улсын ялалт нь тодорхой утгаараа Исламын улсын ялалт байсан".{{Sfn|Liu|Faure|1996|p=72}} Хачирхалтай нь, Чин улс Зүүнгарыг устгаснаар Түрэгийн мусульман соёл, өвөрмөц байдлыг Чин улс хүлцэн тэвчиж, бүр сурталчилж байсан тул тус бүс нутагт Түрэгийн мусульманчуудын хүчийг бэхжүүлэхэд хүргэсэн.{{sfn|Liu|Faure|1996|p=76}} 1759 онд Чин улсын дурсгалд өмнө нь Зүүнгарын мэдэлд байсан газар нутгийг одоо "Хятадын нэг хэсэг" гэж тунхагласан.{{sfn|Dunnell|2004|p=77}}{{sfn|Dunnell|2004|p=83}}{{sfn|Elliot|2001|p=503}} Чин улсын нэгдлийн үзэл суртал нь Монгол, Ойрад, Төвд зэрэг "гадаад" Хан бус Хятадуудыг "дотоод" Хан Хятадуудтай хамт Чин улсад нэгдсэн "нэг гэр бүл" гэж дүрсэлсэн. Чин улс "нэгдмэл байдал"-ын энэхүү санааг өөр өөр ард түмэнд хүргэхийн тулд "Жон Вай И Жиа" (中外一家) эсвэл "Нэй Вай И Жиа" (內外一家, "дотоод ба гадаад нэг гэр бүл") гэсэн хэллэгийг тодорхойлсон.{{sfn|Dunnell|2004|pp=76-77}} === Зураг === [[Тэнгэр тэтгэгч]] эзэн хаан дайнд гаргасан амжилтаа баримтжуулахад маш их анхаарал хандуулсан.{{sfn|Walravens|2017|pp=73–90}} Тэрээр Чин улсын хамгийн гавьяатай 100 албатныг ([[:zh:紫光阁功臣像|Зигуан павильон дахь гавьяат түшмэдийн хөшөө]] зурахыг тушаажээ: зоригтой Чин улсын офицерууд, генералууд, мөн цөөн хэдэн [[Торгууд]] болон [[Дөрвөд]] холбоотнууд, мөн ялагдсан [[Цорос]] Ойрадууд буюу Хожи эсвэл Эмин Хожа зэрэг Мусульман [[Уйгурууд|Уйгур]] холбоотнууд), мөн Чин улс ялсан үеийн тулалдааны дүр зургийг зурахыг тушаажээ. Нүүр царайнууд нь барууны реалист хэв маягтай бөгөөд цогцоснуудыг Хятадын ордны зураачид зурсан байх магадлалтай.{{sfn|Walravens|2017|pp=73–90}} Орчин үеийн [[Иезуит]] зураач [[Жан-Денис Аттирет]]-ийн хэлснээр: "Элеут болон тэдний холбоотнууд болох бусад татаруудын эсрэг хийсэн энэ дайны туршид эзэн хааны цэргүүд ялалт байгуулах бүрт зураачдад тэдгээрийг зурахыг тушаадаг байв. Үйл явдалд шийдвэрлэх үүрэг гүйцэтгэсэн хамгийн чухал офицеруудыг зураг дээр юу болсныг харуулан гаргахыг илүүд үздэг байв."{{sfn|Walravens|2017|pp=73–90}} Эдгээр зургуудыг бүгдийг нь гадаадын зураачид, ялангуяа [[Жузеппе Кастильоне (Иезуит зураач)|Жузеппе Кастильоне]]-гийн удирдлаган дор [[Иезуит]]-үүд болон тэдний удирдлаган дор Хятадын ордны зураачид зурсан.{{sfn|Walravens|2017|pp=73–90}}<gallery widths="150px" heights="200px" perrow="9"> Файл:Dawachi.jpg|[[Зүүнгар–Чин улсын дайн|Зүүнгар–Чин улсын дайны]] дараах Манж хувцастай Цорос–Ойрадын удирдагч Даваач (达瓦齐). Жан Денис Аттиретийн зурсан зураг. Файл:Dawa.jpg|[[Зүүнгар–Чин улсын дайн|Зүүнгар–Чин улсын дайны]] дараах Манж хувцастай Цорос–Ойрадын Даваа (达瓦). Жан Денис Аттиретийн зурсан зураг. Файл:Tseren.jpg|Манж гүрний хувцастай Дөрвөд–Ойрадын Цэрэн (车凌). Жан Денис Аттиретийн зурсан зураг. Файл:Buyan_Tegus.jpg|Манж гүрний хувцастай Дөрвөд–Ойрадын Буян Төгс(布彦特古斯). Жан Денис Аттиретийн зурсан зураг. Файл:Erdeni.jpg|Манж гүрний хувцастай Дөрвөд–Ойрадын Эрдэнэ (额爾德尼). Жан Денис Аттиретийн зурсан зураг. Файл:Gangdorji.jpg|Манж гүрний хувцастай Дөрвөд–Ойрадын Гандорж (刚多尔济). Жан Денис Аттирегийн зурсан зураг. Файл:Gendun.jpg|Манж гүрний хувцастай Дөрвөд–Ойрадын Гэндэн (根敦). Жан Денис Аттирегийн зурсан зураг. Файл:Ayusi_Assailing_The_Rebels_with_a_Lance.jpg|Ойрадын урвагч Аюси (阿玉锡) Чин улсын дүрэмт хувцастайгаа. Жузеппе Кастильонегийн зурсан зураг. </gallery> == Удирдагчид == {| class="wikitable" |+ !№ !Хааны нэр !Цол !Угсаа гарал !Төрсөн он !Хаанчилсан жил !Нас нөгчсөн он !Тайлбар |- |1 |[[Эрдэнэбаатар хунтайж|Хотогчин баатар]] |Эрдэнэбаатар хунтайж |[[Цорос|Цоросын]] [[Хархул ноён|Хархул догшин ноёны]] хүү |Тодорхойгүй |1634-1654 |1654 | |- |2 |[[Сэнгэ хунтайж|Сэнгэ]] |Цэцэн хунтайж |Эрдэнэбаатар хунтайжийн 5-р хүү |Тодорхойгүй |1654-1671 |1671 | |- |3 |[[Галдан бошигт хаан|Галдан]] |Бошогт хаан |Эрдэнэбаатар хунтайжийн хүү |1644 |1671-1697 |1697 | |- |4 |[[Цэвээнравдан]] |Зоригт хунтайж |Сэнгэ хунтайжийн ахмад хүү |1665 |1690-1727 |1727 | |- |5 |[[Галданцэрэн хаан|Галданцэрэн]] |Хунтайж |Цэвээнравдангийн ахмад хүү |Тодорхойгүй |1727-1745 |1745 | |- |6 |[[Цэвээндоржнамжил]] |Хунтайж |Галданцэрэнгийн отгон хүү |1731 |1745-1749 |1749 | |- |7 |[[Лхамдаржаа]] |Хунтайж |Галданцэрэнгийн ахмад хүү |1726 |1749-1753 |1753 | |- |8 |[[Даваач]] |Хунтайж |[[Их Цэрэндондов]] жанжны гуч хүү |Тодорхойгүй |1753-1755 |1759 | |- |9 |[[Амарсанаа]] |Хаан |[[Хошууд|Хошуудын]] [[Лхазан хаан|Лхазан хааны]] хүү Галданданзан тайжийн хүү. Хойдын Үйзэн хошуучийн дагавар хүү |1718 |1755-1757 |1757 | |} ==Газрын зурагууд== <gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="160"> File: Zunghar Khanate at 1760.jpg|1760 онд Зүүнгарын Хаант Улсын хуучин нутаг дэвсгэрүүд File: Pays des calmoucs.gif|Энэхүү газрын зургийн хэсэг нь 1706 оны Ойрадын нутаг дэвсгэрийг харуулж байна (Конгрессын номын сангийн газрын зургийн цуглуулга: Гуилла де Л'Иллийн "Carte de Tartarie" (1675–1726)). File: Kalmykia 1720.jpg|Зүүнгарын Хаант Улс болон Халимаг улсууд (1725 оны орчимд Шведийн цэрэг [[Йохан Густав Ренат|Йохан Густав Ренатын]] байгуулсан [[I Пётр|I Пётрын]] Оросын эзэнт гүрний газрын зургийн хэсэг) File: Renat map.jpg|1716–1733 онуудад олзлогдож байсан Шведийн цэрэг [[Йохан Густав Ренат|Йохан Густав Ренатын]] Зүүнгарын хаант улсын газрын зураг, үүнд өнөөгийн [[Долоон ус]] гэгддэг бүс нутаг багтана. </gallery> ==Мөн үзэх== *[[Зүүнгар нутаг]] *[[Зүүнгарын ард түмэн]] *[[Халимагийн хант улс]] *[[Хошуудын хант улс]] *[[Төвд–Ладах–Моголын дайн]] *[[Цорос]] *[[Дөрвөн Ойрадын холбоо|Дөрвөн Ойрадын Холбоо]] == Эх сурвалж == === Лавлагаа === {{Reflist}} ===Тэмдэглэл=== {{Notelist}} === Ном зүй === {{s-start}} * {{Cite book |last=Adle |first=Chahryar |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |date=2003 |publisher=UNESCO, Adle Chahrayar |year=2003 |isbn=978-8120820463 |edition=5th}} * {{cite book |last1=Dunnell |first1=Ruth W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC |title=New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde |last2=Elliott |first2=Mark C. |last3=Foret |first3=Philippe |last4=Millward |first4=James A |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=1134362226 |access-date=10 March 2014}} * {{cite book |last=Elliott |first=Mark C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC |title=The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0804746842 |edition=illustrated, reprint |access-date=10 March 2014}} * {{cite journal |last1=Haines |first1=R Spencer |date=2015 |title=Myth, Misconception, and Motive for the Zunghar Intervention in Khalkha Mongolia in the 17th Century |journal=Paper Presented at the Third Open Conference on Mongolian Studies, Canberra, ACT, Australia |publisher=The Australian National University}} * {{cite journal |last1=Haines |first1=R Spencer |date=2016 |title=The Physical Remains of the Zunghar Legacy in Central Eurasia: Some Notes from the Field |journal=Paper Presented at the Social and Environmental Changes on the Mongolian Plateau Workshop, Canberra, ACT, Australia |publisher=The Australian National University}} * {{cite journal |last1=Haines |first1=Spencer |date=2017 |title=The 'Military Revolution' Arrives on the Central Eurasian Steppe: The Unique Case of the Zunghar (1676 - 1745) |journal=Mongolica: An International Journal of Mongolian Studies |publisher=International Association of Mongolists |volume=51 |pages=170–185}} * {{cite book |last=Kim |first=Kwangmin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC |title=Saintly Brokers: Uyghur Muslims, Trade, and the Making of Qing Central Asia, 1696–1814 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |others=University of California, Berkeley |year=2008 |isbn=978-1109101263 |access-date=10 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204040822/https://books.google.com/books?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC |archive-date=4 December 2016 |url-status=dead}} * {{cite book |last=Kushkumbaev |first=Aibolat |title=The Military Affairs of the Kazakhs in the 17th–18th Centuries |publisher=Daik-Press |year=2001 |location=Almaty |language=ru}} * {{cite book |last1=Liu |first1=Tao Tao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ |title=Unity and Diversity: Local Cultures and Identities in China |last2=Faure |first2=David |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |year=1996 |isbn=9622094023 |access-date=10 March 2014}} * {{cite book |last=Millward |first=James A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC |title=Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0231139243 |edition=illustrated |access-date=22 April 2014}} * {{cite book |last=Perdue |first=Peter C |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC |title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0674042025 |edition=reprint |access-date=22 April 2014}} * {{cite book |last=Perdue |first=Peter C |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Zm_Bj6zc7EC |title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2005 |isbn=067401684X |edition=illustrated |access-date=22 April 2014}} * {{citation |last=Grousset |first=Rene |title=The Empire of the Steppes |year=1970}} * {{cite book |last=Remileva |first=E. |publisher=E. 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[http://www.lib.kalmsu.ru/text/TRUD/Hoit_SK/p001.pdf Последние данные по локализации и численности ойрат] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314132153/http://www.lib.kalmsu.ru/text/TRUD/Hoit_SK/p001.pdf|date=14 March 2012}} // Проблемы этногенеза и этнической культуры тюрко-монгольских народов. Вып. 2. Элиста: Изд-во КГУ, 2008. стр. 136–157. * Хойт С.К. [https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_32249220_40405709.pdf Этническая история ойратских групп. Элиста, 2015. 199 с.] * Хойт С.К. [https://www.academia.edu/35593677 Данные фольклора для изучения путей этногенеза ойратских групп] // Международная научная конференция «Сетевое востоковедение: образование, наука, культура», 7–10 декабря 2017 г.: материалы. 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S.|title=The Qing Empire on the Borders of Central Asia (second half of the 18th – first half of the 19th centuries) |year=1983|language=ru|place=Novosibirsk|publisher=Nauka|pages=18, 128}} * {{Cite book |last=Richardson |first=Hugh E |title="Tibet and its History" |publisher=Shambhala |year=1984 |isbn=0-87773-376-7 |edition=2nd, Revised, and Updated |publication-place=Boston & London}} *{{Cite book |last=Abuev |first=K.K. |title=Abylai Khan. Contemporaries and successors: monograph |date=2013 |publisher=Ereket |year=2013 |isbn=978-601-7462-03-01 |editor-last=Sorokin |editor-first=Yu. A. |location=Kokshetau |publication-date=2013 |pages=308 |language=ru |editor-last2=Abzhanov |editor-first2=Kh. M.}} *{{Cite book |last=Baabar |title=History of Mongolia, from World Power to Soviet Satelite |date=1999 |publisher=White Horse Press, University of Cambridge, Baabar |year=1999 |publication-date=1999 |pages=456}} {{s-end}} {{s-start}} {{Залгамжлал |өмнө=[[XIV-XVII зууны Монгол орон|Монгол улс]]<br/>[[Дөрвөн Ойрадын холбоо]]<br/>[[Яркендын хант улс]] |дараа={{flag|Чин улс}}<br/>{{flag icon|Чин улс}} [[Чин Улсын эрхшээл дэх Монгол орон]] |он= 1634–1758 |албан_тушаал={{flag|Зүүнгарын Хаант Улс}} }} {{s-end}} [[Ангилал:Зүүнгарын хаант улс| ]] [[Ангилал:Монголын түүхэн улс]] [[Ангилал:Төв Азийн түүхэн улс]] [[Ангилал:Ойрадын түүх]] [[Ангилал:Хаант Улс]] j26h7i405sorr4ovvg53e7lz7y8z2r1 4 сарын 14 0 16277 853349 839931 2026-04-14T07:36:24Z Avirmed Batsaikhan 53733 853349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Жилийн өдрүүд|4 сарын}} '''4 сарын 14''' нь [[Григорийн тоолол|Григорийн тооллын]] жилийн 104 дахь ([[өндөр жил]] бол 105 дэх) өдөр юм. Мөн он дуустал 261 өдөр үлдэж байна. == Онцлох үйл явдал == * МЭӨ 43 - Аугаа жанжин [[Юлий Цезарь|Юлий Цезарийн]] амь насанд халдсан Десимус Брутусын армийн эсрэг [[Марк Антони]] цэрэг хөдөлгөж буулгаж аван барьцаалжээ. * МЭ 70 - Йерусалемын бүслэлт: Ромын эзэн хаан Веспасианы хүү Титус Эзэнт гүрний еврейн төв сууринг Ромын легионы дөрвөн ангийн хамт бүслэв. * 193 - Ромын сенатор Септимус Северус Иллирикимийн орчим болсон тулаанд ялалт байгуулж улмаар цэргүүдийнхээ урд үг хэлэн өөрийгөө Ромын эзэн хаан хэмээн зарлажээ. * 1028 - Германы хаан ширээнд Конрадын хөвүүн III Хенрих суув. * 1205 - Загалмайтнууд болон Болгарчуудын хооронд болсон Адрианополийн тулаан эхэлжээ. * 1294 - [[Юань гүрэн|Юань гүрний]] аугаа хаан [[Хубилай хаан|Хубилайн]] ач Төмөр Юань гүрний хаан ширээнд сууж, хаан ширээний нэрээ "Өлзийт" хэмээн авч Юань гүрний хаан [[Төмөр Өлзийт хаан|Өлзийт Төмөр]] болжээ. * 1434 - Францын алдарт [[Нант]] хот дахь Гэгээн Петр, Паул хоёрын сүмийг барьж эхлэв. * 1471 - Английн хаан ширээний тэмцэл: Засаглал нь ганхаад байсан [[IV Эдуард]] хаанаар удирдуулсан Йорксистүүд, Уорвикийн гүнгээр удирдуулсан Ланкастрчуудтай Банет орчимд тулав. Тулаан IV Эдуардын ялалтаар өндөрлөж, хаан ширээгээ эгүүлэн авчээ. * 1561 - Дэлхийн түүхэнд үл мэдэгдэх нисдэг биетийн талаар дурдсан анхны шастир бүтээгджээ. Германы Нюремберг орчмын тэнгэрт үл мэдэгдэх гэрэл үзэгдэж улмаар хоорондоо дайтаж байсан талаар "Агаарын тулаан" шастирт дурдсан байна. * 1639 - [[Бохеми|Бохемийн]] цэргүүд Шведийн армитай Шемниц орчимд тулалдсан ч ялагдал хүлээв. Улмаар Шведчүүд бие дааж улс байгуулахаар болжээ. * 1687 — Английн II Жеймс хаан католик болон протестант шашинтнуудад тэгш эрх олгов. * 1715 - Одоогийн [[Өмнөд Каролина]] мужид европын эзлэн түрэмгийлэгчид болон нутгийн уугуул иргэдийн хооронд дайн дэгдэв. * 1775 - Хууль бусаар боол эзэмшигчдийн эсрэг нийгэмлэгийг [[Бенжамин Франклин]], Бенжамин Раш нар байгуулсан нь АНУ-д боол болон төрийг эвлэрүүлэн зуучлах анхны байгууллага болжээ. * 1816 - Британийн эзлэн түрэмгийллийн эсрэг Барбадосын боолын бослогыг удирдаж байсан Бусса Британичуудын гарт амиа алдав. Тэрээр [[Барбадос|Барбадосын]] үндэсний баатар болон мөнхөрчээ. * 1828 - Алдарт хэл шинжээч [[Ноа Вебстер|Ноа Уебстер]] толь бичиг зохиож, зохиогчийн эрхээ өөр дээрээ авсан байна. * 1849 - [[Унгар]] улс [[Австри|Австриас]] тусгаар тогтож байгаагаа унгарын бослогчид зарлан, удирдагчаараа Лахос Коссутыг сонгожээ. * 1865 - АНУ-ын Ерөнхийлөгч [[Абрахам Линкольн]] Форд театрт жүжиг үзэж байхад нь жүжигчин Жон Уилкис Бүүт буудав. Буудуулснаас хойш нэг өдрийн дараа А.Линкольн нас барсан байна. ** [[АНУ-ын Төрийн нарийн бичгийн дарга]] Уиллиам Х.Сьюардын гэрт Льюс Пауэлл гэгч этгээд халджээ. * 1871 -Германд парламент буюу [[Бундестаг|Райхстаг]] байгуулагдсан. * 1890 - АНУ-ын нийслэл [[Вашингтон (хот)|Вашингтон]] хотноо болон Америк тивийн улс гүрнүүдийн олон улсын бага хуралд оролцогчид Пан-Америкийн холбоог байгуулав. * 1900 -[[Парис]] хотод Европ дахь хамгийн том олон улсын үзэсгэлэн нээгдсэн. * 1894 - Алдарт зохион бүтээгч [[Томас Альва Эдисон|Томас Эдисоны]] зохион бүтээсэн кинетоскопыг арван ширхэгийг суурилуулсан үзвэрийн газар АНУ-ын Нью-Йорк хотод байгуулагджээ. Энэ нь дэлхийн түүхэн дэх хамгийн анхны кино театр болсон гэж үздэг байна. * [[1908]] - АНУ-ын [[Монтана аймаг|Монтана]] мужийн [[Миссури мөрөн]] дээр ган төмрөөр барьсан "Хаузерийн хос далан"-гийн эхнийх нь усаа даалгүй нуржээ. * [[1909]] - Османы эзэнт гүрний цэргүүд Силисиа хотын [[Арменичууд|Армени иргэдийн]] эсрэг халдлагыг зохион байгуулав. * [[1912]] - Британийн зорчигч тээврийн [[Титаник|Титаник хөлөг онгоц]] [[Атлантын далай|Умард Атлантын далай]]<nowiki/>д орон нутгийн цагаар 23:40 цагийн орчимд мөсөн уул мөргөв. * 1921 - Монголын нутгийг чөлөөлж, Богд хаанаас итгэл, хүндлэл олсон [[Барон Унгерн фон Штернберг]] 19-45 насны буриадуудыг цэрэгт татах тушаал гаргажээ. Үл дагагсадыг хатуу ширүүнээр залхаан цээрлүүлэхээр зарласан байдаг. * 1927 - Шведийн [[Гётеборг]] хотод [[Volvo|Вольво]] компани анхны машинаа үйлдвэрлэж эхэлсэн байна. * 1928 - Германы нисэх хүчний "Юнкерс В 33" нисэх онгоц Канадын Грийнли аралд газардав. Ингэснээр Германы түүхэнд атлантын далай дамнасан анхны нислэг болон түүхэнд үлдсэн юм. * 1931 - Испанийн цэргийн өндөр албан тушаалтнууд эзэн хаан XIII Альфонсын бүх хэргэм зэргийг хурааж, Хоёрдугаар бүгд найрамдах улсаа тунхаглав. * 1940 - [[Дэлхийн хоёрдугаар дайн]]: Британийн тэнгисийн цэргүүд Норвегийн Намсос аралд газардав. Тэднийг газардсанаас хойш хоёр өдрийн дараа ширүүн тулаан дэгдсэн байна. * 1941 - [[Дэлхийн хоёрдугаар дайн]]: Германы генерал Эрвин Роммелоор удирдуулсан арми Ливийн Тобрук хот руу халдав. * 1942 - Шинэхэн байгуулагдсан [[Мальта|Мальта улс]] Жорж хааны загалмайг төрийн далбаандаа ашиглахаар болжээ. Үүнтэй холбогдуулан Их Британийн хаан VI Жорж өөрөө Мальт улсад энэ эрхийг гардуулсан байна. * 1944 - Энэтхэгийн [[Мумбай|Бумбай]] хотын боомтод дэлбэрэлт болж 300 гаруй хүн амиа алдав. Дэлбэрэлтийн дараах эдийн засгийн хохирол 20 сая фунтээр хэмжигдэж байсан гэдэг. * 1950 - [[Монгол]] улс, [[Польш]] улсын хооронд Варшав хотод [[дипломат харилцаа]] тогтоосон. * 1958 - ЗХУ-ын хөөргөсөн "Спутник 2" хөлөг 162 өдөр сансарт ажилласны эцэст сүйрэв. Дэлхийн сансар судлалын түүхэнд ЗХУ анх удаа энэ хөлөгт амьд амьтан суулган хөөргөсөн юм. Лайка нэртэй нохойг суулган нисгэсэн ч хөөрснөөс хойш ердөө хэдхэн цагийн дараа үхжээ. * 1967 - [[Того]] улсын Ерөнхийлөгч Николас Груницкийг засгийн эрхээс нь түлхэн унагаснаас хэдхэн өдрийн дараа тус улсын засгийн эрхэнд генерал Гнассингбе Эядема гарчээ. Тэрээр 38 жил тус улсын засгийн эрхийг атгасан юм. * 1978 - Зөвлөлт Гүржийн нийслэл [[Тбилиси|Тбилис]] хотод эх хэлээ төрийн албан ёсны хэл болгохын төлөө нэгдсэн олон мянган хүнийг хамарсан жагсаал болов. * 1981 - АНУ-ын Сансар судлалын "Шаттл" хөтөлбөрийн хүрээнд хөөрсөн STS-1 буюу "Колумбиа" хөлөг туршин нислэгээ амжилттай үйлдэв. * 1986 - АНУ-ын Ерөнхийлөгч [[Роналд Рейган|Роналд Рейганы]] тушаалаар [[Ливи]] улсад агаарын дайралт хийж 60 хүн амиа алдсаныг эсэргүүцэн Баруун Герман улсад ажиллаж байсан Америкийн хоёр иргэнийг чиглэсэн халдлага болжээ. Улмаар Америкийн хоёр иргэн [[Баруун Берлин|Баруун Берлинд]] амиа алдсан юм. ** Түүхэнд бүртгэгдсэн хамгийн том мөндөр [[Бангладеш]] улсын Гопалганж дүүрэгт буужээ. Нэгж мөндөр 1 кг-ын жин татаж байсан гэдэг. Байгалийн гамшгийн улмаас 92 хүн амиа алдсан байна. * 1988 - "Эрнест Уилл" цэргийн ажиллагааны хүрээнд АНУ-ын Самуель Б.Робертс хөлөг онгоц [[Персийн булан|Персийн буланд]] гал нээжээ. * 1991 - ЗХУ-аас албан ёсоор тусгаар тогтносны дараа Бүгд найрамдах Гүрж улсад ерөнхийлөгч гэх албан тушаал бий болов. ** [[Амстердам]] дахь [[Винсент ван Гог|Винсент ван Гогийн]] мүзейгээс нийт 500 сая ам.долларын үнэ бүхий 20 уран зураг хулгайлжээ. * 1994 - Ирак улсын хойд хэсэгт болж байсан цэргийн сургуулилтийн үеэр АНУ-ын нисэх хүчний хоёр нисдэг тэрэг байр зүйн алдаа гаргаж АНУ-ын армийн хоёр нисдэг тэргийг гал нээн устгасны улмаас 26 цэрэг амиа алджээ. * 1999 - Албанийн цагаачдын лагерь руу [[НАТО]]-гийн цэргүүд алдаа гарган гал нээсны улмаас 75 хүн амиа алдав. ** Австралийн [[Сидней]] хотод хүчтэй аадар бороо сүүлдээ [[мөндөр]] болон хувирч 2.3 тэрбум австрали долларын хохирол учруулжээ. Энэ нь Австралийн түүхэн дэх хамгийн их хөнөөл дагуулсан байгалийн гамшиг болсон юм. * 2002 - [[Венесуэл|Венесуэлийн]] Ерөнхийлөгч [[Уго Чавес]] төрийн эргэлт гаргахыг санаархсан цэргүүдийн гарт хоёр хоног барьцаалагдсаны эцэст эргэн ажилдаа оржээ. * 2003 - АНУ-ын Засгийн газрын тушаалаар хүний генийн бүтцийг тайлах ажиллагааг зохион байгуулж улмаар хүний генийн бүтцийн 99.99 хувийг тайлж чадсан байна. ** АНУ-ын цэргүүд [[Багдад]] хотыг бүрэн эзлэх цэргийн ажиллагааны үеэр Палестины зэвсэгт бүлэглэлийн тэргүү Абу Аббас амиа алджээ. * 2005 - АНУ-ын [[Орегон]] муж улс ижил хүйстний гэрлэлтийг хүлээн зөвшөөрөх шийдвэрээс яг нэг жилийн өмнө Мултнома сүмд ижил хүйстнүүдийн нууц хурим болов. * 2010 - [[Төвөдийн өөртөө засах орон|Төвөдийн өөртөө засах ороны]] Юшү хотод 6.9 магнитудын хүчтэй газар хөдөлж, 2,700 гаруй хүн амь насаа алджээ. * 2014 - Нигерийн нийслэл [[Абужа]] хотод болсон хоёр удаагийн дэлбэрэлтийн улмаас наад зах нь 75 хүн амиа алдаж, 141 хүн шархдав. ** Нигерийн Чибок хотын нэгэн дунд сургуулиас 276 сурагч охидыг барьцаалав. Энэ хэргийг Африкийн "Боко Харам" террорист бүлэглэл зохион байгуулжээ. == Мэндэлсэн алдартнууд == * 1578 - Испанийн хаан III Фелипе (1621 онд нас барсан) * 1629 - Голландын нэрт математикч, одон оронч Кристиаан Хьюженс (1695 онд нас барсан) * 1738 - Их Британийн Ерөнхий сайд Уиллиам Кавендиш-Бентинк (1809 онд нас барсан) * 1741 - Японы Эзэн хаан [[Момозоно]] (1762 онд нас барсан) * 1773 - Францын зургаа дахь Ерөнхий сайд Жан-Баптист де Виллье (1854 онд нас барсан) * 1812 - Шинэ Зеландын 11 дэх Ерөнхий сайд Жорж Грей (1898 онд нас барсан) * 1862 - [[Пётр Столыпин]] (1911 онд нас барсан) оросын төрийн зүтгэлтэн, Оросын Ерөнхий сайд (1906—1911). * 1889 - Английн нэрт түүхч Арнольд Ж.Тойнбий (1975 онд нас барсан) * [[1903]] - Олимпын хүрэл медальт Шведийн зээрэнцэг шидэгч Рут Сведберг (2002 онд нас барсан) * [[1905]] - Олимпын мөнгө, хүрэл медальт Германы гүйгч Георг Ламмерс (1987 онд нас барсан) * [[1906]] - Саудын Арабын Хаан Файсал (1975 онд нас барсан) * [[1907]] - Гайти улсын 40 дэх Ерөнхийлөгч Франсуа Дувалье (1971 онд нас барсан) * 1921 - Нобелийн шагналт Америкийн эдийн засагч Томас Шеллинг (2016 онд нас барсан) * 1927 - Нобелийн шагналт Шинэ Зеландын химич Алан МакДайрмид (2007 онд нас барсан) * 1932 - Египетийн 47 дахь Ерөнхий сайд Атеф Эбейд (2014 онд нас барсан) ** Америкийн кантри урсгалын хатан хаан гэгдэх нэрт дуучин Лоретта Линн * 1942 - Олимпын алт, мөнгөн медальт, Европын аварга Зөвлөлтийн өндрийн харайгч Валерий Брумель (2003 онд нас барсан) * 1943 - Ливаны 65 дахь Ерөнхий сайд Фуад Синиора * 1945 - Самоа улсын найм дахь Ерөнхий сайд Туйледа Айоно Сайлеле Малиелегао ** Алдарт "Дийп Пөрпл" хамтлагийн үүсгэн байгуулагч, гитарчин [[Ричрад Блекмор]] * 1958 - "Доктор Хэн" киноны од Шотландын жүжигчин Питер Капальди * 1960 - "Бидний хайртай Реймонд", "Музейз өнгөрөөсөн шөнө", "Немогийн эрэлд" киноны од, Америкийн инээдмийн жүжигчин Бред Гарретт * 1962 - Олимпын мөнгөн медальт Канадын спорт алхааны тамирчин Гуйлламе ЛеБланк * 1973 - [[Төгөлдөр хуурч (кино)|"Төгөлдөр хуурч" кинонд]] гол дүр бүтээж Америкийн кино Академийн [[Оскарын шагнал|Оскар шагнал]] хүртсэн жүжигчин [[Эдриен Броуди]] * 1983 - Шотландын хөлбөмбөгч Жеймс МакФадден * 1984 - Японы мэргэжлийн сүмо бөхийн 70 дахь их аварга [[Даваанямын Бямбадорж]] (Харүмафүжи) * 1992 - Данийн хөлбөмбөгч Фредерик Сөренсен * 1996 - "Нарангэрэлт бяцхан мисс", "Нимийн арал", "Миний эгчийн асрагч" киноны од жүжигчин Абигейл Бреслин == Нас барсан алдартнууд == * 911 - Ромын пап III Сержиус (төрсөн огноо тодорхойгүй) * 1132 - Киевийн вант улсын Их ван I Мстислав (1076 онд төрсөн) * [[1912]] - Францын 50 дахь Ерөнхий сайд Анри Бриссон (1835 онд төрсөн) * 1917 - [[Людвик Заменгоф]], зохиомол [[эсперанто хэл]] зохиогч. * [[1914]] - Социалист "Фабианы нийгэмлэг"-ийг үүсгэн байгуулалцсан Хуберт Бланд (1855 онд төрсөн) * 1930 - ЗХУ-ын нэрт яруу найрагч, зохиолч [[Владимир Маяковский]] (1893 онд төрсөн) * 1986 - Францын нэрт зохиолч, эмэгтэйчүүдийн эрхийн төлөө тэмцэгч [[Симона де Бовуар]] ([[1908]] онд төрсөн) * 2000 - Компьютерийн зип файлын программыг зохиогч, программист Фил Катц (1962 онд төрсөн) * 2013 - Перу улсын 121 дэх Ерөнхий сайд Армандо Виллануева (1915 онд төрсөн) * 2015 - Америкийн нэрт хар арсьт дуучин [[Перси Слеж]] (1940 онд төрсөн) == Тэмдэглэлт өдөр == * {{KOR}} Хар өдөр * {{MDV}} Дивехи хэлний өдөр * {{RUS}} Молога өдөр (Ярославл тойрог) * {{GEO}} Гүрж хэлний өдөр * {{JPN}} Такаямагын хаврын баярын эхний өдөр * {{AGO}} Залуусын өдөр * Пан Америкийн өдөр (Америк тивийн ихэнх улс орнууд) ---- {{Commonscat|14 April|4 сарын 14}} [[Ангилал:Өдөр|0414]] [[Ангилал:Дөрөвдүгээр сарын өдөр|14]] ec2jemic1e3yph1is19ykives17li9s Загвар:Инфобокс арал 10 17708 853345 853180 2026-04-14T06:45:59Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 853345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Инфобокс | child = {{{embed|}}} | bodyclass = ib-islands vcard | templatestyles = Загвар:Инфобокс арал/styles.css | titleclass = fn org | title = {{#ifeq:{{{embed|}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|<div 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relief = {{if empty|{{{pushpin_relief|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_relief|}}}|{{{map_relief|}}}}} | label = {{if empty|{{if empty|{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_label|}}}|{{{label|}}}}}|{{{name|}}}}} | position = {{if empty|{{{pushpin_label_position|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_label_position|}}}|{{{label_position|}}}}} | coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}} }}}} | image4 = {{#invoke:Infobox mapframe | autoWithCaption | onByDefault = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map|}}}{{{map|}}}{{{image_map|}}}{{{map_image|}}}|no|yes}} | mapframe-zoom = 7 | mapframe-marker-color = #a8bdec | mapframe-frame-width = 250 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-caption = Интерактив газрын зураг: {{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}} }} | label1 = Бусад нэр | data1 = {{{other_names|}}} | label2 = Нэрийн гарал | data2 = {{{etymology|}}} | header3 = {{#ifeq:{{{embed|}}}|yes||Газар зүй}} | label4 = Байршил | data4 = {{{location|}}} | label5 = Солбицол | data5 = {{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:isle}}}} | label6 = [[Ordnance Survey National Grid|OS grid reference]] | data6 = {{#if:{{{grid_reference|}}}| {{gbmappingsmall|{{{grid_reference|}}}|25|{{{grid_reference|}}}|name={{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}} }} }} | label7 = [[Арал#Арлуудын_төрөл|Төрөл]] | data7 = {{{island_type|}}} | label8 = Олтриг | class8 = note | data8 = {{{archipelago|}}} | label9 = {{nowrap|Зэргэлдээ}} | data9 = {{{waterbody|}}} | label10 = Нийт арлын тоо | data10 = {{{total_islands|}}} | label11 = Томоохон арлууд | data11 = {{{major_islands|}}} | label7 = Талбай | data12 = {{Инфобокс арал/талбай| km2 = {{{area_km2|}}} | sqmi = {{{area_sqmi|}}} | m2 = {{{area_m2|}}} | sqft = {{{area_sqft|}}} | ha = {{{area_ha|}}} | acre = {{{area_acre|}}} }}{{{area_footnotes|}}} | label13 = [[Арлууд талбайн хэмжээгээр|Байр]] | data13 = {{{rank|}}} | label14 = Урт | data14 = {{Инфобокс арал/урт | km = {{{length_km|}}} | mi = {{{length_mi|}}} | m = {{{length_m|}}} | ft = {{{length_ft|}}} }}{{{length_footnotes|}}} | label15 = Өргөн | data15 = {{#if:{{both|{{{width_min_km|}}}|{{{width_max_km|}}}}}<!-- -->{{both|{{{width_min_mi|}}}|{{{width_max_mi|}}}}}<!-- -->{{both|{{{width_min_m|}}}|{{{width_max_m|}}}}}<!-- -->{{both|{{{width_min_ft|}}}|{{{width_max_ft|}}}}}<!-- -->|{{convert<!-- -->|{{if empty|{{{width_min_km|}}}|{{{width_min_mi|}}}|{{{width_min_m|}}}|{{{width_min_ft|}}}}}<!-- -->|-<!-- -->|{{if empty|{{{width_max_km|}}}|{{{width_max_mi|}}}|{{{width_max_m|}}}|{{{width_max_ft|}}}}}<!-- -->|{{#if:{{both|{{{width_min_km|}}}|{{{width_max_km|}}}}}<!-- -->|km<!-- -->|{{#if:{{both|{{{width_min_mi|}}}|{{{width_max_mi|}}}}}<!-- -->|mi<!-- -->|{{#if:{{both|{{{width_min_m|}}}|{{{width_max_m|}}}}}<!-- -->|m<!-- -->|{{#if:{{both|{{{width_min_ft|}}}|{{{width_max_ft|}}}}}<!-- -->|ft}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|abbr=on}}<!-- -->|{{Инфобокс арал/урт | km = {{{width_km|}}} | mi = {{{width_mi|}}} | m = {{{width_m|}}} | ft = {{{width_ft|}}} }}<!-- -->}}{{{width_footnotes|}}} | label16 = Эргийн урт | data16 = {{Инфобокс арал/урт | km = {{{coastline_km|}}} | mi = {{{coastline_mi|}}} | m = {{{coastline_m|}}} | ft = {{{coastline_ft|}}} }}{{{coastline_footnotes|}}} | label17 = Хамгийн өндөр цэгийн өндөр | data17 = {{Инфобокс арал/урт | m = {{{elevation_m|}}} | ft = {{{elevation_ft|}}} }}{{{elevation_footnotes|}}} | label18 = Хамгийн өндөр цэг | data18 = {{{highest_mount|}}} <!-- end geography --> | header22 = Захиргаа | data23 = {{#switch:{{{country|}}}|= |None|none={{#if:{{{treaty_system|}}}||<div>'''{{{country}}}'''</div>}} |#default=<div>'''{{{country}}}'''</div> }} | data24 = {{#if:{{{treaty_system|}}}|Administered under the {{{treaty_system|}}}}} | header25 = _BLANK_ | label26 = {{{country_admin_divisions_title|}}} | data26 = {{{country_admin_divisions|}}} | label27 = {{{country_admin_divisions_title_1|}}} | data27 = {{{country_admin_divisions_1|}}} | label28 = {{{country_admin_divisions_title_2|}}} | data28 = {{{country_admin_divisions_2|}}} | label29 = {{{country_admin_divisions_title_3|}}} | data29 = {{{country_admin_divisions_3|}}} | label30 = {{{country_admin_divisions_title_4|}}} | data30 = {{{country_admin_divisions_4|}}} | label31 = Нийслэл хот | data31 = {{#if: {{{country_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{{country_capital|}}}}} | label32 = Хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country largest city type|}}}|хот}} | data32 = {{#if: {{{country_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{#if: {{{country_largest_city|}}}|{{{country_largest_city|}}}{{#if: {{{country_largest_city_population|}}}|&#32;({{{country_largest_city_population|}}} хүн)}}}}}} | label33 = Нийслэл ба хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country largest city type|}}}|{{{country_capital_type|}}}|{{{country capital type|}}}|хот}} | data33 = {{#if: {{{country_capital_and_largest_city|}}}|{{{country_capital_and_largest_city|}}}{{#if: {{{country_largest_city_population|}}}|&#32;({{{country_largest_city_population|}}} хүн)}}}} | label34 = {{{country_leader_title|}}} | data34 = {{{country_leader_name|}}} | label35 = Хамрах хүрээ | data35 = {{Инфобокс арал/талбай| km2 = {{{country_area_km2|}}} | sqmi = {{{country_area_sqmi|}}} | m2 = {{{country_area_m2|}}} | sqft = {{{country_area_sqft|}}} | ha = {{{country_area_ha|}}} | acre = {{{country_area_acre|}}} | pct = {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} | 1 |%=}} | }} }} }} }} }} }} }}{{{country_area|}}} | header36 = {{#ifeq:{{{disputed|}}}|yes|Нэхэмжилсэн}} | data37 = {{#if:{{{country1|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{disputed|}}}|yes|<div class="ib-islands-country2">|<div class="ib-islands-country">}}{{{country1|}}}</div>}} | label38 = {{{country1_admin_divisions_title|}}} | data38 = {{{country1_admin_divisions|}}} | label39 = {{{country1_admin_divisions_title_1|}}} | data39 = {{{country1_admin_divisions_1|}}} | label40 = {{{country1_admin_divisions_title_2|}}} | data40 = {{{country1_admin_divisions_2|}}} | label41 = Нийслэл {{#ifeq: {{if empty|{{{country1_capital_type|}}}|{{{country 1 capital type|}}}|city}}|хот|хот}} | data41 = {{#if: {{{country1_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{{country1_capital|}}}}} | label42 = Хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country1_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country 1 largest city type|}}}|хот}} | data42 = {{#if: {{{country1_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{#if: {{{country1_largest_city|}}}|{{{country1_largest_city|}}}{{#if: {{{country1_largest_city_population|}}}|&#32;({{{country1_largest_city_population|}}} хүн)}}}}}} | label43 = Нийслэл ба хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country1_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country 1 largest city type|}}}|{{{country1_capital_type|}}}|{{{country 1 capital type|}}}|хот}} | data43 = {{#if: {{{country1_capital_and_largest_city|}}}|{{{country1_capital_and_largest_city|}}}{{#if: {{{country1_largest_city_population|}}}|&#32;({{{country1_largest_city_population|}}} хүн)}}}} | label44 = {{{country1_leader_title|}}} | data44 = {{{country1_leader_name|}}} | label45 = Хамрах хүрээ | data45 = {{Инфобокс арал/талбай| km2 = {{{country1_area_km2|}}} | sqmi = {{{country1_area_sqmi|}}} | m2 = {{{country1_area_m2|}}} | sqft = {{{country1_area_sqft|}}} | ha = {{{country1_area_ha|}}} | acre = {{{country1_area_acre|}}} | pct = {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country1_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country1_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country1_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country1_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country1_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country1_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country1_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country1_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country1_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country1_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country1_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country1_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} | 1 |%=}} | }} }} }} }} }} }} }}{{{country1_area|}}} | data54 = {{#if:{{{country2|}}}|<div class="ib-islands-country">{{{country2|}}}</div>}} | label55 = {{{country2_admin_divisions_title|}}} | data55 = {{{country2_admin_divisions|}}} | label56 = {{{country2_admin_divisions_title_1|}}} | data56 = {{{country2_admin_divisions_1|}}} | label57 = Нийслэл {{#ifeq: {{if empty|{{{country2_capital_type|}}}|{{{country 2 capital type|}}}|city}}|хот|хот}} | data57 = {{#if: {{{country2_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{{country2_capital|}}}}} | label58 = Хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country2_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country 2 largest city type|}}}|хот}} | data58 = {{#if: {{{country2_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{#if: {{{country2_largest_city|}}}|{{{country2_largest_city|}}}{{#if: {{{country2_largest_city_population|}}}|&#32;({{{country2_largest_city_population|}}} хүн)}}}}}} | label59 = Нийслэл ба хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country2_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country 2 largest city type|}}}|{{{country2_capital_type|}}}|{{{country 2 capital type|}}}|хот}} | data59 = {{#if: {{{country2_capital_and_largest_city|}}}|{{{country2_capital_and_largest_city|}}}{{#if: {{{country2_largest_city_population|}}}|&#32;({{{country2_largest_city_population|}}} хүн)}}}} | label60 = {{{country2_leader_title|}}} | data60 = {{{country2_leader_name|}}} | label61 = Хамрах хүрээ | data61 = {{Инфобокс арал/талбай| km2 = {{{country2_area_km2|}}} | sqmi = {{{country2_area_sqmi|}}} | m2 = {{{country2_area_m2|}}} | sqft = {{{country2_area_sqft|}}} | ha = {{{country2_area_ha|}}} | acre = {{{country2_area_acre|}}} | pct = {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country2_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country2_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country2_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country2_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country2_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country2_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country2_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country2_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country2_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country2_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country2_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country2_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} | 1 |%=}} | }} }} }} }} }} }} }}{{{country2_area|}}} | data62 = {{#if:{{{country3|}}}|<div class="ib-islands-country">{{{country3|}}}</div>}} | label63 = {{{country3_admin_divisions_title|}}} | data63 = {{{country3_admin_divisions|}}} | label64 = {{{country3_admin_divisions_title_1|}}} | data64 = {{{country3_admin_divisions_1|}}} | label65 = Нийслэл {{#ifeq: {{if empty|{{{country3_capital_type|}}}|{{{country 3 capital type|}}}|city}}|хот|хот}} | data65 = {{#if: {{{country3_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{{country3_capital|}}}}} | label66 = Хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country3_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country 3 largest city type|}}}|хот}} | data66 = {{#if: {{{country3_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{#if: {{{country3_largest_city|}}}|{{{country3_largest_city|}}}{{#if: {{{country3_largest_city_population|}}}|&#32;({{{country3_largest_city_population|}}} хүн)}}}}}} | label67 = Нийслэл ба хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country3_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country 3 largest city type|}}}|{{{country3_capital_type|}}}|{{{country 3 capital type|}}}|хот}} | data67 = {{#if: {{{country3_capital_and_largest_city|}}}|{{{country3_capital_and_largest_city|}}}{{#if: {{{country3_largest_city_population|}}}|&#32;({{{country3_largest_city_population|}}} хүн)}}}} | label68 = {{{country3_leader_title|}}} | data68 = {{{country3_leader_name|}}} | label69 = Хамрах хүрээ | data69 = {{Инфобокс арал/талбай| km2 = {{{country3_area_km2|}}} | sqmi = {{{country3_area_sqmi|}}} | m2 = {{{country3_area_m2|}}} | sqft = {{{country3_area_sqft|}}} | ha = {{{country3_area_ha|}}} | acre = {{{country3_area_acre|}}} | pct = {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country3_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country3_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country3_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country3_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country3_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country3_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country3_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country3_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country3_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country3_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country3_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country3_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} | 1 |%=}} | }} }} }} }} }} }} }}{{{country3_area|}}} | data70 = {{#if:{{{country4|}}}|<div class="ib-islands-country">{{{country4|}}}</div>}} | label71 = {{{country4_admin_divisions_title|}}} | data71 = {{{country4_admin_divisions|}}} | label72 = {{{country4_admin_divisions_title_1|}}} | data72 = {{{country4_admin_divisions_1|}}} | label73 = Нийслэл {{#ifeq: {{if empty|{{{country4_capital_type|}}}|{{{country 4 capital type|}}}|city}}|хот|хот}} | data73 = {{#if: {{{country4_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{{country4_capital|}}}}} | label74 = Хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country4_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country 4 largest city type|}}}|хот}} | data74 = {{#if: {{{country4_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{#if: {{{country4_largest_city|}}}|{{{country4_largest_city|}}}{{#if: {{{country4_largest_city_population|}}}|&#32;({{{country4_largest_city_population|}}} хүн)}}}}}} | label75 = Нийслэл ба хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country4_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country 4 largest city type|}}}|{{{country4_capital_type|}}}|{{{country 4 capital type|}}}|хот}} | data75 = {{#if: {{{country4_capital_and_largest_city|}}}|{{{country4_capital_and_largest_city|}}}{{#if: {{{country4_largest_city_population|}}}|&#32;({{{country4_largest_city_population|}}} хүн)}}}} | label76 = {{{country4_leader_title|}}} | data76 = {{{country4_leader_name|}}} | label77 = Хамрах хүрээ | data77 = {{Инфобокс арал/талбай| km2 = {{{country4_area_km2|}}} | sqmi = {{{country4_area_sqmi|}}} | m2 = {{{country4_area_m2|}}} | sqft = {{{country4_area_sqft|}}} | ha = {{{country4_area_ha|}}} | acre = {{{country4_area_acre|}}} | pct = {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country4_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country4_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country4_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country4_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country4_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country4_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country4_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country4_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country4_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country4_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country4_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country4_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} | 1 |%=}} | }} }} }} }} }} }} }}{{{country4_area|}}} | data78 = {{#if:{{{country5|}}}|<div class="ib-islands-country">{{{country5|}}}</div>}} | label79 = {{{country5_admin_divisions_title|}}} | data79 = {{{country5_admin_divisions|}}} | label80 = {{{country5_admin_divisions_title_1|}}} | data80 = {{{country5_admin_divisions_1|}}} | label81 = Нийслэл {{#ifeq: {{if empty|{{{country5_capital_type|}}}|{{{country 5 capital type|}}}|city}}|хот|хот}} | data81 = {{#if: {{{country5_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{{country5_capital|}}}}} | label82 = Хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country5_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country 5 largest city type|}}}|хот}} | data82 = {{#if: {{{country5_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{#if: {{{country5_largest_city|}}}|{{{country5_largest_city|}}}{{#if: {{{country5_largest_city_population|}}}|&#32;({{{country5_largest_city_population|}}} хүн)}}}}}} | label83 = Нийслэл ба хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country5_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country 5 largest city type|}}}|{{{country5_capital_type|}}}|{{{country 5 capital type|}}}|хот}} | data83 = {{#if: {{{country5_capital_and_largest_city|}}}|{{{country5_capital_and_largest_city|}}}{{#if: {{{country5_largest_city_population|}}}|&#32;({{{country5_largest_city_population|}}} хүн)}}}} | label84 = {{{country5_leader_title|}}} | data84 = {{{country5_leader_name|}}} | label85 = Хамрах хүрээ | data85 = {{Инфобокс арал/талбай| km2 = {{{country5_area_km2|}}} | sqmi = {{{country5_area_sqmi|}}} | m2 = {{{country5_area_m2|}}} | sqft = {{{country5_area_sqft|}}} | ha = {{{country5_area_ha|}}} | acre = {{{country5_area_acre|}}} | pct = {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country5_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country5_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country5_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country5_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country5_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country5_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country5_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country5_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country5_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country5_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country5_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country5_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} | 1 |%=}} | }} }} }} }} }} }} }}{{{country5_area|}}} | data86 = {{#if:{{{country6|}}}|<div class="ib-islands-country">{{{country6|}}}</div>}} | label87 = {{{country6_admin_divisions_title|}}} | data87 = {{{country6_admin_divisions|}}} | label88 = {{{country6_admin_divisions_title_1|}}} | data88 = {{{country6_admin_divisions_1|}}} | label89 = Нийслэл {{#ifeq: {{if empty|{{{country6_capital_type|}}}|{{{country 6 capital type|}}}|city}}|хот|хот}} | data89 = {{#if: {{{country6_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{{country6_capital|}}}}} | label90 = Хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country6_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country 6 largest city type|}}}|хот}} | data90 = {{#if: {{{country6_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{#if: {{{country6_largest_city|}}}|{{{country6_largest_city|}}}{{#if: {{{country6_largest_city_population|}}}|&#32;(pop.&#160;{{{country6_largest_city_population|}}})}}}}}} | label91 = Нийслэл ба хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country6_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country 6 largest city type|}}}|{{{country6_capital_type|}}}|{{{country 6 capital type|}}}|хот}} | data91 = {{#if: {{{country6_capital_and_largest_city|}}}|{{{country6_capital_and_largest_city|}}}{{#if: {{{country6_largest_city_population|}}}|&#32;({{{country6_largest_city_population|}}} хүн)}}}} | label92 = {{{country6_leader_title|}}} | data92 = {{{country6_leader_name|}}} | label93 = Хамрах хүрээ | data93 = {{Инфобокс арал/талбай| km2 = {{{country6_area_km2|}}} | sqmi = {{{country6_area_sqmi|}}} | m2 = {{{country6_area_m2|}}} | sqft = {{{country6_area_sqft|}}} | ha = {{{country6_area_ha|}}} | acre = {{{country6_area_acre|}}} | pct = {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country6_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country6_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country6_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country6_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country6_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country6_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country6_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country6_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country6_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country6_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country6_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country6_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} | 1 |%=}} | }} }} }} }} }} }} }}{{{country6_area|}}} | data94 = {{#if:{{{country7|}}}|<div class="ib-islands-country">{{{country7|}}}</div>}} | label95 = {{{country7_admin_divisions_title|}}} | data95 = {{{country7_admin_divisions|}}} | label96 = {{{country7_admin_divisions_title_1|}}} | data96 = {{{country7_admin_divisions_1|}}} | label97 = Нийслэл {{#ifeq: {{if empty|{{{country7_capital_type|}}}|{{{country 7 capital type|}}}|city}}|хот|хот}} | data97 = {{#if: {{{country7_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{{country7_capital|}}}}} | label98 = Хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country7_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country 7 largest city type|}}}|хот}} | data98 = {{#if: {{{country7_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{#if: {{{country7_largest_city|}}}|{{{country7_largest_city|}}}{{#if: {{{country7_largest_city_population|}}}|&#32;({{{country7_largest_city_population|}}} хүн)}}}}}} | label99 = Нийслэл ба хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country7_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country 7 largest city type|}}}|{{{country7_capital_type|}}}|{{{country 7 capital type|}}}|хот}} | data99 = {{#if: {{{country7_capital_and_largest_city|}}}|{{{country7_capital_and_largest_city|}}}{{#if: {{{country7_largest_city_population|}}}|&#32;({{{country7_largest_city_population|}}} хүн)}}}} | label100 = {{{country7_leader_title|}}} | data100 = {{{country7_leader_name|}}} | label101 = Хамрах хүрээ | data101 = {{Инфобокс арал/талбай| km2 = {{{country7_area_km2|}}} | sqmi = {{{country7_area_sqmi|}}} | m2 = {{{country7_area_m2|}}} | sqft = {{{country7_area_sqft|}}} | ha = {{{country7_area_ha|}}} | acre = {{{country7_area_acre|}}} | pct = {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country7_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country7_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country7_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country7_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country7_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country7_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country7_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country7_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country7_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country7_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country7_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country7_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} | 1 |%=}} | }} }} }} }} }} }} }}{{{country7_area|}}} | data102 = {{#if:{{{country8|}}}|<div class="ib-islands-country">{{{country8|}}}</div>}} | label103 = {{{country8_admin_divisions_title|}}} | data103 = {{{country8_admin_divisions|}}} | label104 = {{{country8_admin_divisions_title_1|}}} | data104 = {{{country8_admin_divisions_1|}}} | label105 = Нийслэл {{#ifeq: {{if empty|{{{country8_capital_type|}}}|{{{country 8 capital type|}}}|city}}|хот|хот}} | data105 = {{#if: {{{country8_capital_and_largest_city|}}}||{{{country8_capital|}}}}} | label106 = Хамгийн том {{if empty|{{{country8_largest_city_type|}}}|{{{country 8 largest city type|}}}|хот}} | data106 = {{#if: 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{{{area_km2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country8_area_km2|}}} | {{{area_km2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country8_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country8_area_sqmi|}}} | {{{area_sqmi|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country8_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country8_area_m2|}}} | {{{area_m2|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country8_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country8_area_sqft|}}} | {{{area_sqft|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country8_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country8_area_ha|}}} | {{{area_ha|}}} | 1 |%=}} | {{#ifexpr: {{both|{{{country8_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} }} | {{pct | {{{country8_area_acre|}}} | {{{area_acre|}}} | 1 |%=}} | }} }} }} }} }} }} }}{{{country8_area|}}} <!-- end administration --> | header110 = Хүн ам зүй | label111 = Оршин суугчид | data111 = {{{demonym|}}} | label112 = Хүн ам | data112 = {{{population|}}} 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|country_area_km2; country_area_sqmi; country_area_m2; country_area_sqft; country_area_ha; country_area_acre |country1_area_km2; country1_area_sqmi; country1_area_m2; country1_area_sqft; country1_area_ha; country1_area_acre |country2_area_km2; country2_area_sqmi; country2_area_m2; country2_area_sqft; country2_area_ha; country2_area_acre |country3_area_km2; country3_area_sqmi; country3_area_m2; country3_area_sqft; country3_area_ha; country3_area_acre |country4_area_km2; country4_area_sqmi; country4_area_m2; country4_area_sqft; country4_area_ha; country4_area_acre |country5_area_km2; country5_area_sqmi; country5_area_m2; country5_area_sqft; country5_area_ha; country5_area_acre |country6_area_km2; country6_area_sqmi; country6_area_m2; country6_area_sqft; country6_area_ha; country6_area_acre |country7_area_km2; country7_area_sqmi; country7_area_m2; country7_area_sqft; country7_area_ha; country7_area_acre |country8_area_km2; country8_area_sqmi; country8_area_m2; country8_area_sqft; country8_area_ha; country8_area_acre |density_km2; density_sqmi--> }}{{main other|{{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map|}}}{{{map|}}}|{{{image_map|}}}{{{map_image|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption|}}}||{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox islands with an ambiguous map caption]]|}}}}| }}{{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map|}}}{{{map|}}}|{{{image_map|}}}{{{map_image|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{pushpin_map_alt|}}}||{{#if:{{{map_alt|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox islands with an ambiguous map alt]]|}}}}| }}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- categories links go in /doc, not here --> </noinclude> 56ulcfgjj8h1bicctw6p2xzntgkmha7 Өдрийн сонин 0 18403 853346 840059 2026-04-14T06:55:57Z ~2026-22913-57 103935 Өнөөдрийн байдал 853346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Инфобокс сонин | title = Өдрийн сонин | logo = | image_file = | editor = Ж. Мягмарсүрэн | editor_title = <!-- up to |editor_title6= --> | previous_editor = | staff_writer = | photographer = | category = | frequency = | format = А2 | circulation = 3,432,000 | publisher = | paid_circulation = | unpaid_circulation = | circulation_year = | total_circulation = | founder = | founded = {{Start date|2009|}} | company = | country = {{flag|Монгол}} | based = СБД, 8-р хороо, Амарын гудамж | language = [[Монгол хэл]] | website = {{URL|http://www.dnn.mn}} }} '''“Өдрийн сонин”'''. Монголын үндэсний өдөр тутмын сонин, хамгийн олон хувиар хэвлэгддэг нөлөө бүхий томоохон хэвлэл юм. 2000, 2002, 2003 оны шилдэг сонин, 2002 оны “Хүний эрхийг хөхиүлэн дэмжигч сонин”. Монгол улсад сонины захиалагчдын тоогоор өдөр тутмын 7 сонины дотор нэгдүгээр байранд, Монголын нийт сонин дотор “Сэрүүлэг”, “Хүмүүс” сонины дараа ордог. Тус сонин 1999 оны 3 дугаар сарын 10-наас “Өдрийн сонин” нэртэй гарч эхэлсэн боловч ийм нэртэй болохоос өмнө хэд хэдэн нэрийг сольжээ. 1998 оны 8 дугаар сард “Хэвлэл мэдээллийн эрх чөлөөний тухай” МУ-ын хууль батлагдаж, уг хуулийг 1999 оны нэгдүгээр сарын 1-нээс эхлэн хэрэгжүүлэх тухай УИХ-ын тогтоолын дагуу хуучин гарч байсан “Ардын эрх” сонин татан буугдаж, 1998 оны 12 дугаар сарын 23-нд “Ардын үндэсний эрх” нэртэйгээр гарчээ. Эхний 2 дугаарын дараа сонин нэрээ өөрчилж “Үндэсний эрх” нэртэй болжээ. Гэвч УИХ-ын тогтоолд “татан буугдсан сонины нэрийг 5 жилийн дотор хэрэглэж болохгүй” гэсэн заалтыг зөрчсөн учир 2 дугаар сарын 16-ны 38 дахь дугаараас эхлэн “Өдрийн толь” болж нэрээ өөрчилсөн. Дахин маргаан үүсч, бусад сонин хэвлэлийнхэн “Өдрийн толь” сониныг шүүхэд өгснөөр шүүхийн шийдвэрийн дагуу улсын бүртгэлээс хассан учир нэрээ дахин өөрчилж “Өдрийн сонин” болсон юм. Энэ нэрээр өнөөдөр хүртэл тогтвортой гарч байна. Долоо хоногт 6 удаа 8-16 нүүрээр, А2 форматаар хэвлэгдэн гардаг, нийт материалын 40 хувийг реклам зар сурталчилгаа эзэлдэг. Бүтэц зохион байгуулалтын хувьд дэлхийн улс орны ихэнх сонин хэвлэлийн жишгээр албадын зохион байгуулалттай үйл ажиллагаа явуулдаг. Улс төр, гадаад мэдээллийн алба, Нийгэм, соёл, танин мэдэхүйн мэдээллийн алба, Тоймчдын алба, Эрэн сурвалжлах сэтгүүлчдийн алба, Зар сурталчилгааны алба, Дизайн гэрэл зураг, Компьютерийн төв гэсэн үндсэн 6 нэгжтэй. https://web.archive.org/web/20071008232509/http://www.dn.mongolmedia.com/ гэсэн интернет хувилбартай. Минутанд 200 сонин хэвлэн гаргах хүчин чадалтай өөрийн хэвлэх үйлдвэртэй. Мэдээ материалуудыг “Улс төр”, “Баримт, үйл явдал”, “Дэлхийн мэдээ”, “Энэ тухай” зэрэг байнгын сэдэвчилсэн нүүрээр байрлуулдаг, мэдээллийн сэдвийн хүрээ өргөн, багтаамж сайтай, бичлэгийн бүх төрөл, зүйлийг ашиглахыг эрмэлздэг чанаратай цөөхөн сонины нэг. Уншигчдад ямар нэг бэлэг урамшил амладаггүй, олон нийтэд шуурхай, үнэн бодитой, товч тодорхой мэдээлэл өгч соён гэгээрүүлэхийг зорилгоо болгодгоороо онцлогтой. Тус сонинд Ш.Цэрэнпил, Б.Ганчимэг, Ш.Сүхбаатар, Б.Цэнддоо, Б.Золбаяр зэрэг авьяаслаг сэтгүүлчдийн баг ажилладаг. Ерөнхий эрхлэгч нь Ж.Мягмарсүрэн, Нэгдүгээр орлогч эрхлэгч Монгол Улсын Соёлын Гавьяат Зүтгэлтэн Ж.Сандагдорж, Орлогч эрхлэгч М.Баянбулаг, Тамгын газрын дарга Б.Нямдорж, Хариуцлагатай нарийн бичгийн дарга Д.Оюунтуяа, Зөвлөх менежер Т.Дашням, Улс төр, эдийн засаг, гадаад мэдээллийн алба П.Хашчулуун, Эрэн сурвалжлах, нийгэм соёлын алба Н.Гантулга, Дизайн компьютерийн төв Я.Баярбаатар нар бөгөөд цахим “Өдрийн сонин”, DNN.mn веб сайтын Орлогч захирал Д.Гансаруул, Зар сурталчилгааны алба Б.Энхболд, Хэвлэх үйлдвэрийн дарга Д.Мягмардорж, Санхүү аж ахуйн албаны дарга Б.Энхбат гэсэн ерөнхий бүтэцтэйгээр байна. “Өдрийн сонин” нь өдгөө 80 гаруй хүний бүрэлдэхүүнтэй редакци, компьютерийн төв, реклам зар сурталчилгаа, санхүү аж ахуй, үйлдвэр зэрэг алба хэлтэс нэгжид хуваагдан ажиллаж байна. Өдгөө өдрийн сонин нь цөөхөн өдөр тутмын сонинуудын тоо 2025 онд 5-6 болтлоо буурчихсан ба үүнтэй зэрэгцэн Өдрийн Сонин цаасан болон цахим хэлбэрээр үйл ажиллагаагаа явуулж байгаагаас илүү DNN.MN сайт доторх баримттай мэдээ нийтлэлүүдийг тасралтгүй оруулж байна dailynews@mongol.net - цахим шуудангийн хаягтай. Улсын бүртгэлийн дугаар 816. [[Ангилал:Монголын сонин]] llh1oe04ecir7ace7m7ctuxyeusbec7 Зүүн үзэмчин хошуу 0 29499 853329 799881 2026-04-13T16:17:01Z 唐吉訶德的侍從 5036 853329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Инфобокс суурин <!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available--> <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Зүүн үзэмчин хошуу |native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|东乌珠穆沁旗}} • {{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠵᠤᠮᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ|style=max-height:2em;word-wrap:normal}}}} |other_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = [[Өвөр Монголын хошуу|Хошуу]] |total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Хятад Өвөр Монгол#Хятад |pushpin_label = Зүүн үзэмчин |pushpin_label_position = right |pushpin_map_caption = Өвөр Монгол дахь байршил |pushpin_mapsize = 250 <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Улс |subdivision_name = {{flag|Хятад}} |subdivision_type1 = [[БНХАУ-ын өөртөө засах орон|Өөртөө засах орон]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Өвөр Монгол]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Хятадын аймаг|Аймаг]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Шилийн Гол аймаг|Шилийн Гол]] |seat_type = Хошууны төв |seat = [[Улиастай, Зүүн үзэмчин хошуу|Улиастай]] |parts_type = |parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> |parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> |p1 = |p2 = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date1 = |founder = |named_for = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 54545 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = <!-- Elevation --------------------------> |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 839 |elevation_max_m = |elevation_min_m = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2020 |population_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/neimenggu/admin/ Inner Mongolia: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties]</ref> |population_note = |population_total = 94,076 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Хятадын Стандарт цаг|Хятадын Стандарт]] |utc_offset = +8 |coordinates = {{coord|45|31|N|116|58|E|region:CN-15|display=inline,title}} <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = [[Хятад дахь шуудангийн код|Шуудангийн код]] |postal_code = 026300 |area_code = (+86) 0479 |website = {{URL|http://www.dwq.gov.cn/}} |footnotes = }} {{Инфобокс Хятад хэл | mong= {{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠵᠤᠮᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ|style=max-height:2em;word-wrap:normal}} | mon= Зүүн үзэмчин хошуу | monr= Jegün Ujumučin qosiɣu |order=st|s=东乌珠穆沁旗 |t=東烏珠穆沁旗 |p=Dōng Wūzhūmùqìn Qí }} '''Зүүн үзэмчин хошуу''' — [[Хятад улс]] (БНХАУ)-ын [[Өвөр Монгол]] (ӨМӨЗО)-ы [[Шилийн гол аймаг|Шилийн гол аймгийн]] харъяат [[хошуу]]. [[Чин улс]]ын үед монголчуудыг овог аймгаар нь хошуу болгон суулгахад [[үзэмчин]] ардын хоёр хошууны нэг болж ийм нэрээр тогтжээ. Ар талаараа [[Монгол улс]]тай 527.6 км зурвасаар хиллэж, бусад талаар [[Баруун Үзэмчин хошуу]], [[Шилийн хот]], [[Авга хошуу]], өөртөө засах орныхоо [[Хянган аймаг]], [[Тунляо]], [[Улаанхад]] хоттой хаяа залгадаг. 47,554 км<sup>2</sup> газар нутгийн 95%-ийг малын бэлчээрээр ашигладаг. 2010 оны тооллогын байдлаар 56.5 мянган оршин суугчтайгаас 72% (40.8 мянга) нь [[монгол үндэстэн]], 49% нь малчин байна. ==Түүх== Зүүн үзэмчин хошууг 1646 онд байгуулж, [[Шилийн Голын чуулган]]д харьяалуулжээ. Чин гүрний үед энэ хошууны нэр нь '''Үзэмчин зүүн гарын хошуу''' байв. {| class="wikitable" |+ Засаг ноёдын үе залгамжлал<ref name="qingshigao">[[:zh:s:清史稿/卷209|清史稿/卷209]]</ref><ref>{{cite book | title =清代蒙古各旗札萨克和王公世袭集| editor=阿拉善盟档案史志局| publisher=宁夏人民出版社|year=2015|isbn=978-7-227-06076-5 |pages=56-57 | language=zh}}</ref> |- ! Нэр !! Цол !! Бүрэн эрхийн хугацаа !! Тайлбар |- | Сэрэн || Засаг, төрийн Эрдэнэ бэйл || 1646-1671 || |- | Моолихай || Засаг, төрийн Эрдэнэ бэйл || 1671-1681 || |- | Очирт || Засаг, төрийн Эрдэнэ бэйл || 1681-1688 || |- | Бомбо || Засаг, төрийн Эрдэнэ бэйл || 1688-1721 || |- | Цэвдэн || Засаг, төрийн Эрдэнэ бэйл || 1721-1753 || |- | Дашгомбо || Засаг, төрийн Эрдэнэ бэйл || 1753-1785 || |- | Ванчиг || Засаг, төрийн Эрдэнэ бэйл || 1786-1811 || |- | Түгжжав || Засаг, төрийн Эрдэнэ бэйл || 1811-1825 || |- | Дагдан || Засаг, жүн вангийн зэрэг, төрийн Эрдэнэ бэйл || 1825-1877 || 1874 оноос жүн вангийн зэрэг |- | Чагдарсэрэн || Засаг, жүн вангийн зэрэг, төрийн Эрдэнэ бэйл || 1877-1884 || |- | Юлжилноров || Засаг, жүн вангийн зэрэг, төрийн Эрдэнэ бэйл || 1885-1891 || |- | Жаргалан || Засаг, жүн вангийн зэрэг, төрийн Эрдэнэ бэйл || 1892-1905 || |- | Гомбосүрэн || Засаг, төрийн Эрдэнэ бэйл || 1905-1919 || |- |} == Засаг захиргааны хуваарь == Засаг захиргааны хуваарь байнга өөрчлөгддөг. Одоогоор 6 [[Хятад улсын засаг захиргааны хуваарь|балгас]] (镇—жэнь), 2 [[Хятад улсын засаг захиргааны хуваарь|сум]] (苏木—суму) болно. {| width="70%" | width="50%" | '''Балгас''' ({{mongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠣ|h}}) * Улиастай ({{mongolUnicode|ᠣᠯᠢᠶᠠᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ|h}}) — хошууны төв * Ээжнуур ({{mongolUnicode|ᠡᠵᠢᠨᠠᠭᠣᠷ|h}}) * Хатавч ({{mongolUnicode|ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠪᠴᠢ|h}}) |{{nbsp|2}} * Дуутнуур ({{mongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠲᠤᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ|h}}) * Баянхошуу ({{mongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠣ|h}}) * Мандахбулаг ({{mongolUnicode|ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠣᠬᠣᠪᠣᠯᠠᠭ|h}}) |} {| width="70%" | width="50%" | '''Сум''' ({{mongolUnicode|ᠰᠣᠮᠣ|h}}) * Самай |{{nbsp|2}} * Хүрээтнуур ({{mongolUnicode|ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠲᠦᠨᠠᠭᠣᠷ|h}}) |} == Зам, тээвэр == Монгол улсын [[Бичигт боомт]]той ам нийлсэн улсын хилийн [[Зүүн хатавч боомт]] Хатавч балгасны нутагт бий. Бусад чигт Улиастай балгаснаас засмал замаар [[Шилийн хот]], Баруун үзэмчний [[Баруун Үзэмчин хошуу|Балгаргол балгас]], Тунляогийн [[Хоолингол хот]] болон [[Хянган аймаг]] орж болно. == Эх сурвалж == *[http://www.xzqh.org/html/index.html www.xzqh.org] {{in lang|zh}} {{reflist}} == Гадаад холбоос == * [http://www.dwq.gov.cn/ dwq.gov.cn] — [http://www.dwq.gov.cn/ Зүүн үзэмчин хошууны засгийн явдлын сүлжээ] {{Өвөр Монгол}} [[Ангилал:Өвөр Монголын хошуу]] [[Ангилал:Шилийн гол]] ti1iw4k2rsnlubdgbjz3fqlyb6ma0kb Баруун Үзэмчин хошуу 0 29501 853330 799722 2026-04-13T16:39:30Z 唐吉訶德的侍從 5036 853330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Инфобокс суурин |name =Баруун Үзэмчин хошуу |official_name = |other_name = |native_name ={{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|西乌珠穆沁旗}} • {{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ|style=max-height:2.5em;word-wrap:normal}}}} |nickname = |settlement_type = [[Өвөр Монголын хошуу|Хошуу]] |total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Өвөр Монгол#Хятад |pushpin_label = Баруун Үзэмчин |pushpin_label_position = left |pushpin_map_caption = Өвөр Монгол дахь байршил |pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Улс |subdivision_name = {{flag|Хятад}} |subdivision_type1 = [[БНХАУ-ын өөртөө засах орон|Өөртөө засах орон]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Өвөр Монгол]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Хятадын аймаг|Аймаг]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Шилийн Гол аймаг|Шилийн Гол]] |seat_type = Хошууны төв |seat = [[Балгаргол балгас]] |parts_type = |parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> |parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> |p1 = |p2 = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date1 = |founder = |named_for = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 22,380 |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = <!-- Elevation --------------------------> |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_max_m = |elevation_min_m = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2020 |population_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/neimenggu/admin/ Inner Mongolia: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties]</ref> |population_note = |population_total = 99,255 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Хятадын Стандарт цаг|Хятадын Стандарт]] |utc_offset = +8 |coordinates = {{coord|44|36|N|117|37|E|type:adm3rd_region:CN-15_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline,title}} <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = [[Хятад дахь шуудангийн код|Шуудангийн код]] |postal_code = |area_code = +86 (0)0479 |website = {{URL|http://www.xwq.gov.cn/}} |footnotes = }} {{Инфобокс Хятад хэл | mong= {{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ|style=max-height:2.5em;word-wrap:normal}} | mon= Баруун Үзэмчин хошуу | monr= Baraɣun Ujumučin qosiɣu |order=st|s=西乌珠穆沁旗 |t=西烏珠穆沁旗 |p=Xī Wūzhūmùqìn Qí }} '''Баруун Үзэмчин хошуу''' ([[Монгол бичиг|монгол бичгээр]] {{MongolUnicode||h}} - ''барагун үзүмүчин хошигу''; [[Хятад хэл|хятадаар]] 西乌珠穆沁旗 - ''xī wūzhūmùqìn qí'') — [[БНХАУ]]-ын [[Өвөр Монгол|ӨМӨЗО]]-ы [[Шилийнгол]] аймгийн харьяа [[хошуу]]. Аймгийнхаа [[Шилийн хот]], [[Зүүн Үзэмчин хошуу]], өөртөө засах орныхоо [[Улаанхад]] хоттой хаяа залгадаг. 22,960 км<sup>2</sup> газар нутагтай. 2005 онд 72 мянган хүнтэй байхад хүн амын 68% нь [[Монгол үндэстэн]] байсан. 2010 оны байдлаар 87,614 хүн оршин сууж байгаа. Хошуу дотроо хошууны төв Балгаргол балгаснаас гадна Хоолтынгол, Жирийнгол, Баянхуа гэх [[балгас|балгад]], Баянхошуу нэрт [[сум]]анд хуваагддаг. ==Түүх== Баруун үзэмчин хошууг 1641 онд байгуулж, [[Шилийн Голын чуулган]]д харьяалуулжээ. Чин гүрний үед энэ хошууны нэр нь '''Үзэмчин баруун гарын хошуу''' байв. {| class="wikitable" |+ Засаг ноёдын үе залгамжлал<ref name="qingshigao">[[:zh:s:清史稿/卷209|清史稿/卷209]]</ref><ref>{{cite book | title =清代蒙古各旗札萨克和王公世袭集| editor=阿拉善盟档案史志局| publisher=宁夏人民出版社|year=2015|isbn=978-7-227-06076-5 |pages=56-57 | language=zh}}</ref> |- ! Нэр !! Цол !! Бүрэн эрхийн хугацаа !! Тайлбар |- | [[Дорж сэцэн жонон (Үзэмчин)|Дорж]] || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1641-1646 || |- | Цагаанбабай || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1646-1658 || |- | Судани || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1658-1691 || |- | Сэдэндондов || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1691-1733 || |- | Равданнамжил || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1733-1748 || |- | Пунцагравдан || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1748-1779 || |- | Маха Соха || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1779-1790 || |- | Балжирравжай || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1790-1814 || |- | Доржжигмэднамжил || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1814-1834 || |- | Пунцагнамжил || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1834-1884 || |- | Алтанхуягт || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1884-1898 || |- | Содномравдан || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1898-1937 || |- |} == Эх сурвалж == *[http://www.xzqh.org/html/index.html www.xzqh.org] {{in lang|zh}} {{reflist}} == Гадаад холбоос == * [http://www.xwq.gov.cn/ xwq.gov.cn] — [http://www.xwq.gov.cn/ Баруун Үзэмчин хошууны засгийн явдлын сүлжээ] * [http://maps.google.com maps.google.com] — [http://maps.google.mn/maps?hl=mn&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&bpcl=40096503&biw=1024&bih=677&q=%E8%A5%BF%E4%B9%8C%E7%8F%A0%E7%A9%86%E6%B2%81%E6%97%97&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x5e0e488570642c49:0xd23491f56175df9d,West+Ujimqin,+Xilin+Gol,+Inner+Mongolia,+China&gl=mn&sa=X&ei=wyXlUJPfDIzmiwK1oYCQDw&ved=0CEsQ8gEwBA West Ujimqin, Xilin Gol, Inner Mongolia, China] {{Өвөр Монгол}} [[Ангилал:Өвөр Монголын хошуу]] [[Ангилал:Шилийн гол]] [[Ангилал:Үзэмчин]] bb5cwc26lhet464q3zfdsx52f5ulmua 853331 853330 2026-04-13T16:39:58Z 唐吉訶德的侍從 5036 853331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Инфобокс суурин |name =Баруун Үзэмчин хошуу |official_name = |other_name = |native_name ={{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|西乌珠穆沁旗}} • {{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ|style=max-height:2.5em;word-wrap:normal}}}} |nickname = |settlement_type = [[Өвөр Монголын хошуу|Хошуу]] |total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Өвөр Монгол#Хятад |pushpin_label = Баруун Үзэмчин |pushpin_label_position = left |pushpin_map_caption = Өвөр Монгол дахь байршил |pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Улс |subdivision_name = {{flag|Хятад}} |subdivision_type1 = [[БНХАУ-ын өөртөө засах орон|Өөртөө засах орон]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Өвөр Монгол]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Хятадын аймаг|Аймаг]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Шилийн Гол аймаг|Шилийн Гол]] |seat_type = Хошууны төв |seat = [[Балгаргол балгас]] |parts_type = |parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> |parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> |p1 = |p2 = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date1 = |founder = |named_for = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 22,380 |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = <!-- Elevation --------------------------> |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_max_m = |elevation_min_m = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2020 |population_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/neimenggu/admin/ Inner Mongolia: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties]</ref> |population_note = |population_total = 99,255 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Хятадын Стандарт цаг|Хятадын Стандарт]] |utc_offset = +8 |coordinates = {{coord|44|36|N|117|37|E|type:adm3rd_region:CN-15_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline,title}} <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = [[Хятад дахь шуудангийн код|Шуудангийн код]] |postal_code = |area_code = +86 (0)0479 |website = {{URL|http://www.xwq.gov.cn/}} |footnotes = }} {{Инфобокс Хятад хэл | mong= {{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ|style=max-height:2.5em;word-wrap:normal}} | mon= Баруун Үзэмчин хошуу | monr= Baraɣun Ujumučin qosiɣu |order=st|s=西乌珠穆沁旗 |t=西烏珠穆沁旗 |p=Xī Wūzhūmùqìn Qí }} '''Баруун Үзэмчин хошуу''' ([[Монгол бичиг|монгол бичгээр]] {{MongolUnicode||h}} - ''барагун үзүмүчин хошигу''; [[Хятад хэл|хятадаар]] 西乌珠穆沁旗 - ''xī wūzhūmùqìn qí'') — [[БНХАУ]]-ын [[Өвөр Монгол|ӨМӨЗО]]-ы [[Шилийнгол]] аймгийн харьяа [[хошуу]]. Аймгийнхаа [[Шилийн хот]], [[Зүүн Үзэмчин хошуу]], өөртөө засах орныхоо [[Улаанхад]] хоттой хаяа залгадаг. 22,960 км<sup>2</sup> газар нутагтай. 2005 онд 72 мянган хүнтэй байхад хүн амын 68% нь [[Монгол үндэстэн]] байсан. 2010 оны байдлаар 87,614 хүн оршин сууж байгаа. Хошуу дотроо хошууны төв Балгаргол балгаснаас гадна Хоолтынгол, Жирийнгол, Баянхуа гэх [[балгас|балгад]], Баянхошуу нэрт [[сум]]анд хуваагддаг. ==Түүх== Баруун үзэмчин хошууг 1641 онд байгуулж, [[Шилийн Голын чуулган]]д харьяалуулжээ. Чин гүрний үед энэ хошууны нэр нь '''Үзэмчин баруун гарын хошуу''' байв. {| class="wikitable" |+ Засаг ноёдын үе залгамжлал<ref name="qingshigao">[[:zh:s:清史稿/卷209|清史稿/卷209]]</ref><ref>{{cite book | title =清代蒙古各旗札萨克和王公世袭集| editor=阿拉善盟档案史志局| publisher=宁夏人民出版社|year=2015|isbn=978-7-227-06076-5 |pages=58-59 | language=zh}}</ref> |- ! Нэр !! Цол !! Бүрэн эрхийн хугацаа !! Тайлбар |- | [[Дорж сэцэн жонон (Үзэмчин)|Дорж]] || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1641-1646 || |- | Цагаанбабай || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1646-1658 || |- | Судани || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1658-1691 || |- | Сэдэндондов || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1691-1733 || |- | Равданнамжил || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1733-1748 || |- | Пунцагравдан || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1748-1779 || |- | Маха Соха || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1779-1790 || |- | Балжирравжай || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1790-1814 || |- | Доржжигмэднамжил || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1814-1834 || |- | Пунцагнамжил || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1834-1884 || |- | Алтанхуягт || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1884-1898 || |- | Содномравдан || Засаг, хошой Сэцэн чин ван || 1898-1937 || |- |} == Эх сурвалж == *[http://www.xzqh.org/html/index.html www.xzqh.org] {{in lang|zh}} {{reflist}} == Гадаад холбоос == * [http://www.xwq.gov.cn/ xwq.gov.cn] — [http://www.xwq.gov.cn/ Баруун Үзэмчин хошууны засгийн явдлын сүлжээ] * [http://maps.google.com maps.google.com] — [http://maps.google.mn/maps?hl=mn&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&bpcl=40096503&biw=1024&bih=677&q=%E8%A5%BF%E4%B9%8C%E7%8F%A0%E7%A9%86%E6%B2%81%E6%97%97&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x5e0e488570642c49:0xd23491f56175df9d,West+Ujimqin,+Xilin+Gol,+Inner+Mongolia,+China&gl=mn&sa=X&ei=wyXlUJPfDIzmiwK1oYCQDw&ved=0CEsQ8gEwBA West Ujimqin, Xilin Gol, Inner Mongolia, China] {{Өвөр Монгол}} [[Ангилал:Өвөр Монголын хошуу]] [[Ангилал:Шилийн гол]] [[Ангилал:Үзэмчин]] cce4fty6adodq52m7ps6yx2xngvh9vy Тэсийн гол 0 32200 853339 814466 2026-04-14T01:53:14Z ~2026-22833-15 103928 853339 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery caption="[[Файл:Тэсийн гол Монгол улс руу орж ирж буй хэсэг.jpg|thumb|Тэсийн гол ОХУ-аас Монгол улс руу орж ирж байгаа хэсэг. Увс аймаг, Тэс сум.[https://twitter.com/uki_0122/status/976312192403255301]]]"> </gallery>{{Инфобокс Гол | name = Тэсийн гол<br />Тес-Хем <small>([[Тува хэл|Тува]])</small> | image_name = Тэсийн-Гол.png | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = <small>[[Цэцэрлэг сум (Архангай)|Цэцэрлэг сумын]] ойролцоо</small> | image_map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | origin = [[Булнайн нуруу]] | mouth = [[Увс нуур]] | basin_countries = {{MGL}} | location = {{flag|Хөвсгөл}}<br />{{flag|Завхан}}<br />{{flag|Увс}}<br />{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Тува]] | progression = | length = 568<ref>[http://www.touristinfocenter.mn/cate1_more.aspx?ItemID=161 touristinfocenter.mn:] ТЭСИЙН ГОЛ, 2016-07-12</ref> км | elevation = 1900 м | mouth_elevation = 759 м | discharge = -дундаж 56 м³/с | watershed = 33.400<ref>[http://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=213815 textual.ru:] ОХУ-ын улсын ус зүйн бүртгэл</ref> км² | river_system = Тэс | left_tribs = | right_tribs = }} '''Тэсийн гол''' нь Хөвсгөл аймгийн нутаг [[Булнайн нуруу]]наас эх аван 20 км урссаар [[Увс нуур]]т цутгадаг манай орны томоохон голуудын нэг бөгөөд ганц эх оронч гол юм. Учир нь тэсийн гол нь ОХУ-ын нутаг руу урсч гараад эргээд Монгол нутагт орж ирээд усаа Увс нуурт цутгадаг онцлогтой. Тэсийн гол нь адаг орчимдоо хэсэг хэсэг салаалж, тэр дагуудаа намаг, нуга, хужир, мараа, усан арал, бургасан шугуй бүхий өвөрмөц үзэсгэлэнтэй газар юм. Тэсийн гол нь эхэн ба дээд хэсэгтээ ой модтой уулын дундуур, доод ба адгийн хэсэгтээ хээр цөлөрхөг газраар урсана. Голын өргөн нь 120м, гүн нь 2.5 м, хурд 1.5 м/с хүрнэ. Тэсийн голын олон салаалсан хэсэгт улиасан төгөл, бургасан шугуй, тэмээн харганы ширэнгэ бүхий баруун Монголын хэв шинжийн алаг өвст үетэнт, улалжит нуга, алаг цоог төгөл бий. Талбайн хэмжээ: 101000 га. == Уур амьсгал == Увс нуурын жилийн дундаж температур -40-аас –4.90С хүртэл, жилийн хур тунадас 100-200 мм ордог байна. Өвөлдөө хүйтэн, зундаа халуун хуурай учир эрс тэс уур амьсгалтай. == Амьтан == Тэсийн гол нь олон улсын ач холбогдол бүхий усны шувуудын өндөглөн зусдаг гол газар нутаг бөгөөд монгол улсын улаан номонд орсон ховор болон нэн ховор хотон, халбаган хошуут, хар өрөвтас, ямаан сүүлт нугас, гангар ба хуруут хун, релик цахлай, цасч дэглий, хээрийн галуу, тоодог, жороо тоодог, уран шувуу, усны цагаан сүлт бүргэд, хошуу галуу зэрэг оолон зүйлийн шувуудтай. Тэсийн голын шугуйд улаан номонд орсон ховордож байгаа зэгсний гахай, азийн минж, эрээн хүрнэ, усны булга, сибирийн гүлмэр, зэрлэг гахай, бор гөрөөс, буга, ойн солонго, ширх хөхтөн амьдардаг. == Ой мод, ургамал == Тэсийн голийн хөндий ой мод, ан амьтан байгалын онгон зэрлэг байдал хосолсон газар юм.Уг голын дагуу 32 зүйлийн бургас, улиас, хүс ургадаг. Манай орны чацарганы нөөц газар бөгөөд дэлхийн чацарганы 60 орчим хувийг бүрдүүлдэг. Тошлой, хад, мойл, улаалзгана, нохойн хошуу зэрэг олон төрлийн жимс, жимсгэнэтэй. == Соёлын онцлог == Халх, Баяд, эртний Киргизүүдийн үлдсэн омогууд ястанууд амьдардаг. Тэсийн голын дагуу омог отгоороо модон овоо бий болгон тахиж шүтэж ирсэн уламжлалтай. Мөн давсны орд, буулт ихтэй. Хурдан хүлэг хүчит бөхчүүдийн өлгий нутаг юм. == Зүүлт тайлбар == <references /> {{commonscat}} [[Ангилал:Азийн гол мөрөн]] [[Ангилал:Монголын гол мөрөн]] [[Ангилал:Завхан аймгийн гол мөрөн]] [[Ангилал:Хөвсгөл аймгийн гол мөрөн]] [[Ангилал:Тува орны гол мөрөн]] [[Ангилал:Увс аймгийн гол мөрөн]] [[Ангилал:Увс нуурын усны систем]] euex0e4lqgwdmq3yo83i4qnfi2pyxcc 853340 853339 2026-04-14T01:54:06Z ~2026-22833-15 103928 853340 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery caption="[[Файл:Тэсийн гол Монгол улс руу орж ирж буй хэсэг.jpg|thumb|Тэсийн гол ОХУ-аас Монгол улс руу орж ирж байгаа хэсэг. Увс аймаг, Тэс сум.[https://twitter.com/uki_0122/status/976312192403255301]]]"> </gallery>{{Инфобокс Гол | name = Тэсийн гол<br />Тес-Хем <small>([[Тува хэл|Тува]])</small> | image_name = Тэсийн-Гол.png | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = <small>[[Цэцэрлэг сум (Архангай)|Цэцэрлэг сумын]] ойролцоо</small> | image_map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | origin = [[Булнайн нуруу]] | mouth = [[Увс нуур]] | basin_countries = {{MGL}} | location = {{flag|Хөвсгөл}}<br />{{flag|Завхан}}<br />{{flag|Увс}}<br />{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Тува]] | progression = | length = 568<ref>[http://www.touristinfocenter.mn/cate1_more.aspx?ItemID=161 touristinfocenter.mn:] ТЭСИЙН ГОЛ, 2016-07-12</ref> км | elevation = 1900 м | mouth_elevation = 759 м | discharge = -дундаж 56 м³/с | watershed = 33.400<ref>[http://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=213815 textual.ru:] ОХУ-ын улсын ус зүйн бүртгэл</ref> км² | river_system = Тэс | left_tribs = | right_tribs = }} '''Тэсийн гол''' нь Хөвсгөл аймгийн нутаг [[Булнайн нуруу]]наас эх аван 550 км урссаар [[Увс нуур]]т цутгадаг манай орны томоохон голуудын нэг бөгөөд ганц эх оронч гол юм. Учир нь тэсийн гол нь ОХУ-ын нутаг руу урсч гараад эргээд Монгол нутагт орж ирээд усаа Увс нуурт цутгадаг онцлогтой. Тэсийн гол нь адаг орчимдоо хэсэг хэсэг салаалж, тэр дагуудаа намаг, нуга, хужир, мараа, усан арал, бургасан шугуй бүхий өвөрмөц үзэсгэлэнтэй газар юм. Тэсийн гол нь эхэн ба дээд хэсэгтээ ой модтой уулын дундуур, доод ба адгийн хэсэгтээ хээр цөлөрхөг газраар урсана. Голын өргөн нь 120м, гүн нь 2.5 м, хурд 1.5 м/с хүрнэ. Тэсийн голын олон салаалсан хэсэгт улиасан төгөл, бургасан шугуй, тэмээн харганы ширэнгэ бүхий баруун Монголын хэв шинжийн алаг өвст үетэнт, улалжит нуга, алаг цоог төгөл бий. Талбайн хэмжээ: 101000 га. == Уур амьсгал == Увс нуурын жилийн дундаж температур -40-аас –4.90С хүртэл, жилийн хур тунадас 100-200 мм ордог байна. Өвөлдөө хүйтэн, зундаа халуун хуурай учир эрс тэс уур амьсгалтай. == Амьтан == Тэсийн гол нь олон улсын ач холбогдол бүхий усны шувуудын өндөглөн зусдаг гол газар нутаг бөгөөд монгол улсын улаан номонд орсон ховор болон нэн ховор хотон, халбаган хошуут, хар өрөвтас, ямаан сүүлт нугас, гангар ба хуруут хун, релик цахлай, цасч дэглий, хээрийн галуу, тоодог, жороо тоодог, уран шувуу, усны цагаан сүлт бүргэд, хошуу галуу зэрэг оолон зүйлийн шувуудтай. Тэсийн голын шугуйд улаан номонд орсон ховордож байгаа зэгсний гахай, азийн минж, эрээн хүрнэ, усны булга, сибирийн гүлмэр, зэрлэг гахай, бор гөрөөс, буга, ойн солонго, ширх хөхтөн амьдардаг. == Ой мод, ургамал == Тэсийн голийн хөндий ой мод, ан амьтан байгалын онгон зэрлэг байдал хосолсон газар юм.Уг голын дагуу 32 зүйлийн бургас, улиас, хүс ургадаг. Манай орны чацарганы нөөц газар бөгөөд дэлхийн чацарганы 60 орчим хувийг бүрдүүлдэг. Тошлой, хад, мойл, улаалзгана, нохойн хошуу зэрэг олон төрлийн жимс, жимсгэнэтэй. == Соёлын онцлог == Халх, Баяд, эртний Киргизүүдийн үлдсэн омогууд ястанууд амьдардаг. Тэсийн голын дагуу омог отгоороо модон овоо бий болгон тахиж шүтэж ирсэн уламжлалтай. Мөн давсны орд, буулт ихтэй. Хурдан хүлэг хүчит бөхчүүдийн өлгий нутаг юм. == Зүүлт тайлбар == <references /> {{commonscat}} [[Ангилал:Азийн гол мөрөн]] [[Ангилал:Монголын гол мөрөн]] [[Ангилал:Завхан аймгийн гол мөрөн]] [[Ангилал:Хөвсгөл аймгийн гол мөрөн]] [[Ангилал:Тува орны гол мөрөн]] [[Ангилал:Увс аймгийн гол мөрөн]] [[Ангилал:Увс нуурын усны систем]] gw7ehsqrkfhr9mevi6bs7e5l0mlw9ky Википедиа:Хурал/Гадаад хэл 4 40836 853333 852156 2026-04-13T21:13:06Z MediaWiki message delivery 26946 /* Migration to Parsoid */ шинэ хэсэг 853333 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{/header}} == The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks? == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Wikimania 2022 Vector (2022) Presentation.pdf|thumb|The slides for our presentation at Wikimania 2022|page=26]] Hello. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. '''In two weeks, we would like to make the Vector 2022 skin the default on this wiki.''' We have been working on it for the past three years. So far, it has been the default on more than 30 wikis, including sister projects, all accounting for more than 1 billion pageviews per month. On average [[phab:T317529#8246686|87% of active logged-in users]] of those wikis use Vector 2022. It would become the default for all logged-out users, and also all logged-in users who currently use Vector legacy. Logged-in users can at any time switch to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|any other skins]]. No changes are expected for users of these skins. <div style="width:100%; margin:auto;"><gallery widths="220" heights="150" mode="packed" caption="Top of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 top.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 top.png|Vector 2022 </gallery><gallery widths="220" heights="150" mode="packed" caption="A section of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 scrolled.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|Vector 2022 </gallery></div> === About the skin === '''[Why is a change necessary]''' The current default skin meets the needs of the readers and editors as these were 13 years ago. Since then, new users have begun using Wikimedia projects. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/08/18/prioritizing-equity-within-wikipedias-new-desktop/ The old Vector doesn't meet their needs.] '''[Objective]''' The objective for the new skin is to make the interface more welcoming and comfortable for readers and useful for advanced users. It draws inspiration from previous requests, the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], and gadgets and scripts. The work helped our code follow the standards and improve all other skins. [[phab:phame/post/view/290/how_and_why_we_moved_our_skins_to_mustache/|We reduced PHP code in Wikimedia deployed skins by 75%]]. The project has also focused on making it easier to support gadgets and use APIs. '''[Changes and test results]''' The skin introduces a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features|series of changes]] that improve readability and usability. The new skin does not remove any functionality currently available on the Vector skin. * The sticky header makes it easier to find tools that editors use often. It decreases scrolling to the top of the page by 16%. * The new table of contents makes it easier to navigate to different sections. Readers and editors jumped to different sections of the page 50% more than with the old table of contents. It also looks a bit different on talk pages. * The new search bar is easier to find and makes it easier to find the correct search result from the list. This increased the amount of searches started by 30% on the wikis we tested on. * The skin does not negatively affect pageviews, edit rates, or account creation. There is evidence of increases in pageviews and account creation across partner communities. '''[Try it out]''' Try out the new skin by going to the appearance tab in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your preferences]] and selecting Vector 2022 from the list of skins. === How can editors change and customize this skin? === It's possible to configure and personalize our changes. We support volunteers who create new gadgets and user scripts. Check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Repository|our repository]] for a list of currently available customizations, or add your own. === Our plan === '''If no large concerns are raised, we plan on deploying in the week of October 3, 2022'''. If your community would like to request more time to discuss the changes, hit the button and write to us. We can adjust the calendar. <div style="text-align: center;">[[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|<span class="plainlinks mw-ui-button">Request for more time to discuss the change</span>]]</div> If you'd like ask our team anything, if you have questions, concerns, or additional thoughts, please ping me here or write on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|talk page of the project]]. We will gladly answer! Also, [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions|see our FAQ]]. Thank you! [[mw:User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 04:15, 22 Есдүгээр сар 2022 (UTC) :Hey, was wondering how you were going with this - looks like the old skin is still intact? [[User_talk:Chinneeb|<span style="color:blue">chinneeb</span>]] 11:35, 18 Аравдугаар сар 2022 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Varia&oldid=23838600 --> == Update on Vector 2022 == [[File:Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|thumb]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello. I'm sorry for not communicating in your language. I'll be grateful if you translated my message. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Web team]] working on the new skin, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]]. We wanted to apologize for the delays in the deployment of Vector 2022. We know many of you are waiting for this eagerly. We have been delaying the deployment because we have been working on the logos. It has taken us more time than originally expected. Once the logos are ready, we will let you know the exact date of deployment. '''We are planning for either the next (more likely) or the following week'''. If your wiki doesn't currently have a localized logo, we encourage you to [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|reach out to us]] and we can help make one. We invite you to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#contact|get involved in the project]]. Contact us if you have any questions or need any help, particularly with the compatibility of gadgets and user scripts. Thank you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 23:24, 19 Аравдугаар сар 2022 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Varia&oldid=23955535 --> == Invitation to attend “Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter” Sessions == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/Ask Me Anything Sessions|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/Ask Me Anything Sessions|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/Ask Me Anything Sessions}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] Hello all, During the 2022 Wikimedia Summit, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Movement Charter Drafting Committee]] (MCDC) presented the first outline of the Movement Charter, giving a glimpse on the direction of its future work, and the Charter itself. The MCDC then integrated the initial feedback collected during the Summit. Before proceeding with writing the Charter for the whole Movement, the MCDC wants to interact with community members and gather feedback on the drafts of the three sections: Preamble, Values & Principles, and Roles & Responsibilities (intentions statement). The Movement Charter drafts will be available on the Meta page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content|here]] on November 14, 2022. Community wide consultation period on MC will take place from November 20 to December 18, 2022. Learn more about it [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|here]]. With the goal of ensuring that people are well informed to fully participate in the conversations and are empowered to contribute their perspective on the Movement Charter, three '''“Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter"''' sessions have been scheduled in different time zones. Everyone in the Wikimedia Movement is invited to attend these conversations. The aim is to learn about Movement Charter - its goal, purpose, why it matters, and how it impacts your community. MCDC members will attend these sessions to answer your questions and hear community feedback. The “Ask Me Anything” sessions accommodate communities from different time zones. Only the presentation of the session is recorded and shared afterwards, no recording of conversations. Below is the list of planned events: *<s>'''Asia/Pacific''': November 4, 2022 at 09:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1667552400 your local time]). Interpretation is available in Chinese and Japanese.</s> * '''Europe/MENA/Sub Saharan Africa''': November 12, 2022 at 15:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1668265257 your local time]). Interpretation is available in Arabic, French and Russian. * '''North and South America/ Western Europe''': November 12, 2022 at 15:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1668265257 your local time]). Interpretation is available in Spanish and Portuguese. On the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|Meta page]] you will find more details; Zoom links will be shared 48 hours ahead of the call. '''Call for Movement Charter Ambassadors''' Individuals or groups from all communities who wish to help include and start conversations in their communities on the Movement Charter are encouraged to become [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|Movement Charter Ambassadors]] (MC Ambassadors). MC Ambassadors will carry out their own activities and get financial support for enabling conversations in their own languages. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Team|Regional facilitators]] from the Movement Strategy and Governance team are available to support applicants with MC Ambassadors grantmaking. If you are interested please sign up [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|here]]. Should you have specific questions, please reach out to the MSG team via email: strategy2030@wikimedia.org or on the MS forum. We thank you for your time and participation. On behalf of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 15:33, 7 Арваннэгдүгээр сар 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23914777 --> == Apply for Funding through the Movement Strategy Community Engagement Package to Support Your Community == :''{{More languages}}'' <section begin="announcement-content" /> The Wikimedia Movement Strategy implementation is a collaborative effort for all Wikimedians. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/About|Movement Strategy Implementation Grants]] support projects that take the current state of a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy Initiative]] and push it one step forward. If you are looking for an example or some guide on how to engage your community further on Movement Strategy and the Movement Strategy Implementation Grants specifically, you may find this '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/Community Engagement Package|community engagement package]]''' helpful. The goal of this community engagement package is to support more people to access the funding they might need for the implementation work. By becoming a recipient of this grant, you will be able to support other community members to develop further grant applications that fit with your local contexts to benefit your own communities. With this package, the hope is to break down language barriers and to ensure community members have needed information on Movement Strategy to connect with each other. Movement Strategy is a two-way exchange, we can always learn more from the experiences and knowledge of Wikimedians everywhere. We can train and support our peers by using this package, so more people can make use of this great funding opportunity. If this information interests you or if you have any further thoughts or questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to us as your [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Team|regional facilitators]] to discuss further. We will be more than happy to support you. When you are ready, follow the steps on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/About |this page]] to apply. We look forward to receiving your application. Best regards, <br> Movement Strategy and Governance Team <br> Wikimedia Foundation<section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 16:26, 14 Арваннэгдүгээр сар 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23914777 --> == Opportunities open for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee == <section begin="announcement-content" /> <div style="margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Announcement/2023 OC and CRC appointments process|''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'']] ''<span class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Announcement/2023 OC and CRC appointments process|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Announcement/2023 OC and CRC appointments process}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</span>'' </div> Hi everyone! The Ombuds commission (OC) and the Case Review Committee (CRC) are looking for members. People are encouraged to nominate themselves or encourage others they feel would contribute to these groups to do so. There is more information below about the opportunity and the skills that are needed. '''About the Ombuds commission''' The Ombuds commission (OC) works on all Wikimedia projects to investigate complaints about violations of the privacy policy, especially in use of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CheckUser policy|CheckUser]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|Oversight]] (also known as Suppression) tools. The Commission mediates between the parties of the investigation and, when violations of the policies are identified, advises the Wikimedia Foundation on best handling. They may also assist the General Counsel, the Chief Executive Officer, or the Board of Trustees of the Foundation in these investigations when legally necessary. For more on the OC's duties and roles, '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|see Ombuds commission on Meta-Wiki]]'''. Volunteers serving in this role should be experienced Wikimedians, active on any project, who have previously used the CheckUser/Oversight tools OR who have the technical ability to understand these tools and the willingness to learn them. They must be able to communicate in English, the common language of the commission. They are expected to be able to engage neutrally in investigating these concerns and to know when to recuse when other roles and relationships may cause conflict. Commissioners will serve '''two-year terms''' (note that this is different from past years, when the terms have been for one year). '''About the Case Review Committee''' The Case Review Committee (CRC) reviews appeals of eligible Trust & Safety office actions. The CRC is a critical layer of oversight to ensure that Wikimedia Foundation office actions are fair and unbiased. They also make sure the Wikimedia Foundation doesn’t overstep established practices or boundaries. For more about the role, '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Case Review Committee|see Case Review Committee on Meta-Wiki]]'''. We are looking for current or former functionaries and experienced volunteers with an interest in joining this group. Applicants must be fluent in English (additional languages are a strong plus) and willing to abide by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee/Charter|terms of the Committee charter]]. If the work resonates and you qualify, please apply. Committee members will serve '''two-year terms''' (note that this is different from past years, when the terms have been for one year). '''Applying to join either of these groups''' Members are required to sign the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Confidentiality agreement for nonpublic information|Confidentiality agreement for nonpublic information]] and must be willing to comply with the appropriate Wikimedia Foundation board policies (such as the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Access to nonpublic information policy|access to non-public information policy]] and the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Privacy policy|Foundation privacy policy]]). These positions requires a high degree of discretion and trust. Members must also be over 18 years of age. '''If you are interested in serving in either capacity listed above,''' please write in English to the Trust and Safety team at ca[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org (to apply to the OC) or to the Legal Team at legal[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org (to apply to the CRC) with information about: * Your primary projects * Languages you speak/write * Any experience you have serving on committees, whether movement or non-movement * Your thoughts on what you could bring to the OC or CRC if appointed * Any experience you have with the Checkuser or Oversight tools (OC only) * Any other information you think is relevant '''The deadline for applications is 31 December 2022 in any timezone.''' Please feel free to pass this invitation along to any users who you think may be qualified and interested. Thank you! On behalf of the Committee Support team,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23914777 --> == Community Wishlist Survey 2023 opens in January! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''{{int:Please-translate}}'' {{int:Hello}} The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023|'''Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) 2023''']], which lets contributors propose and vote for tools and improvements, starts next month on Monday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496831 23 January 2023, at 18:00 UTC] and will continue annually. We are inviting you to share your ideas for technical improvements to our tools and platforms. Long experience in editing or technical skills is not required. If you have ever used our software and thought of an idea to improve it, this is the place to come share those ideas! The dates for the phases of the Survey will be as follows: * Phase 1: Submit, discuss, and revise proposals – Monday, Jan 23, 2023 to Sunday, Feb 6, 2023 * Phase 2: WMF/Community Tech reviews and organizes proposals – Monday, Jan 30, 2023 to Friday, Feb 10, 2023 * Phase 3: Vote on proposals – Friday, Feb 10, 2023 to Friday, Feb 24, 2023 * Phase 4: Results posted – Tuesday, Feb 28, 2023 If you want to start writing out your ideas ahead of the Survey, you can start thinking about your proposals and draft them in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. We are grateful to all who participated last year. See you in January 2023! </div> {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Community Tech, [[m:User:STei (WMF)|STei (WMF)]]</bdi> 12:59, 13 Арванхоёрдугаар сар 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:STei_(WMF)/CWS_2023_List&oldid=24226232 --> == Vote for your favourite Wikimedia sound logo == ''{{int:Please-translate}}'' ''We are really sorry for posting in English'' [[Файл:Sound_Logo_Cover_Image_-_Linkedin.png|center|800x800px]] Voting in the Wikimedia sound logo contest [[c:Commons:Sound_Logo_Vote|'''has started''']]. From December 6 to 19, 2022, please play a part and help chose the sound that will identify Wikimedia content on audio devices. [[wmfblog:2022/12/06/vote-for-the-sound-of-all-human-knowledge/|Learn more on Diff]]. The sound logo team is grateful to everyone who participated in this global contest. We received 3,235 submissions from 2,094 participants in 135 countries. We are incredibly grateful to the team of [[wmfblog:2022/10/31/screening-3235-sound-submissions/|volunteer screeners]] and the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Communications/Sound_Logo/Contest_proposal#How_will_the_final_selection_happen? selection committee] who, among others, helped bring us to where we are today. It is now up to Wikimedia to choose the Sound Of All Human Knowledge. Best wishes, [[Хэрэглэгч:Arupako-WMF|Arupako-WMF]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:Arupako-WMF|talk]]) 10:50, 17 Арванхоёрдугаар сар 2022 (UTC) == Questionable article == Hello Mongolian Wikipedia editors. I do not speak Mongolian, but I think that the [[MongoDB]] page is just a tutorial copied from somewhere, and I think it should be rewritten or deleted. Thanks in advance for anybody willing to help {{smiley}}. [[Хэрэглэгч:QuickQuokka|QuickQuokka]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:QuickQuokka|talk]]) 16:41, 20 Арванхоёрдугаар сар 2022 (UTC) == Feminism and Folklore 2023 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, Christmas Greetings and a Happy New Year 2023, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2023|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/List of Articles|list]] of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a fountain tool or dashboard. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the fountain/dashboard link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year we would be supporting the community's financial aid for Internet and childcare support. This would be provided for the local team including their jury and coordinator team. This support is opt-in and non mandatory. Kindly fill in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSea81OO0lVgUBd551iIiENXht7BRCISYZlKyBQlemZu_j2OHQ/viewform this Google form] and mark a mail to [mailto:support@wikilovesfolklore.org support@wikilovesfolklore.org] with the subject line starting as [Stipend] Name or Username/Language. The last date to sign up for internet and childcare aid from our team is 20th of January 2023, We encourage the language coordinators to sign up their community on this link by the 25th of January 2023. Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023 International Team]] ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 10:23, 24 Арванхоёрдугаар сар 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == Global ban for PlanespotterA320/RespectCE == Per the [[m:Global bans|Global bans]] policy, I'm informing the project of this request for comment: [[m:Requests for comment/Global ban for PlanespotterA320 (2) ]] about banning a member from your community. Thank you.--[[User:Lemonaka|Lemonaka]] ([[User talk:Lemonaka|talk]]) 21:40, 6 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Zabe@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lemonaka/Massmessagelist&oldid=24501599 --> == Editing news 2023 #1 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/><i>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2023/February|Read this in another language]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</i> This newsletter includes two key updates about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team|Editing]] team's work: # The Editing team will finish adding new features to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|Talk pages project]] and deploy it. # They are beginning a new project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]]. <strong>Talk pages project</strong> [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|alt=Screenshot showing the talk page design changes that are currently available as beta features at all Wikimedia wikis. These features include information about the number of people and comments within each discussion.|thumb|300px|Some of the upcoming changes]] The Editing team is nearly finished with this first phase of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project|Talk pages project]]. Nearly all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|new features]] are available now in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]]. It will show information about how active a discussion is, such as the date of the most recent comment. There will soon be a new "{{int:skin-action-addsection}}" button. You will be able to turn them off at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]]. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Talk_pages_project/Usability#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20230215001000-Feedback:_Proposed_Revisions_to_%22Add_topic%22_button|tell them what you think]]. [[File:Daily edit completion rates mobile talk pages.png|thumb|300px|Daily edit completion rate by test group: DiscussionTools (test group) and MobileFrontend overlay (control group)]] An A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} on the mobile site]] has finished. Editors were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|more successful with {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]]. The Editing team is enabling these features for all editors on the mobile site. <strong>New Project: Edit Check</strong> The Editing team is beginning [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|a project to help new editors of Wikipedia]]. It will help people identify some problems before they click "{{int:publishchanges}}". The first tool will encourage people to add references when they add new content. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist|watch]] that page for more information. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing_team/Community_Conversations#20230303|join a conference call on 3&nbsp;March&nbsp;2023]] to learn more.<section end="message"/> </div> –[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) 23:24, 22 Хоёрдугаар сар 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=24611966 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Your wiki will be in read only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-03-01T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-03-01T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-03-01|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 21:20, 27 Хоёрдугаар сар 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24390465 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2023 promo.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the third edition of writing challenge "'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2023. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023/Prizes|prizes]].<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2023|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! </div> [[m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) 07:58, 1 March 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikimania 2023 Welcoming Program Submissions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="wikimania-program-submissions"/>[[File:Wikimania Singapore Logo.svg|right|frameless]]Do you want to host an in-person or virtual session at Wikimania 2023? Maybe a hands-on workshop, a lively discussion, a fun performance, a catchy poster, or a memorable lightning talk? [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2023:Program/Submissions|'''Submissions are open until March 28''']]. The event will have dedicated hybrid blocks, so virtual submissions and pre-recorded content are also welcome. If you have any questions, please join us at an upcoming conversation on March 12 or 19, or reach out by email at wikimania@wikimedia.org or on Telegram. More information on-wiki.<section end="wikimania-program-submissions"/> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24390465 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-04-26T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-04-26T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-04-26|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 21 Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=24748237 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Seeking volunteers for the next step in the Universal Code of Conduct process</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello, As follow-up to [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/IOMVS7W75ZYMABQGOQ2QH2JAURC3CHGH/ the message about the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines] by Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Vice Chair, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, I am reaching out about the next steps. I want to bring your attention to the next stage of the Universal Code of Conduct process, which is forming a building committee for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). I invite community members with experience and deep interest in community health and governance to nominate themselves to be part of the U4C building committee, which needs people who are: * Community members in good standing * Knowledgeable about movement community processes, such as, but not limited to, policy drafting, participatory decision making, and application of existing rules and policies on Wikimedia projects * Aware and appreciative of the diversity of the movement, such as, but not limited to, languages spoken, identity, geography, and project type * Committed to participate for the entire U4C Building Committee period from mid-May - December 2023 * Comfortable with engaging in difficult, but productive conversations * Confidently able to communicate in English The Building Committee shall consist of volunteer community members, affiliate board or staff, and Wikimedia Foundation staff. The Universal Code of Conduct has been a process strengthened by the skills and knowledge of the community and I look forward to what the U4C Building Committee creates. If you are interested in joining the Building Committee, please either [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee/Nominations|sign up on the Meta-Wiki page]], or contact ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org by May 12, 2023. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read more on Meta-Wiki]]'''. Best regards,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 19:00, 26 Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24941045 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Automatic citations based on ISBN are broken</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message" /> Apologies if this message does not reach you in your favorite language. [[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)/ISBN|You can help translate it centrally at Meta]]. Thanks for your help. We have recently become unable to access the WorldCat API which provided the ability to generate citations using ISBN numbers. The Wikimedia Foundation's [[mw:Editing_team|Editing team]] is investigating several options to restore the functionality, but will need to disable ISBN citation generation for now. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts, such as the autofill button on [[:en:Wikipedia:RefToolbar|refToolbar]]. Please note that all the other automatic ways of generating citations, including via URL or DOI, are still available. You can keep updated on the situation [[phab:T336298|via Phabricator]], or by reading the next issues of [[m:Tech News]]. If you know of any users or groups who rely heavily on this feature (for instance, someone who has an upcoming editathon), I'd appreciate it if you shared this update with them. [[User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]], on behalf of the Editing team.<section end="message" /> </div> [[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 19:45, 11 Тавдугаар сар 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox3&oldid=25009633 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Selection of the U4C Building Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The next stage in the Universal Code of Conduct process is establishing a Building Committee to create the charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). The Building Committee has been selected. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read about the members and the work ahead on Meta-wiki]].<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Project|UCoC Project Team]], 04:20, 27 Тавдугаар сар 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == A new entry point available in Mongolian Wikipedia == {{int:Hello}} Mongolian Wikipedians! Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:Please help translate}} to your language. The WMF Language team has introduced a new entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other Product teams on [[mw:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]]. The Product teams evaluated different paths people took to contribute to the Wikimedia project and located a persistent and constant place where contributors (both old and new) could discover and understand how to contribute and improve any content in Wikipedia. So, you can access the Content and Section translation tool from a desktop or mobile device with ease, without a link from your Wikipedia account. To access the new entry point, just login into your account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the Contribute icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to “view contributions” is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[Файл:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|alt=Mobile contribute menu (detailed)|right|670x670px]] [[Файл:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]]         This entry point is designed to be a central point to discover contribution tools. Currently, a limited number of options are provided, but different MediaWiki extensions can add more options to expand the list. This is also a new infrastructure, so there may be some issues to fix (such as [[phab:T336838|issues on mobile]] and [[phab:T337366|with some skins]]) and other ideas to improve. Since this is a new feature in active development, issues are expected to be resolved soon.   We have made this feature available in your Wikipedia and four others (Albanian, Malayalam, Bangla, Tagalog) because we want your community to use this entry point and [[mw:Talk:Edit_Discovery|provide feedback]] to help us improve its discoverability and iterate in other Wikipedias. We [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation#Boost_initiative:_communities_with_potential_to_grow_with_translation|chose your Wikipedia]] to be the first to have it because of your valuable contributions to bridging the knowledge gap using the Content and Section translation tool and your previous involvement in testing some of our tools. We look forward to your valuable feedback soon. Thank you! [[Хэрэглэгч:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 15:47, 30 Тавдугаар сар 2023 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team. == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Announcing the new Elections Committee members</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello there, We are glad to announce [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/4TALOUFPAP2VDBR27GKRVOP7IGQYU3DB/|the new members and advisors of the Elections Committee]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Elections Committee]] assists with the design and implementation of the process to select Community- and Affiliate-Selected trustees for the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. After an open nomination process, the strongest candidates spoke with the Board and four candidates were asked to join the Elections Committee. Four other candidates were asked to participate as advisors. Thank you to all the community members who submitted their names for consideration. We look forward to working with the Elections Committee in the near future. On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:00, 28 Зургаадугаар сар 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == MinT Machine Translation added to your Wikipedia == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:Hello}}! Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:Please help translate}} to your language. The WMF Language team has added another machine translation (MT) system for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation Content Translation] in your Wikipedia called MinT; you can use [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation/Machine_Translation/MinT MinT machine translation] when translating Wikipedia articles using the Content and Section Translation tool. The WMF Language team provides the MinT service. It is hosted in the Wikimedia Foundation Infrastructure with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_machine_translation neural machine translation] models that other organizations have released with an open-source license. MinT integrates translation based on [https://ai.facebook.com/research/no-language-left-behind/ NLLB-200], [https://opus.nlpl.eu/ OpusMT], [https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/indic-trans2 IndicTrans2] and [https://github.com/Softcatala/nmt-models Softcatalà]. This MT is set as optional in your Wikipedia. Still, you can choose not to use it by selecting "Start with empty paragraph" from the "Initial Translation" dropdown menu. Since MinT is hosted in the WMF Infrastructure and the models are open source, it adheres to Wikipedia's policies about attribution of rights, your privacy as a user and brand representation. You can find more information about the MinT machine translation and the models on [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content%20translation/Machine%20Translation/MinT this page]. Please note that the use of the MinT MT is not compulsory. However, we would want your community to: *use it to improve the quality of the Machine Translation service *[https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation provide feedback] about its quality, and '''if you prefer the MinT machine translation as default in your Wikipedia'''. We trust that introducing this MT is a good support to the Content Translation tool. Thank you! </div> [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|яриа]]) 22:02, 4 Долоодугаар сар 2023 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team. <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_MinT_announcement_list_2&oldid=25258883 --> == Deploying the Phonos in-line audio player to your Wiki == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:Hello}}! Apologies if this message is not in your language, {{int:Please help translate}} to your language. This wiki will soon be able to use the [[mw:Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player]] implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. This is part of fulfilling a wishlist proposal of providing [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Multimedia_and_Commons/Audio_links_that_play_on_click|audio links that play on click]]. With the inline audio player, you can add text-to-speech audio snippets to wiki pages by simply using a tag: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> <phonos file="audio file" label="Listen"/> </syntaxhighlight> The above tag will show the text next to a speaker icon, and clicking on it will play the audio instantly without taking you to another page. A common example where you can use this feature is in adding pronunciation to words as illustrated on the [[wiktionary:en:English#Pronunciation|English Wiktionary]] below. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{audio|en|En-uk-English.oga|Audio (UK)}} </syntaxhighlight> Could become: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> <phonos file="En-uk-English.oga" label="Audio (UK)"/> </syntaxhighlight> The inline audio player will be available in your wiki in 2 weeks time; in the meantime, we would like you to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos|read about the features]] and give us feedback or ask questions about it in this [[mw:Help_talk:Extension:Phonos|talk page]]. Thank you!</div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]], on behalf of the Foundation's Language team</bdi> </div> 02:26, 27 Долоодугаар сар 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_announcement_list_(In-line_audio_player)&oldid=25350821 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Review the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello all, I am pleased to share the next step in the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] work. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) draft charter]] is now ready for your review. The [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] require a [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4.5_U4C_Building_Committee|Building Committee]] form to draft a charter that outlines procedures and details for a global committee to be called the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4._UCoC_Coordinating_Committee_(U4C)|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. Over the past few months, the U4C Building Committee worked together as a group to discuss and draft the U4C charter. The U4C Building Committee welcomes feedback about the draft charter now through 22 September 2023. After that date, the U4C Building Committee will revise the charter as needed and a community vote will open shortly afterward. Join the conversation during the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee#Conversation hours|conversation hours]] or on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Meta-wiki]]. Best,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]], on behalf of the U4C Building Committee, 15:35, 28 Наймдугаар сар 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25392152 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-09-20T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-09-20T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-09-20|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|talk]]) 09:23, 15 Есдүгээр сар 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=25018086 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">== Opportunities open for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission, and the Case Review Committee ==</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <div style="margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'']] ''<span class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</span>''</div> Hi everyone! The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]] (AffCom), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission]] (OC), and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee|Case Review Committee]] (CRC) are looking for new members. These volunteer groups provide important structural and oversight support for the community and movement. People are encouraged to nominate themselves or encourage others they feel would contribute to these groups to apply. There is more information about the roles of the groups, the skills needed, and the opportunity to apply on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments|'''Meta-wiki page''']]. On behalf of the Committee Support team,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ~ [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 16:41, 9 Аравдугаар сар 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Review and comment on the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Dear all, Please review and comment on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package from now until 29 October 2023. The selection rules package was based on older versions by the Elections Committee and will be used in the 2024 Board of Trustees selection. Providing your comments now will help them provide a smoother, better Board selection process. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|More on the Meta-wiki page]]. Best, Katie Chan <br> Chair of the Elections Committee<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 01:13, 17 Аравдугаар сар 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Coming soon: Reference Previews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="ReferencePreviewsDefault"/> [[File:Example_of_a_Reference_Preview.png|right|300px]] A new feature is coming to your wiki soon: Reference Previews are popups for references. Such popups have existed on wikis as local gadgets for many years. Now there is a central solution, available on all wikis, and consistent with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. Reference Previews will be visible to everyone, including readers. If you don’t want to see them, [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|you can opt out]]. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews unless you disable the gadget. Reference Previews have been a beta feature on many wikis since 2019, and a default feature on some since 2021. Deployment is planned for November 22. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Help page]] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Project page with more information (in English)]]. * Feedback is welcome [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|on this talk page]]. -- For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Wikimedia Deutschland’s Technical Wishes]] team, <section end="ReferencePreviewsDefault"/> </div> [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]], 13:11, 15 Арваннэгдүгээр сар 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25866958 --> == Is there actually a specific rule dictating that all pages on Mongolian Wikipedia must directly relate to the county of Mongloia? == Based on the logs, it would appear that the Mongolian Wikipedia article about the 67th ''yokozuna'' [[Мүсашимарү Кооёо|Musashimaru Kōyō]] was deleted in compliance with such a rule. [[Хэрэглэгч:ArguaBILL|ArguaBILL]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:ArguaBILL|talk]]) 10:28, 8 Арванхоёрдугаар сар 2023 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(New) Feature on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]]: Adding geopoints via QID</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="Body"/>Since September 2022, it is possible to create geopoints using a QID. Many wiki contributors have asked for this feature, but it is not being used much. Therefore, we would like to remind you about it. More information can be found on the [[M:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|project page]]. If you have any comments, please let us know on the [[M:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|talk page]]. – Best regards, the team of Technical Wishes at Wikimedia Deutschland <section end="Body"/> </div> [[M:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)|Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] 12:31, 13 Арванхоёрдугаар сар 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25955829 --> == Do you use Wikidata in Wikimedia sibling projects? Tell us about your experiences == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English.'' Hello, the '''[[m:WD4WMP|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]]''' team at Wikimedia Deutschland would like to hear about your experiences using Wikidata in the sibling projects. If you are interested in sharing your opinion and insights, please consider signing up for an interview with us in this '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Interviews Registration form]'''.<br> ''Currently, we are only able to conduct interviews in English.'' The front page of the form has more details about what the conversation will be like, including how we would '''compensate''' you for your time. For more information, visit our ''[[m:WD4WMP/AddIssue|project issue page]]'' where you can also share your experiences in written form, without an interview.<br>We look forward to speaking with you, [[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 08:53, 5 January 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WD4WMP/ScreenerInvite&oldid=26027495 --> == Reusing references: Can we look over your shoulder? == ''Apologies for writing in English.'' The Technical Wishes team at Wikimedia Deutschland is planning to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. For our research, we are looking for wiki contributors willing to show us how they are interacting with references. * The format will be a 1-hour video call, where you would share your screen. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ More information here]. * Interviews can be conducted in English, German or Dutch. * [[mw:WMDE_Engineering/Participate_in_UX_Activities#Compensation|Compensation is available]]. * Sessions will be held in January and February. * [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ Sign up here if you are interested.] * Please note that we probably won’t be able to have sessions with everyone who is interested. Our UX researcher will try to create a good balance of wiki contributors, e.g. in terms of wiki experience, tech experience, editing preferences, gender, disability and more. If you’re a fit, she will reach out to you to schedule an appointment. We’re looking forward to seeing you, [[m:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)| Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] <!-- Message sent by User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25956752 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2024 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2024, to March 31, 2024 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 07:26, 18 Нэгдүгээр сар 2024 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2024 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' -- [[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 07:26, 18 Нэгдүгээр сар 2024 (UTC) </div></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, I am reaching out to you today to announce that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) Charter is now open. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]] now through '''2 February 2024'''. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C Charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation. On behalf of the UCoC Project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:08, 19 Нэгдүгээр сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Last days to vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, I am reaching out to you today to remind you that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) charter will close on '''2 February 2024'''. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]]. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation. On behalf of the UCoC Project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 17:00, 31 Нэгдүгээр сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Announcing the results of the UCoC Coordinating Committee Charter ratification vote</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, Thank you everyone for following the progress of the Universal Code of Conduct. I am writing to you today to announce the outcome of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|ratification vote]] on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee Charter]]. 1746 contributors voted in this ratification vote with 1249 voters supporting the Charter and 420 voters not. The ratification vote process allowed for voters to provide comments about the Charter. A report of voting statistics and a summary of voter comments will be published on Meta-wiki in the coming weeks. Please look forward to hearing about the next steps soon. On behalf of the UCoC Project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:23, 12 Хоёрдугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26160150 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2024 general.jpg|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the forth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2024. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes.<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2024|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26166467 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Report of the U4C Charter ratification and U4C Call for Candidates now available</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, I am writing to you today with two important pieces of information. First, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Vote results|report of the comments from the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter ratification]] is now available. Secondly, the call for candidates for the U4C is open now through April 1, 2024. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members are invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Per the charter, there are 16 seats on the U4C: eight community-at-large seats and eight regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Meta-wiki]]. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 16:25, 5 Гуравдугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26276337 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2024 Selection</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> : ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' : ''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Dear all, This year, the term of 4 (four) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Elections Committee]] will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Board Governance Committee created a Board Selection Working Group from Trustees who cannot be candidates in the 2024 community- and affiliate-selected trustee selection process composed of Dariusz Jemielniak, Nataliia Tymkiv, Esra'a Al Shafei, Kathy Collins, and Shani Evenstein Sigalov [3]. The group is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2024 trustee selection process, and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 2024: Call for candidates and call for questions * June 2024: Affiliates vote to shortlist 12 candidates (no shortlisting if 15 or less candidates apply) [5] * June-August 2024: Campaign period * End of August / beginning of September 2024: Two-week community voting period * October–November 2024: Background check of selected candidates * Board's Meeting in December 2024: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2024 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|this Meta-wiki page]], and make your plan. '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2024 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Election Volunteers|Meta-wiki page]]. Best regards, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Pundit|Dariusz Jemielniak]] (Governance Committee Chair, Board Selection Working Group) [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Results#Elected [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Minutes:2023-08-15#Governance_Committee [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] Even though the ideal number is 12 candidates for 4 open seats, the shortlisting process will be triggered if there are more than 15 candidates because the 1-3 candidates that are removed might feel ostracized and it would be a lot of work for affiliates to carry out the shortlisting process to only eliminate 1-3 candidates from the candidate list.<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]]19:57, 12 Гуравдугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26349432 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-03-20T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-03-20T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-03-20|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]], 00:01, 15 Гуравдугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=25636619 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to select members of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 20:21, 25 Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Sign up for the language community meeting on May 31st, 16:00 UTC</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/>Hello all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks - May 31st at 16:00 UTC. If you're interested, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Language_engineering/Community_meetings#31_May_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This is a participant-driven meeting, where we share language-specific updates related to various projects, collectively discuss technical issues related to language wikis, and work together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, the topics included the machine translation service (MinT) and the languages and models it currently supports, localization efforts from the Kiwix team, and technical challenges with numerical sorting in files used on Bengali Wikisource. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates related to your project? Any problems that you would like to bring for discussion during the meeting? Do you need interpretation support from English to another language? Please reach out to me at ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org and [[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-may-2024|add agenda items to the document here]]. We look forward to your participation! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:22, 14 Тавдугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Feedback invited on Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' [[File:Sibling Project Lifecycle Conversation 3.png|150px|right|link=:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]] Dear community members, The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] (CAC) of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] invites you to give feedback on a '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle|draft Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]'''. This draft Procedure outlines proposed steps and requirements for opening and closing Wikimedia Sibling Projects, and aims to ensure any newly approved projects are set up for success. This is separate from the procedures for opening or closing language versions of projects, which is handled by the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|Language Committee]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Closing_projects_policy|closing projects policy]]. You can find the details on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle#Review|this page]], as well as the ways to give your feedback from today until the end of the day on '''June 23, 2024''', anywhere on Earth. You can also share information about this with the interested project communities you work with or support, and you can also help us translate the procedure into more languages, so people can join the discussions in their own language. On behalf of the CAC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:25, 22 Тавдугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Announcing the first Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote results. We are following up with the results of the first [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) election]]. We are pleased to announce the following individuals as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a two-year term: * North America (USA and Canada) ** – * Northern and Western Europe ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ghilt|Ghilt]] * Latin America and Caribbean ** – * Central and East Europe (CEE) ** — * Sub-Saharan Africa ** – * Middle East and North Africa ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ibrahim.ID|Ibrahim.ID]] * East, South East Asia and Pacific (ESEAP) ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:0xDeadbeef|0xDeadbeef]] * South Asia ** – The following individuals are elected to be community-at-large members of the U4C, fulfilling a one-year term: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Superpes15|Superpes15]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Civvì|Civvì]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Luke081515|Luke081515]] * – * – * – * – Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. Follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-wiki]]. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:15, 3 Зургаадугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The final text of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now on Meta</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hi everyone, The final text of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] is now up on Meta in more than 20 languages for your reading. '''What is the Wikimedia Movement Charter?''' The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a proposed document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance. '''Join the Wikimedia Movement Charter “Launch Party”''' Join the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Movement Charter Launch Party|“Launch Party”]] on '''June 20, 2024''' at '''14.00-15.00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1718892000 your local time]). During this call, we will celebrate the release of the final Charter and present the content of the Charter. Join and learn about the Charter before casting your vote. '''Movement Charter ratification vote''' Voting will commence on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC.''' You can read more about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voting process, eligibility criteria, and other details]] on Meta. If you have any questions, please leave a comment on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter|Meta talk page]] or email the MCDC at [mailto:mcdc@wikimedia.org mcdc@wikimedia.org]. On behalf of the MCDC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:44, 11 Зургаадугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now open – cast your vote</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello everyone, The voting to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|'''Wikimedia Movement Charter''']] is now open. The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance. The final version of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|available on Meta in different languages]] and attached [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Movement_Charter_(June_2024).pdf here in PDF format] for your reading. Voting commenced on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC'''. Please read more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voter information and eligibility details]]. After reading the Charter, please [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|'''vote here''']] and share this note further. If you have any questions about the ratification vote, please contact the Charter Electoral Commission at [mailto:cec@wikimedia.org '''cec@wikimedia.org''']. On behalf of the CEC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 10:51, 25 Зургаадугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is ending soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello everyone, This is a kind reminder that the voting period to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] will be closed on '''July 9, 2024''', at '''23:59 UTC'''. If you have not voted yet, please vote [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|on SecurePoll]]. On behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral_Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]],<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 03:45, 8 Долоодугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">U4C Special Election - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, A special election has been called to fill additional vacancies on the U4C. The call for candidates phase is open from now through July 19, 2024. The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the [[:foundation:Wikimedia Foundation Universal Code of Conduct|UCoC]]. Community members are invited to submit their applications in the special election for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please review the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|U4C Charter]]. In this special election, according to [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#2. Elections and Terms|chapter 2 of the U4C charter]], there are 9 seats available on the U4C: '''four''' community-at-large seats and '''five''' regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#5. Glossary|No more than two members of the U4C can be elected from the same home wiki]]. Therefore, candidates must not have English Wikipedia, German Wikipedia, or Italian Wikipedia as their home wiki. Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Meta-wiki]]. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:03, 10 Долоодугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikimedia Movement Charter ratification voting results</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello everyone, After carefully tallying both individual and affiliate votes, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]] is pleased to announce the final results of the Wikimedia Movement Charter voting.   As [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter#Thank you for your participation in the Movement Charter ratification vote!|communicated]] by the Charter Electoral Commission, we reached the quorum for both Affiliate and individual votes by the time the vote closed on '''July 9, 23:59 UTC'''. We thank all 2,451 individuals and 129 Affiliate representatives who voted in the ratification process. Your votes and comments are invaluable for the future steps in Movement Strategy. The final results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] ratification voting held between 25 June and 9 July 2024 are as follows: '''Individual vote:''' Out of 2,451 individuals who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 2,446 have been accepted as valid votes. Among these, '''1,710''' voted “yes”; '''623''' voted “no”; and '''113''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 73.30% voted to approve the Charter (1710/2333), while 26.70% voted to reject the Charter (623/2333). '''Affiliates vote:''' Out of 129 Affiliates designated voters who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 129 votes are confirmed as valid votes. Among these, '''93''' voted “yes”; '''18''' voted “no”; and '''18''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 83.78% voted to approve the Charter (93/111), while 16.22% voted to reject the Charter (18/111). '''Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation:''' The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees voted '''not to ratify''' the proposed Charter during their special Board meeting on July 8, 2024. The Chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, Nataliia Tymkiv, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/Board_resolution_and_vote_on_the_proposed_Movement_Charter|shared the result of the vote, the resolution, meeting minutes and proposed next steps]].   With this, the Wikimedia Movement Charter in its current revision is '''not ratified'''. We thank you for your participation in this important moment in our movement’s governance. The Charter Electoral Commission, [[m:User:Abhinav619|Abhinav619]], [[m:User:Borschts|Borschts]], [[m:User:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]], [[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]], [[m:User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|яриа]]) 17:52, 18 Долоодугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through '''August 10, 2024'''. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:47, 27 Долоодугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now. '''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:30, 6 Наймдугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]]. '''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand. Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC == Hi all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation! [[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|яриа]]) 23:19, 22 Наймдугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:06, 2 Есдүгээр сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board. Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]]. When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|яриа]]) 12:14, 3 Есдүгээр сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-09-25|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-09-25T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-09-25T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-09-25|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[User:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 09:37, 20 Есдүгээр сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27248326 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|яриа]]) 18:57, 27 Есдүгээр сар 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> == Invitation to Participate in Wiki Loves Ramadan Community Engagement Survey == Dear all, Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. We are excited to announce the upcoming [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]] event, a global initiative aimed at celebrating Ramadan by enriching Wikipedia and its sister projects with content related to this significant time of year. As we plan to organize this event globally, your insights and experiences are crucial in shaping the best possible participation experience for the community. To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is engaging, inclusive, and impactful, we kindly invite you to participate in our community engagement survey. Your feedback will help us understand the needs of the community, set the event's focus, and guide our strategies for organizing this global event. Survey link: https://forms.gle/f66MuzjcPpwzVymu5 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will make a difference! Thank you for being a part of our journey to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success. Warm regards, User:ZI Jony 03:20, 6 Аравдугаар сар 2024 (UTC) Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27510935 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted. The following four candidates were the most voted: # [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]] # [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]] # [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]] # [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]] While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]] Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:25, 14 Аравдугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:08, 16 Аравдугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:29, 22 Аравдугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> == Final Reminder: Join us in Making Wiki Loves Ramadan Success == Dear all, We’re thrilled to announce the Wiki Loves Ramadan event, a global initiative to celebrate Ramadan by enhancing Wikipedia and its sister projects with valuable content related to this special time of year. As we organize this event globally, we need your valuable input to make it a memorable experience for the community. Last Call to Participate in Our Survey: To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is inclusive and impactful, we kindly request you to complete our community engagement survey. Your feedback will shape the event’s focus and guide our organizing strategies to better meet community needs. * Survey Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSffN4prPtR5DRSq9nH-t1z8hG3jZFBbySrv32YoxV8KbTwxig/viewform?usp=sf_link Complete the Survey] * Deadline: November 10, 2024 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will truly make a difference! '''Volunteer Opportunity''': Join the Wiki Loves Ramadan Team! We’re seeking dedicated volunteers for key team roles essential to the success of this initiative. If you’re interested in volunteer roles, we invite you to apply. * Application Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfXiox_eEDH4yJ0gxVBgtL7jPe41TINAWYtpNp1JHSk8zhdgw/viewform?usp=sf_link Apply Here] * Application Deadline: October 31, 2024 Explore Open Positions: For a detailed list of roles and their responsibilities, please refer to the position descriptions here: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oy0_tilC6kow5GGf6cEuFvdFpekcubCqJlaxkxh-jT4/ Position Descriptions] Thank you for being part of this journey. We look forward to working together to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success! Warm regards,<br> The Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team 05:12, 29 Аравдугаар сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC == Hello everyone, The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone <https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000>). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024>. This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation. Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:54, 21 Арваннэгдүгээр сар 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! == Dear All, We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture. * Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]] * When: Jan 19, 2025 * Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025). * Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 * Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]] To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025. Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language. Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all. Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate. Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success! For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:08, 16 Нэгдүгээр сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users in this Wikipedia == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies, as this message is not written in your native language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on your Wikipedia by February 2025 now that pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations! The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody! For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month. If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: <code>Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org</code> in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page. Thank you! On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 22:14, 21 Нэгдүгээр сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_Dark_mode_deployment_list_(February_2025)&oldid=28153450 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 Нэгдүгээр сар 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|яриа]]) 02:36, 29 Нэгдүгээр сар 2025 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|яриа]]) 02:36, 29 Нэгдүгээр сар 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26503019 --> == Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:48, 3 Хоёрдугаар сар 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28198931 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone! [[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]] We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''. This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba. '''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''. Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language & Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]]. We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 08:29, 22 Хоёрдугаар сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28217779 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 Гуравдугаар сар 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28307738 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:56, 13 Гуравдугаар сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:14, 14 Гуравдугаар сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=28307742 --> == Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon. Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes. If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest. <br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> 16:11, 16 Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines ("UCoC EG") and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> 15:03, 28 Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! == ''(Apologies for posting in English)'' Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them. As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]]. After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki. The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org. If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:07, 6 Тавдугаар сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28663781 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]]. You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC. If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, </div><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|хэлэлцүүлэг]])</bdi> 22:07, 15 Тавдугаар сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)'' Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 15:27, 22 Тавдугаар сар 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28768453 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection & Call for Questions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6] * June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates * July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5] * August 2025: Campaign period * August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period * October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates * Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]]. '''Call for Questions''' In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]] '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]] Thank you! [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024 [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ [6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates Best regards, Victoria Doronina Board Liaison to the Elections Committee Governance Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|яриа]]) 03:07, 28 Тавдугаар сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 Зургаадугаар сар 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div> Hello all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position. This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3] Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election. Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br /> Chair of the Elections Committee On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term. [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|яриа]]) 17:44, 17 Зургаадугаар сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28866958 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Dear Wikimedia Community, The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]] of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]]. A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity. Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact. Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement. Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate. Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended. === Wikispore === The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects. After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future. As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting. Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed. === Wikinews === We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways. Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years. While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>]. [[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews. Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs. SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives. '''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to: *Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects, *Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace, *Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects, *Archive Wikinews projects. Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels. === Feedback and next steps === We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language. I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. <section end="message"/> </div> -- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 Зургаадугаар сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&oldid=28911188 --> == Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes == ''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)'' Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations. The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''. The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below: [[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]] These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages. Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change. Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]]. Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|яриа]]) 12:45, 14 Долоодугаар сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=28981877 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''. Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. '''Why we are building temporary accounts''' Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users. '''How temporary accounts work''' [[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]] Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: <code dir=ltr>~2025-12345-67</code> (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it. '''What does this mean for different groups of users?''' '''For logged-out editors''' * This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki. * If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice. '''For community members interacting with logged-out editors''' * A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address). * Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community. '''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki''' * '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.) * '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''': ** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option. ** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range. * Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this. '''Our requests for you, and next steps''' * If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]]. * If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in. * Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options. * Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses. To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!<section end="body" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]</bdi> 21:36, 26 Наймдугаар сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox6&oldid=29181713 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 15:41, 18 Есдүгээр сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29170715 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]]. When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]]. '''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.''' Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br />Chair, Elections Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|яриа]]) 04:48, 9 Аравдугаар сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29360896 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function1"/> {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere). There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function1"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:43, 20 Аравдугаар сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29432175 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:12, 30 Аравдугаар сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MKaur (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29517125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function2"/> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function2"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Арваннэгдүгээр сар 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29583860 --> == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Нэгдүгээр сар 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|яриа]]) 13:21, 18 Нэгдүгээр сар 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == Report possible machine-translated article by user who engaged in cross-wiki abuse == Dear admins, I'm an active user from Commons and Wikidata. I was led here because I'm investigating a [[wikidata:Wikidata:Requests_for_checkuser/Case/Yukitanooki|sockpuppetry in Wikidata]] of [[User:Yukitanooki]], who was mainly active in enwiki with [[:en:Special:Diff/1232853533|babels]] (Non-native speaker here) and basically adds machine translations to the other languages' Wikipedias with sock puppets and temp accounts. I suspect the article [[Баруун Филиппиний тэнгис]] was also created by Yukitanooki' temp accounts with machine translation service. All in all, I suggest that article be reviewed carefully. Thanks. [[Хэрэглэгч:0x0a|0x0a]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:0x0a|яриа]]) 14:26, 18 Нэгдүгээр сар 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Нэгдүгээр сар 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|яриа]]) 17:11, 3 Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 21:13, 13 Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2026-04-16_Wikipedias&oldid=30402528 --> abb66vxluknzmd4j3p3oopxjfg37n91 Ольхон арал 0 41628 853304 819444 2026-04-13T12:15:20Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 853304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Зүүн Сибирьт орших Байгал нуурын хамгийн том арал}} {{Инфобокс арал | name = Ольхон | image_name = Baikal, Cape Burhan, Olkhon Island, Lake Baikal, Russia.jpg | image_caption = [[Хужир, Эрхүү муж|Хужирын]] ойролцоо [[Бөөнүүдийн чулуу]] | image_size = | map_image = Karte baikal2.png | map_caption = | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|ru|остров Ольхон|italics=off}}|{{native name|bua|Ойхон арал|italics=off}}}} | native_name_link = | nickname = | location = [[Байгал нуур]] | coordinates = | archipelago = | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_km2 = 730 | highest_mount = Шима уул | length_km = 72 | width_km = 21 | elevation_m = 1276 | elevation_footnotes = <br /><small>далайн түвшнээс дээр {{convert|818|m|lk=off|abbr=on}}.</small> | country = Орос | country_admin_divisions_title = [[Холбооны тойрог (ОХУ)|Тойрог]] | country_admin_divisions = [[Сибирийн холбооны тойрог|Сибирь]] | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Оросын холбооны байгууламж|Муж]] | country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Эрхүү муж]] | country_capital = [[Хужир, Эрхүү муж|Хужир]] | population = 1,744 | population_as_of = | density_km2 = | ethnic_groups = [[Буриадууд]], [[Оросууд]] | additional_info = }} '''Ольхон арал''' (буриадаар: Ойхон) [[Байгал нуур]]ын хамгийн том арал юм. Буриадын бүрэлдэхүүнд байсан уг арлыг 1937 онд Эрхүү мужид оруулжээ. == Цахим холбоос == * {{Commonscat|Olkhon|Ольхон арал}} [[Ангилал:Байгал нуур]] [[Ангилал:Азийн арал]] [[Ангилал:Нуурын арал]] [[Ангилал:Эрхүү мужийн арал]] g5pnm1plfqm3izv7zgzp7mii8gv52o8 Гуйшань 0 52122 853326 640316 2026-04-13T15:20:09Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 853326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Инфобокс арал |name = Гуйшань Дао |image = Guishan Island.jpg |image_caption = [[Илань|Иланиас]] харагдах Гуйшань |map_image = |map_caption = |image_flag = |flag_alt = |image_shield = |native_name = 龜山島 |native_name_link = Хятад хэл |sobriquet = |location = [[Номхон далай]] |coordinates = {{Coord|24|50|N|121|57|E|type:isle_scale:2500000|display=inline,title}} |archipelago = |total_islands = |major_islands = |area_km2 = 2841 |area_footnotes = |rank = |length_km = 3,1 |length_footnotes = |width_km = 1,6 |width_footnotes = |coastline_km = |highest_mount = Гуйшань |elevation_m = 401 |country = [[Тайвань]] |country_admin_divisions_title = |country_admin_divisions = |country_admin_divisions_title_1 = |country_admin_divisions_1 = |population = 0 |population_as_of = |density_km2 = |website = }} '''Гуйшань''' ({{lang-zh|龜山島}} - ''гуй-шань-дао'') — [[Тайвань|Тайванийн]] [[Илань]] шяний харьяа 2.8 км<sup>2</sup> талбайт '''[[арал]]'''. Тайванийн дорнод эргээс 9.1 км зайтай. '''[[Галт уул]]''' оройтой. <gallery widths="160px" heights="130px"> Dasi_Station_view_of_Gueishan_Island.jpg|Тайванийн эргээс </gallery> [[Ангилал:Тайванийн арал]] [[Ангилал:Азийн арал]] [[Ангилал:Номхон далайн арал]] [[Ангилал:Давхаргат галт уул]] [[Ангилал:Илань тойрог]] hmgvhna426w74squmj916zfk0ddsv1y Википедиагийн хэлэлцүүлэг:Ноорог 5 74066 853320 819837 2026-04-13T15:01:00Z Рагчаа Цэнд-Аюуш 103920 /* ulias.shop.mn */ шинэ хэсэг 853320 wikitext text/x-wiki хүндийн хүчний потенциал энерги нь хүндийн хүчний вектор болон өндрийн /өндөр нь дэлхийн гадаргаас эгц дээш тоологдох вектор хэмжигдэхүүн/ 180 градус өнцөг үүсгэсэн скаляр үржвэр юм. En=G*h*cos180 Энэ энергийг гравитацын потенциал энергитэй жишвэл түүний эсрэг тоологддог тул ийнхүү хасах тэмдэгтэй байна.Гэвч бид өдөр тутамд энэ ялгааг онцлон анхаардаггүй. Дэлхийн гадарга орчимд хүндийн хүчний потенциал энерги нь тоологдож байгаа хоёр түвшний гравитацийн потенциал энергийн ялгавартай тэнцүү байна. Энэ утгаараа хүндийн хүчний потенциал энерги нь дэлхийн гадаргуу орчимд дэлхийн татах хүчний гравитацийн потенциал энергийг шууд илэрхийлнэ. Дэлхийгээс алслагдах тутам энэ энерги хүндийн хүчний гэх утгаа алдахад хүрнэ == ulias.shop.mn == Монгол улсын Завхан аймаг дахь хамгийн анхны хүргэлтийн нэгдсэн вэбсайт нээгджээ. Тус вэб-д одоогоор хоол, ном, цэцэг, гэр ахуй, хүнсний бараа бүтээгдэхүүнийг хялбараар захиалж хүргүүлэх боломжтой байгаа юм байна. Цаашдаа бүх төрлийн үйлчилгээний цаг захиалах боломжтой болно. [[Хэрэглэгч:Рагчаа Цэнд-Аюуш|Рагчаа Цэнд-Аюуш]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:Рагчаа Цэнд-Аюуш|яриа]]) 15:01, 13 Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2026 (UTC) 3xqn0q25ehl2aywg8s14gjaucrygble 853321 853320 2026-04-13T15:03:42Z Рагчаа Цэнд-Аюуш 103920 853321 wikitext text/x-wiki хүндийн хүчний потенциал энерги нь хүндийн хүчний вектор болон өндрийн /өндөр нь дэлхийн гадаргаас эгц дээш тоологдох вектор хэмжигдэхүүн/ 180 градус өнцөг үүсгэсэн скаляр үржвэр юм. En=G*h*cos180 Энэ энергийг гравитацын потенциал энергитэй жишвэл түүний эсрэг тоологддог тул ийнхүү хасах тэмдэгтэй байна.Гэвч бид өдөр тутамд энэ ялгааг онцлон анхаардаггүй. Дэлхийн гадарга орчимд хүндийн хүчний потенциал энерги нь тоологдож байгаа хоёр түвшний гравитацийн потенциал энергийн ялгавартай тэнцүү байна. Энэ утгаараа хүндийн хүчний потенциал энерги нь дэлхийн гадаргуу орчимд дэлхийн татах хүчний гравитацийн потенциал энергийг шууд илэрхийлнэ. Дэлхийгээс алслагдах тутам энэ энерги хүндийн хүчний гэх утгаа алдахад хүрнэ mgegzs555eyb7yrmu2jvmh8cy91eukg Module:Lang/data/iana languages 828 113460 853315 853301 2026-04-13T13:55:54Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 853315 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2021-03-05 local active = { ["aa"] = {"Афар"}, ["ab"] = {"Абхаз"}, ["ae"] = {"Avestan"}, ["af"] = {"Африкаанс"}, ["ak"] = {"Акан"}, ["am"] = {"Амхар"}, ["an"] = {"Aragonese"}, ["ar"] = {"Араб"}, ["as"] = {"Ассам"}, ["av"] = {"Авар"}, ["ay"] = {"Аймара"}, ["az"] = {"Азербайжан"}, ["ba"] = {"Башкир"}, ["be"] = {"Беларусь"}, ["bg"] = {"Болгар"}, ["bh"] = {"Bihari languages"}, ["bi"] = {"Бислама"}, ["bm"] = {"Бамбара"}, ["bn"] = {"Бенгал", "Бангла"}, ["bo"] = {"Төвөд"}, ["br"] = {"Breton"}, ["bs"] = {"Босни"}, ["ca"] = {"Каталан", "Валенси"}, ["ce"] = {"Чечень"}, ["ch"] = {"Chamorro"}, ["co"] = {"Corsican"}, ["cr"] = {"Cree"}, ["cs"] = {"Чех"}, ["cu"] = {"Church Slavic", "Church Slavonic", "Old Bulgarian", "Old Church Slavonic", "Old Slavonic"}, ["cv"] = {"Чуваш"}, ["cy"] = {"Уэльс"}, ["da"] = {"Дани"}, ["de"] = {"Герман"}, ["dv"] = {"Дивехи", "Мальдив"}, ["dz"] = {"Зонка"}, ["ee"] = {"Ewe"}, ["el"] = {"Modern Greek (1453-)"}, ["en"] = {"Англи"}, ["eo"] = {"Эсперанто"}, ["es"] = {"Испани", "Кастиль"}, ["et"] = {"Эстони"}, ["eu"] = {"Баск"}, ["fa"] = {"Перс"}, ["ff"] = {"Фула"}, ["fi"] = {"Фин"}, ["fj"] = {"Фижи"}, ["fo"] = {"Фарер"}, ["fr"] = {"Франц"}, ["fy"] = {"Western Frisian"}, ["ga"] = {"Ирланд"}, ["gd"] = {"Шотланд Гел", "Гел"}, ["gl"] = {"Галиси"}, ["gn"] = {"Гуарани"}, ["gu"] = {"Gujarati"}, ["gv"] = {"Manx"}, ["ha"] = {"Хауса"}, ["he"] = {"Еврей"}, ["hi"] = {"Хинди"}, ["ho"] = {"Хири Моту"}, ["hr"] = {"Хорват"}, ["ht"] = {"Хаити", "Хаитийн Креол"}, ["hu"] = {"Унгар"}, ["hy"] = {"Армени"}, ["hz"] = {"Хереро"}, ["ia"] = {"Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)"}, ["id"] = {"Индонез"}, ["ie"] = {"Interlingue", "Occidental"}, ["ig"] = {"Игбо"}, ["ii"] = {"Сычуаны И", "Носу"}, ["ik"] = {"Inupiaq"}, ["io"] = {"Ido"}, ["is"] = {"Исланд"}, ["it"] = {"Итали"}, ["iu"] = {"Inuktitut"}, ["ja"] = {"Япон"}, ["jv"] = {"Javanese"}, ["ka"] = {"Гүрж"}, ["kg"] = {"Конго"}, ["ki"] = {"Kikuyu", "Gikuyu"}, ["kj"] = {"Кваньяма"}, ["kk"] = {"Казах"}, ["kl"] = {"Гренланд"}, ["km"] = {"Кхмер", "Төв Кхмер"}, ["kn"] = {"Каннада"}, ["ko"] = {"Солонгос"}, ["kr"] = {"Kanuri"}, ["ks"] = {"Kashmiri"}, ["ku"] = {"Курд"}, ["kv"] = {"Коми"}, ["kw"] = {"Cornish"}, ["ky"] = {"Киргиз"}, ["la"] = {"Латин"}, ["lb"] = {"Люксембург"}, ["lg"] = {"Ганда", "Луганда"}, ["li"] = {"Лимбург"}, ["ln"] = {"Лингала"}, ["lo"] = {"Лаос"}, ["lt"] = {"Литва"}, ["lu"] = {"Luba-Katanga"}, ["lv"] = {"Латви"}, ["mg"] = {"Малагас"}, ["mh"] = {"Маршалл"}, ["mi"] = {"Маори"}, ["mk"] = {"Македон"}, ["ml"] = {"Malayalam"}, ["mn"] = {"Монгол"}, ["mr"] = {"Марати"}, ["ms"] = {"Малай"}, ["mt"] = {"Мальта"}, ["my"] = {"Бирм"}, ["na"] = {"Науру"}, ["nb"] = {"Норвегийн Бүкмол"}, ["nd"] = {"North Ndebele"}, ["ne"] = {"Балба"}, ["ng"] = {"Ndonga"}, ["nl"] = {"Нидерланд", "Flemish"}, ["nn"] = {"Норвегийн Нюнорск"}, ["no"] = {"Норвеги"}, ["nr"] = {"Өмнөд Ндебеле"}, ["nv"] = {"Navajo", "Navaho"}, ["ny"] = {"Ньянжа", "Чева", "Чичева"}, ["oc"] = {"Окситан"}, ["oj"] = {"Ojibwa"}, ["om"] = {"Оромо"}, ["or"] = {"Oriya (macrolanguage)", "Odia (macrolanguage)"}, ["os"] = {"Осети", "Осет"}, ["pa"] = {"Панжаби", "Пунжаби"}, ["pi"] = {"Pali"}, ["pl"] = {"Польш"}, ["ps"] = {"Пуштун", "Паштун"}, ["pt"] = {"Португал"}, ["qu"] = {"Кечуа"}, ["rm"] = {"Руманш"}, ["rn"] = {"Рунди"}, ["ro"] = {"Румын", "Молдав"}, ["ru"] = {"Орос"}, ["rw"] = {"Киняруанда"}, ["sa"] = {"Санскрит"}, ["sc"] = {"Сардини"}, ["sd"] = {"Синди"}, ["se"] = {"Хойд Сами"}, ["sg"] = {"Санго"}, ["sh"] = {"Серби-Хорват"}, ["si"] = {"Синхал"}, ["sk"] = {"Словак"}, ["sl"] = {"Словени"}, ["sm"] = {"Самоа"}, ["sn"] = {"Шона"}, ["so"] = {"Сомали"}, ["sq"] = {"Албани"}, ["sr"] = {"Серби"}, ["ss"] = {"Свати"}, ["st"] = {"Өмнөд Сото"}, ["su"] = {"Sundanese"}, ["sv"] = {"Швед"}, ["sw"] = {"Свахили"}, ["ta"] = {"Тамил"}, ["te"] = {"Телүгү"}, ["tg"] = {"Тажик"}, ["th"] = {"Тай"}, ["ti"] = {"Тигриня"}, ["tk"] = {"Туркмен"}, ["tl"] = {"Тагалог"}, ["tn"] = {"Тсвана"}, ["to"] = {"Tonga (Tonga Islands)"}, ["tr"] = {"Турк"}, ["ts"] = {"Тсонга"}, ["tt"] = {"Татар"}, ["tw"] = {"Twi"}, ["ty"] = {"Tahitian"}, ["ug"] = {"Уйгур"}, ["uk"] = {"Украин"}, ["ur"] = {"Урду"}, ["uz"] = {"Узбек"}, ["ve"] = {"Венда"}, ["vi"] = {"Вьетнам"}, ["vo"] = {"Volapük"}, ["wa"] = {"Walloon"}, ["wo"] = {"Wolof"}, ["xh"] = {"Коса"}, ["yi"] = {"Идиш"}, ["yo"] = {"Ёруба"}, ["za"] = {"Жуан"}, ["zh"] = {"Хятад"}, ["zu"] = {"Зулу"}, ["aaa"] = {"Ghotuo"}, ["aab"] = {"Alumu-Tesu"}, ["aac"] = {"Ari"}, ["aad"] = {"Amal"}, ["aae"] = {"Arbëreshë Albanian"}, ["aaf"] = {"Aranadan"}, ["aag"] = {"Ambrak"}, ["aah"] = {"Abu' Arapesh"}, ["aai"] = {"Arifama-Miniafia"}, ["aak"] = {"Ankave"}, ["aal"] = {"Afade"}, ["aan"] = {"Anambé"}, ["aao"] = {"Algerian Saharan Arabic"}, ["aap"] = {"Pará Arára"}, ["aaq"] = {"Eastern Abnaki"}, ["aas"] = {"Aasáx"}, ["aat"] = {"Arvanitika Albanian"}, ["aau"] = {"Abau"}, ["aav"] = {"Austro-Asiatic languages"}, ["aaw"] = {"Solong"}, ["aax"] = {"Mandobo Atas"}, ["aaz"] = {"Amarasi"}, ["aba"] = {"Abé"}, ["abb"] = {"Bankon"}, ["abc"] = {"Ambala Ayta"}, ["abd"] = {"Manide"}, ["abe"] = {"Western Abnaki"}, ["abf"] = {"Abai Sungai"}, ["abg"] = {"Abaga"}, ["abh"] = {"Tajiki Arabic"}, ["abi"] = {"Abidji"}, ["abj"] = {"Aka-Bea"}, ["abl"] = {"Lampung Nyo"}, ["abm"] = {"Abanyom"}, ["abn"] = {"Abua"}, ["abo"] = {"Abon"}, ["abp"] = {"Abellen Ayta"}, ["abq"] = {"Abaza"}, ["abr"] = {"Abron"}, ["abs"] = {"Ambonese Malay"}, ["abt"] = {"Ambulas"}, ["abu"] = {"Abure"}, ["abv"] = {"Baharna Arabic"}, ["abw"] = {"Pal"}, ["abx"] = {"Inabaknon"}, ["aby"] = {"Aneme Wake"}, ["abz"] = {"Abui"}, ["aca"] = {"Achagua"}, ["acb"] = {"Áncá"}, ["acd"] = {"Gikyode"}, ["ace"] = {"Achinese"}, ["acf"] = {"Saint Lucian Creole French"}, ["ach"] = {"Acoli"}, ["aci"] = {"Aka-Cari"}, ["ack"] = {"Aka-Kora"}, ["acl"] = {"Akar-Bale"}, ["acm"] = {"Mesopotamian Arabic"}, ["acn"] = {"Achang"}, ["acp"] = {"Eastern Acipa"}, ["acq"] = {"Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic"}, ["acr"] = {"Achi"}, ["acs"] = {"Acroá"}, ["act"] = {"Achterhoeks"}, ["acu"] = {"Achuar-Shiwiar"}, ["acv"] = {"Achumawi"}, ["acw"] = {"Hijazi Arabic"}, ["acx"] = {"Omani Arabic"}, ["acy"] = {"Cypriot Arabic"}, ["acz"] = {"Acheron"}, ["ada"] = {"Adangme"}, ["adb"] = {"Atauran"}, ["add"] = {"Lidzonka", "Dzodinka"}, ["ade"] = {"Adele"}, ["adf"] = {"Dhofari Arabic"}, ["adg"] = {"Andegerebinha"}, ["adh"] = {"Adhola"}, ["adi"] = {"Adi"}, ["adj"] = {"Adioukrou"}, ["adl"] = {"Galo"}, ["adn"] = {"Adang"}, ["ado"] = {"Abu"}, ["adq"] = {"Adangbe"}, ["adr"] = {"Adonara"}, ["ads"] = {"Adamorobe Sign Language"}, ["adt"] = {"Adnyamathanha"}, ["adu"] = {"Aduge"}, ["adw"] = {"Amundava"}, ["adx"] = {"Amdo Tibetan"}, ["ady"] = {"Adyghe", "Adygei"}, ["adz"] = {"Adzera"}, ["aea"] = {"Areba"}, ["aeb"] = {"Tunisian Arabic"}, ["aec"] = {"Saidi Arabic"}, ["aed"] = {"Argentine Sign Language"}, ["aee"] = {"Northeast Pashai", "Northeast Pashayi"}, ["aek"] = {"Haeke"}, ["ael"] = {"Ambele"}, ["aem"] = {"Arem"}, ["aen"] = {"Armenian Sign Language"}, ["aeq"] = {"Aer"}, ["aer"] = {"Eastern Arrernte"}, ["aes"] = {"Alsea"}, ["aeu"] = {"Akeu"}, ["aew"] = {"Ambakich"}, ["aey"] = {"Amele"}, ["aez"] = {"Aeka"}, ["afa"] = {"Afro-Asiatic languages"}, ["afb"] = {"Gulf Arabic"}, ["afd"] = {"Andai"}, ["afe"] = {"Putukwam"}, ["afg"] = {"Afghan Sign Language"}, ["afh"] = {"Afrihili"}, ["afi"] = {"Akrukay", "Chini"}, ["afk"] = {"Nanubae"}, ["afn"] = {"Defaka"}, ["afo"] = {"Eloyi"}, ["afp"] = {"Tapei"}, ["afs"] = {"Afro-Seminole Creole"}, ["aft"] = {"Afitti"}, ["afu"] = {"Awutu"}, ["afz"] = {"Obokuitai"}, ["aga"] = {"Aguano"}, ["agb"] = {"Legbo"}, ["agc"] = {"Agatu"}, ["agd"] = {"Agarabi"}, ["age"] = {"Angal"}, ["agf"] = {"Arguni"}, ["agg"] = {"Angor"}, ["agh"] = {"Ngelima"}, ["agi"] = {"Agariya"}, ["agj"] = {"Argobba"}, ["agk"] = {"Isarog Agta"}, ["agl"] = {"Fembe"}, ["agm"] = {"Angaataha"}, ["agn"] = {"Agutaynen"}, ["ago"] = {"Tainae"}, ["agq"] = {"Aghem"}, ["agr"] = {"Aguaruna"}, ["ags"] = {"Esimbi"}, ["agt"] = {"Central Cagayan Agta"}, ["agu"] = {"Aguacateco"}, ["agv"] = {"Remontado Dumagat"}, ["agw"] = {"Kahua"}, ["agx"] = {"Агуль"}, ["agy"] = {"Southern Alta"}, ["agz"] = {"Mt. Iriga Agta"}, ["aha"] = {"Ahanta"}, ["ahb"] = {"Axamb"}, ["ahg"] = {"Qimant"}, ["ahh"] = {"Aghu"}, ["ahi"] = {"Tiagbamrin Aizi"}, ["ahk"] = {"Akha"}, ["ahl"] = {"Igo"}, ["ahm"] = {"Mobumrin Aizi"}, ["ahn"] = {"Àhàn"}, ["aho"] = {"Ahom"}, ["ahp"] = {"Aproumu Aizi"}, ["ahr"] = {"Ahirani"}, ["ahs"] = {"Ashe"}, ["aht"] = {"Ahtena"}, ["aia"] = {"Arosi"}, ["aib"] = {"Ainu (China)"}, ["aic"] = {"Ainbai"}, ["aid"] = {"Alngith"}, ["aie"] = {"Amara"}, ["aif"] = {"Agi"}, ["aig"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda Creole English"}, ["aih"] = {"Ai-Cham"}, ["aii"] = {"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic"}, ["aij"] = {"Lishanid Noshan"}, ["aik"] = {"Ake"}, ["ail"] = {"Aimele"}, ["aim"] = {"Aimol"}, ["ain"] = {"Ainu (Japan)"}, ["aio"] = {"Aiton"}, ["aip"] = {"Burumakok"}, ["aiq"] = {"Aimaq"}, ["air"] = {"Airoran"}, ["ait"] = {"Arikem"}, ["aiw"] = {"Aari"}, ["aix"] = {"Aighon"}, ["aiy"] = {"Ali"}, ["aja"] = {"Aja (South Sudan)"}, ["ajg"] = {"Aja (Benin)"}, ["aji"] = {"Ajië"}, ["ajn"] = {"Andajin"}, ["ajp"] = {"South Levantine Arabic"}, ["ajt"] = {"Judeo-Tunisian Arabic"}, ["aju"] = {"Judeo-Moroccan Arabic"}, ["ajw"] = {"Ajawa"}, ["ajz"] = {"Amri Karbi"}, ["akb"] = {"Batak Angkola"}, ["akc"] = {"Mpur"}, ["akd"] = {"Ukpet-Ehom"}, ["ake"] = {"Akawaio"}, ["akf"] = {"Akpa"}, ["akg"] = {"Anakalangu"}, ["akh"] = {"Angal Heneng"}, ["aki"] = {"Aiome"}, ["akj"] = {"Aka-Jeru"}, ["akk"] = {"Akkadian"}, ["akl"] = {"Aklanon"}, ["akm"] = {"Aka-Bo"}, ["ako"] = {"Akurio"}, ["akp"] = {"Siwu"}, ["akq"] = {"Ak"}, ["akr"] = {"Araki"}, ["aks"] = {"Akaselem"}, ["akt"] = {"Akolet"}, ["aku"] = {"Akum"}, ["akv"] = {"Akhvakh"}, ["akw"] = {"Akwa"}, ["akx"] = {"Aka-Kede"}, ["aky"] = {"Aka-Kol"}, ["akz"] = {"Alabama"}, ["ala"] = {"Alago"}, ["alc"] = {"Qawasqar"}, ["ald"] = {"Alladian"}, ["ale"] = {"Aleut"}, ["alf"] = {"Alege"}, ["alg"] = {"Algonquian languages"}, ["alh"] = {"Alawa"}, ["ali"] = {"Amaimon"}, ["alj"] = {"Alangan"}, ["alk"] = {"Alak"}, ["all"] = {"Allar"}, ["alm"] = {"Amblong"}, ["aln"] = {"Gheg Albanian"}, ["alo"] = {"Larike-Wakasihu"}, ["alp"] = {"Alune"}, ["alq"] = {"Algonquin"}, ["alr"] = {"Alutor"}, ["als"] = {"Tosk Albanian"}, ["alt"] = {"Өмнөд Алтай"}, ["alu"] = {"'Are'are"}, ["alv"] = {"Atlantic-Congo languages"}, ["alw"] = {"Alaba-K’abeena", "Wanbasana"}, ["alx"] = {"Amol"}, ["aly"] = {"Alyawarr"}, ["alz"] = {"Alur"}, ["ama"] = {"Amanayé"}, ["amb"] = {"Ambo"}, ["amc"] = {"Amahuaca"}, ["ame"] = {"Yanesha'"}, ["amf"] = {"Hamer-Banna"}, ["amg"] = {"Amurdak"}, ["ami"] = {"Amis"}, ["amj"] = {"Amdang"}, ["amk"] = {"Ambai"}, ["aml"] = {"War-Jaintia"}, ["amm"] = {"Ama (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["amn"] = {"Amanab"}, ["amo"] = {"Amo"}, ["amp"] = {"Alamblak"}, ["amq"] = {"Amahai"}, ["amr"] = {"Amarakaeri"}, ["ams"] = {"Southern Amami-Oshima"}, ["amt"] = {"Amto"}, ["amu"] = {"Guerrero Amuzgo"}, ["amv"] = {"Ambelau"}, ["amw"] = {"Western Neo-Aramaic"}, ["amx"] = {"Anmatyerre"}, ["amy"] = {"Ami"}, ["amz"] = {"Atampaya"}, ["ana"] = {"Andaqui"}, ["anb"] = {"Andoa"}, ["anc"] = {"Ngas"}, ["and"] = {"Ansus"}, ["ane"] = {"Xârâcùù"}, ["anf"] = {"Animere"}, ["ang"] = {"Old English (ca. 450-1100)"}, ["anh"] = {"Nend"}, ["ani"] = {"Andi"}, ["anj"] = {"Anor"}, ["ank"] = {"Goemai"}, ["anl"] = {"Anu-Hkongso Chin"}, ["anm"] = {"Anal"}, ["ann"] = {"Obolo"}, ["ano"] = {"Andoque"}, ["anp"] = {"Angika"}, ["anq"] = {"Jarawa (India)"}, ["anr"] = {"Andh"}, ["ans"] = {"Anserma"}, ["ant"] = {"Antakarinya", "Antikarinya"}, ["anu"] = {"Anuak"}, ["anv"] = {"Denya"}, ["anw"] = {"Anaang"}, ["anx"] = {"Andra-Hus"}, ["any"] = {"Anyin"}, ["anz"] = {"Anem"}, ["aoa"] = {"Angolar"}, ["aob"] = {"Abom"}, ["aoc"] = {"Pemon"}, ["aod"] = {"Andarum"}, ["aoe"] = {"Angal Enen"}, ["aof"] = {"Bragat"}, ["aog"] = {"Angoram"}, ["aoi"] = {"Anindilyakwa"}, ["aoj"] = {"Mufian"}, ["aok"] = {"Arhö"}, ["aol"] = {"Alor"}, ["aom"] = {"Ömie"}, ["aon"] = {"Bumbita Arapesh"}, ["aor"] = {"Aore"}, ["aos"] = {"Taikat"}, ["aot"] = {"Atong (India)", "A'tong"}, ["aou"] = {"A'ou"}, ["aox"] = {"Atorada"}, ["aoz"] = {"Uab Meto"}, ["apa"] = {"Apache languages"}, ["apb"] = {"Sa'a"}, ["apc"] = {"North Levantine Arabic"}, ["apd"] = {"Sudanese Arabic"}, ["ape"] = {"Bukiyip"}, ["apf"] = {"Pahanan Agta"}, ["apg"] = {"Ampanang"}, ["aph"] = {"Athpariya"}, ["api"] = {"Apiaká"}, ["apj"] = {"Jicarilla Apache"}, ["apk"] = {"Kiowa Apache"}, ["apl"] = {"Lipan Apache"}, ["apm"] = {"Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache"}, ["apn"] = {"Apinayé"}, ["apo"] = {"Ambul"}, ["app"] = {"Apma"}, ["apq"] = {"A-Pucikwar"}, ["apr"] = {"Arop-Lokep"}, ["aps"] = {"Arop-Sissano"}, ["apt"] = {"Apatani"}, ["apu"] = {"Apurinã"}, ["apv"] = {"Alapmunte"}, ["apw"] = {"Western Apache"}, ["apx"] = {"Aputai"}, ["apy"] = {"Apalaí"}, ["apz"] = {"Safeyoka"}, ["aqa"] = {"Alacalufan languages"}, ["aqc"] = {"Archi"}, ["aqd"] = {"Ampari Dogon"}, ["aqg"] = {"Arigidi"}, ["aqk"] = {"Aninka"}, ["aql"] = {"Algic languages"}, ["aqm"] = {"Atohwaim"}, ["aqn"] = {"Northern Alta"}, ["aqp"] = {"Atakapa"}, ["aqr"] = {"Arhâ"}, ["aqt"] = {"Angaité"}, ["aqz"] = {"Akuntsu"}, ["arb"] = {"Стандарт Араб"}, ["arc"] = {"Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", "Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)"}, ["ard"] = {"Arabana"}, ["are"] = {"Western Arrarnta"}, ["arh"] = {"Arhuaco"}, ["ari"] = {"Arikara"}, ["arj"] = {"Arapaso"}, ["ark"] = {"Arikapú"}, ["arl"] = {"Arabela"}, ["arn"] = {"Mapudungun", "Mapuche"}, ["aro"] = {"Araona"}, ["arp"] = {"Arapaho"}, ["arq"] = {"Algerian Arabic"}, ["arr"] = {"Karo (Brazil)"}, ["ars"] = {"Najdi Arabic"}, ["art"] = {"Artificial languages"}, ["aru"] = {"Aruá (Amazonas State)", "Arawá"}, ["arv"] = {"Arbore"}, ["arw"] = {"Arawak"}, ["arx"] = {"Aruá (Rodonia State)"}, ["ary"] = {"Moroccan Arabic"}, ["arz"] = {"Egyptian Arabic"}, ["asa"] = {"Asu (Tanzania)"}, ["asb"] = {"Assiniboine"}, ["asc"] = {"Casuarina Coast Asmat"}, ["ase"] = {"American Sign Language"}, ["asf"] = {"Auslan", "Australian Sign Language"}, ["asg"] = {"Cishingini"}, ["ash"] = {"Abishira"}, ["asi"] = {"Buruwai"}, ["asj"] = {"Sari"}, ["ask"] = {"Ashkun"}, ["asl"] = {"Asilulu"}, ["asn"] = {"Xingú Asuriní"}, ["aso"] = {"Dano"}, ["asp"] = {"Algerian Sign Language"}, ["asq"] = {"Austrian Sign Language"}, ["asr"] = {"Asuri"}, ["ass"] = {"Ipulo"}, ["ast"] = {"Asturian", "Asturleonese", "Bable", "Leonese"}, ["asu"] = {"Tocantins Asurini"}, ["asv"] = {"Asoa"}, ["asw"] = {"Australian Aborigines Sign Language"}, ["asx"] = {"Muratayak"}, ["asy"] = {"Yaosakor Asmat"}, ["asz"] = {"As"}, ["ata"] = {"Pele-Ata"}, ["atb"] = {"Zaiwa"}, ["atc"] = {"Atsahuaca"}, ["atd"] = {"Ata Manobo"}, ["ate"] = {"Atemble"}, ["atg"] = {"Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe"}, ["ath"] = {"Athapascan languages"}, ["ati"] = {"Attié"}, ["atj"] = {"Atikamekw"}, ["atk"] = {"Ati"}, ["atl"] = {"Mt. Iraya Agta"}, ["atm"] = {"Ata"}, ["atn"] = {"Ashtiani"}, ["ato"] = {"Atong (Cameroon)"}, ["atp"] = {"Pudtol Atta"}, ["atq"] = {"Aralle-Tabulahan"}, ["atr"] = {"Waimiri-Atroari"}, ["ats"] = {"Gros Ventre"}, ["att"] = {"Pamplona Atta"}, ["atu"] = {"Reel"}, ["atv"] = {"Northern Altai"}, ["atw"] = {"Atsugewi"}, ["atx"] = {"Arutani"}, ["aty"] = {"Aneityum"}, ["atz"] = {"Arta"}, ["aua"] = {"Asumboa"}, ["aub"] = {"Alugu"}, ["auc"] = {"Waorani"}, ["aud"] = {"Anuta"}, ["auf"] = {"Arauan languages"}, ["aug"] = {"Aguna"}, ["auh"] = {"Aushi"}, ["aui"] = {"Anuki"}, ["auj"] = {"Awjilah"}, ["auk"] = {"Heyo"}, ["aul"] = {"Aulua"}, ["aum"] = {"Asu (Nigeria)"}, ["aun"] = {"Molmo One"}, ["auo"] = {"Auyokawa"}, ["aup"] = {"Makayam"}, ["auq"] = {"Anus", "Korur"}, ["aur"] = {"Aruek"}, ["aus"] = {"Australian languages"}, ["aut"] = {"Austral"}, ["auu"] = {"Auye"}, ["auw"] = {"Awyi"}, ["aux"] = {"Aurá"}, ["auy"] = {"Awiyaana"}, ["auz"] = {"Uzbeki Arabic"}, ["avb"] = {"Avau"}, ["avd"] = {"Alviri-Vidari"}, ["avi"] = {"Avikam"}, ["avk"] = {"Kotava"}, ["avl"] = {"Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic"}, ["avm"] = {"Angkamuthi"}, ["avn"] = {"Avatime"}, ["avo"] = {"Agavotaguerra"}, ["avs"] = {"Aushiri"}, ["avt"] = {"Au"}, ["avu"] = {"Avokaya"}, ["avv"] = {"Avá-Canoeiro"}, ["awa"] = {"Awadhi"}, ["awb"] = {"Awa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["awc"] = {"Cicipu"}, ["awd"] = {"Arawakan languages"}, ["awe"] = {"Awetí"}, ["awg"] = {"Anguthimri"}, ["awh"] = {"Awbono"}, ["awi"] = {"Aekyom"}, ["awk"] = {"Awabakal"}, ["awm"] = {"Arawum"}, ["awn"] = {"Awngi"}, ["awo"] = {"Awak"}, ["awr"] = {"Awera"}, ["aws"] = {"South Awyu"}, ["awt"] = {"Araweté"}, ["awu"] = {"Central Awyu"}, ["awv"] = {"Jair Awyu"}, ["aww"] = {"Awun"}, ["awx"] = {"Awara"}, ["awy"] = {"Edera Awyu"}, ["axb"] = {"Abipon"}, ["axe"] = {"Ayerrerenge"}, ["axg"] = {"Mato Grosso Arára"}, ["axk"] = {"Yaka (Central African Republic)"}, ["axl"] = {"Lower Southern Aranda"}, ["axm"] = {"Middle Armenian"}, ["axx"] = {"Xârâgurè"}, ["aya"] = {"Awar"}, ["ayb"] = {"Ayizo Gbe"}, ["ayc"] = {"Southern Aymara"}, ["ayd"] = {"Ayabadhu"}, ["aye"] = {"Ayere"}, ["ayg"] = {"Ginyanga"}, ["ayh"] = {"Hadrami Arabic"}, ["ayi"] = {"Leyigha"}, ["ayk"] = {"Akuku"}, ["ayl"] = {"Libyan Arabic"}, ["ayn"] = {"Sanaani Arabic"}, ["ayo"] = {"Ayoreo"}, ["ayp"] = {"North Mesopotamian Arabic"}, ["ayq"] = {"Ayi (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["ayr"] = {"Central Aymara"}, ["ays"] = {"Sorsogon Ayta"}, ["ayt"] = {"Magbukun Ayta"}, ["ayu"] = {"Ayu"}, ["ayz"] = {"Mai Brat"}, ["aza"] = {"Azha"}, ["azb"] = {"South Azerbaijani"}, ["azc"] = {"Uto-Aztecan languages"}, ["azd"] = {"Eastern Durango Nahuatl"}, ["azg"] = {"San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo"}, ["azj"] = {"North Azerbaijani"}, ["azm"] = {"Ipalapa Amuzgo"}, ["azn"] = {"Western Durango Nahuatl"}, ["azo"] = {"Awing"}, ["azt"] = {"Faire Atta"}, ["azz"] = {"Highland Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["baa"] = {"Babatana"}, ["bab"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyuño"}, ["bac"] = {"Badui"}, ["bad"] = {"Banda languages"}, ["bae"] = {"Baré"}, ["baf"] = {"Nubaca"}, ["bag"] = {"Tuki"}, ["bah"] = {"Bahamas Creole English"}, ["bai"] = {"Bamileke languages"}, ["baj"] = {"Barakai"}, ["bal"] = {"Baluchi"}, ["ban"] = {"Бали"}, ["bao"] = {"Waimaha"}, ["bap"] = {"Bantawa"}, ["bar"] = {"Бавари"}, ["bas"] = {"Basa (Cameroon)"}, ["bat"] = {"Baltic languages"}, ["bau"] = {"Bada (Nigeria)"}, ["bav"] = {"Vengo"}, ["baw"] = {"Bambili-Bambui"}, ["bax"] = {"Bamun"}, ["bay"] = {"Batuley"}, ["bba"] = {"Baatonum"}, ["bbb"] = {"Barai"}, ["bbc"] = {"Batak Toba"}, ["bbd"] = {"Bau"}, ["bbe"] = {"Bangba"}, ["bbf"] = {"Baibai"}, ["bbg"] = {"Barama"}, ["bbh"] = {"Bugan"}, ["bbi"] = {"Barombi"}, ["bbj"] = {"Ghomálá'"}, ["bbk"] = {"Babanki"}, ["bbl"] = {"Bats"}, ["bbm"] = {"Babango"}, ["bbn"] = {"Uneapa"}, ["bbo"] = {"Northern Bobo Madaré", "Konabéré"}, ["bbp"] = {"West Central Banda"}, ["bbq"] = {"Bamali"}, ["bbr"] = {"Girawa"}, ["bbs"] = {"Bakpinka"}, ["bbt"] = {"Mburku"}, ["bbu"] = {"Kulung (Nigeria)"}, ["bbv"] = {"Karnai"}, ["bbw"] = {"Baba"}, ["bbx"] = {"Bubia"}, ["bby"] = {"Befang"}, ["bca"] = {"Central Bai"}, ["bcb"] = {"Bainouk-Samik"}, ["bcc"] = {"Southern Balochi"}, ["bcd"] = {"North Babar"}, ["bce"] = {"Bamenyam"}, ["bcf"] = {"Bamu"}, ["bcg"] = {"Baga Pokur"}, ["bch"] = {"Bariai"}, ["bci"] = {"Baoulé"}, ["bcj"] = {"Bardi"}, ["bck"] = {"Bunuba"}, ["bcl"] = {"Central Bikol"}, ["bcm"] = {"Bannoni"}, ["bcn"] = {"Bali (Nigeria)"}, ["bco"] = {"Kaluli"}, ["bcp"] = {"Bali (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bcq"] = {"Bench"}, ["bcr"] = {"Babine"}, ["bcs"] = {"Kohumono"}, ["bct"] = {"Bendi"}, ["bcu"] = {"Awad Bing"}, ["bcv"] = {"Shoo-Minda-Nye"}, ["bcw"] = {"Bana"}, ["bcy"] = {"Bacama"}, ["bcz"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyaamolo"}, ["bda"] = {"Bayot"}, ["bdb"] = {"Basap"}, ["bdc"] = {"Emberá-Baudó"}, ["bdd"] = {"Bunama"}, ["bde"] = {"Bade"}, ["bdf"] = {"Biage"}, ["bdg"] = {"Bonggi"}, ["bdh"] = {"Baka (South Sudan)"}, ["bdi"] = {"Burun"}, ["bdj"] = {"Bai (South Sudan)", "Bai"}, ["bdk"] = {"Budukh"}, ["bdl"] = {"Indonesian Bajau"}, ["bdm"] = {"Buduma"}, ["bdn"] = {"Baldemu"}, ["bdo"] = {"Morom"}, ["bdp"] = {"Bende"}, ["bdq"] = {"Bahnar"}, ["bdr"] = {"West Coast Bajau"}, ["bds"] = {"Burunge"}, ["bdt"] = {"Bokoto"}, ["bdu"] = {"Oroko"}, ["bdv"] = {"Bodo Parja"}, ["bdw"] = {"Baham"}, ["bdx"] = {"Budong-Budong"}, ["bdy"] = {"Bandjalang"}, ["bdz"] = {"Badeshi"}, ["bea"] = {"Beaver"}, ["beb"] = {"Bebele"}, ["bec"] = {"Iceve-Maci"}, ["bed"] = {"Bedoanas"}, ["bee"] = {"Byangsi"}, ["bef"] = {"Benabena"}, ["beg"] = {"Belait"}, ["beh"] = {"Biali"}, ["bei"] = {"Bekati'"}, ["bej"] = {"Beja", "Bedawiyet"}, ["bek"] = {"Bebeli"}, ["bem"] = {"Bemba (Zambia)"}, ["beo"] = {"Beami"}, ["bep"] = {"Besoa"}, ["beq"] = {"Beembe"}, ["ber"] = {"Бербер хэлнүүд"}, ["bes"] = {"Besme"}, ["bet"] = {"Guiberoua Béte"}, ["beu"] = {"Blagar"}, ["bev"] = {"Daloa Bété"}, ["bew"] = {"Betawi"}, ["bex"] = {"Jur Modo"}, ["bey"] = {"Beli (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bez"] = {"Bena (Tanzania)"}, ["bfa"] = {"Bari"}, ["bfb"] = {"Pauri Bareli"}, ["bfc"] = {"Panyi Bai", "Northern Bai"}, ["bfd"] = {"Bafut"}, ["bfe"] = {"Betaf", "Tena"}, ["bff"] = {"Bofi"}, ["bfg"] = {"Busang Kayan"}, ["bfh"] = {"Blafe"}, ["bfi"] = {"British Sign Language"}, ["bfj"] = {"Bafanji"}, ["bfk"] = {"Ban Khor Sign Language"}, ["bfl"] = {"Banda-Ndélé"}, ["bfm"] = {"Mmen"}, ["bfn"] = {"Bunak"}, ["bfo"] = {"Malba Birifor"}, ["bfp"] = {"Beba"}, ["bfq"] = {"Badaga"}, ["bfr"] = {"Bazigar"}, ["bfs"] = {"Southern Bai"}, ["bft"] = {"Balti"}, ["bfu"] = {"Gahri"}, ["bfw"] = {"Bondo"}, ["bfx"] = {"Bantayanon"}, ["bfy"] = {"Bagheli"}, ["bfz"] = {"Mahasu Pahari"}, ["bga"] = {"Gwamhi-Wuri"}, ["bgb"] = {"Bobongko"}, ["bgc"] = {"Haryanvi"}, ["bgd"] = {"Rathwi Bareli"}, ["bge"] = {"Bauria"}, ["bgf"] = {"Bangandu"}, ["bgg"] = {"Bugun"}, ["bgi"] = {"Giangan"}, ["bgj"] = {"Bangolan"}, ["bgk"] = {"Bit", "Buxinhua"}, ["bgl"] = {"Bo (Laos)"}, ["bgn"] = {"Western Balochi"}, ["bgo"] = {"Baga Koga"}, ["bgp"] = {"Eastern Balochi"}, ["bgq"] = {"Bagri"}, ["bgr"] = {"Bawm Chin"}, ["bgs"] = {"Tagabawa"}, ["bgt"] = {"Bughotu"}, ["bgu"] = {"Mbongno"}, ["bgv"] = {"Warkay-Bipim"}, ["bgw"] = {"Bhatri"}, ["bgx"] = {"Balkan Gagauz Turkish"}, ["bgy"] = {"Benggoi"}, ["bgz"] = {"Banggai"}, ["bha"] = {"Bharia"}, ["bhb"] = {"Bhili"}, ["bhc"] = {"Biga"}, ["bhd"] = {"Bhadrawahi"}, ["bhe"] = {"Bhaya"}, ["bhf"] = {"Odiai"}, ["bhg"] = {"Binandere"}, ["bhh"] = {"Bukharic"}, ["bhi"] = {"Bhilali"}, ["bhj"] = {"Bahing"}, ["bhl"] = {"Bimin"}, ["bhm"] = {"Bathari"}, ["bhn"] = {"Bohtan Neo-Aramaic"}, ["bho"] = {"Bhojpuri"}, ["bhp"] = {"Bima"}, ["bhq"] = {"Tukang Besi South"}, ["bhr"] = {"Bara Malagasy"}, ["bhs"] = {"Buwal"}, ["bht"] = {"Bhattiyali"}, ["bhu"] = {"Bhunjia"}, ["bhv"] = {"Bahau"}, ["bhw"] = {"Biak"}, ["bhx"] = {"Bhalay"}, ["bhy"] = {"Bhele"}, ["bhz"] = {"Bada (Indonesia)"}, ["bia"] = {"Badimaya"}, ["bib"] = {"Bissa", "Bisa"}, ["bid"] = {"Bidiyo"}, ["bie"] = {"Bepour"}, ["bif"] = {"Biafada"}, ["big"] = {"Biangai"}, ["bik"] = {"Bikol"}, ["bil"] = {"Bile"}, ["bim"] = {"Bimoba"}, ["bin"] = {"Bini", "Edo"}, ["bio"] = {"Nai"}, ["bip"] = {"Bila"}, ["biq"] = {"Bipi"}, ["bir"] = {"Bisorio"}, ["bit"] = {"Berinomo"}, ["biu"] = {"Biete"}, ["biv"] = {"Southern Birifor"}, ["biw"] = {"Kol (Cameroon)"}, ["bix"] = {"Bijori"}, ["biy"] = {"Birhor"}, ["biz"] = {"Baloi"}, ["bja"] = {"Budza"}, ["bjb"] = {"Banggarla"}, ["bjc"] = {"Bariji"}, ["bje"] = {"Biao-Jiao Mien"}, ["bjf"] = {"Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic"}, ["bjg"] = {"Bidyogo"}, ["bjh"] = {"Bahinemo"}, ["bji"] = {"Burji"}, ["bjj"] = {"Kanauji"}, ["bjk"] = {"Barok"}, ["bjl"] = {"Bulu (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bjm"] = {"Bajelani"}, ["bjn"] = {"Banjar"}, ["bjo"] = {"Mid-Southern Banda"}, ["bjp"] = {"Fanamaket"}, ["bjr"] = {"Binumarien"}, ["bjs"] = {"Bajan"}, ["bjt"] = {"Balanta-Ganja"}, ["bju"] = {"Busuu"}, ["bjv"] = {"Bedjond"}, ["bjw"] = {"Bakwé"}, ["bjx"] = {"Banao Itneg"}, ["bjy"] = {"Bayali"}, ["bjz"] = {"Baruga"}, ["bka"] = {"Kyak"}, ["bkc"] = {"Baka (Cameroon)"}, ["bkd"] = {"Binukid", "Talaandig"}, ["bkf"] = {"Beeke"}, ["bkg"] = {"Buraka"}, ["bkh"] = {"Bakoko"}, ["bki"] = {"Baki"}, ["bkj"] = {"Pande"}, ["bkk"] = {"Brokskat"}, ["bkl"] = {"Berik"}, ["bkm"] = {"Kom (Cameroon)"}, ["bkn"] = {"Bukitan"}, ["bko"] = {"Kwa'"}, ["bkp"] = {"Boko (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bkq"] = {"Bakairí"}, ["bkr"] = {"Bakumpai"}, ["bks"] = {"Northern Sorsoganon"}, ["bkt"] = {"Boloki"}, ["bku"] = {"Buhid"}, ["bkv"] = {"Bekwarra"}, ["bkw"] = {"Bekwel"}, ["bkx"] = {"Baikeno"}, ["bky"] = {"Bokyi"}, ["bkz"] = {"Bungku"}, ["bla"] = {"Siksika"}, ["blb"] = {"Bilua"}, ["blc"] = {"Bella Coola"}, ["bld"] = {"Bolango"}, ["ble"] = {"Balanta-Kentohe"}, ["blf"] = {"Buol"}, ["blh"] = {"Kuwaa"}, ["bli"] = {"Bolia"}, ["blj"] = {"Bolongan"}, ["blk"] = {"Pa'o Karen", "Pa'O"}, ["bll"] = {"Biloxi"}, ["blm"] = {"Beli (South Sudan)"}, ["bln"] = {"Southern Catanduanes Bikol"}, ["blo"] = {"Anii"}, ["blp"] = {"Blablanga"}, ["blq"] = {"Baluan-Pam"}, ["blr"] = {"Blang"}, ["bls"] = {"Balaesang"}, ["blt"] = {"Tai Dam"}, ["blv"] = {"Kibala", "Bolo"}, ["blw"] = {"Balangao"}, ["blx"] = {"Mag-Indi Ayta"}, ["bly"] = {"Notre"}, ["blz"] = {"Balantak"}, ["bma"] = {"Lame"}, ["bmb"] = {"Bembe"}, ["bmc"] = {"Biem"}, ["bmd"] = {"Baga Manduri"}, ["bme"] = {"Limassa"}, ["bmf"] = {"Bom-Kim"}, ["bmg"] = {"Bamwe"}, ["bmh"] = {"Kein"}, ["bmi"] = {"Bagirmi"}, ["bmj"] = {"Bote-Majhi"}, ["bmk"] = {"Ghayavi"}, ["bml"] = {"Bomboli"}, ["bmm"] = {"Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bmn"] = {"Bina (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bmo"] = {"Bambalang"}, ["bmp"] = {"Bulgebi"}, ["bmq"] = {"Bomu"}, ["bmr"] = {"Muinane"}, ["bms"] = {"Bilma Kanuri"}, ["bmt"] = {"Biao Mon"}, ["bmu"] = {"Somba-Siawari"}, ["bmv"] = {"Bum"}, ["bmw"] = {"Bomwali"}, ["bmx"] = {"Baimak"}, ["bmz"] = {"Baramu"}, ["bna"] = {"Bonerate"}, ["bnb"] = {"Bookan"}, ["bnc"] = {"Bontok"}, ["bnd"] = {"Banda (Indonesia)"}, ["bne"] = {"Bintauna"}, ["bnf"] = {"Masiwang"}, ["bng"] = {"Benga"}, ["bni"] = {"Bangi"}, ["bnj"] = {"Eastern Tawbuid"}, ["bnk"] = {"Bierebo"}, ["bnl"] = {"Boon"}, ["bnm"] = {"Batanga"}, ["bnn"] = {"Bunun"}, ["bno"] = {"Bantoanon"}, ["bnp"] = {"Bola"}, ["bnq"] = {"Bantik"}, ["bnr"] = {"Butmas-Tur"}, ["bns"] = {"Bundeli"}, ["bnt"] = {"Bantu languages"}, ["bnu"] = {"Bentong"}, ["bnv"] = {"Bonerif", "Beneraf", "Edwas"}, ["bnw"] = {"Bisis"}, ["bnx"] = {"Bangubangu"}, ["bny"] = {"Bintulu"}, ["bnz"] = {"Beezen"}, ["boa"] = {"Bora"}, ["bob"] = {"Aweer"}, ["boe"] = {"Mundabli"}, ["bof"] = {"Bolon"}, ["bog"] = {"Bamako Sign Language"}, ["boh"] = {"Boma"}, ["boi"] = {"Barbareño"}, ["boj"] = {"Anjam"}, ["bok"] = {"Bonjo"}, ["bol"] = {"Bole"}, ["bom"] = {"Berom"}, ["bon"] = {"Bine"}, ["boo"] = {"Tiemacèwè Bozo"}, ["bop"] = {"Bonkiman"}, ["boq"] = {"Bogaya"}, ["bor"] = {"Borôro"}, ["bot"] = {"Bongo"}, ["bou"] = {"Bondei"}, ["bov"] = {"Tuwuli"}, ["bow"] = {"Rema"}, ["box"] = {"Buamu"}, ["boy"] = {"Bodo (Central African Republic)"}, ["boz"] = {"Tiéyaxo Bozo"}, ["bpa"] = {"Daakaka"}, ["bpd"] = {"Banda-Banda"}, ["bpe"] = {"Bauni"}, ["bpg"] = {"Bonggo"}, ["bph"] = {"Botlikh"}, ["bpi"] = {"Bagupi"}, ["bpj"] = {"Binji"}, ["bpk"] = {"Orowe", "'Ôrôê"}, ["bpl"] = {"Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin"}, ["bpm"] = {"Biyom"}, ["bpn"] = {"Dzao Min"}, ["bpo"] = {"Anasi"}, ["bpp"] = {"Kaure"}, ["bpq"] = {"Banda Malay"}, ["bpr"] = {"Koronadal Blaan"}, ["bps"] = {"Sarangani Blaan"}, ["bpt"] = {"Barrow Point"}, ["bpu"] = {"Bongu"}, ["bpv"] = {"Bian Marind"}, ["bpw"] = {"Bo (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bpx"] = {"Palya Bareli"}, ["bpy"] = {"Bishnupriya"}, ["bpz"] = {"Bilba"}, ["bqa"] = {"Tchumbuli"}, ["bqb"] = {"Bagusa"}, ["bqc"] = {"Boko (Benin)", "Boo"}, ["bqd"] = {"Bung"}, ["bqf"] = {"Baga Kaloum"}, ["bqg"] = {"Bago-Kusuntu"}, ["bqh"] = {"Baima"}, ["bqi"] = {"Bakhtiari"}, ["bqj"] = {"Bandial"}, ["bqk"] = {"Banda-Mbrès"}, ["bql"] = {"Bilakura"}, ["bqm"] = {"Wumboko"}, ["bqn"] = {"Bulgarian Sign Language"}, ["bqo"] = {"Balo"}, ["bqp"] = {"Busa"}, ["bqq"] = {"Biritai"}, ["bqr"] = {"Burusu"}, ["bqs"] = {"Bosngun"}, ["bqt"] = {"Bamukumbit"}, ["bqu"] = {"Boguru"}, ["bqv"] = {"Koro Wachi", "Begbere-Ejar"}, ["bqw"] = {"Buru (Nigeria)"}, ["bqx"] = {"Baangi"}, ["bqy"] = {"Bengkala Sign Language"}, ["bqz"] = {"Bakaka"}, ["bra"] = {"Braj"}, ["brb"] = {"Lave"}, ["brc"] = {"Berbice Creole Dutch"}, ["brd"] = {"Baraamu"}, ["brf"] = {"Bira"}, ["brg"] = {"Baure"}, ["brh"] = {"Brahui"}, ["bri"] = {"Mokpwe"}, ["brj"] = {"Bieria"}, ["brk"] = {"Birked"}, ["brl"] = {"Birwa"}, ["brm"] = {"Barambu"}, ["brn"] = {"Boruca"}, ["bro"] = {"Brokkat"}, ["brp"] = {"Barapasi"}, ["brq"] = {"Breri"}, ["brr"] = {"Birao"}, ["brs"] = {"Baras"}, ["brt"] = {"Bitare"}, ["bru"] = {"Eastern Bru"}, ["brv"] = {"Western Bru"}, ["brw"] = {"Bellari"}, ["brx"] = {"Bodo (India)"}, ["bry"] = {"Burui"}, ["brz"] = {"Bilbil"}, ["bsa"] = {"Abinomn"}, ["bsb"] = {"Brunei Bisaya"}, ["bsc"] = {"Bassari", "Oniyan"}, ["bse"] = {"Wushi"}, ["bsf"] = {"Bauchi"}, ["bsg"] = {"Bashkardi"}, ["bsh"] = {"Kati"}, ["bsi"] = {"Bassossi"}, ["bsj"] = {"Bangwinji"}, ["bsk"] = {"Burushaski"}, ["bsl"] = {"Basa-Gumna"}, ["bsm"] = {"Busami"}, ["bsn"] = {"Barasana-Eduria"}, ["bso"] = {"Buso"}, ["bsp"] = {"Baga Sitemu"}, ["bsq"] = {"Bassa"}, ["bsr"] = {"Bassa-Kontagora"}, ["bss"] = {"Akoose"}, ["bst"] = {"Basketo"}, ["bsu"] = {"Bahonsuai"}, ["bsv"] = {"Baga Sobané"}, ["bsw"] = {"Baiso"}, ["bsx"] = {"Yangkam"}, ["bsy"] = {"Sabah Bisaya"}, ["bta"] = {"Bata"}, ["btc"] = {"Bati (Cameroon)"}, ["btd"] = {"Batak Dairi"}, ["bte"] = {"Gamo-Ningi"}, ["btf"] = {"Birgit"}, ["btg"] = {"Gagnoa Bété"}, ["bth"] = {"Biatah Bidayuh"}, ["bti"] = {"Burate"}, ["btj"] = {"Bacanese Malay"}, ["btk"] = {"Batak languages"}, ["btm"] = {"Batak Mandailing"}, ["btn"] = {"Ratagnon"}, ["bto"] = {"Rinconada Bikol"}, ["btp"] = {"Budibud"}, ["btq"] = {"Batek"}, ["btr"] = {"Baetora"}, ["bts"] = {"Batak Simalungun"}, ["btt"] = {"Bete-Bendi"}, ["btu"] = {"Batu"}, ["btv"] = {"Bateri"}, ["btw"] = {"Butuanon"}, ["btx"] = {"Batak Karo"}, ["bty"] = {"Bobot"}, ["btz"] = {"Batak Alas-Kluet"}, ["bua"] = {"Buriat"}, ["bub"] = {"Bua"}, ["buc"] = {"Bushi"}, ["bud"] = {"Ntcham"}, ["bue"] = {"Beothuk"}, ["buf"] = {"Bushoong"}, ["bug"] = {"Buginese"}, ["buh"] = {"Younuo Bunu"}, ["bui"] = {"Bongili"}, ["buj"] = {"Basa-Gurmana"}, ["buk"] = {"Bugawac"}, ["bum"] = {"Bulu (Cameroon)"}, ["bun"] = {"Sherbro"}, ["buo"] = {"Terei"}, ["bup"] = {"Busoa"}, ["buq"] = {"Brem"}, ["bus"] = {"Bokobaru"}, ["but"] = {"Bungain"}, ["buu"] = {"Budu"}, ["buv"] = {"Bun"}, ["buw"] = {"Bubi"}, ["bux"] = {"Boghom"}, ["buy"] = {"Bullom So"}, ["buz"] = {"Bukwen"}, ["bva"] = {"Barein"}, ["bvb"] = {"Bube"}, ["bvc"] = {"Baelelea"}, ["bvd"] = {"Baeggu"}, ["bve"] = {"Berau Malay"}, ["bvf"] = {"Boor"}, ["bvg"] = {"Bonkeng"}, ["bvh"] = {"Bure"}, ["bvi"] = {"Belanda Viri"}, ["bvj"] = {"Baan"}, ["bvk"] = {"Bukat"}, ["bvl"] = {"Bolivian Sign Language"}, ["bvm"] = {"Bamunka"}, ["bvn"] = {"Buna"}, ["bvo"] = {"Bolgo"}, ["bvp"] = {"Bumang"}, ["bvq"] = {"Birri"}, ["bvr"] = {"Burarra"}, ["bvt"] = {"Bati (Indonesia)"}, ["bvu"] = {"Bukit Malay"}, ["bvv"] = {"Baniva"}, ["bvw"] = {"Boga"}, ["bvx"] = {"Dibole"}, ["bvy"] = {"Baybayanon"}, ["bvz"] = {"Bauzi"}, ["bwa"] = {"Bwatoo"}, ["bwb"] = {"Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua"}, ["bwc"] = {"Bwile"}, ["bwd"] = {"Bwaidoka"}, ["bwe"] = {"Bwe Karen"}, ["bwf"] = {"Boselewa"}, ["bwg"] = {"Barwe"}, ["bwh"] = {"Bishuo"}, ["bwi"] = {"Baniwa"}, ["bwj"] = {"Láá Láá Bwamu"}, ["bwk"] = {"Bauwaki"}, ["bwl"] = {"Bwela"}, ["bwm"] = {"Biwat"}, ["bwn"] = {"Wunai Bunu"}, ["bwo"] = {"Boro (Ethiopia)", "Borna (Ethiopia)"}, ["bwp"] = {"Mandobo Bawah"}, ["bwq"] = {"Southern Bobo Madaré"}, ["bwr"] = {"Bura-Pabir"}, ["bws"] = {"Bomboma"}, ["bwt"] = {"Bafaw-Balong"}, ["bwu"] = {"Buli (Ghana)"}, ["bww"] = {"Bwa"}, ["bwx"] = {"Bu-Nao Bunu"}, ["bwy"] = {"Cwi Bwamu"}, ["bwz"] = {"Bwisi"}, ["bxa"] = {"Tairaha"}, ["bxb"] = {"Belanda Bor"}, ["bxc"] = {"Molengue"}, ["bxd"] = {"Pela"}, ["bxe"] = {"Birale"}, ["bxf"] = {"Bilur", "Minigir"}, ["bxg"] = {"Bangala"}, ["bxh"] = {"Buhutu"}, ["bxi"] = {"Pirlatapa"}, ["bxj"] = {"Bayungu"}, ["bxk"] = {"Bukusu", "Lubukusu"}, ["bxl"] = {"Jalkunan"}, ["bxm"] = {"Mongolia Buriat"}, ["bxn"] = {"Burduna"}, ["bxo"] = {"Barikanchi"}, ["bxp"] = {"Bebil"}, ["bxq"] = {"Beele"}, ["bxr"] = {"Орос Буриад"}, ["bxs"] = {"Busam"}, ["bxu"] = {"China Buriat"}, ["bxv"] = {"Berakou"}, ["bxw"] = {"Bankagooma"}, ["bxz"] = {"Binahari"}, ["bya"] = {"Batak"}, ["byb"] = {"Bikya"}, ["byc"] = {"Ubaghara"}, ["byd"] = {"Benyadu'"}, ["bye"] = {"Pouye"}, ["byf"] = {"Bete"}, ["byg"] = {"Baygo"}, ["byh"] = {"Bhujel"}, ["byi"] = {"Buyu"}, ["byj"] = {"Bina (Nigeria)"}, ["byk"] = {"Biao"}, ["byl"] = {"Bayono"}, ["bym"] = {"Bidjara"}, ["byn"] = {"Bilin", "Blin"}, ["byo"] = {"Biyo"}, ["byp"] = {"Bumaji"}, ["byq"] = {"Basay"}, ["byr"] = {"Baruya", "Yipma"}, ["bys"] = {"Burak"}, ["byt"] = {"Berti"}, ["byv"] = {"Medumba"}, ["byw"] = {"Belhariya"}, ["byx"] = {"Qaqet"}, ["byz"] = {"Banaro"}, ["bza"] = {"Bandi"}, ["bzb"] = {"Andio"}, ["bzc"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bzd"] = {"Bribri"}, ["bze"] = {"Jenaama Bozo"}, ["bzf"] = {"Boikin"}, ["bzg"] = {"Babuza"}, ["bzh"] = {"Mapos Buang"}, ["bzi"] = {"Bisu"}, ["bzj"] = {"Belize Kriol English"}, ["bzk"] = {"Nicaragua Creole English"}, ["bzl"] = {"Boano (Sulawesi)"}, ["bzm"] = {"Bolondo"}, ["bzn"] = {"Boano (Maluku)"}, ["bzo"] = {"Bozaba"}, ["bzp"] = {"Kemberano"}, ["bzq"] = {"Buli (Indonesia)"}, ["bzr"] = {"Biri"}, ["bzs"] = {"Brazilian Sign Language"}, ["bzt"] = {"Brithenig"}, ["bzu"] = {"Burmeso"}, ["bzv"] = {"Naami"}, ["bzw"] = {"Basa (Nigeria)"}, ["bzx"] = {"Kɛlɛngaxo Bozo"}, ["bzy"] = {"Obanliku"}, ["bzz"] = {"Evant"}, ["caa"] = {"Chortí"}, ["cab"] = {"Garifuna"}, ["cac"] = {"Chuj"}, ["cad"] = {"Caddo"}, ["cae"] = {"Lehar", "Laalaa"}, ["caf"] = {"Southern Carrier"}, ["cag"] = {"Nivaclé"}, ["cah"] = {"Cahuarano"}, ["cai"] = {"Central American Indian languages"}, ["caj"] = {"Chané"}, ["cak"] = {"Kaqchikel", "Cakchiquel"}, ["cal"] = {"Carolinian"}, ["cam"] = {"Cemuhî"}, ["can"] = {"Chambri"}, ["cao"] = {"Chácobo"}, ["cap"] = {"Chipaya"}, ["caq"] = {"Car Nicobarese"}, ["car"] = {"Galibi Carib"}, ["cas"] = {"Tsimané"}, ["cau"] = {"Caucasian languages"}, ["cav"] = {"Cavineña"}, ["caw"] = {"Callawalla"}, ["cax"] = {"Chiquitano"}, ["cay"] = {"Cayuga"}, ["caz"] = {"Canichana"}, ["cba"] = {"Chibchan languages"}, ["cbb"] = {"Cabiyarí"}, ["cbc"] = {"Carapana"}, ["cbd"] = {"Carijona"}, ["cbg"] = {"Chimila"}, ["cbi"] = {"Chachi"}, ["cbj"] = {"Ede Cabe"}, ["cbk"] = {"Chavacano"}, ["cbl"] = {"Bualkhaw Chin"}, ["cbn"] = {"Nyahkur"}, ["cbo"] = {"Izora"}, ["cbq"] = {"Tsucuba", "Cuba"}, ["cbr"] = {"Cashibo-Cacataibo"}, ["cbs"] = {"Cashinahua"}, ["cbt"] = {"Chayahuita"}, ["cbu"] = {"Candoshi-Shapra"}, ["cbv"] = {"Cacua"}, ["cbw"] = {"Kinabalian"}, ["cby"] = {"Carabayo"}, ["ccc"] = {"Chamicuro"}, ["ccd"] = {"Cafundo Creole"}, ["cce"] = {"Chopi"}, ["ccg"] = {"Samba Daka"}, ["cch"] = {"Atsam"}, ["ccj"] = {"Kasanga"}, ["ccl"] = {"Cutchi-Swahili"}, ["ccm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Malay"}, ["ccn"] = {"North Caucasian languages"}, ["cco"] = {"Comaltepec Chinantec"}, ["ccp"] = {"Chakma"}, ["ccr"] = {"Cacaopera"}, ["ccs"] = {"South Caucasian languages"}, ["cda"] = {"Choni"}, ["cdc"] = {"Chadic languages"}, ["cdd"] = {"Caddoan languages"}, ["cde"] = {"Chenchu"}, ["cdf"] = {"Chiru"}, ["cdh"] = {"Chambeali"}, ["cdi"] = {"Chodri"}, ["cdj"] = {"Churahi"}, ["cdm"] = {"Chepang"}, ["cdn"] = {"Chaudangsi"}, ["cdo"] = {"Min Dong Chinese"}, ["cdr"] = {"Cinda-Regi-Tiyal"}, ["cds"] = {"Chadian Sign Language"}, ["cdy"] = {"Chadong"}, ["cdz"] = {"Koda"}, ["cea"] = {"Lower Chehalis"}, ["ceb"] = {"Cebuano"}, ["ceg"] = {"Chamacoco"}, ["cek"] = {"Eastern Khumi Chin"}, ["cel"] = {"Celtic languages"}, ["cen"] = {"Cen"}, ["cet"] = {"Centúúm"}, ["cey"] = {"Ekai Chin"}, ["cfa"] = {"Dijim-Bwilim"}, ["cfd"] = {"Cara"}, ["cfg"] = {"Como Karim"}, ["cfm"] = {"Falam Chin"}, ["cga"] = {"Changriwa"}, ["cgc"] = {"Kagayanen"}, ["cgg"] = {"Chiga"}, ["cgk"] = {"Chocangacakha"}, ["chb"] = {"Chibcha"}, ["chc"] = {"Catawba"}, ["chd"] = {"Highland Oaxaca Chontal"}, ["chf"] = {"Tabasco Chontal"}, ["chg"] = {"Цагадайн"}, ["chh"] = {"Chinook"}, ["chj"] = {"Ojitlán Chinantec"}, ["chk"] = {"Chuukese"}, ["chl"] = {"Cahuilla"}, ["chm"] = {"Mari (Russia)"}, ["chn"] = {"Chinook jargon"}, ["cho"] = {"Choctaw"}, ["chp"] = {"Chipewyan", "Dene Suline"}, ["chq"] = {"Quiotepec Chinantec"}, ["chr"] = {"Cherokee"}, ["cht"] = {"Cholón"}, ["chw"] = {"Chuwabu"}, ["chx"] = {"Chantyal"}, ["chy"] = {"Cheyenne"}, ["chz"] = {"Ozumacín Chinantec"}, ["cia"] = {"Cia-Cia"}, ["cib"] = {"Ci Gbe"}, ["cic"] = {"Chickasaw"}, ["cid"] = {"Chimariko"}, ["cie"] = {"Cineni"}, ["cih"] = {"Chinali"}, ["cik"] = {"Chitkuli Kinnauri"}, ["cim"] = {"Cimbrian"}, ["cin"] = {"Cinta Larga"}, ["cip"] = {"Chiapanec"}, ["cir"] = {"Tiri", "Haméa", "Méa"}, ["ciw"] = {"Chippewa"}, ["ciy"] = {"Chaima"}, ["cja"] = {"Western Cham"}, ["cje"] = {"Chru"}, ["cjh"] = {"Upper Chehalis"}, ["cji"] = {"Chamalal"}, ["cjk"] = {"Chokwe"}, ["cjm"] = {"Eastern Cham"}, ["cjn"] = {"Chenapian"}, ["cjo"] = {"Ashéninka Pajonal"}, ["cjp"] = {"Cabécar"}, ["cjs"] = {"Shor"}, ["cjv"] = {"Chuave"}, ["cjy"] = {"Jinyu Chinese"}, ["ckb"] = {"Central Kurdish"}, ["ckh"] = {"Chak"}, ["ckl"] = {"Cibak"}, ["ckm"] = {"Chakavian"}, ["ckn"] = {"Kaang Chin"}, ["cko"] = {"Anufo"}, ["ckq"] = {"Kajakse"}, ["ckr"] = {"Kairak"}, ["cks"] = {"Tayo"}, ["ckt"] = {"Чукот"}, ["cku"] = {"Koasati"}, ["ckv"] = {"Kavalan"}, ["ckx"] = {"Caka"}, ["cky"] = {"Cakfem-Mushere"}, ["ckz"] = {"Cakchiquel-Quiché Mixed Language"}, ["cla"] = {"Ron"}, ["clc"] = {"Chilcotin"}, ["cld"] = {"Chaldean Neo-Aramaic"}, ["cle"] = {"Lealao Chinantec"}, ["clh"] = {"Chilisso"}, ["cli"] = {"Chakali"}, ["clj"] = {"Laitu Chin"}, ["clk"] = {"Idu-Mishmi"}, ["cll"] = {"Chala"}, ["clm"] = {"Clallam"}, ["clo"] = {"Lowland Oaxaca Chontal"}, ["clt"] = {"Lautu Chin"}, ["clu"] = {"Caluyanun"}, ["clw"] = {"Chulym"}, ["cly"] = {"Eastern Highland Chatino"}, ["cma"] = {"Maa"}, ["cmc"] = {"Chamic languages"}, ["cme"] = {"Cerma"}, ["cmg"] = {"Classical Mongolian"}, ["cmi"] = {"Emberá-Chamí"}, ["cml"] = {"Campalagian"}, ["cmm"] = {"Michigamea"}, ["cmn"] = {"Умард Хятад"}, ["cmo"] = {"Central Mnong"}, ["cmr"] = {"Mro-Khimi Chin"}, ["cms"] = {"Messapic"}, ["cmt"] = {"Camtho"}, ["cna"] = {"Changthang"}, ["cnb"] = {"Chinbon Chin"}, ["cnc"] = {"Côông"}, ["cng"] = {"Northern Qiang"}, ["cnh"] = {"Hakha Chin", "Haka Chin"}, ["cni"] = {"Asháninka"}, ["cnk"] = {"Khumi Chin"}, ["cnl"] = {"Lalana Chinantec"}, ["cno"] = {"Con"}, ["cnp"] = {"Northern Ping Chinese", "Northern Pinghua"}, ["cnr"] = {"Монтенегро"}, ["cns"] = {"Central Asmat"}, ["cnt"] = {"Tepetotutla Chinantec"}, ["cnu"] = {"Chenoua"}, ["cnw"] = {"Ngawn Chin"}, ["cnx"] = {"Middle Cornish"}, ["coa"] = {"Кокос Арлуудын Малай"}, ["cob"] = {"Chicomuceltec"}, ["coc"] = {"Cocopa"}, ["cod"] = {"Cocama-Cocamilla"}, ["coe"] = {"Koreguaje"}, ["cof"] = {"Colorado"}, ["cog"] = {"Chong"}, ["coh"] = {"Chonyi-Dzihana-Kauma", "Chichonyi-Chidzihana-Chikauma"}, ["coj"] = {"Cochimi"}, ["cok"] = {"Santa Teresa Cora"}, ["col"] = {"Columbia-Wenatchi"}, ["com"] = {"Comanche"}, ["con"] = {"Cofán"}, ["coo"] = {"Comox"}, ["cop"] = {"Coptic"}, ["coq"] = {"Coquille"}, ["cot"] = {"Caquinte"}, ["cou"] = {"Wamey"}, ["cov"] = {"Cao Miao"}, ["cow"] = {"Cowlitz"}, ["cox"] = {"Nanti"}, ["coz"] = {"Chochotec"}, ["cpa"] = {"Palantla Chinantec"}, ["cpb"] = {"Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka"}, ["cpc"] = {"Ajyíninka Apurucayali"}, ["cpe"] = {"English-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cpf"] = {"French-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cpg"] = {"Cappadocian Greek"}, ["cpi"] = {"Chinese Pidgin English"}, ["cpn"] = {"Cherepon"}, ["cpo"] = {"Kpeego"}, ["cpp"] = {"Portuguese-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cps"] = {"Capiznon"}, ["cpu"] = {"Pichis Ashéninka"}, ["cpx"] = {"Pu-Xian Chinese"}, ["cpy"] = {"South Ucayali Ashéninka"}, ["cqd"] = {"Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao"}, ["cra"] = {"Chara"}, ["crb"] = {"Island Carib"}, ["crc"] = {"Lonwolwol"}, ["crd"] = {"Coeur d'Alene"}, ["crf"] = {"Caramanta"}, ["crg"] = {"Michif"}, ["crh"] = {"Крымын татар"}, ["cri"] = {"Sãotomense"}, ["crj"] = {"Southern East Cree"}, ["crk"] = {"Plains Cree"}, ["crl"] = {"Northern East Cree"}, ["crm"] = {"Moose Cree"}, ["crn"] = {"El Nayar Cora"}, ["cro"] = {"Crow"}, ["crp"] = {"Creoles and pidgins"}, ["crq"] = {"Iyo'wujwa Chorote"}, ["crr"] = {"Carolina Algonquian"}, ["crs"] = {"Seselwa Creole French"}, ["crt"] = {"Iyojwa'ja Chorote"}, ["crv"] = {"Chaura"}, ["crw"] = {"Chrau"}, ["crx"] = {"Carrier"}, ["cry"] = {"Cori"}, ["crz"] = {"Cruzeño"}, ["csa"] = {"Chiltepec Chinantec"}, ["csb"] = {"Kashubian"}, ["csc"] = {"Catalan Sign Language", "Lengua de señas catalana", "Llengua de Signes Catalana"}, ["csd"] = {"Chiangmai Sign Language"}, ["cse"] = {"Czech Sign Language"}, ["csf"] = {"Cuba Sign Language"}, ["csg"] = {"Chilean Sign Language"}, ["csh"] = {"Asho Chin"}, ["csi"] = {"Coast Miwok"}, ["csj"] = {"Songlai Chin"}, ["csk"] = {"Jola-Kasa"}, ["csl"] = {"Chinese Sign Language"}, ["csm"] = {"Central Sierra Miwok"}, ["csn"] = {"Colombian Sign Language"}, ["cso"] = {"Sochiapam Chinantec", "Sochiapan Chinantec"}, ["csp"] = {"Southern Ping Chinese", "Southern Pinghua"}, ["csq"] = {"Croatia Sign Language"}, ["csr"] = {"Costa Rican Sign Language"}, ["css"] = {"Southern Ohlone"}, ["cst"] = {"Northern Ohlone"}, ["csu"] = {"Central Sudanic languages"}, ["csv"] = {"Sumtu Chin"}, ["csw"] = {"Swampy Cree"}, ["csx"] = {"Cambodian Sign Language"}, ["csy"] = {"Siyin Chin"}, ["csz"] = {"Coos"}, ["cta"] = {"Tataltepec Chatino"}, ["ctc"] = {"Chetco"}, ["ctd"] = {"Tedim Chin"}, ["cte"] = {"Tepinapa Chinantec"}, ["ctg"] = {"Chittagonian"}, ["cth"] = {"Thaiphum Chin"}, ["ctl"] = {"Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec"}, ["ctm"] = {"Chitimacha"}, ["ctn"] = {"Chhintange"}, ["cto"] = {"Emberá-Catío"}, ["ctp"] = {"Western Highland Chatino"}, ["cts"] = {"Northern Catanduanes Bikol"}, ["ctt"] = {"Wayanad Chetti"}, ["ctu"] = {"Chol"}, ["cty"] = {"Moundadan Chetty"}, ["ctz"] = {"Zacatepec Chatino"}, ["cua"] = {"Cua"}, ["cub"] = {"Cubeo"}, ["cuc"] = {"Usila Chinantec"}, ["cug"] = {"Chungmboko", "Cung"}, ["cuh"] = {"Chuka", "Gichuka"}, ["cui"] = {"Cuiba"}, ["cuj"] = {"Mashco Piro"}, ["cuk"] = {"San Blas Kuna"}, ["cul"] = {"Culina", "Kulina"}, ["cuo"] = {"Cumanagoto"}, ["cup"] = {"Cupeño"}, ["cuq"] = {"Cun"}, ["cur"] = {"Chhulung"}, ["cus"] = {"Cushitic languages"}, ["cut"] = {"Teutila Cuicatec"}, ["cuu"] = {"Tai Ya"}, ["cuv"] = {"Cuvok"}, ["cuw"] = {"Chukwa"}, ["cux"] = {"Tepeuxila Cuicatec"}, ["cuy"] = {"Cuitlatec"}, ["cvg"] = {"Chug"}, ["cvn"] = {"Valle Nacional Chinantec"}, ["cwa"] = {"Kabwa"}, ["cwb"] = {"Maindo"}, ["cwd"] = {"Woods Cree"}, ["cwe"] = {"Kwere"}, ["cwg"] = {"Chewong", "Cheq Wong"}, ["cwt"] = {"Kuwaataay"}, ["cya"] = {"Nopala Chatino"}, ["cyb"] = {"Cayubaba"}, ["cyo"] = {"Cuyonon"}, ["czh"] = {"Huizhou Chinese"}, ["czk"] = {"Knaanic"}, ["czn"] = {"Zenzontepec Chatino"}, ["czo"] = {"Min Zhong Chinese"}, ["czt"] = {"Zotung Chin"}, ["daa"] = {"Dangaléat"}, ["dac"] = {"Dambi"}, ["dad"] = {"Marik"}, ["dae"] = {"Duupa"}, ["dag"] = {"Dagbani"}, ["dah"] = {"Gwahatike"}, ["dai"] = {"Day"}, ["daj"] = {"Dar Fur Daju"}, ["dak"] = {"Dakota"}, ["dal"] = {"Dahalo"}, ["dam"] = {"Damakawa"}, ["dao"] = {"Daai Chin"}, ["daq"] = {"Dandami Maria"}, ["dar"] = {"Дарган"}, ["das"] = {"Daho-Doo"}, ["dau"] = {"Dar Sila Daju"}, ["dav"] = {"Taita", "Dawida"}, ["daw"] = {"Davawenyo"}, ["dax"] = {"Dayi"}, ["day"] = {"Land Dayak languages"}, ["daz"] = {"Dao"}, ["dba"] = {"Bangime"}, ["dbb"] = {"Deno"}, ["dbd"] = {"Dadiya"}, ["dbe"] = {"Dabe"}, ["dbf"] = {"Edopi"}, ["dbg"] = {"Dogul Dom Dogon"}, ["dbi"] = {"Doka"}, ["dbj"] = {"Ida'an"}, ["dbl"] = {"Dyirbal"}, ["dbm"] = {"Duguri"}, ["dbn"] = {"Duriankere"}, ["dbo"] = {"Dulbu"}, ["dbp"] = {"Duwai"}, ["dbq"] = {"Daba"}, ["dbr"] = {"Dabarre"}, ["dbt"] = {"Ben Tey Dogon"}, ["dbu"] = {"Bondum Dom Dogon"}, ["dbv"] = {"Dungu"}, ["dbw"] = {"Bankan Tey Dogon"}, ["dby"] = {"Dibiyaso"}, ["dcc"] = {"Deccan"}, ["dcr"] = {"Negerhollands"}, ["dda"] = {"Dadi Dadi"}, ["ddd"] = {"Dongotono"}, ["dde"] = {"Doondo"}, ["ddg"] = {"Fataluku"}, ["ddi"] = {"West Goodenough"}, ["ddj"] = {"Jaru"}, ["ddn"] = {"Dendi (Benin)"}, ["ddo"] = {"Dido"}, ["ddr"] = {"Dhudhuroa"}, ["dds"] = {"Donno So Dogon"}, ["ddw"] = {"Dawera-Daweloor"}, ["dec"] = {"Dagik"}, ["ded"] = {"Dedua"}, ["dee"] = {"Dewoin"}, ["def"] = {"Dezfuli"}, ["deg"] = {"Degema"}, ["deh"] = {"Dehwari"}, ["dei"] = {"Demisa"}, ["dek"] = {"Dek"}, ["del"] = {"Delaware"}, ["dem"] = {"Dem"}, ["den"] = {"Слави (Атабаска)"}, ["dep"] = {"Pidgin Delaware"}, ["deq"] = {"Dendi (Central African Republic)"}, ["der"] = {"Deori"}, ["des"] = {"Desano"}, ["dev"] = {"Domung"}, ["dez"] = {"Dengese"}, ["dga"] = {"Southern Dagaare"}, ["dgb"] = {"Bunoge Dogon"}, ["dgc"] = {"Casiguran Dumagat Agta"}, ["dgd"] = {"Dagaari Dioula"}, ["dge"] = {"Degenan"}, ["dgg"] = {"Doga"}, ["dgh"] = {"Dghwede"}, ["dgi"] = {"Northern Dagara"}, ["dgk"] = {"Dagba"}, ["dgl"] = {"Andaandi", "Dongolawi"}, ["dgn"] = {"Dagoman"}, ["dgo"] = {"Dogri (individual language)"}, ["dgr"] = {"Dogrib", "Tłı̨chǫ"}, ["dgs"] = {"Dogoso"}, ["dgt"] = {"Ndra'ngith"}, ["dgw"] = {"Daungwurrung"}, ["dgx"] = {"Doghoro"}, ["dgz"] = {"Daga"}, ["dhd"] = {"Dhundari"}, ["dhg"] = {"Dhangu-Djangu", "Dhangu", "Djangu"}, ["dhi"] = {"Dhimal"}, ["dhl"] = {"Dhalandji"}, ["dhm"] = {"Zemba"}, ["dhn"] = {"Dhanki"}, ["dho"] = {"Dhodia"}, ["dhr"] = {"Dhargari"}, ["dhs"] = {"Dhaiso"}, ["dhu"] = {"Dhurga"}, ["dhv"] = {"Dehu", "Drehu"}, ["dhw"] = {"Dhanwar (Nepal)"}, ["dhx"] = {"Dhungaloo"}, ["dia"] = {"Dia"}, ["dib"] = {"South Central Dinka"}, ["dic"] = {"Lakota Dida"}, ["did"] = {"Didinga"}, ["dif"] = {"Dieri", "Diyari"}, ["dig"] = {"Digo", "Chidigo"}, ["dih"] = {"Kumiai"}, ["dii"] = {"Dimbong"}, ["dij"] = {"Dai"}, ["dik"] = {"Southwestern Dinka"}, ["dil"] = {"Dilling"}, ["dim"] = {"Dime"}, ["din"] = {"Dinka"}, ["dio"] = {"Dibo"}, ["dip"] = {"Northeastern Dinka"}, ["diq"] = {"Dimli (individual language)"}, ["dir"] = {"Dirim"}, ["dis"] = {"Dimasa"}, ["diu"] = {"Diriku"}, ["diw"] = {"Northwestern Dinka"}, ["dix"] = {"Dixon Reef"}, ["diy"] = {"Diuwe"}, ["diz"] = {"Ding"}, ["dja"] = {"Djadjawurrung"}, ["djb"] = {"Djinba"}, ["djc"] = {"Dar Daju Daju"}, ["djd"] = {"Djamindjung", "Ngaliwurru"}, ["dje"] = {"Zarma"}, ["djf"] = {"Djangun"}, ["dji"] = {"Djinang"}, ["djj"] = {"Djeebbana"}, ["djk"] = {"Eastern Maroon Creole", "Businenge Tongo", "Nenge"}, ["djm"] = {"Jamsay Dogon"}, ["djn"] = {"Jawoyn", "Djauan"}, ["djo"] = {"Jangkang"}, ["djr"] = {"Djambarrpuyngu"}, ["dju"] = {"Kapriman"}, ["djw"] = {"Djawi"}, ["dka"] = {"Dakpakha"}, ["dkg"] = {"Kadung"}, ["dkk"] = {"Dakka"}, ["dkr"] = {"Kuijau"}, ["dks"] = {"Southeastern Dinka"}, ["dkx"] = {"Mazagway"}, ["dlg"] = {"Dolgan"}, ["dlk"] = {"Dahalik"}, ["dlm"] = {"Dalmatian"}, ["dln"] = {"Darlong"}, ["dma"] = {"Duma"}, ["dmb"] = {"Mombo Dogon"}, ["dmc"] = {"Gavak"}, ["dmd"] = {"Madhi Madhi"}, ["dme"] = {"Dugwor"}, ["dmf"] = {"Medefaidrin"}, ["dmg"] = {"Upper Kinabatangan"}, ["dmk"] = {"Domaaki"}, ["dml"] = {"Dameli"}, ["dmm"] = {"Dama"}, ["dmn"] = {"Mande languages"}, ["dmo"] = {"Kemedzung"}, ["dmr"] = {"East Damar"}, ["dms"] = {"Dampelas"}, ["dmu"] = {"Dubu", "Tebi"}, ["dmv"] = {"Dumpas"}, ["dmw"] = {"Mudburra"}, ["dmx"] = {"Dema"}, ["dmy"] = {"Demta", "Sowari"}, ["dna"] = {"Upper Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnd"] = {"Daonda"}, ["dne"] = {"Ndendeule"}, ["dng"] = {"Dungan"}, ["dni"] = {"Lower Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnj"] = {"Dan"}, ["dnk"] = {"Dengka"}, ["dnn"] = {"Dzùùngoo"}, ["dno"] = {"Ndrulo", "Northern Lendu"}, ["dnr"] = {"Danaru"}, ["dnt"] = {"Mid Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnu"] = {"Danau"}, ["dnv"] = {"Danu"}, ["dnw"] = {"Western Dani"}, ["dny"] = {"Dení"}, ["doa"] = {"Dom"}, ["dob"] = {"Dobu"}, ["doc"] = {"Northern Dong"}, ["doe"] = {"Doe"}, ["dof"] = {"Domu"}, ["doh"] = {"Dong"}, ["doi"] = {"Dogri (macrolanguage)"}, ["dok"] = {"Dondo"}, ["dol"] = {"Doso"}, ["don"] = {"Toura (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["doo"] = {"Dongo"}, ["dop"] = {"Lukpa"}, ["doq"] = {"Dominican Sign Language"}, ["dor"] = {"Dori'o"}, ["dos"] = {"Dogosé"}, ["dot"] = {"Dass"}, ["dov"] = {"Dombe"}, ["dow"] = {"Doyayo"}, ["dox"] = {"Bussa"}, ["doy"] = {"Dompo"}, ["doz"] = {"Dorze"}, ["dpp"] = {"Papar"}, ["dra"] = {"Dravidian languages"}, ["drb"] = {"Dair"}, ["drc"] = {"Minderico"}, ["drd"] = {"Darmiya"}, ["dre"] = {"Dolpo"}, ["drg"] = {"Rungus"}, ["dri"] = {"C'Lela"}, ["drl"] = {"Paakantyi"}, ["drn"] = {"West Damar"}, ["dro"] = {"Daro-Matu Melanau"}, ["drq"] = {"Dura"}, ["drs"] = {"Gedeo"}, ["drt"] = {"Drents"}, ["dru"] = {"Rukai"}, ["dry"] = {"Darai"}, ["dsb"] = {"Доод Сорб"}, ["dse"] = {"Dutch Sign Language"}, ["dsh"] = {"Daasanach"}, ["dsi"] = {"Disa"}, ["dsl"] = {"Danish Sign Language"}, ["dsn"] = {"Dusner"}, ["dso"] = {"Desiya"}, ["dsq"] = {"Tadaksahak"}, ["dta"] = {"Дагуур"}, ["dtb"] = {"Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan"}, ["dtd"] = {"Ditidaht"}, ["dth"] = {"Adithinngithigh"}, ["dti"] = {"Ana Tinga Dogon"}, ["dtk"] = {"Tene Kan Dogon"}, ["dtm"] = {"Tomo Kan Dogon"}, ["dtn"] = {"Daatsʼíin"}, ["dto"] = {"Tommo So Dogon"}, ["dtp"] = {"Kadazan Dusun", "Central Dusun"}, ["dtr"] = {"Lotud"}, ["dts"] = {"Toro So Dogon"}, ["dtt"] = {"Toro Tegu Dogon"}, ["dtu"] = {"Tebul Ure Dogon"}, ["dty"] = {"Dotyali"}, ["dua"] = {"Duala"}, ["dub"] = {"Dubli"}, ["duc"] = {"Duna"}, ["due"] = {"Umiray Dumaget Agta"}, ["duf"] = {"Dumbea", "Drubea"}, ["dug"] = {"Duruma", "Chiduruma"}, ["duh"] = {"Dungra Bhil"}, ["dui"] = {"Dumun"}, ["duk"] = {"Uyajitaya"}, ["dul"] = {"Alabat Island Agta"}, ["dum"] = {"Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)"}, ["dun"] = {"Dusun Deyah"}, ["duo"] = {"Dupaninan Agta"}, ["dup"] = {"Duano"}, ["duq"] = {"Dusun Malang"}, ["dur"] = {"Dii"}, ["dus"] = {"Dumi"}, ["duu"] = {"Drung"}, ["duv"] = {"Duvle"}, ["duw"] = {"Dusun Witu"}, ["dux"] = {"Duungooma"}, ["duy"] = {"Dicamay Agta"}, ["duz"] = {"Duli-Gey"}, ["dva"] = {"Duau"}, ["dwa"] = {"Diri"}, ["dwk"] = {"Dawik Kui"}, ["dwr"] = {"Dawro"}, ["dws"] = {"Dutton World Speedwords"}, ["dwu"] = {"Dhuwal"}, ["dww"] = {"Dawawa"}, ["dwy"] = {"Dhuwaya"}, ["dwz"] = {"Dewas Rai"}, ["dya"] = {"Dyan"}, ["dyb"] = {"Dyaberdyaber"}, ["dyd"] = {"Dyugun"}, ["dyg"] = {"Villa Viciosa Agta"}, ["dyi"] = {"Djimini Senoufo"}, ["dym"] = {"Yanda Dom Dogon"}, ["dyn"] = {"Dyangadi", "Dhanggatti"}, ["dyo"] = {"Jola-Fonyi"}, ["dyu"] = {"Дьюла"}, ["dyy"] = {"Djabugay", "Dyaabugay"}, ["dza"] = {"Tunzu"}, ["dze"] = {"Djiwarli"}, ["dzg"] = {"Dazaga"}, ["dzl"] = {"Dzalakha"}, ["dzn"] = {"Dzando"}, ["eaa"] = {"Karenggapa"}, ["ebc"] = {"Beginci"}, ["ebg"] = {"Ebughu"}, ["ebk"] = {"Eastern Bontok"}, ["ebo"] = {"Teke-Ebo"}, ["ebr"] = {"Ebrié"}, ["ebu"] = {"Embu", "Kiembu"}, ["ecr"] = {"Eteocretan"}, ["ecs"] = {"Ecuadorian Sign Language"}, ["ecy"] = {"Eteocypriot"}, ["eee"] = {"E"}, ["efa"] = {"Efai"}, ["efe"] = {"Efe"}, ["efi"] = {"Efik"}, ["ega"] = {"Ega"}, ["egl"] = {"Эмиль"}, ["ego"] = {"Eggon"}, ["egx"] = {"Egyptian languages"}, ["egy"] = {"Egyptian (Ancient)"}, ["ehs"] = {"Miyakubo Sign Language"}, ["ehu"] = {"Ehueun"}, ["eip"] = {"Eipomek"}, ["eit"] = {"Eitiep"}, ["eiv"] = {"Askopan"}, ["eja"] = {"Ejamat"}, ["eka"] = {"Ekajuk"}, ["eke"] = {"Ekit"}, ["ekg"] = {"Ekari"}, ["eki"] = {"Eki"}, ["ekk"] = {"Standard Estonian"}, ["ekl"] = {"Kol (Bangladesh)", "Kol"}, ["ekm"] = {"Elip"}, ["eko"] = {"Koti"}, ["ekp"] = {"Ekpeye"}, ["ekr"] = {"Yace"}, ["eky"] = {"Eastern Kayah"}, ["ele"] = {"Elepi"}, ["elh"] = {"El Hugeirat"}, ["eli"] = {"Nding"}, ["elk"] = {"Elkei"}, ["elm"] = {"Eleme"}, ["elo"] = {"El Molo"}, ["elu"] = {"Elu"}, ["elx"] = {"Elamite"}, ["ema"] = {"Emai-Iuleha-Ora"}, ["emb"] = {"Embaloh"}, ["eme"] = {"Emerillon"}, ["emg"] = {"Eastern Meohang"}, ["emi"] = {"Mussau-Emira"}, ["emk"] = {"Зүүн Манинкакан"}, ["emm"] = {"Mamulique"}, ["emn"] = {"Eman"}, ["emp"] = {"Northern Emberá"}, ["emq"] = {"Eastern Minyag"}, ["ems"] = {"Pacific Gulf Yupik"}, ["emu"] = {"Eastern Muria"}, ["emw"] = {"Emplawas"}, ["emx"] = {"Erromintxela"}, ["emy"] = {"Epigraphic Mayan"}, ["emz"] = {"Mbessa"}, ["ena"] = {"Apali"}, ["enb"] = {"Markweeta"}, ["enc"] = {"En"}, ["end"] = {"Ende"}, ["enf"] = {"Forest Enets"}, ["enh"] = {"Tundra Enets"}, ["enl"] = {"Enlhet"}, ["enm"] = {"Middle English (1100-1500)"}, ["enn"] = {"Engenni"}, ["eno"] = {"Enggano"}, ["enq"] = {"Enga"}, ["enr"] = {"Emumu", "Emem"}, ["enu"] = {"Enu"}, ["env"] = {"Enwan (Edu State)"}, ["enw"] = {"Enwan (Akwa Ibom State)"}, ["enx"] = {"Enxet"}, ["eot"] = {"Beti (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["epi"] = {"Epie"}, ["era"] = {"Eravallan"}, ["erg"] = {"Sie"}, ["erh"] = {"Eruwa"}, ["eri"] = {"Ogea"}, ["erk"] = {"South Efate"}, ["ero"] = {"Horpa"}, ["err"] = {"Erre"}, ["ers"] = {"Ersu"}, ["ert"] = {"Eritai"}, ["erw"] = {"Erokwanas"}, ["ese"] = {"Ese Ejja"}, ["esg"] = {"Aheri Gondi"}, ["esh"] = {"Eshtehardi"}, ["esi"] = {"North Alaskan Inupiatun"}, ["esk"] = {"Northwest Alaska Inupiatun"}, ["esl"] = {"Egypt Sign Language"}, ["esm"] = {"Esuma"}, ["esn"] = {"Salvadoran Sign Language"}, ["eso"] = {"Estonian Sign Language"}, ["esq"] = {"Esselen"}, ["ess"] = {"Central Siberian Yupik"}, ["esu"] = {"Central Yupik"}, ["esx"] = {"Eskimo-Aleut languages"}, ["esy"] = {"Eskayan"}, ["etb"] = {"Etebi"}, ["etc"] = {"Etchemin"}, ["eth"] = {"Ethiopian Sign Language"}, ["etn"] = {"Eton (Vanuatu)"}, ["eto"] = {"Eton (Cameroon)"}, ["etr"] = {"Edolo"}, ["ets"] = {"Yekhee"}, ["ett"] = {"Etruscan"}, ["etu"] = {"Ejagham"}, ["etx"] = {"Eten"}, ["etz"] = {"Semimi"}, ["euq"] = {"Basque (family)"}, ["eve"] = {"Even"}, ["evh"] = {"Uvbie"}, ["evn"] = {"Хамниган"}, ["ewo"] = {"Ewondo"}, ["ext"] = {"Extremaduran"}, ["eya"] = {"Eyak"}, ["eyo"] = {"Keiyo"}, ["eza"] = {"Ezaa"}, ["eze"] = {"Uzekwe"}, ["faa"] = {"Fasu"}, ["fab"] = {"Fa d'Ambu"}, ["fad"] = {"Wagi"}, ["faf"] = {"Fagani"}, ["fag"] = {"Finongan"}, ["fah"] = {"Baissa Fali"}, ["fai"] = {"Faiwol"}, ["faj"] = {"Faita"}, ["fak"] = {"Fang (Cameroon)"}, ["fal"] = {"South Fali"}, ["fam"] = {"Fam"}, ["fan"] = {"Fang (Equatorial Guinea)"}, ["fap"] = {"Paloor"}, ["far"] = {"Fataleka"}, ["fat"] = {"Fanti"}, ["fau"] = {"Fayu"}, ["fax"] = {"Fala"}, ["fay"] = {"Southwestern Fars"}, ["faz"] = {"Northwestern Fars"}, ["fbl"] = {"West Albay Bikol"}, ["fcs"] = {"Quebec Sign Language"}, ["fer"] = {"Feroge"}, ["ffi"] = {"Foia Foia"}, ["ffm"] = {"Maasina Fulfulde"}, ["fgr"] = {"Fongoro"}, ["fia"] = {"Nobiin"}, ["fie"] = {"Fyer"}, ["fif"] = {"Faifi"}, ["fil"] = {"Филиппин", "Пилипино"}, ["fip"] = {"Fipa"}, ["fir"] = {"Firan"}, ["fit"] = {"Tornedalen Finnish"}, ["fiu"] = {"Finno-Ugrian languages"}, ["fiw"] = {"Fiwaga"}, ["fkk"] = {"Kirya-Konzəl"}, ["fkv"] = {"Kven Finnish"}, ["fla"] = {"Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille"}, ["flh"] = {"Foau"}, ["fli"] = {"Fali"}, ["fll"] = {"North Fali"}, ["fln"] = {"Flinders Island"}, ["flr"] = {"Fuliiru"}, ["fly"] = {"Flaaitaal", "Tsotsitaal"}, ["fmp"] = {"Fe'fe'"}, ["fmu"] = {"Far Western Muria"}, ["fnb"] = {"Fanbak"}, ["fng"] = {"Fanagalo"}, ["fni"] = {"Fania"}, ["fod"] = {"Foodo"}, ["foi"] = {"Foi"}, ["fom"] = {"Foma"}, ["fon"] = {"Fon"}, ["for"] = {"Fore"}, ["fos"] = {"Siraya"}, ["fox"] = {"Formosan languages"}, ["fpe"] = {"Fernando Po Creole English"}, ["fqs"] = {"Fas"}, ["frc"] = {"Cajun French"}, ["frd"] = {"Fordata"}, ["frk"] = {"Frankish"}, ["frm"] = {"Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)"}, ["fro"] = {"Old French (842-ca. 1400)"}, ["frp"] = {"Arpitan", "Francoprovençal"}, ["frq"] = {"Forak"}, ["frr"] = {"Хойд Фриз"}, ["frs"] = {"Зүүн Фриз"}, ["frt"] = {"Fortsenal"}, ["fse"] = {"Finnish Sign Language"}, ["fsl"] = {"French Sign Language"}, ["fss"] = {"Finland-Swedish Sign Language", "finlandssvenskt teckenspråk", "suomenruotsalainen viittomakieli"}, ["fub"] = {"Adamawa Fulfulde"}, ["fuc"] = {"Pulaar"}, ["fud"] = {"East Futuna"}, ["fue"] = {"Borgu Fulfulde"}, ["fuf"] = {"Пулар"}, ["fuh"] = {"Western Niger Fulfulde"}, ["fui"] = {"Bagirmi Fulfulde"}, ["fuj"] = {"Ko"}, ["fum"] = {"Fum"}, ["fun"] = {"Fulniô"}, ["fuq"] = {"Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde"}, ["fur"] = {"Friulian"}, ["fut"] = {"Futuna-Aniwa"}, ["fuu"] = {"Furu"}, ["fuv"] = {"Nigerian Fulfulde"}, ["fuy"] = {"Fuyug"}, ["fvr"] = {"Fur"}, ["fwa"] = {"Fwâi"}, ["fwe"] = {"Fwe"}, ["gaa"] = {"Ga"}, ["gab"] = {"Gabri"}, ["gac"] = {"Mixed Great Andamanese"}, ["gad"] = {"Gaddang"}, ["gae"] = {"Guarequena"}, ["gaf"] = {"Gende"}, ["gag"] = {"Гагауз"}, ["gah"] = {"Alekano"}, ["gai"] = {"Borei"}, ["gaj"] = {"Gadsup"}, ["gak"] = {"Gamkonora"}, ["gal"] = {"Galolen"}, ["gam"] = {"Kandawo"}, ["gan"] = {"Gan Chinese"}, ["gao"] = {"Gants"}, ["gap"] = {"Gal"}, ["gaq"] = {"Gata'"}, ["gar"] = {"Galeya"}, ["gas"] = {"Adiwasi Garasia"}, ["gat"] = {"Kenati"}, ["gau"] = {"Mudhili Gadaba"}, ["gaw"] = {"Nobonob"}, ["gax"] = {"Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo"}, ["gay"] = {"Gayo"}, ["gaz"] = {"West Central Oromo"}, ["gba"] = {"Gbaya (Central African Republic)"}, ["gbb"] = {"Kaytetye"}, ["gbd"] = {"Karajarri"}, ["gbe"] = {"Niksek"}, ["gbf"] = {"Gaikundi"}, ["gbg"] = {"Gbanziri"}, ["gbh"] = {"Defi Gbe"}, ["gbi"] = {"Galela"}, ["gbj"] = {"Bodo Gadaba"}, ["gbk"] = {"Gaddi"}, ["gbl"] = {"Gamit"}, ["gbm"] = {"Garhwali"}, ["gbn"] = {"Mo'da"}, ["gbo"] = {"Northern Grebo"}, ["gbp"] = {"Gbaya-Bossangoa"}, ["gbq"] = {"Gbaya-Bozoum"}, ["gbr"] = {"Gbagyi"}, ["gbs"] = {"Gbesi Gbe"}, ["gbu"] = {"Gagadu"}, ["gbv"] = {"Gbanu"}, ["gbw"] = {"Gabi-Gabi"}, ["gbx"] = {"Eastern Xwla Gbe"}, ["gby"] = {"Gbari"}, ["gbz"] = {"Zoroastrian Dari"}, ["gcc"] = {"Mali"}, ["gcd"] = {"Ganggalida"}, ["gce"] = {"Galice"}, ["gcf"] = {"Guadeloupean Creole French"}, ["gcl"] = {"Grenadian Creole English"}, ["gcn"] = {"Gaina"}, ["gcr"] = {"Guianese Creole French"}, ["gct"] = {"Colonia Tovar German"}, ["gda"] = {"Gade Lohar"}, ["gdb"] = {"Pottangi Ollar Gadaba"}, ["gdc"] = {"Gugu Badhun"}, ["gdd"] = {"Gedaged"}, ["gde"] = {"Gude"}, ["gdf"] = {"Guduf-Gava"}, ["gdg"] = {"Ga'dang"}, ["gdh"] = {"Gadjerawang", "Gajirrabeng"}, ["gdi"] = {"Gundi"}, ["gdj"] = {"Gurdjar"}, ["gdk"] = {"Gadang"}, ["gdl"] = {"Dirasha"}, ["gdm"] = {"Laal"}, ["gdn"] = {"Umanakaina"}, ["gdo"] = {"Ghodoberi"}, ["gdq"] = {"Mehri"}, ["gdr"] = {"Wipi"}, ["gds"] = {"Ghandruk Sign Language"}, ["gdt"] = {"Kungardutyi"}, ["gdu"] = {"Gudu"}, ["gdx"] = {"Godwari"}, ["gea"] = {"Geruma"}, ["geb"] = {"Kire"}, ["gec"] = {"Gboloo Grebo"}, ["ged"] = {"Gade"}, ["gef"] = {"Gerai"}, ["geg"] = {"Gengle"}, ["geh"] = {"Hutterite German", "Hutterisch"}, ["gei"] = {"Gebe"}, ["gej"] = {"Gen"}, ["gek"] = {"Ywom"}, ["gel"] = {"ut-Ma'in"}, ["gem"] = {"Germanic languages"}, ["geq"] = {"Geme"}, ["ges"] = {"Geser-Gorom"}, ["gev"] = {"Eviya"}, ["gew"] = {"Gera"}, ["gex"] = {"Garre"}, ["gey"] = {"Enya"}, ["gez"] = {"Geez"}, ["gfk"] = {"Patpatar"}, ["gft"] = {"Gafat"}, ["gga"] = {"Gao"}, ["ggb"] = {"Gbii"}, ["ggd"] = {"Gugadj"}, ["gge"] = {"Gurr-goni"}, ["ggg"] = {"Gurgula"}, ["ggk"] = {"Kungarakany"}, ["ggl"] = {"Ganglau"}, ["ggt"] = {"Gitua"}, ["ggu"] = {"Gagu", "Gban"}, ["ggw"] = {"Gogodala"}, ["gha"] = {"Ghadamès"}, ["ghc"] = {"Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic"}, ["ghe"] = {"Southern Ghale"}, ["ghh"] = {"Northern Ghale"}, ["ghk"] = {"Geko Karen"}, ["ghl"] = {"Ghulfan"}, ["ghn"] = {"Ghanongga"}, ["gho"] = {"Ghomara"}, ["ghr"] = {"Ghera"}, ["ghs"] = {"Guhu-Samane"}, ["ght"] = {"Kuke", "Kutang Ghale"}, ["gia"] = {"Kija"}, ["gib"] = {"Gibanawa"}, ["gic"] = {"Gail"}, ["gid"] = {"Gidar"}, ["gie"] = {"Gaɓogbo", "Guébie"}, ["gig"] = {"Goaria"}, ["gih"] = {"Githabul"}, ["gii"] = {"Girirra"}, ["gil"] = {"Гильберт"}, ["gim"] = {"Gimi (Eastern Highlands)"}, ["gin"] = {"Hinukh"}, ["gip"] = {"Gimi (West New Britain)"}, ["giq"] = {"Green Gelao"}, ["gir"] = {"Red Gelao"}, ["gis"] = {"North Giziga"}, ["git"] = {"Gitxsan"}, ["giu"] = {"Mulao"}, ["giw"] = {"White Gelao"}, ["gix"] = {"Gilima"}, ["giy"] = {"Giyug"}, ["giz"] = {"South Giziga"}, ["gjk"] = {"Kachi Koli"}, ["gjm"] = {"Gunditjmara"}, ["gjn"] = {"Gonja"}, ["gjr"] = {"Gurindji Kriol"}, ["gju"] = {"Gujari"}, ["gka"] = {"Guya"}, ["gkd"] = {"Magɨ (Madang Province)"}, ["gke"] = {"Ndai"}, ["gkn"] = {"Gokana"}, ["gko"] = {"Kok-Nar"}, ["gkp"] = {"Guinea Kpelle"}, ["gku"] = {"ǂUngkue"}, ["glb"] = {"Belning"}, ["glc"] = {"Bon Gula"}, ["gld"] = {"Nanai"}, ["glh"] = {"Northwest Pashai", "Northwest Pashayi"}, ["glj"] = {"Gula Iro"}, ["glk"] = {"Gilaki"}, ["gll"] = {"Garlali"}, ["glo"] = {"Galambu"}, ["glr"] = {"Glaro-Twabo"}, ["glu"] = {"Gula (Chad)"}, ["glw"] = {"Glavda"}, ["gly"] = {"Gule"}, ["gma"] = {"Gambera"}, ["gmb"] = {"Gula'alaa"}, ["gmd"] = {"Mághdì"}, ["gme"] = {"East Germanic languages"}, ["gmg"] = {"Magɨyi"}, ["gmh"] = {"Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)"}, ["gml"] = {"Middle Low German"}, ["gmm"] = {"Gbaya-Mbodomo"}, ["gmn"] = {"Gimnime"}, ["gmq"] = {"North Germanic languages"}, ["gmr"] = {"Mirning", "Mirniny"}, ["gmu"] = {"Gumalu"}, ["gmv"] = {"Gamo"}, ["gmw"] = {"West Germanic languages"}, ["gmx"] = {"Magoma"}, ["gmy"] = {"Mycenaean Greek"}, ["gmz"] = {"Mgbolizhia"}, ["gna"] = {"Kaansa"}, ["gnb"] = {"Gangte"}, ["gnc"] = {"Guanche"}, ["gnd"] = {"Zulgo-Gemzek"}, ["gne"] = {"Ganang"}, ["gng"] = {"Ngangam"}, ["gnh"] = {"Lere"}, ["gni"] = {"Gooniyandi"}, ["gnj"] = {"Ngen"}, ["gnk"] = {"ǁGana"}, ["gnl"] = {"Gangulu"}, ["gnm"] = {"Ginuman"}, ["gnn"] = {"Gumatj"}, ["gno"] = {"Northern Gondi"}, ["gnq"] = {"Gana"}, ["gnr"] = {"Gureng Gureng"}, ["gnt"] = {"Guntai"}, ["gnu"] = {"Gnau"}, ["gnw"] = {"Western Bolivian Guaraní"}, ["gnz"] = {"Ganzi"}, ["goa"] = {"Guro"}, ["gob"] = {"Playero"}, ["goc"] = {"Gorakor"}, ["god"] = {"Godié"}, ["goe"] = {"Gongduk"}, ["gof"] = {"Gofa"}, ["gog"] = {"Gogo"}, ["goh"] = {"Old High German (ca. 750-1050)"}, ["goi"] = {"Gobasi"}, ["goj"] = {"Gowlan"}, ["gok"] = {"Gowli"}, ["gol"] = {"Gola"}, ["gom"] = {"Goan Konkani"}, ["gon"] = {"Gondi"}, ["goo"] = {"Gone Dau"}, ["gop"] = {"Yeretuar"}, ["goq"] = {"Gorap"}, ["gor"] = {"Gorontalo"}, ["gos"] = {"Gronings"}, ["got"] = {"Gothic"}, ["gou"] = {"Gavar"}, ["gow"] = {"Gorowa"}, ["gox"] = {"Gobu"}, ["goy"] = {"Goundo"}, ["goz"] = {"Gozarkhani"}, ["gpa"] = {"Gupa-Abawa"}, ["gpe"] = {"Ghanaian Pidgin English"}, ["gpn"] = {"Taiap"}, ["gqa"] = {"Ga'anda"}, ["gqi"] = {"Guiqiong"}, ["gqn"] = {"Guana (Brazil)"}, ["gqr"] = {"Gor"}, ["gqu"] = {"Qau"}, ["gra"] = {"Rajput Garasia"}, ["grb"] = {"Grebo"}, ["grc"] = {"Эртний Грек"}, ["grd"] = {"Guruntum-Mbaaru"}, ["grg"] = {"Madi"}, ["grh"] = {"Gbiri-Niragu"}, ["gri"] = {"Ghari"}, ["grj"] = {"Southern Grebo"}, ["grk"] = {"Greek languages"}, ["grm"] = {"Kota Marudu Talantang"}, ["gro"] = {"Groma"}, ["grq"] = {"Gorovu"}, ["grr"] = {"Taznatit"}, ["grs"] = {"Gresi"}, ["grt"] = {"Garo"}, ["gru"] = {"Kistane"}, ["grv"] = {"Central Grebo"}, ["grw"] = {"Gweda"}, ["grx"] = {"Guriaso"}, ["gry"] = {"Barclayville Grebo"}, ["grz"] = {"Guramalum"}, ["gse"] = {"Ghanaian Sign Language"}, ["gsg"] = {"German Sign Language"}, ["gsl"] = {"Gusilay"}, ["gsm"] = {"Guatemalan Sign Language"}, ["gsn"] = {"Nema", "Gusan"}, ["gso"] = {"Southwest Gbaya"}, ["gsp"] = {"Wasembo"}, ["gss"] = {"Greek Sign Language"}, ["gsw"] = {"Swiss German", "Alemannic", "Alsatian"}, ["gta"] = {"Guató"}, ["gtu"] = {"Aghu-Tharnggala"}, ["gua"] = {"Shiki"}, ["gub"] = {"Guajajára"}, ["guc"] = {"Wayuu"}, ["gud"] = {"Yocoboué Dida"}, ["gue"] = {"Gurindji"}, ["guf"] = {"Gupapuyngu"}, ["gug"] = {"Paraguayan Guaraní"}, ["guh"] = {"Guahibo"}, ["gui"] = {"Eastern Bolivian Guaraní"}, ["guk"] = {"Gumuz"}, ["gul"] = {"Sea Island Creole English"}, ["gum"] = {"Guambiano"}, ["gun"] = {"Mbyá Guaraní"}, ["guo"] = {"Guayabero"}, ["gup"] = {"Gunwinggu"}, ["guq"] = {"Aché"}, ["gur"] = {"Farefare"}, ["gus"] = {"Guinean Sign Language"}, ["gut"] = {"Maléku Jaíka"}, ["guu"] = {"Yanomamö"}, ["guw"] = {"Gun"}, ["gux"] = {"Gourmanchéma"}, ["guz"] = {"Gusii", "Ekegusii"}, ["gva"] = {"Guana (Paraguay)"}, ["gvc"] = {"Guanano"}, ["gve"] = {"Duwet"}, ["gvf"] = {"Golin"}, ["gvj"] = {"Guajá"}, ["gvl"] = {"Gulay"}, ["gvm"] = {"Gurmana"}, ["gvn"] = {"Kuku-Yalanji"}, ["gvo"] = {"Gavião Do Jiparaná"}, ["gvp"] = {"Pará Gavião"}, ["gvr"] = {"Gurung"}, ["gvs"] = {"Gumawana"}, ["gvy"] = {"Guyani"}, ["gwa"] = {"Mbato"}, ["gwb"] = {"Gwa"}, ["gwc"] = {"Gawri", "Kalami"}, ["gwd"] = {"Gawwada"}, ["gwe"] = {"Gweno"}, ["gwf"] = {"Gowro"}, ["gwg"] = {"Moo"}, ["gwi"] = {"Gwichʼin"}, ["gwj"] = {"ǀGwi"}, ["gwm"] = {"Awngthim"}, ["gwn"] = {"Gwandara"}, ["gwr"] = {"Gwere"}, ["gwt"] = {"Gawar-Bati"}, ["gwu"] = {"Guwamu"}, ["gww"] = {"Kwini"}, ["gwx"] = {"Gua"}, ["gxx"] = {"Wè Southern"}, ["gya"] = {"Northwest Gbaya"}, ["gyb"] = {"Garus"}, ["gyd"] = {"Kayardild"}, ["gye"] = {"Gyem"}, ["gyf"] = {"Gungabula"}, ["gyg"] = {"Gbayi"}, ["gyi"] = {"Gyele"}, ["gyl"] = {"Gayil"}, ["gym"] = {"Ngäbere"}, ["gyn"] = {"Guyanese Creole English"}, ["gyo"] = {"Gyalsumdo"}, ["gyr"] = {"Guarayu"}, ["gyy"] = {"Gunya"}, ["gyz"] = {"Geji", "Gyaazi"}, ["gza"] = {"Ganza"}, ["gzi"] = {"Gazi"}, ["gzn"] = {"Gane"}, ["haa"] = {"Han"}, ["hab"] = {"Hanoi Sign Language"}, ["hac"] = {"Gurani"}, ["had"] = {"Hatam"}, ["hae"] = {"Eastern Oromo"}, ["haf"] = {"Haiphong Sign Language"}, ["hag"] = {"Hanga"}, ["hah"] = {"Hahon"}, ["hai"] = {"Haida"}, ["haj"] = {"Hajong"}, ["hak"] = {"Hakka Chinese"}, ["hal"] = {"Halang"}, ["ham"] = {"Hewa"}, ["han"] = {"Hangaza"}, ["hao"] = {"Hakö"}, ["hap"] = {"Hupla"}, ["haq"] = {"Ha"}, ["har"] = {"Harari"}, ["has"] = {"Haisla"}, ["hav"] = {"Havu"}, ["haw"] = {"Hawaiian"}, ["hax"] = {"Southern Haida"}, ["hay"] = {"Haya"}, ["haz"] = {"Hazaragi"}, ["hba"] = {"Hamba"}, ["hbb"] = {"Huba"}, ["hbn"] = {"Heiban"}, ["hbo"] = {"Ancient Hebrew"}, ["hbu"] = {"Habu"}, ["hca"] = {"Andaman Creole Hindi"}, ["hch"] = {"Huichol"}, ["hdn"] = {"Northern Haida"}, ["hds"] = {"Honduras Sign Language"}, ["hdy"] = {"Hadiyya"}, ["hea"] = {"Northern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hed"] = {"Herdé"}, ["heg"] = {"Helong"}, ["heh"] = {"Hehe"}, ["hei"] = {"Heiltsuk"}, ["hem"] = {"Hemba"}, ["hgm"] = {"Haiǁom"}, ["hgw"] = {"Haigwai"}, ["hhi"] = {"Hoia Hoia"}, ["hhr"] = {"Kerak"}, ["hhy"] = {"Hoyahoya"}, ["hia"] = {"Lamang"}, ["hib"] = {"Hibito"}, ["hid"] = {"Hidatsa"}, ["hif"] = {"Фижи Хинди"}, ["hig"] = {"Kamwe"}, ["hih"] = {"Pamosu"}, ["hii"] = {"Hinduri"}, ["hij"] = {"Hijuk"}, ["hik"] = {"Seit-Kaitetu"}, ["hil"] = {"Hiligaynon"}, ["him"] = {"Himachali languages", "Western Pahari languages"}, ["hio"] = {"Tsoa"}, ["hir"] = {"Himarimã"}, ["hit"] = {"Hittite"}, ["hiw"] = {"Hiw"}, ["hix"] = {"Hixkaryána"}, ["hji"] = {"Haji"}, ["hka"] = {"Kahe"}, ["hke"] = {"Hunde"}, ["hkh"] = {"Khah", "Poguli"}, ["hkk"] = {"Hunjara-Kaina Ke"}, ["hkn"] = {"Mel-Khaonh"}, ["hks"] = {"Hong Kong Sign Language", "Heung Kong Sau Yue"}, ["hla"] = {"Halia"}, ["hlb"] = {"Halbi"}, ["hld"] = {"Halang Doan"}, ["hle"] = {"Hlersu"}, ["hlt"] = {"Matu Chin"}, ["hlu"] = {"Hieroglyphic Luwian"}, ["hma"] = {"Southern Mashan Hmong", "Southern Mashan Miao"}, ["hmb"] = {"Humburi Senni Songhay"}, ["hmc"] = {"Central Huishui Hmong", "Central Huishui Miao"}, ["hmd"] = {"Large Flowery Miao", "A-hmaos", "Da-Hua Miao"}, ["hme"] = {"Eastern Huishui Hmong", "Eastern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmf"] = {"Hmong Don"}, ["hmg"] = {"Southwestern Guiyang Hmong"}, ["hmh"] = {"Southwestern Huishui Hmong", "Southwestern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmi"] = {"Northern Huishui Hmong", "Northern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmj"] = {"Ge", "Gejia"}, ["hmk"] = {"Maek"}, ["hml"] = {"Luopohe Hmong", "Luopohe Miao"}, ["hmm"] = {"Central Mashan Hmong", "Central Mashan Miao"}, ["hmn"] = {"Хмонг", "Монг"}, ["hmp"] = {"Northern Mashan Hmong", "Northern Mashan Miao"}, ["hmq"] = {"Eastern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hmr"] = {"Hmar"}, ["hms"] = {"Southern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hmt"] = {"Hamtai"}, ["hmu"] = {"Hamap"}, ["hmv"] = {"Hmong Dô"}, ["hmw"] = {"Western Mashan Hmong", "Western Mashan Miao"}, ["hmx"] = {"Hmong-Mien languages"}, ["hmy"] = {"Southern Guiyang Hmong", "Southern Guiyang Miao"}, ["hmz"] = {"Hmong Shua", "Sinicized Miao"}, ["hna"] = {"Mina (Cameroon)"}, ["hnd"] = {"Southern Hindko"}, ["hne"] = {"Chhattisgarhi"}, ["hng"] = {"Hungu"}, ["hnh"] = {"ǁAni"}, ["hni"] = {"Hani"}, ["hnj"] = {"Hmong Njua", "Mong Leng", "Mong Njua"}, ["hnn"] = {"Hanunoo"}, ["hno"] = {"Northern Hindko"}, ["hns"] = {"Карибын Хиндустани"}, ["hnu"] = {"Hung"}, ["hoa"] = {"Hoava"}, ["hob"] = {"Mari (Madang Province)"}, ["hoc"] = {"Ho"}, ["hod"] = {"Holma"}, ["hoe"] = {"Horom"}, ["hoh"] = {"Hobyót"}, ["hoi"] = {"Holikachuk"}, ["hoj"] = {"Hadothi", "Haroti"}, ["hok"] = {"Hokan languages"}, ["hol"] = {"Holu"}, ["hom"] = {"Homa"}, ["hoo"] = {"Holoholo"}, ["hop"] = {"Hopi"}, ["hor"] = {"Horo"}, ["hos"] = {"Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language"}, ["hot"] = {"Hote", "Malê"}, ["hov"] = {"Hovongan"}, ["how"] = {"Honi"}, ["hoy"] = {"Holiya"}, ["hoz"] = {"Hozo"}, ["hpo"] = {"Hpon"}, ["hps"] = {"Hawai'i Sign Language (HSL)", "Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language"}, ["hra"] = {"Hrangkhol"}, ["hrc"] = {"Niwer Mil"}, ["hre"] = {"Hre"}, ["hrk"] = {"Haruku"}, ["hrm"] = {"Horned Miao"}, ["hro"] = {"Haroi"}, ["hrp"] = {"Nhirrpi"}, ["hrt"] = {"Hértevin"}, ["hru"] = {"Hruso"}, ["hrw"] = {"Warwar Feni"}, ["hrx"] = {"Hunsrik"}, ["hrz"] = {"Harzani"}, ["hsb"] = {"Дээд Сорб"}, ["hsh"] = {"Hungarian Sign Language"}, ["hsl"] = {"Hausa Sign Language"}, ["hsn"] = {"Xiang Chinese"}, ["hss"] = {"Harsusi"}, ["hti"] = {"Hoti"}, ["hto"] = {"Minica Huitoto"}, ["hts"] = {"Hadza"}, ["htu"] = {"Hitu"}, ["htx"] = {"Middle Hittite"}, ["hub"] = {"Huambisa"}, ["huc"] = {"ǂHua", "ǂʼAmkhoe"}, ["hud"] = {"Huaulu"}, ["hue"] = {"San Francisco Del Mar Huave"}, ["huf"] = {"Humene"}, ["hug"] = {"Huachipaeri"}, ["huh"] = {"Huilliche"}, ["hui"] = {"Huli"}, ["huj"] = {"Northern Guiyang Hmong", "Northern Guiyang Miao"}, ["huk"] = {"Hulung"}, ["hul"] = {"Hula"}, ["hum"] = {"Hungana"}, ["huo"] = {"Hu"}, ["hup"] = {"Hupa"}, ["huq"] = {"Tsat"}, ["hur"] = {"Halkomelem"}, ["hus"] = {"Huastec"}, ["hut"] = {"Humla"}, ["huu"] = {"Murui Huitoto"}, ["huv"] = {"San Mateo Del Mar Huave"}, ["huw"] = {"Hukumina"}, ["hux"] = {"Nüpode Huitoto"}, ["huy"] = {"Hulaulá"}, ["huz"] = {"Hunzib"}, ["hvc"] = {"Haitian Vodoun Culture Language"}, ["hve"] = {"San Dionisio Del Mar Huave"}, ["hvk"] = {"Haveke"}, ["hvn"] = {"Sabu"}, ["hvv"] = {"Santa María Del Mar Huave"}, ["hwa"] = {"Wané"}, ["hwc"] = {"Hawai'i Creole English", "Hawai'i Pidgin"}, ["hwo"] = {"Hwana"}, ["hya"] = {"Hya"}, ["hyw"] = {"Western Armenian"}, ["hyx"] = {"Armenian (family)"}, ["iai"] = {"Iaai"}, ["ian"] = {"Iatmul"}, ["iar"] = {"Purari"}, ["iba"] = {"Iban"}, ["ibb"] = {"Ibibio"}, ["ibd"] = {"Iwaidja"}, ["ibe"] = {"Akpes"}, ["ibg"] = {"Ibanag"}, ["ibh"] = {"Bih"}, ["ibl"] = {"Ibaloi"}, ["ibm"] = {"Agoi"}, ["ibn"] = {"Ibino"}, ["ibr"] = {"Ibuoro"}, ["ibu"] = {"Ibu"}, ["iby"] = {"Ibani"}, ["ica"] = {"Ede Ica"}, ["ich"] = {"Etkywan"}, ["icl"] = {"Icelandic Sign Language"}, ["icr"] = {"Islander Creole English"}, ["ida"] = {"Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki", "Luidakho-Luisukha-Lutirichi"}, ["idb"] = {"Indo-Portuguese"}, ["idc"] = {"Idon", "Ajiya"}, ["idd"] = {"Ede Idaca"}, ["ide"] = {"Idere"}, ["idi"] = {"Idi"}, ["idr"] = {"Indri"}, ["ids"] = {"Idesa"}, ["idt"] = {"Idaté"}, ["idu"] = {"Idoma"}, ["ifa"] = {"Amganad Ifugao"}, ["ifb"] = {"Batad Ifugao", "Ayangan Ifugao"}, ["ife"] = {"Ifè"}, ["iff"] = {"Ifo"}, ["ifk"] = {"Tuwali Ifugao"}, ["ifm"] = {"Teke-Fuumu"}, ["ifu"] = {"Mayoyao Ifugao"}, ["ify"] = {"Keley-I Kallahan"}, ["igb"] = {"Ebira"}, ["ige"] = {"Igede"}, ["igg"] = {"Igana"}, ["igl"] = {"Igala"}, ["igm"] = {"Kanggape"}, ["ign"] = {"Ignaciano"}, ["igo"] = {"Isebe"}, ["igs"] = {"Interglossa"}, ["igw"] = {"Igwe"}, ["ihb"] = {"Iha Based Pidgin"}, ["ihi"] = {"Ihievbe"}, ["ihp"] = {"Iha"}, ["ihw"] = {"Bidhawal"}, ["iin"] = {"Thiin"}, ["iir"] = {"Indo-Iranian languages"}, ["ijc"] = {"Izon"}, ["ije"] = {"Biseni"}, ["ijj"] = {"Ede Ije"}, ["ijn"] = {"Kalabari"}, ["ijo"] = {"Ijo languages"}, ["ijs"] = {"Southeast Ijo"}, ["ike"] = {"Eastern Canadian Inuktitut"}, ["iki"] = {"Iko"}, ["ikk"] = {"Ika"}, ["ikl"] = {"Ikulu"}, ["iko"] = {"Olulumo-Ikom"}, ["ikp"] = {"Ikpeshi"}, ["ikr"] = {"Ikaranggal"}, ["iks"] = {"Inuit Sign Language"}, ["ikt"] = {"Inuinnaqtun", "Western Canadian Inuktitut"}, ["ikv"] = {"Iku-Gora-Ankwa"}, ["ikw"] = {"Ikwere"}, ["ikx"] = {"Ik"}, ["ikz"] = {"Ikizu"}, ["ila"] = {"Ile Ape"}, ["ilb"] = {"Ila"}, ["ilg"] = {"Garig-Ilgar"}, ["ili"] = {"Ili Turki"}, ["ilk"] = {"Ilongot"}, ["ilm"] = {"Iranun (Malaysia)"}, ["ilo"] = {"Iloko"}, ["ilp"] = {"Iranun (Philippines)"}, ["ils"] = {"International Sign"}, ["ilu"] = {"Ili'uun"}, ["ilv"] = {"Ilue"}, ["ima"] = {"Mala Malasar"}, ["imi"] = {"Anamgura"}, ["iml"] = {"Miluk"}, ["imn"] = {"Imonda"}, ["imo"] = {"Imbongu"}, ["imr"] = {"Imroing"}, ["ims"] = {"Marsian"}, ["imy"] = {"Milyan"}, ["inb"] = {"Inga"}, ["inc"] = {"Indic languages"}, ["ine"] = {"Indo-European languages"}, ["ing"] = {"Degexit'an"}, ["inh"] = {"Ингуш"}, ["inj"] = {"Jungle Inga"}, ["inl"] = {"Indonesian Sign Language"}, ["inm"] = {"Minaean"}, ["inn"] = {"Isinai"}, ["ino"] = {"Inoke-Yate"}, ["inp"] = {"Iñapari"}, ["ins"] = {"Indian Sign Language"}, ["int"] = {"Intha"}, ["inz"] = {"Ineseño"}, ["ior"] = {"Inor"}, ["iou"] = {"Tuma-Irumu"}, ["iow"] = {"Iowa-Oto"}, ["ipi"] = {"Ipili"}, ["ipo"] = {"Ipiko"}, ["iqu"] = {"Iquito"}, ["iqw"] = {"Ikwo"}, ["ira"] = {"Iranian languages"}, ["ire"] = {"Iresim"}, ["irh"] = {"Irarutu"}, ["iri"] = {"Rigwe", "Irigwe"}, ["irk"] = {"Iraqw"}, ["irn"] = {"Irántxe"}, ["iro"] = {"Iroquoian languages"}, ["irr"] = {"Ir"}, ["iru"] = {"Irula"}, ["irx"] = {"Kamberau"}, ["iry"] = {"Iraya"}, ["isa"] = {"Isabi"}, ["isc"] = {"Isconahua"}, ["isd"] = {"Isnag"}, ["ise"] = {"Italian Sign Language"}, ["isg"] = {"Irish Sign Language"}, ["ish"] = {"Esan"}, ["isi"] = {"Nkem-Nkum"}, ["isk"] = {"Ishkashimi"}, ["ism"] = {"Masimasi"}, ["isn"] = {"Isanzu"}, ["iso"] = {"Isoko"}, ["isr"] = {"Israeli Sign Language"}, ["ist"] = {"Istriot"}, ["isu"] = {"Isu (Menchum Division)"}, ["itb"] = {"Binongan Itneg"}, ["itc"] = {"Italic languages"}, ["itd"] = {"Southern Tidung"}, ["ite"] = {"Itene"}, ["iti"] = {"Inlaod Itneg"}, ["itk"] = {"Judeo-Italian"}, ["itl"] = {"Itelmen"}, ["itm"] = {"Itu Mbon Uzo"}, ["ito"] = {"Itonama"}, ["itr"] = {"Iteri"}, ["its"] = {"Isekiri"}, ["itt"] = {"Maeng Itneg"}, ["itv"] = {"Itawit"}, ["itw"] = {"Ito"}, ["itx"] = {"Itik"}, ["ity"] = {"Moyadan Itneg"}, ["itz"] = {"Itzá"}, ["ium"] = {"Iu Mien"}, ["ivb"] = {"Ibatan"}, ["ivv"] = {"Ivatan"}, ["iwk"] = {"I-Wak"}, ["iwm"] = {"Iwam"}, ["iwo"] = {"Iwur"}, ["iws"] = {"Sepik Iwam"}, ["ixc"] = {"Ixcatec"}, ["ixl"] = {"Ixil"}, ["iya"] = {"Iyayu"}, ["iyo"] = {"Mesaka"}, ["iyx"] = {"Yaka (Congo)"}, ["izh"] = {"Ingrian"}, ["izr"] = {"Izere"}, ["izz"] = {"Izii"}, ["jaa"] = {"Jamamadí"}, ["jab"] = {"Hyam"}, ["jac"] = {"Popti'", "Jakalteko"}, ["jad"] = {"Jahanka"}, ["jae"] = {"Yabem"}, ["jaf"] = {"Jara"}, ["jah"] = {"Jah Hut"}, ["jaj"] = {"Zazao"}, ["jak"] = {"Jakun"}, ["jal"] = {"Yalahatan"}, ["jam"] = {"Ямайкын Креол"}, ["jan"] = {"Jandai"}, ["jao"] = {"Yanyuwa"}, ["jaq"] = {"Yaqay"}, ["jas"] = {"New Caledonian Javanese"}, ["jat"] = {"Jakati"}, ["jau"] = {"Yaur"}, ["jax"] = {"Jambi Malay"}, ["jay"] = {"Yan-nhangu", "Nhangu"}, ["jaz"] = {"Jawe"}, ["jbe"] = {"Judeo-Berber"}, ["jbi"] = {"Badjiri"}, ["jbj"] = {"Arandai"}, ["jbk"] = {"Barikewa"}, ["jbm"] = {"Bijim"}, ["jbn"] = {"Nafusi"}, ["jbo"] = {"Lojban"}, ["jbr"] = {"Jofotek-Bromnya"}, ["jbt"] = {"Jabutí"}, ["jbu"] = {"Jukun Takum"}, ["jbw"] = {"Yawijibaya"}, ["jcs"] = {"Jamaican Country Sign Language"}, ["jct"] = {"Krymchak"}, ["jda"] = {"Jad"}, ["jdg"] = {"Jadgali"}, ["jdt"] = {"Judeo-Tat"}, ["jeb"] = {"Jebero"}, ["jee"] = {"Jerung"}, ["jeh"] = {"Jeh"}, ["jei"] = {"Yei"}, ["jek"] = {"Jeri Kuo"}, ["jel"] = {"Yelmek"}, ["jen"] = {"Dza"}, ["jer"] = {"Jere"}, ["jet"] = {"Manem"}, ["jeu"] = {"Jonkor Bourmataguil"}, ["jgb"] = {"Ngbee"}, ["jge"] = {"Judeo-Georgian"}, ["jgk"] = {"Gwak"}, ["jgo"] = {"Ngomba"}, ["jhi"] = {"Jehai"}, ["jhs"] = {"Jhankot Sign Language"}, ["jia"] = {"Jina"}, ["jib"] = {"Jibu"}, ["jic"] = {"Tol"}, ["jid"] = {"Bu (Kaduna State)"}, ["jie"] = {"Jilbe"}, ["jig"] = {"Jingulu", "Djingili"}, ["jih"] = {"sTodsde", "Shangzhai"}, ["jii"] = {"Jiiddu"}, ["jil"] = {"Jilim"}, ["jim"] = {"Jimi (Cameroon)"}, ["jio"] = {"Jiamao"}, ["jiq"] = {"Guanyinqiao", "Lavrung"}, ["jit"] = {"Jita"}, ["jiu"] = {"Youle Jinuo"}, ["jiv"] = {"Shuar"}, ["jiy"] = {"Buyuan Jinuo"}, ["jje"] = {"Jejueo"}, ["jjr"] = {"Bankal"}, ["jka"] = {"Kaera"}, ["jkm"] = {"Mobwa Karen"}, ["jko"] = {"Kubo"}, ["jkp"] = {"Paku Karen"}, ["jkr"] = {"Koro (India)"}, ["jks"] = {"Amami Koniya Sign Language"}, ["jku"] = {"Labir"}, ["jle"] = {"Ngile"}, ["jls"] = {"Jamaican Sign Language"}, ["jma"] = {"Dima"}, ["jmb"] = {"Zumbun"}, ["jmc"] = {"Machame"}, ["jmd"] = {"Yamdena"}, ["jmi"] = {"Jimi (Nigeria)"}, ["jml"] = {"Jumli"}, ["jmn"] = {"Makuri Naga"}, ["jmr"] = {"Kamara"}, ["jms"] = {"Mashi (Nigeria)"}, ["jmw"] = {"Mouwase"}, ["jmx"] = {"Western Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"}, ["jna"] = {"Jangshung"}, ["jnd"] = {"Jandavra"}, ["jng"] = {"Yangman"}, ["jni"] = {"Janji"}, ["jnj"] = {"Yemsa"}, ["jnl"] = {"Rawat"}, ["jns"] = {"Jaunsari"}, ["job"] = {"Joba"}, ["jod"] = {"Wojenaka"}, ["jog"] = {"Jogi"}, ["jor"] = {"Jorá"}, ["jos"] = {"Jordanian Sign Language"}, ["jow"] = {"Jowulu"}, ["jpa"] = {"Jewish Palestinian Aramaic"}, ["jpr"] = {"Judeo-Persian"}, ["jpx"] = {"Japanese (family)"}, ["jqr"] = {"Jaqaru"}, ["jra"] = {"Jarai"}, ["jrb"] = {"Judeo-Arabic"}, ["jrr"] = {"Jiru"}, ["jrt"] = {"Jakattoe"}, ["jru"] = {"Japrería"}, ["jsl"] = {"Japanese Sign Language"}, ["jua"] = {"Júma"}, ["jub"] = {"Wannu"}, ["juc"] = {"Jurchen"}, ["jud"] = {"Worodougou"}, ["juh"] = {"Hõne"}, ["jui"] = {"Ngadjuri"}, ["juk"] = {"Wapan"}, ["jul"] = {"Jirel"}, ["jum"] = {"Jumjum"}, ["jun"] = {"Juang"}, ["juo"] = {"Jiba"}, ["jup"] = {"Hupdë"}, ["jur"] = {"Jurúna"}, ["jus"] = {"Jumla Sign Language"}, ["jut"] = {"Jutish"}, ["juu"] = {"Ju"}, ["juw"] = {"Wãpha"}, ["juy"] = {"Juray"}, ["jvd"] = {"Javindo"}, ["jvn"] = {"Caribbean Javanese"}, ["jwi"] = {"Jwira-Pepesa"}, ["jya"] = {"Jiarong"}, ["jye"] = {"Judeo-Yemeni Arabic"}, ["jyy"] = {"Jaya"}, ["kaa"] = {"Кара-Калпак", "Каракалпак"}, ["kab"] = {"Kabyle"}, ["kac"] = {"Kachin", "Jingpho"}, ["kad"] = {"Adara"}, ["kae"] = {"Ketangalan"}, ["kaf"] = {"Katso"}, ["kag"] = {"Kajaman"}, ["kah"] = {"Kara (Central African Republic)"}, ["kai"] = {"Karekare"}, ["kaj"] = {"Jju"}, ["kak"] = {"Kalanguya", "Kayapa Kallahan"}, ["kam"] = {"Kamba (Kenya)"}, ["kao"] = {"Xaasongaxango"}, ["kap"] = {"Bezhta"}, ["kaq"] = {"Capanahua"}, ["kar"] = {"Karen languages"}, ["kav"] = {"Katukína"}, ["kaw"] = {"Кави"}, ["kax"] = {"Kao"}, ["kay"] = {"Kamayurá"}, ["kba"] = {"Kalarko"}, ["kbb"] = {"Kaxuiâna"}, ["kbc"] = {"Kadiwéu"}, ["kbd"] = {"Кабард"}, ["kbe"] = {"Kanju"}, ["kbg"] = {"Khamba"}, ["kbh"] = {"Camsá"}, ["kbi"] = {"Kaptiau"}, ["kbj"] = {"Kari"}, ["kbk"] = {"Grass Koiari"}, ["kbl"] = {"Kanembu"}, ["kbm"] = {"Iwal"}, ["kbn"] = {"Kare (Central African Republic)"}, ["kbo"] = {"Keliko"}, ["kbp"] = {"Kabiyè"}, ["kbq"] = {"Kamano"}, ["kbr"] = {"Kafa"}, ["kbs"] = {"Kande"}, ["kbt"] = {"Abadi"}, ["kbu"] = {"Kabutra"}, ["kbv"] = {"Dera (Indonesia)"}, ["kbw"] = {"Kaiep"}, ["kbx"] = {"Ap Ma"}, ["kby"] = {"Manga Kanuri"}, ["kbz"] = {"Duhwa"}, ["kca"] = {"Khanty"}, ["kcb"] = {"Kawacha"}, ["kcc"] = {"Lubila"}, ["kcd"] = {"Ngkâlmpw Kanum"}, ["kce"] = {"Kaivi"}, ["kcf"] = {"Ukaan"}, ["kcg"] = {"Tyap"}, ["kch"] = {"Vono"}, ["kci"] = {"Kamantan"}, ["kcj"] = {"Kobiana"}, ["kck"] = {"Kalanga"}, ["kcl"] = {"Kela (Papua New Guinea)", "Kala"}, ["kcm"] = {"Gula (Central African Republic)"}, ["kcn"] = {"Nubi"}, ["kco"] = {"Kinalakna"}, ["kcp"] = {"Kanga"}, ["kcq"] = {"Kamo"}, ["kcr"] = {"Katla"}, ["kcs"] = {"Koenoem"}, ["kct"] = {"Kaian"}, ["kcu"] = {"Kami (Tanzania)"}, ["kcv"] = {"Kete"}, ["kcw"] = {"Kabwari"}, ["kcx"] = {"Kachama-Ganjule"}, ["kcy"] = {"Korandje"}, ["kcz"] = {"Konongo"}, ["kda"] = {"Worimi"}, ["kdc"] = {"Kutu"}, ["kdd"] = {"Yankunytjatjara"}, ["kde"] = {"Makonde"}, ["kdf"] = {"Mamusi"}, ["kdg"] = {"Seba"}, ["kdh"] = {"Tem"}, ["kdi"] = {"Kumam"}, ["kdj"] = {"Karamojong"}, ["kdk"] = {"Numèè", "Kwényi"}, ["kdl"] = {"Tsikimba"}, ["kdm"] = {"Kagoma"}, ["kdn"] = {"Kunda"}, ["kdo"] = {"Kordofanian languages"}, ["kdp"] = {"Kaningdon-Nindem"}, ["kdq"] = {"Koch"}, ["kdr"] = {"Karaim"}, ["kdt"] = {"Kuy"}, ["kdu"] = {"Kadaru"}, ["kdw"] = {"Koneraw"}, ["kdx"] = {"Kam"}, ["kdy"] = {"Keder", "Keijar"}, ["kdz"] = {"Kwaja"}, ["kea"] = {"Kabuverdianu"}, ["keb"] = {"Kélé"}, ["kec"] = {"Keiga"}, ["ked"] = {"Kerewe"}, ["kee"] = {"Eastern Keres"}, ["kef"] = {"Kpessi"}, ["keg"] = {"Tese"}, ["keh"] = {"Keak"}, ["kei"] = {"Kei"}, ["kej"] = {"Kadar"}, ["kek"] = {"Kekchí"}, ["kel"] = {"Kela (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["kem"] = {"Kemak"}, ["ken"] = {"Kenyang"}, ["keo"] = {"Kakwa"}, ["kep"] = {"Kaikadi"}, ["keq"] = {"Kamar"}, ["ker"] = {"Kera"}, ["kes"] = {"Kugbo"}, ["ket"] = {"Ket"}, ["keu"] = {"Akebu"}, ["kev"] = {"Kanikkaran"}, ["kew"] = {"West Kewa"}, ["kex"] = {"Kukna"}, ["key"] = {"Kupia"}, ["kez"] = {"Kukele"}, ["kfa"] = {"Kodava"}, ["kfb"] = {"Northwestern Kolami"}, ["kfc"] = {"Konda-Dora"}, ["kfd"] = {"Korra Koraga"}, ["kfe"] = {"Kota (India)"}, ["kff"] = {"Koya"}, ["kfg"] = {"Kudiya"}, ["kfh"] = {"Kurichiya"}, ["kfi"] = {"Kannada Kurumba"}, ["kfj"] = {"Kemiehua"}, ["kfk"] = {"Kinnauri"}, ["kfl"] = {"Kung"}, ["kfm"] = {"Khunsari"}, ["kfn"] = {"Kuk"}, ["kfo"] = {"Koro (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["kfp"] = {"Korwa"}, ["kfq"] = {"Korku"}, ["kfr"] = {"Kachhi", "Kutchi"}, ["kfs"] = {"Bilaspuri"}, ["kft"] = {"Kanjari"}, ["kfu"] = {"Katkari"}, ["kfv"] = {"Kurmukar"}, ["kfw"] = {"Kharam Naga"}, ["kfx"] = {"Kullu Pahari"}, ["kfy"] = {"Kumaoni"}, ["kfz"] = {"Koromfé"}, ["kga"] = {"Koyaga"}, ["kgb"] = {"Kawe"}, ["kge"] = {"Komering"}, ["kgf"] = {"Kube"}, ["kgg"] = {"Kusunda"}, ["kgi"] = {"Selangor Sign Language"}, ["kgj"] = {"Gamale Kham"}, ["kgk"] = {"Kaiwá"}, ["kgl"] = {"Kunggari"}, ["kgm"] = {"Karipúna"}, ["kgn"] = {"Karingani"}, ["kgo"] = {"Krongo"}, ["kgp"] = {"Kaingang"}, ["kgq"] = {"Kamoro"}, ["kgr"] = {"Abun"}, ["kgs"] = {"Kumbainggar"}, ["kgt"] = {"Somyev"}, ["kgu"] = {"Kobol"}, ["kgv"] = {"Karas"}, ["kgw"] = {"Karon Dori"}, ["kgx"] = {"Kamaru"}, ["kgy"] = {"Kyerung"}, ["kha"] = {"Khasi"}, ["khb"] = {"Lü"}, ["khc"] = {"Tukang Besi North"}, ["khd"] = {"Bädi Kanum"}, ["khe"] = {"Korowai"}, ["khf"] = {"Khuen"}, ["khg"] = {"Khams Tibetan"}, ["khh"] = {"Kehu"}, ["khi"] = {"Khoisan languages"}, ["khj"] = {"Kuturmi"}, ["khk"] = {"Halh Mongolian"}, ["khl"] = {"Lusi"}, ["khn"] = {"Khandesi"}, ["kho"] = {"Khotanese", "Sakan"}, ["khp"] = {"Kapori", "Kapauri"}, ["khq"] = {"Koyra Chiini Songhay"}, ["khr"] = {"Kharia"}, ["khs"] = {"Kasua"}, ["kht"] = {"Khamti"}, ["khu"] = {"Nkhumbi"}, ["khv"] = {"Khvarshi"}, ["khw"] = {"Ховар"}, ["khx"] = {"Kanu"}, ["khy"] = {"Kele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["khz"] = {"Keapara"}, ["kia"] = {"Kim"}, ["kib"] = {"Koalib"}, ["kic"] = {"Kickapoo"}, ["kid"] = {"Koshin"}, ["kie"] = {"Kibet"}, ["kif"] = {"Eastern Parbate Kham"}, ["kig"] = {"Kimaama", "Kimaghima"}, ["kih"] = {"Kilmeri"}, ["kii"] = {"Kitsai"}, ["kij"] = {"Kilivila"}, ["kil"] = {"Kariya"}, ["kim"] = {"Karagas"}, ["kio"] = {"Kiowa"}, ["kip"] = {"Sheshi Kham"}, ["kiq"] = {"Kosadle", "Kosare"}, ["kis"] = {"Kis"}, ["kit"] = {"Agob"}, ["kiu"] = {"Kirmanjki (individual language)"}, ["kiv"] = {"Kimbu"}, ["kiw"] = {"Northeast Kiwai"}, ["kix"] = {"Khiamniungan Naga"}, ["kiy"] = {"Kirikiri"}, ["kiz"] = {"Kisi"}, ["kja"] = {"Mlap"}, ["kjb"] = {"Q'anjob'al", "Kanjobal"}, ["kjc"] = {"Coastal Konjo"}, ["kjd"] = {"Southern Kiwai"}, ["kje"] = {"Kisar"}, ["kjg"] = {"Khmu"}, ["kjh"] = {"Khakas"}, ["kji"] = {"Zabana"}, ["kjj"] = {"Khinalugh"}, ["kjk"] = {"Highland Konjo"}, ["kjl"] = {"Western Parbate Kham"}, ["kjm"] = {"Kháng"}, ["kjn"] = {"Kunjen"}, ["kjo"] = {"Harijan Kinnauri"}, ["kjp"] = {"Pwo Eastern Karen"}, ["kjq"] = {"Western Keres"}, ["kjr"] = {"Kurudu"}, ["kjs"] = {"East Kewa"}, ["kjt"] = {"Phrae Pwo Karen"}, ["kju"] = {"Kashaya"}, ["kjv"] = {"Kaikavian Literary Language"}, ["kjx"] = {"Ramopa"}, ["kjy"] = {"Erave"}, ["kjz"] = {"Bumthangkha"}, ["kka"] = {"Kakanda"}, ["kkb"] = {"Kwerisa"}, ["kkc"] = {"Odoodee"}, ["kkd"] = {"Kinuku"}, ["kke"] = {"Kakabe"}, ["kkf"] = {"Kalaktang Monpa"}, ["kkg"] = {"Mabaka Valley Kalinga"}, ["kkh"] = {"Khün"}, ["kki"] = {"Kagulu"}, ["kkj"] = {"Kako"}, ["kkk"] = {"Kokota"}, ["kkl"] = {"Kosarek Yale"}, ["kkm"] = {"Kiong"}, ["kkn"] = {"Kon Keu"}, ["kko"] = {"Karko"}, ["kkp"] = {"Gugubera", "Koko-Bera"}, ["kkq"] = {"Kaeku"}, ["kkr"] = {"Kir-Balar"}, ["kks"] = {"Giiwo"}, ["kkt"] = {"Koi"}, ["kku"] = {"Tumi"}, ["kkv"] = {"Kangean"}, ["kkw"] = {"Teke-Kukuya"}, ["kkx"] = {"Kohin"}, ["kky"] = {"Guugu Yimidhirr", "Guguyimidjir"}, ["kkz"] = {"Kaska"}, ["kla"] = {"Klamath-Modoc"}, ["klb"] = {"Kiliwa"}, ["klc"] = {"Kolbila"}, ["kld"] = {"Gamilaraay"}, ["kle"] = {"Kulung (Nepal)"}, ["klf"] = {"Kendeje"}, ["klg"] = {"Tagakaulo"}, ["klh"] = {"Weliki"}, ["kli"] = {"Kalumpang"}, ["klj"] = {"Khalaj"}, ["klk"] = {"Kono (Nigeria)"}, ["kll"] = {"Kagan Kalagan"}, ["klm"] = {"Migum"}, ["kln"] = {"Kalenjin"}, ["klo"] = {"Kapya"}, ["klp"] = {"Kamasa"}, ["klq"] = {"Rumu"}, ["klr"] = {"Khaling"}, ["kls"] = {"Kalasha"}, ["klt"] = {"Nukna"}, ["klu"] = {"Klao"}, ["klv"] = {"Maskelynes"}, ["klw"] = {"Tado", "Lindu"}, ["klx"] = {"Koluwawa"}, ["kly"] = {"Kalao"}, ["klz"] = {"Kabola"}, ["kma"] = {"Konni"}, ["kmb"] = {"Kimbundu"}, ["kmc"] = {"Southern Dong"}, ["kmd"] = {"Majukayang Kalinga"}, ["kme"] = {"Bakole"}, ["kmf"] = {"Kare (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kmg"] = {"Kâte"}, ["kmh"] = {"Kalam"}, ["kmi"] = {"Kami (Nigeria)"}, ["kmj"] = {"Kumarbhag Paharia"}, ["kmk"] = {"Limos Kalinga"}, ["kml"] = {"Tanudan Kalinga"}, ["kmm"] = {"Kom (India)"}, ["kmn"] = {"Awtuw"}, ["kmo"] = {"Kwoma"}, ["kmp"] = {"Gimme"}, ["kmq"] = {"Kwama"}, ["kmr"] = {"Northern Kurdish"}, ["kms"] = {"Kamasau"}, ["kmt"] = {"Kemtuik"}, ["kmu"] = {"Kanite"}, ["kmv"] = {"Karipúna Creole French"}, ["kmw"] = {"Komo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["kmx"] = {"Waboda"}, ["kmy"] = {"Koma"}, ["kmz"] = {"Khorasani Turkish"}, ["kna"] = {"Dera (Nigeria)"}, ["knb"] = {"Lubuagan Kalinga"}, ["knc"] = {"Central Kanuri"}, ["knd"] = {"Konda"}, ["kne"] = {"Kankanaey"}, ["knf"] = {"Mankanya"}, ["kng"] = {"Koongo"}, ["kni"] = {"Kanufi"}, ["knj"] = {"Western Kanjobal"}, ["knk"] = {"Kuranko"}, ["knl"] = {"Keninjal"}, ["knm"] = {"Kanamarí"}, ["knn"] = {"Konkani (individual language)"}, ["kno"] = {"Kono (Sierra Leone)"}, ["knp"] = {"Kwanja"}, ["knq"] = {"Kintaq"}, ["knr"] = {"Kaningra"}, ["kns"] = {"Kensiu"}, ["knt"] = {"Panoan Katukína"}, ["knu"] = {"Kono (Guinea)"}, ["knv"] = {"Tabo"}, ["knw"] = {"Kung-Ekoka"}, ["knx"] = {"Kendayan", "Salako"}, ["kny"] = {"Kanyok"}, ["knz"] = {"Kalamsé"}, ["koa"] = {"Konomala"}, ["koc"] = {"Kpati"}, ["kod"] = {"Kodi"}, ["koe"] = {"Kacipo-Bale Suri"}, ["kof"] = {"Kubi"}, ["kog"] = {"Cogui", "Kogi"}, ["koh"] = {"Koyo"}, ["koi"] = {"Komi-Permyak"}, ["kok"] = {"Konkani (macrolanguage)"}, ["kol"] = {"Kol (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["koo"] = {"Konzo"}, ["kop"] = {"Waube"}, ["koq"] = {"Kota (Gabon)"}, ["kos"] = {"Kosraean"}, ["kot"] = {"Lagwan"}, ["kou"] = {"Koke"}, ["kov"] = {"Kudu-Camo"}, ["kow"] = {"Kugama"}, ["koy"] = {"Koyukon"}, ["koz"] = {"Korak"}, ["kpa"] = {"Kutto"}, ["kpb"] = {"Mullu Kurumba"}, ["kpc"] = {"Curripaco"}, ["kpd"] = {"Koba"}, ["kpe"] = {"Kpelle"}, ["kpf"] = {"Komba"}, ["kpg"] = {"Kapingamarangi"}, ["kph"] = {"Kplang"}, ["kpi"] = {"Kofei"}, ["kpj"] = {"Karajá"}, ["kpk"] = {"Kpan"}, ["kpl"] = {"Kpala"}, ["kpm"] = {"Koho"}, ["kpn"] = {"Kepkiriwát"}, ["kpo"] = {"Ikposo"}, ["kpq"] = {"Korupun-Sela"}, ["kpr"] = {"Korafe-Yegha"}, ["kps"] = {"Tehit"}, ["kpt"] = {"Karata"}, ["kpu"] = {"Kafoa"}, ["kpv"] = {"Komi-Zyrian"}, ["kpw"] = {"Kobon"}, ["kpx"] = {"Mountain Koiali"}, ["kpy"] = {"Koryak"}, ["kpz"] = {"Kupsabiny"}, ["kqa"] = {"Mum"}, ["kqb"] = {"Kovai"}, ["kqc"] = {"Doromu-Koki"}, ["kqd"] = {"Koy Sanjaq Surat"}, ["kqe"] = {"Kalagan"}, ["kqf"] = {"Kakabai"}, ["kqg"] = {"Khe"}, ["kqh"] = {"Kisankasa"}, ["kqi"] = {"Koitabu"}, ["kqj"] = {"Koromira"}, ["kqk"] = {"Kotafon Gbe"}, ["kql"] = {"Kyenele"}, ["kqm"] = {"Khisa"}, ["kqn"] = {"Kaonde"}, ["kqo"] = {"Eastern Krahn"}, ["kqp"] = {"Kimré"}, ["kqq"] = {"Krenak"}, ["kqr"] = {"Kimaragang"}, ["kqs"] = {"Northern Kissi"}, ["kqt"] = {"Klias River Kadazan"}, ["kqu"] = {"Seroa"}, ["kqv"] = {"Okolod"}, ["kqw"] = {"Kandas"}, ["kqx"] = {"Mser"}, ["kqy"] = {"Koorete"}, ["kqz"] = {"Korana"}, ["kra"] = {"Kumhali"}, ["krb"] = {"Karkin"}, ["krc"] = {"Карачай-Балкар"}, ["krd"] = {"Kairui-Midiki"}, ["kre"] = {"Panará"}, ["krf"] = {"Koro (Vanuatu)"}, ["krh"] = {"Kurama"}, ["kri"] = {"Krio"}, ["krj"] = {"Kinaray-A"}, ["krk"] = {"Kerek"}, ["krl"] = {"Karelian"}, ["krn"] = {"Sapo"}, ["kro"] = {"Kru languages"}, ["krp"] = {"Korop"}, ["krr"] = {"Krung"}, ["krs"] = {"Gbaya (Sudan)"}, ["krt"] = {"Tumari Kanuri"}, ["kru"] = {"Kurukh"}, ["krv"] = {"Kavet"}, ["krw"] = {"Western Krahn"}, ["krx"] = {"Karon"}, ["kry"] = {"Kryts"}, ["krz"] = {"Sota Kanum"}, ["ksa"] = {"Shuwa-Zamani"}, ["ksb"] = {"Shambala"}, ["ksc"] = {"Southern Kalinga"}, ["ksd"] = {"Kuanua"}, ["kse"] = {"Kuni"}, ["ksf"] = {"Bafia"}, ["ksg"] = {"Kusaghe"}, ["ksh"] = {"Кёльн"}, ["ksi"] = {"Krisa", "I'saka"}, ["ksj"] = {"Uare"}, ["ksk"] = {"Kansa"}, ["ksl"] = {"Kumalu"}, ["ksm"] = {"Kumba"}, ["ksn"] = {"Kasiguranin"}, ["kso"] = {"Kofa"}, ["ksp"] = {"Kaba"}, ["ksq"] = {"Kwaami"}, ["ksr"] = {"Borong"}, ["kss"] = {"Southern Kisi"}, ["kst"] = {"Winyé"}, ["ksu"] = {"Khamyang"}, ["ksv"] = {"Kusu"}, ["ksw"] = {"S'gaw Karen"}, ["ksx"] = {"Kedang"}, ["ksy"] = {"Kharia Thar"}, ["ksz"] = {"Kodaku"}, ["kta"] = {"Katua"}, ["ktb"] = {"Kambaata"}, ["ktc"] = {"Kholok"}, ["ktd"] = {"Kokata", "Kukatha"}, ["kte"] = {"Nubri"}, ["ktf"] = {"Kwami"}, ["ktg"] = {"Kalkutung"}, ["kth"] = {"Karanga"}, ["kti"] = {"North Muyu"}, ["ktj"] = {"Plapo Krumen"}, ["ktk"] = {"Kaniet"}, ["ktl"] = {"Koroshi"}, ["ktm"] = {"Kurti"}, ["ktn"] = {"Karitiâna"}, ["kto"] = {"Kuot"}, ["ktp"] = {"Kaduo"}, ["ktq"] = {"Katabaga"}, ["kts"] = {"South Muyu"}, ["ktt"] = {"Ketum"}, ["ktu"] = {"Kituba (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["ktv"] = {"Eastern Katu"}, ["ktw"] = {"Kato"}, ["ktx"] = {"Kaxararí"}, ["kty"] = {"Kango (Bas-Uélé District)"}, ["ktz"] = {"Juǀʼhoan", "Juǀʼhoansi"}, ["kub"] = {"Kutep"}, ["kuc"] = {"Kwinsu"}, ["kud"] = {"'Auhelawa"}, ["kue"] = {"Kuman (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kuf"] = {"Western Katu"}, ["kug"] = {"Kupa"}, ["kuh"] = {"Kushi"}, ["kui"] = {"Kuikúro-Kalapálo", "Kalapalo"}, ["kuj"] = {"Kuria"}, ["kuk"] = {"Kepo'"}, ["kul"] = {"Kulere"}, ["kum"] = {"Кумык"}, ["kun"] = {"Kunama"}, ["kuo"] = {"Kumukio"}, ["kup"] = {"Kunimaipa"}, ["kuq"] = {"Karipuna"}, ["kus"] = {"Kusaal"}, ["kut"] = {"Kutenai"}, ["kuu"] = {"Upper Kuskokwim"}, ["kuv"] = {"Kur"}, ["kuw"] = {"Kpagua"}, ["kux"] = {"Kukatja"}, ["kuy"] = {"Kuuku-Ya'u"}, ["kuz"] = {"Kunza"}, ["kva"] = {"Bagvalal"}, ["kvb"] = {"Kubu"}, ["kvc"] = {"Kove"}, ["kvd"] = {"Kui (Indonesia)"}, ["kve"] = {"Kalabakan"}, ["kvf"] = {"Kabalai"}, ["kvg"] = {"Kuni-Boazi"}, ["kvh"] = {"Komodo"}, ["kvi"] = {"Kwang"}, ["kvj"] = {"Psikye"}, ["kvk"] = {"Korean Sign Language"}, ["kvl"] = {"Kayaw"}, ["kvm"] = {"Kendem"}, ["kvn"] = {"Border Kuna"}, ["kvo"] = {"Dobel"}, ["kvp"] = {"Kompane"}, ["kvq"] = {"Geba Karen"}, ["kvr"] = {"Kerinci"}, ["kvt"] = {"Lahta Karen", "Lahta"}, ["kvu"] = {"Yinbaw Karen"}, ["kvv"] = {"Kola"}, ["kvw"] = {"Wersing"}, ["kvx"] = {"Parkari Koli"}, ["kvy"] = {"Yintale Karen", "Yintale"}, ["kvz"] = {"Tsakwambo", "Tsaukambo"}, ["kwa"] = {"Dâw"}, ["kwb"] = {"Kwa"}, ["kwc"] = {"Likwala"}, ["kwd"] = {"Kwaio"}, ["kwe"] = {"Kwerba"}, ["kwf"] = {"Kwara'ae"}, ["kwg"] = {"Sara Kaba Deme"}, ["kwh"] = {"Kowiai"}, ["kwi"] = {"Awa-Cuaiquer"}, ["kwj"] = {"Kwanga"}, ["kwk"] = {"Kwakiutl"}, ["kwl"] = {"Kofyar"}, ["kwm"] = {"Kwambi"}, ["kwn"] = {"Квангали"}, ["kwo"] = {"Kwomtari"}, ["kwp"] = {"Kodia"}, ["kwr"] = {"Kwer"}, ["kws"] = {"Kwese"}, ["kwt"] = {"Kwesten"}, ["kwu"] = {"Kwakum"}, ["kwv"] = {"Sara Kaba Náà"}, ["kww"] = {"Kwinti"}, ["kwx"] = {"Khirwar"}, ["kwy"] = {"San Salvador Kongo"}, ["kwz"] = {"Kwadi"}, ["kxa"] = {"Kairiru"}, ["kxb"] = {"Krobu"}, ["kxc"] = {"Konso", "Khonso"}, ["kxd"] = {"Brunei"}, ["kxf"] = {"Manumanaw Karen", "Manumanaw"}, ["kxh"] = {"Karo (Ethiopia)"}, ["kxi"] = {"Keningau Murut"}, ["kxj"] = {"Kulfa"}, ["kxk"] = {"Zayein Karen"}, ["kxm"] = {"Northern Khmer"}, ["kxn"] = {"Kanowit-Tanjong Melanau"}, ["kxo"] = {"Kanoé"}, ["kxp"] = {"Wadiyara Koli"}, ["kxq"] = {"Smärky Kanum"}, ["kxr"] = {"Koro (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kxs"] = {"Kangjia"}, ["kxt"] = {"Koiwat"}, ["kxv"] = {"Kuvi"}, ["kxw"] = {"Konai"}, ["kxx"] = {"Likuba"}, ["kxy"] = {"Kayong"}, ["kxz"] = {"Kerewo"}, ["kya"] = {"Kwaya"}, ["kyb"] = {"Butbut Kalinga"}, ["kyc"] = {"Kyaka"}, ["kyd"] = {"Karey"}, ["kye"] = {"Krache"}, ["kyf"] = {"Kouya"}, ["kyg"] = {"Keyagana"}, ["kyh"] = {"Karok"}, ["kyi"] = {"Kiput"}, ["kyj"] = {"Karao"}, ["kyk"] = {"Kamayo"}, ["kyl"] = {"Kalapuya"}, ["kym"] = {"Kpatili"}, ["kyn"] = {"Northern Binukidnon"}, ["kyo"] = {"Kelon"}, ["kyp"] = {"Kang"}, ["kyq"] = {"Kenga"}, ["kyr"] = {"Kuruáya"}, ["kys"] = {"Baram Kayan"}, ["kyt"] = {"Kayagar"}, ["kyu"] = {"Western Kayah"}, ["kyv"] = {"Kayort"}, ["kyw"] = {"Kudmali"}, ["kyx"] = {"Rapoisi"}, ["kyy"] = {"Kambaira"}, ["kyz"] = {"Kayabí"}, ["kza"] = {"Western Karaboro"}, ["kzb"] = {"Kaibobo"}, ["kzc"] = {"Bondoukou Kulango"}, ["kzd"] = {"Kadai"}, ["kze"] = {"Kosena"}, ["kzf"] = {"Da'a Kaili"}, ["kzg"] = {"Kikai"}, ["kzi"] = {"Kelabit"}, ["kzk"] = {"Kazukuru"}, ["kzl"] = {"Kayeli"}, ["kzm"] = {"Kais"}, ["kzn"] = {"Kokola"}, ["kzo"] = {"Kaningi"}, ["kzp"] = {"Kaidipang"}, ["kzq"] = {"Kaike"}, ["kzr"] = {"Karang"}, ["kzs"] = {"Sugut Dusun"}, ["kzu"] = {"Kayupulau"}, ["kzv"] = {"Komyandaret"}, ["kzw"] = {"Karirí-Xocó"}, ["kzx"] = {"Kamarian"}, ["kzy"] = {"Kango (Tshopo District)"}, ["kzz"] = {"Kalabra"}, ["laa"] = {"Southern Subanen"}, ["lab"] = {"Linear A"}, ["lac"] = {"Lacandon"}, ["lad"] = {"Ladino"}, ["lae"] = {"Pattani"}, ["laf"] = {"Lafofa"}, ["lag"] = {"Langi"}, ["lah"] = {"Lahnda"}, ["lai"] = {"Lambya"}, ["laj"] = {"Lango (Uganda)"}, ["lak"] = {"Laka (Nigeria)"}, ["lal"] = {"Lalia"}, ["lam"] = {"Lamba"}, ["lan"] = {"Laru"}, ["lap"] = {"Laka (Chad)"}, ["laq"] = {"Qabiao"}, ["lar"] = {"Larteh"}, ["las"] = {"Lama (Togo)"}, ["lau"] = {"Laba"}, ["law"] = {"Lauje"}, ["lax"] = {"Tiwa"}, ["lay"] = {"Lama Bai"}, ["laz"] = {"Aribwatsa"}, ["lbb"] = {"Label"}, ["lbc"] = {"Lakkia"}, ["lbe"] = {"Лак"}, ["lbf"] = {"Tinani"}, ["lbg"] = {"Laopang"}, ["lbi"] = {"La'bi"}, ["lbj"] = {"Ladakhi"}, ["lbk"] = {"Central Bontok"}, ["lbl"] = {"Libon Bikol"}, ["lbm"] = {"Lodhi"}, ["lbn"] = {"Rmeet"}, ["lbo"] = {"Laven"}, ["lbq"] = {"Wampar"}, ["lbr"] = {"Lohorung"}, ["lbs"] = {"Libyan Sign Language"}, ["lbt"] = {"Lachi"}, ["lbu"] = {"Labu"}, ["lbv"] = {"Lavatbura-Lamusong"}, ["lbw"] = {"Tolaki"}, ["lbx"] = {"Lawangan"}, ["lby"] = {"Lamalama", "Lamu-Lamu"}, ["lbz"] = {"Lardil"}, ["lcc"] = {"Legenyem"}, ["lcd"] = {"Lola"}, ["lce"] = {"Loncong", "Sekak"}, ["lcf"] = {"Lubu"}, ["lch"] = {"Luchazi"}, ["lcl"] = {"Lisela"}, ["lcm"] = {"Tungag"}, ["lcp"] = {"Western Lawa"}, ["lcq"] = {"Luhu"}, ["lcs"] = {"Lisabata-Nuniali"}, ["lda"] = {"Kla-Dan"}, ["ldb"] = {"Dũya"}, ["ldd"] = {"Luri"}, ["ldg"] = {"Lenyima"}, ["ldh"] = {"Lamja-Dengsa-Tola"}, ["ldi"] = {"Laari"}, ["ldj"] = {"Lemoro"}, ["ldk"] = {"Leelau"}, ["ldl"] = {"Kaan"}, ["ldm"] = {"Landoma"}, ["ldn"] = {"Láadan"}, ["ldo"] = {"Loo"}, ["ldp"] = {"Tso"}, ["ldq"] = {"Lufu"}, ["lea"] = {"Lega-Shabunda"}, ["leb"] = {"Lala-Bisa"}, ["lec"] = {"Leco"}, ["led"] = {"Lendu"}, ["lee"] = {"Lyélé"}, ["lef"] = {"Lelemi"}, ["leh"] = {"Lenje"}, ["lei"] = {"Lemio"}, ["lej"] = {"Lengola"}, ["lek"] = {"Leipon"}, ["lel"] = {"Lele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["lem"] = {"Nomaande"}, ["len"] = {"Lenca"}, ["leo"] = {"Leti (Cameroon)"}, ["lep"] = {"Lepcha"}, ["leq"] = {"Lembena"}, ["ler"] = {"Lenkau"}, ["les"] = {"Lese"}, ["let"] = {"Lesing-Gelimi", "Amio-Gelimi"}, ["leu"] = {"Kara (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["lev"] = {"Lamma"}, ["lew"] = {"Ledo Kaili"}, ["lex"] = {"Luang"}, ["ley"] = {"Lemolang"}, ["lez"] = {"Лезги"}, ["lfa"] = {"Lefa"}, ["lfn"] = {"Lingua Franca Nova"}, ["lga"] = {"Lungga"}, ["lgb"] = {"Laghu"}, ["lgg"] = {"Lugbara"}, ["lgh"] = {"Laghuu"}, ["lgi"] = {"Lengilu"}, ["lgk"] = {"Lingarak", "Neverver"}, ["lgl"] = {"Wala"}, ["lgm"] = {"Lega-Mwenga"}, ["lgn"] = {"T'apo", "Opuuo"}, ["lgq"] = {"Logba"}, ["lgr"] = {"Lengo"}, ["lgt"] = {"Pahi"}, ["lgu"] = {"Longgu"}, ["lgz"] = {"Ligenza"}, ["lha"] = {"Laha (Viet Nam)"}, ["lhh"] = {"Laha (Indonesia)"}, ["lhi"] = {"Lahu Shi"}, ["lhl"] = {"Lahul Lohar"}, ["lhm"] = {"Lhomi"}, ["lhn"] = {"Lahanan"}, ["lhp"] = {"Lhokpu"}, ["lhs"] = {"Mlahsö"}, ["lht"] = {"Lo-Toga"}, ["lhu"] = {"Lahu"}, ["lia"] = {"West-Central Limba"}, ["lib"] = {"Likum"}, ["lic"] = {"Hlai"}, ["lid"] = {"Nyindrou"}, ["lie"] = {"Likila"}, ["lif"] = {"Limbu"}, ["lig"] = {"Ligbi"}, ["lih"] = {"Lihir"}, ["lij"] = {"Лигур"}, ["lik"] = {"Lika"}, ["lil"] = {"Lillooet"}, ["lio"] = {"Liki"}, ["lip"] = {"Sekpele"}, ["liq"] = {"Libido"}, ["lir"] = {"Liberian English"}, ["lis"] = {"Lisu"}, ["liu"] = {"Logorik"}, ["liv"] = {"Liv"}, ["liw"] = {"Col"}, ["lix"] = {"Liabuku"}, ["liy"] = {"Banda-Bambari"}, ["liz"] = {"Libinza"}, ["lja"] = {"Golpa"}, ["lje"] = {"Rampi"}, ["lji"] = {"Laiyolo"}, ["ljl"] = {"Li'o"}, ["ljp"] = {"Lampung Api"}, ["ljw"] = {"Yirandali"}, ["ljx"] = {"Yuru"}, ["lka"] = {"Lakalei"}, ["lkb"] = {"Kabras", "Lukabaras"}, ["lkc"] = {"Kucong"}, ["lkd"] = {"Lakondê"}, ["lke"] = {"Kenyi"}, ["lkh"] = {"Lakha"}, ["lki"] = {"Laki"}, ["lkj"] = {"Remun"}, ["lkl"] = {"Laeko-Libuat"}, ["lkm"] = {"Kalaamaya"}, ["lkn"] = {"Lakon", "Vure"}, ["lko"] = {"Khayo", "Olukhayo"}, ["lkr"] = {"Päri"}, ["lks"] = {"Kisa", "Olushisa"}, ["lkt"] = {"Lakota"}, ["lku"] = {"Kungkari"}, ["lky"] = {"Lokoya"}, ["lla"] = {"Lala-Roba"}, ["llb"] = {"Lolo"}, ["llc"] = {"Lele (Guinea)"}, ["lld"] = {"Ladin"}, ["lle"] = {"Lele (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["llf"] = {"Hermit"}, ["llg"] = {"Lole"}, ["llh"] = {"Lamu"}, ["lli"] = {"Teke-Laali"}, ["llj"] = {"Ladji Ladji"}, ["llk"] = {"Lelak"}, ["lll"] = {"Lilau"}, ["llm"] = {"Lasalimu"}, ["lln"] = {"Lele (Chad)"}, ["llp"] = {"North Efate"}, ["llq"] = {"Lolak"}, ["lls"] = {"Lithuanian Sign Language"}, ["llu"] = {"Lau"}, ["llx"] = {"Lauan"}, ["lma"] = {"East Limba"}, ["lmb"] = {"Merei"}, ["lmc"] = {"Limilngan"}, ["lmd"] = {"Lumun"}, ["lme"] = {"Pévé"}, ["lmf"] = {"South Lembata"}, ["lmg"] = {"Lamogai"}, ["lmh"] = {"Lambichhong"}, ["lmi"] = {"Lombi"}, ["lmj"] = {"West Lembata"}, ["lmk"] = {"Lamkang"}, ["lml"] = {"Hano"}, ["lmn"] = {"Lambadi"}, ["lmo"] = {"Ломбард"}, ["lmp"] = {"Limbum"}, ["lmq"] = {"Lamatuka"}, ["lmr"] = {"Lamalera"}, ["lmu"] = {"Lamenu"}, ["lmv"] = {"Lomaiviti"}, ["lmw"] = {"Lake Miwok"}, ["lmx"] = {"Laimbue"}, ["lmy"] = {"Lamboya"}, ["lna"] = {"Langbashe"}, ["lnb"] = {"Mbalanhu"}, ["lnd"] = {"Lundayeh", "Lun Bawang"}, ["lng"] = {"Langobardic"}, ["lnh"] = {"Lanoh"}, ["lni"] = {"Daantanai'"}, ["lnj"] = {"Leningitij"}, ["lnl"] = {"South Central Banda"}, ["lnm"] = {"Langam"}, ["lnn"] = {"Lorediakarkar"}, ["lno"] = {"Lango (South Sudan)"}, ["lns"] = {"Lamnso'"}, ["lnu"] = {"Longuda"}, ["lnw"] = {"Lanima"}, ["lnz"] = {"Lonzo"}, ["loa"] = {"Loloda"}, ["lob"] = {"Lobi"}, ["loc"] = {"Inonhan"}, ["loe"] = {"Saluan"}, ["lof"] = {"Logol"}, ["log"] = {"Logo"}, ["loh"] = {"Narim"}, ["loi"] = {"Loma (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["loj"] = {"Lou"}, ["lok"] = {"Loko"}, ["lol"] = {"Mongo"}, ["lom"] = {"Loma (Liberia)"}, ["lon"] = {"Malawi Lomwe"}, ["loo"] = {"Lombo"}, ["lop"] = {"Lopa"}, ["loq"] = {"Lobala"}, ["lor"] = {"Téén"}, ["los"] = {"Loniu"}, ["lot"] = {"Otuho"}, ["lou"] = {"Louisiana Creole"}, ["lov"] = {"Lopi"}, ["low"] = {"Tampias Lobu"}, ["lox"] = {"Loun"}, ["loy"] = {"Loke"}, ["loz"] = {"Лози"}, ["lpa"] = {"Lelepa"}, ["lpe"] = {"Lepki"}, ["lpn"] = {"Long Phuri Naga"}, ["lpo"] = {"Lipo"}, ["lpx"] = {"Lopit"}, ["lra"] = {"Rara Bakati'"}, ["lrc"] = {"Northern Luri"}, ["lre"] = {"Laurentian"}, ["lrg"] = {"Laragia"}, ["lri"] = {"Marachi", "Olumarachi"}, ["lrk"] = {"Loarki"}, ["lrl"] = {"Lari"}, ["lrm"] = {"Marama", "Olumarama"}, ["lrn"] = {"Lorang"}, ["lro"] = {"Laro"}, ["lrr"] = {"Southern Yamphu"}, ["lrt"] = {"Larantuka Malay"}, ["lrv"] = {"Larevat"}, ["lrz"] = {"Lemerig"}, ["lsa"] = {"Lasgerdi"}, ["lsb"] = {"Burundian Sign Language", "Langue des Signes Burundaise"}, ["lsd"] = {"Lishana Deni"}, ["lse"] = {"Lusengo"}, ["lsh"] = {"Lish"}, ["lsi"] = {"Lashi"}, ["lsl"] = {"Latvian Sign Language"}, ["lsm"] = {"Saamia", "Olusamia"}, ["lsn"] = {"Tibetan Sign Language"}, ["lso"] = {"Laos Sign Language"}, ["lsp"] = {"Panamanian Sign Language", "Lengua de Señas Panameñas"}, ["lsr"] = {"Aruop"}, ["lss"] = {"Lasi"}, ["lst"] = {"Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language"}, ["lsv"] = {"Sivia Sign Language"}, ["lsy"] = {"Mauritian Sign Language"}, ["ltc"] = {"Late Middle Chinese"}, ["ltg"] = {"Латгал"}, ["lth"] = {"Thur"}, ["lti"] = {"Leti (Indonesia)"}, ["ltn"] = {"Latundê"}, ["lto"] = {"Tsotso", "Olutsotso"}, ["lts"] = {"Tachoni", "Lutachoni"}, ["ltu"] = {"Latu"}, ["lua"] = {"Luba-Lulua"}, ["luc"] = {"Aringa"}, ["lud"] = {"Ludian"}, ["lue"] = {"Luvale"}, ["luf"] = {"Laua"}, ["lui"] = {"Luiseno"}, ["luj"] = {"Luna"}, ["luk"] = {"Lunanakha"}, ["lul"] = {"Olu'bo"}, ["lum"] = {"Luimbi"}, ["lun"] = {"Lunda"}, ["luo"] = {"Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)", "Dholuo"}, ["lup"] = {"Lumbu"}, ["luq"] = {"Lucumi"}, ["lur"] = {"Laura"}, ["lus"] = {"Lushai"}, ["lut"] = {"Лушуцид"}, ["luu"] = {"Lumba-Yakkha"}, ["luv"] = {"Luwati"}, ["luw"] = {"Luo (Cameroon)"}, ["luy"] = {"Luyia", "Oluluyia"}, ["luz"] = {"Southern Luri"}, ["lva"] = {"Maku'a"}, ["lvi"] = {"Lavi"}, ["lvk"] = {"Lavukaleve"}, ["lvs"] = {"Standard Latvian"}, ["lvu"] = {"Levuka"}, ["lwa"] = {"Lwalu"}, ["lwe"] = {"Lewo Eleng"}, ["lwg"] = {"Wanga", "Oluwanga"}, ["lwh"] = {"White Lachi"}, ["lwl"] = {"Eastern Lawa"}, ["lwm"] = {"Laomian"}, ["lwo"] = {"Luwo"}, ["lws"] = {"Malawian Sign Language"}, ["lwt"] = {"Lewotobi"}, ["lwu"] = {"Lawu"}, ["lww"] = {"Lewo"}, ["lxm"] = {"Lakurumau"}, ["lya"] = {"Layakha"}, ["lyg"] = {"Lyngngam"}, ["lyn"] = {"Luyana"}, ["lzh"] = {"Literary Chinese"}, ["lzl"] = {"Litzlitz"}, ["lzn"] = {"Leinong Naga"}, ["lzz"] = {"Laz"}, ["maa"] = {"San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec"}, ["mab"] = {"Yutanduchi Mixtec"}, ["mad"] = {"Madurese"}, ["mae"] = {"Bo-Rukul"}, ["maf"] = {"Mafa"}, ["mag"] = {"Magahi"}, ["mai"] = {"Maithili"}, ["maj"] = {"Jalapa De Díaz Mazatec"}, ["mak"] = {"Makasar"}, ["mam"] = {"Mam"}, ["man"] = {"Mandingo", "Manding"}, ["map"] = {"Austronesian languages"}, ["maq"] = {"Chiquihuitlán Mazatec"}, ["mas"] = {"Masai"}, ["mat"] = {"San Francisco Matlatzinca"}, ["mau"] = {"Huautla Mazatec"}, ["mav"] = {"Sateré-Mawé"}, ["maw"] = {"Mampruli"}, ["max"] = {"North Moluccan Malay"}, ["maz"] = {"Central Mazahua"}, ["mba"] = {"Higaonon"}, ["mbb"] = {"Western Bukidnon Manobo"}, ["mbc"] = {"Macushi"}, ["mbd"] = {"Dibabawon Manobo"}, ["mbe"] = {"Molale"}, ["mbf"] = {"Baba Malay"}, ["mbh"] = {"Mangseng"}, ["mbi"] = {"Ilianen Manobo"}, ["mbj"] = {"Nadëb"}, ["mbk"] = {"Malol"}, ["mbl"] = {"Maxakalí"}, ["mbm"] = {"Ombamba"}, ["mbn"] = {"Macaguán"}, ["mbo"] = {"Mbo (Cameroon)"}, ["mbp"] = {"Malayo"}, ["mbq"] = {"Maisin"}, ["mbr"] = {"Nukak Makú"}, ["mbs"] = {"Sarangani Manobo"}, ["mbt"] = {"Matigsalug Manobo"}, ["mbu"] = {"Mbula-Bwazza"}, ["mbv"] = {"Mbulungish"}, ["mbw"] = {"Maring"}, ["mbx"] = {"Mari (East Sepik Province)"}, ["mby"] = {"Memoni"}, ["mbz"] = {"Amoltepec Mixtec"}, ["mca"] = {"Maca"}, ["mcb"] = {"Machiguenga"}, ["mcc"] = {"Bitur"}, ["mcd"] = {"Sharanahua"}, ["mce"] = {"Itundujia Mixtec"}, ["mcf"] = {"Matsés"}, ["mcg"] = {"Mapoyo"}, ["mch"] = {"Maquiritari"}, ["mci"] = {"Mese"}, ["mcj"] = {"Mvanip"}, ["mck"] = {"Mbunda"}, ["mcl"] = {"Macaguaje"}, ["mcm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Portuguese"}, ["mcn"] = {"Masana"}, ["mco"] = {"Coatlán Mixe"}, ["mcp"] = {"Makaa"}, ["mcq"] = {"Ese"}, ["mcr"] = {"Menya"}, ["mcs"] = {"Mambai"}, ["mct"] = {"Mengisa"}, ["mcu"] = {"Cameroon Mambila"}, ["mcv"] = {"Minanibai"}, ["mcw"] = {"Mawa (Chad)"}, ["mcx"] = {"Mpiemo"}, ["mcy"] = {"South Watut"}, ["mcz"] = {"Mawan"}, ["mda"] = {"Mada (Nigeria)"}, ["mdb"] = {"Morigi"}, ["mdc"] = {"Male (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mdd"] = {"Mbum"}, ["mde"] = {"Maba (Chad)"}, ["mdf"] = {"Moksha"}, ["mdg"] = {"Massalat"}, ["mdh"] = {"Maguindanaon"}, ["mdi"] = {"Mamvu"}, ["mdj"] = {"Mangbetu"}, ["mdk"] = {"Mangbutu"}, ["mdl"] = {"Maltese Sign Language"}, ["mdm"] = {"Mayogo"}, ["mdn"] = {"Mbati"}, ["mdp"] = {"Mbala"}, ["mdq"] = {"Mbole"}, ["mdr"] = {"Mandar"}, ["mds"] = {"Maria (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mdt"] = {"Mbere"}, ["mdu"] = {"Mboko"}, ["mdv"] = {"Santa Lucía Monteverde Mixtec"}, ["mdw"] = {"Mbosi"}, ["mdx"] = {"Dizin"}, ["mdy"] = {"Male (Ethiopia)"}, ["mdz"] = {"Suruí Do Pará"}, ["mea"] = {"Menka"}, ["meb"] = {"Ikobi"}, ["mec"] = {"Marra"}, ["med"] = {"Melpa"}, ["mee"] = {"Mengen"}, ["mef"] = {"Megam"}, ["meh"] = {"Southwestern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"}, ["mei"] = {"Midob"}, ["mej"] = {"Meyah"}, ["mek"] = {"Mekeo"}, ["mel"] = {"Central Melanau"}, ["mem"] = {"Mangala"}, ["men"] = {"Mende (Sierra Leone)"}, ["meo"] = {"Kedah Malay"}, ["mep"] = {"Miriwoong"}, ["meq"] = {"Merey"}, ["mer"] = {"Meru"}, ["mes"] = {"Masmaje"}, ["met"] = {"Mato"}, ["meu"] = {"Motu"}, ["mev"] = {"Mano"}, ["mew"] = {"Maaka"}, ["mey"] = {"Хассания"}, ["mez"] = {"Menominee"}, ["mfa"] = {"Pattani Malay"}, ["mfb"] = {"Bangka"}, ["mfc"] = {"Mba"}, ["mfd"] = {"Mendankwe-Nkwen"}, ["mfe"] = {"Маврикийн Креол"}, ["mff"] = {"Naki"}, ["mfg"] = {"Mogofin"}, ["mfh"] = {"Matal"}, ["mfi"] = {"Wandala"}, ["mfj"] = {"Mefele"}, ["mfk"] = {"North Mofu"}, ["mfl"] = {"Putai"}, ["mfm"] = {"Marghi South"}, ["mfn"] = {"Cross River Mbembe"}, ["mfo"] = {"Mbe"}, ["mfp"] = {"Makassar Malay"}, ["mfq"] = {"Moba"}, ["mfr"] = {"Marrithiyel"}, ["mfs"] = {"Mexican Sign Language"}, ["mft"] = {"Mokerang"}, ["mfu"] = {"Mbwela"}, ["mfv"] = {"Mandjak"}, ["mfw"] = {"Mulaha"}, ["mfx"] = {"Melo"}, ["mfy"] = {"Mayo"}, ["mfz"] = {"Mabaan"}, ["mga"] = {"Middle Irish (900-1200)"}, ["mgb"] = {"Mararit"}, ["mgc"] = {"Morokodo"}, ["mgd"] = {"Moru"}, ["mge"] = {"Mango"}, ["mgf"] = {"Maklew"}, ["mgg"] = {"Mpumpong"}, ["mgh"] = {"Makhuwa-Meetto"}, ["mgi"] = {"Lijili"}, ["mgj"] = {"Abureni"}, ["mgk"] = {"Mawes"}, ["mgl"] = {"Maleu-Kilenge"}, ["mgm"] = {"Mambae"}, ["mgn"] = {"Mbangi"}, ["mgo"] = {"Meta'"}, ["mgp"] = {"Eastern Magar"}, ["mgq"] = {"Malila"}, ["mgr"] = {"Mambwe-Lungu"}, ["mgs"] = {"Manda (Tanzania)"}, ["mgt"] = {"Mongol"}, ["mgu"] = {"Mailu"}, ["mgv"] = {"Matengo"}, ["mgw"] = {"Matumbi"}, ["mgy"] = {"Mbunga"}, ["mgz"] = {"Mbugwe"}, ["mha"] = {"Manda (India)"}, ["mhb"] = {"Mahongwe"}, ["mhc"] = {"Mocho"}, ["mhd"] = {"Mbugu"}, ["mhe"] = {"Besisi", "Mah Meri"}, ["mhf"] = {"Mamaa"}, ["mhg"] = {"Margu"}, ["mhi"] = {"Ma'di"}, ["mhj"] = {"Mogholi"}, ["mhk"] = {"Mungaka"}, ["mhl"] = {"Mauwake"}, ["mhm"] = {"Makhuwa-Moniga"}, ["mhn"] = {"Mócheno"}, ["mho"] = {"Mashi (Zambia)"}, ["mhp"] = {"Balinese Malay"}, ["mhq"] = {"Mandan"}, ["mhr"] = {"Eastern Mari"}, ["mhs"] = {"Buru (Indonesia)"}, ["mht"] = {"Mandahuaca"}, ["mhu"] = {"Digaro-Mishmi", "Darang Deng"}, ["mhw"] = {"Mbukushu"}, ["mhx"] = {"Maru", "Lhaovo"}, ["mhy"] = {"Ma'anyan"}, ["mhz"] = {"Mor (Mor Islands)"}, ["mia"] = {"Майами"}, ["mib"] = {"Atatláhuca Mixtec"}, ["mic"] = {"Mi'kmaq", "Micmac"}, ["mid"] = {"Mandaic"}, ["mie"] = {"Ocotepec Mixtec"}, ["mif"] = {"Mofu-Gudur"}, ["mig"] = {"San Miguel El Grande Mixtec"}, ["mih"] = {"Chayuco Mixtec"}, ["mii"] = {"Chigmecatitlán Mixtec"}, ["mij"] = {"Abar", "Mungbam"}, ["mik"] = {"Mikasuki"}, ["mil"] = {"Peñoles Mixtec"}, ["mim"] = {"Alacatlatzala Mixtec"}, ["min"] = {"Minangkabau"}, ["mio"] = {"Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec"}, ["mip"] = {"Apasco-Apoala Mixtec"}, ["miq"] = {"Mískito"}, ["mir"] = {"Isthmus Mixe"}, ["mis"] = {"Кодлогдоогүй хэлнүүд"}, ["mit"] = {"Southern Puebla Mixtec"}, ["miu"] = {"Cacaloxtepec Mixtec"}, ["miw"] = {"Akoye"}, ["mix"] = {"Mixtepec Mixtec"}, ["miy"] = {"Ayutla Mixtec"}, ["miz"] = {"Coatzospan Mixtec"}, ["mjb"] = {"Makalero"}, ["mjc"] = {"San Juan Colorado Mixtec"}, ["mjd"] = {"Northwest Maidu"}, ["mje"] = {"Muskum"}, ["mjg"] = {"Tu"}, ["mjh"] = {"Mwera (Nyasa)"}, ["mji"] = {"Kim Mun"}, ["mjj"] = {"Mawak"}, ["mjk"] = {"Matukar"}, ["mjl"] = {"Mandeali"}, ["mjm"] = {"Medebur"}, ["mjn"] = {"Ma (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mjo"] = {"Malankuravan"}, ["mjp"] = {"Malapandaram"}, ["mjq"] = {"Malaryan"}, ["mjr"] = {"Malavedan"}, ["mjs"] = {"Miship"}, ["mjt"] = {"Sauria Paharia"}, ["mju"] = {"Manna-Dora"}, ["mjv"] = {"Mannan"}, ["mjw"] = {"Karbi"}, ["mjx"] = {"Mahali"}, ["mjy"] = {"Mahican"}, ["mjz"] = {"Majhi"}, ["mka"] = {"Mbre"}, ["mkb"] = {"Mal Paharia"}, ["mkc"] = {"Siliput"}, ["mke"] = {"Mawchi"}, ["mkf"] = {"Miya"}, ["mkg"] = {"Mak (China)"}, ["mkh"] = {"Mon-Khmer languages"}, ["mki"] = {"Dhatki"}, ["mkj"] = {"Mokilese"}, ["mkk"] = {"Byep"}, ["mkl"] = {"Mokole"}, ["mkm"] = {"Moklen"}, ["mkn"] = {"Kupang Malay"}, ["mko"] = {"Mingang Doso"}, ["mkp"] = {"Moikodi"}, ["mkq"] = {"Bay Miwok"}, ["mkr"] = {"Malas"}, ["mks"] = {"Silacayoapan Mixtec"}, ["mkt"] = {"Vamale"}, ["mku"] = {"Konyanka Maninka"}, ["mkv"] = {"Mafea"}, ["mkw"] = {"Китуба (Конго)"}, ["mkx"] = {"Kinamiging Manobo"}, ["mky"] = {"East Makian"}, ["mkz"] = {"Makasae"}, ["mla"] = {"Malo"}, ["mlb"] = {"Mbule"}, ["mlc"] = {"Cao Lan"}, ["mle"] = {"Manambu"}, ["mlf"] = {"Mal"}, ["mlh"] = {"Mape"}, ["mli"] = {"Malimpung"}, ["mlj"] = {"Miltu"}, ["mlk"] = {"Ilwana", "Kiwilwana"}, ["mll"] = {"Malua Bay"}, ["mlm"] = {"Mulam"}, ["mln"] = {"Malango"}, ["mlo"] = {"Mlomp"}, ["mlp"] = {"Bargam"}, ["mlq"] = {"Western Maninkakan"}, ["mlr"] = {"Vame"}, ["mls"] = {"Masalit"}, ["mlu"] = {"To'abaita"}, ["mlv"] = {"Motlav", "Mwotlap"}, ["mlw"] = {"Moloko"}, ["mlx"] = {"Malfaxal", "Naha'ai"}, ["mlz"] = {"Malaynon"}, ["mma"] = {"Mama"}, ["mmb"] = {"Momina"}, ["mmc"] = {"Michoacán Mazahua"}, ["mmd"] = {"Maonan"}, ["mme"] = {"Mae"}, ["mmf"] = {"Mundat"}, ["mmg"] = {"North Ambrym"}, ["mmh"] = {"Mehináku"}, ["mmi"] = {"Musar"}, ["mmj"] = {"Majhwar"}, ["mmk"] = {"Mukha-Dora"}, ["mml"] = {"Man Met"}, ["mmm"] = {"Maii"}, ["mmn"] = {"Mamanwa"}, ["mmo"] = {"Mangga Buang"}, ["mmp"] = {"Siawi"}, ["mmq"] = {"Musak"}, ["mmr"] = {"Western Xiangxi Miao"}, ["mmt"] = {"Malalamai"}, ["mmu"] = {"Mmaala"}, ["mmv"] = {"Miriti"}, ["mmw"] = {"Emae"}, ["mmx"] = {"Madak"}, ["mmy"] = {"Migaama"}, ["mmz"] = {"Mabaale"}, ["mna"] = {"Mbula"}, ["mnb"] = {"Muna"}, ["mnc"] = {"Манж"}, ["mnd"] = {"Mondé"}, ["mne"] = {"Naba"}, ["mnf"] = {"Mundani"}, ["mng"] = {"Eastern Mnong"}, ["mnh"] = {"Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["mni"] = {"Манипури"}, ["mnj"] = {"Munji"}, ["mnk"] = {"Мандинка"}, ["mnl"] = {"Tiale"}, ["mnm"] = {"Mapena"}, ["mnn"] = {"Southern Mnong"}, ["mno"] = {"Manobo languages"}, ["mnp"] = {"Min Bei Chinese"}, ["mnq"] = {"Minriq"}, ["mnr"] = {"Mono (USA)"}, ["mns"] = {"Mansi"}, ["mnu"] = {"Mer"}, ["mnv"] = {"Rennell-Bellona"}, ["mnw"] = {"Mon"}, ["mnx"] = {"Manikion"}, ["mny"] = {"Manyawa"}, ["mnz"] = {"Moni"}, ["moa"] = {"Mwan"}, ["moc"] = {"Mocoví"}, ["mod"] = {"Mobilian"}, ["moe"] = {"Innu", "Montagnais"}, ["mog"] = {"Mongondow"}, ["moh"] = {"Mohawk"}, ["moi"] = {"Mboi"}, ["moj"] = {"Monzombo"}, ["mok"] = {"Morori"}, ["mom"] = {"Mangue"}, ["moo"] = {"Monom"}, ["mop"] = {"Mopán Maya"}, ["moq"] = {"Mor (Bomberai Peninsula)"}, ["mor"] = {"Moro"}, ["mos"] = {"Мооре"}, ["mot"] = {"Barí"}, ["mou"] = {"Mogum"}, ["mov"] = {"Mohave"}, ["mow"] = {"Moi (Congo)"}, ["mox"] = {"Molima"}, ["moy"] = {"Shekkacho"}, ["moz"] = {"Mukulu", "Gergiko"}, ["mpa"] = {"Mpoto"}, ["mpb"] = {"Malak Malak", "Mullukmulluk"}, ["mpc"] = {"Mangarrayi"}, ["mpd"] = {"Machinere"}, ["mpe"] = {"Majang"}, ["mpg"] = {"Marba"}, ["mph"] = {"Maung"}, ["mpi"] = {"Mpade"}, ["mpj"] = {"Martu Wangka", "Wangkajunga"}, ["mpk"] = {"Mbara (Chad)"}, ["mpl"] = {"Middle Watut"}, ["mpm"] = {"Yosondúa Mixtec"}, ["mpn"] = {"Mindiri"}, ["mpo"] = {"Miu"}, ["mpp"] = {"Migabac"}, ["mpq"] = {"Matís"}, ["mpr"] = {"Vangunu"}, ["mps"] = {"Dadibi"}, ["mpt"] = {"Mian"}, ["mpu"] = {"Makuráp"}, ["mpv"] = {"Mungkip"}, ["mpw"] = {"Mapidian"}, ["mpx"] = {"Misima-Panaeati"}, ["mpy"] = {"Mapia"}, ["mpz"] = {"Mpi"}, ["mqa"] = {"Maba (Indonesia)"}, ["mqb"] = {"Mbuko"}, ["mqc"] = {"Mangole"}, ["mqe"] = {"Matepi"}, ["mqf"] = {"Momuna"}, ["mqg"] = {"Kota Bangun Kutai Malay"}, ["mqh"] = {"Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec"}, ["mqi"] = {"Mariri"}, ["mqj"] = {"Mamasa"}, ["mqk"] = {"Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo"}, ["mql"] = {"Mbelime"}, ["mqm"] = {"South Marquesan"}, ["mqn"] = {"Moronene"}, ["mqo"] = {"Modole"}, ["mqp"] = {"Manipa"}, ["mqq"] = {"Minokok"}, ["mqr"] = {"Mander"}, ["mqs"] = {"West Makian"}, ["mqt"] = {"Mok"}, ["mqu"] = {"Mandari"}, ["mqv"] = {"Mosimo"}, ["mqw"] = {"Murupi"}, ["mqx"] = {"Mamuju"}, ["mqy"] = {"Manggarai"}, ["mqz"] = {"Pano"}, ["mra"] = {"Mlabri"}, ["mrb"] = {"Marino"}, ["mrc"] = {"Maricopa"}, ["mrd"] = {"Western Magar"}, ["mre"] = {"Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"}, ["mrf"] = {"Elseng"}, ["mrg"] = {"Mising"}, ["mrh"] = {"Mara Chin"}, ["mrj"] = {"Western Mari"}, ["mrk"] = {"Hmwaveke"}, ["mrl"] = {"Mortlockese"}, ["mrm"] = {"Merlav", "Mwerlap"}, ["mrn"] = {"Cheke Holo"}, ["mro"] = {"Mru"}, ["mrp"] = {"Morouas"}, ["mrq"] = {"North Marquesan"}, ["mrr"] = {"Maria (India)"}, ["mrs"] = {"Maragus"}, ["mrt"] = {"Marghi Central"}, ["mru"] = {"Mono (Cameroon)"}, ["mrv"] = {"Mangareva"}, ["mrw"] = {"Maranao"}, ["mrx"] = {"Maremgi", "Dineor"}, ["mry"] = {"Mandaya"}, ["mrz"] = {"Marind"}, ["msb"] = {"Masbatenyo"}, ["msc"] = {"Sankaran Maninka"}, ["msd"] = {"Yucatec Maya Sign Language"}, ["mse"] = {"Musey"}, ["msf"] = {"Mekwei"}, ["msg"] = {"Moraid"}, ["msh"] = {"Masikoro Malagasy"}, ["msi"] = {"Sabah Malay"}, ["msj"] = {"Ma (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["msk"] = {"Mansaka"}, ["msl"] = {"Molof", "Poule"}, ["msm"] = {"Agusan Manobo"}, ["msn"] = {"Vurës"}, ["mso"] = {"Mombum"}, ["msp"] = {"Maritsauá"}, ["msq"] = {"Caac"}, ["msr"] = {"Mongolian Sign Language"}, ["mss"] = {"West Masela"}, ["msu"] = {"Musom"}, ["msv"] = {"Maslam"}, ["msw"] = {"Mansoanka"}, ["msx"] = {"Moresada"}, ["msy"] = {"Aruamu"}, ["msz"] = {"Momare"}, ["mta"] = {"Cotabato Manobo"}, ["mtb"] = {"Anyin Morofo"}, ["mtc"] = {"Munit"}, ["mtd"] = {"Mualang"}, ["mte"] = {"Mono (Solomon Islands)"}, ["mtf"] = {"Murik (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mtg"] = {"Una"}, ["mth"] = {"Munggui"}, ["mti"] = {"Maiwa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mtj"] = {"Moskona"}, ["mtk"] = {"Mbe'"}, ["mtl"] = {"Montol"}, ["mtm"] = {"Mator"}, ["mtn"] = {"Matagalpa"}, ["mto"] = {"Totontepec Mixe"}, ["mtp"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Nocten"}, ["mtq"] = {"Muong"}, ["mtr"] = {"Mewari"}, ["mts"] = {"Yora"}, ["mtt"] = {"Mota"}, ["mtu"] = {"Tututepec Mixtec"}, ["mtv"] = {"Asaro'o"}, ["mtw"] = {"Southern Binukidnon"}, ["mtx"] = {"Tidaá Mixtec"}, ["mty"] = {"Nabi"}, ["mua"] = {"Mundang"}, ["mub"] = {"Mubi"}, ["muc"] = {"Ajumbu"}, ["mud"] = {"Mednyj Aleut"}, ["mue"] = {"Media Lengua"}, ["mug"] = {"Musgu"}, ["muh"] = {"Mündü"}, ["mui"] = {"Musi"}, ["muj"] = {"Mabire"}, ["muk"] = {"Mugom"}, ["mul"] = {"Multiple languages"}, ["mum"] = {"Maiwala"}, ["mun"] = {"Munda languages"}, ["muo"] = {"Nyong"}, ["mup"] = {"Malvi"}, ["muq"] = {"Eastern Xiangxi Miao"}, ["mur"] = {"Murle"}, ["mus"] = {"Creek"}, ["mut"] = {"Western Muria"}, ["muu"] = {"Yaaku"}, ["muv"] = {"Muthuvan"}, ["mux"] = {"Bo-Ung"}, ["muy"] = {"Muyang"}, ["muz"] = {"Mursi"}, ["mva"] = {"Manam"}, ["mvb"] = {"Mattole"}, ["mvd"] = {"Mamboru"}, ["mve"] = {"Marwari (Pakistan)"}, ["mvf"] = {"Peripheral Mongolian"}, ["mvg"] = {"Yucuañe Mixtec"}, ["mvh"] = {"Mulgi"}, ["mvi"] = {"Miyako"}, ["mvk"] = {"Mekmek"}, ["mvl"] = {"Mbara (Australia)"}, ["mvn"] = {"Minaveha"}, ["mvo"] = {"Marovo"}, ["mvp"] = {"Duri"}, ["mvq"] = {"Moere"}, ["mvr"] = {"Marau"}, ["mvs"] = {"Massep"}, ["mvt"] = {"Mpotovoro"}, ["mvu"] = {"Marfa"}, ["mvv"] = {"Tagal Murut"}, ["mvw"] = {"Machinga"}, ["mvx"] = {"Meoswar"}, ["mvy"] = {"Indus Kohistani"}, ["mvz"] = {"Mesqan"}, ["mwa"] = {"Mwatebu"}, ["mwb"] = {"Juwal"}, ["mwc"] = {"Are"}, ["mwe"] = {"Mwera (Chimwera)"}, ["mwf"] = {"Murrinh-Patha"}, ["mwg"] = {"Aiklep"}, ["mwh"] = {"Mouk-Aria"}, ["mwi"] = {"Labo", "Ninde"}, ["mwk"] = {"Kita Maninkakan"}, ["mwl"] = {"Mirandese"}, ["mwm"] = {"Sar"}, ["mwn"] = {"Nyamwanga"}, ["mwo"] = {"Central Maewo"}, ["mwp"] = {"Kala Lagaw Ya"}, ["mwq"] = {"Mün Chin"}, ["mwr"] = {"Marwari"}, ["mws"] = {"Mwimbi-Muthambi"}, ["mwt"] = {"Moken"}, ["mwu"] = {"Mittu"}, ["mwv"] = {"Mentawai"}, ["mww"] = {"Hmong Daw"}, ["mwz"] = {"Moingi"}, ["mxa"] = {"Northwest Oaxaca Mixtec"}, ["mxb"] = {"Tezoatlán Mixtec"}, ["mxc"] = {"Manyika"}, ["mxd"] = {"Modang"}, ["mxe"] = {"Mele-Fila"}, ["mxf"] = {"Malgbe"}, ["mxg"] = {"Mbangala"}, ["mxh"] = {"Mvuba"}, ["mxi"] = {"Mozarabic"}, ["mxj"] = {"Miju-Mishmi", "Geman Deng"}, ["mxk"] = {"Monumbo"}, ["mxl"] = {"Maxi Gbe"}, ["mxm"] = {"Meramera"}, ["mxn"] = {"Moi (Indonesia)"}, ["mxo"] = {"Mbowe"}, ["mxp"] = {"Tlahuitoltepec Mixe"}, ["mxq"] = {"Juquila Mixe"}, ["mxr"] = {"Murik (Malaysia)"}, ["mxs"] = {"Huitepec Mixtec"}, ["mxt"] = {"Jamiltepec Mixtec"}, ["mxu"] = {"Mada (Cameroon)"}, ["mxv"] = {"Metlatónoc Mixtec"}, ["mxw"] = {"Namo"}, ["mxx"] = {"Mahou", "Mawukakan"}, ["mxy"] = {"Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec"}, ["mxz"] = {"Central Masela"}, ["myb"] = {"Mbay"}, ["myc"] = {"Mayeka"}, ["mye"] = {"Myene"}, ["myf"] = {"Bambassi"}, ["myg"] = {"Manta"}, ["myh"] = {"Makah"}, ["myj"] = {"Mangayat"}, ["myk"] = {"Mamara Senoufo"}, ["myl"] = {"Moma"}, ["mym"] = {"Me'en"}, ["myn"] = {"Mayan languages"}, ["myo"] = {"Anfillo"}, ["myp"] = {"Pirahã"}, ["myr"] = {"Muniche"}, ["mys"] = {"Mesmes"}, ["myu"] = {"Mundurukú"}, ["myv"] = {"Erzya"}, ["myw"] = {"Muyuw"}, ["myx"] = {"Масаба"}, ["myy"] = {"Macuna"}, ["myz"] = {"Classical Mandaic"}, ["mza"] = {"Santa María Zacatepec Mixtec"}, ["mzb"] = {"Tumzabt"}, ["mzc"] = {"Madagascar Sign Language"}, ["mzd"] = {"Malimba"}, ["mze"] = {"Morawa"}, ["mzg"] = {"Monastic Sign Language"}, ["mzh"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay"}, ["mzi"] = {"Ixcatlán Mazatec"}, ["mzj"] = {"Manya"}, ["mzk"] = {"Nigeria Mambila"}, ["mzl"] = {"Mazatlán Mixe"}, ["mzm"] = {"Mumuye"}, ["mzn"] = {"Mazanderani"}, ["mzo"] = {"Matipuhy"}, ["mzp"] = {"Movima"}, ["mzq"] = {"Mori Atas"}, ["mzr"] = {"Marúbo"}, ["mzs"] = {"Macanese"}, ["mzt"] = {"Mintil"}, ["mzu"] = {"Inapang"}, ["mzv"] = {"Manza"}, ["mzw"] = {"Deg"}, ["mzx"] = {"Mawayana"}, ["mzy"] = {"Mozambican Sign Language"}, ["mzz"] = {"Maiadomu"}, ["naa"] = {"Namla"}, ["nab"] = {"Southern Nambikuára"}, ["nac"] = {"Narak"}, ["nae"] = {"Naka'ela"}, ["naf"] = {"Nabak"}, ["nag"] = {"Naga Pidgin"}, ["nah"] = {"Nahuatl languages"}, ["nai"] = {"North American Indian languages"}, ["naj"] = {"Nalu"}, ["nak"] = {"Nakanai"}, ["nal"] = {"Nalik"}, ["nam"] = {"Ngan'gityemerri"}, ["nan"] = {"Min Nan Chinese"}, ["nao"] = {"Naaba"}, ["nap"] = {"Neapolitan"}, ["naq"] = {"Хоехое", "Нама (Намиби)"}, ["nar"] = {"Iguta"}, ["nas"] = {"Naasioi"}, ["nat"] = {"Ca̱hungwa̱rya̱", "Hungworo"}, ["naw"] = {"Nawuri"}, ["nax"] = {"Nakwi"}, ["nay"] = {"Ngarrindjeri"}, ["naz"] = {"Coatepec Nahuatl"}, ["nba"] = {"Nyemba"}, ["nbb"] = {"Ndoe"}, ["nbc"] = {"Chang Naga"}, ["nbd"] = {"Ngbinda"}, ["nbe"] = {"Konyak Naga"}, ["nbg"] = {"Nagarchal"}, ["nbh"] = {"Ngamo"}, ["nbi"] = {"Mao Naga"}, ["nbj"] = {"Ngarinyman"}, ["nbk"] = {"Nake"}, ["nbm"] = {"Ngbaka Ma'bo"}, ["nbn"] = {"Kuri"}, ["nbo"] = {"Nkukoli"}, ["nbp"] = {"Nnam"}, ["nbq"] = {"Nggem"}, ["nbr"] = {"Numana"}, ["nbs"] = {"Namibian Sign Language"}, ["nbt"] = {"Na"}, ["nbu"] = {"Rongmei Naga"}, ["nbv"] = {"Ngamambo"}, ["nbw"] = {"Southern Ngbandi"}, ["nby"] = {"Ningera"}, ["nca"] = {"Iyo"}, ["ncb"] = {"Central Nicobarese"}, ["ncc"] = {"Ponam"}, ["ncd"] = {"Nachering"}, ["nce"] = {"Yale"}, ["ncf"] = {"Notsi"}, ["ncg"] = {"Nisga'a"}, ["nch"] = {"Central Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nci"] = {"Classical Nahuatl"}, ["ncj"] = {"Northern Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["nck"] = {"Na-kara"}, ["ncl"] = {"Michoacán Nahuatl"}, ["ncm"] = {"Nambo"}, ["ncn"] = {"Nauna"}, ["nco"] = {"Sibe"}, ["ncq"] = {"Northern Katang"}, ["ncr"] = {"Ncane"}, ["ncs"] = {"Nicaraguan Sign Language"}, ["nct"] = {"Chothe Naga"}, ["ncu"] = {"Chumburung"}, ["ncx"] = {"Central Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["ncz"] = {"Natchez"}, ["nda"] = {"Ndasa"}, ["ndb"] = {"Kenswei Nsei"}, ["ndc"] = {"Ndau"}, ["ndd"] = {"Nde-Nsele-Nta"}, ["ndf"] = {"Nadruvian"}, ["ndg"] = {"Ndengereko"}, ["ndh"] = {"Ndali"}, ["ndi"] = {"Samba Leko"}, ["ndj"] = {"Ndamba"}, ["ndk"] = {"Ndaka"}, ["ndl"] = {"Ndolo"}, ["ndm"] = {"Ndam"}, ["ndn"] = {"Ngundi"}, ["ndp"] = {"Ndo"}, ["ndq"] = {"Ndombe"}, ["ndr"] = {"Ndoola"}, ["nds"] = {"Доод Герман", "Доод Саксон"}, ["ndt"] = {"Ndunga"}, ["ndu"] = {"Dugun"}, ["ndv"] = {"Ndut"}, ["ndw"] = {"Ndobo"}, ["ndx"] = {"Nduga"}, ["ndy"] = {"Lutos"}, ["ndz"] = {"Ndogo"}, ["nea"] = {"Eastern Ngad'a"}, ["neb"] = {"Toura (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["nec"] = {"Nedebang"}, ["ned"] = {"Nde-Gbite"}, ["nee"] = {"Nêlêmwa-Nixumwak"}, ["nef"] = {"Nefamese"}, ["neg"] = {"Negidal"}, ["neh"] = {"Nyenkha"}, ["nei"] = {"Neo-Hittite"}, ["nej"] = {"Neko"}, ["nek"] = {"Neku"}, ["nem"] = {"Nemi"}, ["nen"] = {"Nengone"}, ["neo"] = {"Ná-Meo"}, ["neq"] = {"North Central Mixe"}, ["ner"] = {"Yahadian"}, ["nes"] = {"Bhoti Kinnauri"}, ["net"] = {"Nete"}, ["neu"] = {"Neo"}, ["nev"] = {"Nyaheun"}, ["new"] = {"Невар", "Непал Бхаса"}, ["nex"] = {"Neme"}, ["ney"] = {"Neyo"}, ["nez"] = {"Nez Perce"}, ["nfa"] = {"Dhao"}, ["nfd"] = {"Ahwai"}, ["nfl"] = {"Ayiwo", "Äiwoo"}, ["nfr"] = {"Nafaanra"}, ["nfu"] = {"Mfumte"}, ["nga"] = {"Ngbaka"}, ["ngb"] = {"Northern Ngbandi"}, ["ngc"] = {"Ngombe (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["ngd"] = {"Ngando (Central African Republic)"}, ["nge"] = {"Ngemba"}, ["ngf"] = {"Trans-New Guinea languages"}, ["ngg"] = {"Ngbaka Manza"}, ["ngh"] = {"Nǁng"}, ["ngi"] = {"Ngizim"}, ["ngj"] = {"Ngie"}, ["ngk"] = {"Dalabon"}, ["ngl"] = {"Lomwe"}, ["ngm"] = {"Ngatik Men's Creole"}, ["ngn"] = {"Ngwo"}, ["ngp"] = {"Ngulu"}, ["ngq"] = {"Ngurimi", "Ngoreme"}, ["ngr"] = {"Engdewu"}, ["ngs"] = {"Gvoko"}, ["ngt"] = {"Kriang", "Ngeq"}, ["ngu"] = {"Guerrero Nahuatl"}, ["ngv"] = {"Nagumi"}, ["ngw"] = {"Ngwaba"}, ["ngx"] = {"Nggwahyi"}, ["ngy"] = {"Tibea"}, ["ngz"] = {"Ngungwel"}, ["nha"] = {"Nhanda"}, ["nhb"] = {"Beng"}, ["nhc"] = {"Tabasco Nahuatl"}, ["nhd"] = {"Chiripá", "Ava Guaraní"}, ["nhe"] = {"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nhf"] = {"Nhuwala"}, ["nhg"] = {"Tetelcingo Nahuatl"}, ["nhh"] = {"Nahari"}, ["nhi"] = {"Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl"}, ["nhk"] = {"Isthmus-Cosoleacaque Nahuatl"}, ["nhm"] = {"Morelos Nahuatl"}, ["nhn"] = {"Төв Нахуатл"}, ["nho"] = {"Takuu"}, ["nhp"] = {"Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl"}, ["nhq"] = {"Huaxcaleca Nahuatl"}, ["nhr"] = {"Naro"}, ["nht"] = {"Ometepec Nahuatl"}, ["nhu"] = {"Noone"}, ["nhv"] = {"Temascaltepec Nahuatl"}, ["nhw"] = {"Western Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nhx"] = {"Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl"}, ["nhy"] = {"Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl"}, ["nhz"] = {"Santa María La Alta Nahuatl"}, ["nia"] = {"Nias"}, ["nib"] = {"Nakame"}, ["nic"] = {"Niger-Kordofanian languages"}, ["nid"] = {"Ngandi"}, ["nie"] = {"Niellim"}, ["nif"] = {"Nek"}, ["nig"] = {"Ngalakgan"}, ["nih"] = {"Nyiha (Tanzania)"}, ["nii"] = {"Nii"}, ["nij"] = {"Ngaju"}, ["nik"] = {"Southern Nicobarese"}, ["nil"] = {"Nila"}, ["nim"] = {"Nilamba"}, ["nin"] = {"Ninzo"}, ["nio"] = {"Nganasan"}, ["niq"] = {"Nandi"}, ["nir"] = {"Nimboran"}, ["nis"] = {"Nimi"}, ["nit"] = {"Southeastern Kolami"}, ["niu"] = {"Ниуэ"}, ["niv"] = {"Gilyak"}, ["niw"] = {"Nimo"}, ["nix"] = {"Hema"}, ["niy"] = {"Ngiti"}, ["niz"] = {"Ningil"}, ["nja"] = {"Nzanyi"}, ["njb"] = {"Nocte Naga"}, ["njd"] = {"Ndonde Hamba"}, ["njh"] = {"Lotha Naga"}, ["nji"] = {"Gudanji"}, ["njj"] = {"Njen"}, ["njl"] = {"Njalgulgule"}, ["njm"] = {"Angami Naga"}, ["njn"] = {"Liangmai Naga"}, ["njo"] = {"Ao Naga"}, ["njr"] = {"Njerep"}, ["njs"] = {"Nisa"}, ["njt"] = {"Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin"}, ["nju"] = {"Ngadjunmaya"}, ["njx"] = {"Kunyi"}, ["njy"] = {"Njyem"}, ["njz"] = {"Nyishi"}, ["nka"] = {"Nkoya"}, ["nkb"] = {"Khoibu Naga"}, ["nkc"] = {"Nkongho"}, ["nkd"] = {"Koireng"}, ["nke"] = {"Duke"}, ["nkf"] = {"Inpui Naga"}, ["nkg"] = {"Nekgini"}, ["nkh"] = {"Khezha Naga"}, ["nki"] = {"Thangal Naga"}, ["nkj"] = {"Nakai"}, ["nkk"] = {"Nokuku"}, ["nkm"] = {"Namat"}, ["nkn"] = {"Nkangala"}, ["nko"] = {"Nkonya"}, ["nkp"] = {"Niuatoputapu"}, ["nkq"] = {"Nkami"}, ["nkr"] = {"Nukuoro"}, ["nks"] = {"North Asmat"}, ["nkt"] = {"Nyika (Tanzania)"}, ["nku"] = {"Bouna Kulango"}, ["nkv"] = {"Nyika (Malawi and Zambia)"}, ["nkw"] = {"Nkutu"}, ["nkx"] = {"Nkoroo"}, ["nkz"] = {"Nkari"}, ["nla"] = {"Ngombale"}, ["nlc"] = {"Nalca"}, ["nle"] = {"East Nyala"}, ["nlg"] = {"Gela"}, ["nli"] = {"Grangali"}, ["nlj"] = {"Nyali"}, ["nlk"] = {"Ninia Yali"}, ["nll"] = {"Nihali"}, ["nlm"] = {"Mankiyali"}, ["nlo"] = {"Ngul"}, ["nlq"] = {"Lao Naga"}, ["nlu"] = {"Nchumbulu"}, ["nlv"] = {"Orizaba Nahuatl"}, ["nlw"] = {"Walangama"}, ["nlx"] = {"Nahali"}, ["nly"] = {"Nyamal"}, ["nlz"] = {"Nalögo"}, ["nma"] = {"Maram Naga"}, ["nmb"] = {"Big Nambas", "V'ënen Taut"}, ["nmc"] = {"Ngam"}, ["nmd"] = {"Ndumu"}, ["nme"] = {"Mzieme Naga"}, ["nmf"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (India)"}, ["nmg"] = {"Kwasio"}, ["nmh"] = {"Monsang Naga"}, ["nmi"] = {"Nyam"}, ["nmj"] = {"Ngombe (Central African Republic)"}, ["nmk"] = {"Namakura"}, ["nml"] = {"Ndemli"}, ["nmm"] = {"Manangba"}, ["nmn"] = {"ǃXóõ"}, ["nmo"] = {"Moyon Naga"}, ["nmp"] = {"Nimanbur"}, ["nmq"] = {"Nambya"}, ["nmr"] = {"Nimbari"}, ["nms"] = {"Letemboi"}, ["nmt"] = {"Namonuito"}, ["nmu"] = {"Northeast Maidu"}, ["nmv"] = {"Ngamini"}, ["nmw"] = {"Nimoa", "Rifao"}, ["nmx"] = {"Nama (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["nmy"] = {"Namuyi"}, ["nmz"] = {"Nawdm"}, ["nna"] = {"Nyangumarta"}, ["nnb"] = {"Nande"}, ["nnc"] = {"Nancere"}, ["nnd"] = {"West Ambae"}, ["nne"] = {"Ngandyera"}, ["nnf"] = {"Ngaing"}, ["nng"] = {"Maring Naga"}, ["nnh"] = {"Ngiemboon"}, ["nni"] = {"North Nuaulu"}, ["nnj"] = {"Nyangatom"}, ["nnk"] = {"Nankina"}, ["nnl"] = {"Northern Rengma Naga"}, ["nnm"] = {"Namia"}, ["nnn"] = {"Ngete"}, ["nnp"] = {"Wancho Naga"}, ["nnq"] = {"Ngindo"}, ["nnr"] = {"Narungga"}, ["nnt"] = {"Nanticoke"}, ["nnu"] = {"Dwang"}, ["nnv"] = {"Nugunu (Australia)"}, ["nnw"] = {"Southern Nuni"}, ["nny"] = {"Nyangga"}, ["nnz"] = {"Nda'nda'"}, ["noa"] = {"Woun Meu"}, ["noc"] = {"Nuk"}, ["nod"] = {"Northern Thai"}, ["noe"] = {"Nimadi"}, ["nof"] = {"Nomane"}, ["nog"] = {"Ногай"}, ["noh"] = {"Nomu"}, ["noi"] = {"Noiri"}, ["noj"] = {"Nonuya"}, ["nok"] = {"Nooksack"}, ["nol"] = {"Nomlaki"}, ["nom"] = {"Nocamán"}, ["non"] = {"Эртний Скандинав"}, ["nop"] = {"Numanggang"}, ["noq"] = {"Ngongo"}, ["nos"] = {"Eastern Nisu"}, ["not"] = {"Nomatsiguenga"}, ["nou"] = {"Ewage-Notu"}, ["nov"] = {"Novial"}, ["now"] = {"Nyambo"}, ["noy"] = {"Noy"}, ["noz"] = {"Nayi"}, ["npa"] = {"Nar Phu"}, ["npb"] = {"Nupbikha"}, ["npg"] = {"Ponyo-Gongwang Naga"}, ["nph"] = {"Phom Naga"}, ["npi"] = {"Nepali (individual language)"}, ["npl"] = {"Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["npn"] = {"Mondropolon"}, ["npo"] = {"Pochuri Naga"}, ["nps"] = {"Nipsan"}, ["npu"] = {"Puimei Naga"}, ["npx"] = {"Noipx"}, ["npy"] = {"Napu"}, ["nqg"] = {"Southern Nago"}, ["nqk"] = {"Kura Ede Nago"}, ["nql"] = {"Ngendelengo"}, ["nqm"] = {"Ndom"}, ["nqn"] = {"Nen"}, ["nqo"] = {"Нко", "Нко"}, ["nqq"] = {"Kyan-Karyaw Naga"}, ["nqt"] = {"Nteng"}, ["nqy"] = {"Akyaung Ari Naga"}, ["nra"] = {"Ngom"}, ["nrb"] = {"Nara"}, ["nrc"] = {"Noric"}, ["nre"] = {"Southern Rengma Naga"}, ["nrf"] = {"Jèrriais", "Guernésiais"}, ["nrg"] = {"Narango"}, ["nri"] = {"Chokri Naga"}, ["nrk"] = {"Ngarla"}, ["nrl"] = {"Ngarluma"}, ["nrm"] = {"Narom"}, ["nrn"] = {"Norn"}, ["nrp"] = {"North Picene"}, ["nrr"] = {"Norra", "Nora"}, ["nrt"] = {"Northern Kalapuya"}, ["nru"] = {"Narua"}, ["nrx"] = {"Ngurmbur"}, ["nrz"] = {"Lala"}, ["nsa"] = {"Sangtam Naga"}, ["nsb"] = {"Lower Nossob"}, ["nsc"] = {"Nshi"}, ["nsd"] = {"Southern Nisu"}, ["nse"] = {"Nsenga"}, ["nsf"] = {"Northwestern Nisu"}, ["nsg"] = {"Ngasa"}, ["nsh"] = {"Ngoshie"}, ["nsi"] = {"Nigerian Sign Language"}, ["nsk"] = {"Naskapi"}, ["nsl"] = {"Norwegian Sign Language"}, ["nsm"] = {"Sumi Naga"}, ["nsn"] = {"Nehan"}, ["nso"] = {"Педи", "Хойд Сото", "Сепеди"}, ["nsp"] = {"Nepalese Sign Language"}, ["nsq"] = {"Northern Sierra Miwok"}, ["nsr"] = {"Maritime Sign Language"}, ["nss"] = {"Nali"}, ["nst"] = {"Tase Naga"}, ["nsu"] = {"Sierra Negra Nahuatl"}, ["nsv"] = {"Southwestern Nisu"}, ["nsw"] = {"Navut"}, ["nsx"] = {"Nsongo"}, ["nsy"] = {"Nasal"}, ["nsz"] = {"Nisenan"}, ["ntd"] = {"Northern Tidung"}, ["nte"] = {"Nathembo"}, ["ntg"] = {"Ngantangarra"}, ["nti"] = {"Natioro"}, ["ntj"] = {"Ngaanyatjarra"}, ["ntk"] = {"Ikoma-Nata-Isenye"}, ["ntm"] = {"Nateni"}, ["nto"] = {"Ntomba"}, ["ntp"] = {"Northern Tepehuan"}, ["ntr"] = {"Delo"}, ["ntu"] = {"Natügu"}, ["ntw"] = {"Nottoway"}, ["ntx"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (Myanmar)"}, ["nty"] = {"Mantsi"}, ["ntz"] = {"Natanzi"}, ["nua"] = {"Yuanga"}, ["nub"] = {"Nubian languages"}, ["nuc"] = {"Nukuini"}, ["nud"] = {"Ngala"}, ["nue"] = {"Ngundu"}, ["nuf"] = {"Nusu"}, ["nug"] = {"Nungali"}, ["nuh"] = {"Ndunda"}, ["nui"] = {"Ngumbi"}, ["nuj"] = {"Nyole"}, ["nuk"] = {"Nuu-chah-nulth", "Nuuchahnulth"}, ["nul"] = {"Nusa Laut"}, ["num"] = {"Niuafo'ou"}, ["nun"] = {"Anong"}, ["nuo"] = {"Nguôn"}, ["nup"] = {"Nupe-Nupe-Tako"}, ["nuq"] = {"Nukumanu"}, ["nur"] = {"Nukuria"}, ["nus"] = {"Nuer"}, ["nut"] = {"Nung (Viet Nam)"}, ["nuu"] = {"Ngbundu"}, ["nuv"] = {"Northern Nuni"}, ["nuw"] = {"Nguluwan"}, ["nux"] = {"Mehek"}, ["nuy"] = {"Nunggubuyu"}, ["nuz"] = {"Tlamacazapa Nahuatl"}, ["nvh"] = {"Nasarian"}, ["nvm"] = {"Namiae"}, ["nvo"] = {"Nyokon"}, ["nwa"] = {"Nawathinehena"}, ["nwb"] = {"Nyabwa"}, ["nwc"] = {"Classical Newari", "Classical Nepal Bhasa", "Old Newari"}, ["nwe"] = {"Ngwe"}, ["nwg"] = {"Ngayawung"}, ["nwi"] = {"Southwest Tanna"}, ["nwm"] = {"Nyamusa-Molo"}, ["nwo"] = {"Nauo"}, ["nwr"] = {"Nawaru"}, ["nwx"] = {"Middle Newar"}, ["nwy"] = {"Nottoway-Meherrin"}, ["nxa"] = {"Nauete"}, ["nxd"] = {"Ngando (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["nxe"] = {"Nage"}, ["nxg"] = {"Ngad'a"}, ["nxi"] = {"Nindi"}, ["nxk"] = {"Koki Naga"}, ["nxl"] = {"South Nuaulu"}, ["nxm"] = {"Numidian"}, ["nxn"] = {"Ngawun"}, ["nxo"] = {"Ndambomo"}, ["nxq"] = {"Naxi"}, ["nxr"] = {"Ninggerum"}, ["nxx"] = {"Nafri"}, ["nyb"] = {"Nyangbo"}, ["nyc"] = {"Nyanga-li"}, ["nyd"] = {"Nyore", "Olunyole"}, ["nye"] = {"Nyengo"}, ["nyf"] = {"Giryama", "Kigiryama"}, ["nyg"] = {"Nyindu"}, ["nyh"] = {"Nyikina"}, ["nyi"] = {"Ama (Sudan)"}, ["nyj"] = {"Nyanga"}, ["nyk"] = {"Nyaneka"}, ["nyl"] = {"Nyeu"}, ["nym"] = {"Nyamwezi"}, ["nyn"] = {"Nyankole"}, ["nyo"] = {"Nyoro"}, ["nyp"] = {"Nyang'i"}, ["nyq"] = {"Nayini"}, ["nyr"] = {"Nyiha (Malawi)"}, ["nys"] = {"Nyungar"}, ["nyt"] = {"Nyawaygi"}, ["nyu"] = {"Nyungwe"}, ["nyv"] = {"Nyulnyul"}, ["nyw"] = {"Nyaw"}, ["nyx"] = {"Nganyaywana"}, ["nyy"] = {"Nyakyusa-Ngonde"}, ["nza"] = {"Tigon Mbembe"}, ["nzb"] = {"Njebi"}, ["nzd"] = {"Nzadi"}, ["nzi"] = {"Nzima"}, ["nzk"] = {"Nzakara"}, ["nzm"] = {"Zeme Naga"}, ["nzs"] = {"New Zealand Sign Language"}, ["nzu"] = {"Teke-Nzikou"}, ["nzy"] = {"Nzakambay"}, ["nzz"] = {"Nanga Dama Dogon"}, ["oaa"] = {"Orok"}, ["oac"] = {"Oroch"}, ["oar"] = {"Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)", "Ancient Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)"}, ["oav"] = {"Old Avar"}, ["obi"] = {"Obispeño"}, ["obk"] = {"Southern Bontok"}, ["obl"] = {"Oblo"}, ["obm"] = {"Moabite"}, ["obo"] = {"Obo Manobo"}, ["obr"] = {"Old Burmese"}, ["obt"] = {"Old Breton"}, ["obu"] = {"Obulom"}, ["oca"] = {"Ocaina"}, ["och"] = {"Old Chinese"}, ["ocm"] = {"Old Cham"}, ["oco"] = {"Old Cornish"}, ["ocu"] = {"Atzingo Matlatzinca"}, ["oda"] = {"Odut"}, ["odk"] = {"Od"}, ["odt"] = {"Old Dutch"}, ["odu"] = {"Odual"}, ["ofo"] = {"Ofo"}, ["ofs"] = {"Old Frisian"}, ["ofu"] = {"Efutop"}, ["ogb"] = {"Ogbia"}, ["ogc"] = {"Ogbah"}, ["oge"] = {"Old Georgian"}, ["ogg"] = {"Ogbogolo"}, ["ogo"] = {"Khana"}, ["ogu"] = {"Ogbronuagum"}, ["oht"] = {"Old Hittite"}, ["ohu"] = {"Old Hungarian"}, ["oia"] = {"Oirata"}, ["oin"] = {"Inebu One"}, ["ojb"] = {"Northwestern Ojibwa"}, ["ojc"] = {"Central Ojibwa"}, ["ojg"] = {"Eastern Ojibwa"}, ["ojp"] = {"Old Japanese"}, ["ojs"] = {"Severn Ojibwa"}, ["ojv"] = {"Ontong Java"}, ["ojw"] = {"Western Ojibwa"}, ["oka"] = {"Okanagan"}, ["okb"] = {"Okobo"}, ["okc"] = {"Kobo"}, ["okd"] = {"Okodia"}, ["oke"] = {"Okpe (Southwestern Edo)"}, ["okg"] = {"Koko Babangk"}, ["okh"] = {"Koresh-e Rostam"}, ["oki"] = {"Okiek"}, ["okj"] = {"Oko-Juwoi"}, ["okk"] = {"Kwamtim One"}, ["okl"] = {"Old Kentish Sign Language"}, ["okm"] = {"Middle Korean (10th-16th cent.)"}, ["okn"] = {"Oki-No-Erabu"}, ["oko"] = {"Old Korean (3rd-9th cent.)"}, ["okr"] = {"Kirike"}, ["oks"] = {"Oko-Eni-Osayen"}, ["oku"] = {"Oku"}, ["okv"] = {"Orokaiva"}, ["okx"] = {"Okpe (Northwestern Edo)"}, ["okz"] = {"Old Khmer"}, ["ola"] = {"Walungge"}, ["old"] = {"Mochi"}, ["ole"] = {"Olekha"}, ["olk"] = {"Olkol"}, ["olm"] = {"Oloma"}, ["olo"] = {"Livvi"}, ["olr"] = {"Olrat"}, ["olt"] = {"Old Lithuanian"}, ["olu"] = {"Kuvale"}, ["oma"] = {"Omaha-Ponca"}, ["omb"] = {"East Ambae"}, ["omc"] = {"Mochica"}, ["omg"] = {"Omagua"}, ["omi"] = {"Omi"}, ["omk"] = {"Omok"}, ["oml"] = {"Ombo"}, ["omn"] = {"Minoan"}, ["omo"] = {"Utarmbung"}, ["omp"] = {"Old Manipuri"}, ["omq"] = {"Oto-Manguean languages"}, ["omr"] = {"Old Marathi"}, ["omt"] = {"Omotik"}, ["omu"] = {"Omurano"}, ["omv"] = {"Omotic languages"}, ["omw"] = {"South Tairora"}, ["omx"] = {"Old Mon"}, ["omy"] = {"Old Malay"}, ["ona"] = {"Ona"}, ["onb"] = {"Lingao"}, ["one"] = {"Oneida"}, ["ong"] = {"Olo"}, ["oni"] = {"Onin"}, ["onj"] = {"Onjob"}, ["onk"] = {"Kabore One"}, ["onn"] = {"Onobasulu"}, ["ono"] = {"Onondaga"}, ["onp"] = {"Sartang"}, ["onr"] = {"Northern One"}, ["ons"] = {"Ono"}, ["ont"] = {"Ontenu"}, ["onu"] = {"Unua"}, ["onw"] = {"Old Nubian"}, ["onx"] = {"Onin Based Pidgin"}, ["ood"] = {"Тохоно Оодхам"}, ["oog"] = {"Ong"}, ["oon"] = {"Önge"}, ["oor"] = {"Oorlams"}, ["oos"] = {"Old Ossetic"}, ["opa"] = {"Okpamheri"}, ["opk"] = {"Kopkaka"}, ["opm"] = {"Oksapmin"}, ["opo"] = {"Opao"}, ["opt"] = {"Opata"}, ["opy"] = {"Ofayé"}, ["ora"] = {"Oroha"}, ["orc"] = {"Orma"}, ["ore"] = {"Orejón"}, ["org"] = {"Oring"}, ["orh"] = {"Орчон"}, ["orn"] = {"Orang Kanaq"}, ["oro"] = {"Orokolo"}, ["orr"] = {"Oruma"}, ["ors"] = {"Orang Seletar"}, ["ort"] = {"Adivasi Oriya"}, ["oru"] = {"Ormuri"}, ["orv"] = {"Эртний Орос"}, ["orw"] = {"Oro Win"}, ["orx"] = {"Oro"}, ["ory"] = {"Odia (individual language)", "Oriya (individual language)"}, ["orz"] = {"Ormu"}, ["osa"] = {"Osage"}, ["osc"] = {"Oscan"}, ["osi"] = {"Osing"}, ["osn"] = {"Old Sundanese"}, ["oso"] = {"Ososo"}, ["osp"] = {"Old Spanish"}, ["ost"] = {"Osatu"}, ["osu"] = {"Southern One"}, ["osx"] = {"Old Saxon"}, ["ota"] = {"Османы Турк (1500-1928)"}, ["otb"] = {"Old Tibetan"}, ["otd"] = {"Ot Danum"}, ["ote"] = {"Mezquital Otomi"}, ["oti"] = {"Oti"}, ["otk"] = {"Эртний Түрэг"}, ["otl"] = {"Tilapa Otomi"}, ["otm"] = {"Eastern Highland Otomi"}, ["otn"] = {"Tenango Otomi"}, ["oto"] = {"Отоми хэлнүүд"}, ["otq"] = {"Querétaro Otomi"}, ["otr"] = {"Otoro"}, ["ots"] = {"Estado de México Otomi"}, ["ott"] = {"Temoaya Otomi"}, ["otu"] = {"Otuke"}, ["otw"] = {"Ottawa"}, ["otx"] = {"Texcatepec Otomi"}, ["oty"] = {"Old Tamil"}, ["otz"] = {"Ixtenco Otomi"}, ["oua"] = {"Tagargrent"}, ["oub"] = {"Glio-Oubi"}, ["oue"] = {"Oune"}, ["oui"] = {"Old Uighur"}, ["oum"] = {"Ouma"}, ["ovd"] = {"Elfdalian", "Övdalian"}, ["owi"] = {"Owiniga"}, ["owl"] = {"Old Welsh"}, ["oyb"] = {"Oy"}, ["oyd"] = {"Oyda"}, ["oym"] = {"Wayampi"}, ["oyy"] = {"Oya'oya"}, ["ozm"] = {"Koonzime"}, ["paa"] = {"Papuan languages"}, ["pab"] = {"Parecís"}, ["pac"] = {"Pacoh"}, ["pad"] = {"Paumarí"}, ["pae"] = {"Pagibete"}, ["paf"] = {"Paranawát"}, ["pag"] = {"Pangasinan"}, ["pah"] = {"Tenharim"}, ["pai"] = {"Pe"}, ["pak"] = {"Parakanã"}, ["pal"] = {"Pahlavi"}, ["pam"] = {"Пампанга", "Капампанган"}, ["pao"] = {"Northern Paiute"}, ["pap"] = {"Папиаменто"}, ["paq"] = {"Parya"}, ["par"] = {"Panamint", "Timbisha"}, ["pas"] = {"Papasena"}, ["pau"] = {"Палау"}, ["pav"] = {"Pakaásnovos"}, ["paw"] = {"Pawnee"}, ["pax"] = {"Pankararé"}, ["pay"] = {"Pech"}, ["paz"] = {"Pankararú"}, ["pbb"] = {"Páez"}, ["pbc"] = {"Patamona"}, ["pbe"] = {"Mezontla Popoloca"}, ["pbf"] = {"Coyotepec Popoloca"}, ["pbg"] = {"Paraujano"}, ["pbh"] = {"E'ñapa Woromaipu"}, ["pbi"] = {"Parkwa"}, ["pbl"] = {"Mak (Nigeria)"}, ["pbm"] = {"Puebla Mazatec"}, ["pbn"] = {"Kpasam"}, ["pbo"] = {"Papel"}, ["pbp"] = {"Badyara"}, ["pbr"] = {"Pangwa"}, ["pbs"] = {"Central Pame"}, ["pbt"] = {"Southern Pashto"}, ["pbu"] = {"Northern Pashto"}, ["pbv"] = {"Pnar"}, ["pby"] = {"Pyu (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["pca"] = {"Santa Inés Ahuatempan Popoloca"}, ["pcb"] = {"Pear"}, ["pcc"] = {"Bouyei"}, ["pcd"] = {"Picard"}, ["pce"] = {"Ruching Palaung"}, ["pcf"] = {"Paliyan"}, ["pcg"] = {"Paniya"}, ["pch"] = {"Pardhan"}, ["pci"] = {"Duruwa"}, ["pcj"] = {"Parenga"}, ["pck"] = {"Paite Chin"}, ["pcl"] = {"Pardhi"}, ["pcm"] = {"Nigerian Pidgin"}, ["pcn"] = {"Piti"}, ["pcp"] = {"Pacahuara"}, ["pcw"] = {"Pyapun"}, ["pda"] = {"Anam"}, ["pdc"] = {"Pennsylvania German"}, ["pdi"] = {"Pa Di"}, ["pdn"] = {"Podena", "Fedan"}, ["pdo"] = {"Padoe"}, ["pdt"] = {"Plautdietsch"}, ["pdu"] = {"Kayan"}, ["pea"] = {"Peranakan Indonesian"}, ["peb"] = {"Eastern Pomo"}, ["ped"] = {"Mala (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["pee"] = {"Taje"}, ["pef"] = {"Northeastern Pomo"}, ["peg"] = {"Pengo"}, ["peh"] = {"Баоань"}, ["pei"] = {"Chichimeca-Jonaz"}, ["pej"] = {"Northern Pomo"}, ["pek"] = {"Penchal"}, ["pel"] = {"Pekal"}, ["pem"] = {"Phende"}, ["peo"] = {"Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)"}, ["pep"] = {"Kunja"}, ["peq"] = {"Southern Pomo"}, ["pes"] = {"Iranian Persian"}, ["pev"] = {"Pémono"}, ["pex"] = {"Petats"}, ["pey"] = {"Petjo"}, ["pez"] = {"Eastern Penan"}, ["pfa"] = {"Pááfang"}, ["pfe"] = {"Pere"}, ["pfl"] = {"Пфальц"}, ["pga"] = {"Sudanese Creole Arabic"}, ["pgd"] = {"Gāndhārī"}, ["pgg"] = {"Pangwali"}, ["pgi"] = {"Pagi"}, ["pgk"] = {"Rerep"}, ["pgl"] = {"Primitive Irish"}, ["pgn"] = {"Paelignian"}, ["pgs"] = {"Pangseng"}, ["pgu"] = {"Pagu"}, ["pgz"] = {"Papua New Guinean Sign Language"}, ["pha"] = {"Pa-Hng"}, ["phd"] = {"Phudagi"}, ["phg"] = {"Phuong"}, ["phh"] = {"Phukha"}, ["phi"] = {"Philippine languages"}, ["phk"] = {"Phake"}, ["phl"] = {"Phalura", "Palula"}, ["phm"] = {"Phimbi"}, ["phn"] = {"Phoenician"}, ["pho"] = {"Phunoi"}, ["phq"] = {"Phana'"}, ["phr"] = {"Pahari-Potwari"}, ["pht"] = {"Phu Thai"}, ["phu"] = {"Phuan"}, ["phv"] = {"Pahlavani"}, ["phw"] = {"Phangduwali"}, ["pia"] = {"Pima Bajo"}, ["pib"] = {"Yine"}, ["pic"] = {"Pinji"}, ["pid"] = {"Piaroa"}, ["pie"] = {"Piro"}, ["pif"] = {"Pingelapese"}, ["pig"] = {"Pisabo"}, ["pih"] = {"Pitcairn-Norfolk"}, ["pii"] = {"Pini"}, ["pij"] = {"Pijao"}, ["pil"] = {"Yom"}, ["pim"] = {"Powhatan"}, ["pin"] = {"Piame"}, ["pio"] = {"Piapoco"}, ["pip"] = {"Pero"}, ["pir"] = {"Piratapuyo"}, ["pis"] = {"Pijin"}, ["pit"] = {"Pitta Pitta"}, ["piu"] = {"Pintupi-Luritja"}, ["piv"] = {"Pileni", "Vaeakau-Taumako"}, ["piw"] = {"Pimbwe"}, ["pix"] = {"Piu"}, ["piy"] = {"Piya-Kwonci"}, ["piz"] = {"Pije"}, ["pjt"] = {"Pitjantjatjara"}, ["pka"] = {"Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit"}, ["pkb"] = {"Pokomo", "Kipfokomo"}, ["pkc"] = {"Paekche"}, ["pkg"] = {"Pak-Tong"}, ["pkh"] = {"Pankhu"}, ["pkn"] = {"Pakanha"}, ["pko"] = {"Pökoot"}, ["pkp"] = {"Pukapuka"}, ["pkr"] = {"Attapady Kurumba"}, ["pks"] = {"Pakistan Sign Language"}, ["pkt"] = {"Maleng"}, ["pku"] = {"Paku"}, ["pla"] = {"Miani"}, ["plb"] = {"Polonombauk"}, ["plc"] = {"Central Palawano"}, ["pld"] = {"Polari"}, ["ple"] = {"Palu'e"}, ["plf"] = {"Central Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["plg"] = {"Pilagá"}, ["plh"] = {"Paulohi"}, ["plj"] = {"Polci"}, ["plk"] = {"Kohistani Shina"}, ["pll"] = {"Shwe Palaung"}, ["pln"] = {"Palenquero"}, ["plo"] = {"Oluta Popoluca"}, ["plq"] = {"Palaic"}, ["plr"] = {"Palaka Senoufo"}, ["pls"] = {"San Marcos Tlacoyalco Popoloca", "San Marcos Tlalcoyalco Popoloca"}, ["plt"] = {"Plateau Malagasy"}, ["plu"] = {"Palikúr"}, ["plv"] = {"Southwest Palawano"}, ["plw"] = {"Brooke's Point Palawano"}, ["ply"] = {"Bolyu"}, ["plz"] = {"Paluan"}, ["pma"] = {"Paama"}, ["pmb"] = {"Pambia"}, ["pmd"] = {"Pallanganmiddang"}, ["pme"] = {"Pwaamei"}, ["pmf"] = {"Pamona"}, ["pmh"] = {"Māhārāṣṭri Prākrit"}, ["pmi"] = {"Northern Pumi"}, ["pmj"] = {"Southern Pumi"}, ["pmk"] = {"Pamlico"}, ["pml"] = {"Lingua Franca"}, ["pmm"] = {"Pomo"}, ["pmn"] = {"Pam"}, ["pmo"] = {"Pom"}, ["pmq"] = {"Northern Pame"}, ["pmr"] = {"Paynamar"}, ["pms"] = {"Пьемонт"}, ["pmt"] = {"Tuamotuan"}, ["pmw"] = {"Plains Miwok"}, ["pmx"] = {"Poumei Naga"}, ["pmy"] = {"Papuan Malay"}, ["pmz"] = {"Southern Pame"}, ["pna"] = {"Punan Bah-Biau"}, ["pnb"] = {"Western Panjabi"}, ["pnc"] = {"Pannei"}, ["pnd"] = {"Mpinda"}, ["pne"] = {"Western Penan"}, ["png"] = {"Pangu", "Pongu"}, ["pnh"] = {"Пенрин"}, ["pni"] = {"Aoheng"}, ["pnj"] = {"Pinjarup"}, ["pnk"] = {"Paunaka"}, ["pnl"] = {"Paleni"}, ["pnm"] = {"Punan Batu 1"}, ["pnn"] = {"Pinai-Hagahai"}, ["pno"] = {"Panobo"}, ["pnp"] = {"Pancana"}, ["pnq"] = {"Pana (Burkina Faso)"}, ["pnr"] = {"Panim"}, ["pns"] = {"Ponosakan"}, ["pnt"] = {"Pontic"}, ["pnu"] = {"Jiongnai Bunu"}, ["pnv"] = {"Pinigura"}, ["pnw"] = {"Banyjima", "Panytyima"}, ["pnx"] = {"Phong-Kniang"}, ["pny"] = {"Pinyin"}, ["pnz"] = {"Pana (Central African Republic)"}, ["poc"] = {"Poqomam"}, ["poe"] = {"San Juan Atzingo Popoloca"}, ["pof"] = {"Poke"}, ["pog"] = {"Potiguára"}, ["poh"] = {"Poqomchi'"}, ["poi"] = {"Highland Popoluca"}, ["pok"] = {"Pokangá"}, ["pom"] = {"Southeastern Pomo"}, ["pon"] = {"Pohnpeian"}, ["poo"] = {"Central Pomo"}, ["pop"] = {"Pwapwâ"}, ["poq"] = {"Texistepec Popoluca"}, ["pos"] = {"Sayula Popoluca"}, ["pot"] = {"Potawatomi"}, ["pov"] = {"Upper Guinea Crioulo"}, ["pow"] = {"San Felipe Otlaltepec Popoloca"}, ["pox"] = {"Polabian"}, ["poy"] = {"Pogolo"}, ["poz"] = {"Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["ppe"] = {"Papi"}, ["ppi"] = {"Paipai"}, ["ppk"] = {"Uma"}, ["ppl"] = {"Pipil", "Nicarao"}, ["ppm"] = {"Papuma"}, ["ppn"] = {"Papapana"}, ["ppo"] = {"Folopa"}, ["ppp"] = {"Pelende"}, ["ppq"] = {"Pei"}, ["pps"] = {"San Luís Temalacayuca Popoloca"}, ["ppt"] = {"Pare"}, ["ppu"] = {"Papora"}, ["pqa"] = {"Pa'a"}, ["pqe"] = {"Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["pqm"] = {"Malecite-Passamaquoddy"}, ["pqw"] = {"Western Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["pra"] = {"Prakrit languages"}, ["prc"] = {"Parachi"}, ["prd"] = {"Parsi-Dari"}, ["pre"] = {"Principense"}, ["prf"] = {"Paranan"}, ["prg"] = {"Прусс"}, ["prh"] = {"Porohanon"}, ["pri"] = {"Paicî"}, ["prk"] = {"Parauk"}, ["prl"] = {"Peruvian Sign Language"}, ["prm"] = {"Kibiri"}, ["prn"] = {"Prasuni"}, ["pro"] = {"Old Provençal (to 1500)", "Old Occitan (to 1500)"}, ["prp"] = {"Parsi"}, ["prq"] = {"Ashéninka Perené"}, ["prr"] = {"Puri"}, ["prs"] = {"Дари", "Дари Перс"}, ["prt"] = {"Phai"}, ["pru"] = {"Puragi"}, ["prw"] = {"Parawen"}, ["prx"] = {"Purik"}, ["prz"] = {"Providencia Sign Language"}, ["psa"] = {"Asue Awyu"}, ["psc"] = {"Persian Sign Language"}, ["psd"] = {"Plains Indian Sign Language"}, ["pse"] = {"Central Malay"}, ["psg"] = {"Penang Sign Language"}, ["psh"] = {"Southwest Pashai", "Southwest Pashayi"}, ["psi"] = {"Southeast Pashai", "Southeast Pashayi"}, ["psl"] = {"Puerto Rican Sign Language"}, ["psm"] = {"Pauserna"}, ["psn"] = {"Panasuan"}, ["pso"] = {"Polish Sign Language"}, ["psp"] = {"Philippine Sign Language"}, ["psq"] = {"Pasi"}, ["psr"] = {"Portuguese Sign Language"}, ["pss"] = {"Kaulong"}, ["pst"] = {"Central Pashto"}, ["psu"] = {"Sauraseni Prākrit"}, ["psw"] = {"Port Sandwich"}, ["psy"] = {"Piscataway"}, ["pta"] = {"Pai Tavytera"}, ["pth"] = {"Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe"}, ["pti"] = {"Pindiini", "Wangkatha"}, ["ptn"] = {"Patani"}, ["pto"] = {"Zo'é"}, ["ptp"] = {"Patep"}, ["ptq"] = {"Pattapu"}, ["ptr"] = {"Piamatsina"}, ["ptt"] = {"Enrekang"}, ["ptu"] = {"Bambam"}, ["ptv"] = {"Port Vato"}, ["ptw"] = {"Pentlatch"}, ["pty"] = {"Pathiya"}, ["pua"] = {"Western Highland Purepecha"}, ["pub"] = {"Purum"}, ["puc"] = {"Punan Merap"}, ["pud"] = {"Punan Aput"}, ["pue"] = {"Puelche"}, ["puf"] = {"Punan Merah"}, ["pug"] = {"Phuie"}, ["pui"] = {"Puinave"}, ["puj"] = {"Punan Tubu"}, ["pum"] = {"Puma"}, ["puo"] = {"Puoc"}, ["pup"] = {"Pulabu"}, ["puq"] = {"Puquina"}, ["pur"] = {"Puruborá"}, ["put"] = {"Putoh"}, ["puu"] = {"Punu"}, ["puw"] = {"Puluwatese"}, ["pux"] = {"Puare"}, ["puy"] = {"Purisimeño"}, ["pwa"] = {"Pawaia"}, ["pwb"] = {"Panawa"}, ["pwg"] = {"Gapapaiwa"}, ["pwi"] = {"Patwin"}, ["pwm"] = {"Molbog"}, ["pwn"] = {"Paiwan"}, ["pwo"] = {"Pwo Western Karen"}, ["pwr"] = {"Powari"}, ["pww"] = {"Pwo Northern Karen"}, ["pxm"] = {"Quetzaltepec Mixe"}, ["pye"] = {"Pye Krumen"}, ["pym"] = {"Fyam"}, ["pyn"] = {"Poyanáwa"}, ["pys"] = {"Paraguayan Sign Language", "Lengua de Señas del Paraguay"}, ["pyu"] = {"Puyuma"}, ["pyx"] = {"Pyu (Myanmar)"}, ["pyy"] = {"Pyen"}, ["pzn"] = {"Para Naga"}, ["qua"] = {"Quapaw"}, ["qub"] = {"Huallaga Huánuco Quechua"}, ["quc"] = {"K'iche'", "Quiché"}, ["qud"] = {"Calderón Highland Quichua"}, ["quf"] = {"Lambayeque Quechua"}, ["qug"] = {"Chimborazo Highland Quichua"}, ["quh"] = {"South Bolivian Quechua"}, ["qui"] = {"Quileute"}, ["quk"] = {"Chachapoyas Quechua"}, ["qul"] = {"North Bolivian Quechua"}, ["qum"] = {"Sipacapense"}, ["qun"] = {"Quinault"}, ["qup"] = {"Southern Pastaza Quechua"}, ["quq"] = {"Quinqui"}, ["qur"] = {"Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua"}, ["qus"] = {"Santiago del Estero Quichua"}, ["quv"] = {"Sacapulteco"}, ["quw"] = {"Tena Lowland Quichua"}, ["qux"] = {"Yauyos Quechua"}, ["quy"] = {"Ayacucho Quechua"}, ["quz"] = {"Cusco Quechua"}, ["qva"] = {"Ambo-Pasco Quechua"}, ["qvc"] = {"Cajamarca Quechua"}, ["qve"] = {"Eastern Apurímac Quechua"}, ["qvh"] = {"Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco Quechua"}, ["qvi"] = {"Imbabura Highland Quichua"}, ["qvj"] = {"Loja Highland Quichua"}, ["qvl"] = {"Cajatambo North Lima Quechua"}, ["qvm"] = {"Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua"}, ["qvn"] = {"North Junín Quechua"}, ["qvo"] = {"Napo Lowland Quechua"}, ["qvp"] = {"Pacaraos Quechua"}, ["qvs"] = {"San Martín Quechua"}, ["qvw"] = {"Huaylla Wanca Quechua"}, ["qvy"] = {"Queyu"}, ["qvz"] = {"Northern Pastaza Quichua"}, ["qwa"] = {"Corongo Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwc"] = {"Classical Quechua"}, ["qwe"] = {"Quechuan (family)"}, ["qwh"] = {"Huaylas Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwm"] = {"Kuman (Russia)"}, ["qws"] = {"Sihuas Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwt"] = {"Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai"}, ["qxa"] = {"Chiquián Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxc"] = {"Chincha Quechua"}, ["qxh"] = {"Panao Huánuco Quechua"}, ["qxl"] = {"Salasaca Highland Quichua"}, ["qxn"] = {"Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxo"] = {"Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxp"] = {"Puno Quechua"}, ["qxq"] = {"Qashqa'i"}, ["qxr"] = {"Cañar Highland Quichua"}, ["qxs"] = {"Southern Qiang"}, ["qxt"] = {"Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua"}, ["qxu"] = {"Arequipa-La Unión Quechua"}, ["qxw"] = {"Jauja Wanca Quechua"}, ["qya"] = {"Quenya"}, ["qyp"] = {"Quiripi"}, ["raa"] = {"Dungmali"}, ["rab"] = {"Camling"}, ["rac"] = {"Rasawa"}, ["rad"] = {"Rade"}, ["raf"] = {"Western Meohang"}, ["rag"] = {"Logooli", "Lulogooli"}, ["rah"] = {"Rabha"}, ["rai"] = {"Ramoaaina"}, ["raj"] = {"Rajasthani"}, ["rak"] = {"Tulu-Bohuai"}, ["ral"] = {"Ralte"}, ["ram"] = {"Canela"}, ["ran"] = {"Riantana"}, ["rao"] = {"Rao"}, ["rap"] = {"Rapanui"}, ["raq"] = {"Saam"}, ["rar"] = {"Rarotongan", "Маори"}, ["ras"] = {"Tegali"}, ["rat"] = {"Razajerdi"}, ["rau"] = {"Raute"}, ["rav"] = {"Sampang"}, ["raw"] = {"Rawang"}, ["rax"] = {"Rang"}, ["ray"] = {"Rapa"}, ["raz"] = {"Rahambuu"}, ["rbb"] = {"Rumai Palaung"}, ["rbk"] = {"Northern Bontok"}, ["rbl"] = {"Miraya Bikol"}, ["rbp"] = {"Barababaraba"}, ["rcf"] = {"Réunion Creole French"}, ["rdb"] = {"Rudbari"}, ["rea"] = {"Rerau"}, ["reb"] = {"Rembong"}, ["ree"] = {"Rejang Kayan"}, ["reg"] = {"Kara (Tanzania)"}, ["rei"] = {"Reli"}, ["rej"] = {"Rejang"}, ["rel"] = {"Rendille"}, ["rem"] = {"Remo"}, ["ren"] = {"Rengao"}, ["rer"] = {"Rer Bare"}, ["res"] = {"Reshe"}, ["ret"] = {"Retta"}, ["rey"] = {"Reyesano"}, ["rga"] = {"Roria"}, ["rge"] = {"Romano-Greek"}, ["rgk"] = {"Rangkas"}, ["rgn"] = {"Romagnol"}, ["rgr"] = {"Resígaro"}, ["rgs"] = {"Southern Roglai"}, ["rgu"] = {"Ringgou"}, ["rhg"] = {"Rohingya"}, ["rhp"] = {"Yahang"}, ["ria"] = {"Riang (India)"}, ["rif"] = {"Tarifit"}, ["ril"] = {"Riang Lang", "Riang (Myanmar)"}, ["rim"] = {"Nyaturu"}, ["rin"] = {"Nungu"}, ["rir"] = {"Ribun"}, ["rit"] = {"Ritharrngu"}, ["riu"] = {"Riung"}, ["rjg"] = {"Rajong"}, ["rji"] = {"Raji"}, ["rjs"] = {"Rajbanshi"}, ["rka"] = {"Kraol"}, ["rkb"] = {"Rikbaktsa"}, ["rkh"] = {"Rakahanga-Manihiki"}, ["rki"] = {"Rakhine"}, ["rkm"] = {"Marka"}, ["rkt"] = {"Rangpuri", "Kamta"}, ["rkw"] = {"Arakwal"}, ["rma"] = {"Rama"}, ["rmb"] = {"Rembarrnga"}, ["rmc"] = {"Carpathian Romani"}, ["rmd"] = {"Traveller Danish"}, ["rme"] = {"Angloromani"}, ["rmf"] = {"Kalo Finnish Romani"}, ["rmg"] = {"Traveller Norwegian"}, ["rmh"] = {"Murkim"}, ["rmi"] = {"Lomavren"}, ["rmk"] = {"Romkun"}, ["rml"] = {"Baltic Romani"}, ["rmm"] = {"Roma"}, ["rmn"] = {"Balkan Romani"}, ["rmo"] = {"Sinte Romani"}, ["rmp"] = {"Rempi"}, ["rmq"] = {"Caló"}, ["rms"] = {"Romanian Sign Language"}, ["rmt"] = {"Domari"}, ["rmu"] = {"Tavringer Romani"}, ["rmv"] = {"Romanova"}, ["rmw"] = {"Welsh Romani"}, ["rmx"] = {"Romam"}, ["rmy"] = {"Vlax Romani"}, ["rmz"] = {"Marma"}, ["rnd"] = {"Ruund"}, ["rng"] = {"Ronga"}, ["rnl"] = {"Ranglong"}, ["rnn"] = {"Roon"}, ["rnp"] = {"Rongpo"}, ["rnr"] = {"Nari Nari"}, ["rnw"] = {"Rungwa"}, ["roa"] = {"Romance languages"}, ["rob"] = {"Tae'"}, ["roc"] = {"Cacgia Roglai"}, ["rod"] = {"Rogo"}, ["roe"] = {"Ronji"}, ["rof"] = {"Rombo"}, ["rog"] = {"Northern Roglai"}, ["rol"] = {"Romblomanon"}, ["rom"] = {"Romany"}, ["roo"] = {"Rotokas"}, ["rop"] = {"Kriol"}, ["ror"] = {"Rongga"}, ["rou"] = {"Runga"}, ["row"] = {"Dela-Oenale"}, ["rpn"] = {"Repanbitip"}, ["rpt"] = {"Rapting"}, ["rri"] = {"Ririo"}, ["rro"] = {"Waima"}, ["rrt"] = {"Arritinngithigh"}, ["rsb"] = {"Romano-Serbian"}, ["rsl"] = {"Russian Sign Language"}, ["rsm"] = {"Miriwoong Sign Language"}, ["rtc"] = {"Rungtu Chin"}, ["rth"] = {"Ratahan"}, ["rtm"] = {"Rotuman"}, ["rts"] = {"Yurats"}, ["rtw"] = {"Rathawi"}, ["rub"] = {"Gungu"}, ["ruc"] = {"Ruuli"}, ["rue"] = {"Русин"}, ["ruf"] = {"Luguru"}, ["rug"] = {"Roviana"}, ["ruh"] = {"Ruga"}, ["rui"] = {"Rufiji"}, ["ruk"] = {"Che"}, ["ruo"] = {"Istro Romanian"}, ["rup"] = {"Macedo-Romanian", "Aromanian", "Arumanian"}, ["ruq"] = {"Megleno Romanian"}, ["rut"] = {"Рутуль"}, ["ruu"] = {"Lanas Lobu"}, ["ruy"] = {"Mala (Nigeria)"}, ["ruz"] = {"Ruma"}, ["rwa"] = {"Rawo"}, ["rwk"] = {"Rwa"}, ["rwl"] = {"Ruwila"}, ["rwm"] = {"Amba (Uganda)"}, ["rwo"] = {"Rawa"}, ["rwr"] = {"Marwari (India)"}, ["rxd"] = {"Ngardi"}, ["rxw"] = {"Karuwali", "Garuwali"}, ["ryn"] = {"Northern Amami-Oshima"}, ["rys"] = {"Yaeyama"}, ["ryu"] = {"Төв Окинава"}, ["rzh"] = {"Rāziḥī"}, ["saa"] = {"Saba"}, ["sab"] = {"Buglere"}, ["sac"] = {"Meskwaki"}, ["sad"] = {"Sandawe"}, ["sae"] = {"Sabanê"}, ["saf"] = {"Safaliba"}, ["sah"] = {"Якут"}, ["sai"] = {"South American Indian languages"}, ["saj"] = {"Sahu"}, ["sak"] = {"Sake"}, ["sal"] = {"Salishan languages"}, ["sam"] = {"Samaritan Aramaic"}, ["sao"] = {"Sause"}, ["saq"] = {"Samburu"}, ["sar"] = {"Saraveca"}, ["sas"] = {"Sasak"}, ["sat"] = {"Santali"}, ["sau"] = {"Saleman"}, ["sav"] = {"Saafi-Saafi"}, ["saw"] = {"Sawi"}, ["sax"] = {"Sa"}, ["say"] = {"Saya"}, ["saz"] = {"Saurashtra"}, ["sba"] = {"Ngambay"}, ["sbb"] = {"Simbo"}, ["sbc"] = {"Kele (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["sbd"] = {"Southern Samo"}, ["sbe"] = {"Saliba"}, ["sbf"] = {"Chabu", "Shabo"}, ["sbg"] = {"Seget"}, ["sbh"] = {"Sori-Harengan"}, ["sbi"] = {"Seti"}, ["sbj"] = {"Surbakhal"}, ["sbk"] = {"Safwa"}, ["sbl"] = {"Botolan Sambal"}, ["sbm"] = {"Sagala"}, ["sbn"] = {"Sindhi Bhil"}, ["sbo"] = {"Sabüm"}, ["sbp"] = {"Sangu (Tanzania)"}, ["sbq"] = {"Sileibi"}, ["sbr"] = {"Sembakung Murut"}, ["sbs"] = {"Subiya"}, ["sbt"] = {"Kimki"}, ["sbu"] = {"Stod Bhoti"}, ["sbv"] = {"Sabine"}, ["sbw"] = {"Simba"}, ["sbx"] = {"Seberuang"}, ["sby"] = {"Soli"}, ["sbz"] = {"Sara Kaba"}, ["scb"] = {"Chut"}, ["sce"] = {"Дуншян"}, ["scf"] = {"San Miguel Creole French"}, ["scg"] = {"Sanggau"}, ["sch"] = {"Sakachep"}, ["sci"] = {"Sri Lankan Creole Malay"}, ["sck"] = {"Sadri"}, ["scl"] = {"Shina"}, ["scn"] = {"Сицили"}, ["sco"] = {"Скот"}, ["scp"] = {"Hyolmo", "Helambu Sherpa"}, ["scq"] = {"Sa'och"}, ["scs"] = {"North Slavey"}, ["sct"] = {"Southern Katang"}, ["scu"] = {"Shumcho"}, ["scv"] = {"Sheni"}, ["scw"] = {"Sha"}, ["scx"] = {"Sicel"}, ["sda"] = {"Toraja-Sa'dan"}, ["sdb"] = {"Shabak"}, ["sdc"] = {"Sassarese Sardinian"}, ["sde"] = {"Surubu"}, ["sdf"] = {"Sarli"}, ["sdg"] = {"Savi"}, ["sdh"] = {"Southern Kurdish"}, ["sdj"] = {"Suundi"}, ["sdk"] = {"Sos Kundi"}, ["sdl"] = {"Saudi Arabian Sign Language"}, ["sdn"] = {"Gallurese Sardinian"}, ["sdo"] = {"Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh"}, ["sdp"] = {"Sherdukpen"}, ["sdq"] = {"Semandang"}, ["sdr"] = {"Oraon Sadri"}, ["sds"] = {"Sened"}, ["sdt"] = {"Shuadit"}, ["sdu"] = {"Sarudu"}, ["sdv"] = {"Eastern Sudanic languages"}, ["sdx"] = {"Sibu Melanau"}, ["sdz"] = {"Sallands"}, ["sea"] = {"Semai"}, ["seb"] = {"Shempire Senoufo"}, ["sec"] = {"Sechelt"}, ["sed"] = {"Sedang"}, ["see"] = {"Seneca"}, ["sef"] = {"Cebaara Senoufo"}, ["seg"] = {"Segeju"}, ["seh"] = {"Sena"}, ["sei"] = {"Seri"}, ["sej"] = {"Sene"}, ["sek"] = {"Sekani"}, ["sel"] = {"Selkup"}, ["sem"] = {"Semitic languages"}, ["sen"] = {"Nanerigé Sénoufo"}, ["seo"] = {"Suarmin"}, ["sep"] = {"Sìcìté Sénoufo"}, ["seq"] = {"Senara Sénoufo"}, ["ser"] = {"Serrano"}, ["ses"] = {"Koyraboro Senni Songhai"}, ["set"] = {"Sentani"}, ["seu"] = {"Serui-Laut"}, ["sev"] = {"Nyarafolo Senoufo"}, ["sew"] = {"Sewa Bay"}, ["sey"] = {"Secoya"}, ["sez"] = {"Senthang Chin"}, ["sfb"] = {"Langue des signes de Belgique Francophone", "French Belgian Sign Language"}, ["sfe"] = {"Eastern Subanen"}, ["sfm"] = {"Small Flowery Miao"}, ["sfs"] = {"South African Sign Language"}, ["sfw"] = {"Sehwi"}, ["sga"] = {"Old Irish (to 900)"}, ["sgb"] = {"Mag-antsi Ayta"}, ["sgc"] = {"Kipsigis"}, ["sgd"] = {"Surigaonon"}, ["sge"] = {"Segai"}, ["sgg"] = {"Swiss-German Sign Language"}, ["sgh"] = {"Shughni"}, ["sgi"] = {"Suga"}, ["sgj"] = {"Surgujia"}, ["sgk"] = {"Sangkong"}, ["sgm"] = {"Singa"}, ["sgn"] = {"Sign languages"}, ["sgp"] = {"Singpho"}, ["sgr"] = {"Sangisari"}, ["sgs"] = {"Жемайт"}, ["sgt"] = {"Brokpake"}, ["sgu"] = {"Salas"}, ["sgw"] = {"Sebat Bet Gurage"}, ["sgx"] = {"Sierra Leone Sign Language"}, ["sgy"] = {"Sanglechi"}, ["sgz"] = {"Sursurunga"}, ["sha"] = {"Shall-Zwall"}, ["shb"] = {"Ninam"}, ["shc"] = {"Sonde"}, ["shd"] = {"Kundal Shahi"}, ["she"] = {"Sheko"}, ["shg"] = {"Shua"}, ["shh"] = {"Shoshoni"}, ["shi"] = {"Tachelhit"}, ["shj"] = {"Shatt"}, ["shk"] = {"Shilluk"}, ["shl"] = {"Shendu"}, ["shm"] = {"Shahrudi"}, ["shn"] = {"Shan"}, ["sho"] = {"Shanga"}, ["shp"] = {"Shipibo-Conibo"}, ["shq"] = {"Sala"}, ["shr"] = {"Shi"}, ["shs"] = {"Shuswap"}, ["sht"] = {"Shasta"}, ["shu"] = {"Chadian Arabic"}, ["shv"] = {"Shehri"}, ["shw"] = {"Shwai"}, ["shx"] = {"She"}, ["shy"] = {"Tachawit"}, ["shz"] = {"Syenara Senoufo"}, ["sia"] = {"Akkala Sami"}, ["sib"] = {"Sebop"}, ["sid"] = {"Sidamo"}, ["sie"] = {"Simaa"}, ["sif"] = {"Siamou"}, ["sig"] = {"Paasaal"}, ["sih"] = {"Zire", "Sîshëë"}, ["sii"] = {"Shom Peng"}, ["sij"] = {"Numbami"}, ["sik"] = {"Sikiana"}, ["sil"] = {"Tumulung Sisaala"}, ["sim"] = {"Mende (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["sio"] = {"Siouan languages"}, ["sip"] = {"Sikkimese"}, ["siq"] = {"Sonia"}, ["sir"] = {"Siri"}, ["sis"] = {"Siuslaw"}, ["sit"] = {"Sino-Tibetan languages"}, ["siu"] = {"Sinagen"}, ["siv"] = {"Sumariup"}, ["siw"] = {"Siwai"}, ["six"] = {"Sumau"}, ["siy"] = {"Sivandi"}, ["siz"] = {"Siwi"}, ["sja"] = {"Epena"}, ["sjb"] = {"Sajau Basap"}, ["sjd"] = {"Kildin Sami"}, ["sje"] = {"Pite Sami"}, ["sjg"] = {"Assangori"}, ["sjk"] = {"Kemi Sami"}, ["sjl"] = {"Sajalong", "Miji"}, ["sjm"] = {"Mapun"}, ["sjn"] = {"Sindarin"}, ["sjo"] = {"Xibe"}, ["sjp"] = {"Surjapuri"}, ["sjr"] = {"Siar-Lak"}, ["sjs"] = {"Senhaja De Srair"}, ["sjt"] = {"Ter Sami"}, ["sju"] = {"Ume Sami"}, ["sjw"] = {"Shawnee"}, ["ska"] = {"Skagit"}, ["skb"] = {"Saek"}, ["skc"] = {"Ma Manda"}, ["skd"] = {"Southern Sierra Miwok"}, ["ske"] = {"Seke (Vanuatu)"}, ["skf"] = {"Sakirabiá"}, ["skg"] = {"Sakalava Malagasy"}, ["skh"] = {"Sikule"}, ["ski"] = {"Sika"}, ["skj"] = {"Seke (Nepal)"}, ["skm"] = {"Kutong"}, ["skn"] = {"Kolibugan Subanon"}, ["sko"] = {"Seko Tengah"}, ["skp"] = {"Sekapan"}, ["skq"] = {"Sininkere"}, ["skr"] = {"Saraiki", "Seraiki"}, ["sks"] = {"Maia"}, ["skt"] = {"Sakata"}, ["sku"] = {"Sakao"}, ["skv"] = {"Skou"}, ["skw"] = {"Skepi Creole Dutch"}, ["skx"] = {"Seko Padang"}, ["sky"] = {"Sikaiana"}, ["skz"] = {"Sekar"}, ["sla"] = {"Slavic languages"}, ["slc"] = {"Sáliba"}, ["sld"] = {"Sissala"}, ["sle"] = {"Sholaga"}, ["slf"] = {"Swiss-Italian Sign Language"}, ["slg"] = {"Selungai Murut"}, ["slh"] = {"Southern Puget Sound Salish"}, ["sli"] = {"Lower Silesian"}, ["slj"] = {"Salumá"}, ["sll"] = {"Salt-Yui"}, ["slm"] = {"Pangutaran Sama"}, ["sln"] = {"Salinan"}, ["slp"] = {"Lamaholot"}, ["slq"] = {"Salchuq"}, ["slr"] = {"Салар"}, ["sls"] = {"Singapore Sign Language"}, ["slt"] = {"Sila"}, ["slu"] = {"Selaru"}, ["slw"] = {"Sialum"}, ["slx"] = {"Salampasu"}, ["sly"] = {"Selayar"}, ["slz"] = {"Ma'ya"}, ["sma"] = {"Өмнөд Сами"}, ["smb"] = {"Simbari"}, ["smc"] = {"Som"}, ["smd"] = {"Sama"}, ["smf"] = {"Auwe"}, ["smg"] = {"Simbali"}, ["smh"] = {"Samei"}, ["smi"] = {"Sami languages"}, ["smj"] = {"Луле-Сами"}, ["smk"] = {"Bolinao"}, ["sml"] = {"Central Sama"}, ["smm"] = {"Musasa"}, ["smn"] = {"Inari Sami"}, ["smp"] = {"Samaritan"}, ["smq"] = {"Samo"}, ["smr"] = {"Simeulue"}, ["sms"] = {"Skolt Sami"}, ["smt"] = {"Simte"}, ["smu"] = {"Somray"}, ["smv"] = {"Samvedi"}, ["smw"] = {"Sumbawa"}, ["smx"] = {"Samba"}, ["smy"] = {"Semnani"}, ["smz"] = {"Simeku"}, ["snb"] = {"Sebuyau"}, ["snc"] = {"Sinaugoro"}, ["sne"] = {"Bau Bidayuh"}, ["snf"] = {"Noon"}, ["sng"] = {"Sanga (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["sni"] = {"Sensi"}, ["snj"] = {"Riverain Sango"}, ["snk"] = {"Сонинке"}, ["snl"] = {"Sangil"}, ["snm"] = {"Southern Ma'di"}, ["snn"] = {"Siona"}, ["sno"] = {"Snohomish"}, ["snp"] = {"Siane"}, ["snq"] = {"Sangu (Gabon)"}, ["snr"] = {"Sihan"}, ["sns"] = {"South West Bay", "Nahavaq"}, ["snu"] = {"Senggi", "Viid"}, ["snv"] = {"Sa'ban"}, ["snw"] = {"Selee"}, ["snx"] = {"Sam"}, ["sny"] = {"Saniyo-Hiyewe"}, ["snz"] = {"Kou"}, ["soa"] = {"Thai Song"}, ["sob"] = {"Sobei"}, ["soc"] = {"So (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["sod"] = {"Songoora"}, ["soe"] = {"Songomeno"}, ["sog"] = {"Sogdian"}, ["soh"] = {"Aka"}, ["soi"] = {"Sonha"}, ["soj"] = {"Soi"}, ["sok"] = {"Sokoro"}, ["sol"] = {"Solos"}, ["son"] = {"Songhai languages"}, ["soo"] = {"Songo"}, ["sop"] = {"Songe"}, ["soq"] = {"Kanasi"}, ["sor"] = {"Somrai"}, ["sos"] = {"Seeku"}, ["sou"] = {"Southern Thai"}, ["sov"] = {"Sonsorol"}, ["sow"] = {"Sowanda"}, ["sox"] = {"Swo"}, ["soy"] = {"Miyobe"}, ["soz"] = {"Temi"}, ["spb"] = {"Sepa (Indonesia)"}, ["spc"] = {"Sapé"}, ["spd"] = {"Saep"}, ["spe"] = {"Sepa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["spg"] = {"Sian"}, ["spi"] = {"Saponi"}, ["spk"] = {"Sengo"}, ["spl"] = {"Selepet"}, ["spm"] = {"Akukem"}, ["spn"] = {"Sanapaná"}, ["spo"] = {"Spokane"}, ["spp"] = {"Supyire Senoufo"}, ["spq"] = {"Loreto-Ucayali Spanish"}, ["spr"] = {"Saparua"}, ["sps"] = {"Saposa"}, ["spt"] = {"Spiti Bhoti"}, ["spu"] = {"Sapuan"}, ["spv"] = {"Sambalpuri", "Kosli"}, ["spx"] = {"South Picene"}, ["spy"] = {"Sabaot"}, ["sqa"] = {"Shama-Sambuga"}, ["sqh"] = {"Shau"}, ["sqj"] = {"Albanian languages"}, ["sqk"] = {"Albanian Sign Language"}, ["sqm"] = {"Suma"}, ["sqn"] = {"Susquehannock"}, ["sqo"] = {"Sorkhei"}, ["sqq"] = {"Sou"}, ["sqr"] = {"Siculo Arabic"}, ["sqs"] = {"Sri Lankan Sign Language"}, ["sqt"] = {"Soqotri"}, ["squ"] = {"Squamish"}, ["sqx"] = {"Kufr Qassem Sign Language (KQSL)"}, ["sra"] = {"Saruga"}, ["srb"] = {"Sora"}, ["src"] = {"Logudorese Sardinian"}, ["sre"] = {"Sara"}, ["srf"] = {"Nafi"}, ["srg"] = {"Sulod"}, ["srh"] = {"Sarikoli"}, ["sri"] = {"Siriano"}, ["srk"] = {"Serudung Murut"}, ["srl"] = {"Isirawa"}, ["srm"] = {"Saramaccan"}, ["srn"] = {"Sranan Tongo"}, ["sro"] = {"Campidanese Sardinian"}, ["srq"] = {"Sirionó"}, ["srr"] = {"Serer"}, ["srs"] = {"Sarsi"}, ["srt"] = {"Sauri"}, ["sru"] = {"Suruí"}, ["srv"] = {"Southern Sorsoganon"}, ["srw"] = {"Serua"}, ["srx"] = {"Sirmauri"}, ["sry"] = {"Sera"}, ["srz"] = {"Shahmirzadi"}, ["ssa"] = {"Nilo-Saharan languages"}, ["ssb"] = {"Southern Sama"}, ["ssc"] = {"Suba-Simbiti"}, ["ssd"] = {"Siroi"}, ["sse"] = {"Balangingi", "Bangingih Sama"}, ["ssf"] = {"Thao"}, ["ssg"] = {"Seimat"}, ["ssh"] = {"Shihhi Arabic"}, ["ssi"] = {"Sansi"}, ["ssj"] = {"Sausi"}, ["ssk"] = {"Sunam"}, ["ssl"] = {"Western Sisaala"}, ["ssm"] = {"Semnam"}, ["ssn"] = {"Waata"}, ["sso"] = {"Sissano"}, ["ssp"] = {"Spanish Sign Language"}, ["ssq"] = {"So'a"}, ["ssr"] = {"Swiss-French Sign Language"}, ["sss"] = {"Sô"}, ["sst"] = {"Sinasina"}, ["ssu"] = {"Susuami"}, ["ssv"] = {"Shark Bay"}, ["ssx"] = {"Samberigi"}, ["ssy"] = {"Saho"}, ["ssz"] = {"Sengseng"}, ["sta"] = {"Settla"}, ["stb"] = {"Northern Subanen"}, ["std"] = {"Sentinel"}, ["ste"] = {"Liana-Seti"}, ["stf"] = {"Seta"}, ["stg"] = {"Trieng"}, ["sth"] = {"Shelta"}, ["sti"] = {"Bulo Stieng"}, ["stj"] = {"Matya Samo"}, ["stk"] = {"Arammba"}, ["stl"] = {"Stellingwerfs"}, ["stm"] = {"Setaman"}, ["stn"] = {"Owa"}, ["sto"] = {"Stoney"}, ["stp"] = {"Southeastern Tepehuan"}, ["stq"] = {"Saterfriesisch"}, ["str"] = {"Straits Salish"}, ["sts"] = {"Shumashti"}, ["stt"] = {"Budeh Stieng"}, ["stu"] = {"Samtao"}, ["stv"] = {"Silt'e"}, ["stw"] = {"Satawalese"}, ["sty"] = {"Siberian Tatar"}, ["sua"] = {"Sulka"}, ["sub"] = {"Suku"}, ["suc"] = {"Western Subanon"}, ["sue"] = {"Suena"}, ["sug"] = {"Suganga"}, ["sui"] = {"Suki"}, ["suj"] = {"Shubi"}, ["suk"] = {"Sukuma"}, ["suo"] = {"Bouni"}, ["suq"] = {"Tirmaga-Chai Suri", "Suri"}, ["sur"] = {"Mwaghavul"}, ["sus"] = {"Susu"}, ["sut"] = {"Subtiaba"}, ["suv"] = {"Puroik"}, ["suw"] = {"Sumbwa"}, ["sux"] = {"Sumerian"}, ["suy"] = {"Suyá"}, ["suz"] = {"Sunwar"}, ["sva"] = {"Svan"}, ["svb"] = {"Ulau-Suain"}, ["svc"] = {"Vincentian Creole English"}, ["sve"] = {"Serili"}, ["svk"] = {"Slovakian Sign Language"}, ["svm"] = {"Slavomolisano"}, ["svs"] = {"Savosavo"}, ["svx"] = {"Skalvian"}, ["swb"] = {"Maore Comorian"}, ["swc"] = {"Congo Swahili"}, ["swf"] = {"Sere"}, ["swg"] = {"Шваби"}, ["swh"] = {"Свахили", "Кисвахили"}, ["swi"] = {"Sui"}, ["swj"] = {"Sira"}, ["swk"] = {"Malawi Sena"}, ["swl"] = {"Swedish Sign Language"}, ["swm"] = {"Samosa"}, ["swn"] = {"Sawknah"}, ["swo"] = {"Shanenawa"}, ["swp"] = {"Suau"}, ["swq"] = {"Sharwa"}, ["swr"] = {"Saweru"}, ["sws"] = {"Seluwasan"}, ["swt"] = {"Sawila"}, ["swu"] = {"Suwawa"}, ["swv"] = {"Shekhawati"}, ["sww"] = {"Sowa"}, ["swx"] = {"Suruahá"}, ["swy"] = {"Sarua"}, ["sxb"] = {"Suba"}, ["sxc"] = {"Sicanian"}, ["sxe"] = {"Sighu"}, ["sxg"] = {"Shuhi", "Shixing"}, ["sxk"] = {"Southern Kalapuya"}, ["sxl"] = {"Selian"}, ["sxm"] = {"Samre"}, ["sxn"] = {"Sangir"}, ["sxo"] = {"Sorothaptic"}, ["sxr"] = {"Saaroa"}, ["sxs"] = {"Sasaru"}, ["sxu"] = {"Дээд Саксон"}, ["sxw"] = {"Saxwe Gbe"}, ["sya"] = {"Siang"}, ["syb"] = {"Central Subanen"}, ["syc"] = {"Сонгодог Сири"}, ["syd"] = {"Samoyedic languages"}, ["syi"] = {"Seki"}, ["syk"] = {"Sukur"}, ["syl"] = {"Sylheti"}, ["sym"] = {"Maya Samo"}, ["syn"] = {"Senaya"}, ["syo"] = {"Suoy"}, ["syr"] = {"Syriac"}, ["sys"] = {"Sinyar"}, ["syw"] = {"Kagate"}, ["syx"] = {"Samay"}, ["syy"] = {"Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language"}, ["sza"] = {"Semelai"}, ["szb"] = {"Ngalum"}, ["szc"] = {"Semaq Beri"}, ["szd"] = {"Seru"}, ["sze"] = {"Seze"}, ["szg"] = {"Sengele"}, ["szl"] = {"Силези"}, ["szn"] = {"Sula"}, ["szp"] = {"Suabo"}, ["szs"] = {"Solomon Islands Sign Language"}, ["szv"] = {"Isu (Fako Division)"}, ["szw"] = {"Sawai"}, ["szy"] = {"Sakizaya"}, ["taa"] = {"Lower Tanana"}, ["tab"] = {"Табасаран"}, ["tac"] = {"Lowland Tarahumara"}, ["tad"] = {"Tause"}, ["tae"] = {"Tariana"}, ["taf"] = {"Tapirapé"}, ["tag"] = {"Tagoi"}, ["tai"] = {"Tai languages"}, ["taj"] = {"Eastern Tamang"}, ["tak"] = {"Tala"}, ["tal"] = {"Tal"}, ["tan"] = {"Tangale"}, ["tao"] = {"Yami"}, ["tap"] = {"Taabwa"}, ["taq"] = {"Tamasheq"}, ["tar"] = {"Central Tarahumara"}, ["tas"] = {"Tay Boi"}, ["tau"] = {"Upper Tanana"}, ["tav"] = {"Tatuyo"}, ["taw"] = {"Tai"}, ["tax"] = {"Tamki"}, ["tay"] = {"Atayal"}, ["taz"] = {"Tocho"}, ["tba"] = {"Aikanã"}, ["tbc"] = {"Takia"}, ["tbd"] = {"Kaki Ae"}, ["tbe"] = {"Tanimbili"}, ["tbf"] = {"Mandara"}, ["tbg"] = {"North Tairora"}, ["tbh"] = {"Dharawal", "Thurawal"}, ["tbi"] = {"Gaam"}, ["tbj"] = {"Tiang"}, ["tbk"] = {"Calamian Tagbanwa"}, ["tbl"] = {"Tboli"}, ["tbm"] = {"Tagbu"}, ["tbn"] = {"Barro Negro Tunebo"}, ["tbo"] = {"Tawala"}, ["tbp"] = {"Taworta", "Diebroud"}, ["tbq"] = {"Tibeto-Burman languages"}, ["tbr"] = {"Tumtum"}, ["tbs"] = {"Tanguat"}, ["tbt"] = {"Tembo (Kitembo)"}, ["tbu"] = {"Tubar"}, ["tbv"] = {"Tobo"}, ["tbw"] = {"Tagbanwa"}, ["tbx"] = {"Kapin"}, ["tby"] = {"Tabaru"}, ["tbz"] = {"Ditammari"}, ["tca"] = {"Ticuna"}, ["tcb"] = {"Tanacross"}, ["tcc"] = {"Datooga"}, ["tcd"] = {"Tafi"}, ["tce"] = {"Southern Tutchone"}, ["tcf"] = {"Malinaltepec Me'phaa", "Malinaltepec Tlapanec"}, ["tcg"] = {"Tamagario"}, ["tch"] = {"Turks And Caicos Creole English"}, ["tci"] = {"Wára"}, ["tck"] = {"Tchitchege"}, ["tcl"] = {"Taman (Myanmar)"}, ["tcm"] = {"Tanahmerah"}, ["tcn"] = {"Tichurong"}, ["tco"] = {"Taungyo"}, ["tcp"] = {"Tawr Chin"}, ["tcq"] = {"Kaiy"}, ["tcs"] = {"Torres Strait Creole", "Yumplatok"}, ["tct"] = {"T'en"}, ["tcu"] = {"Southeastern Tarahumara"}, ["tcw"] = {"Tecpatlán Totonac"}, ["tcx"] = {"Toda"}, ["tcy"] = {"Tulu"}, ["tcz"] = {"Thado Chin"}, ["tda"] = {"Tagdal"}, ["tdb"] = {"Panchpargania"}, ["tdc"] = {"Emberá-Tadó"}, ["tdd"] = {"Tai Nüa"}, ["tde"] = {"Tiranige Diga Dogon"}, ["tdf"] = {"Talieng"}, ["tdg"] = {"Western Tamang"}, ["tdh"] = {"Thulung"}, ["tdi"] = {"Tomadino"}, ["tdj"] = {"Tajio"}, ["tdk"] = {"Tambas"}, ["tdl"] = {"Sur"}, ["tdm"] = {"Taruma"}, ["tdn"] = {"Tondano"}, ["tdo"] = {"Teme"}, ["tdq"] = {"Tita"}, ["tdr"] = {"Todrah"}, ["tds"] = {"Doutai"}, ["tdt"] = {"Tetun Dili"}, ["tdv"] = {"Toro"}, ["tdx"] = {"Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy"}, ["tdy"] = {"Tadyawan"}, ["tea"] = {"Temiar"}, ["teb"] = {"Tetete"}, ["tec"] = {"Terik"}, ["ted"] = {"Tepo Krumen"}, ["tee"] = {"Huehuetla Tepehua"}, ["tef"] = {"Teressa"}, ["teg"] = {"Teke-Tege"}, ["teh"] = {"Tehuelche"}, ["tei"] = {"Torricelli"}, ["tek"] = {"Ibali Teke"}, ["tem"] = {"Timne"}, ["ten"] = {"Tama (Colombia)"}, ["teo"] = {"Teso"}, ["tep"] = {"Tepecano"}, ["teq"] = {"Temein"}, ["ter"] = {"Tereno"}, ["tes"] = {"Tengger"}, ["tet"] = {"Тетум"}, ["teu"] = {"Soo"}, ["tev"] = {"Teor"}, ["tew"] = {"Tewa (USA)"}, ["tex"] = {"Tennet"}, ["tey"] = {"Tulishi"}, ["tez"] = {"Tetserret"}, ["tfi"] = {"Tofin Gbe"}, ["tfn"] = {"Tanaina"}, ["tfo"] = {"Tefaro"}, ["tfr"] = {"Teribe"}, ["tft"] = {"Ternate"}, ["tga"] = {"Sagalla"}, ["tgb"] = {"Tobilung"}, ["tgc"] = {"Tigak"}, ["tgd"] = {"Ciwogai"}, ["tge"] = {"Eastern Gorkha Tamang"}, ["tgf"] = {"Chalikha"}, ["tgh"] = {"Tobagonian Creole English"}, ["tgi"] = {"Lawunuia"}, ["tgj"] = {"Tagin"}, ["tgn"] = {"Tandaganon"}, ["tgo"] = {"Sudest"}, ["tgp"] = {"Tangoa"}, ["tgq"] = {"Tring"}, ["tgr"] = {"Tareng"}, ["tgs"] = {"Nume"}, ["tgt"] = {"Central Tagbanwa"}, ["tgu"] = {"Tanggu"}, ["tgv"] = {"Tingui-Boto"}, ["tgw"] = {"Tagwana Senoufo"}, ["tgx"] = {"Tagish"}, ["tgy"] = {"Togoyo"}, ["tgz"] = {"Tagalaka"}, ["thd"] = {"Kuuk Thaayorre", "Thayore"}, ["the"] = {"Chitwania Tharu"}, ["thf"] = {"Thangmi"}, ["thh"] = {"Northern Tarahumara"}, ["thi"] = {"Tai Long"}, ["thk"] = {"Tharaka", "Kitharaka"}, ["thl"] = {"Dangaura Tharu"}, ["thm"] = {"Aheu"}, ["thn"] = {"Thachanadan"}, ["thp"] = {"Thompson"}, ["thq"] = {"Kochila Tharu"}, ["thr"] = {"Rana Tharu"}, ["ths"] = {"Thakali"}, ["tht"] = {"Tahltan"}, ["thu"] = {"Thuri"}, ["thv"] = {"Tahaggart Tamahaq"}, ["thy"] = {"Tha"}, ["thz"] = {"Tayart Tamajeq"}, ["tia"] = {"Tidikelt Tamazight"}, ["tic"] = {"Tira"}, ["tif"] = {"Tifal"}, ["tig"] = {"Tigre"}, ["tih"] = {"Timugon Murut"}, ["tii"] = {"Tiene"}, ["tij"] = {"Tilung"}, ["tik"] = {"Tikar"}, ["til"] = {"Tillamook"}, ["tim"] = {"Timbe"}, ["tin"] = {"Tindi"}, ["tio"] = {"Teop"}, ["tip"] = {"Trimuris"}, ["tiq"] = {"Tiéfo"}, ["tis"] = {"Masadiit Itneg"}, ["tit"] = {"Tinigua"}, ["tiu"] = {"Adasen"}, ["tiv"] = {"Tiv"}, ["tiw"] = {"Tiwi"}, ["tix"] = {"Southern Tiwa"}, ["tiy"] = {"Tiruray"}, ["tiz"] = {"Tai Hongjin"}, ["tja"] = {"Tajuasohn"}, ["tjg"] = {"Tunjung"}, ["tji"] = {"Northern Tujia"}, ["tjj"] = {"Tjungundji"}, ["tjl"] = {"Tai Laing"}, ["tjm"] = {"Timucua"}, ["tjn"] = {"Tonjon"}, ["tjo"] = {"Temacine Tamazight"}, ["tjp"] = {"Tjupany"}, ["tjs"] = {"Southern Tujia"}, ["tju"] = {"Tjurruru"}, ["tjw"] = {"Djabwurrung"}, ["tka"] = {"Truká"}, ["tkb"] = {"Buksa"}, ["tkd"] = {"Tukudede"}, ["tke"] = {"Takwane"}, ["tkf"] = {"Tukumanféd"}, ["tkg"] = {"Tesaka Malagasy"}, ["tkl"] = {"Tokelau"}, ["tkm"] = {"Takelma"}, ["tkn"] = {"Toku-No-Shima"}, ["tkp"] = {"Tikopia"}, ["tkq"] = {"Tee"}, ["tkr"] = {"Цахур"}, ["tks"] = {"Takestani"}, ["tkt"] = {"Kathoriya Tharu"}, ["tku"] = {"Upper Necaxa Totonac"}, ["tkv"] = {"Mur Pano"}, ["tkw"] = {"Teanu"}, ["tkx"] = {"Tangko"}, ["tkz"] = {"Takua"}, ["tla"] = {"Southwestern Tepehuan"}, ["tlb"] = {"Tobelo"}, ["tlc"] = {"Yecuatla Totonac"}, ["tld"] = {"Talaud"}, ["tlf"] = {"Telefol"}, ["tlg"] = {"Tofanma"}, ["tlh"] = {"Klingon", "tlhIngan Hol"}, ["tli"] = {"Tlingit"}, ["tlj"] = {"Talinga-Bwisi"}, ["tlk"] = {"Taloki"}, ["tll"] = {"Tetela"}, ["tlm"] = {"Tolomako"}, ["tln"] = {"Talondo'"}, ["tlo"] = {"Talodi"}, ["tlp"] = {"Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán Totonac"}, ["tlq"] = {"Tai Loi"}, ["tlr"] = {"Talise"}, ["tls"] = {"Tambotalo"}, ["tlt"] = {"Sou Nama", "Teluti"}, ["tlu"] = {"Tulehu"}, ["tlv"] = {"Taliabu"}, ["tlx"] = {"Khehek"}, ["tly"] = {"Talysh"}, ["tma"] = {"Tama (Chad)"}, ["tmb"] = {"Katbol", "Avava"}, ["tmc"] = {"Tumak"}, ["tmd"] = {"Haruai"}, ["tme"] = {"Tremembé"}, ["tmf"] = {"Toba-Maskoy"}, ["tmg"] = {"Ternateño"}, ["tmh"] = {"Tamashek"}, ["tmi"] = {"Tutuba"}, ["tmj"] = {"Samarokena"}, ["tmk"] = {"Northwestern Tamang"}, ["tml"] = {"Tamnim Citak"}, ["tmm"] = {"Tai Thanh"}, ["tmn"] = {"Taman (Indonesia)"}, ["tmo"] = {"Temoq"}, ["tmq"] = {"Tumleo"}, ["tmr"] = {"Вавилоны Еврей-Арамей"}, ["tms"] = {"Tima"}, ["tmt"] = {"Tasmate"}, ["tmu"] = {"Iau"}, ["tmv"] = {"Tembo (Motembo)"}, ["tmw"] = {"Temuan"}, ["tmy"] = {"Tami"}, ["tmz"] = {"Tamanaku"}, ["tna"] = {"Tacana"}, ["tnb"] = {"Western Tunebo"}, ["tnc"] = {"Tanimuca-Retuarã"}, ["tnd"] = {"Angosturas Tunebo"}, ["tng"] = {"Tobanga"}, ["tnh"] = {"Maiani"}, ["tni"] = {"Tandia"}, ["tnk"] = {"Kwamera"}, ["tnl"] = {"Lenakel"}, ["tnm"] = {"Tabla"}, ["tnn"] = {"North Tanna"}, ["tno"] = {"Toromono"}, ["tnp"] = {"Whitesands"}, ["tnq"] = {"Taino"}, ["tnr"] = {"Ménik"}, ["tns"] = {"Tenis"}, ["tnt"] = {"Tontemboan"}, ["tnu"] = {"Tay Khang"}, ["tnv"] = {"Tangchangya"}, ["tnw"] = {"Tonsawang"}, ["tnx"] = {"Tanema"}, ["tny"] = {"Tongwe"}, ["tnz"] = {"Ten'edn"}, ["tob"] = {"Toba"}, ["toc"] = {"Coyutla Totonac"}, ["tod"] = {"Toma"}, ["tof"] = {"Gizrra"}, ["tog"] = {"Tonga (Nyasa)"}, ["toh"] = {"Gitonga"}, ["toi"] = {"Tonga (Zambia)"}, ["toj"] = {"Tojolabal"}, ["tol"] = {"Tolowa"}, ["tom"] = {"Tombulu"}, ["too"] = {"Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac"}, ["top"] = {"Papantla Totonac"}, ["toq"] = {"Toposa"}, ["tor"] = {"Togbo-Vara Banda"}, ["tos"] = {"Highland Totonac"}, ["tou"] = {"Tho"}, ["tov"] = {"Upper Taromi"}, ["tow"] = {"Jemez"}, ["tox"] = {"Tobian"}, ["toy"] = {"Topoiyo"}, ["toz"] = {"To"}, ["tpa"] = {"Taupota"}, ["tpc"] = {"Azoyú Me'phaa", "Azoyú Tlapanec"}, ["tpe"] = {"Tippera"}, ["tpf"] = {"Tarpia"}, ["tpg"] = {"Kula"}, ["tpi"] = {"Ток Писин"}, ["tpj"] = {"Tapieté"}, ["tpk"] = {"Tupinikin"}, ["tpl"] = {"Tlacoapa Me'phaa", "Tlacoapa Tlapanec"}, ["tpm"] = {"Tampulma"}, ["tpn"] = {"Tupinambá"}, ["tpo"] = {"Tai Pao"}, ["tpp"] = {"Pisaflores Tepehua"}, ["tpq"] = {"Tukpa"}, ["tpr"] = {"Tuparí"}, ["tpt"] = {"Tlachichilco Tepehua"}, ["tpu"] = {"Tampuan"}, ["tpv"] = {"Tanapag"}, ["tpw"] = {"Tupí"}, ["tpx"] = {"Acatepec Me'phaa", "Acatepec Tlapanec"}, ["tpy"] = {"Trumai"}, ["tpz"] = {"Tinputz"}, ["tqb"] = {"Tembé"}, ["tql"] = {"Lehali"}, ["tqm"] = {"Turumsa"}, ["tqn"] = {"Tenino"}, ["tqo"] = {"Toaripi"}, ["tqp"] = {"Tomoip"}, ["tqq"] = {"Tunni"}, ["tqr"] = {"Torona"}, ["tqt"] = {"Western Totonac"}, ["tqu"] = {"Touo"}, ["tqw"] = {"Tonkawa"}, ["tra"] = {"Tirahi"}, ["trb"] = {"Terebu"}, ["trc"] = {"Copala Triqui"}, ["trd"] = {"Turi"}, ["tre"] = {"East Tarangan"}, ["trf"] = {"Trinidadian Creole English"}, ["trg"] = {"Lishán Didán"}, ["trh"] = {"Turaka"}, ["tri"] = {"Trió"}, ["trj"] = {"Toram"}, ["trk"] = {"Turkic languages"}, ["trl"] = {"Traveller Scottish"}, ["trm"] = {"Tregami"}, ["trn"] = {"Trinitario"}, ["tro"] = {"Tarao Naga"}, ["trp"] = {"Kok Borok"}, ["trq"] = {"San Martín Itunyoso Triqui"}, ["trr"] = {"Taushiro"}, ["trs"] = {"Chicahuaxtla Triqui"}, ["trt"] = {"Tunggare"}, ["tru"] = {"Turoyo", "Surayt"}, ["trv"] = {"Taroko"}, ["trw"] = {"Torwali"}, ["trx"] = {"Tringgus-Sembaan Bidayuh"}, ["try"] = {"Turung"}, ["trz"] = {"Torá"}, ["tsa"] = {"Tsaangi"}, ["tsb"] = {"Tsamai"}, ["tsc"] = {"Tswa"}, ["tsd"] = {"Tsakonian"}, ["tse"] = {"Tunisian Sign Language"}, ["tsg"] = {"Tausug"}, ["tsh"] = {"Tsuvan"}, ["tsi"] = {"Tsimshian"}, ["tsj"] = {"Tshangla"}, ["tsk"] = {"Tseku"}, ["tsl"] = {"Ts'ün-Lao"}, ["tsm"] = {"Turkish Sign Language", "Türk İşaret Dili"}, ["tsp"] = {"Northern Toussian"}, ["tsq"] = {"Thai Sign Language"}, ["tsr"] = {"Akei"}, ["tss"] = {"Taiwan Sign Language"}, ["tst"] = {"Tondi Songway Kiini"}, ["tsu"] = {"Tsou"}, ["tsv"] = {"Tsogo"}, ["tsw"] = {"Tsishingini"}, ["tsx"] = {"Mubami"}, ["tsy"] = {"Tebul Sign Language"}, ["tsz"] = {"Purepecha"}, ["tta"] = {"Tutelo"}, ["ttb"] = {"Gaa"}, ["ttc"] = {"Tektiteko"}, ["ttd"] = {"Tauade"}, ["tte"] = {"Bwanabwana"}, ["ttf"] = {"Tuotomb"}, ["ttg"] = {"Tutong"}, ["tth"] = {"Upper Ta'oih"}, ["tti"] = {"Tobati"}, ["ttj"] = {"Tooro"}, ["ttk"] = {"Totoro"}, ["ttl"] = {"Totela"}, ["ttm"] = {"Northern Tutchone"}, ["ttn"] = {"Towei"}, ["tto"] = {"Lower Ta'oih"}, ["ttp"] = {"Tombelala"}, ["ttq"] = {"Tawallammat Tamajaq"}, ["ttr"] = {"Tera"}, ["tts"] = {"Northeastern Thai"}, ["ttt"] = {"Лалын Тат"}, ["ttu"] = {"Torau"}, ["ttv"] = {"Titan"}, ["ttw"] = {"Long Wat"}, ["tty"] = {"Sikaritai"}, ["ttz"] = {"Tsum"}, ["tua"] = {"Wiarumus"}, ["tub"] = {"Tübatulabal"}, ["tuc"] = {"Mutu"}, ["tud"] = {"Tuxá"}, ["tue"] = {"Tuyuca"}, ["tuf"] = {"Central Tunebo"}, ["tug"] = {"Tunia"}, ["tuh"] = {"Taulil"}, ["tui"] = {"Tupuri"}, ["tuj"] = {"Tugutil"}, ["tul"] = {"Tula"}, ["tum"] = {"Тумбука"}, ["tun"] = {"Tunica"}, ["tuo"] = {"Tucano"}, ["tup"] = {"Tupi languages"}, ["tuq"] = {"Tedaga"}, ["tus"] = {"Tuscarora"}, ["tut"] = {"Altaic languages"}, ["tuu"] = {"Tututni"}, ["tuv"] = {"Turkana"}, ["tuw"] = {"Tungus languages"}, ["tux"] = {"Tuxináwa"}, ["tuy"] = {"Tugen"}, ["tuz"] = {"Turka"}, ["tva"] = {"Vaghua"}, ["tvd"] = {"Tsuvadi"}, ["tve"] = {"Te'un"}, ["tvk"] = {"Southeast Ambrym"}, ["tvl"] = {"Тувалу"}, ["tvm"] = {"Tela-Masbuar"}, ["tvn"] = {"Tavoyan"}, ["tvo"] = {"Tidore"}, ["tvs"] = {"Taveta"}, ["tvt"] = {"Tutsa Naga"}, ["tvu"] = {"Tunen"}, ["tvw"] = {"Sedoa"}, ["tvx"] = {"Taivoan"}, ["tvy"] = {"Timor Pidgin"}, ["twa"] = {"Twana"}, ["twb"] = {"Western Tawbuid"}, ["twc"] = {"Teshenawa"}, ["twd"] = {"Twents"}, ["twe"] = {"Tewa (Indonesia)"}, ["twf"] = {"Northern Tiwa"}, ["twg"] = {"Tereweng"}, ["twh"] = {"Tai Dón"}, ["twl"] = {"Tawara"}, ["twm"] = {"Tawang Monpa"}, ["twn"] = {"Twendi"}, ["two"] = {"Tswapong"}, ["twp"] = {"Ere"}, ["twq"] = {"Tasawaq"}, ["twr"] = {"Southwestern Tarahumara"}, ["twt"] = {"Turiwára"}, ["twu"] = {"Termanu"}, ["tww"] = {"Tuwari"}, ["twx"] = {"Tewe"}, ["twy"] = {"Tawoyan"}, ["txa"] = {"Tombonuo"}, ["txb"] = {"Tokharian B"}, ["txc"] = {"Tsetsaut"}, ["txe"] = {"Totoli"}, ["txg"] = {"Tangut"}, ["txh"] = {"Thracian"}, ["txi"] = {"Ikpeng"}, ["txj"] = {"Tarjumo"}, ["txm"] = {"Tomini"}, ["txn"] = {"West Tarangan"}, ["txo"] = {"Toto"}, ["txq"] = {"Tii"}, ["txr"] = {"Tartessian"}, ["txs"] = {"Tonsea"}, ["txt"] = {"Citak"}, ["txu"] = {"Kayapó"}, ["txx"] = {"Tatana"}, ["txy"] = {"Tanosy Malagasy"}, ["tya"] = {"Tauya"}, ["tye"] = {"Kyanga"}, ["tyh"] = {"O'du"}, ["tyi"] = {"Teke-Tsaayi"}, ["tyj"] = {"Tai Do", "Tai Yo"}, ["tyl"] = {"Thu Lao"}, ["tyn"] = {"Kombai"}, ["typ"] = {"Thaypan"}, ["tyr"] = {"Tai Daeng"}, ["tys"] = {"Tày Sa Pa"}, ["tyt"] = {"Tày Tac"}, ["tyu"] = {"Kua"}, ["tyv"] = {"Тува"}, ["tyx"] = {"Teke-Tyee"}, ["tyy"] = {"Tiyaa"}, ["tyz"] = {"Tày"}, ["tza"] = {"Tanzanian Sign Language"}, ["tzh"] = {"Tzeltal"}, ["tzj"] = {"Tz'utujil"}, ["tzl"] = {"Talossan"}, ["tzm"] = {"Central Atlas Tamazight"}, ["tzn"] = {"Tugun"}, ["tzo"] = {"Tzotzil"}, ["tzx"] = {"Tabriak"}, ["uam"] = {"Uamué"}, ["uan"] = {"Kuan"}, ["uar"] = {"Tairuma"}, ["uba"] = {"Ubang"}, ["ubi"] = {"Ubi"}, ["ubl"] = {"Buhi'non Bikol"}, ["ubr"] = {"Ubir"}, ["ubu"] = {"Umbu-Ungu"}, ["uby"] = {"Ubykh"}, ["uda"] = {"Uda"}, ["ude"] = {"Udihe"}, ["udg"] = {"Muduga"}, ["udi"] = {"Udi"}, ["udj"] = {"Ujir"}, ["udl"] = {"Wuzlam"}, ["udm"] = {"Удмурт"}, ["udu"] = {"Uduk"}, ["ues"] = {"Kioko"}, ["ufi"] = {"Ufim"}, ["uga"] = {"Ugaritic"}, ["ugb"] = {"Kuku-Ugbanh"}, ["uge"] = {"Ughele"}, ["ugn"] = {"Ugandan Sign Language"}, ["ugo"] = {"Ugong"}, ["ugy"] = {"Uruguayan Sign Language"}, ["uha"] = {"Uhami"}, ["uhn"] = {"Damal"}, ["uis"] = {"Uisai"}, ["uiv"] = {"Iyive"}, ["uji"] = {"Tanjijili"}, ["uka"] = {"Kaburi"}, ["ukg"] = {"Ukuriguma"}, ["ukh"] = {"Ukhwejo"}, ["uki"] = {"Kui (India)"}, ["ukk"] = {"Muak Sa-aak"}, ["ukl"] = {"Ukrainian Sign Language"}, ["ukp"] = {"Ukpe-Bayobiri"}, ["ukq"] = {"Ukwa"}, ["uks"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language", "Kaapor Sign Language"}, ["uku"] = {"Ukue"}, ["ukv"] = {"Kuku"}, ["ukw"] = {"Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni"}, ["uky"] = {"Kuuk-Yak"}, ["ula"] = {"Fungwa"}, ["ulb"] = {"Ulukwumi"}, ["ulc"] = {"Ulch"}, ["ule"] = {"Lule"}, ["ulf"] = {"Usku", "Afra"}, ["uli"] = {"Ulithian"}, ["ulk"] = {"Meriam Mir"}, ["ull"] = {"Ullatan"}, ["ulm"] = {"Ulumanda'"}, ["uln"] = {"Unserdeutsch"}, ["ulu"] = {"Uma' Lung"}, ["ulw"] = {"Ulwa"}, ["uma"] = {"Umatilla"}, ["umb"] = {"Umbundu"}, ["umc"] = {"Marrucinian"}, ["umd"] = {"Umbindhamu"}, ["umg"] = {"Morrobalama", "Umbuygamu"}, ["umi"] = {"Ukit"}, ["umm"] = {"Umon"}, ["umn"] = {"Makyan Naga"}, ["umo"] = {"Umotína"}, ["ump"] = {"Umpila"}, ["umr"] = {"Umbugarla"}, ["ums"] = {"Pendau"}, ["umu"] = {"Munsee"}, ["una"] = {"North Watut"}, ["und"] = {"Тодорхойгүй"}, ["une"] = {"Uneme"}, ["ung"] = {"Ngarinyin"}, ["uni"] = {"Uni"}, ["unk"] = {"Enawené-Nawé"}, ["unm"] = {"Unami"}, ["unn"] = {"Kurnai"}, ["unr"] = {"Mundari"}, ["unu"] = {"Unubahe"}, ["unx"] = {"Munda"}, ["unz"] = {"Unde Kaili"}, ["upi"] = {"Umeda"}, ["upv"] = {"Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin"}, ["ura"] = {"Urarina"}, ["urb"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor", "Kaapor"}, ["urc"] = {"Urningangg"}, ["ure"] = {"Uru"}, ["urf"] = {"Uradhi"}, ["urg"] = {"Urigina"}, ["urh"] = {"Urhobo"}, ["uri"] = {"Urim"}, ["urj"] = {"Uralic languages"}, ["urk"] = {"Urak Lawoi'"}, ["url"] = {"Urali"}, ["urm"] = {"Urapmin"}, ["urn"] = {"Uruangnirin"}, ["uro"] = {"Ura (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["urp"] = {"Uru-Pa-In"}, ["urr"] = {"Lehalurup", "Löyöp"}, ["urt"] = {"Urat"}, ["uru"] = {"Urumi"}, ["urv"] = {"Uruava"}, ["urw"] = {"Sop"}, ["urx"] = {"Urimo"}, ["ury"] = {"Orya"}, ["urz"] = {"Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau"}, ["usa"] = {"Usarufa"}, ["ush"] = {"Ushojo"}, ["usi"] = {"Usui"}, ["usk"] = {"Usaghade"}, ["usp"] = {"Uspanteco"}, ["uss"] = {"us-Saare"}, ["usu"] = {"Uya"}, ["uta"] = {"Otank"}, ["ute"] = {"Ute-Southern Paiute"}, ["uth"] = {"ut-Hun"}, ["utp"] = {"Amba (Solomon Islands)"}, ["utr"] = {"Etulo"}, ["utu"] = {"Utu"}, ["uum"] = {"Urum"}, ["uun"] = {"Kulon-Pazeh"}, ["uur"] = {"Ura (Vanuatu)"}, ["uuu"] = {"U"}, ["uve"] = {"West Uvean", "Fagauvea"}, ["uvh"] = {"Uri"}, ["uvl"] = {"Lote"}, ["uwa"] = {"Kuku-Uwanh"}, ["uya"] = {"Doko-Uyanga"}, ["uzn"] = {"Northern Uzbek"}, ["uzs"] = {"Southern Uzbek"}, ["vaa"] = {"Vaagri Booli"}, ["vae"] = {"Vale"}, ["vaf"] = {"Vafsi"}, ["vag"] = {"Vagla"}, ["vah"] = {"Varhadi-Nagpuri"}, ["vai"] = {"Vai"}, ["vaj"] = {"Sekele", "Northwestern ǃKung", "Vasekele"}, ["val"] = {"Vehes"}, ["vam"] = {"Vanimo"}, ["van"] = {"Valman"}, ["vao"] = {"Vao"}, ["vap"] = {"Vaiphei"}, ["var"] = {"Huarijio"}, ["vas"] = {"Vasavi"}, ["vau"] = {"Vanuma"}, ["vav"] = {"Varli"}, ["vay"] = {"Wayu"}, ["vbb"] = {"Southeast Babar"}, ["vbk"] = {"Southwestern Bontok"}, ["vec"] = {"Венец"}, ["ved"] = {"Veddah"}, ["vel"] = {"Veluws"}, ["vem"] = {"Vemgo-Mabas"}, ["veo"] = {"Ventureño"}, ["vep"] = {"Veps"}, ["ver"] = {"Mom Jango"}, ["vgr"] = {"Vaghri"}, ["vgt"] = {"Vlaamse Gebarentaal", "Flemish Sign Language"}, ["vic"] = {"Virgin Islands Creole English"}, ["vid"] = {"Vidunda"}, ["vif"] = {"Vili"}, ["vig"] = {"Viemo"}, ["vil"] = {"Vilela"}, ["vin"] = {"Vinza"}, ["vis"] = {"Vishavan"}, ["vit"] = {"Viti"}, ["viv"] = {"Iduna"}, ["vka"] = {"Kariyarra"}, ["vkj"] = {"Kujarge"}, ["vkk"] = {"Kaur"}, ["vkl"] = {"Kulisusu"}, ["vkm"] = {"Kamakan"}, ["vkn"] = {"Koro Nulu"}, ["vko"] = {"Kodeoha"}, ["vkp"] = {"Korlai Creole Portuguese"}, ["vkt"] = {"Tenggarong Kutai Malay"}, ["vku"] = {"Kurrama"}, ["vkz"] = {"Koro Zuba"}, ["vlp"] = {"Valpei"}, ["vls"] = {"Vlaams"}, ["vma"] = {"Martuyhunira"}, ["vmb"] = {"Barbaram"}, ["vmc"] = {"Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"}, ["vmd"] = {"Mudu Koraga"}, ["vme"] = {"East Masela"}, ["vmf"] = {"Майны Франк"}, ["vmg"] = {"Lungalunga"}, ["vmh"] = {"Maraghei"}, ["vmi"] = {"Miwa"}, ["vmj"] = {"Ixtayutla Mixtec"}, ["vmk"] = {"Makhuwa-Shirima"}, ["vml"] = {"Malgana"}, ["vmm"] = {"Mitlatongo Mixtec"}, ["vmp"] = {"Soyaltepec Mazatec"}, ["vmq"] = {"Soyaltepec Mixtec"}, ["vmr"] = {"Marenje"}, ["vms"] = {"Moksela"}, ["vmu"] = {"Muluridyi"}, ["vmv"] = {"Valley Maidu"}, ["vmw"] = {"Makhuwa"}, ["vmx"] = {"Tamazola Mixtec"}, ["vmy"] = {"Ayautla Mazatec"}, ["vmz"] = {"Mazatlán Mazatec"}, ["vnk"] = {"Vano", "Lovono"}, ["vnm"] = {"Vinmavis", "Neve'ei"}, ["vnp"] = {"Vunapu"}, ["vor"] = {"Voro"}, ["vot"] = {"Votic"}, ["vra"] = {"Vera'a"}, ["vro"] = {"Võro"}, ["vrs"] = {"Varisi"}, ["vrt"] = {"Burmbar", "Banam Bay"}, ["vsi"] = {"Moldova Sign Language"}, ["vsl"] = {"Venezuelan Sign Language"}, ["vsv"] = {"Valencian Sign Language", "Llengua de signes valenciana"}, ["vto"] = {"Vitou"}, ["vum"] = {"Vumbu"}, ["vun"] = {"Vunjo"}, ["vut"] = {"Vute"}, ["vwa"] = {"Awa (China)"}, ["waa"] = {"Walla Walla"}, ["wab"] = {"Wab"}, ["wac"] = {"Wasco-Wishram"}, ["wad"] = {"Wamesa", "Wondama"}, ["wae"] = {"Walser"}, ["waf"] = {"Wakoná"}, ["wag"] = {"Wa'ema"}, ["wah"] = {"Watubela"}, ["wai"] = {"Wares"}, ["waj"] = {"Waffa"}, ["wak"] = {"Wakashan languages"}, ["wal"] = {"Wolaytta", "Wolaitta"}, ["wam"] = {"Wampanoag"}, ["wan"] = {"Wan"}, ["wao"] = {"Wappo"}, ["wap"] = {"Wapishana"}, ["waq"] = {"Wagiman"}, ["war"] = {"Waray (Philippines)"}, ["was"] = {"Washo"}, ["wat"] = {"Kaninuwa"}, ["wau"] = {"Waurá"}, ["wav"] = {"Waka"}, ["waw"] = {"Waiwai"}, ["wax"] = {"Watam", "Marangis"}, ["way"] = {"Wayana"}, ["waz"] = {"Wampur"}, ["wba"] = {"Warao"}, ["wbb"] = {"Wabo"}, ["wbe"] = {"Waritai"}, ["wbf"] = {"Wara"}, ["wbh"] = {"Wanda"}, ["wbi"] = {"Vwanji"}, ["wbj"] = {"Alagwa"}, ["wbk"] = {"Waigali"}, ["wbl"] = {"Wakhi"}, ["wbm"] = {"Wa"}, ["wbp"] = {"Warlpiri"}, ["wbq"] = {"Waddar"}, ["wbr"] = {"Wagdi"}, ["wbs"] = {"West Bengal Sign Language"}, ["wbt"] = {"Warnman"}, ["wbv"] = {"Wajarri"}, ["wbw"] = {"Woi"}, ["wca"] = {"Yanomámi"}, ["wci"] = {"Waci Gbe"}, ["wdd"] = {"Wandji"}, ["wdg"] = {"Wadaginam"}, ["wdj"] = {"Wadjiginy"}, ["wdk"] = {"Wadikali"}, ["wdu"] = {"Wadjigu"}, ["wdy"] = {"Wadjabangayi"}, ["wea"] = {"Wewaw"}, ["wec"] = {"Wè Western"}, ["wed"] = {"Wedau"}, ["weg"] = {"Wergaia"}, ["weh"] = {"Weh"}, ["wei"] = {"Kiunum"}, ["wem"] = {"Weme Gbe"}, ["wen"] = {"Sorbian languages"}, ["weo"] = {"Wemale"}, ["wep"] = {"Вестфали"}, ["wer"] = {"Weri"}, ["wes"] = {"Cameroon Pidgin"}, ["wet"] = {"Perai"}, ["weu"] = {"Rawngtu Chin"}, ["wew"] = {"Wejewa"}, ["wfg"] = {"Yafi", "Zorop"}, ["wga"] = {"Wagaya"}, ["wgb"] = {"Wagawaga"}, ["wgg"] = {"Wangkangurru", "Wangganguru"}, ["wgi"] = {"Wahgi"}, ["wgo"] = {"Waigeo"}, ["wgu"] = {"Wirangu"}, ["wgy"] = {"Warrgamay"}, ["wha"] = {"Sou Upaa", "Manusela"}, ["whg"] = {"North Wahgi"}, ["whk"] = {"Wahau Kenyah"}, ["whu"] = {"Wahau Kayan"}, ["wib"] = {"Southern Toussian"}, ["wic"] = {"Wichita"}, ["wie"] = {"Wik-Epa"}, ["wif"] = {"Wik-Keyangan"}, ["wig"] = {"Wik Ngathan"}, ["wih"] = {"Wik-Me'anha"}, ["wii"] = {"Minidien"}, ["wij"] = {"Wik-Iiyanh"}, ["wik"] = {"Wikalkan"}, ["wil"] = {"Wilawila"}, ["wim"] = {"Wik-Mungkan"}, ["win"] = {"Ho-Chunk"}, ["wir"] = {"Wiraféd"}, ["wiu"] = {"Wiru"}, ["wiv"] = {"Vitu"}, ["wiy"] = {"Wiyot"}, ["wja"] = {"Waja"}, ["wji"] = {"Warji"}, ["wka"] = {"Kw'adza"}, ["wkb"] = {"Kumbaran"}, ["wkd"] = {"Wakde", "Mo"}, ["wkl"] = {"Kalanadi"}, ["wkr"] = {"Keerray-Woorroong"}, ["wku"] = {"Kunduvadi"}, ["wkw"] = {"Wakawaka"}, ["wky"] = {"Wangkayutyuru"}, ["wla"] = {"Walio"}, ["wlc"] = {"Mwali Comorian"}, ["wle"] = {"Wolane"}, ["wlg"] = {"Kunbarlang"}, ["wlh"] = {"Welaun"}, ["wli"] = {"Waioli"}, ["wlk"] = {"Wailaki"}, ["wll"] = {"Wali (Sudan)"}, ["wlm"] = {"Middle Welsh"}, ["wlo"] = {"Wolio"}, ["wlr"] = {"Wailapa"}, ["wls"] = {"Wallisian"}, ["wlu"] = {"Wuliwuli"}, ["wlv"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz"}, ["wlw"] = {"Walak"}, ["wlx"] = {"Wali (Ghana)"}, ["wly"] = {"Waling"}, ["wma"] = {"Mawa (Nigeria)"}, ["wmb"] = {"Wambaya"}, ["wmc"] = {"Wamas"}, ["wmd"] = {"Mamaindé"}, ["wme"] = {"Wambule"}, ["wmg"] = {"Western Minyag"}, ["wmh"] = {"Waima'a"}, ["wmi"] = {"Wamin"}, ["wmm"] = {"Maiwa (Indonesia)"}, ["wmn"] = {"Waamwang"}, ["wmo"] = {"Wom (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["wms"] = {"Wambon"}, ["wmt"] = {"Walmajarri"}, ["wmw"] = {"Mwani"}, ["wmx"] = {"Womo"}, ["wnb"] = {"Wanambre"}, ["wnc"] = {"Wantoat"}, ["wnd"] = {"Wandarang"}, ["wne"] = {"Waneci"}, ["wng"] = {"Wanggom"}, ["wni"] = {"Ndzwani Comorian"}, ["wnk"] = {"Wanukaka"}, ["wnm"] = {"Wanggamala"}, ["wnn"] = {"Wunumara"}, ["wno"] = {"Wano"}, ["wnp"] = {"Wanap"}, ["wnu"] = {"Usan"}, ["wnw"] = {"Wintu"}, ["wny"] = {"Wanyi", "Waanyi"}, ["woa"] = {"Kuwema", "Tyaraity"}, ["wob"] = {"Wè Northern"}, ["woc"] = {"Wogeo"}, ["wod"] = {"Wolani"}, ["woe"] = {"Woleaian"}, ["wof"] = {"Gambian Wolof"}, ["wog"] = {"Wogamusin"}, ["woi"] = {"Kamang"}, ["wok"] = {"Longto"}, ["wom"] = {"Wom (Nigeria)"}, ["won"] = {"Wongo"}, ["woo"] = {"Manombai"}, ["wor"] = {"Woria"}, ["wos"] = {"Hanga Hundi"}, ["wow"] = {"Wawonii"}, ["woy"] = {"Weyto"}, ["wpc"] = {"Maco"}, ["wrb"] = {"Waluwarra", "Warluwara"}, ["wrd"] = {"Warduji"}, ["wrg"] = {"Warungu", "Gudjal"}, ["wrh"] = {"Wiradjuri"}, ["wri"] = {"Wariyangga"}, ["wrk"] = {"Garrwa"}, ["wrl"] = {"Warlmanpa"}, ["wrm"] = {"Warumungu"}, ["wrn"] = {"Warnang"}, ["wro"] = {"Worrorra"}, ["wrp"] = {"Waropen"}, ["wrr"] = {"Wardaman"}, ["wrs"] = {"Waris"}, ["wru"] = {"Waru"}, ["wrv"] = {"Waruna"}, ["wrw"] = {"Gugu Warra"}, ["wrx"] = {"Wae Rana"}, ["wry"] = {"Merwari"}, ["wrz"] = {"Waray (Australia)"}, ["wsa"] = {"Warembori"}, ["wsg"] = {"Adilabad Gondi"}, ["wsi"] = {"Wusi"}, ["wsk"] = {"Waskia"}, ["wsr"] = {"Owenia"}, ["wss"] = {"Wasa"}, ["wsu"] = {"Wasu"}, ["wsv"] = {"Wotapuri-Katarqalai"}, ["wtf"] = {"Watiwa"}, ["wth"] = {"Wathawurrung"}, ["wti"] = {"Berta"}, ["wtk"] = {"Watakataui"}, ["wtm"] = {"Mewati"}, ["wtw"] = {"Wotu"}, ["wua"] = {"Wikngenchera"}, ["wub"] = {"Wunambal"}, ["wud"] = {"Wudu"}, ["wuh"] = {"Wutunhua"}, ["wul"] = {"Silimo"}, ["wum"] = {"Wumbvu"}, ["wun"] = {"Bungu"}, ["wur"] = {"Wurrugu"}, ["wut"] = {"Wutung"}, ["wuu"] = {"Wu Chinese"}, ["wuv"] = {"Wuvulu-Aua"}, ["wux"] = {"Wulna"}, ["wuy"] = {"Wauyai"}, ["wwa"] = {"Waama"}, ["wwb"] = {"Wakabunga"}, ["wwo"] = {"Wetamut", "Dorig"}, ["wwr"] = {"Warrwa"}, ["www"] = {"Wawa"}, ["wxa"] = {"Waxianghua"}, ["wxw"] = {"Wardandi"}, ["wya"] = {"Wyandot"}, ["wyb"] = {"Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa"}, ["wyi"] = {"Woiwurrung"}, ["wym"] = {"Wymysorys"}, ["wyr"] = {"Wayoró"}, ["wyy"] = {"Western Fijian"}, ["xaa"] = {"Andalusian Arabic"}, ["xab"] = {"Sambe"}, ["xac"] = {"Kachari"}, ["xad"] = {"Adai"}, ["xae"] = {"Aequian"}, ["xag"] = {"Aghwan"}, ["xai"] = {"Kaimbé"}, ["xaj"] = {"Ararandewára"}, ["xak"] = {"Máku"}, ["xal"] = {"Халимаг", "Ойрад"}, ["xam"] = {"Цъхам"}, ["xan"] = {"Xamtanga"}, ["xao"] = {"Khao"}, ["xap"] = {"Apalachee"}, ["xaq"] = {"Aquitanian"}, ["xar"] = {"Karami"}, ["xas"] = {"Kamas"}, ["xat"] = {"Katawixi"}, ["xau"] = {"Kauwera"}, ["xav"] = {"Xavánte"}, ["xaw"] = {"Kawaiisu"}, ["xay"] = {"Kayan Mahakam"}, ["xbb"] = {"Lower Burdekin"}, ["xbc"] = {"Bactrian"}, ["xbd"] = {"Bindal"}, ["xbe"] = {"Bigambal"}, ["xbg"] = {"Bunganditj"}, ["xbi"] = {"Kombio"}, ["xbj"] = {"Birrpayi"}, ["xbm"] = {"Middle Breton"}, ["xbn"] = {"Kenaboi"}, ["xbo"] = {"Bolgarian"}, ["xbp"] = {"Bibbulman"}, ["xbr"] = {"Kambera"}, ["xbw"] = {"Kambiwá"}, ["xby"] = {"Batjala", "Batyala"}, ["xcb"] = {"Cumbric"}, ["xcc"] = {"Camunic"}, ["xce"] = {"Celtiberian"}, ["xcg"] = {"Cisalpine Gaulish"}, ["xch"] = {"Chemakum", "Chimakum"}, ["xcl"] = {"Classical Armenian"}, ["xcm"] = {"Comecrudo"}, ["xcn"] = {"Cotoname"}, ["xco"] = {"Chorasmian"}, ["xcr"] = {"Carian"}, ["xct"] = {"Classical Tibetan"}, ["xcu"] = {"Curonian"}, ["xcv"] = {"Chuvantsy"}, ["xcw"] = {"Coahuilteco"}, ["xcy"] = {"Cayuse"}, ["xda"] = {"Darkinyung"}, ["xdc"] = {"Dacian"}, ["xdk"] = {"Dharuk"}, ["xdm"] = {"Edomite"}, ["xdo"] = {"Kwandu"}, ["xdy"] = {"Malayic Dayak"}, ["xeb"] = {"Eblan"}, ["xed"] = {"Hdi"}, ["xeg"] = {"ǁXegwi"}, ["xel"] = {"Kelo"}, ["xem"] = {"Kembayan"}, ["xep"] = {"Epi-Olmec"}, ["xer"] = {"Xerénte"}, ["xes"] = {"Kesawai"}, ["xet"] = {"Xetá"}, ["xeu"] = {"Keoru-Ahia"}, ["xfa"] = {"Faliscan"}, ["xga"] = {"Galatian"}, ["xgb"] = {"Gbin"}, ["xgd"] = {"Gudang"}, ["xgf"] = {"Gabrielino-Fernandeño"}, ["xgg"] = {"Goreng"}, ["xgi"] = {"Garingbal"}, ["xgl"] = {"Galindan"}, ["xgm"] = {"Dharumbal", "Guwinmal"}, ["xgn"] = {"Mongolian languages"}, ["xgr"] = {"Garza"}, ["xgu"] = {"Unggumi"}, ["xgw"] = {"Guwa"}, ["xha"] = {"Harami"}, ["xhc"] = {"Hunnic"}, ["xhd"] = {"Hadrami"}, ["xhe"] = {"Khetrani"}, ["xhr"] = {"Hernican"}, ["xht"] = {"Hattic"}, ["xhu"] = {"Hurrian"}, ["xhv"] = {"Khua"}, ["xib"] = {"Iberian"}, ["xii"] = {"Xiri"}, ["xil"] = {"Illyrian"}, ["xin"] = {"Xinca"}, ["xir"] = {"Xiriâna"}, ["xis"] = {"Kisan"}, ["xiv"] = {"Indus Valley Language"}, ["xiy"] = {"Xipaya"}, ["xjb"] = {"Minjungbal"}, ["xjt"] = {"Jaitmatang"}, ["xka"] = {"Kalkoti"}, ["xkb"] = {"Northern Nago"}, ["xkc"] = {"Kho'ini"}, ["xkd"] = {"Mendalam Kayan"}, ["xke"] = {"Kereho"}, ["xkf"] = {"Khengkha"}, ["xkg"] = {"Kagoro"}, ["xki"] = {"Kenyan Sign Language"}, ["xkj"] = {"Kajali"}, ["xkk"] = {"Kaco'"}, ["xkl"] = {"Mainstream Kenyah"}, ["xkn"] = {"Kayan River Kayan"}, ["xko"] = {"Kiorr"}, ["xkp"] = {"Kabatei"}, ["xkq"] = {"Koroni"}, ["xkr"] = {"Xakriabá"}, ["xks"] = {"Kumbewaha"}, ["xkt"] = {"Kantosi"}, ["xku"] = {"Kaamba"}, ["xkv"] = {"Kgalagadi"}, ["xkw"] = {"Kembra"}, ["xkx"] = {"Karore"}, ["xky"] = {"Uma' Lasan"}, ["xkz"] = {"Kurtokha"}, ["xla"] = {"Kamula"}, ["xlb"] = {"Loup B"}, ["xlc"] = {"Lycian"}, ["xld"] = {"Lydian"}, ["xle"] = {"Lemnian"}, ["xlg"] = {"Ligurian (Ancient)"}, ["xli"] = {"Liburnian"}, ["xln"] = {"Alanic"}, ["xlo"] = {"Loup A"}, ["xlp"] = {"Lepontic"}, ["xls"] = {"Lusitanian"}, ["xlu"] = {"Cuneiform Luwian"}, ["xly"] = {"Elymian"}, ["xma"] = {"Mushungulu"}, ["xmb"] = {"Mbonga"}, ["xmc"] = {"Makhuwa-Marrevone"}, ["xmd"] = {"Mbudum"}, ["xme"] = {"Median"}, ["xmf"] = {"Mingrelian"}, ["xmg"] = {"Mengaka"}, ["xmh"] = {"Kugu-Muminh"}, ["xmj"] = {"Majera"}, ["xmk"] = {"Ancient Macedonian"}, ["xml"] = {"Malaysian Sign Language"}, ["xmm"] = {"Manado Malay"}, ["xmn"] = {"Manichaean Middle Persian"}, ["xmo"] = {"Morerebi"}, ["xmp"] = {"Kuku-Mu'inh"}, ["xmq"] = {"Kuku-Mangk"}, ["xmr"] = {"Meroitic"}, ["xms"] = {"Moroccan Sign Language"}, ["xmt"] = {"Matbat"}, ["xmu"] = {"Kamu"}, ["xmv"] = {"Antankarana Malagasy", "Tankarana Malagasy"}, ["xmw"] = {"Tsimihety Malagasy"}, ["xmx"] = {"Maden"}, ["xmy"] = {"Mayaguduna"}, ["xmz"] = {"Mori Bawah"}, ["xna"] = {"Ancient North Arabian"}, ["xnb"] = {"Kanakanabu"}, ["xnd"] = {"Na-Dene languages"}, ["xng"] = {"Middle Mongolian"}, ["xnh"] = {"Kuanhua"}, ["xni"] = {"Ngarigu"}, ["xnj"] = {"Ngoni (Tanzania)"}, ["xnk"] = {"Nganakarti"}, ["xnm"] = {"Ngumbarl"}, ["xnn"] = {"Northern Kankanay"}, ["xno"] = {"Anglo-Norman"}, ["xnq"] = {"Ngoni (Mozambique)"}, ["xnr"] = {"Kangri"}, ["xns"] = {"Kanashi"}, ["xnt"] = {"Narragansett"}, ["xnu"] = {"Nukunul"}, ["xny"] = {"Nyiyaparli"}, ["xnz"] = {"Kenzi", "Mattoki"}, ["xoc"] = {"O'chi'chi'"}, ["xod"] = {"Kokoda"}, ["xog"] = {"Сога"}, ["xoi"] = {"Kominimung"}, ["xok"] = {"Xokleng"}, ["xom"] = {"Komo (Sudan)"}, ["xon"] = {"Konkomba"}, ["xoo"] = {"Xukurú"}, ["xop"] = {"Kopar"}, ["xor"] = {"Korubo"}, ["xow"] = {"Kowaki"}, ["xpa"] = {"Pirriya"}, ["xpb"] = {"Northeastern Tasmanian", "Pyemmairrener"}, ["xpc"] = {"Pecheneg"}, ["xpd"] = {"Oyster Bay Tasmanian"}, ["xpe"] = {"Liberia Kpelle"}, ["xpf"] = {"Southeast Tasmanian", "Nuenonne"}, ["xpg"] = {"Phrygian"}, ["xph"] = {"North Midlands Tasmanian", "Tyerrenoterpanner"}, ["xpi"] = {"Pictish"}, ["xpj"] = {"Mpalitjanh"}, ["xpk"] = {"Kulina Pano"}, ["xpl"] = {"Port Sorell Tasmanian"}, ["xpm"] = {"Pumpokol"}, ["xpn"] = {"Kapinawá"}, ["xpo"] = {"Pochutec"}, ["xpp"] = {"Puyo-Paekche"}, ["xpq"] = {"Mohegan-Pequot"}, ["xpr"] = {"Parthian"}, ["xps"] = {"Pisidian"}, ["xpt"] = {"Punthamara"}, ["xpu"] = {"Punic"}, ["xpv"] = {"Northern Tasmanian", "Tommeginne"}, ["xpw"] = {"Northwestern Tasmanian", "Peerapper"}, ["xpx"] = {"Southwestern Tasmanian", "Toogee"}, ["xpy"] = {"Puyo"}, ["xpz"] = {"Bruny Island Tasmanian"}, ["xqa"] = {"Karakhanid"}, ["xqt"] = {"Qatabanian"}, ["xra"] = {"Krahô"}, ["xrb"] = {"Eastern Karaboro"}, ["xrd"] = {"Gundungurra"}, ["xre"] = {"Kreye"}, ["xrg"] = {"Minang"}, ["xri"] = {"Krikati-Timbira"}, ["xrm"] = {"Armazic"}, ["xrn"] = {"Arin"}, ["xrr"] = {"Raetic"}, ["xrt"] = {"Aranama-Tamique"}, ["xru"] = {"Marriammu"}, ["xrw"] = {"Karawa"}, ["xsa"] = {"Sabaean"}, ["xsb"] = {"Sambal"}, ["xsc"] = {"Scythian"}, ["xsd"] = {"Sidetic"}, ["xse"] = {"Sempan"}, ["xsh"] = {"Shamang"}, ["xsi"] = {"Sio"}, ["xsj"] = {"Subi"}, ["xsl"] = {"South Slavey"}, ["xsm"] = {"Kasem"}, ["xsn"] = {"Sanga (Nigeria)"}, ["xso"] = {"Solano"}, ["xsp"] = {"Silopi"}, ["xsq"] = {"Makhuwa-Saka"}, ["xsr"] = {"Sherpa"}, ["xss"] = {"Assan"}, ["xsu"] = {"Sanumá"}, ["xsv"] = {"Sudovian"}, ["xsy"] = {"Saisiyat"}, ["xta"] = {"Alcozauca Mixtec"}, ["xtb"] = {"Chazumba Mixtec"}, ["xtc"] = {"Katcha-Kadugli-Miri"}, ["xtd"] = {"Diuxi-Tilantongo Mixtec"}, ["xte"] = {"Ketengban"}, ["xtg"] = {"Transalpine Gaulish"}, ["xth"] = {"Yitha Yitha"}, ["xti"] = {"Sinicahua Mixtec"}, ["xtj"] = {"San Juan Teita Mixtec"}, ["xtl"] = {"Tijaltepec Mixtec"}, ["xtm"] = {"Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec"}, ["xtn"] = {"Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"}, ["xto"] = {"Tokharian A"}, ["xtp"] = {"San Miguel Piedras Mixtec"}, ["xtq"] = {"Tumshuqese"}, ["xtr"] = {"Early Tripuri"}, ["xts"] = {"Sindihui Mixtec"}, ["xtt"] = {"Tacahua Mixtec"}, ["xtu"] = {"Cuyamecalco Mixtec"}, ["xtv"] = {"Thawa"}, ["xtw"] = {"Tawandê"}, ["xty"] = {"Yoloxochitl Mixtec"}, ["xua"] = {"Alu Kurumba"}, ["xub"] = {"Betta Kurumba"}, ["xud"] = {"Umiida"}, ["xug"] = {"Kunigami"}, ["xuj"] = {"Jennu Kurumba"}, ["xul"] = {"Нгунавал", "Нунукул"}, ["xum"] = {"Umbrian"}, ["xun"] = {"Unggaranggu"}, ["xuo"] = {"Kuo"}, ["xup"] = {"Upper Umpqua"}, ["xur"] = {"Urartian"}, ["xut"] = {"Kuthant"}, ["xuu"] = {"Kxoe", "Khwedam"}, ["xve"] = {"Venetic"}, ["xvi"] = {"Kamviri"}, ["xvn"] = {"Vandalic"}, ["xvo"] = {"Volscian"}, ["xvs"] = {"Vestinian"}, ["xwa"] = {"Kwaza"}, ["xwc"] = {"Woccon"}, ["xwd"] = {"Wadi Wadi"}, ["xwe"] = {"Xwela Gbe"}, ["xwg"] = {"Kwegu"}, ["xwj"] = {"Wajuk"}, ["xwk"] = {"Wangkumara"}, ["xwl"] = {"Western Xwla Gbe"}, ["xwo"] = {"Written Oirat"}, ["xwr"] = {"Kwerba Mamberamo"}, ["xwt"] = {"Wotjobaluk"}, ["xww"] = {"Wemba Wemba"}, ["xxb"] = {"Boro (Ghana)"}, ["xxk"] = {"Ke'o"}, ["xxm"] = {"Minkin"}, ["xxr"] = {"Koropó"}, ["xxt"] = {"Tambora"}, ["xya"] = {"Yaygir"}, ["xyb"] = {"Yandjibara"}, ["xyj"] = {"Mayi-Yapi"}, ["xyk"] = {"Mayi-Kulan"}, ["xyl"] = {"Yalakalore"}, ["xyt"] = {"Mayi-Thakurti"}, ["xyy"] = {"Yorta Yorta"}, ["xzh"] = {"Zhang-Zhung"}, ["xzm"] = {"Zemgalian"}, ["xzp"] = {"Ancient Zapotec"}, ["yaa"] = {"Yaminahua"}, ["yab"] = {"Yuhup"}, ["yac"] = {"Pass Valley Yali"}, ["yad"] = {"Yagua"}, ["yae"] = {"Pumé"}, ["yaf"] = {"Yaka (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["yag"] = {"Yámana"}, ["yah"] = {"Yazgulyam"}, ["yai"] = {"Yagnobi"}, ["yaj"] = {"Banda-Yangere"}, ["yak"] = {"Yakama"}, ["yal"] = {"Yalunka"}, ["yam"] = {"Yamba"}, ["yan"] = {"Mayangna"}, ["yao"] = {"Yao"}, ["yap"] = {"Yapese"}, ["yaq"] = {"Yaqui"}, ["yar"] = {"Yabarana"}, ["yas"] = {"Nugunu (Cameroon)"}, ["yat"] = {"Yambeta"}, ["yau"] = {"Yuwana"}, ["yav"] = {"Yangben"}, ["yaw"] = {"Yawalapití"}, ["yax"] = {"Yauma"}, ["yay"] = {"Agwagwune"}, ["yaz"] = {"Lokaa"}, ["yba"] = {"Yala"}, ["ybb"] = {"Yemba"}, ["ybe"] = {"West Yugur"}, ["ybh"] = {"Yakha"}, ["ybi"] = {"Yamphu"}, ["ybj"] = {"Hasha"}, ["ybk"] = {"Bokha"}, ["ybl"] = {"Yukuben"}, ["ybm"] = {"Yaben"}, ["ybn"] = {"Yabaâna"}, ["ybo"] = {"Yabong"}, ["ybx"] = {"Yawiyo"}, ["yby"] = {"Yaweyuha"}, ["ych"] = {"Chesu"}, ["ycl"] = {"Lolopo"}, ["ycn"] = {"Yucuna"}, ["ycp"] = {"Chepya"}, ["yda"] = {"Yanda"}, ["ydd"] = {"Eastern Yiddish"}, ["yde"] = {"Yangum Dey"}, ["ydg"] = {"Yidgha"}, ["ydk"] = {"Yoidik"}, ["yea"] = {"Ravula"}, ["yec"] = {"Yeniche"}, ["yee"] = {"Yimas"}, ["yei"] = {"Yeni"}, ["yej"] = {"Yevanic"}, ["yel"] = {"Yela"}, ["yer"] = {"Tarok"}, ["yes"] = {"Nyankpa"}, ["yet"] = {"Yetfa"}, ["yeu"] = {"Yerukula"}, ["yev"] = {"Yapunda"}, ["yey"] = {"Yeyi"}, ["yga"] = {"Malyangapa"}, ["ygi"] = {"Yiningayi"}, ["ygl"] = {"Yangum Gel"}, ["ygm"] = {"Yagomi"}, ["ygp"] = {"Gepo"}, ["ygr"] = {"Yagaria"}, ["ygs"] = {"Yolŋu Sign Language"}, ["ygu"] = {"Yugul"}, ["ygw"] = {"Yagwoia"}, ["yha"] = {"Baha Buyang"}, ["yhd"] = {"Judeo-Iraqi Arabic"}, ["yhl"] = {"Hlepho Phowa"}, ["yhs"] = {"Yan-nhaŋu Sign Language"}, ["yia"] = {"Yinggarda"}, ["yif"] = {"Ache"}, ["yig"] = {"Wusa Nasu"}, ["yih"] = {"Western Yiddish"}, ["yii"] = {"Yidiny"}, ["yij"] = {"Yindjibarndi"}, ["yik"] = {"Dongshanba Lalo"}, ["yil"] = {"Yindjilandji"}, ["yim"] = {"Yimchungru Naga"}, ["yin"] = {"Riang Lai", "Yinchia"}, ["yip"] = {"Pholo"}, ["yiq"] = {"Miqie"}, ["yir"] = {"North Awyu"}, ["yis"] = {"Yis"}, ["yit"] = {"Eastern Lalu"}, ["yiu"] = {"Awu"}, ["yiv"] = {"Northern Nisu"}, ["yix"] = {"Axi Yi"}, ["yiz"] = {"Azhe"}, ["yka"] = {"Yakan"}, ["ykg"] = {"Northern Yukaghir"}, ["yki"] = {"Yoke"}, ["ykk"] = {"Yakaikeke"}, ["ykl"] = {"Khlula"}, ["ykm"] = {"Kap"}, ["ykn"] = {"Kua-nsi"}, ["yko"] = {"Yasa"}, ["ykr"] = {"Yekora"}, ["ykt"] = {"Kathu"}, ["yku"] = {"Kuamasi"}, ["yky"] = {"Yakoma"}, ["yla"] = {"Yaul"}, ["ylb"] = {"Yaleba"}, ["yle"] = {"Yele"}, ["ylg"] = {"Yelogu"}, ["yli"] = {"Angguruk Yali"}, ["yll"] = {"Yil"}, ["ylm"] = {"Limi"}, ["yln"] = {"Langnian Buyang"}, ["ylo"] = {"Naluo Yi"}, ["ylr"] = {"Yalarnnga"}, ["ylu"] = {"Aribwaung"}, ["yly"] = {"Nyâlayu", "Nyelâyu"}, ["ymb"] = {"Yambes"}, ["ymc"] = {"Southern Muji"}, ["ymd"] = {"Muda"}, ["yme"] = {"Yameo"}, ["ymg"] = {"Yamongeri"}, ["ymh"] = {"Mili"}, ["ymi"] = {"Moji"}, ["ymk"] = {"Makwe"}, ["yml"] = {"Iamalele"}, ["ymm"] = {"Maay"}, ["ymn"] = {"Yamna", "Sunum"}, ["ymo"] = {"Yangum Mon"}, ["ymp"] = {"Yamap"}, ["ymq"] = {"Qila Muji"}, ["ymr"] = {"Malasar"}, ["yms"] = {"Mysian"}, ["ymx"] = {"Northern Muji"}, ["ymz"] = {"Muzi"}, ["yna"] = {"Aluo"}, ["ynd"] = {"Yandruwandha"}, ["yne"] = {"Lang'e"}, ["yng"] = {"Yango"}, ["ynk"] = {"Naukan Yupik"}, ["ynl"] = {"Yangulam"}, ["ynn"] = {"Yana"}, ["yno"] = {"Yong"}, ["ynq"] = {"Yendang"}, ["yns"] = {"Yansi"}, ["ynu"] = {"Yahuna"}, ["yob"] = {"Yoba"}, ["yog"] = {"Yogad"}, ["yoi"] = {"Yonaguni"}, ["yok"] = {"Yokuts"}, ["yol"] = {"Yola"}, ["yom"] = {"Yombe"}, ["yon"] = {"Yongkom"}, ["yot"] = {"Yotti"}, ["yox"] = {"Yoron"}, ["yoy"] = {"Yoy"}, ["ypa"] = {"Phala"}, ["ypb"] = {"Labo Phowa"}, ["ypg"] = {"Phola"}, ["yph"] = {"Phupha"}, ["ypk"] = {"Yupik languages"}, ["ypm"] = {"Phuma"}, ["ypn"] = {"Ani Phowa"}, ["ypo"] = {"Alo Phola"}, ["ypp"] = {"Phupa"}, ["ypz"] = {"Phuza"}, ["yra"] = {"Yerakai"}, ["yrb"] = {"Yareba"}, ["yre"] = {"Yaouré"}, ["yrk"] = {"Ненец"}, ["yrl"] = {"Nhengatu"}, ["yrm"] = {"Yirrk-Mel"}, ["yrn"] = {"Yerong"}, ["yro"] = {"Yaroamë"}, ["yrs"] = {"Yarsun"}, ["yrw"] = {"Yarawata"}, ["yry"] = {"Yarluyandi"}, ["ysc"] = {"Yassic"}, ["ysd"] = {"Samatao"}, ["ysg"] = {"Sonaga"}, ["ysl"] = {"Yugoslavian Sign Language"}, ["ysm"] = {"Myanmar Sign Language"}, ["ysn"] = {"Sani"}, ["yso"] = {"Nisi (China)"}, ["ysp"] = {"Southern Lolopo"}, ["ysr"] = {"Sirenik Yupik"}, ["yss"] = {"Yessan-Mayo"}, ["ysy"] = {"Sanie"}, ["yta"] = {"Talu"}, ["ytl"] = {"Tanglang"}, ["ytp"] = {"Thopho"}, ["ytw"] = {"Yout Wam"}, ["yty"] = {"Yatay"}, ["yua"] = {"Юкатек", "Юкатек Маяа"}, ["yub"] = {"Yugambal"}, ["yuc"] = {"Yuchi"}, ["yud"] = {"Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic"}, ["yue"] = {"Yue Chinese", "Cantonese"}, ["yuf"] = {"Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai"}, ["yug"] = {"Yug"}, ["yui"] = {"Yurutí"}, ["yuj"] = {"Karkar-Yuri"}, ["yuk"] = {"Yuki"}, ["yul"] = {"Yulu"}, ["yum"] = {"Quechan"}, ["yun"] = {"Bena (Nigeria)"}, ["yup"] = {"Yukpa"}, ["yuq"] = {"Yuqui"}, ["yur"] = {"Yurok"}, ["yut"] = {"Yopno"}, ["yuw"] = {"Yau (Morobe Province)"}, ["yux"] = {"Southern Yukaghir"}, ["yuy"] = {"East Yugur"}, ["yuz"] = {"Yuracare"}, ["yva"] = {"Yawa"}, ["yvt"] = {"Yavitero"}, ["ywa"] = {"Kalou"}, ["ywg"] = {"Yinhawangka"}, ["ywl"] = {"Western Lalu"}, ["ywn"] = {"Yawanawa"}, ["ywq"] = {"Wuding-Luquan Yi"}, ["ywr"] = {"Yawuru"}, ["ywt"] = {"Xishanba Lalo", "Central Lalo"}, ["ywu"] = {"Wumeng Nasu"}, ["yww"] = {"Yawarawarga"}, ["yxa"] = {"Mayawali"}, ["yxg"] = {"Yagara"}, ["yxl"] = {"Yardliyawarra"}, ["yxm"] = {"Yinwum"}, ["yxu"] = {"Yuyu"}, ["yxy"] = {"Yabula Yabula"}, ["yyr"] = {"Yir Yoront"}, ["yyu"] = {"Yau (Sandaun Province)"}, ["yyz"] = {"Ayizi"}, ["yzg"] = {"E'ma Buyang"}, ["yzk"] = {"Zokhuo"}, ["zaa"] = {"Sierra de Juárez Zapotec"}, ["zab"] = {"Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec", "San Juan Guelavía Zapotec"}, ["zac"] = {"Ocotlán Zapotec"}, ["zad"] = {"Cajonos Zapotec"}, ["zae"] = {"Yareni Zapotec"}, ["zaf"] = {"Ayoquesco Zapotec"}, ["zag"] = {"Zaghawa"}, ["zah"] = {"Zangwal"}, ["zai"] = {"Isthmus Zapotec"}, ["zaj"] = {"Zaramo"}, ["zak"] = {"Zanaki"}, ["zal"] = {"Zauzou"}, ["zam"] = {"Miahuatlán Zapotec"}, ["zao"] = {"Ozolotepec Zapotec"}, ["zap"] = {"Zapotec"}, ["zaq"] = {"Aloápam Zapotec"}, ["zar"] = {"Rincón Zapotec"}, ["zas"] = {"Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec"}, ["zat"] = {"Tabaa Zapotec"}, ["zau"] = {"Zangskari"}, ["zav"] = {"Yatzachi Zapotec"}, ["zaw"] = {"Mitla Zapotec"}, ["zax"] = {"Xadani Zapotec"}, ["zay"] = {"Zayse-Zergulla", "Zaysete"}, ["zaz"] = {"Zari"}, ["zba"] = {"Balaibalan"}, ["zbc"] = {"Central Berawan"}, ["zbe"] = {"East Berawan"}, ["zbl"] = {"Blissymbols", "Bliss", "Blissymbolics"}, ["zbt"] = {"Batui"}, ["zbu"] = {"Bu (Bauchi State)"}, ["zbw"] = {"West Berawan"}, ["zca"] = {"Coatecas Altas Zapotec"}, ["zch"] = {"Central Hongshuihe Zhuang"}, ["zdj"] = {"Комор"}, ["zea"] = {"Zeeuws"}, ["zeg"] = {"Zenag"}, ["zeh"] = {"Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang"}, ["zen"] = {"Zenaga"}, ["zga"] = {"Kinga"}, ["zgb"] = {"Guibei Zhuang"}, ["zgh"] = {"Стандарт Мароккогийн Бербер"}, ["zgm"] = {"Minz Zhuang"}, ["zgn"] = {"Guibian Zhuang"}, ["zgr"] = {"Magori"}, ["zhb"] = {"Zhaba"}, ["zhd"] = {"Dai Zhuang"}, ["zhi"] = {"Zhire"}, ["zhn"] = {"Nong Zhuang"}, ["zhw"] = {"Zhoa"}, ["zhx"] = {"Chinese (family)"}, ["zia"] = {"Zia"}, ["zib"] = {"Zimbabwe Sign Language"}, ["zik"] = {"Zimakani"}, ["zil"] = {"Zialo"}, ["zim"] = {"Mesme"}, ["zin"] = {"Zinza"}, ["ziw"] = {"Zigula"}, ["ziz"] = {"Zizilivakan"}, ["zka"] = {"Kaimbulawa"}, ["zkb"] = {"Koibal"}, ["zkd"] = {"Kadu"}, ["zkg"] = {"Koguryo"}, ["zkh"] = {"Khorezmian"}, ["zkk"] = {"Karankawa"}, ["zkn"] = {"Kanan"}, ["zko"] = {"Kott"}, ["zkp"] = {"São Paulo Kaingáng"}, ["zkr"] = {"Zakhring"}, ["zkt"] = {"Kitan"}, ["zku"] = {"Kaurna"}, ["zkv"] = {"Krevinian"}, ["zkz"] = {"Khazar"}, ["zla"] = {"Zula"}, ["zle"] = {"Зүүн Слав хэлнүүд"}, ["zlj"] = {"Liujiang Zhuang"}, ["zlm"] = {"Malay (individual language)"}, ["zln"] = {"Lianshan Zhuang"}, ["zlq"] = {"Liuqian Zhuang"}, ["zls"] = {"South Slavic languages"}, ["zlw"] = {"West Slavic languages"}, ["zma"] = {"Manda (Australia)"}, ["zmb"] = {"Zimba"}, ["zmc"] = {"Margany"}, ["zmd"] = {"Maridan"}, ["zme"] = {"Mangerr"}, ["zmf"] = {"Mfinu"}, ["zmg"] = {"Marti Ke"}, ["zmh"] = {"Makolkol"}, ["zmi"] = {"Negeri Sembilan Malay"}, ["zmj"] = {"Maridjabin"}, ["zmk"] = {"Mandandanyi"}, ["zml"] = {"Matngala"}, ["zmm"] = {"Marimanindji", "Marramaninyshi"}, ["zmn"] = {"Mbangwe"}, ["zmo"] = {"Molo"}, ["zmp"] = {"Mpuono"}, ["zmq"] = {"Mituku"}, ["zmr"] = {"Maranunggu"}, ["zms"] = {"Mbesa"}, ["zmt"] = {"Maringarr"}, ["zmu"] = {"Muruwari"}, ["zmv"] = {"Mbariman-Gudhinma"}, ["zmw"] = {"Mbo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["zmx"] = {"Bomitaba"}, ["zmy"] = {"Mariyedi"}, ["zmz"] = {"Mbandja"}, ["zna"] = {"Zan Gula"}, ["znd"] = {"Zande languages"}, ["zne"] = {"Zande (individual language)"}, ["zng"] = {"Mang"}, ["znk"] = {"Manangkari"}, ["zns"] = {"Mangas"}, ["zoc"] = {"Copainalá Zoque"}, ["zoh"] = {"Chimalapa Zoque"}, ["zom"] = {"Zou"}, ["zoo"] = {"Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["zoq"] = {"Tabasco Zoque"}, ["zor"] = {"Rayón Zoque"}, ["zos"] = {"Francisco León Zoque"}, ["zpa"] = {"Lachiguiri Zapotec"}, ["zpb"] = {"Yautepec Zapotec"}, ["zpc"] = {"Choapan Zapotec"}, ["zpd"] = {"Southeastern Ixtlán Zapotec"}, ["zpe"] = {"Petapa Zapotec"}, ["zpf"] = {"San Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec"}, ["zpg"] = {"Guevea De Humboldt Zapotec"}, ["zph"] = {"Totomachapan Zapotec"}, ["zpi"] = {"Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec"}, ["zpj"] = {"Quiavicuzas Zapotec"}, ["zpk"] = {"Tlacolulita Zapotec"}, ["zpl"] = {"Lachixío Zapotec"}, ["zpm"] = {"Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["zpn"] = {"Santa Inés Yatzechi Zapotec"}, ["zpo"] = {"Amatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpp"] = {"El Alto Zapotec"}, ["zpq"] = {"Zoogocho Zapotec"}, ["zpr"] = {"Santiago Xanica Zapotec"}, ["zps"] = {"Coatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpt"] = {"San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpu"] = {"Yalálag Zapotec"}, ["zpv"] = {"Chichicapan Zapotec"}, ["zpw"] = {"Zaniza Zapotec"}, ["zpx"] = {"San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec"}, ["zpy"] = {"Mazaltepec Zapotec"}, ["zpz"] = {"Texmelucan Zapotec"}, ["zqe"] = {"Qiubei Zhuang"}, ["zra"] = {"Kara (Korea)"}, ["zrg"] = {"Mirgan"}, ["zrn"] = {"Zerenkel"}, ["zro"] = {"Záparo"}, ["zrp"] = {"Zarphatic"}, ["zrs"] = {"Mairasi"}, ["zsa"] = {"Sarasira"}, ["zsk"] = {"Kaskean"}, ["zsl"] = {"Zambian Sign Language"}, ["zsm"] = {"Standard Malay"}, ["zsr"] = {"Southern Rincon Zapotec"}, ["zsu"] = {"Sukurum"}, ["zte"] = {"Elotepec Zapotec"}, ["ztg"] = {"Xanaguía Zapotec"}, ["ztl"] = {"Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec"}, ["ztm"] = {"San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["ztn"] = {"Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec"}, ["ztp"] = {"Loxicha Zapotec"}, ["ztq"] = {"Quioquitani-Quierí Zapotec"}, ["zts"] = {"Tilquiapan Zapotec"}, ["ztt"] = {"Tejalapan Zapotec"}, ["ztu"] = {"Güilá Zapotec"}, ["ztx"] = {"Zaachila Zapotec"}, ["zty"] = {"Yatee Zapotec"}, ["zua"] = {"Zeem"}, ["zuh"] = {"Tokano"}, ["zum"] = {"Kumzari"}, ["zun"] = {"Zuni"}, ["zuy"] = {"Zumaya"}, ["zwa"] = {"Zay"}, ["zxx"] = {"No linguistic content", "Not applicable"}, ["zyb"] = {"Yongbei Zhuang"}, ["zyg"] = {"Yang Zhuang"}, ["zyj"] = {"Youjiang Zhuang"}, ["zyn"] = {"Yongnan Zhuang"}, ["zyp"] = {"Zyphe Chin"}, ["zza"] = {"Zaza", "Dimili", "Dimli (macrolanguage)", "Kirdki", "Kirmanjki (macrolanguage)", "Zazaki"}, ["zzj"] = {"Zuojiang Zhuang"} } local deprecated = { ["in"] = {"Indonesian"}, ["iw"] = {"Еврей"}, ["ji"] = {"Yiddish"}, ["jw"] = {"Javanese"}, ["mo"] = {"Moldavian", "Moldovan"}, ["aam"] = {"Aramanik"}, ["adp"] = {"Adap"}, ["agp"] = {"Paranan"}, ["ais"] = {"Nataoran Amis"}, ["aoh"] = {"Arma"}, ["asd"] = {"Asas"}, ["aue"] = {"ǂKxʼauǁʼein"}, ["ayx"] = {"Ayi (China)"}, ["ayy"] = {"Tayabas Ayta"}, ["baz"] = {"Tunen"}, ["bbz"] = {"Babalia Creole Arabic"}, ["bgm"] = {"Baga Mboteni"}, ["bhk"] = {"Albay Bicolano"}, ["bic"] = {"Bikaru"}, ["bij"] = {"Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri"}, ["bjd"] = {"Bandjigali"}, ["bjq"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bkb"] = {"Finallig"}, ["blg"] = {"Balau"}, ["bmy"] = {"Bemba (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bpb"] = {"Barbacoas"}, ["btb"] = {"Beti (Cameroon)"}, ["btl"] = {"Bhatola"}, ["bxx"] = {"Borna (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["byy"] = {"Buya"}, ["cbe"] = {"Chipiajes"}, ["cbh"] = {"Cagua"}, ["cca"] = {"Cauca"}, ["ccq"] = {"Chaungtha"}, ["cdg"] = {"Chamari"}, ["cjr"] = {"Chorotega"}, ["cka"] = {"Khumi Awa Chin"}, ["cmk"] = {"Chimakum"}, ["coy"] = {"Coyaima"}, ["cqu"] = {"Chilean Quechua"}, ["cum"] = {"Cumeral"}, ["daf"] = {"Dan"}, ["dap"] = {"Nisi (India)"}, ["dgu"] = {"Degaru"}, ["dha"] = {"Dhanwar (India)"}, ["dit"] = {"Dirari"}, ["djl"] = {"Djiwarli"}, ["dkl"] = {"Kolum So Dogon"}, ["drh"] = {"Darkhat"}, ["drr"] = {"Dororo"}, ["drw"] = {"Darwazi"}, ["dud"] = {"Hun-Saare"}, ["duj"] = {"Dhuwal"}, ["dwl"] = {"Walo Kumbe Dogon"}, ["dzd"] = {"Daza"}, ["ekc"] = {"Eastern Karnic"}, ["elp"] = {"Elpaputih"}, ["emo"] = {"Emok"}, ["gav"] = {"Gabutamon"}, ["gbc"] = {"Garawa"}, ["gfx"] = {"Mangetti Dune ǃXung"}, ["ggn"] = {"Eastern Gurung"}, ["ggo"] = {"Southern Gondi"}, ["ggr"] = {"Aghu Tharnggalu"}, ["gio"] = {"Gelao"}, ["gji"] = {"Geji"}, ["gli"] = {"Guliguli"}, ["gti"] = {"Gbati-ri"}, ["guv"] = {"Gey"}, ["hrr"] = {"Horuru"}, ["iap"] = {"Iapama"}, ["ibi"] = {"Ibilo"}, ["ill"] = {"Iranun"}, ["ilw"] = {"Talur"}, ["ime"] = {"Imeraguen"}, ["izi"] = {"Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo"}, ["jar"] = {"Jarawa (Nigeria)"}, ["jeg"] = {"Jeng"}, ["kbf"] = {"Kakauhua"}, ["kdv"] = {"Kado"}, ["kgc"] = {"Kasseng"}, ["kgd"] = {"Kataang"}, ["kgh"] = {"Upper Tanudan Kalinga"}, ["kjf"] = {"Khalaj [Indo-Iranian]"}, ["koj"] = {"Sara Dunjo"}, ["kox"] = {"Coxima"}, ["kpp"] = {"Paku Karen"}, ["krm"] = {"Krim"}, ["ktr"] = {"Kota Marudu Tinagas"}, ["kvs"] = {"Kunggara"}, ["kwq"] = {"Kwak"}, ["kxe"] = {"Kakihum"}, ["kxl"] = {"Nepali Kurux"}, ["kxu"] = {"Kui (India)"}, ["kzh"] = {"Kenuzi-Dongola"}, ["kzj"] = {"Coastal Kadazan"}, ["kzt"] = {"Tambunan Dusun"}, ["lba"] = {"Lui"}, ["leg"] = {"Lengua"}, ["lii"] = {"Lingkhim"}, ["llo"] = {"Khlor"}, ["lmm"] = {"Lamam"}, ["lmz"] = {"Lumbee"}, ["lsg"] = {"Lyons Sign Language"}, ["meg"] = {"Mea"}, ["mgx"] = {"Omati"}, ["mhh"] = {"Maskoy Pidgin"}, ["mja"] = {"Mahei"}, ["mld"] = {"Malakhel"}, ["mnt"] = {"Maykulan"}, ["mof"] = {"Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett"}, ["mst"] = {"Cataelano Mandaya"}, ["mvm"] = {"Muya"}, ["mwd"] = {"Mudbura"}, ["mwj"] = {"Maligo"}, ["mwx"] = {"Mediak"}, ["mwy"] = {"Mosiro"}, ["myd"] = {"Maramba"}, ["myi"] = {"Mina (India)"}, ["myq"] = {"Forest Maninka"}, ["myt"] = {"Sangab Mandaya"}, ["nad"] = {"Nijadali"}, ["nbf"] = {"Naxi"}, ["nbx"] = {"Ngura"}, ["ncp"] = {"Ndaktup"}, ["ngo"] = {"Ngoni"}, ["nln"] = {"Durango Nahuatl"}, ["nlr"] = {"Ngarla"}, ["nns"] = {"Ningye"}, ["nnx"] = {"Ngong"}, ["noo"] = {"Nootka"}, ["nts"] = {"Natagaimas"}, ["nxu"] = {"Narau"}, ["ome"] = {"Omejes"}, ["oun"] = {"ǃOǃung"}, ["pat"] = {"Papitalai"}, ["pbz"] = {"Palu"}, ["pcr"] = {"Panang"}, ["pgy"] = {"Pongyong"}, ["plp"] = {"Palpa"}, ["pmc"] = {"Palumata"}, ["pmu"] = {"Mirpur Panjabi"}, ["pod"] = {"Ponares"}, ["ppa"] = {"Pao"}, ["ppr"] = {"Piru"}, ["prb"] = {"Lua'"}, ["pry"] = {"Pray 3"}, ["puk"] = {"Pu Ko"}, ["puz"] = {"Purum Naga"}, ["rie"] = {"Rien"}, ["rmr"] = {"Caló"}, ["rna"] = {"Runa"}, ["rsi"] = {"Rennellese Sign Language"}, ["sap"] = {"Sanapaná"}, ["sca"] = {"Sansu"}, ["sdm"] = {"Semandang"}, ["sgl"] = {"Sanglechi-Ishkashimi"}, ["sgo"] = {"Songa"}, ["skk"] = {"Sok"}, ["snh"] = {"Shinabo"}, ["sul"] = {"Surigaonon"}, ["sum"] = {"Sumo-Mayangna"}, ["svr"] = {"Savara"}, ["tbb"] = {"Tapeba"}, ["tdu"] = {"Tempasuk Dusun"}, ["tgg"] = {"Tangga"}, ["thc"] = {"Tai Hang Tong"}, ["thw"] = {"Thudam"}, ["thx"] = {"The"}, ["tid"] = {"Tidong"}, ["tie"] = {"Tingal"}, ["tkk"] = {"Takpa"}, ["tlw"] = {"South Wemale"}, ["tmp"] = {"Tai Mène"}, ["tne"] = {"Tinoc Kallahan"}, ["tnf"] = {"Tangshewi"}, ["toe"] = {"Tomedes"}, ["tsf"] = {"Southwestern Tamang"}, ["unp"] = {"Worora"}, ["uok"] = {"Uokha"}, ["vki"] = {"Ija-Zuba"}, ["wgw"] = {"Wagawaga"}, ["wit"] = {"Wintu"}, ["wiw"] = {"Wirangu"}, ["wra"] = {"Warapu"}, ["xba"] = {"Kamba (Brazil)"}, ["xbx"] = {"Kabixí"}, ["xia"] = {"Xiandao"}, ["xip"] = {"Xipináwa"}, ["xkh"] = {"Karahawyana"}, ["xrq"] = {"Karranga"}, ["xtz"] = {"Tasmanian"}, ["ybd"] = {"Yangbye"}, ["yds"] = {"Yiddish Sign Language"}, ["yen"] = {"Yendang"}, ["yiy"] = {"Yir Yoront"}, ["yma"] = {"Yamphe"}, ["ymt"] = {"Mator-Taygi-Karagas"}, ["ynh"] = {"Yangho"}, ["yos"] = {"Yos"}, ["yri"] = {"Yarí"}, ["yuu"] = {"Yugh"}, ["zir"] = {"Ziriya"} } return { active = active, deprecated = deprecated, } 1yfsj8lqb6xsm1u1klqz3rbki38eq3i Википедиа:Хурал/Гадаад хэл/2019 4 115251 853352 778727 2026-04-14T11:58:00Z CommonsDelinker 211 [[File:Logo_for_the_beta_feature_FileExporter.svg]]-г [[File:Logo_for_FileExporter.svg]]-р сольж байна. Сольсон хэрэглэгч нь [[c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]], шалтгаан нь: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) 853352 wikitext text/x-wiki == FileExporter beta feature == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Logo for FileExporter.svg|thumb|Coming soon: the beta feature [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileExporter]]]] A new beta feature will soon be released on all wikis: The [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileExporter]]. It allows exports of files from a local wiki to Wikimedia Commons, including their file history and page history. Which files can be exported is defined by each wiki's community: '''Please check your wiki's [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons/Configuration file documentation|configuration file]]''' if you want to use this feature. The FileExporter has already been a beta feature on [https://www.mediawiki.org mediawiki.org], [https://meta.wikimedia.org meta.wikimedia], deWP, faWP, arWP, koWP and on [https://wikisource.org wikisource.org]. After some functionality was added, it's now becoming a beta feature on all wikis. Deployment is planned for January 16. More information can be found [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|on the project page]]. As always, feedback is highly appreciated. If you want to test the FileExporter, please activate it in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|user preferences]]. The best place for feedback is the [[mw:Help_talk:Extension:FileImporter|central talk page]]. Thank you from Wikimedia Deutschland's [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes project]]. </div> [[User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 09:41, 14 Нэгдүгээр сар 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=18782700 --> == No editing for 30 minutes on 17 January == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You will '''not be able to edit''' the wikis for up to 30 minutes on '''[https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190117T07 17 January 07:00 UTC]'''. This is because of a database problem that has to be fixed immediately. You can still read the wikis. Some wikis are not affected. They don't get this message. You can see which wikis are '''not''' affected [[:m:User:Johan (WMF)/201901ReadOnlyPage|on this page]]. Most wikis are affected. The time you can not edit might be shorter than 30 minutes. /[[User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]</div> 18:49, 16 Нэгдүгээр сар 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/201901ReadOnly/Targets5&oldid=18789235 --> == Talk to us about talking == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-rtl.svg|alt="icon depicting two speech Bubbles"|frameless|right|120px]] The Wikimedia Foundation is planning a [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|global consultation about communication]]. The goal is to bring Wikimedians and wiki-minded people together to improve tools for communication. We want all contributors to be able to talk to each other on the wikis, whatever their experience, their skills or their devices. We are looking for input from as many different parts of the Wikimedia community as possible. It will come from multiple projects, in multiple languages, and with multiple perspectives. We are currently planning the consultation. We need your help. '''We need volunteers to help talk to their communities or user groups.''' You can help by hosting a discussion at your wiki. Here's what to do: # First, [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|sign up your group here.]] # Next, create a page (or a section on a Village pump, or an e-mail thread – whatever is natural for your group) to collect information from other people in your group. This is not a vote or decision-making discussion: we are just collecting feedback. # Then ask people what they think about communication processes. We want to hear stories and other information about how people communicate with each other on and off wiki. Please consider asking these five questions: ## When you want to discuss a topic with your community, what tools work for you, and what problems block you? ## What about talk pages works for newcomers, and what blocks them? ## What do others struggle with in your community about talk pages? ## What do you wish you could do on talk pages, but can't due to the technical limitations? ## What are the important aspects of a "wiki discussion"? # Finally, please go to [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019 on Mediawiki.org]] and report what you learned from your group. Please include links if the discussion is available to the public. '''You can also help build the list of the many different ways people talk to each other.''' Not all groups active on wikis or around wikis use the same way to discuss things: it can happen on wiki, on social networks, through external tools... Tell us [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Tools in use|how your group communicates]]. You can read more about [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|the overall process]] on mediawiki.org. If you have questions or ideas, you can [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|leave feedback about the consultation process]] in the language you prefer. Thank you! We're looking forward to talking with you. </div> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 15:01, 21 Хоёрдугаар сар 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18639017 --> Blind signature == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (March 2019) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to published research as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials on the [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ Library Card platform]: * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/72/ Kinige]''' – Primarily Indian-language ebooks - 10 books per month * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/55/ Gale]''' – Times Digital Archive collection added (covering 1785-2013) * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/54/ JSTOR]''' – New applications now being taken again Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ our partners page], including [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/47/ Baylor University Press], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/10/ Taylor & Francis], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/46/ Cairn], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/32/ Annual Reviews] and [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/61/ Bloomsbury]. You can request new partnerships on our [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/suggest/ Suggestions page]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 17:40, 13 Гуравдугаар сар 2019 (UTC) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=18873404 --> == Read-only mode for up to 30 minutes on 11 April == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You will '''not be able to edit''' most Wikimedia wikis for up to 30 minutes on '''[https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190411T05 11 April 05:00 UTC]'''. This is because of a hardware problem. You can still read the wikis. You [[phab:T220080|can see which wikis are affected]]. The time you can not edit might be shorter than 30 minutes. /[[User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]</div></div></div> 10:56, 8 Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18979889 --> == Wikimedia Foundation Medium-Term Plan feedback request == {{int:please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The Wikimedia Foundation has published a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Medium-term_plan_2019|Medium-Term Plan proposal]] covering the next 3–5 years. We want your feedback! Please leave all comments and questions, in any language, on [[m:Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_Medium-term_plan_2019|the talk page]], by April 20. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Quiddity (WMF)|talk]]) 17:35, 12 Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18998727 --> == Editing News #1—July 2019 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2019/July|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]'' <div style="float:right;width:270px;margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center]] <big>'''Did you know?'''</big> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> Did you know that you can use the visual editor on a mobile device? Every article has a pencil icon at the top. Tap on the pencil icon [[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg|frameless|16x16px]] to start editing. '''<big>Edit Cards</big>''' [[File:EditCards-v.20.png|alt=Toolbar with menu opened|center|frameless|250px]] This is what the new '''Edit Cards for editing links''' in the mobile visual editor look like. You can try the prototype here: '''[[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 Try Edit Cards]].''' </div></div> Welcome back to the [[mw:Editing|Editing]] newsletter. Since [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2018/October|the last newsletter]], the team has released two new features for the [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|mobile visual editor]] and has started developing three more. All of this work is part of the team's goal to [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2018-2019/Audiences#Outcome 3: Mobile Contribution|make editing on mobile web simpler]]. Before talking about the team's recent releases, we have a question for you: <strong>Are you willing to try a new way to add and change links?</strong> If you are interested, we would value your input! You can try this new link tool in the mobile visual editor on a separate wiki. <em>Follow these instructions and share your experience:</em> <strong>[[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 Try Edit Cards]].</strong> === Recent releases === The mobile visual editor is a simpler editing tool, for smartphones and tablets using the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile#About|mobile site]]. The Editing team recently launched two new features to improve the mobile visual editor: # [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing|Section editing]] #* The purpose is to help contributors focus on their edits. #* The team studied this with an A/B test. [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing#16 June 2019|This test showed]] that contributors who could use section editing were '''1% more likely to publish''' the edits they started than people with only full-page editing. # [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile#March 1, 2019|Loading overlay]] #* The purpose is to smooth the transition between reading and editing. Section editing and the new loading overlay are '''now available to everyone''' using the mobile visual editor. === New and active projects === This is a list of our most active projects. [[mw:Help:Watching pages|Watch]] these pages to learn about project updates and to share your input on new designs, prototypes and research findings. *[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Edit cards]]: This is a clearer way to add and edit links, citations, images, templates, etc. in articles. You can try this feature now. <em>Go here to see how:</em> [[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 <em>Try Edit Cards</em>]]. *[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh|Mobile toolbar refresh]]: This project will learn if contributors are more successful when the editing tools are easier to recognize. *[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default|Mobile visual editor availability]]: This A/B test asks: ''Are newer contributors more successful if they use the mobile visual editor?'' We are collaborating with [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default#26 June 2019 %E2%80%93 Participating wikis and test start date|20 Wikipedias]] to answer this question. *[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Usability improvements|Usability improvements]]: This project will make the mobile visual editor easier to use. The goal is to let contributors stay focused on editing and to feel more confident in the editing tools. === Looking ahead === * '''Wikimania:''' Several members of the Editing Team will be attending [[wmania:|Wikimania]] in August 2019. They will lead a session about mobile editing in the [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/Visual editing on mobile: An accessible editor for all|Community Growth space]]. Talk to the team about how editing can be improved. * '''Talk Pages:''' In the coming months, the Editing Team will begin [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|improving talk pages]] and communication on the wikis. === Learning more === The [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|VisualEditor on mobile]] is a good place to learn more about the projects we are working on. The team wants to talk with you about anything related to editing. If you have something to say or ask, please leave a message at [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor on mobile|Talk:VisualEditor on mobile]]. [[user:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:user_talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) & [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:user_talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 18:32, 23 Долоодугаар сар 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=19175117 --> == Update on the consultation about office actions == Hello all, Last month, the Wikimedia Foundation's Trust & Safety team [[:en:Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)/Archive_152#Announcement_of_forthcoming_temporary_and_partial_ban_tool_consultation|announced]] a future consultation about partial and/or temporary [[m:Special:MyLanguage/office actions|office actions]]. We want to let you know that the '''draft version''' of this consultation has now been [[:m:Office_actions/Community_consultation_on_partial_and_temporary_office_actions/draft|posted on Meta]]. This is a '''draft'''. It is not intended to be the consultation itself, which will be posted on Meta likely in early September. Please do not treat this draft as a consultation. Instead, we ask your assistance in forming the final language for the consultation. For that end, we would like your input over the next couple of weeks about what questions the consultation should ask about partial and temporary Foundation office action bans and how it should be formatted. '''[[:m:Talk:Office_actions/Community_consultation_on_partial_and_temporary_office_actions/draft|Please post it on the draft talk page]]'''. Our goal is to provide space for the community to discuss all the aspects of these office actions that need to be discussed, and we want to ensure with your feedback that the consultation is presented in the best way to encourage frank and constructive conversation. Please visit [[:m:Office_actions/Community_consultation_on_partial_and_temporary_office_actions/draft|the consultation draft on Meta-wiki]] and leave your comments on the draft’s talk page about what the consultation should look like and what questions it should ask. Thank you for your input! -- The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety|Trust & Safety team]] 08:03, 16 Наймдугаар сар 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=19175143 --> == New tools and IP masking == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hey everyone, The Wikimedia Foundation wants to work on two things that affect how we patrol changes and handle vandalism and harassment. We want to make the tools that are used to handle bad edits better. We also want to get better privacy for unregistered users so their IP addresses are no longer shown to everyone in the world. We would not hide IP addresses until we have better tools for patrolling. We have an idea of what tools ''could'' be working better and how a more limited access to IP addresses would change things, but we need to hear from more wikis. You can read more about the project [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|on Meta]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|post comments and feedback]]. Now is when we need to hear from you to be able to give you better tools to handle vandalism, spam and harassment. You can post in your language if you can't write in English. [[User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]</div></div></div> 14:18, 21 Наймдугаар сар 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tools_and_IP_message/Distribution&oldid=19315232 --> == The consultation on partial and temporary Foundation bans just started == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="plainlinks"> Hello, In a [[:en:Wikipedia:Community_response_to_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%27s_ban_of_Fram/Official_statements#Board_statement|recent statement]], the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees [[:en:Wikipedia:Community_response_to_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%27s_ban_of_Fram/Official_statements#Board_statement|requested that staff hold a consultation]] to "re-evaluat[e] or add community input to the two new office action policy tools (temporary and partial Foundation bans)". Accordingly, the Foundation's Trust & Safety team invites all Wikimedians [[:m:Office actions/Community consultation on partial and temporary office actions/09 2019|to join this consultation and give their feedback]] from 30 September to 30 October. How can you help? * Suggest how partial and temporary Foundation bans should be used, if they should (eg: On all projects, or only on a subset); * Give ideas about how partial and temporary Foundation bans should ideally implemented, if they should be; and/or * Propose changes to the existing Office Actions policy on partial and temporary bans. We offer our thanks in advance for your contributions, and we hope to get as much input as possible from community members during this consultation! </div> </div>-- [[user:Kbrown (WMF)|Kbrown (WMF)]] 17:14, 30 Есдүгээр сар 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=19302497 --> ==Improving the translation support for Mongolian Wikipedia== {{int:Hello}}. {{int:please-translate}}! {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:mw:Content_translation|The Content Translation tool]] has been successful in supporting the translation process for many Wikipedia communities, and we want to collaborate with Mongolian Wikipedia editors with [[:mw:Content translation/Boost|a new initiative]] to improve the tool based on your particular needs. Content Translation facilitates the creation of Wikipedia articles by translating content from other languages. It has been used already to create more than half a million articles. In addition, the tool provides [[:mw:Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality|mechanisms to encourage the creation of good quality content]], preventing the publication of lightly edited machine translations. In general, our analysis shows that the translations produced are [[:mw:Content_translation/Deletion_statistics_comparison|less likely to be deleted than the articles started from scratch]]. Mongolian Wikipedia editors have used Content Translation to create 137 articles. Given the size of the editing community, we think that there is potential to use translation to create more articles, expand existing ones, and attract new editors that learn how to make productive edits. Translation can help the community to reduce the language gap with other languages and grow the number of editors in a sustainable way. In order to achieve this goal, we want to collaborate with you to: * '''Make Content translation more visible in the Mongolian Wikipedia.''' This involves making the tool available by default, expose the tool more visibly at relevant places, surface relevant content gaps, and customize the process to meet the needs of the community. In this way, more editors will be able to find relevant content to translate. * '''Increase the coverage of content for existing articles.''' Explore ideas to expand existing articles by translating new sections. This will enable users to expand existing articles with new aspects to cover the topic in more detail. * '''Support translation on more devices.''' Support translation from mobile devices to provide more opportunities for contribution on any device, enabling new editors to participate. We want to share our goals early with the community. The details for the next steps will be defined as part of this collaboration with the community, and we also plan to start [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225498 a research process] to better understand the particular needs of the community. As an initial step we are interested in hearing your impressions about the following: * <mark>Does the idea of improving translation support in the ways described above seems promising as a way to sustainably grow for Mongolian Wikipedia? </mark> * <mark>Do you anticipate any concerns we should consider?</mark> Please let us know your impression about the proposed initiative and feel free to share any comment in this conversation thread. Thanks for your attention, --[[Хэрэглэгч:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:Elitre (WMF)|talk]]) 14:39, 8 Аравдугаар сар 2019 (UTC) :Thank you for this great tool. I will try this tool with some pages. I translated some few pages with Google translator and heard many criticisms mostly from EU users. [[Хэрэглэгч:Orgio89|Orgio89]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:Orgio89|talk]]) 02:16, 9 Аравдугаар сар 2019 (UTC) Hello everyone. Apologies if this message isn't in your language; please feel free to translate it. Earlier this month we announced [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation/Boost the Boost initiative] to help wikis grow with translation. As a first step, we have enabled [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content translation]] by default on Mongolian Wikipedia this week. Now it is easy for users to discover the tool [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Starting through several entry points]. However, users not interested in translation can disable it [[special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|from their preferences]]. We expect this will help translators to create more content of good quality in Mongolian. We’ll be monitoring [[Special:ContentTranslationStats|the statistics for Mongolian]] as well as [https://mn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&hidepageedits=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&hidelog=1&namespace=0&tagfilter=contenttranslation&limit=500&days=30&urlversion=2 the list of articles created with the tool]. Content translation provides [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality quality control mechanisms] to prevent the abuse of machine translation and the limits can be adjusted based on the needs of each community. Please, feel free to share your impressions about the content created and how the tool works for the community. This feedback is essential to improve the tool to better support your needs. Thanks! --[[Хэрэглэгч:Pginer-WMF|Pginer-WMF]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:Pginer-WMF|talk]]) 12:47, 21 Аравдугаар сар 2019 (UTC) :That is good news. Many of my Google translated articles being deleted. Can you describe whether Wikipedia translation tool better or not than google translator?? [[Хэрэглэгч:Orgio89|Orgio89]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:Orgio89|talk]]) 01:12, 22 Аравдугаар сар 2019 (UTC) == Feedback wanted on Desktop Improvements project == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:Please-translate}} {{int:Hello}}. The Readers Web team at the WMF will work on some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|improvements to the desktop interface]] over the next couple of years. The goal is to increase usability without removing any functionality. We have been inspired by changes made by volunteers, but that currently only exist as local gadgets and user scripts, prototypes, and volunteer-led skins. We would like to begin the process of bringing some of these changes into the default experience on all Wikimedia projects. We are currently in the research stage of this project and are looking for ideas for improvements, as well as feedback on our current ideas and mockups. So far, we have performed interviews with community members at Wikimania. We have gathered lists of previous volunteer and WMF work in this area. We are examining possible technical approaches for such changes. We would like individual feedback on the following: * Identifying focus areas for the project we have not yet discovered * Expanding the list of existing gadgets and user scripts that are related to providing a better desktop experience. If you can think of some of these from your wiki, please let us know * Feedback on the ideas and mockups we have collected so far We would also like to gather a list of wikis that would be interested in being test wikis for this project - these wikis would be the first to receive the updates once we’re ready to start building. When giving feedback, please consider the following goals of the project: * Make it easier for readers to focus on the content * Provide easier access to everyday actions (e.g. search, language switching, editing) * Put things in logical and useful places * Increase consistency in the interface with other platforms - mobile web and the apps * Eliminate clutter * Plan for future growth As well as the following constraints: * Not touching the content - no work will be done in terms of styling templates or to the structure of page contents themselves * Not removing any functionality - things might move around, but all navigational items and other functionality currently available by default will remain * No drastic changes to the layout - we're taking an evolutionary approach to the changes and want the site to continue feeling familiar to readers and editors Please give all feedback (in any language) at [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements]] After this round of feedback, we plan on building a prototype of suggested changes based on the feedback we receive. You’ll hear from us again asking for feedback on this prototype. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[mw:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Quiddity (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 07:18, 16 Аравдугаар сар 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/Global_message_delivery_split_4&oldid=19462890 --> == Beta feature "Reference Previews" == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> A new beta feature will soon be deployed to your wiki: [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]]. As you might guess from the name, this feature gives you a preview of references in the article text. That means, you can look up a reference without jumping down to the bottom of the page. Reference Previews have already been a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia since April. Now they will become available on more wikis. Deployment is planned for October 24. More information can be found [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|on the project page]]. As always, feedback is highly appreciated. If you want to test Reference Previews, please activate the beta feature in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|user preferences]] and let us know what you think. The best place for feedback is the [[mw:Help talk:Reference Previews|central talk page]]. We hope the feature will serve you well in your work. Thank you from Wikimedia Deutschland's [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes project]]. </div> -- [[User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 09:47, 23 Аравдугаар сар 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=19478814 --> == Editing News #2 – Mobile editing and talk pages == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2019/October|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> Inside this newsletter, the [[mw:Editing|Editing team]] talks about their work on the [[mw:Mobile visual editor|mobile visual editor]], on [[mw:Talk pages project|the new talk pages project]], and at [[wikimania:|Wikimania 2019]]. === Help === <strong>What talk page interactions do you remember?</strong> Is it a story about how someone helped you to learn something new? Is it a story about how someone helped you get involved in a group? Something else? Whatever your story is, we want to hear it! Please tell us a story about how you used a talk page. <mark>Please share a link to a memorable discussion, or describe it on the <strong>[[mw:Topic:V8d91yh8gcg404dj|talk page for this project]]</strong>.</mark> The team wants your examples. These examples will help everyone develop a shared understanding of what this project should support and encourage. === Talk pages project === The [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk Pages Consultation]] was a global consultation to define better tools for wiki communication. From February through June 2019, more than 500 volunteers on 20 wikis, across 15 languages and multiple projects, came together with members of the Foundation to create a product direction for a set of discussion tools. The [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Phase 2 report|Phase 2 Report]] of the Talk Page Consultation was published in August. It summarizes the product direction the team has started to work on, which you can read more about here: [[mw:Talk pages project|Talk Page Project project page]]. The team needs and wants your help at this early stage. They are starting to develop the first idea. Please add your name to the [[mw:Talk pages project#Getting involved|<strong>"Getting involved"</strong>]] section of the project page, if you would like to hear about opportunities to participate. === Mobile visual editor === The Editing team is trying to make it simpler to edit on mobile devices. The team is changing the [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|visual editor on mobile]]. If you have something to say about editing on a mobile device, please leave a message at [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor on mobile|Talk:VisualEditor on mobile]]. ==== [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Edit Cards]] ==== [[File:Edit Cards-before-v3-comparison.png|thumb|486x486px|What happens when you click on a link. The new Edit Card is bigger and has more options for editing links.]] * On 3 September, the Editing team released [[:File:Edit Cards comparison v2 and v3.png|version 3 of Edit Cards]]. Anyone could use the new version in the mobile visual editor. * There is an [[:File:Edit Cards comparison v2 and v3.png|updated design]] on the Edit Card for adding and modifying links. There is also a new, [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards#2 September 2019 - v3 deployment timing|combined workflow for editing a link's display text and target]]. * Feedback: You can try the new Edit Cards by opening the mobile visual editor on a smartphone. Please post your feedback on the [[:mw:Topic:V5rg0cqmikpubmjj|Edit cards talk page]]. ==== [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh|Toolbar]] ==== [[File:Toolbar-comparison-v1.png|thumb|486px|The editing toolbar is changing in the mobile visual editor. The old system had two different toolbars. Now, all the buttons are together. [[mw:Topic:V79x6zm8n6i4nb56|Tell the team what you think about the new toolbar]].]] * In September, the Editing team updated the mobile visual editor's editing toolbar. Anyone could see these changes in the mobile visual editor. ** <em>One toolbar:</em> All of the editing tools are located in one toolbar. Previously, the toolbar changed when you clicked on different things. **<em>New navigation:</em> The buttons for moving forward and backward in the edit flow have changed. **<em>Seamless switching:</em> an [[phab:T228159|improved workflow]] for switching between the visual and wikitext modes. * Feedback: You can try the refreshed toolbar by opening the mobile VisualEditor on a smartphone. Please post your feedback on the [[mw:Topic:V79x6zm8n6i4nb56|Toolbar feedback talk page]]. === Wikimania === The Editing Team attended [[wmania:2019:Program|Wikimania 2019]] in Sweden. They led a session on [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/Visual editing on mobile: An accessible editor for all|the mobile visual editor]] and a session on [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/After Flow: A new direction for improving talk pages|the new talk pages project]]. They tested [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh#v1 prototype|two]] new [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards#v3 prototype|features]] in the mobile visual editor with contributors. You can read more about what the team did and learned in [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile#Wikimania Stockholm: Overview|the team's report on Wikimania 2019]]. === Looking ahead === * <strong>Talk Pages Project:</strong> The team is thinking about the first set of proposed changes. The team will be working with a few communities to pilot those changes. The best way to stay informed is by adding your username to the list on the project page: [[mw:Talk pages project#Getting involved|<strong>Getting involved</strong>]]. * <strong>Testing the mobile visual editor as the default:</strong> The Editing team plans to post results before the end of the calendar year. The best way to stay informed is by adding the project page to your watchlist: [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default|<strong>VisualEditor as mobile default project page</strong>]]. * <strong>Measuring the impact of Edit Cards:</strong> This study asks whether the project helped editors add links and citations. The Editing team hopes to share results in November. The best way to stay informed is by adding the project page to your watchlist: [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|<strong>Edit Cards project page</strong>]]. – [[User:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) & [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 11:12, 29 Аравдугаар сар 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/VE_201910/4&oldid=19500850 --> == Wikipedia Asian Month 2019 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:WAM logo without text.svg|right|frameless]] '''Wikipedia Asian Month''' is back! We wish you all the best of luck for the contest. The basic guidelines of the contest can be found on your local page of Wikipedia Asian Month. For more information, refer [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|to our Meta page]] for organizers. Looking forward to meet the next ambassadors for Wikipedia Asian Month 2019! For additional support for organizing offline event, contact our international team [[:m:Talk:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|on wiki]] or on email. We would appreciate the translation of this message in the local language by volunteer translators. Thank you! [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team.]] [[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:57, 31 Аравдугаар сар 2019 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/WAM&oldid=19499019 --> == Extension of Wikipedia Asian Month contest == In consideration of a week-long internet block in Iran, [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019|Wikipedia Asian Month 2019]] contest has been extended for a week past November. The articles submitted till 7th December 2019, 23:59 UTC will be accepted by the fountain tools of the participating wikis. Please help us translate and spread this message in your local language. [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2019/International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] --[[Хэрэглэгч:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:16, 27 Арваннэгдүгээр сар 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/WAM&oldid=19592127 --> [[Ангилал:Википедиа:Хурал/Архив|Хурал #2019]] hj54mdlb3lxg3j855nhl9pk0l8rrun2 Хишигтэн хошуу 0 133700 853322 853214 2026-04-13T15:04:53Z 唐吉訶德的侍從 5036 853322 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Файл:ChinaChifengHexigten.png|thumb|Улаанхад хотын Хишигтэн хошууны байршил]] '''Хишигтэн хошуу''' ([[монгол бичиг]]: {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠡᠰᠢᠭᠲᠡᠨ<br>ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ}}, кирилл үсэг: Хишигтэн/Хэшигтэн хошуу; [[Хятад үсэг|хятад]]: 克什克腾旗, [[пиньинь]]: Kèshén kèténg qí ) бол [[БНХАУ]]-ын [[Өвөр Монгол|Өвөр Монголын]] [[Улаанхад хот|Улаанхад хотын]] харьяаны нэгэн хошуу юм. Засаг захиргааны төв нь [[Бяруу балгас]] (хятадаар Жинпэн тосгон, 经棚镇). Зүүн талаар [[Линьши шянь]], [[Онниуд хошуу]], хойд болон баруун талаар [[Шилийн Гол аймаг|Шилийн гол аймгийн]] [[Баруун Үзэмчин хошуу|Баруун үзэмчин хошуу]], [[Шилийн хот]], [[Шулуун хөх хошуу|Шулуун Хөх хошуу]], [[Долнуур|Долон нуур шянь]], өмнө талаар [[Хэбэй муж|Хэбэй мужийн]] [[Чэндэ|Чэндэ хоттой]] хил залгадаг. == Түүхийн тойм == Энэ хошууны нэрийг [[Их Монгол Улс|Монголын]] их хаадын хамгаалагч цэргийн нэгж [[Хишигтэн|хишигтэнтэй]] холбож үздэг бөгөөд [[Даян хаан]] өөрийн хөвүүн [[Очирболд|Очирболдод]] [[Цахар түмэн|Цахар түмний]] Хишигтэн отгийг өмч болгон өгсөн. Өвөр Монгол [[Чин улс|Манжид]] эзлэгдсэний дараа Очирболдын тав дахь үеийн ач Соном тайжид нутаг хуваан өгч 1652 онд Хишигтэн хошууг байгуулж, [[Зуу Удын чуулган|Зуу Удын чуулганд]] багтаасан. 1912 онд [[Дундад Иргэн Улс]] байгуулагдсаны дараа Өвөр Монголд Хятадын 70,000 цэрэгтэй армийг байршуулсан тул 1913-1914 онд [[Олноо Өргөгдсөн Монгол Улс|Богд хаант Монгол Улсын]] арми Өвөр Монголыг чөлөөлөхөөр [[Таван замын байлдаан|Таван замаар цэрэг мордуулж]] Хятадтай дайтаж, тус хошууны төв [[Бяруу хот|Бяруу балгасыг]] [[Лаварын Сумъяа]], [[Бавуужав]] нарын удирдсан монгол цэргүүд 1913 оны 6, 8, 9 сард хэд хэдэн удаа чөлөөлсөн ч, монгол цэрэг дайны ажиллагааг зогсоосноор Хятадын тал дахин эзэлсэн. 1933 онд [[Япон|Японы]] [[Манж-го|Манжго улс]] эзлэн авсан. 1945-1949 онд [[Хятадын Коммунист Нам|ХКН]], [[Гоминдан|Гоминдан намынхны]] байлдааны талбар болж байгаад 1949 оноос [[Өвөр Монголын Өөртөө Засах Орон|Өвөр Монголын Өөртөө Засах Орны]] [[Зуу Удын чуулган|Зуу Уд чуулганы]] хошуу болсон. 1969 онд хятадууд Өвөр Монголыг татан буулгах үед Хишигтэн хошууг [[Ляонин муж|Ляонин мужид]] нэгтгэж, 1979 онд Өвөр Монголд буцаан нэгтгэсэн. {| class="wikitable" |+ Засаг ноёдын үе залгамжлал<ref name="qingshigao">[[:zh:s:清史稿/卷209|清史稿/卷209]]</ref><ref>{{cite book | title =清代蒙古各旗札萨克和王公世袭集| editor=阿拉善盟档案史志局| publisher=宁夏人民出版社|year=2015|isbn=978-7-227-06076-5 |pages=42-43 | language=zh}}</ref> |- ! Нэр !! Цол !! Бүрэн эрхийн хугацаа !! Тайлбар |- | Соном || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1652-1655 || |- | Манах || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1656-1671 || |- | Аюуш || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1671-1695 || |- | Цэвэгжав || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1695-1771 || |- | Nangjidjab || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1771-1781 || |- | Гэндэндаржаа || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1781-1782 || |- | Ванчигравдан || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1782-1822 || |- | Бималажирд || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1822-1856 || |- | Бималажирд || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1822-1856 || |- | Гомбодонров || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1856-1872 || |- | Намжил || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1872-1896 || |- | Бөхзаяа || Засаг, түшээ гүний зэрэг, туслагч гүн || 1896-1913 || 1896 оноос засаг туслагч гүний зэрэг тэргүүн зэргийн тайж, 1912 оноос засаг түшээ гүний зэрэг туслагч гүн.<ref>[[:zh:s:加封卓昭兩盟副盟長銜頭名號令|加封卓昭兩盟副盟長銜頭名號令]]</ref> Тэрээр 1913 онд [[Таван замын байлдаан|эрх мэдлээ түр хугацаанд алдсан]]. 1916 оноос засаг бэйлын зэрэг түшээ гүн. |- | Ролгаржав || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1913 || Хятад нэр: Бао Футин (寶福亭). [[Олноо Өргөгдсөн Монгол Улс]]ад үнэнчээр тангараг өргөсөн засаг ноён. |- | Бөхзаяа || Засаг, бэйлын зэрэг, түшээ гүн || 1913-1929 || 1916 оноос засаг бэйлын зэрэг түшээ гүн. |- | Ролгаржав || Засаг, туслагч гүн || 1929-1934 || Хятад нэр: Бао Футин (寶福亭). |- |} == Засаг захиргааны нэгж == Хишигтэн хошуу нь 3 дүүрэг, 7 хот, 2 шян, 4 сумаас бүрдэх бөгөөд төв нь [[Бяруу хот]]. {| class="wikitable" !Нэр ![[Ханз]] ![[Пиньинь]] ![[Монгол бичиг]] !Засаг захиргааны код |- | colspan="5" |'''Дүүрэг''' |- |[[Инчан дүүрэг]] |应昌街道 |''Yīngchāng Jiēdào'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠶᠢᠩ ᠴᠠᠩ}} |150425400 |- |[[Галдастай дүүрэг]] |热水塘街道 |''Rèshuǐtáng Jiēdào'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠᠰᠤᠲᠠᠢ}} |150425401 |- |[[Шармөрөн дүүрэг]] |西拉沐沦街道 |''Xīlāmùlún Jiēdào'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠰᠢᠷᠠᠮᠥ᠋ᠷᠡᠨ}} |150425403 |- | colspan="5" |'''Хот''' |- |[[Бяруу хот]] |经棚镇 |''Jīngpéng Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425100 |- |Юйжоуди хот |宇宙地镇 |''Yǔzhòudì Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠢᠦᠢ ᠵᠧᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠢ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425101 |- |Түчэнзи хот |土城子镇 |''Tǔchéngzi Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠤ ᠴᠧᠩᠽᠢ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425102 |- |Дүншин хот |同兴镇 |''Tóngxīng Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠦᠩ ᠰᠢᠩ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425103 |- |Ванхэюн хот |万合永镇 |''Wànhéyǒng Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠸᠠᠨ ᠾᠧ ᠶᠦᠩ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425104 |- |Жирүй хот |芝瑞镇 |''Zhīruì Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᡁᠢ ᠷᠦᠢ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425105 |- |[[Далай нуур хот]] |达来诺日镇 |''Dáláinuòrì Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425106 |- | colspan="5" |'''Шян''' |- |Шинкайди шян |新开地乡 |''Xīnkāidì Xiāng'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠰᠢᠨ ᠺᠠᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠢ<br>ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ}} |150425200 |- |Хоншанзи шян |红山子乡 |''Hóngshānzi Xiāng'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠤᠩ ᠱᠠᠨᠽᠢ<br>ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ}} |150425201 |- | colspan="5" |'''Сум''' |- |Дархануул сум |达日罕乌拉苏木 |''Dárìhǎnwūlā Sūmù'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ᠌ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ<br>ᠰᠤᠮᠤ}} |150425202 |- |Баянцагаан сум |巴彦查干苏木 |''Bāyànchágàn Sūmù'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ<br>ᠰᠤᠮᠤ}} |150425203 |- |Хуурай хүрээ сум |浩来呼热苏木 |''Hàoláihūrè Sūmù'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ<br>ᠰᠤᠮᠤ}} |150425204 |- |Улаанбутан сум |乌兰布统苏木 |''Wūlánbùtǒng Sūmù'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠤᠲᠤᠩ<br>ᠰᠤᠮᠤ}} |150425205 |} == Эшлэл == {{Өвөр Монгол}} [[Ангилал:1652 он]] [[Ангилал:Өвөр Монголын хошуу]] [[Ангилал:Хятадын засаг захиргааны нэгж]] [[Ангилал:Өвөр Монголын газар зүй]] bs5cvs9ee411b1h3qk4eka6lqzorbg5 853324 853322 2026-04-13T15:12:01Z 唐吉訶德的侍從 5036 853324 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Файл:ChinaChifengHexigten.png|thumb|Улаанхад хотын Хишигтэн хошууны байршил]] '''Хишигтэн хошуу''' ([[монгол бичиг]]: {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠡᠰᠢᠭᠲᠡᠨ<br>ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ}}, кирилл үсэг: Хишигтэн/Хэшигтэн хошуу; [[Хятад үсэг|хятад]]: 克什克腾旗, [[пиньинь]]: Kèshén kèténg qí ) бол [[БНХАУ]]-ын [[Өвөр Монгол|Өвөр Монголын]] [[Улаанхад хот|Улаанхад хотын]] харьяаны нэгэн хошуу юм. Засаг захиргааны төв нь [[Бяруу балгас]] (хятадаар Жинпэн тосгон, 经棚镇). Зүүн талаар [[Линьши шянь]], [[Онниуд хошуу]], хойд болон баруун талаар [[Шилийн Гол аймаг|Шилийн гол аймгийн]] [[Баруун Үзэмчин хошуу|Баруун үзэмчин хошуу]], [[Шилийн хот]], [[Шулуун хөх хошуу|Шулуун Хөх хошуу]], [[Долнуур|Долон нуур шянь]], өмнө талаар [[Хэбэй муж|Хэбэй мужийн]] [[Чэндэ|Чэндэ хоттой]] хил залгадаг. == Түүхийн тойм == Энэ хошууны нэрийг [[Их Монгол Улс|Монголын]] их хаадын хамгаалагч цэргийн нэгж [[Хишигтэн|хишигтэнтэй]] холбож үздэг бөгөөд [[Даян хаан]] өөрийн хөвүүн [[Очирболд|Очирболдод]] [[Цахар түмэн|Цахар түмний]] Хишигтэн отгийг өмч болгон өгсөн. Өвөр Монгол [[Чин улс|Манжид]] эзлэгдсэний дараа Очирболдын тав дахь үеийн ач Соном тайжид нутаг хуваан өгч 1652 онд Хишигтэн хошууг байгуулж, [[Зуу Удын чуулган|Зуу Удын чуулганд]] багтаасан. 1912 онд [[Дундад Иргэн Улс]] байгуулагдсаны дараа Өвөр Монголд Хятадын 70,000 цэрэгтэй армийг байршуулсан тул 1913-1914 онд [[Олноо Өргөгдсөн Монгол Улс|Богд хаант Монгол Улсын]] арми Өвөр Монголыг чөлөөлөхөөр [[Таван замын байлдаан|Таван замаар цэрэг мордуулж]] Хятадтай дайтаж, тус хошууны төв [[Бяруу хот|Бяруу балгасыг]] [[Лаварын Сумъяа]], [[Бавуужав]] нарын удирдсан монгол цэргүүд 1913 оны 6, 8, 9 сард хэд хэдэн удаа чөлөөлсөн ч, монгол цэрэг дайны ажиллагааг зогсоосноор Хятадын тал дахин эзэлсэн. 1933 онд [[Япон|Японы]] [[Манж-го|Манжго улс]] эзлэн авсан. 1945-1949 онд [[Хятадын Коммунист Нам|ХКН]], [[Гоминдан|Гоминдан намынхны]] байлдааны талбар болж байгаад 1949 оноос [[Өвөр Монголын Өөртөө Засах Орон|Өвөр Монголын Өөртөө Засах Орны]] [[Зуу Удын чуулган|Зуу Уд чуулганы]] хошуу болсон. 1969 онд хятадууд Өвөр Монголыг татан буулгах үед Хишигтэн хошууг [[Ляонин муж|Ляонин мужид]] нэгтгэж, 1979 онд Өвөр Монголд буцаан нэгтгэсэн. {| class="wikitable" |+ Засаг ноёдын үе залгамжлал<ref name="qingshigao">[[:zh:s:清史稿/卷209|清史稿/卷209]]</ref><ref>{{cite book | title =清代蒙古各旗札萨克和王公世袭集| editor=阿拉善盟档案史志局| publisher=宁夏人民出版社|year=2015|isbn=978-7-227-06076-5 |pages=42-43 | language=zh}}</ref> |- ! Нэр !! Цол !! Бүрэн эрхийн хугацаа !! Тайлбар |- | Соном || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1652-1655 || |- | Манах || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1656-1671 || |- | Аюуш || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1671-1695 || |- | Цэвэгжав || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1695-1771 || |- | Nangjidjab || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1771-1781 || |- | Гэндэндаржаа || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1781-1782 || |- | Ванчигравдан || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1782-1822 || |- | Бималажирд || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1822-1856 || |- | Бималажирд || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1822-1856 || |- | Гомбодонров || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1856-1872 || |- | Намжил || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1872-1896 || |- | Бөхзаяа || Засаг, түшээ гүний зэрэг, туслагч гүн || 1896-1913 || 1896 оноос засаг туслагч гүний зэрэг тэргүүн зэргийн тайж, 1912 оноос засаг түшээ гүний зэрэг туслагч гүн.<ref>[[:zh:s:加封卓昭兩盟副盟長銜頭名號令|加封卓昭兩盟副盟長銜頭名號令]]</ref> Тэрээр 1913 онд [[Таван замын байлдаан|эрх мэдлээ түр хугацаанд алдсан]]. 1916 оноос засаг бэйлын зэрэг түшээ гүн. |- | Ролгаржав || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1913 || Хятад нэр: Бао Футин (寶福亭). [[Олноо Өргөгдсөн Монгол Улс]]ад үнэнчээр тангараг өргөсөн засаг ноён. |- | Бөхзаяа || Засаг, бэйлын зэрэг, түшээ гүн || 1913-1929 || 1916 оноос засаг бэйлын зэрэг түшээ гүн. |- | Ролгаржав || Засаг, туслагч гүн || 1929-1934 || Хятад нэр: Бао Футин (寶福亭). |- |} == Засаг захиргааны нэгж == Хишигтэн хошуу нь 3 дүүрэг, 7 хот, 2 шян, 4 сумаас бүрдэх бөгөөд төв нь [[Бяруу хот]]. {| class="wikitable" !Нэр ![[Ханз]] ![[Пиньинь]] ![[Монгол бичиг]] !Засаг захиргааны код |- | colspan="5" |'''Дүүрэг''' |- |[[Инчан дүүрэг]] |应昌街道 |''Yīngchāng Jiēdào'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠶᠢᠩ ᠴᠠᠩ}} |150425400 |- |[[Галдастай дүүрэг]] |热水塘街道 |''Rèshuǐtáng Jiēdào'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠᠰᠤᠲᠠᠢ}} |150425401 |- |[[Шармөрөн дүүрэг]] |西拉沐沦街道 |''Xīlāmùlún Jiēdào'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠰᠢᠷᠠᠮᠥ᠋ᠷᠡᠨ}} |150425403 |- | colspan="5" |'''Хот''' |- |[[Бяруу хот]] |经棚镇 |''Jīngpéng Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425100 |- |Юйжоуди хот |宇宙地镇 |''Yǔzhòudì Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠢᠦᠢ ᠵᠧᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠢ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425101 |- |Түчэнзи хот |土城子镇 |''Tǔchéngzi Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠤ ᠴᠧᠩᠽᠢ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425102 |- |Дүншин хот |同兴镇 |''Tóngxīng Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠦᠩ ᠰᠢᠩ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425103 |- |Ванхэюн хот |万合永镇 |''Wànhéyǒng Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠸᠠᠨ ᠾᠧ ᠶᠦᠩ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425104 |- |Жирүй хот |芝瑞镇 |''Zhīruì Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᡁᠢ ᠷᠦᠢ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425105 |- |[[Далай нуур хот]] |达来诺日镇 |''Dáláinuòrì Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425106 |- | colspan="5" |'''Шян''' |- |Шинкайди шян |新开地乡 |''Xīnkāidì Xiāng'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠰᠢᠨ ᠺᠠᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠢ<br>ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ}} |150425200 |- |Хоншанзи шян |红山子乡 |''Hóngshānzi Xiāng'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠤᠩ ᠱᠠᠨᠽᠢ<br>ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ}} |150425201 |- | colspan="5" |'''Сум''' |- |Дархануул сум |达日罕乌拉苏木 |''Dárìhǎnwūlā Sūmù'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ᠌ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ<br>ᠰᠤᠮᠤ}} |150425202 |- |Баянцагаан сум |巴彦查干苏木 |''Bāyànchágàn Sūmù'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ<br>ᠰᠤᠮᠤ}} |150425203 |- |Хуурай хүрээ сум |浩来呼热苏木 |''Hàoláihūrè Sūmù'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ<br>ᠰᠤᠮᠤ}} |150425204 |- |Улаанбутан сум |乌兰布统苏木 |''Wūlánbùtǒng Sūmù'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠤᠲᠤᠩ<br>ᠰᠤᠮᠤ}} |150425205 |} == Эшлэл == {{Өвөр Монгол}} {{reflist}} [[Ангилал:1652 он]] [[Ангилал:Өвөр Монголын хошуу]] [[Ангилал:Хятадын засаг захиргааны нэгж]] [[Ангилал:Өвөр Монголын газар зүй]] 078mkm8z0j1uumgo6dj6nf5bp86qdc3 853325 853324 2026-04-13T15:12:27Z 唐吉訶德的侍從 5036 853325 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Файл:ChinaChifengHexigten.png|thumb|Улаанхад хотын Хишигтэн хошууны байршил]] '''Хишигтэн хошуу''' ([[монгол бичиг]]: {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠡᠰᠢᠭᠲᠡᠨ<br>ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ}}, кирилл үсэг: Хишигтэн/Хэшигтэн хошуу; [[Хятад үсэг|хятад]]: 克什克腾旗, [[пиньинь]]: Kèshén kèténg qí ) бол [[БНХАУ]]-ын [[Өвөр Монгол|Өвөр Монголын]] [[Улаанхад хот|Улаанхад хотын]] харьяаны нэгэн хошуу юм. Засаг захиргааны төв нь [[Бяруу балгас]] (хятадаар Жинпэн тосгон, 经棚镇). Зүүн талаар [[Линьши шянь]], [[Онниуд хошуу]], хойд болон баруун талаар [[Шилийн Гол аймаг|Шилийн гол аймгийн]] [[Баруун Үзэмчин хошуу|Баруун үзэмчин хошуу]], [[Шилийн хот]], [[Шулуун хөх хошуу|Шулуун Хөх хошуу]], [[Долнуур|Долон нуур шянь]], өмнө талаар [[Хэбэй муж|Хэбэй мужийн]] [[Чэндэ|Чэндэ хоттой]] хил залгадаг. == Түүхийн тойм == Энэ хошууны нэрийг [[Их Монгол Улс|Монголын]] их хаадын хамгаалагч цэргийн нэгж [[Хишигтэн|хишигтэнтэй]] холбож үздэг бөгөөд [[Даян хаан]] өөрийн хөвүүн [[Очирболд|Очирболдод]] [[Цахар түмэн|Цахар түмний]] Хишигтэн отгийг өмч болгон өгсөн. Өвөр Монгол [[Чин улс|Манжид]] эзлэгдсэний дараа Очирболдын тав дахь үеийн ач Соном тайжид нутаг хуваан өгч 1652 онд Хишигтэн хошууг байгуулж, [[Зуу Удын чуулган|Зуу Удын чуулганд]] багтаасан. 1912 онд [[Дундад Иргэн Улс]] байгуулагдсаны дараа Өвөр Монголд Хятадын 70,000 цэрэгтэй армийг байршуулсан тул 1913-1914 онд [[Олноо Өргөгдсөн Монгол Улс|Богд хаант Монгол Улсын]] арми Өвөр Монголыг чөлөөлөхөөр [[Таван замын байлдаан|Таван замаар цэрэг мордуулж]] Хятадтай дайтаж, тус хошууны төв [[Бяруу хот|Бяруу балгасыг]] [[Лаварын Сумъяа]], [[Бавуужав]] нарын удирдсан монгол цэргүүд 1913 оны 6, 8, 9 сард хэд хэдэн удаа чөлөөлсөн ч, монгол цэрэг дайны ажиллагааг зогсоосноор Хятадын тал дахин эзэлсэн. 1933 онд [[Япон|Японы]] [[Манж-го|Манжго улс]] эзлэн авсан. 1945-1949 онд [[Хятадын Коммунист Нам|ХКН]], [[Гоминдан|Гоминдан намынхны]] байлдааны талбар болж байгаад 1949 оноос [[Өвөр Монголын Өөртөө Засах Орон|Өвөр Монголын Өөртөө Засах Орны]] [[Зуу Удын чуулган|Зуу Уд чуулганы]] хошуу болсон. 1969 онд хятадууд Өвөр Монголыг татан буулгах үед Хишигтэн хошууг [[Ляонин муж|Ляонин мужид]] нэгтгэж, 1979 онд Өвөр Монголд буцаан нэгтгэсэн. {| class="wikitable" |+ Засаг ноёдын үе залгамжлал<ref name="qingshigao">[[:zh:s:清史稿/卷209|清史稿/卷209]]</ref><ref>{{cite book | title =清代蒙古各旗札萨克和王公世袭集| editor=阿拉善盟档案史志局| publisher=宁夏人民出版社|year=2015|isbn=978-7-227-06076-5 |pages=42-43 | language=zh}}</ref> |- ! Нэр !! Цол !! Бүрэн эрхийн хугацаа !! Тайлбар |- | Соном || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1652-1655 || |- | Манах || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1656-1671 || |- | Аюуш || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1671-1695 || |- | Цэвэгжав || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1695-1771 || |- | Nangjidjab || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1771-1781 || |- | Гэндэндаржаа || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1781-1782 || |- | Ванчигравдан || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1782-1822 || |- | Бималажирд || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1822-1856 || |- | Бималажирд || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1822-1856 || |- | Гомбодонров || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1856-1872 || |- | Намжил || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1872-1896 || |- | Бөхзаяа || Засаг, түшээ гүний зэрэг, туслагч гүн || 1896-1913 || 1896 оноос засаг туслагч гүний зэрэг тэргүүн зэргийн тайж, 1912 оноос засаг түшээ гүний зэрэг туслагч гүн.<ref>[[:zh:s:加封卓昭兩盟副盟長銜頭名號令|加封卓昭兩盟副盟長銜頭名號令]]</ref> Тэрээр 1913 онд [[Таван замын байлдаан|эрх мэдлээ түр хугацаанд алдсан]]. 1916 оноос засаг бэйлын зэрэг түшээ гүн. |- | Ролгаржав || Засаг, тэргүүн зэргийн тайж || 1913 || Хятад нэр: Бао Футин (寶福亭). [[Олноо Өргөгдсөн Монгол Улс]]ад үнэнчээр тангараг өргөсөн засаг ноён. |- | Бөхзаяа || Засаг, бэйлын зэрэг, түшээ гүн || 1913-1929 || 1916 оноос засаг бэйлын зэрэг түшээ гүн. |- | Ролгаржав || Засаг, туслагч гүн || 1929-1934 || Хятад нэр: Бао Футин (寶福亭). |- |} == Засаг захиргааны нэгж == Хишигтэн хошуу нь 3 дүүрэг, 7 хот, 2 шян, 4 сумаас бүрдэх бөгөөд төв нь [[Бяруу хот]]. {| class="wikitable" !Нэр ![[Ханз]] ![[Пиньинь]] ![[Монгол бичиг]] !Засаг захиргааны код |- | colspan="5" |'''Дүүрэг''' |- |[[Инчан дүүрэг]] |应昌街道 |''Yīngchāng Jiēdào'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠶᠢᠩ ᠴᠠᠩ}} |150425400 |- |[[Галдастай дүүрэг]] |热水塘街道 |''Rèshuǐtáng Jiēdào'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠᠰᠤᠲᠠᠢ}} |150425401 |- |[[Шармөрөн дүүрэг]] |西拉沐沦街道 |''Xīlāmùlún Jiēdào'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠰᠢᠷᠠᠮᠥ᠋ᠷᠡᠨ}} |150425403 |- | colspan="5" |'''Хот''' |- |[[Бяруу хот]] |经棚镇 |''Jīngpéng Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425100 |- |Юйжоуди хот |宇宙地镇 |''Yǔzhòudì Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠢᠦᠢ ᠵᠧᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠢ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425101 |- |Түчэнзи хот |土城子镇 |''Tǔchéngzi Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠤ ᠴᠧᠩᠽᠢ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425102 |- |Дүншин хот |同兴镇 |''Tóngxīng Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠦᠩ ᠰᠢᠩ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425103 |- |Ванхэюн хот |万合永镇 |''Wànhéyǒng Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠸᠠᠨ ᠾᠧ ᠶᠦᠩ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425104 |- |Жирүй хот |芝瑞镇 |''Zhīruì Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᡁᠢ ᠷᠦᠢ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425105 |- |[[Далай нуур хот]] |达来诺日镇 |''Dáláinuòrì Zhèn'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ<br>ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ}} |150425106 |- | colspan="5" |'''Шян''' |- |Шинкайди шян |新开地乡 |''Xīnkāidì Xiāng'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠰᠢᠨ ᠺᠠᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠢ<br>ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ}} |150425200 |- |Хоншанзи шян |红山子乡 |''Hóngshānzi Xiāng'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠤᠩ ᠱᠠᠨᠽᠢ<br>ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ}} |150425201 |- | colspan="5" |'''Сум''' |- |Дархануул сум |达日罕乌拉苏木 |''Dárìhǎnwūlā Sūmù'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ᠌ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ<br>ᠰᠤᠮᠤ}} |150425202 |- |Баянцагаан сум |巴彦查干苏木 |''Bāyànchágàn Sūmù'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ<br>ᠰᠤᠮᠤ}} |150425203 |- |Хуурай хүрээ сум |浩来呼热苏木 |''Hàoláihūrè Sūmù'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ<br>ᠰᠤᠮᠤ}} |150425204 |- |Улаанбутан сум |乌兰布统苏木 |''Wūlánbùtǒng Sūmù'' |{{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠤᠲᠤᠩ<br>ᠰᠤᠮᠤ}} |150425205 |} == Эшлэл == {{reflist}} {{Өвөр Монгол}} [[Ангилал:1652 он]] [[Ангилал:Өвөр Монголын хошуу]] [[Ангилал:Хятадын засаг захиргааны нэгж]] [[Ангилал:Өвөр Монголын газар зүй]] 0rdb9fsrpos1rwsxpvi24wze1p2kgiu Фриц Шменкел 0 140003 853332 819784 2026-04-13T20:24:34Z Dostojewskij 30144 Файл:Fritz Paul Schmenkel.jpg 853332 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Файл:Fritz Paul Schmenkel.jpg|thumb|Фриц Шменкел]] '''Фриц Шменкел''' Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улсын Баатар цол, Улаан тугийн одон, Лениний одонгоор шагнуулсан Нацист Германы цорын ганц цэрэг. == Намтар == Фриц Шменкель 1916 оны 02 дугаар сарын 14-ний өдөр Германы хилийн ойролцоох Штеттин (дайны дараа Польшид өгсөн энэ хотыг өдгөө Щецин гэж нэрлэх болсон) хотод төрж өссөн байна. Түүний эцэг Германы Коммунист намын гишүүн байсан бөгөөд өөрөө түүний харьяа залуучуудын байгууллага болох Эрнст Тельманы намд элсчээ. 1932 онд эцэг нь нацист залуучуудтай хийсэн мөргөлдөөнд амь үрэгдэв. Фриц Шменкель 1938 онд Вермахтын цэрэгт татагдах хүртлээ тоосгоны үйлдвэрт ажиллаж байжээ. Тэрээр нацистуудын талд алба хаахыг хүсээгүй бөгөөд өөрийгөө өвчтэй хэмээн хэлж цэргийн албанаас чөлөөлөгдөхийг оролдсон ч эмч нар түүнийг худал ярьж байгааг мэдэн цэргийн албанаас зайлсхийсэн хэргээр 2 жил албадан хөдөлмөр эрхлэх ялаар шийтгүүлсэн юм. Харин Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улс руу нацистууд цэргээ оруулсны дараа Фриц Шменкель сайн дурын армид элссэн байна. Үнэндээ Зөвлөлтийн коммунистуудын талд орж тэдэнтэй хамт "нацистуудыг бут цохихоор" шийдсэн нь тэр. Түүнийг Вермахтын 186 дугаар явган цэргийн дивизэд хуваариласан бөгөөд Зүүн фронтод байхдаа Зөвлөлтийн партизанууд ойр хавьд нь байгааг сонсоод оргохоор шийдсэн байдаг. Гэхдээ тэрээр орос хэл мэддэггүй нь том асуудал болсон юм. Фриц Шменкель Смоленск мужийн Ярцевский дүүргийн Подмошье тосгонд ирснийхээ дараа нэгэн байшингийн хаалгыг тогштол өндөр настай эмэгтэй онгойлгосон байна. Тэр даруйд Герман эр өөдөөс нь "Ленин! Сталин! Тельман!" гэж хэлжээ. Ийнхүү нутгийн иргэдийн итгэлийг олсон тэрээр 3 сарын турш нуугдаж, тосгоны хүмүүсийн ар гэрийн ажилд туслангаа партизануудыг хүлээв. Мэдээж партизанууд гэнэт гараад ирсэн нацистын оргодолд эхэндээ итгэсэнгүй, маш хатуу хяналт дор байлгажээ. Харин Фриц бага багаар оросуудын итгэлийг олсон бөгөөд удалгүй партизануудын эгнээнд элсэн үнэнч шударга нэгэн болохоо хэд хэдэн удаа баталсан байна. 1942 оны 8 дугаар сард Германы цэргийн дүрэмт хувцастай Фриц Шменкель нацистуудын талд зүтгэж байсан орон нутгийн 11 цагдааг ганцаараа баривчилсан юм. Мөн 1942-1943 оны өвөл маш хүйтэн байсан учраас партизанууд хүнсгүй болж өлбөрч үхэх аюулд ороход Фриц дахин герман офицерын дүрд хувиран нацистуудын хангамжийн цувааг ойн гүн рүү отолтод оруулж чадсан байна. Энэ мэтээр тэрээр хэд хэдэн удаа дайсны цэргүүдийн бүхэл бүтэн анги нэгтгэлүүдийг партизануудын занга руу "хөтөлж" оруулсан байна. Гэтэл удалгүй хилийн ойролцоох тосгодод “Цэргийн оргодол, урвагч Фриц Шменкелийг эрэн сурвалжлаж байна. Үхсэн амьд хамаагүй түүнийг барьсан орос хүнд 8 га газар, герман хүнд 2,000 марк, 2 сарын чөлөө олгоно" гэсэн зарлал тарж эхлэв. Фриц Шменкел Зөвлөлтийнхөнд үнэлж баршгүй тус хүргэсэн тул партизануудын жинхэнэ зэвсэг нэгт нөхөр болсон төдийгүй "Иван Иванович" гэдэг хоч хүртэл авчээ. Партизануудын байрлаж байсан нутгийг Зөвлөлтийн арми чөлөөлсний дараа түүнийг Москва руу илгээн “Улаан туг”-ийн одонгоор шагнажээ. Тэр үүний дараа шууд тагнуулын сургуульд элсэж бэлтгэгдэн 1943 оны 12 дугаар сард одоогийн Беларусь Улсын нутаг дээр хорлон сүйтгэх, тагнуулын үйл ажиллагаа явуулах үүрэг хүлээсэн тусгай ангийн командлагчаар томилогдов. Гэвч 1944 оны 1 дүгээр сард Фриц Шменкель нацистуудад баригдсан юм. Беларусийн партизануудын дунд урвагч байсан бөгөөд тэрээр цөөнгүй нөхдөө барьж өгсний нэг нь Фриц байсан аж. Фриц Шменкелд цаазын ял оноож 1944 оны 2 дугаар сарын 22-ны өдөр нацистууд түүнийг буудан алжээ. Фриц цаазаар авахуулахынхаа өмнөхөн шоронгоос эхнэртээ бичсэн захидалдаа гэр бүлдээ төвөг учруулсандаа хүлцэл өчсөний зэрэгцээ шударга ёсны төлөө тэмцсэнээ илэрхийлсэн байв. Фриц Шменкелийн баатарлаг гавьяаг үнэлэн 1964 оны 10 дугаар сарын 6-ны өдөр Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улсын Баатар цол, “Лениний одон”-гоор нэхэн шагнасан түүхтэй. Өдгөө Оросын Холбооны Улсын “Нелидово”, “Белый” хотуудад Фриц Шменкелийн нэрэмжит гудамж байдаг бөгөөд Минск хотод түүнийг шүүж, цаазаар авах ял оноосон барилга дээр түүний дүрс бүхий дурсгалын хөшөө босгожээ. Мөн Зүүн Берлинд Фриц Шменкелийн нэрээр нэрлэсэн гудамж байсан боловч 2 Герман нэгдсэний дараа Rheinsteinstraße буюу "Болор гудамж" гэж нэрийг нь өөрчилсөн байна. {{DEFAULTSORT:Шменкел, Фриц}} [[Ангилал:Германчууд]] [[Ангилал:Германы цэргийн хүн]] [[Ангилал:ЗХУ-ын баатар]] [[Ангилал:Партизан]] [[Ангилал:ЗХУ-ын партизан]] [[Ангилал:Лениний одон шагналтан]] [[Ангилал:ЗХУ-ын Улаан тугийн одон шагналтан]] [[Ангилал:ЗХУ-ын дэлхийн хоёрдугаар дайны хүн]] [[Ангилал:Германы иргэн]] [[Ангилал:1916 онд төрсөн]] [[Ангилал:1944 онд өнгөрсөн]] dqt78ud19ylt026k93taojaf0uy2gip Халх зүүн гарын хошуу 0 145915 853327 853215 2026-04-13T15:22:27Z 唐吉訶德的侍從 5036 853327 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Халх зүүн гарын хошуу''' нь [[Хятад]]ын доторх [[Өвөр Монгол]]ын [[хошуу]]. 1934 онд Халх зүүн гарын болон [[Ширээт Хүрээ хошуу]]д нэгдэж [[Хүрээ хошуу]]г байгуулжээ. Хүрээ хошуу одоо [[Түнляо хот]]ын харьяанд байна. ==Түүх== Халх зүүн гарын хошууг 1664 онд байгуулж, [[Зуу Удын чуулган]]д харьяалуулжээ. {| class="wikitable" |+ Засаг ноёдын үе залгамжлал<ref name="qingshigao">[[:zh:s:清史稿/卷209|清史稿/卷209]]</ref><ref>{{cite book | title =清代蒙古各旗札萨克和王公世袭集| editor=阿拉善盟档案史志局| publisher=宁夏人民出版社|year=2015|isbn=978-7-227-06076-5 |pages=43-44 | language=zh}}</ref> |- ! Нэр !! Цол !! Бүрэн эрхийн хугацаа !! Тайлбар |- | Гомбо илдэн || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1663-1682 || |- | Лувсан || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1682-1707 || |- | Jondul || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1707-1719 || |- | Галсан || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1719-1759 || |- | Ayur || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1759-1796 || |- | Намсрайжав || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1796-1815 || |- | Базаршири || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1815 || |- | Шагдаржав || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1815-1830 || |- | Баянбаатар || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1830-1870 || |- | Дүйнхорсүрэн || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1870-1890 || |- | Бүрэнмандах || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1890-1912 || |- | Ноломсэрэн || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1912-1918 || |- |} ==Эшлэл== {{reflist}} [[Ангилал:Манжийн үеийн Монгол]] [[Ангилал:Өвөр Монголын түүх]] nntquf9hvsacj4idrerugfxdnbthqig 853328 853327 2026-04-13T15:26:40Z 唐吉訶德的侍從 5036 853328 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Халх зүүн гарын хошуу''' нь [[Хятад]]ын доторх [[Өвөр Монгол]]ын [[хошуу]]. 1934 онд Халх зүүн гарын болон [[Ширээт Хүрээ хошуу]]д нэгдэж [[Хүрээ хошуу]]г байгуулжээ. Хүрээ хошуу одоо [[Түнляо хот]]ын харьяанд байна. ==Түүх== Халх зүүн гарын хошууг 1664 онд байгуулж, [[Зуу Удын чуулган]]д харьяалуулжээ. {| class="wikitable" |+ Засаг ноёдын үе залгамжлал<ref name="qingshigao">[[:zh:s:清史稿/卷209|清史稿/卷209]]</ref><ref>{{cite book | title =清代蒙古各旗札萨克和王公世袭集| editor=阿拉善盟档案史志局| publisher=宁夏人民出版社|year=2015|isbn=978-7-227-06076-5 |pages=43-44 | language=zh}}</ref> |- ! Нэр !! Цол !! Бүрэн эрхийн хугацаа !! Тайлбар |- | Гомбо илдэн || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1663-1682 || |- | Лувсан || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1682-1707 || |- | Jondul || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1707-1719 || |- | Галсан || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1719-1759 || |- | Ayur || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1759-1796 || |- | Намсрайжав || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1796-1815 || |- | Базаршири || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1815 || |- | Шагдаржав || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1815-1830 || |- | Баянбаатар || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1830-1870 || |- | Дүйнхорсүрэн || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1870-1890 || |- | Бүрэнмандах || Засаг, төрийн бэйл || 1890-1912 || |- | Ноломсэрэн || Засаг, төрийн жүн ван<ref>[[:zh:s:加封卓昭兩盟副盟長銜頭名號令|加封卓昭兩盟副盟長銜頭名號令]]</ref> || 1912-1918 || |- |} ==Эшлэл== {{reflist}} [[Ангилал:Манжийн үеийн Монгол]] [[Ангилал:Өвөр Монголын түүх]] 013rc3swvt1ot6eeml5lmqwanha5fba Загвар:Script/Balinese 10 145932 853308 2026-04-13T13:46:39Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 Хуудас үүсгэв: "{{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_balinese.css" />}}<span class="script-bali" style="line-height:{{{height|2.1em}}}; word-wrap: break-word;">{{{1}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}} [[Category:Austronesian multilingual support templates]] </noinclude>" 853308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_balinese.css" />}}<span class="script-bali" style="line-height:{{{height|2.1em}}}; word-wrap: break-word;">{{{1}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}} [[Category:Austronesian multilingual support templates]] </noinclude> osxdujnd76xe0nnxeqrqfxg0b7cbnls 853309 853308 2026-04-13T13:46:50Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 Enkhsaihan2005 moved page [[Загвар:Script/Bali]] to [[Загвар:Script/Balinese]] 853308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_balinese.css" />}}<span class="script-bali" style="line-height:{{{height|2.1em}}}; word-wrap: break-word;">{{{1}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}} [[Category:Austronesian multilingual support templates]] </noinclude> osxdujnd76xe0nnxeqrqfxg0b7cbnls Загвар:Script/Bali 10 145933 853310 2026-04-13T13:46:50Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 Enkhsaihan2005 moved page [[Загвар:Script/Bali]] to [[Загвар:Script/Balinese]] 853310 wikitext text/x-wiki #ЧИГЛҮҮЛЭГ [[Загвар:Script/Balinese]] jp7uel0fbdpt5fkkzavq9lji134h1bx Загвар:Script/styles balinese.css 10 145934 853311 2026-04-13T13:47:11Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 Хуудас үүсгэв: ".script-bali { font-family: 'Noto Sans Balinese', 'Tantular Bali', 'Noto Serif Balinese', 'Aksara Bali'; }" 853311 sanitized-css text/css .script-bali { font-family: 'Noto Sans Balinese', 'Tantular Bali', 'Noto Serif Balinese', 'Aksara Bali'; } a0089vukjn3tfibndk1oxd81txjga0a Бали арал 0 145935 853314 2026-04-13T13:55:07Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 Enkhsaihan2005 moved page [[Бали арал]] to [[Бали]] over redirect 853314 wikitext text/x-wiki #ЧИГЛҮҮЛЭГ [[Бали]] lmafd4wj7hoiqxft8795ss6out65eh8 Ангилал:Индонез хэлний IPA-тай хуудас 14 145936 853316 2026-04-13T13:56:36Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 Хуудас үүсгэв: "{{hidden category}}" 853316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hidden category}} jcsw6cp0uirpdmo26ufvhpdp2opj2n6 Ангилал:Бали-хэл дээр текст агуулсан өгүүлэл 14 145937 853317 2026-04-13T13:57:02Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 Хуудас үүсгэв: "{{Non-Mongolian-language text category}}" 853317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Non-Mongolian-language text category}} dp2kdr5jju6swahjrvlwwwu0hdv90fq Module:Байршлын газрын зураг/өгөгдөл/Орос Ненецийн өөртөө засах тойрог 828 145938 853318 2026-04-13T14:58:39Z Enkhsaihan2005 64429 Хуудас үүсгэв: "return { name = 'Ненецийн өөртөө засах тойрог', top = 71.0, bottom = 65.4, left = 42.0, right = 66.5, image = 'Outline Map of Nenets Autonomous Okrug.png', image1 = 'Relief Map of Nenets Autonomous Okrug.png' }" 853318 Scribunto text/plain return { name = 'Ненецийн өөртөө засах тойрог', top = 71.0, bottom = 65.4, left = 42.0, right = 66.5, image = 'Outline Map of Nenets Autonomous Okrug.png', image1 = 'Relief Map of Nenets Autonomous Okrug.png' } 0abaoga42enn1no7varaq7qm5ivylwf Бөхмөрөн гол 0 145939 853334 2026-04-14T01:12:22Z ~2026-22948-22 103926 Хуудас үүсгэв: "энэ нь бөхмөрөн сум[" 853334 wikitext text/x-wiki энэ нь бөхмөрөн сум[ mvqvppoaw77ib6mexnk50y54gf2ozep Хэлэлцүүлэг:Бөхмөрөн гол 1 145940 853335 2026-04-14T01:12:48Z ~2026-22948-22 103926 /* ё */ шинэ хэсэг 853335 wikitext text/x-wiki == ё == лд [[Тусгай:Contributions/&#126;2026-22948-22|&#126;2026-22948-22]] ([[Хэрэглэгчийн яриа:&#126;2026-22948-22|talk]]) 01:12, 14 Дөрөвдүгээр сар 2026 (UTC) c30810v93kpcgcygy1rh0w8c8id6z9c Загвар:Unreferenced/doc 10 145941 853337 2026-04-14T01:48:19Z ~2026-22976-62 103927 Хуудас үүсгэв: "https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392" 853337 wikitext text/x-wiki https://journal.num.edu.mn/actamongolica/article/download/5723/4566/10392 90rjtey2rydeiimypkkndfr02hvipij Булган аймгийн насан туршийн суралцахуйн төв 0 145942 853341 2026-04-14T03:04:45Z Gerelchimeg bayarmagnai 103929 Булган аймгийн насан туршийн суралцахуйн төв 853341 wikitext text/x-wiki https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100057644521224 Булган аймгийн Засаг даргын 2017 оны 03 дугаар сарын 29-ны өдрийн А/170 тоотоор “Насан туршийн боловсролын төв байгуулах тухай” захирамжаар 2017 оны 06-р сарын 02-ны өдрөөс байгуулагдсан. Боловсролын ерөнхий хуулийн 17.6 дахь заалтийн хүрээнд иргэний албан, албан бус сургалтаар боловсрол эзэмших, бие даан суралцахад мэдээллээр ханган, зөвлөн туслах, удирдан зохион байгуулах чиг үүргийг хэрэгжүүлдэг боловсролын байгууллага юм. Тус байгууллага нь цахим нүүр хуудас болон цаг үеийн мэдээ, мэдээлэл, багш нарын мэдлэг, ур чадварыг сайжруулахаар үйл ажиллагаагаа тогтмол төлөвлөн ажилладаг ба захирал 1, сургалтын менежер 3, багш 2, ня-бо 1 хавсарсан орон тоогоор ажилладаг. Аймгийн 16 сум 1 тосгонд ЕБС-ийг түшиглэн албан бус боловсролын 17 багш ажиллаж байна. Байгуулагдсан цагаас эхлэн Булган аймгийн 60 гаруй мянган иргэний албан болон албан бус сургалт, нөлөөллийн ажлыг үр дүнтэй зохион байгуулан ажиллаж байгаа ба чиг үүргийн хүрээнд Боловсрол нөхөн олгох сургалтаар 2017-2025 оны хугацаанд давхардсан тоогоор 1643 иргэн суралцсанаас суурь боловсролыг 146, бүрэн дунд боловсролыг 154 иргэн төгсөж гэрчилгээ авсан байна. Бичиг үсгийн боловсрол олгох сургалтаар анхан шатны 66, дунд шат 43, ахисан буюу гүнзгий шатны сургалтад 52 иргэн хамрагдсан. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Naranchuluun |first=Greensoft- |title=Боловсролын яам {{!}} эхлэл |url=https://moe.gov.mn/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=https://moe.gov.mn}}</ref> Насан туршийн боловсролын тэргүүлэх чиглэлийн хүрээнд аймгийн хэмжээнд 5808 сургалт, нөлөөллийн ажилд давхардсан тоогоор 130481 иргэнд хүрч, ажил мэргэжлийн чиг баримжаа олгох сургалтаар 2021 оноос хойш мөн давхардсан тоогоор 16110 суралцагч, иргэдэд цахим болон танхимын сургалт, нөлөөллийн арга хэмжээ зохион байгуулан ажилласан байна. Булган аймгийн Насан туршийн суралцахуйн төвөөс зохион байгуулсан онцлог ажлын тойм '''“Анги удирдсан багш нарын зөвлөгөөн”''' - 2018 онд аймгийн ЗДТГ, Боловсролын газартай хамтран зохион байгуулсан. Арга хэмжээнд зориулж анги удирдсан багш нарын гарын авлага ном бичиж гаргасан. Зөвлөгөөнийг угтаж судалгаа авах, ахмад болон ажиллаж байгаа багш нарын сайн туршлагыг судлаж материал цуглуулах ажлыг насан туршийн төвийн хамт олон хариуцан ажилласан. Зөвлөгөөнд  анги удирдсан 420 багш хамрагдсан. 450 ширхэг ном хэвлэгдсэн. '''“Анхдагчдын анхдагч багш мину”''' ном – 2018 онд аймгийн Засаг даргаас ирүүлсэн хүсэлтийн дагуу ахмад багш нарын холбоотой хамтран Булган аймгийн боловсролын салбарт ажиллаж байсан 60-аас дээш настай ахмад багш нарын намтар, сургалтын арга зүй, дурсамж дурдатгал бүхий номыг бичиж хэвлүүлсэн. Эх бэлтгэл, материал цуглуулах ажлыг тус төвийн багш нар хариуцаж ажилласан. “'''Арга билигийн ухаан”''' ардын болон гавьяат багш нарын туршлага, арга зүй, зөвлөмж ном – 2019 онд Булган аймгийн харьяат болон ажиллаж амьдарч байсан боловсролын салбараас төрсөн ардын 1, гавьяат 42 багшийн намтар, сайн туршлага, арга зүйн талаар бичсэн номын эх бэлтгэл, материал цуглуулах ажлыг тус төвийн багш нар хариуцаж ажилласан. 500 ширхэг хэвлэгдсэн. Булган аймгаас төрсөн '''“Монгол Улсын Ардын болон Гавьяат багш нарын хүндэтгэлийн дурсамж уулзалт”'''-ыг 2019 оны 10 дугаар сард Боловсролын газрын 60 н жилийн ойн үйл ажиллагааны хүрээнд насан туршийн боловсролын төвийн хамт олон хариуцан зохион байгуулсан.  '''"Нүүдэлчин Монгол – 2022”''' соёлын фестивальд Булган аймгаас 41 хүний бүрэлдэхүүнтэй оролцсон. Үйл ажиллагааны хүрээнд '''"Хамгийн олон шавь сургасан өвлөн уламжлагч"'''-р Баяннуур сумын НТБ-ын багш Д.Зоригт, '''"Уламжлалт арга ухаан”'''-р НТБ-ын төвийн зөвлөх багш доктор Д.Дарьсүрэн '''“Сүүн будгийн технологи”''' уламжлалт аргуудаар тэргүүн байранд шалгарсан. '''Улсын хэмжээнд зохион байгуулсан цахим хичээл''' /Стар телевиз/: Баяннуур сумын НТБ-ын багш Д.Зоригт “Хазаар зангидах” хичээл /2020 он/ Тэшиг сумын НТБ-ын багш Ж.Эрхэмбаяр “Түйсэн сав урлах” хичээл /2020 он/ '''Хэрэгжүүлсэн төсөл:''' Японы олон улсын хамтын ажиллагааны /JICA/ “Зайны сургалтыг дэмжих сургалтын арга зүй” /2020-2021 он/ төсөлд Булган, Гурванбулаг, Сайхан сумын нийт 15 суралцагч хамрагдсан. Зайны сургалтыг дэмжих төсөл нь 2 үе шаттай хэрэгжсэн. '''Онцлох ажлууд:''' 1.    Дохионы хэлний "ХӨТӨЧ АЖИЛТАН" бэлтгэх сургалтыг 2021 – 2023 онд аймгийн НБХ, ХХҮХ, НТБТ хамтран цахим, танхим хослуулан 3 шатны сургалтыг зохион байгууллаа. Сургалтад 34 байгууллагын 83 ажилтан суралцсан. 2. 2021 оны 9-р сард "Ажил мэргэжлийн чиг баримжаа олгох" мэдээллийн танхимыг БШУЯ-аас Азийн хөгжлийн банкны санхүүжилттэйгээр "Хөдөлмөр эрхлэх ур чадвар"-ыг дээшлүүлэх төслийн хүрээнд санхүүжүүлж байгуулав. 3.   2023, 2024 онуудад Булган сумын ЕБС-ийн 10-12-р ангийн сурагчдын дунд “ҮСЭГЛЭЛИЙН АВАРГА” шалгаруулах тэмцээн зохион байгуулав. 4.    Хишиг-Өндөр сумын НТБ-ын багш Д.Батсуурь 2000 оноос хойш тогтмол морин хуурын дугуйлан хичээллэж байна. '''“Молор-Эрдэнэ”''' 1, 2, 3 гэсэн хамтлаг байгуулж тайлан тоглолтуудаа хийсэн. 5.    Бугат сумын НТБ-ын багш Э.Мөнхбаатар нь 2022 оноос эхлэн сумынхаа СӨБ-ын Хусхан цэцэрлэгтэй хамтран '''“НҮҮДЛИЙН ЦЭЦЭРЛЭГ”'''-т туслах багшаар ажиллаж байгаа бөгөөд жил бүр 2 багт 45-60 хүүхдэд сургалт явуулдаг. 6.    2024 оны жилийн эцсийн байдлаар зорилтод бүлгийн /ахмад настан, хөгжлийн бэрхшээлтэй иргэд, төрийн албан хаагч, ЕБС-ийн сурагчид/ иргэдэд чиглэсэн сургалтыг үндсэн чиглэлээр явууллаа. Аймгийн хэмжээнд 651 төрлийн сургалтад давхардсан тоогоор 19491 иргэн буюу нийт хүн амын 32.2 хувийг хамруулсан. 6.     2025 оноос эхлэн Булган сумын хэмжээнд зохион байгуулж байсан “ҮСЭГЛЭЛИЙН АВАРГА” шалгаруулах тэмцээнийг аймгийн хэмжээнд ЕБС-ийн 10-12-р ангийн сурагчдын дунд зохион байгуулж өргөжүүлэв. 7.    "АНХДАГЧДЫН ӨЛГИЙ БУЛГАН АЙМГИЙН ТҮҮХ" СОНСДОГ НОМ” аудио бичлэгийг  дүрсжүүлэн MP4 форматтай болгох, сум орон нутгийн түүхээ судлах, цахим ур чадвараа нэмэгдүүлэх зорилготой "СУМЫН ТҮҮХ - БИДНИЙ БАХАРХАЛ" аяныг АББ-ын багш нарын дунд 2025 оны  11 сарын 01-ээс 12 сарын 15 ны өдөр хүртэл зохион байгуулж, мөн НТСТ-өөс '''“Булган аймгийн түүх" сонсдог номыг сумын АББ-ын багш, сургалтын менежерүүд дүрсжүүлэн байгууллагын цахим хаягаар түгээн дэлгэрүүлсэн ба тус ном нь 5 бүлэг,  80 хэсэгтэй. Дүрсжүүлсэн видеог нийт давхардсан тоогоор 968692 хүн үзсэн хандалттай байгаа бөгөөд бид 20 цагийн аудио номыг хамтран дүрсжүүлж түгээлээ.'''.   8. 2025 оны 10 сараас 2026 оны 03 сар хүртэл '''Энх тайвны корпусын сайн дурын ажилтан Алия Маклет орон нутгийн хөгжлийн цагаар''' '''манай байгууллагатай хамтран ажилав.''' syznw6sgz0faw76lxxfwf2q779hp4jx 853342 853341 2026-04-14T03:09:51Z Gerelchimeg bayarmagnai 103929 853342 wikitext text/x-wiki https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100057644521224 Булган аймгийн Засаг даргын 2017 оны 03 дугаар сарын 29-ны өдрийн А/170 тоотоор “Насан туршийн боловсролын төв байгуулах тухай” захирамжаар 2017 оны 06-р сарын 02-ны өдрөөс байгуулагдсан. Боловсролын ерөнхий хуулийн 17.6 дахь заалтийн хүрээнд иргэний албан, албан бус сургалтаар боловсрол эзэмших, бие даан суралцахад мэдээллээр ханган, зөвлөн туслах, удирдан зохион байгуулах чиг үүргийг хэрэгжүүлдэг боловсролын байгууллага юм. Тус байгууллага нь цахим нүүр хуудас дамжуулан иргэдэд цаг үеийн мэдээ, мэдээлэл, сургалт, нөлөөллийн ажлыг нийтэлж, АББ-ын багш нарын мэдлэг, ур чадварыг сайжруулахаар үйл ажиллагаагаа тогтмол төлөвлөн ажилладаг ба захирал 1, сургалтын менежер 3, багш 2, ня-бо 1 хавсарсан орон тоогоор ажилладаг. Аймгийн 16 сум 1 тосгонд ЕБС-ийг түшиглэн албан бус боловсролын 17 багш ажиллаж байна. Байгуулагдсан цагаас эхлэн Булган аймгийн 60 гаруй мянган иргэний албан болон албан бус сургалт, нөлөөллийн ажлыг үр дүнтэй зохион байгуулан ажиллаж байгаа ба чиг үүргийн хүрээнд Боловсрол нөхөн олгох сургалтаар 2017-2025 оны хугацаанд давхардсан тоогоор 1643 иргэн суралцсанаас суурь боловсролыг 146, бүрэн дунд боловсролыг 154 иргэн төгсөж гэрчилгээ авсан байна. Бичиг үсгийн боловсрол олгох сургалтаар анхан шатны 66, дунд шат 43, ахисан буюу гүнзгий шатны сургалтад 52 иргэн хамрагдсан. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Naranchuluun |first=Greensoft- |title=Боловсролын яам {{!}} эхлэл |url=https://moe.gov.mn/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=https://moe.gov.mn}}</ref> Насан туршийн боловсролын тэргүүлэх чиглэлийн хүрээнд аймгийн хэмжээнд 5808 сургалт, нөлөөллийн ажилд давхардсан тоогоор 130481 иргэнд хүрч, ажил мэргэжлийн чиг баримжаа олгох сургалтаар 2021 оноос хойш мөн давхардсан тоогоор 16110 суралцагч, иргэдэд цахим болон танхимын сургалт, нөлөөллийн арга хэмжээ зохион байгуулан ажилласан байна. Булган аймгийн Насан туршийн суралцахуйн төвөөс зохион байгуулсан онцлог ажлын тойм '''“Анги удирдсан багш нарын зөвлөгөөн”''' - 2018 онд аймгийн ЗДТГ, Боловсролын газартай хамтран зохион байгуулсан. Арга хэмжээнд зориулж анги удирдсан багш нарын гарын авлага ном бичиж гаргасан. Зөвлөгөөнийг угтаж судалгаа авах, ахмад болон ажиллаж байгаа багш нарын сайн туршлагыг судлаж материал цуглуулах ажлыг насан туршийн төвийн хамт олон хариуцан ажилласан. Зөвлөгөөнд  анги удирдсан 420 багш хамрагдсан. 450 ширхэг ном хэвлэгдсэн. '''“Анхдагчдын анхдагч багш мину”''' ном – 2018 онд аймгийн Засаг даргаас ирүүлсэн хүсэлтийн дагуу ахмад багш нарын холбоотой хамтран Булган аймгийн боловсролын салбарт ажиллаж байсан 60-аас дээш настай ахмад багш нарын намтар, сургалтын арга зүй, дурсамж дурдатгал бүхий номыг бичиж хэвлүүлсэн. Эх бэлтгэл, материал цуглуулах ажлыг тус төвийн багш нар хариуцаж ажилласан. “'''Арга билигийн ухаан”''' ардын болон гавьяат багш нарын туршлага, арга зүй, зөвлөмж ном – 2019 онд Булган аймгийн харьяат болон ажиллаж амьдарч байсан боловсролын салбараас төрсөн ардын 1, гавьяат 42 багшийн намтар, сайн туршлага, арга зүйн талаар бичсэн номын эх бэлтгэл, материал цуглуулах ажлыг тус төвийн багш нар хариуцаж ажилласан. 500 ширхэг хэвлэгдсэн. Булган аймгаас төрсөн '''“Монгол Улсын Ардын болон Гавьяат багш нарын хүндэтгэлийн дурсамж уулзалт”'''-ыг 2019 оны 10 дугаар сард Боловсролын газрын 60 н жилийн ойн үйл ажиллагааны хүрээнд насан туршийн боловсролын төвийн хамт олон хариуцан зохион байгуулсан.  '''"Нүүдэлчин Монгол – 2022”''' соёлын фестивальд Булган аймгаас 41 хүний бүрэлдэхүүнтэй оролцсон. Үйл ажиллагааны хүрээнд '''"Хамгийн олон шавь сургасан өвлөн уламжлагч"'''-р Баяннуур сумын НТБ-ын багш Д.Зоригт, '''"Уламжлалт арга ухаан”'''-р НТБ-ын төвийн зөвлөх багш доктор Д.Дарьсүрэн '''“Сүүн будгийн технологи”''' уламжлалт аргуудаар тэргүүн байранд шалгарсан. '''Улсын хэмжээнд зохион байгуулсан цахим хичээл''' /Стар телевиз/: Баяннуур сумын НТБ-ын багш Д.Зоригт “Хазаар зангидах” хичээл /2020 он/ Тэшиг сумын НТБ-ын багш Ж.Эрхэмбаяр “Түйсэн сав урлах” хичээл /2020 он/ '''Хэрэгжүүлсэн төсөл:''' Японы олон улсын хамтын ажиллагааны /JICA/ “Зайны сургалтыг дэмжих сургалтын арга зүй” /2020-2021 он/ төсөлд Булган, Гурванбулаг, Сайхан сумын нийт 15 суралцагч хамрагдсан. Зайны сургалтыг дэмжих төсөл нь 2 үе шаттай хэрэгжсэн. '''Онцлох ажлууд:''' 1.    Дохионы хэлний "ХӨТӨЧ АЖИЛТАН" бэлтгэх сургалтыг 2021 – 2023 онд аймгийн НБХ, ХХҮХ, НТБТ хамтран цахим, танхим хослуулан 3 шатны сургалтыг зохион байгууллаа. Сургалтад 34 байгууллагын 83 ажилтан суралцсан. 2. 2021 оны 9-р сард "Ажил мэргэжлийн чиг баримжаа олгох" мэдээллийн танхимыг БШУЯ-аас Азийн хөгжлийн банкны санхүүжилттэйгээр "Хөдөлмөр эрхлэх ур чадвар"-ыг дээшлүүлэх төслийн хүрээнд санхүүжүүлж байгуулав. 3.   2023, 2024 онуудад Булган сумын ЕБС-ийн 10-12-р ангийн сурагчдын дунд “ҮСЭГЛЭЛИЙН АВАРГА” шалгаруулах тэмцээн зохион байгуулав. 4.    Хишиг-Өндөр сумын НТБ-ын багш Д.Батсуурь 2000 оноос хойш тогтмол морин хуурын дугуйлан хичээллэж байна. '''“Молор-Эрдэнэ”''' 1, 2, 3 гэсэн хамтлаг байгуулж тайлан тоглолтуудаа хийсэн. 5.    Бугат сумын НТБ-ын багш Э.Мөнхбаатар нь 2022 оноос эхлэн сумынхаа СӨБ-ын Хусхан цэцэрлэгтэй хамтран '''“НҮҮДЛИЙН ЦЭЦЭРЛЭГ”'''-т туслах багшаар ажиллаж байгаа бөгөөд жил бүр 2 багт 45-60 хүүхдэд сургалт явуулдаг. 6.    2024 оны жилийн эцсийн байдлаар зорилтод бүлгийн /ахмад настан, хөгжлийн бэрхшээлтэй иргэд, төрийн албан хаагч, ЕБС-ийн сурагчид/ иргэдэд чиглэсэн сургалтыг үндсэн чиглэлээр явууллаа. Аймгийн хэмжээнд 651 төрлийн сургалтад давхардсан тоогоор 19491 иргэн буюу нийт хүн амын 32.2 хувийг хамруулсан. 6.     2025 оноос эхлэн Булган сумын хэмжээнд зохион байгуулж байсан “ҮСЭГЛЭЛИЙН АВАРГА” шалгаруулах тэмцээнийг аймгийн хэмжээнд ЕБС-ийн 10-12-р ангийн сурагчдын дунд зохион байгуулж өргөжүүлэв. 7.    "АНХДАГЧДЫН ӨЛГИЙ БУЛГАН АЙМГИЙН ТҮҮХ" СОНСДОГ НОМ” аудио бичлэгийг  дүрсжүүлэн MP4 форматтай болгох, сум орон нутгийн түүхээ судлах, цахим ур чадвараа нэмэгдүүлэх зорилготой "СУМЫН ТҮҮХ - БИДНИЙ БАХАРХАЛ" аяныг АББ-ын багш нарын дунд 2025 оны  11 сарын 01-ээс 12 сарын 15 ны өдөр хүртэл зохион байгуулж, мөн НТСТ-өөс '''“Булган аймгийн түүх" сонсдог номыг сумын АББ-ын багш, сургалтын менежерүүд дүрсжүүлэн байгууллагын цахим хаягаар түгээн дэлгэрүүлсэн ба тус ном нь 5 бүлэг,  80 хэсэгтэй. Дүрсжүүлсэн видеог нийт давхардсан тоогоор 968692 хүн үзсэн хандалттай байгаа бөгөөд бид 20 цагийн аудио номыг хамтран дүрсжүүлж түгээлээ.'''.   8. 2025 оны 10 сараас 2026 оны 03 сар хүртэл '''Энх тайвны корпусын сайн дурын ажилтан Алия Маклет орон нутгийн хөгжлийн цагаар''' '''манай байгууллагатай хамтран ажилав.''' 7h1hqq4m0ysftyee6fdaudmckpowjcw 853343 853342 2026-04-14T03:11:08Z Gerelchimeg bayarmagnai 103929 Насан турш Булган 853343 wikitext text/x-wiki https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100057644521224 Булган аймгийн Засаг даргын 2017 оны 03 дугаар сарын 29-ны өдрийн А/170 тоотоор “Насан туршийн боловсролын төв байгуулах тухай” захирамжаар 2017 оны 06-р сарын 02-ны өдрөөс байгуулагдсан. Боловсролын ерөнхий хуулийн 17.6 дахь заалтийн хүрээнд иргэний албан, албан бус сургалтаар боловсрол эзэмших, бие даан суралцахад мэдээллээр ханган, зөвлөн туслах, удирдан зохион байгуулах чиг үүргийг хэрэгжүүлдэг боловсролын байгууллага юм. Тус байгууллага нь өөрийн цахим нүүр хуудасаар дамжуулан иргэдэд чиглэсэн цаг үеийн мэдээ, мэдээлэл, сургалт, нөлөөллийн ажлыг нийтэлж, АББ-ын багш нарын мэдлэг, ур чадварыг сайжруулахаар үйл ажиллагаагаа тогтмол төлөвлөн ажилладаг ба захирал 1, сургалтын менежер 3, багш 2, ня-бо 1 хавсарсан орон тоогоор ажилладаг. Аймгийн 16 сум 1 тосгонд ЕБС-ийг түшиглэн албан бус боловсролын 17 багш ажиллаж байна. Байгуулагдсан цагаас эхлэн Булган аймгийн 60 гаруй мянган иргэний албан болон албан бус сургалт, нөлөөллийн ажлыг үр дүнтэй зохион байгуулан ажиллаж байгаа ба чиг үүргийн хүрээнд Боловсрол нөхөн олгох сургалтаар 2017-2025 оны хугацаанд давхардсан тоогоор 1643 иргэн суралцсанаас суурь боловсролыг 146, бүрэн дунд боловсролыг 154 иргэн төгсөж гэрчилгээ авсан байна. Бичиг үсгийн боловсрол олгох сургалтаар анхан шатны 66, дунд шат 43, ахисан буюу гүнзгий шатны сургалтад 52 иргэн хамрагдсан. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Naranchuluun |first=Greensoft- |title=Боловсролын яам {{!}} эхлэл |url=https://moe.gov.mn/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=https://moe.gov.mn}}</ref> Насан туршийн боловсролын тэргүүлэх чиглэлийн хүрээнд аймгийн хэмжээнд 5808 сургалт, нөлөөллийн ажилд давхардсан тоогоор 130481 иргэнд хүрч, ажил мэргэжлийн чиг баримжаа олгох сургалтаар 2021 оноос хойш мөн давхардсан тоогоор 16110 суралцагч, иргэдэд цахим болон танхимын сургалт, нөлөөллийн арга хэмжээ зохион байгуулан ажилласан байна. Булган аймгийн Насан туршийн суралцахуйн төвөөс зохион байгуулсан онцлог ажлын тойм '''“Анги удирдсан багш нарын зөвлөгөөн”''' - 2018 онд аймгийн ЗДТГ, Боловсролын газартай хамтран зохион байгуулсан. Арга хэмжээнд зориулж анги удирдсан багш нарын гарын авлага ном бичиж гаргасан. Зөвлөгөөнийг угтаж судалгаа авах, ахмад болон ажиллаж байгаа багш нарын сайн туршлагыг судлаж материал цуглуулах ажлыг насан туршийн төвийн хамт олон хариуцан ажилласан. Зөвлөгөөнд  анги удирдсан 420 багш хамрагдсан. 450 ширхэг ном хэвлэгдсэн. '''“Анхдагчдын анхдагч багш мину”''' ном – 2018 онд аймгийн Засаг даргаас ирүүлсэн хүсэлтийн дагуу ахмад багш нарын холбоотой хамтран Булган аймгийн боловсролын салбарт ажиллаж байсан 60-аас дээш настай ахмад багш нарын намтар, сургалтын арга зүй, дурсамж дурдатгал бүхий номыг бичиж хэвлүүлсэн. Эх бэлтгэл, материал цуглуулах ажлыг тус төвийн багш нар хариуцаж ажилласан. “'''Арга билигийн ухаан”''' ардын болон гавьяат багш нарын туршлага, арга зүй, зөвлөмж ном – 2019 онд Булган аймгийн харьяат болон ажиллаж амьдарч байсан боловсролын салбараас төрсөн ардын 1, гавьяат 42 багшийн намтар, сайн туршлага, арга зүйн талаар бичсэн номын эх бэлтгэл, материал цуглуулах ажлыг тус төвийн багш нар хариуцаж ажилласан. 500 ширхэг хэвлэгдсэн. Булган аймгаас төрсөн '''“Монгол Улсын Ардын болон Гавьяат багш нарын хүндэтгэлийн дурсамж уулзалт”'''-ыг 2019 оны 10 дугаар сард Боловсролын газрын 60 н жилийн ойн үйл ажиллагааны хүрээнд насан туршийн боловсролын төвийн хамт олон хариуцан зохион байгуулсан.  '''"Нүүдэлчин Монгол – 2022”''' соёлын фестивальд Булган аймгаас 41 хүний бүрэлдэхүүнтэй оролцсон. Үйл ажиллагааны хүрээнд '''"Хамгийн олон шавь сургасан өвлөн уламжлагч"'''-р Баяннуур сумын НТБ-ын багш Д.Зоригт, '''"Уламжлалт арга ухаан”'''-р НТБ-ын төвийн зөвлөх багш доктор Д.Дарьсүрэн '''“Сүүн будгийн технологи”''' уламжлалт аргуудаар тэргүүн байранд шалгарсан. '''Улсын хэмжээнд зохион байгуулсан цахим хичээл''' /Стар телевиз/: Баяннуур сумын НТБ-ын багш Д.Зоригт “Хазаар зангидах” хичээл /2020 он/ Тэшиг сумын НТБ-ын багш Ж.Эрхэмбаяр “Түйсэн сав урлах” хичээл /2020 он/ '''Хэрэгжүүлсэн төсөл:''' Японы олон улсын хамтын ажиллагааны /JICA/ “Зайны сургалтыг дэмжих сургалтын арга зүй” /2020-2021 он/ төсөлд Булган, Гурванбулаг, Сайхан сумын нийт 15 суралцагч хамрагдсан. Зайны сургалтыг дэмжих төсөл нь 2 үе шаттай хэрэгжсэн. '''Онцлох ажлууд:''' 1.    Дохионы хэлний "ХӨТӨЧ АЖИЛТАН" бэлтгэх сургалтыг 2021 – 2023 онд аймгийн НБХ, ХХҮХ, НТБТ хамтран цахим, танхим хослуулан 3 шатны сургалтыг зохион байгууллаа. Сургалтад 34 байгууллагын 83 ажилтан суралцсан. 2. 2021 оны 9-р сард "Ажил мэргэжлийн чиг баримжаа олгох" мэдээллийн танхимыг БШУЯ-аас Азийн хөгжлийн банкны санхүүжилттэйгээр "Хөдөлмөр эрхлэх ур чадвар"-ыг дээшлүүлэх төслийн хүрээнд санхүүжүүлж байгуулав. 3.   2023, 2024 онуудад Булган сумын ЕБС-ийн 10-12-р ангийн сурагчдын дунд “ҮСЭГЛЭЛИЙН АВАРГА” шалгаруулах тэмцээн зохион байгуулав. 4.    Хишиг-Өндөр сумын НТБ-ын багш Д.Батсуурь 2000 оноос хойш тогтмол морин хуурын дугуйлан хичээллэж байна. '''“Молор-Эрдэнэ”''' 1, 2, 3 гэсэн хамтлаг байгуулж тайлан тоглолтуудаа хийсэн. 5.    Бугат сумын НТБ-ын багш Э.Мөнхбаатар нь 2022 оноос эхлэн сумынхаа СӨБ-ын Хусхан цэцэрлэгтэй хамтран '''“НҮҮДЛИЙН ЦЭЦЭРЛЭГ”'''-т туслах багшаар ажиллаж байгаа бөгөөд жил бүр 2 багт 45-60 хүүхдэд сургалт явуулдаг. 6.    2024 оны жилийн эцсийн байдлаар зорилтод бүлгийн /ахмад настан, хөгжлийн бэрхшээлтэй иргэд, төрийн албан хаагч, ЕБС-ийн сурагчид/ иргэдэд чиглэсэн сургалтыг үндсэн чиглэлээр явууллаа. Аймгийн хэмжээнд 651 төрлийн сургалтад давхардсан тоогоор 19491 иргэн буюу нийт хүн амын 32.2 хувийг хамруулсан. 6.     2025 оноос эхлэн Булган сумын хэмжээнд зохион байгуулж байсан “ҮСЭГЛЭЛИЙН АВАРГА” шалгаруулах тэмцээнийг аймгийн хэмжээнд ЕБС-ийн 10-12-р ангийн сурагчдын дунд зохион байгуулж өргөжүүлэв. 7.    "АНХДАГЧДЫН ӨЛГИЙ БУЛГАН АЙМГИЙН ТҮҮХ" СОНСДОГ НОМ” аудио бичлэгийг  дүрсжүүлэн MP4 форматтай болгох, сум орон нутгийн түүхээ судлах, цахим ур чадвараа нэмэгдүүлэх зорилготой "СУМЫН ТҮҮХ - БИДНИЙ БАХАРХАЛ" аяныг АББ-ын багш нарын дунд 2025 оны  11 сарын 01-ээс 12 сарын 15 ны өдөр хүртэл зохион байгуулж, мөн НТСТ-өөс '''“Булган аймгийн түүх" сонсдог номыг сумын АББ-ын багш, сургалтын менежерүүд дүрсжүүлэн байгууллагын цахим хаягаар түгээн дэлгэрүүлсэн ба тус ном нь 5 бүлэг,  80 хэсэгтэй. Дүрсжүүлсэн видеог нийт давхардсан тоогоор 968692 хүн үзсэн хандалттай байгаа бөгөөд бид 20 цагийн аудио номыг хамтран дүрсжүүлж түгээлээ.'''.   8. 2025 оны 10 сараас 2026 оны 03 сар хүртэл '''Энх тайвны корпусын сайн дурын ажилтан Алия Маклет орон нутгийн хөгжлийн цагаар''' '''манай байгууллагатай хамтран ажилав.''' 9zghgxw2zm3bwgqwau5mxll5ztdv8n1 Хэрэглэгч:Baavgai33 2 145943 853347 2026-04-14T07:31:04Z Baavgai33 103936 Bayar Bulgankhuu 853347 wikitext text/x-wiki = Булганхүүгийн Баяр = Булганхүүгийн Баяр нь Монголын Кёрлингийн Холбооны тамирчин. 2020 оноос хойш Кёрлингийн спортоор тасралтгүй хичээллэсэн. Ханжоу 2025 Азийн өвлийн наадамд Кёрлингийн спортын холимог хосын төрөлд Монгол улсын шигшээ багийг төлөөлөн оролцсон. nphj99gauw6whhcdp1a50fhle20nuw9 853348 853347 2026-04-14T07:32:36Z Baavgai33 103936 853348 wikitext text/x-wiki = Булганхүүгийн Баяр = Булганхүүгийн Баяр нь Монголын Кёрлингийн Холбооны тамирчин. 2020 оноос хойш Кёрлингийн спортоор тасралтгүй хичээллэсэн. Харбин 2025 Азийн өвлийн наадамд Кёрлингийн спортын холимог хосын төрөлд Монгол улсын шигшээ багийг төлөөлөн оролцсон. 1ocjc8m79sazzr38ejncr4ieaykdvqq Volvo 0 145944 853350 2026-04-14T07:50:13Z Avirmed Batsaikhan 53733 Хуудас үүсгэв: "[[Файл:Volvo-Spread-Word-Mark-Black.svg|thumb]] [[Файл:Volvo PV HK Torslanda Göteborg.jpg|thumb]] '''Volvo''' (''Volvokoncernen'', ''Volvo Group'') — хөнгөн, ачааны машин, автобус болон хөдөлгүүр, тоног төхөөрөмж үйлдвэрлэдэг [[Швед|Шведын]] концерн. Концерны толгой компани бол AB Volvo. Өмнө нь Volvo концерн суудлын автом..." 853350 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Файл:Volvo-Spread-Word-Mark-Black.svg|thumb]] [[Файл:Volvo PV HK Torslanda Göteborg.jpg|thumb]] '''Volvo''' (''Volvokoncernen'', ''Volvo Group'') — хөнгөн, ачааны машин, автобус болон хөдөлгүүр, тоног төхөөрөмж үйлдвэрлэдэг [[Швед|Шведын]] концерн. Концерны толгой компани бол AB Volvo. Өмнө нь Volvo концерн суудлын автомашин үйлдвэрлэдэг байсан бол 1999 онд суудлын автомашины хэлтсээ Volvo Personvagnar (Volvo Cars) нэрээр Ford концернд зарсан бөгөөд 2010 онд хятадын "Geely" компанид дахин цааш нь зарсан. Төв байр нь -[[Швед]] улсын [[Гётеборг]] хотод байралдаг. "Volvo" гэдэг үг нь Латин хэлнээс гаралтай (volvo, volvi, volutum, volvere - өнхрөх, өнхрөөх, эргүүлэх, эргэх, тойрох, мушгих). == Эзэмшигч нар == # 2010 он хүртэл Renault S.A. нь хувьцааны 20 орчим хувийг эзэмшиж байсан хамгийн том хувьцаа эзэмшигч байв. Эдгээр хувьцааг 2010-2012 оны хооронд зарсан. # Үүний үр дүнд AB Industrivärden хөрөнгө оруулалтын компани нь Volvo AB-ийн хамгийн том хувьцаа эзэмшигч болж, хувьцааны 7%, санал өгөх эрхийн 22%-ийг эзэмшиж байна. # 2018 оноос хойш Volvo AB-ийн хувьцааны 8.2%-ийг Хятадын автомашин үйлдвэрлэгч Geely эзэмшиж байгаа бөгөөд тус компани 2010 онд Volvo Cars автомашины хэлтсийг худалдаж авсан. == Охин компаниуд == * Volvo Autonomous Solutions AB (Швед) * Volvo Construction Equipment AB (Швед) * Volvo Treasury AB (Швед) * Volvo China Investment Co. Ltd. (Хятад) * VNA Holding Inc. (АНУ) * Volvo Lastvagnar AB (Швед) * Volvo Powertrain AB (Швед) * Volvo Investment AB (Швед) * JSC Volvo Vostok (Орос) * Volvo Penta AB (Швед) * Volvo Information Technology AB (Швед) * Volvo Group Venture Capital AB (Швед) * Volvo Financial Services AB (Швед) * Volvo Group Italia SpA (Итали) * Volvo Group UK Ltd. (Их Британи) * Volvo Malaysia Sdn Bhd (Малайз) * Volvo Group Insurance Försäkrings AB (Швед) * Volvo Danmark A/S (Дани) * Volvo Information Technology GB Ltd. (Их Британи) * Volvo Automotive Finance (China) Ltd (Хятад) * Volvo Norge AS (Норвеги) t60h08lroc0bli3qv9rjd6efvziokl4 Caterpillar 0 145945 853351 2026-04-14T07:56:45Z Avirmed Batsaikhan 53733 Хуудас үүсгэв: "[[Файл:Caterpillar logo.svg|thumb|326x326px]] '''Caterpillar Inc.''' ([ˈkætəpɪlə]), — Дэлхийн барилга болон уул уурхайн техник үйлдвэрлэгч америкийн компани. Тус компани нь газар шорооны болон тээврийн тоног төхөөрөмж, барилгын тоног төхөөрөмж, дизель хөдөлгүүр, цахилгаан станц (байг..." 853351 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Файл:Caterpillar logo.svg|thumb|326x326px]] '''Caterpillar Inc.''' ([ˈkætəpɪlə]), — Дэлхийн барилга болон уул уурхайн техник үйлдвэрлэгч америкийн компани. Тус компани нь газар шорооны болон тээврийн тоног төхөөрөмж, барилгын тоног төхөөрөмж, дизель хөдөлгүүр, цахилгаан станц (байгалийн болон холбогдох хийгээр ажилладаг) болон бусад бүтээгдэхүүн үйлдвэрлэдэг. Тус компани таван тивийн 50 оронд байрладаг 480 гаруй салбартай. Төв байр нь АНУ-ын [[Иллиной]] мужийн Пеориа ([[Англи хэл|англи.]] ''Peoria'') хотод байрладаг. 67q0kibxauecx1k1cmsw38j73jvtt74